85 files changed, 53846 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/15479-0.txt b/15479-0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54368f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13298 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, New York Times Current History; The European
+War, Vol 2, No. 2, May, 1915, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: New York Times Current History; The European War, Vol 2, No. 2, May, 1915
+       April-September, 1915
+
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 27, 2005  [eBook #15479]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY;
+THE EUROPEAN WAR, VOL 2, NO. 2, MAY, 1915***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Linda Cantoni, Joshua Hutchinson,
+and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 15479-h.htm or 15479-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/7/15479/15479-h/15479-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/7/15479/15479-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+The New York Times
+
+CURRENT HISTORY
+
+A Monthly Magazine
+
+THE EUROPEAN WAR, VOLUME II
+
+April, 1915-September, 1915
+
+With Index
+
+Number II, May, 1915
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: (logo) THE N.Y. TIMES]
+
+
+
+New York
+The New York Times Company
+
+1915
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+NUMBER II. MAY, 1915.
+
+                                                                  Page
+
+GENERAL SIR JOHN FRENCH'S OWN STORY (With Map)                     205
+  The Costly Victory of Neuve Chapelle
+
+ROBERTS OF KANDAHAR (Poem)                                         210
+  By Sidney Low
+
+THE SURRENDER OF PRZEMYSL (With Maps)                              211
+  How Galicia's Strong Fortress Yielded to the Russian Siege
+
+THE JESTERS (Poem)                                                 217
+  By Marion Couthouy Smith
+
+LORD KITCHENER ADVERTISES FOR RECRUITS                             218
+
+BATTLE OF THE DARDANELLES (With Map)                               219
+  The Disaster that Befell the Allies' Fleet
+
+OFFICIAL STORY OF TWO SEA FIGHTS (With Maps)                       223
+
+BETWEEN MIDNIGHT AND MORNING (Poem)                                231
+  By Sir Owen Seaman
+
+THE GREATEST OF CAMPAIGNS (With Map)                               232
+  The French Official Account Concluded
+
+SONNET ON THE BELGIAN EXPATRIATION                                 250
+  By Thomas Hardy
+
+WAR CORRESPONDENCE (With Map)                                      251
+
+THE SPIRIT OF MANKIND                                              258
+  By Woodrow Wilson
+
+"WHAT THE GERMANS SAY ABOUT THEIR OWN METHODS OF WARFARE"          259
+  (With Facsimile Letters)
+  By Professor Bedier of the College de France
+
+THE RECRUIT (Poem)                                                 274
+  By Hortense Flexner
+
+AMERICAN REPLY TO BRITAIN'S BLOCKADE ORDER                         275
+  By William J. Bryan
+
+GERMANY'S CONDITIONS OF PEACE                                      279
+  By Dr. Bernhard Dernburg
+
+THE ALLIES' CONDITIONS OF PEACE                                    282
+  By Sir Edward Grey
+
+SOUTH AFRICA'S ROMANTIC BLUE PAPER (With Map)                      284
+
+THE BELLS OF BERLIN (Poem)                                         289
+  From _Punch_ of London
+
+WARFARE AND BRITISH LABOR                                          290
+  By Earl Kitchener
+
+SAVIORS OF EUROPE                                                  292
+  By Rene Bazin
+
+BRITAIN'S PERIL OF STRIKES AND DRINK                               293
+  By Lloyd George
+
+ITALY'S EVOLUTION AS REFLECTED BY HER PRESS                        301
+
+SOME RUSES DE GUERRE (Poem)                                        304
+  By A.M. Wakeman
+
+THE EUROPEAN WAR AS SEEN BY CARTOONISTS                            305
+
+FACSIMILE OF A BELGIAN BREAD-CHECK                                 329
+
+TO A GERMAN APOLOGIST (Poem)                                       329
+  By Beatrice Barry
+
+AMERICA'S NEUTRALITY                                               330
+  By Count Albert Apponyi
+
+NEUTRAL SPIRIT OF THE SWISS                                        335
+  An Interview with President Motta
+
+TO KING AND PEOPLE (Poem)                                          336
+  By Walter Sichel
+
+A SWISS VIEW OF GERMANY                                            337
+  By Maurice Millioud
+
+THE LAND OF MAETERLINCK                                            344
+  By Alfred Sutro
+
+AMERICA AND PROHIBITION RUSSIA                                     345
+  By Isabel F. Hapgood
+
+THE MOTHER'S SONG (Poem)                                           350
+  By Cecilia Reynolds Robertson
+
+PAN-AMERICAN RELATIONS AS AFFECTED BY THE WAR                      351
+  By Huntington Wilson
+
+AN EASTER MESSAGE (Poem)                                           357
+  By Beatrice Barry
+
+AN INTERVIEW ON THE WAR WITH HENRY JAMES                           358
+  By Preston Lockwood
+
+A TALK WITH BELGIUM'S GOVERNOR                                     363
+  By Edward Lyall Fox
+
+A CHARGE IN THE DARK (Poem)                                        365
+  By O.C.A. Child
+
+A NEW POLAND                                                       366
+  By Gustave Hervé
+
+"WITH THE HONORS OF WAR"                                           368
+  By Wythe Williams
+
+GENERAL FOCH, THE MAN OF YPRES                                     373
+
+THE UNREMEMBERED DEAD (Poem)                                       377
+  By Ella A. Fanning
+
+CANADA AND BRITAIN'S WAR UNION                                     378
+  By Edward W. Thomson
+
+ENGLAND (Poem)                                                     384
+  By John E. Dolson
+
+AMERICAN AID OF FRANCE                                             385
+  By Eugène Brieux
+
+A FAREWELL (Poem)                                                  387
+  By Edna Mead
+
+STORIES OF FRENCH COURAGE                                          388
+  By Edwin L. Shuman
+
+A TROOPER'S SOLILOQUY (Poem)                                       392
+  By O.C.A. Child
+
+AMERICAN UNFRIENDLINESS                                            393
+  By Maximilian Harden
+
+ENDOWED WITH A NOBLE FIRE OF BLOOD                                 395
+  By A. Kouprine
+
+CHRONOLOGY OF THE WAR                                              396
+
+THE DAY (Poem)                                                     408
+  By Henry Chappell
+
+[Illustration: COMMANDER THIERICHENS
+
+Commander of the German commerce-raider Prinz Eitel Friedrich, which
+sank the American sailing ship William P. Frye.]
+
+[Illustration: THE GRAND DUCHESS OF LUXEMBURG
+
+Whose little State was first occupied by the German forces.
+
+(Photo from George Grantham Bain.)]
+
+
+
+
+The New York Times
+
+CURRENT HISTORY
+
+A MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+THE EUROPEAN WAR
+
+MAY, 1915
+
+
+
+
+General Sir John French's Own Story
+
+The Costly Victory of Neuve Chapelle
+
+
+_LONDON, April 14.--Field Marshal Sir John French, commander of the
+British expeditionary forces on the Continent, reports the British
+losses in the three days' fighting at Neuve Chapelle last month, as
+follows: Killed, 190 officers, 2,337 men; wounded, 359 officers, 8,174
+other ranks; missing, 23 officers, 1,728 men; total casualties, 12,811.
+The report continues:_
+
+The enemy left several thousand dead on the field, and we have positive
+information that upward of 12,000 wounded were removed by trains. Thirty
+officers and 1,657 of other ranks were captured.
+
+_The British commander's dispatch concerning the battle is long, and
+says, among other things:_
+
+Considerable delay occurred after the capture of Neuve Chapelle, and the
+infantry was greatly disorganized. I am of the opinion that this delay
+would not have occurred had the clearly expressed order of the general
+officer commanding the First Army been more carefully observed.
+
+_Field Marshal Sir John French's report, which covers the battles of
+Neuve Chapelle and St. Eloi under date of April 5, was published in the
+official Gazette today. The Commander in Chief writes:_
+
+The event of chief interest and importance which has taken place is the
+victory achieved over the enemy in the battle of Neuve Chapelle, which
+was fought on March 10, 11, and 12.
+
+The main attack was delivered by the troops of the First Army under
+command of General Sir Douglas Haig, supported by a large force of heavy
+artillery, a division of cavalry, and some infantry of the General
+Reserve. Secondary and holding attacks and demonstrations were made
+along the front of the Second Army, under direction of its commander,
+Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien.
+
+While the success attained was due to the magnificent bearing and
+indomitable courage displayed by the troops of the Fourth and Indian
+Corps, I consider that the able and skillful dispositions which were
+made by the general officer commanding the First Army contributed
+largely to the defeat of the enemy and to the capture of his position.
+The energy and vigor with which General Sir Douglas Haig handled his
+command show him to be a leader of great ability and power.
+
+Another action of considerable importance was brought about by a
+surprise attack made by the Germans on March 14 against the
+Twenty-seventh Division holding the trenches east of St. Eloi. A large
+force of artillery was concentrated in this area under the cover of a
+mist and a heavy volume of fire was suddenly brought to bear on the
+trenches.
+
+At 5 o'clock in the afternoon this artillery attack was accompanied by
+two mine explosions, and in the confusion caused by these and by the
+suddenness of the attack the position of St. Eloi was captured and held
+for some hours by the enemy.
+
+Well-directed and vigorous counter-attacks, in which the troops of the
+Fifth Army Corps showed great bravery and determination, restored the
+situation by the evening of the 15th.
+
+_The dispatch describes further operations, saying:_
+
+On Feb. 6 a brilliant action by the troops of the First Corps materially
+improved our position in the area south of La Bassée Canal. During the
+previous night parties of the Irish Guards and the Third Battalion of
+the Coldstream Guards had succeeded in gaining ground from which a
+converging fire could be directed on the flanks and rear of certain
+brick stacks occupied by the Germans, which had been for some time a
+source of considerable annoyance. At 2 P.M. the affair commenced with a
+severe bombardment of the brick stacks and the enemy's trenches.
+
+A brisk attack by the Third Battalion of the Coldstream Guards and Irish
+Guards from our trenches west of the brick stacks followed and was
+supported by the fire from the flanking position which had been seized
+the previous night by the same regiments.
+
+The attack succeeded, the brick stacks were occupied without difficulty,
+and a line was established north and south through a point about forty
+yards east of the brick stacks.
+
+The casualties suffered by the Fifth Corps throughout the period under
+review, and particularly during the month of February, have been
+heavier than those on other parts of the line. I regret this, but do not
+think, taking all circumstances into consideration, that they were
+unduly numerous. The position then occupied by the Fifth Corps had
+always been a very vulnerable part of our line. The ground was marshy,
+and trenches were most difficult to construct and maintain. The
+Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Divisions of the Fifth Corps had no
+previous experience in European warfare, and a number of the units
+composing the corps had only recently returned from service in tropical
+climates. In consequence, the hardships of a rigorous Winter campaign
+fell with greater weight upon these divisions than upon any other in the
+command.
+
+Chiefly owing to these causes the Fifth Corps, up to the beginning of
+March, was constantly engaged in counter-attacks to retake trenches and
+ground which had been lost. In their difficult and arduous task,
+however, the troops displayed the utmost gallantry and devotion, and it
+is most creditable to the skill and energy of their leaders that I am
+able to report how well they have surmounted all their difficulties and
+that the ground first taken over by them is still intact and held with
+little greater loss than is incurred by the troops in all other parts of
+the line.
+
+_Describing an attack on the German trenches near St. Eloi on Feb. 28 by
+Princess Patricia's Regiment, of the Canadian contingent, under command
+of Lieut. C.E. Crabbe, the Commander in Chief says:_
+
+The services performed by this distinguished corps have continued to be
+very valuable since I had occasion to refer to them in my last dispatch.
+They have been most ably organized and trained and were commanded by
+Lieut. Colonel F.D. Farquhar, D.S.O., who I deeply regret to say was
+killed while superintending some trench work on March 20. His loss will
+be deeply felt.
+
+_Emphasizing the co-operation of the British and French forces and the
+new rôle in warfare assumed by the cavalry, the Commander in Chief
+writes:_
+
+During the month of February I arranged with General Foch to render the
+Ninth French Corps, holding the trenches to my left, some much-needed
+rest by sending the three divisions of the British Cavalry Corps to hold
+a portion of the French trenches, each division for a period of ten days
+alternately.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the field of the Battle of Neuve Chapelle and
+its position in the Allied line.]
+
+It was very gratifying to me to note once again in this campaign the
+eager readiness which the cavalry displayed to undertake a rôle which
+does not properly belong to them in order to support and assist their
+French comrades. In carrying out this work the leader, officers, and men
+displayed the same skill and energy which I have had reason to comment
+upon in former dispatches.
+
+_Referring to Neuve Chapelle and the considerations leading up to this,
+the Field Marshal says:_
+
+About the end of February many vital considerations induced me to
+believe that a vigorous offensive movement by the troops under my
+command should be planned and carried out at the earliest possible
+moment. Among the more important reasons which convinced me of this
+necessity were the general aspect of the allied situation throughout
+Europe, and particularly the marked success of the Russian Army in
+repelling the violent onslaughts of Marshal von Hindenburg; the apparent
+weakening of the enemy on my front, and the necessity for assisting our
+Russian allies to the utmost by holding as many hostile troops as
+possible in the western theatre; the efforts to this end which were
+being made by the French forces at Arras and in Champagne, and--perhaps
+the most weighty consideration of all--the need of fostering the
+offensive spirit in the troops under my command after the trying and
+possibly enervating experiences which they had gone through of a severe
+Winter in the trenches.
+
+In a former dispatch I commented upon the difficulties and drawbacks
+which the Winter weather in this climate imposes upon a vigorous
+offensive. Early in March these difficulties became greatly lessened by
+the drying up of the country and by spells of brighter weather.
+
+I do not propose in this dispatch to enter at length into the
+considerations which actuated me in deciding upon the plan, time, and
+place of my attack. As mentioned above, the main attack was carried out
+by units of the First Army, supported by troops of the Second Army and
+the general reserve. The object of the main attack was to be the capture
+of the village of Neuve Chapelle and the enemy's position at that point,
+and the establishment of our line as far forward as possible to the east
+of that place.
+
+The object, nature, and scope of the attack and the instructions for the
+conduct of the operations were communicated by me to Sir Douglas Haig
+in a secret memorandum, dated Feb. 19.
+
+_After describing the main topographical features of the battlefield and
+showing how the Germans had established a strong post with numerous
+machine guns among the big houses, behind walls and in orchards which
+flanked the approaches to the village, Sir John proceeds:_
+
+The battle opened at 7:30 o'clock the morning of the 10th of March by a
+powerful bombardment of the enemy's position in Neuve Chapelle. The
+artillery bombardment had been well prepared and was most effective,
+except on the extreme northern portion of the front of attack.
+
+At 8:05 o'clock the Twenty-third and Twenty-fifth Brigades of the Eighth
+Division assaulted the German trenches on the northwest of the village.
+At the same hour the Garhwal Brigade of the Meerut (British India)
+Division, which occupied a position to the south of Neuve Chapelle,
+assaulted the German trenches in its front. The Garhwal Brigade and the
+Twenty-fifth Brigade carried the enemy's lines of intrenchment, where
+the wire entanglements had been almost entirely swept away by our
+shrapnel fire.
+
+The Twenty-third Brigade, however, on the northeast, was held up by wire
+entanglements which were not sufficiently cut. At 8:05 o'clock the
+artillery was turned on Neuve Chapelle, and at 8:35 o'clock the advance
+of the infantry was continued. The Twenty-fifth and the Garhwal Brigades
+pushed on eastward and northeastward, respectively, and succeeded in
+getting a foothold in the village. The Twenty-third Brigade was still
+held up in front of the enemy's wire entanglements, and could not
+progress. Heavy losses were suffered, especially in the Middlesex
+Regiment and the Scottish Rifles.
+
+The progress, however, of the Twenty-fifth Brigade into Neuve Chapelle
+immediately to the south of the Twenty-third Brigade had the effect of
+turning the southern flank of the enemy's defenses in front of the
+Twenty-third Brigade. This fact, combined with powerful artillery
+support, enabled the Twenty-third Brigade to get forward between 10 and
+11 A.M., and by 11 o'clock the whole of the village of Neuve Chapelle
+and the roads leading northward and southwestward from the eastern end
+of that village were in our hands.
+
+During this time our artillery completely cut off the village and
+surrounding country from any German reinforcements which could be thrown
+into the fight to restore the situation, by means of a curtain of
+shrapnel fire. Prisoners subsequently reported that all attempts at
+reinforcing the front line were checked. Steps were at once taken to
+consolidate the positions won.
+
+Considerable delay occurred after the capture of the Neuve Chapelle
+position. The infantry was greatly disorganized by the violent nature of
+the attack and by its passage through the enemy's trenches and the
+buildings of the village. It was necessary to get the units to some
+extent together before pushing on. The telephonic communication being
+cut by the enemy's fire rendered communication between the front and the
+rear most difficult. The fact of the left of the Twenty-third Brigade
+having been held up had kept back the Eighth Division and had involved a
+portion of the Twenty-fifth Brigade in fighting to the north, out of its
+proper direction of advance. All this required adjustment. An orchard
+held by the enemy north of Neuve Chapelle also threatened the flank of
+an advance toward the Aubers Bridge.
+
+I am of the opinion that this delay would not have occurred had the
+clearly expressed order of the general officer commanding the First Army
+been carefully observed.
+
+The difficulties above enumerated might have been overcome earlier in
+the day if the general officer commanding the Fourth Corps had been able
+to bring his reserve brigades more speedily into action. As it was, a
+further advance did not commence before 3:30 o'clock. The Twenty-first
+Brigade was able to form up in the open on the left without a shot being
+fired at it, thus showing that, at the time, the enemy's resistance had
+been paralyzed.
+
+The brigade pushed forward in the direction of Moulin-du-Pietre. At
+first it made good progress, but was subsequently held up by machine gun
+fire from houses and from a defended work in the line of the German
+intrenchments opposite the right of the Twenty-second Brigade.
+
+Further to the south the Twenty-fourth Brigade, which had been directed
+on Pietre, was similarly held up by machine guns in houses and trenches.
+At the road junction, 600 yards to the northwest of Pietre, the
+Twenty-fifth Brigade, on the right of the Twenty-fourth, was also held
+up by machine guns from a bridge held by the Germans over the River Les
+Layes, which is situated to the northwest of the Bois du Biez.
+
+While two brigades of the Meerut Division were establishing themselves
+on a new line the Dehra Dun Brigade, supported by the Jullunder Brigade
+of the Lahore Division, moved to the attack of the Bois du Biez, but
+were held up on the line of the River Les Layes by a German post at the
+bridge, which enfiladed them and brought them to a standstill.
+
+The defended bridge over the Les Layes and its neighborhood immediately
+assumed considerable importance. While the artillery fire was brought to
+bear, as far as circumstances would permit, on this point, General Sir
+Douglas Haig directed the First Corps to dispatch one or more battalions
+of the First Brigade in support of the troops attacking the bridge.
+Three battalions were thus sent to Richebourg St. Vaast.
+
+Darkness coming on and the enemy having brought up reinforcements, no
+further progress could be made, and the Indian Corps and the Fourth
+Corps proceeded to consolidate the position they had gained.
+
+While the operations, which I have thus briefly reported, were going on,
+the First Corps, in accordance with orders, delivered an attack in the
+morning from Givenchy simultaneously with that against Neuve Chapelle,
+but as the enemy's wire was insufficiently cut very little progress
+could be made, and the troops at this point did little more than hold
+fast to the Germans in front of them.
+
+On the following day, March 11, the attack was renewed by the Fourth and
+Indian Corps, but it was soon seen that further advance would be
+impossible until the artillery had dealt effectively with the various
+houses and defended localities which had held the troops up along the
+entire front.
+
+Efforts were made to direct the artillery fire accordingly, but, owing
+to the weather conditions, which did not permit of aerial observations,
+and the fact that nearly all the telephone communications between the
+artillery observers and their batteries had been cut, it was impossible
+to do so with sufficient accuracy. When our troops, who were pressing
+forward, occupied a house there, it was not possible to stop our
+artillery fire, and the infantry had to be withdrawn.
+
+As most of the objects for which the operations had been undertaken had
+been attained, and as there were reasons why I considered it inadvisable
+to continue the attack at that time, I directed General Sir Douglas Haig
+on the night of the 12th to hold and consolidate the ground which had
+been gained by the Fourth and Indian Corps, and suspend further
+offensive operations for the present.
+
+The losses during these three days' fighting were, I regret to say, very
+severe, numbering 190 officers and 2,337 of other ranks killed, 359
+officers and 8,174 of other ranks wounded, and 23 officers and 1,720 of
+other ranks missing. But the results attained were, in my opinion, wide
+and far-reaching.
+
+_Referring to the severity of the casualties in action, the Commander in
+Chief writes:_
+
+I can well understand how deeply these casualties are felt by the nation
+at large, but each daily report shows clearly that they are endured on
+at least an equal scale by all the combatants engaged throughout Europe,
+friends and foe alike.
+
+In war as it is today, between civilized nations armed to the teeth with
+the present deadly rifle and machine gun, heavy casualties are
+absolutely unavoidable. For the slightest undue exposure the heaviest
+toll is exacted. The power of defense conferred by modern weapons is the
+main cause for the long duration of the battles of the present day, and
+it is this fact which mainly accounts for such loss and waste of life.
+Both one and the other can, however, be shortened and lessened if
+attacks can be supported by a most efficient and powerful force of
+artillery available; but an almost unlimited supply of ammunition is
+necessary, and a most liberal discretionary power as to its use must be
+given to artillery commanders. I am confident that this is the only
+means by which great results can be obtained with a minimum of loss.
+
+
+
+
+ROBERTS OF KANDAHAR.
+
+SIDNEY LOW, in The London Times.
+
+
+    Through the long years of peril and of strife,
+    He faced Death oft, and Death forbore to slay,
+    Reserving for its sacrificial Day,
+    The garnered treasure of his full-crowned life;
+    So saved him till the furrowed soil was rife,
+    With the rich tillage of our noblest dead;
+    Then reaped the offering of his honored head,
+    In that red field of harvest, where he died,
+    With the embattled legions at his side.
+
+
+
+
+The Surrender of Przemysl
+
+How Galicia's Strong Fortress Yielded to the Russian Siege
+
+
+     The Austrian fortress of Przemysl fell on March 22, 1915,
+     after an investment and siege which lasted, with one short
+     interruption, for nearly four months. This important event was
+     celebrated by a Te Deum of thanksgiving in the presence of the
+     Czar and the General Staff. The importance to the Russians of
+     the capitulation of Przemysl is suggested by the fact that
+     about 120,000 prisoners were reported taken when the Austrians
+     yielded. Until this was effected the Russians could not
+     venture upon a serious invasion of Hungary, and the investing
+     troops who were then freed were more numerous than the
+     defenders.
+
+[By the Correspondent of The London Times.]
+
+PETROGRAD, March 22.
+
+The Minister of War has informed me that he has just received a telegram
+from the Grand Duke Nicholas announcing the fall of Przemysl.
+
+The fall of Przemysl marks the most important event of the Russian
+campaign this year. It finally and irrevocably consolidates the position
+of the Russians in Galicia. The Austro-German armies are deprived of the
+incentive hitherto held out to them of relieving the isolated remnant of
+their former dominion. The besieging army will be freed for other
+purposes. From information previously published the garrison aggregated
+about 25,000 men, hence the investing forces, which must always be at
+least four times as great as the garrison, represent not less than
+100,000 men. From all the information lately received from both Russian
+and neutral sources, the position of the Austro-German armies in the
+Carpathians has become distinctly critical. The reinforcements for the
+gallant troops of General Brusiloff, General Radko Dmitrieff, and other
+commanders are bound to exercise an enormous influence on the future
+course of the campaign in the Carpathians.
+
+All honor and credit are given by the Russians to the garrison of
+Przemysl and General Kusmanek. Russian officers ever had the highest
+opinion of the personality of the commandant. I heard from those who
+fought under General Radko Dmitrieff in the early stages of the Galician
+campaign that when our troops, after sweeping away the resistance at
+Lwow and Jaroslau, loudly knocked at the doors of the fortress of
+Przemysl, they met with a stern rebuff. In reply to the summons of the
+Russians to surrender the keys the commandant wrote a curt and dignified
+note remarking that he considered it beyond his own dignity or the
+dignity of the Russian General to discuss the surrender of the fortress
+before it had exhausted all its powers of resistance. During the second
+invasion of Poland by the Austro-German armies the enemy's lines swept
+up to and just beyond Przemysl, interrupting the investment of the
+fortress. The wave of the Austrian invasion began to subside at the end
+of the first week in November. Only then could we begin the siege of the
+mighty fortress, which proved successful after the lapse of four months.
+
+The first Russian attempt to storm Przemysl without previous
+bombardment, which followed immediately upon the commandant's refusal to
+surrender, resulted in very great loss of life to no purpose. Thereafter
+it was decided to abstain from further attempts to take the fortress
+until our siege guns could be placed and a preliminary bombardment could
+sufficiently facilitate the task of the besiegers. Meanwhile, although
+the fortress and town were duly invested, our lines were somewhat remote
+from the outlying forts, and the peasants of adjacent villages were, it
+is said, able to pass freely to and from the town of Przemysl--a fact
+which would enable the inhabitants to obtain supplies. From all
+accounts neither the garrison nor the inhabitants were reduced to very
+great straits for food. The announcement made at the time of the first
+investment of the fortress that provisions and supplies would easily
+last till May was, however, obviously exaggerated.
+
+I understand that heavy siege guns were ready to be conveyed to Przemysl
+at the end of January, but that the Russian military authorities decided
+to postpone their departure in view of the determined attempts made by
+the Austro-German forces to pierce the Russian lines in the Carpathians
+in order to relieve the fortress, which, if successful, might have
+endangered the safety of the siege material. Owing to this fact the
+bombardment of Przemysl began only about a fortnight ago, when the
+Austro-German offensive had so far weakened as to satisfy the Russian
+authorities that there was no further danger from this quarter.
+
+The concluding stages of the siege have been related in the dispatches
+from the Field Headquarters during the past week. The capture of the
+dominating heights in the eastern sector followed close upon the first
+bombardment. The final desperate sortie led by General Kusmanek at the
+head of the Twenty-third Division of the Honved precipitated the end.
+The remnants of the garrison were unable to man the works extending to a
+thirty-mile periphery.
+
+The loss of the western approaches left General Kusmanek no alternative
+but to surrender. He had exhausted his ammunition and used up his
+effectives. His messages for help were either intercepted or unanswered.
+The assailants broke down the last resistance. The most important
+strategical point in the whole of Galicia is now in Russian hands.
+
+
+TE DEUM AT HEADQUARTERS.
+
+PETROGRAD, March 22.
+
+_The following official communiqué was issued from the Main Headquarters
+this morning:_
+
+The fortress of Przemysl has surrendered to our troops.
+
+At the Headquarters of the Commander in Chief a Te Deum of thanksgiving
+was celebrated in the presence of the Czar, the Grand Duke Nicholas,
+Commander in Chief, and all the staff.
+
+_The following communiqué from the Great Headquarters is issued here
+today:_
+
+Northern Front.--From the Niemen to the Vistula and on the left bank of
+the latter river there has been no important change. Our troops
+advancing from Tauroggen captured, after a struggle, Laugszargen, (near
+the frontier of East Prussia,) where they took prisoners and seized an
+ammunition depot and engineers' stores.
+
+The Carpathians.--There has been furious fighting on the roads to
+Bartfeld (in Hungary) in the valleys of the Ondawa and Laborcz.
+
+Near the Lupkow Pass and on the left bank of the Upper San our troops
+have advanced successfully, forcing the way with rifle fire and with the
+bayonet. In the course of the day we took 2,500 prisoners, including
+fifty officers and four machine guns.
+
+In the direction of Munkacz the Germans, in close formation, attacked
+our positions at Rossokhatch, Oravtchik, and Kosziowa, but were
+everywhere driven back by our fire and by our counter-attacks with
+severe losses. In Galicia there has been a snowstorm.
+
+Przemysl.--On the night of the 21st there was a fierce artillery fire
+round Przemysl. Portions of the garrison who once more tried to effect a
+sortie toward the northeast toward Oikowic were driven back within the
+circle of forts with heavy losses.
+
+_Note.--This portion of the communiqué was evidently drafted before the
+fall of Przemysl took place, and the communiqué proceeds:_
+
+In recognition of the joyous event of the fall of Przemysl the Czar has
+conferred upon the Grand Duke Nicholas the Second Class of the Order of
+St. George and the Third Class of the same order on General Ivanoff, the
+commander of the besieging army.
+
+[Illustration: Map of the Siege of Przemysl. The small triangles
+indicate outlying fortified hills with their height in feet.]
+
+
+COLLECTING THE ARMS.
+
+_By Hamilton Fyfe, Correspondent of The London Daily Mail._
+
+PETROGRAD, March 23.
+
+Advance detachments of Russian troops entered Przemysl last night. The
+business of collecting the arms is proceeding. I believe the officers
+will be allowed to keep their swords.
+
+Great surprise has been caused here by a statement that the number of
+troops captured exceeds three army corps. Possibly on account of the
+snowstorm no further telegram has been received from the Grand Duke
+Nicholas, and no details of the fall of the garrison have yet been
+officially announced. I have, however, received the definite assurance
+of a very high authority that the force which has surrendered includes
+nine Generals, over 2,000 officers, and 130,000 men. In spite of the
+authority of my informant, I am still inclined to await confirmation of
+these figures.
+
+The leading military organ, the Russki Invalid, says that the garrison
+was known to number 60,000 men and that it had been swelled to some
+extent by the additional forces drafted in before the investment began.
+The Retch estimates the total at 80,000, and a semi-official
+announcement also places the strength of the garrison at that figure,
+excluding artillery and also the men belonging to the auxiliary and
+technical services.
+
+There is an equal difference of opinion regarding the number of guns
+taken. The estimates vary from 1,000 to 2,000. What is known for certain
+is that the fortress contained 600 big guns of the newest type and a
+number of small, older pieces.
+
+The characteristic spirit in which Russia is waging war is shown by the
+service of thanksgiving to God which was held immediately the news of
+the fall of the fortress reached the Grand Duke's headquarters. The Czar
+was there to join with the staff in offering humble gratitude to the
+Almighty for the great victory accorded to the Russian arms.
+
+The first crowds which gathered here yesterday to rejoice over the great
+news moved with one consent to the Kazan Cathedral, where they sang the
+national hymn and crossed themselves reverently before the holy,
+wonder-working picture of Kazan, the Mother of God. In spite of the
+heaviest snowstorm of the Winter, which made the streets impassable and
+stopped the tramway cars, the Nevski Prospekt rang all the afternoon and
+evening with the sound of voices raised in patriotic song.
+
+Przemysl is admitted to be the first spectacular success of the war on
+the side of the Allies. It is not surprising that the nation is proud
+and delighted, yet so generous is the Russian mind that there mingle
+with its triumph admiration and sympathy for the garrison which was
+compelled to surrender after a long, brave resistance. Popular
+imagination has been thrilled by the story of the last desperate sortie,
+which will take a high place in the history of modern war.
+
+When toward the end of the week the hope of relief, which had so long
+buoyed up the defenders, was with heavy, resolved hearts abandoned,
+General Kousmanek resolved to try to save at all events some portion of
+his best troops by sending them to fight a way out. From the ranks,
+thinned terribly by casualties and also by typhus and other diseases
+caused through hunger and the unhealthy state of the town, he selected
+20,000 men and served out to them five days' reduced rations, which were
+all he had left. He also supplied them with new boots in order to give
+them as good a chance as possible to join their comrades in the
+Carpathians, whose summits could be seen from Przemysl in the shining,
+warm Spring sunshine.
+
+It was a hopeless enterprise, pitifully futile. It is true that the
+Austrian armies sent to relieve the city were only a few days' march
+distant, but even if the 20,000 had cut a way through the investing
+force they would have found another Russian army between them and their
+fellow-countrymen. General Kousmanek, before they started, addressed
+them. In a rousing speech he said:
+
+     Soldiers, for nearly half a year, in spite of cold and hunger,
+     you have defended the fortress intrusted to you. The eyes of
+     the world are fixed on you. Millions at home are waiting with
+     painful eagerness to hear the news of your success. The honor
+     of the army and our fatherland requires us to make a
+     superhuman effort. Around us lies the iron ring of the enemy.
+     Burst a way through it and join your comrades who have been
+     fighting so bravely for you and are now so near.
+
+     I have given you the last of our supplies of food. I charge
+     you to go forward and sweep the foe aside. After our many
+     gallant and glorious fights we must not fall into the hands of
+     the Russians like sheep; we must and will break through.
+
+In case this appeal to the men's fighting spirit were ineffective
+threats were also used to the troops, who were warned by their officers
+that any who returned to the fortress would be treated as cowards and
+traitors. After the General's speech the men were told to rest for a few
+hours. At 4 in the morning they paraded and at 5 the battle began. For
+nine hours the Austrians hurled themselves against the iron ring, until
+early in the afternoon, when, broken and battered, the remains of the
+twenty thousand began to straggle back to the town. Exhausted and
+disheartened, the garrison was incapable of further effort.
+
+In order to prevent useless slaughter General Kousmanek sent officers
+with a flag of truce to inquire about the terms of surrender. These were
+arranged very quickly.
+
+In spite of the local value of the victory, and the vastness of the
+captures of material as well as of men, it must not be thought, as many
+are inclined to think here, that the Novoe Vremya exaggerates
+dangerously when it compares the effect likely to be produced with that
+of the fall of Metz and Port Arthur.
+
+It certainly brings the end of the Austrians' participation in the war
+more clearly in sight. But the Austrians will fight for some time yet.
+What it actually does is to free a large Russian force for the
+operations against Cracow or to assist in the invasion of Hungary.
+
+What is the strength of this force it would be imprudent to divulge, but
+I can say that it certainly amounts to not less than an "army,"
+(anything from 80,000 to 200,000 men.) Those who are anxious to arrive
+at a closer figure can calculate by the fact that the Russians had a
+forty-mile front around Przemysl which was strong enough to repulse
+attacks at all points. Another very useful consequence is that all the
+Galician railway system is now in Russian hands. It makes the transport
+of troops much easier.
+
+One further reflection was suggested to me last night by a very
+distinguished and influential Russian soldier, holding office under the
+Government. "The method which prevailed at Przemysl was as follows:
+Instead of rushing against the place and losing heavily, we waited and
+husbanded our forces until the garrison was unable to hold out any
+longer. That is the method adopted by the Allies. It must in the course
+of time force Germany to surrender also.
+
+"Up to now we have held our own against her furious sorties. Soon we
+shall begin to draw more closely our investing lines. Only one end was
+possible to Przemysl. The fate of Germany is equally sure."
+
+Now all eyes are fixed on the Dardanelles. The phrase on every lip is:
+"When the fall of Constantinople follows, then Prussia must begin to see
+that the case is hopeless." But we must not deceive ourselves, for even
+when her allies are defeated Prussia will still be hard to beat.
+Przemysl must not cause us to slacken our effort in any direction or in
+the slightest degree.
+
+
+WHAT THE RUSSIANS FOUND
+
+Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.
+
+_LONDON, April 3.--The London Times under date Przemysl, March 30,
+publishes a dispatch from Stanley Washburn, its special correspondent
+with the Russian armies, who, by courtesy of the Russian high command,
+is the first foreigner to visit the great Galician fortress since its
+fall. He says:_
+
+Przemysl is a story of an impregnable fortress two or three times
+over-garrisoned with patient, haggard soldiers starving in trenches, and
+sleek, faultlessly dressed officers living off the fat of the land in
+fashionable hotels and restaurants.
+
+The siege started with a total population within the lines of investment
+of approximately 200,000. Experts estimate that the fortress could have
+been held with 50,000 or 60,000 men against any forces the Russians
+could bring against it. It is probable that such supplies as there were
+were uneconomically expended, with the result that when the push came
+the situation was at once acute, and the suffering of all classes save
+the officers became general. First the cavalry and transport horses were
+consumed. Then everything available. Cats were sold at 8 shillings, and
+fair-sized dogs at a sovereign.
+
+While the garrison became thin and half starved, the mode of life of the
+officers in the town remained unchanged. The Café Sieber was constantly
+well filled with dilettante officers who gossipped and played cards and
+billiards and led the life to which they were accustomed in Vienna.
+Apparently very few shared any of the hardships of their men or made any
+effort to relieve their condition. At the Hotel Royal until the last,
+the officers had their three meals a day, with fresh meat, cigars,
+cigarettes, wines, and every luxury, while, as a witness has informed
+me, their own orderlies and servants begged for a slice of bread.
+
+There can be no question that ultimate surrender was due to the fact
+that the garrison was on the verge of starvation, while the officers'
+diet was merely threatened with curtailment. Witnesses state that
+private soldiers were seen actually to fall in the streets from lack of
+nourishment. The officers are reported to have retained their private
+thoroughbred riding horses until the day before the surrender, when
+2,000 of them were killed to prevent them from falling into the hands of
+the Russians. A Russian officer of high rank informed me that when he
+entered the town hundreds of these bodies of beautiful thoroughbred
+horses were to be seen with half-crazed Austrian and Hungarian soldiers
+tearing into the bodies with their faces and hands smeared with red
+blood as they devoured the raw flesh.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the scene of action between Przemysl and
+Cracow and the Carpathian Passes.]
+
+The Russians were utterly amazed at the casual reception which they
+received. The Austrian officers showed not the slightest sign of being
+disconcerted or humiliated at the collapse of their fortress.
+
+The first Russian effort was at once to relieve the condition of the
+garrison and civilians. Owing to the destruction of the bridge this was
+delayed, but soon with remarkable efficiency distribution depots were
+opened everywhere and the most pressing needs were somewhat relieved.
+
+The entire conduct of the siege on the part of the garrison seems wholly
+without explanation. The Austrians had throughout plenty of ammunition,
+and they certainly grossly outnumbered the Russians; yet they made but
+one recent effort to break out, which occurred three days before the
+surrender.
+
+Civilians inform me that they gladly welcome the Russians and that the
+first troops who entered were greeted with cheers, while the garrison
+was frankly pleased that the siege was over and their troubles at an
+end.
+
+As an example of overofficering it may be stated that General Kusmanek
+had seventy-five officers on his staff, while General Artamonov, the
+acting Russian Governor, had but four on his immediate staff.
+
+The removal of the prisoners is proceeding with great efficiency. They
+are going out at the rate of about 10,000 a day. The docility of the
+captives is indicated by the fact that the Russian guards attached to
+the prisoners' columns number about one for every hundred prisoners.
+They are all strung out for miles between the fortress and Lemberg. The
+prisoners are so eager to get out and to see the last of the war that
+they follow the instructions of their captors like children.
+
+All the civilians as well as prisoners I have talked with are unanimous
+in their praise of the Russian officers and soldiers, who have shown
+nothing but kindness and delicacy of feeling since their entrance into
+the fortress. This consideration strikes me as being utterly wasted on
+the captured officers, who treat the situation superciliously and are
+quite complacent in their relations with the Russians.
+
+
+
+
+THE JESTERS.
+
+By MARION COUTHOUY SMITH.
+
+
+    Ev'n he, the master of the songs of life,
+      May speak at times with less than certain sound--
+      "He jests at scars who never felt a wound."
+    So runs his word! Yet on the verge of strife,
+    They jest not who have never known the knife;
+      They tremble who in the waiting ranks are found,
+      While those scarred deep on many a battle-ground
+    Sing to the throbbing of the drum and fife.
+    They laugh who know the open, fearless breast,
+      The thrust, the steel-point, and the spreading stain;
+    Whose flesh is hardened to the searing test,
+      Whose souls are tempered to a high disdain.
+    Theirs is the lifted brow, the gallant jest,
+      The long last breath, that holds a victor-strain.
+
+
+
+
+Lord Kitchener Advertises for Recruits
+
+
+[Illustration: _This map shows the comparative distances from London of
+Ostend and of some English towns. London is in the exact center of the
+map._
+
+If the German Army were in Manchester.
+
+If the German Army were in Manchester, every fit man in the country
+would enlist without a moment's delay.
+
+Do you realise that the German Army is now at Ostend, only 125 miles
+away--or 40 miles nearer to London than is Manchester?
+
+How much nearer must the Germans come before _you_ do something to stop
+them?
+
+The German Army must be beaten in Belgium. The time to do it is _now_.
+
+Will you help? Yes? Then enlist _TODAY_.
+
+_God Save the King._
+
+(Facsimile of an advertisement that appeared in The London Times, March
+17, 1915.)]
+
+
+
+
+Battle of the Dardanelles
+
+The Disaster That Befell the Allies' Fleet
+
+
+AS THE TURKS SAW IT.
+
+_BERLIN, March 22, (via London, 11:33 A.M.)--The correspondent at
+Constantinople of the Wolff Bureau telegraphed today a description of
+the fighting at the Dardanelles on Thursday, March 18, in which the
+French battleship Bouvet and two British battleships were sent to the
+bottom. An abridgment of the correspondent's story follows:_
+
+The efforts of the Allies to force the Strait of the Dardanelles reached
+their climax in an artillery duel on Thursday, March 18, which lasted
+seven hours. The entire atmosphere around the Turkish forts was darkened
+by clouds of smoke from exploding shells and quantities of earth thrown
+into the air by the projectiles of the French and British warships. The
+earth trembled for miles around.
+
+The Allies entered the strait at 11:30 in the morning, and shelled the
+town of Chank Kale. Four French and five British warships took part in
+the beginning. This engagement reached its climax at 1:30, when the fire
+of the Allies was concentrated upon Fort Hamidieh and the adjacent
+fortified positions.
+
+The attack of modern marine artillery upon strong land forts presented
+an interesting as well as a terrifying spectacle. At times the forts
+were completely enveloped in smoke. At 2 o'clock the Allies changed
+their tactics and concentrated their fire upon individual batteries, but
+it was evident that they found difficulty in getting the range. Many of
+the shells fell short, casting up pillars of water, or went over the
+forts to explode in the town.
+
+At 3:15, when the bombardment was at its hottest, the French battleship
+Bouvet was seen to be sinking at the stern. A moment later her bows
+swung clear of the water, and she was seen going down. Cheers from the
+Turkish garrisons and forts greeted this sight. Torpedo boats and other
+craft of the Allies hurried to the rescue, but they were successful in
+saving only a few men. Besides having been struck by a mine, the Bouvet
+was severely damaged above the water line by shell fire. One projectile
+struck her forward deck. A mast also was shot away and hung overboard.
+It could be seen that the Bouvet when she sank was endeavoring to gain
+the mouth of the strait. This, however, was difficult, owing,
+apparently, to the fact that her machinery had been damaged.
+
+Shortly after the sinking of the Bouvet a British ship was struck on the
+deck squarely amidship and compelled to withdraw from the fight. Then
+another British vessel was badly damaged, and at 3:45 was seen to retire
+under a terrific fire from the Turkish battery. This vessel ran in
+toward the shore. For a full hour the Allies tried to protect her with
+their guns, but it was apparent that she was destined for destruction.
+Eight effective hits showed the hopelessness of the situation for this
+vessel. She then withdrew toward the mouth of the Dardanelles, which she
+reached in a few minutes under a hail of shells. The forts continued
+firing until the Allies were out of range.
+
+This was the first day when the warships attacking the Dardanelles kept
+within range of the Turkish guns for any considerable length of time.
+The result for them was terrible, owing to the excellent marksmanship
+from the Turkish batteries. The Allies fired on this day 2,000 shells
+without silencing one shore battery. The result has inspired the Turks
+with confidence, and they are looking forward to further engagements
+with calm assurance.
+
+
+ELIMINATION OF MINES.
+
+_The London Times naval correspondent writes, in its issue of March 20:_
+
+The further attack upon the inner forts at the Dardanelles, which was
+resumed by the allied squadrons on Thursday, has resulted,
+unfortunately, but not altogether unexpectedly, in some loss of ships
+and gallant lives.
+
+The clear and candid dispatch in which the operations are described
+attributes the loss of the ships to floating mines, which were probably
+released to drift down with the current in such large numbers that the
+usual method of evading these machines was unavailable. This danger, it
+is said, will require special treatment. Presumably the area having been
+swept clear of anchored mines, it was not considered necessary to take
+other precautions than such as were concerned with the movement of the
+battleships themselves.
+
+The satisfactory feature of the operations is that the ships maintained
+their superiority over the forts, and succeeded in silencing them after
+a few hours' bombardment. The sinking of the battleships occurred later
+in the afternoon, and it would seem at a time when a portion of the
+naval force was making a further advance to cover the mine-sweeping
+operations. There is nothing in the dispatch which indicates anything
+but the eventual success of the work, nor that the defenses have proved
+more formidable than was anticipated. The danger from floating mines may
+have been somewhat underestimated, but it is one that can be met and is
+most unlikely to form a decisive factor.
+
+Manifestly the Turks, with their German advisers, have done their utmost
+to repair, by means of howitzers and field guns, the destruction of the
+fixed defenses; but it is not likely that any temporary expedients will
+prove more than troublesome to the passage of the fleet. The
+determination of the Allies to make a satisfactory ending of the
+operations is shown by the immediate dispatch of reinforcing ships, and
+by the fact that ample naval and military forces are available on the
+spot.
+
+Every one will regret that illness has obliged Vice Admiral Carden to
+relinquish the chief command, but this is now in the very capable hands
+of Vice Admiral Robeck.
+
+
+BRITISH OFFICIAL REPORT.
+
+[From The London Times, March 20, 1915.]
+
+_After ten days of mine-sweeping inside the Dardanelles the British and
+French fleets made a general attack on the fortresses at the Narrows on
+Thursday. After about three hours' bombardment all the forts ceased
+firing._
+
+_Three battleships were lost in these operations by striking mines--the
+French Bouvet, and the Irresistible and the Ocean. The British crews
+were practically all saved, but nearly the whole of the men on the
+Bouvet perished._
+
+_The Secretary of the Admiralty issued the following statement last
+night:_
+
+Mine-sweeping having been in progress during the last ten days inside
+the strait, a general attack was delivered by the British and French
+fleets yesterday morning upon the fortresses at the Narrows of the
+Dardanelles.
+
+At 10:45 A.M. Queen Elizabeth, Inflexible, Agamemnon, and Lord Nelson
+bombarded Forts J, L, T, U, and V; while Triumph and Prince George fired
+at Batteries F, E, and H. A heavy fire was opened on the ships from
+howitzers and field guns.
+
+At 12:22 the French squadron, consisting of the Suffren, Gaulois,
+Charlemagne, and Bouvet, advanced up the Dardanelles to engage the forts
+at closer range. Forts J, U, F, and E replied strongly. Their fire was
+silenced by the ten battleships inside the strait, all the ships being
+hit several times during this part of the action.
+
+By 1:25 P.M. all forts had ceased firing.
+
+Vengeance, Irresistible, Albion, Ocean, Swiftsure, and Majestic then
+advanced to relieve the six old battleships inside the strait.
+
+As the French squadron, which had engaged the forts in the most
+brilliant fashion was passing out, Bouvet was blown up by a drifting
+mine and sank in thirty-six fathoms north Erenkeui Village in less than
+three minutes.
+
+At 2:36 P.M., the relief battleships renewed the attack on the forts,
+which again opened fire. The attack on the forts was maintained while
+the operations of the mine-sweepers continued. At 4:09 Irresistible
+quitted the line, listing heavily; and at 5:50 she sank, having probably
+struck a drifting mine. At 6:05, Ocean, also having struck a mine, both
+vessels sank in deep water, practically the whole of the crews having
+been removed safely under a hot fire.
+
+[Illustration: QUEEN MARY
+
+Wife of George V., King of Great Britain and Ireland.
+
+_(Photo from Underwood & Underwood.)_]
+
+[Illustration: THE RIGHT HON. DAVID LLOYD GEORGE
+
+The radical Chancellor of the British Exchequer, upon whom has devolved
+the task of financing the great war.
+
+_(Photo by A. & R. Annan & Sons.)_]
+
+The Gaulois was damaged by gun fire.
+
+Inflexible had her forward control position hit by a heavy shell, and
+requires repair.
+
+The bombardment of the forts and the mine-sweeping operations terminated
+when darkness fell. The damage to the forts effected by the prolonged
+direct fire of the very powerful forces employed cannot yet be
+estimated, and a further report will follow.
+
+The losses of ships were caused by mines drifting with the current which
+were encountered in areas hitherto swept clear, and this danger will
+require special treatment.
+
+The British casualties in personnel are not heavy, considering the scale
+of the operations; but practically the whole of the crew of the Bouvet
+were lost with the ship, an internal explosion having apparently
+supervened on the explosion of the mine.
+
+The Queen and Implacable, which were dispatched from England to replace
+ships' casualties in anticipation of this operation, are due to arrive
+immediately, thus bringing the British fleet up to its original
+strength.
+
+The operations are continuing, ample naval and military forces being
+available on the spot.
+
+On the 16th inst., Vice Admiral Carden, who has been incapacitated by
+illness, was succeeded in the chief command by Rear Admiral John Michael
+de Robeck, with acting rank of Vice Admiral.
+
+
+THE SCENE IN THE STRAIT.
+
+_The London Times publishes this story of an eyewitness:_
+
+TENEDOS, (Aegina,) March 18.
+
+This is not so much an account of the five hours' heavy engagement
+between the Turkish forts and the allied ships which has been fought
+actually within the Dardanelles today as an impression of the
+bombardment as seen at a distance of fifteen miles or so from the top of
+a high, steep hill called Mount St. Elias, at the northern end of
+Tenedos.
+
+Over the ridge of Kum Kale you plainly see, like a great blue lake, the
+first reach of the Dardanelles up to the narrow neck between Chanak and
+Kilid Bahr. It was up and down in this stretch of water that the largest
+vessels of the allied fleet steamed today for over four hours, hurling,
+with sheets of orange flame from their heavy guns, a constant succession
+of shells on the forts that guard the Narrows at Chanak, while the
+Turkish batteries, with a frequency that lessened as the day went on,
+flashed back at them in reply, with the difference that, while the
+effects of the Allies' shells were continually manifest in the columns
+of smoke and dust that were signs of the damage they had wrought, a
+great number of the enemy's shots fell in the sea hundreds of yards from
+the bombarding ships, sending torrents of water towering harmlessly into
+the air.
+
+Not that the successes of the day have been won without cost. I saw
+several ships, French and British, struck by shells that raised volumes
+of white smoke, and one of the French squadron is toiling slowly home at
+this moment down by the head and with a list to port, while, so far as
+one could make out with a glass, several boatloads of men were being
+taken off her.
+
+The ships left their stations between the Turkish and Asiatic coasts and
+Tenedos early this morning and by 11 they were steaming in line up the
+Dardanelles.
+
+It was 11:45 when the first notable hit was made by an English ship. I
+could see eight vessels, apparently all battleships, lying in line from
+the entrance up the strait. The ship furthest up appeared to be the
+Queen Elizabeth, and I think it was she that fired the shot which
+exploded the powder magazine at Chanak. A great balloon of white smoke
+sprang up in the midst of the magazine which leaped out from a fierce,
+red flame, and reached a great height. When the flame had disappeared
+the dense smoke continued to grow till it must have been a column
+hundreds of feet high.
+
+[Illustration: [map of the Dardanelles]]
+
+In the five minutes that followed this shot three more shells from the
+Queen Elizabeth fell practically on the same spot, and two minutes later
+yet another by the side of the smoking ruins.
+
+There were now eight battleships, all pre-dreadnoughts, left at Tenedos,
+and at noon six of them started off in line a-head toward the strait.
+The English ships already within were passing further up and went out of
+sight.
+
+The bombarding ships were steaming constantly up and down, turning at
+each end of the stretch, which is about a couple of miles long.
+
+A long thin veil of black smoke was drifting slowly westward from the
+fighting. At about 1:30 Erenkeui Village, standing high on the Asiatic
+side, received a couple of shells. At 1:45 a division of eight
+destroyers in line steamed into the entrance of the strait, and a little
+later the last two battleships from Tenedos joined, the Dublin
+patrolling outside. An hour later the most striking effect was produced
+by a shell falling on a fort at Kilid Bahr, which evidently exploded
+another magazine. A huge mass of heavy jet-black smoke gradually rose
+till it towered high above the cliffs on the European and Asiatic sides.
+It ballooned slowly out like a gigantic genie rising from a fisherman's
+bottle.
+
+By now the action was slackening, and at 3:45 five ships were slowly
+steaming homeward from the entrance. At 4:30 there were still eight
+vessels in the strait, but the forts had practically ceased to fire. The
+action was over for the day.
+
+The result had been the apparent silencing of several Turkish batteries,
+and those terrific explosions at the forts at Chanak and Kilid Bahr, the
+ultimate effect of which remains to be seen when the attack is renewed
+tonight. For Chanak is burning.
+
+
+
+
+Official Story of Two Sea Fights
+
+[From The London Times, March 3, 1915.]
+
+
+_Admiralty, March 3, 1915._
+
+_The following dispatch has been received from Vice Admiral Sir David
+Beatty, K.C.B., M.V.O., D.S.O., commanding the First Battle Cruiser
+Squadron, reporting the action in the North Sea on Sunday, the 24th of
+January, 1915:_
+
+H.M.S. Princess Royal,
+Feb. 2, 1915.
+
+Sir: I have the honor to report that at daybreak on Jan. 24, 1915, the
+following vessels were patrolling in company:
+
+The battle cruisers Lion, Capt. Alfred E.M. Chatfield, C.V.O., flying my
+flag; Princess Royal, Capt. Osmond de B. Brock, Aide de Camp; Tiger,
+Capt. Henry B. Pelly, M.V.O.; New Zealand, Capt. Lionel Halsey, C.M.G.,
+Aide de Camp, flying the flag of Rear Admiral Sir Archibald Moore,
+K.C.B., C.V.O., and Indomitable, Capt. Francis W. Kennedy.
+
+The light cruisers Southampton, flying the broad pennant of Commodore
+William E. Goodenough, M.V.O.; Nottingham, Capt. Charles B. Miller;
+Birmingham, Capt. Arthur A.M. Duff, and Lowestoft, Capt. Theobald W.B.
+Kennedy, were disposed on my port beam.
+
+Commodore (T) Reginald Y. Tyrwhitt, C.B., in Arethusa, Aurora, Capt.
+Wilmot S. Nicholson; Undaunted, Capt. Francis G. St. John, M.V.O.;
+Arethusa and the destroyer flotillas were ahead.
+
+At 7:25 A.M. the flash of guns was observed south-southeast. Shortly
+afterward a report reached me from Aurora that she was engaged with
+enemy's ships. I immediately altered course to south-southeast,
+increased to 22 knots, and ordered the light cruisers and flotillas to
+chase south-southeast to get in touch and report movements of enemy.
+
+This order was acted upon with great promptitude, indeed my wishes had
+already been forestalled by the respective senior officers, and reports
+almost immediately followed from Southampton, Arethusa, and Aurora as to
+the position and composition of the enemy, which consisted of three
+battle cruisers and Blücher, six light cruisers, and a number of
+destroyers, steering northwest. The enemy had altered course to
+southeast. From now onward the light cruisers maintained touch with the
+enemy, and kept me fully informed as to their movements.
+
+The battle cruisers worked up to full speed, steering to the southward.
+The wind at the time was northeast, light, with extreme visibility. At
+7:30 A.M. the enemy were sighted on the port bow steaming fast, steering
+approximately southeast, distant 14 miles.
+
+Owing to the prompt reports received we had attained our position on the
+quarter of the enemy, and so altered course to southeast parallel to
+them, and settled down to a long stern chase, gradually increasing our
+speed until we reached 28.5 knots. Great credit is due to the engineer
+staffs of New Zealand and Indomitable--these ships greatly exceeded
+their normal speed.
+
+At 8:52 A.M., as we had closed to within 20,000 yards of the rear ship,
+the battle cruisers manoeuvred to keep on a line of bearing so that guns
+would bear, and Lion fired a single shot, which fell short. The enemy at
+this time were in single line ahead, with light cruisers ahead and a
+large number of destroyers on their starboard beam.
+
+Single shots were fired at intervals to test the range, and at 9:09 A.M.
+Lion made her first hit on the Blücher, No. 4 in the line. The Tiger
+opened fire at 9:20 A.M. on the rear ship, the Lion shifted to No. 3 in
+the line, at 18,000 yards, this ship being hit by several salvos. The
+enemy returned our fire at 9:14 A.M. Princess Royal, on coming into
+range, opened fire on Blücher, the range of the leading ship being
+17,500 yards, at 9:35 A.M. New Zealand was within range of Blücher,
+which had dropped somewhat astern, and opened fire on her. Princess
+Royal shifted to the third ship in the line, inflicting considerable
+damage on her.
+
+Our flotilla cruisers and destroyers had gradually dropped from a
+position broad on our beam to our port quarter, so as not to foul our
+range with their smoke; but the enemy's destroyers threatening attack,
+the Meteor and M Division passed ahead of us, Capt. the Hon. H. Meade,
+D.S.O., handling this division with conspicuous ability.
+
+About 9:45 A.M. the situation was as follows: Blücher, the fourth in
+their line, already showed signs of having suffered severely from gun
+fire; their leading ship and No. 3 were also on fire, Lion was engaging
+No. 1, Princess Royal No. 3, New Zealand No. 4, while the Tiger, which
+was second in our line, fired first at their No. 1, and when interfered
+with by smoke, at their No. 4.
+
+The enemy's destroyers emitted vast columns of smoke to screen their
+battle cruisers, and under cover of this the latter now appeared to have
+altered course to the northward to increase their distance, and
+certainly the rear ships hauled out on the port quarter of their leader,
+thereby increasing their distance from our line. The battle cruisers,
+therefore, were ordered to form a line of bearing north-northwest, and
+proceed at their utmost speed.
+
+Their destroyers then showed evident signs of an attempt to attack. Lion
+and Tiger opened fire on them, and caused them to retire and resume
+their original course.
+
+The light cruisers maintained an excellent position on the port quarter
+of the enemy's line, enabling them to observe and keep touch, or attack
+any vessel that might fall out of the line.
+
+At 10:48 A.M. the Blücher, which had dropped considerably astern of
+enemy's line, hauled out to port, steering north with a heavy list, on
+fire, and apparently in a defeated condition. I consequently ordered
+Indomitable to attack enemy breaking northward.
+
+At 10:54 A.M. submarines were reported on the starboard bow, and I
+personally observed the wash of a periscope two points on our starboard
+bow. I immediately turned to port.
+
+At 11:03 A.M. an injury to the Lion being reported as incapable of
+immediate repair, I directed Lion to shape course northwest. At 11:20
+A.M. I called the Attack alongside, shifting my flag to her at about
+11:35 A.M. I proceeded at utmost speed to rejoin the squadron, and met
+them at noon retiring north-northwest.
+
+I boarded and hoisted my flag on Princess Royal at about 12:20 P.M.,
+when Capt. Brock acquainted me of what had occurred since the Lion fell
+out of the line, namely, that Blücher had been sunk and that the enemy
+battle cruisers had continued their course to the eastward in a
+considerably damaged condition. He also informed me that a Zeppelin and
+a seaplane had endeavored to drop bombs on the vessels which went to the
+rescue of the survivors of Blücher.
+
+The good seamanship of Lieut. Commander Cyril Callaghan, H.M.S. Attack,
+in placing his vessel alongside the Lion and subsequently the Princess
+Royal, enabled the transfer of flag to be made in the shortest possible
+time.
+
+At 2 P.M. I closed Lion and received a report that the starboard engine
+was giving trouble owing to priming, and at 3:38 P.M. I ordered
+Indomitable to take her in tow, which was accomplished by 5 P.M.
+
+The greatest credit is due to the Captains of Indomitable and Lion for
+the seaman-like manner in which the Lion was taken in tow under
+difficult circumstances.
+
+The excellent steaming of the ships engaged in the operation was a
+conspicuous feature.
+
+I attach an appendix giving the names of various officers and men who
+specially distinguished themselves.
+
+Where all did well it is difficult to single out officers and men for
+special mention, and as Lion and Tiger were the only ships hit by the
+enemy, the majority of these I mention belong to those ships.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir,
+
+Your obedient servant,
+
+(Signed) DAVID BEATTY,
+Vice Admiral.
+
+
+OFFICERS.
+
+Commander Charles A. Fountaine, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Lieut. Commander Evan C. Bunbury, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Lieut. Frederick T. Peters, H.M.S. Meteor.
+
+Lieut. Charles M.R. Schwerdt, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Engineer Commander Donald P. Green, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Engineer Commander James L. Sands, H.M.S. Southampton.
+
+Engineer Commander Thomas H. Turner, H.M.S. New Zealand.
+
+Engineer Lieut. Commander George Preece, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Engineer Lieut. Albert Knothe, H.M.S. Indomitable.
+
+Surgeon Probationer James A. Stirling, R.N.V.R., H.M.S. Meteor.
+
+Mr. Joseph H. Burton, Gunner (T), H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Chief Carpenter Frederick E. Dailey, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+
+PETTY OFFICERS AND MEN.
+
+Py. Or. J.W. Kemmett, O.N. 186,788, Lion.
+
+A.B.H. Davis, O.N. 184,526, Tiger.
+
+A.B.H.F. Griffin, O.N.J. 14,160, Princess Royal.
+
+A.B.P.S. Livingstone, O.N. 234,328, Lion.
+
+A.B.H. Robison, O.N. 209,112, Tiger.
+
+A.B.G.H. le Seilleur, O.N. 156,802, Lion.
+
+Boy, 1st CL., F.G.H. Bamford, O.N.J. 26,598, Tiger.
+
+Boy, 1st CL., J.F. Rogers, O.N.J. 28,329, Tiger.
+
+Ch. Ee. R. Artr., 1st CL., E.R. Hughes, O.N. 268,999, Indomitable.
+
+Ch. Ee. R. Artr., 2d CL, W.B. Dand, O.N. 270,648, New Zealand.
+
+Ch. Ee. A. Artr. W. Gillespie, O.N. 270,080, Meteor.
+
+Mechn. A.J. Cannon, O.N. 175,440, Lion.
+
+Mechn. E.C. Ephgrave, O.N. 288,231, Lion.
+
+Ch. Stkr. P. Callaghan, O.N. 278,953, Lion.
+
+Ch. Stkr. A.W. Ferris, O.N. 175,824, Lion.
+
+Ch. Stkr. J.E. James, O.N. 174,232, New Zealand.
+
+Ch. Stkr. W.E. James, O.N. 294,406, Indomitable.
+
+Ch. Stkr. J. Keating, R.F.R., O.N. 165,732, Meteor.
+
+Stkr. Py. Or. M. Flood, R.F.R., O.N. 153,418, Meteor.
+
+Stkr. Py. Or. T.W. Hardy, O.N. 292,542, Indomitable.
+
+Stkr. Py. Or. A.J. Sims, O.N. 276,502, New Zealand.
+
+Stkr. Py. Or. S. Westaway, R.F.R., O.N. 300,938, Meteor.
+
+Actg. Ldg. Skr. J. Blackburn, O.N.K. 4,844, Tiger.
+
+Stkr., 1st Cl., A.H. Bennet, O.N.K. 10,700, Tiger.
+
+Stkr., 2d Cl., H. Turner, O.N.K. 22,720, Tiger.
+
+Ldg. Carpenter's Crew, E.O. Bradley, O.N. 346,621, Lion.
+
+Ldg. Carpenter's Crew, E. Currie, O.N. 344,851, Lion.
+
+Sick Berth Attendant C.S. Hutchinson, O.N.M. 3,882, Tiger.
+
+Ch. Writer S.G. White, O.N. 340,597, Tiger.
+
+Third Writer H.C. Green, O.N.M. 8,266, Tiger.
+
+Officers' Steward, 3d Cl., F.W. Kearley, O.N.L. 2,716, Tiger.
+
+
+HONORS AWARDED.
+
+Lord Chamberlain's Office,
+St. James's Palace,
+March 3, 1915.
+
+The King has been graciously pleased to give orders for the following
+appointment to the Most Honorable Order of the Bath, in recognition of
+the services of the undermentioned officer mentioned in the foregoing
+dispatch:
+
+To be an Additional Member of the Military Division of the Third Class
+or Companion.
+
+Capt. Osmond de Beauvoir Brock, A.D.C., Royal Navy.
+
+Admiralty, S.W.,
+March 3, 1915.
+
+The King has been graciously pleased to give orders for the following
+appointment to the Distinguished Service Order, and for the award of the
+Distinguished Service Cross, to the undermentioned officers in
+recognition of their services mentioned in the foregoing dispatch:
+
+To be Companion of the Distinguished Service Order.
+
+Lieut. Frederic Thornton Peters, Royal Navy.
+
+To receive the Distinguished Service Cross.
+
+Surg. Probationer James Alexander Stirling, R.N.V.R.
+
+Gunner (T) Joseph H. Burton.
+
+Chief Carpenter Frederick E. Dailey.
+
+The following promotion has been made:
+
+Commander Charles Andrew Fountaine to be a Captain in his Majesty's
+fleet, to date March 3, 1915.
+
+The following awards have also been made:
+
+To receive the Distinguished Service Medal.
+
+P.O. J.W. Kemmett, O.N. 186,788.
+A.B. H. Davis, O.N. 184,526.
+A.B. H.F. Griffin, O.N.J. 14,160.
+A.B. P.S. Livingstone, O.N. 234,328.
+A.B. H. Robison, O.N. 209,112.
+A.B. G.H. le Seilleur, O.N. 156,802.
+Boy, 1st Cl., F.G.H. Bamford, O.N.J. 26,598.
+Boy, 1st Cl., J.F. Rogers, O.N.J. 28,329.
+Ch. E.R. Art., 1st Cl., E.R. Hughes, O.N. 268,999.
+Ch. E.R. Art., 2d Cl., W.B. Dand, O.N. 270,648.
+Ch. E.R. Art., W. Gillespie, O.N. 270,080.
+Mechn. A.J. Cannon, O.N. 175,440.
+Mechn. E.C. Ephgrave, O.N. 288,231.
+Ch. Stkr. P. Callaghan, O.N. 278,953.
+Ch. Stkr. A.W. Ferris, O.N. 175,824.
+Ch. Stkr. J.E. James, O.N. 174,232.
+Ch. Stkr. W.E. James, O.N. 294,406.
+Ch. Stkr. J. Keating, R.F.R., O.N. 165,732.
+Stkr. P.O. M. Flood, R.F.R., O.N. 153,418.
+Stkr. P.O. T.W. Hardy, O.N. 292,542.
+Stkr. P.O. A.J. Sims, O.N. 276,502.
+Stkr. P.O. S. Westaway, R.F.R., O.N. 300,938.
+Actg. Ldg. Stkr. J. Blackburn, O.N.K. 4,844.
+Stkr., 1st Cl., A.H. Bennet, O.N.K. 10,700.
+Stkr., 2d Cl., H. Turner, O.N.K. 22,720.
+Ldg. Carpenter's Crew, E.O. Bradley, O.N. 346,621.
+Ldg. Carpenter's Crew, E. Currie, O.N. 344,851.
+Sick Berth Attendant C.S. Hutchinson, O.N.M. 3,882.
+Ch. Writer S.G. White, O.N. 340,597.
+Third Writer H.C. Green, O.N.M. 8,266.
+Officers' Steward, 3d Cl., F.W. Kearley, O.N.L. 2,716.
+
+
+BATTLE OF THE FALKLANDS
+
+_Admiralty, March 3, 1915._
+
+_The following dispatch has been received from Vice Admiral Sir F.C.
+Doveton-Sturdee, K.C.B., C.V.O., C.M.G., reporting the action off the
+Falkland Islands on Tuesday, the 8th of December, 1914:_
+
+INVINCIBLE, at Sea,
+Dec. 19, 1914.
+
+Sir: I have the honor to forward a report on the action which took place
+on Dec. 8, 1914, against a German squadron off the Falkland Islands.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir,
+
+Your obedient servant,
+
+F.C.D. STURDEE,
+Vice Admiral, Commander in Chief.
+The Secretary, Admiralty.
+
+(A)--PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS.
+
+The squadron, consisting of H.M. ships Invincible, flying my flag, Flag
+Capt. Percy T.M. Beamish; Inflexible, Capt. Richard F. Phillimore;
+Carnarvon, flying the flag of Rear Admiral Archibald P. Soddart, Flag
+Capt. Harry L.d'E. Skipwith; Cornwall, Capt. Walter M. Ellerton; Kent,
+Capt. John D. Allen; Glasgow, Capt. John Loce; Bristol, Capt. Basil H.
+Fanshawe, and Macedonia, Capt. Bertram S. Evans, arrived at Port
+Stanley, Falkland Islands, at 10:30 A.M. on Monday, Dec. 7, 1914.
+Coaling was commenced at once, in order that the ships should be ready
+to resume the search for the enemy's squadron the next evening, Dec. 8.
+
+At 8 A.M. on Tuesday, Dec. 8, a signal was received from the signal
+station on shore:
+
+"A four-funnel and two-funnel man-of-war in sight from Sapper Hill,
+steering northward."
+
+[Illustration: THE BATTLE OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS FROM THE OFFICIAL
+REPORT OF ADMIRAL STURDEE.
+
+The numbers given on the plan show the corresponding positions of
+vessels at various times. All ships bearing the same number were
+simultaneously in the positions charted.]
+
+At this time the positions of the various ships of the squadron were as
+follows:
+
+Macedonia: At anchor as lookout ship.
+
+Kent (guard ship): At anchor in Port William.
+
+Invincible and Inflexible: In Port William.
+
+Carnarvon: In Port William.
+
+Cornwall: In Port William.
+
+Glasgow: In Port Stanley.
+
+Bristol: In Port Stanley.
+
+The Kent was at once ordered to weigh, and a general signal was made to
+raise steam for full speed.
+
+At 8:20 A.M. the signal station reported another column of smoke in
+sight to the southward, and at 8:45 A.M. the Kent passed down the harbor
+and took up a station at the entrance.
+
+The Canopus, Capt. Heathcoat S. Grant, reported at 8:47 A.M. that the
+first two ships were eight miles off, and that the smoke reported at
+8:20 A.M. appeared to be the smoke of two ships about twenty miles off.
+
+At 8:50 A.M. the signal station reported a further column of smoke in
+sight to the southward.
+
+The Macedonia was ordered to weigh anchor on the inner side of the other
+ships, and await orders.
+
+At 9:20 A.M. the two leading ships of the enemy, (Gneisenau and
+Nürnberg,) with guns trained on the wireless station, came within range
+of the Canopus, which opened fire at them across the low land at a range
+of 11,000 yards. The enemy at once hoisted their colors and turned away.
+At this time the masts and smoke of the enemy were visible from the
+upper bridge of the Invincible at a range of approximately 17,000 yards
+across the low land to the south of Port William.
+
+A few minutes later the two cruisers altered course to port, as though
+to close the Kent at the entrance to the harbor, but about this time it
+seems that the Invincible and Inflexible were seen over the land, as the
+enemy at once altered course and increased speed to join their
+consorts.
+
+The Glasgow weighed and proceeded at 9:40 A.M. with orders to join the
+Kent and observe the enemy's movements.
+
+At 9:45 A.M. the squadron--less the Bristol--weighed, and proceeded out
+of harbor in the following order: Carnarvon, Inflexible, Invincible, and
+Cornwall. On passing Cape Pembroke Light the five ships of the enemy
+appeared clearly in sight to the southeast, hull down. The visibility
+was at its maximum, the sea was calm, with a bright sun, a clear sky,
+and a light breeze from the northwest.
+
+At 10:20 A.M. the signal for a general chase was made. The battle
+cruisers quickly passed ahead of the Carnarvon and overtook the Kent.
+The Glasgow was ordered to keep two miles from the Invincible, and the
+Inflexible was stationed on the starboard quarter of the flagship. Speed
+was eased to twenty knots at 11:15 A.M., to enable the other cruisers to
+get into station.
+
+At this time the enemy's funnels and bridges showed just above the
+horizon.
+
+Information was received from the Bristol at 11:27 A.M. that three enemy
+ships had appeared off Port Pleasant, probably colliers or transports.
+The Bristol was therefore directed to take the Macedonia under orders
+and destroy transports.
+
+The enemy were still maintaining their distance, and I decided, at 12:20
+P.M., to attack with the two battle cruisers and the Glasgow.
+
+At 12:47 P.M. the signal to "Open fire and engage the enemy" was made.
+
+The Inflexible opened fire at 12:55 P.M. from her fore turret at the
+right-hand ship of the enemy, a light cruiser; a few minutes later the
+Invincible opened fire at the same ship.
+
+The deliberate fire from a range of 16,500 to 15,000 yards at the
+right-hand light cruiser, which was dropping astern, became too
+threatening, and when a shell fell close alongside her at 1:20 P.M. she
+(the Leipzig) turned away, with the Nürnberg and Dresden, to the
+southwest.
+
+These light cruisers were at once followed by the Kent, Glasgow, and
+Cornwall, in accordance with my instructions.
+
+The action finally developed into three separate encounters, besides the
+subsidiary one dealing with the threatened landing.
+
+(B.)--ACTION WITH THE ARMORED CRUISERS.
+
+The fire of the battle cruisers was directed on the Scharnhorst and
+Gneisenau. The effect of this was quickly seen when, at 1:25 P.M., with
+the Scharnhorst leading, they turned about seven points to port in
+succession into line ahead and opened fire at 1:30 P.M. Shortly
+afterward speed was eased to twenty-four knots and the battle cruisers
+were ordered to turn together, bringing them into line ahead, with the
+Invincible leading.
+
+The range was about 13,500 yards at the final turn, and increased until
+at 2 P.M. it had reached 16,450 yards.
+
+The enemy then (2:10 P.M.) turned away about ten points to starboard,
+and a second chase ensued until at 2:45 P.M. the battle cruisers again
+opened fire; this caused the enemy, at 2:53 P.M., to turn into line
+ahead to port and open fire at 2:55 P.M.
+
+The Scharnhorst caught fire forward, but not seriously, and her fire
+slackened perceptibly; the Gneisenau was badly hit by the Inflexible.
+
+At 3:30 P.M. the Scharnhorst led around about ten points to starboard;
+just previously her fire had slackened perceptibly, and one shell had
+shot away her third funnel; some guns were not firing, and it would
+appear that the turn was dictated by a desire to bring her starboard
+guns into action. The effect of the fire on the Scharnhorst became more
+and more apparent in consequence of smoke from fires, and also escaping
+steam. At times a shell would cause a large hole to appear in her side,
+through which could be seen a dull red glow of flame. At 4:04 P.M. the
+Scharnhorst, whose flag remained flying to the last, suddenly listed
+heavily to port, and within a minute it became clear that she was a
+doomed ship, for the list increased very rapidly until she lay on her
+beam ends, and at 4:17 P.M. she disappeared.
+
+The Gneisenau passed on the far side of her late flagship, and continued
+a determined but ineffectual effort to fight the two battle cruisers.
+
+At 5:08 P.M. the forward funnel was knocked over and remained resting
+against the second funnel. She was evidently in serious straits, and her
+fire slackened very much.
+
+At 5:15 P.M. one of the Gneisenau's shells struck the Invincible; this
+was her last effective effort.
+
+At 5:30 P.M. she turned toward the flagship with a heavy list to
+starboard, and appeared stopped, with steam pouring from her escape
+pipes and smoke from shell and fires rising everywhere. About this time
+I ordered the signal "Cease fire!" but before it was hoisted the
+Gneisenau opened fire again, and continued to fire from time to time
+with a single gun.
+
+At 5:40 P.M. the three ships closed in on the Gneisenau, and at this
+time the flag flying at her fore truck was apparently hauled down, but
+the flag at the peak continued flying.
+
+At 5:50 P.M. "Cease fire!" was made.
+
+At 6 P.M. the Gneisenau heeled over very suddenly, showing the men
+gathered on her decks and then walking on her side as she lay for a
+minute on her beam ends before sinking.
+
+The prisoners of war from the Gneisenau report that by the time the
+ammunition was expended some 600 men had been killed and wounded. The
+surviving officers and men were all ordered on deck and told to provide
+themselves with hammocks and any articles that could support them in the
+water.
+
+When the ship capsized and sank there were probably some 200 unwounded
+survivors in the water, but, owing to the shock of the cold water, many
+were drowned within sight of the boats and ship.
+
+Every effort was made to save life as quickly as possible, both by boats
+and from the ships; lifebuoys were thrown and ropes lowered, but only a
+portion could be rescued. The Invincible alone rescued 108 men,
+fourteen of whom were found to be dead after being brought on board.
+These men were buried at sea the following day with full military
+honors.
+
+(C)--ACTION WITH THE LIGHT CRUISERS.
+
+At about 1 P.M., when the Scharnhorst and Gneisenau turned to port to
+engage the Invincible and Inflexible, the enemy's light cruisers turned
+to starboard to escape; the Dresden was leading and the Nürnberg and
+Leipzig followed on each quarter.
+
+In accordance with my instructions, the Glasgow, Kent, and Cornwall at
+once went in chase of these ships; the Carnarvon, whose speed was
+insufficient to overtake them, closed the battle cruisers.
+
+The Glasgow drew well ahead of the Cornwall and Kent, and at 3 P.M.
+shots were exchanged with the Leipzig at 12,000 yards. The Glasgow's
+object was to endeavor to outrange the Leipzig with her 6-inch guns and
+thus cause her to alter course and give the Cornwall and Kent a chance
+of coming into action.
+
+At 4:17 P.M. the Cornwall opened fire, also on the Leipzig.
+
+At 7:17 P.M. the Leipzig was on fire fore and aft, and the Cornwall and
+Glasgow ceased fire.
+
+The Leipzig turned over on her port side and disappeared at 9 P.M. Seven
+officers and eleven men were saved.
+
+At 3:36 P.M. the Cornwall ordered the Kent to engage the Nürnberg, the
+nearest cruiser to her.
+
+Owing to the excellent and strenuous efforts of the engine room
+department, the Kent was able to get within range of the Nürnberg at 5
+P.M. At 6:35 P.M. the Nürnberg was on fire forward and ceased firing.
+The Kent also ceased firing and closed to 3,300 yards; as the colors
+were still observed to be flying on the Nürnberg, the Kent opened fire
+again. Fire was finally stopped five minutes later on the colors being
+hauled down, and every preparation was made to save life. The Nürnberg
+sank at 7:27 P.M., and, as she sank, a group of men were waving a German
+ensign attached to a staff. Twelve men were rescued, but only seven
+survived.
+
+The Kent had four killed and twelve wounded, mostly caused by one shell.
+
+During the time the three cruisers were engaged with the Nürnberg and
+Leipzig, the Dresden, which was beyond her consorts, effected her escape
+owing to her superior speed. The Glasgow was the only cruiser with
+sufficient speed to have had any chance of success. However, she was
+fully employed in engaging the Leipzig for over an hour before either
+the Cornwall or Kent could come up and get within range. During this
+time the Dresden was able to increase her distance and get out of sight.
+
+The weather changed after 4 P.M., and the visibility was much reduced;
+further, the sky was overcast and cloudy, thus assisting the Dresden to
+get away unobserved.
+
+(D)--ACTION WITH THE ENEMY'S TRANSPORTS.
+
+A report was received at 11:27 A.M. from H.M.S. Bristol that three ships
+of the enemy, probably transports or colliers, had appeared off Port
+Pleasant. The Bristol was ordered to take the Macedonia under his orders
+and destroy the transports.
+
+H.M.S. Macedonia reports that only two ships, steamships Baden and Santa
+Isabel, were present; both ships were sunk after the removal of the
+crews.
+
+I have pleasure in reporting that the officers and men under my orders
+carried out their duties with admirable efficiency and coolness, and
+great credit is due to the engineer officers of all the ships, several
+of which exceeded their normal full speed.
+
+The names of the following are specially mentioned:
+
+OFFICERS.
+
+Commander Richard Herbert Denny Townsend, H.M.S. Invincible.
+
+Commander Arthur Edward Frederick Bedford, H.M.S. Kent.
+
+Lieut. Commander Wilfred Arthur Thompson, H.M.S. Glasgow.
+
+Lieut. Commander Hubert Edward Danreuther, First and Gunnery Lieutenant,
+H.M.S. Invincible.
+
+Engineer Commander George Edward Andrew, H.M.S. Kent.
+
+Engineer Commander Edward John Weeks, H.M.S. Invincible.
+
+Paymaster Cyril Sheldon Johnson, H.M.S. Invincible.
+
+Carpenter Thomas Andrew Walls, H.M.S. Invincible.
+
+Carpenter William Henry Venning, H.M.S. Kent.
+
+Carpenter George Henry Egford, H.M.S. Cornwall.
+
+PETTY OFFICERS AND MEN.
+
+Ch. P.O. D. Leighton, O.N. 124,288, Kent.
+
+P.O., 2d Cl., M.J. Walton, (R.F.R., A. 1,756,) O.N. 118,358, Kent.
+
+Ldg. Smn. F.S. Martin, O.N. 233,301, Invincible, Gnr's. Mate, Gunlayer,
+1st Cl.
+
+Sigmn. F. Glover, O.N. 225,731, Cornwall.
+
+Ch. E.R. Art., 2d Cl., J.G. Hill, O.N. 269,646, Cornwall.
+
+Actg. Ch. E.R. Art., 2d Cl., R. Snowdon, O.N. 270,654, Inflexible.
+
+E.R. Art., 1st Cl., G.H.F. McCarten, O.N. 270,023, Invincible.
+
+Stkr. P.O. G.S. Brewer, O.N. 150,950, Kent.
+
+Stkr. P.O. W.A. Townsend, O.N. 301,650, Cornwall.
+
+Stkr., 1st Cl., J. Smith, O.N. SS 111,915, Cornwall.
+
+Shpwrt., 1st Cl., A.N.E. England, O.N. 341,971, Glasgow.
+
+Shpwrt., 2d Cl., A.C.H. Dymott, O.N.M. 8,047, Kent.
+
+Portsmouth R.F.R.B. 3,307 Sergt. Charles Mayes, H.M.S. Kent.
+
+F.C.D. STURDEE.
+
+
+
+
+BETWEEN MIDNIGHT AND MORNING.
+
+By SIR OWEN SEAMAN.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+    You that have faith to look with fearless eyes
+      Beyond the tragedy of a world at strife,
+    And trust that out of night and death shall rise
+        The dawn of ampler life;
+
+    Rejoice, whatever anguish rend your heart,
+      That God has given you, for a priceless dower,
+    To live in these great times and have your part
+        In Freedom's crowning hour.
+
+    That you may tell your sons who see the light
+      High in the heavens, their heritage to take--
+    "I saw the powers of darkness put to flight!
+        I saw the morning break!"
+
+
+
+
+The Greatest of Campaigns
+
+The French Official Account Concluded
+
+
+     The second and succeeding installments--the first installment
+     appeared in CURRENT HISTORY for April--of the official French
+     historical review of the operations in the western theatre of
+     war from the beginning until the end of January, 1915--the
+     first six months--are described in the subjoined
+     correspondence of The Associated Press.
+
+_LONDON, March 18, (Correspondence of The Associated Press.)--The
+Associated Press has received the second installment of the historical
+review emanating from French official sources of the operations in the
+Western theatre of war, from its beginning up to the end of January. It
+should be understood that the narrative is made purely from the French
+standpoint. The additional installment of the document dealing with the
+victory of the Marne, Sept. 6th to 15th, is as follows:_
+
+If one examines on the map the respective positions of the German and
+French armies on Sept. 6 as previously described, it will be seen that
+by his inflection toward Meaux and Coulommiers General von Kluck was
+exposing his right to the offensive action of our left. This is the
+starting point of the victory of the Marne.
+
+On the evening of Sept. 5 our left army had reached the front
+Penchard-Saint-Souflet-Ver. On the 6th and 7th it continued its
+attacks vigorously with the Ourcq as objective. On the evening of
+the 7th it was some kilometers from the Ourcq, on the front
+Chambry-Marcilly-Lisieux-Acy-en-Multien. On the 8th, the Germans, who
+had in great haste reinforced their right by bringing their Second
+and Fourth Army Corps back to the north, obtained some successes by
+attacks of extreme violence. They occupied Betz, Thury-en-Valois, and
+Nanteuil-le-Haudouin. But in spite of this pressure our troops held
+their ground well. In a brilliant action they took three standards, and,
+being reinforced, prepared a new attack for the 10th. At the moment that
+this attack was about to begin the enemy was already in retreat toward
+the north. The attack became a pursuit, and on the 12th we established
+ourselves on the Aisne.
+
+
+LEFT OF KLUCK'S ARMY THREATENED.
+
+Why did the German forces which were confronting us and on the evening
+before attacking so furiously retreat on the morning of the 10th?
+Because in bringing back on the 6th several army corps from the south to
+the north to face our left the enemy had exposed his left to the attacks
+of the British Army, which had immediately faced around toward the
+north, and to those of our armies which were prolonging the English
+lines to the right. This is what the French command had sought to bring
+about. This is what happened on Sept. 8 and allowed the development and
+rehabilitation which it was to effect.
+
+On the 6th the British Army had set out from the line Rozcy-Lagny and
+had that evening reached the southward bank of the Grand Morin. On the
+7th and 8th it continued its march, and on the 9th had debouched to the
+north of the Marne below Chateau-Thiery, taking in flank the German
+forces which on that day were opposing, on the Ourcq, our left army.
+Then it was that these forces began to retreat, while the British Army,
+going in pursuit and capturing seven guns and many prisoners, reached
+the Aisne between Soissons and Longueval.
+
+The rôle of the French Army, which was operating to the right of the
+British Army, was threefold. It had to support the British attacking on
+its left. It had on its right to support our centre, which from Sept. 7
+had been subjected to a German attack of great violence. Finally, its
+mission was to throw back the three active army corps and the reserve
+corps which faced it.
+
+On the 7th it made a leap forward, and on the following days reached and
+crossed the Marne, seizing, after desperate fighting, guns, howitzers,
+mitrailleuses, and 1,300,000 cartridges. On the 12th it established
+itself on the north edge of the Montagne-de-Reime in contact with our
+centre, which for its part had just forced the enemy to retreat in
+haste.
+
+
+THE ACTION OF FERE-CHAMPENOISE.
+
+Our centre consisted of a new army created on Aug. 29 and of one of
+those which at the beginning of the campaign had been engaged in Belgian
+Luxemburg. The first had retreated on Aug. 29 to Sept. 5 from the Aisne
+to the north of the Marne and occupied the general front Sézanne-Mailly.
+
+The second, more to the east, had drawn back to the south of the line
+Humbauville-Chateau-Beauchamp-Bignicourt-Blesmes-Maurupt-le-Montoy.
+
+The enemy, in view of his right being arrested and the defeat of his
+enveloping movement, made a desperate effort from the 7th to the 10th to
+pierce our centre to the west and to the east of Fére-Champenoise. On
+the 8th he succeeded in forcing back the right of our new army, which
+retired as far as Gouragançon. On the 9th, at 6 o'clock in the morning,
+there was a further retreat to the south of that village, while on the
+left the other army corps also had to go back to the line
+Allemant-Connantre.
+
+Despite this retreat the General commanding the army ordered a general
+offensive for the same day. With the Morocco Division, whose behavior
+was heroic, he met a furious assault of the Germans on his left toward
+the marshes of Saint Gond. Then with the division which had just
+victoriously overcome the attacks of the enemy to the north of Sézanne,
+and with the whole of his left army corps, he made a flanking attack in
+the evening of the 9th upon the German forces, and notably the guard,
+which had thrown back his right army corps. The enemy, taken by
+surprise by this bold manoeuvre, did not resist, and beat a hasty
+retreat.
+
+On the 11th we crossed the Marne between Tours-sur-Marne and Sarry,
+driving the Germans in front of us in disorder. On the 12th we were in
+contact with the enemy to the north of the Camp de Chalons. Our other
+army of the centre, acting on the right of the one just referred to, had
+been intrusted with the mission during the 7th, 8th, and 9th of
+disengaging its neighbor, and it was only on the 10th that, being
+reinforced by an army corps from the east, it was able to make its
+action effectively felt. On the 11th the Germans retired. But,
+perceiving their danger, they fought desperately, with enormous
+expenditure of projectiles, behind strong intrenchments. On the 12th the
+result had none the less been attained, and our two centre armies were
+solidly established on the ground gained.
+
+
+THE OPERATIONS OF THE RIGHT.
+
+To the right of these two armies were three others. They had orders to
+cover themselves to the north and to debouch toward the west on the
+flank of the enemy, which was operating to the west of the Argonne. But
+a wide interval in which the Germans were in force separated them from
+our centre. The attack took place, nevertheless, with very brilliant
+success for our artillery, which destroyed eleven batteries of the
+Sixteenth German Army Corps.
+
+On the 10th inst. the Eighth and Fifteenth German Army Corps
+counter-attacked, but were repulsed. On the 11th our progress continued
+with new successes, and on the 12th we were able to face round toward
+the north in expectation of the near and inevitable retreat of the
+enemy, which, in fact, took place from the 13th.
+
+The withdrawal of the mass of the German force involved also that of the
+left. From the 12th onward the forces of the enemy operating between
+Nancy and the Vosges retreated in a hurry before our two armies of the
+East, which immediately occupied the positions that the enemy had
+evacuated. The offensive of our right had thus prepared and
+consolidated in the most useful way the result secured by our left and
+our centre.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the successive stages of the Battle of the
+Marne.]
+
+Such was this seven days' battle, in which more than two millions of men
+were engaged. Each army gained ground step by step, opening the road to
+its neighbor, supported at once by it, taking in flank the adversary
+which the day before it had attacked in front, the efforts of one
+articulating closely with those of the other, a perfect unity of
+intention and method animating the supreme command.
+
+To give this victory all its meaning it is necessary to add that it was
+gained by troops which for two weeks had been retreating, and which,
+when the order for the offensive was given, were found to be as ardent
+as on the first day. It has also to be said that these troops had to
+meet the whole German army, and that from the time they marched forward
+they never again fell back. Under their pressure the German retreat at
+certain times had the appearance of a rout.
+
+In spite of the fatigue of our men, in spite of the power of the German
+heavy artillery, we took colors, guns, mitrailleuses, shells, more than
+a million cartridges, and thousands of prisoners. A German corps lost
+almost the whole of its artillery, which, from information brought by
+our airmen, was destroyed by our guns.
+
+
+"THE RUSH TO THE SEA."
+
+_LONDON, March 18.--The third installment of the historical review of
+the war, emanating from French official sources and purely from the
+French viewpoint, has been received by The Associated Press. The French
+narrative contains a long chapter on the siege war from the Oise to the
+Vosges, which lasted from Sept. 13 to Nov. 30. Most of the incidents in
+this prolonged and severe warfare have been recorded in the daily
+bulletins. The operations were of secondary importance, and were
+conducted on both sides with the same idea of wearing down the troops
+and the artillery of the opposing forces with the view of influencing
+the decisive result in the great theatre of war in the north. The next
+chapter deals with "the rush to the sea," Sept. 13 to Oct. 23, and is as
+follows:_
+
+GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE ACTION.
+
+As early as Sept. 11 the Commander in Chief had directed our left army
+to have as important forces as possible on the right bank of the Oise.
+On Sept. 17 he made that instruction more precise by ordering "a mass to
+be constituted on the left wing of our disposition, capable of coping
+with the outflanking movement of the enemy." Everything led us to expect
+that flanking movement, for the Germans are lacking in invention.
+Indeed, their effort at that time tended to a renewal of their manoeuvre
+of August. In the parallel race the opponents were bound in the end to
+be stopped only by the sea; that is what happened about Oct. 20.
+
+The Germans had an advantage over us, which is obvious from a glance at
+the map--the concentric form of their front, which shortened the length
+of their transports. In spite of this initial inferiority we arrived in
+time. From the middle of September to the last week in October fighting
+went on continually to the north of the Oise, but all the time we were
+fighting we were slipping northward. On the German side this movement
+brought into line more than eighteen new army corps, (twelve active army
+corps, six reserve corps, four cavalry corps.) On our side it ended in
+the constitution of three fresh armies on our left and in the transport
+into the same district of the British Army and the Belgian Army from
+Antwerp.
+
+For the conception and realization of this fresh and extended
+disposition the French command, in the first place, had to reduce to a
+minimum the needs for effectives of our armies to the east of the Oise,
+and afterwards to utilize to the utmost our means of transport. It
+succeeded in this, and when, at the end of October, the battle of
+Flanders opened, when the Germans, having completed the concentration of
+their forces, attempted with fierce energy to turn or to pierce our
+left, they flung themselves upon a resistance which inflicted upon them
+a complete defeat.
+
+
+DEPLOYMENT OF A FIRST ARMY.
+
+The movement began on our side only with the resources of the army which
+had held the left of our front during the battle of the Marne,
+reinforced on Sept. 15 by one army corps.
+
+This reinforcement, not being sufficient to hold the enemy's offensive,
+(district of Vaudelincourt-Mouchy-Uaugy,) a fresh army was transported
+more to the left, with the task "of acting against the German right wing
+in order to disengage its neighbor, ... while preserving a flanking
+direction in its march in relation to the fresh units that the enemy
+might be able to put into line."
+
+To cover the detrainments of this fresh army in the district
+Clermont-Beauvais-Boix a cavalry corps and four territorial divisions
+were ordered to establish themselves on both banks of the Somme. In the
+wooded hills, however, which extend between the Oise and Lassigny the
+enemy displayed increasing activity. Nevertheless, the order still
+further to broaden the movement toward the left was maintained, while
+the territorial divisions were to move toward Bethune and Aubigny. The
+march to the sea went on.
+
+From the 21st to the 26th all our forces were engaged in the district
+Lassigny-Roye-Peronne, with alternations of reverse and success. It was
+the first act of the great struggle which was to spread as it went on.
+On the 26th the whole of the Sixth German Army was deployed against us.
+We retained all our positions, but we could do no more; consequently
+there was still the risk that the enemy, by means of a fresh afflux of
+forces, might succeed in turning us.
+
+Once more reinforcements, two army corps, were directed no longer on
+Beauvais, but toward Amiens. The front was then again to extend. A fresh
+army was constituted more to the north.
+
+
+DEPLOYMENT OF THE SECOND ARMY.
+
+From Sept. 30 onward we could not but observe that the enemy, already
+strongly posted on the plateau of Thiepval, was continually slipping
+his forces from south to north, and everywhere confronting us with
+remarkable energy.
+
+Accordingly, on Oct. 1 two cavalry corps were directed to make a leap
+forward and, operating on both banks of the Scarpe, to put themselves in
+touch with the garrison of Dunkirk, which, on its side, had pushed
+forward as far as Douai. But on Oct. 2 and 3 the bulk of our fresh army
+was very strongly attacked in the district of Arras and Lens.
+Confronting it were two corps of cavalry, the guards, four active army
+corps, and two reserve corps. A fresh French army corps was immediately
+transported and detrained in the Lille district.
+
+But once more the attacks became more pressing, and on Oct. 4 it was a
+question whether, in view of the enemy's activity both west of the Oise
+and south of the Somme, and also further to the north, a retreat would
+not have to be made. General Joffre resolutely put this hypothesis aside
+and ordered the offensive to be resumed with the reinforcements that had
+arrived. It was, however, clear that, despite the efforts of all, our
+front, extended to the sea as it was by a mere ribbon of troops, did not
+possess the solidity to enable it to resist with complete safety a
+German attack, the violence of which could well be foreseen.
+
+In the Arras district the position was fairly good. But between the Oise
+and Arras we were holding our own only with difficulty. Finally, to the
+north, on the Lille-Estaires-Merville-Hazebrouck-Cassel front, our
+cavalry and our territorials had their work cut out against eight
+divisions of German cavalry, with very strong infantry supports. It was
+at this moment that the transport of the British Army to the northern
+theatre of operations began.
+
+[Illustration: VICE ADMIRAL H.R.H. THE DUKE OF THE ABRUZZI
+
+Cousin of the King of Italy, Commander of the dreadnought squadron of
+the Italian Navy.
+
+_(Photo (c) by Pach Bros., N.Y.)_]
+
+[Illustration: H.M. FERDINAND I.
+
+Tsar of the Bulgars.
+
+_(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)_]
+
+
+THE TRANSPORT OF THE BRITISH ARMY.
+
+Field Marshal French had, as early as the end of September, expressed
+the wish to see his army resume its initial place on the left of the
+allied armies. He explained this wish on the ground of the greater
+facility of which his communications would have the advantage in this
+new position, and also of the impending arrival of two divisions of
+infantry from home and of two infantry divisions and a cavalry division
+from India, which would be able to deploy more easily on that terrain.
+In spite of the difficulties which such a removal involved, owing to the
+intensive use of the railways by our own units, General Joffre decided
+at the beginning of October to meet the Field Marshal's wishes and to
+have the British Army removed from the Aisne.
+
+It was clearly specified that on the northern terrain the British Army
+should co-operate to the same end as ourselves, the stopping of the
+German right. In other terms, the British Army was to prolong the front
+of the general disposition without a break, attacking as soon as
+possible, and at the same time seeking touch with the Belgian Army.
+
+But the detraining took longer than had been expected, and it was not
+possible to attack the Germans during the time when they had only
+cavalry in the Lille district and further to the north.
+
+
+THE ARRIVAL OF THE BELGIAN ARMY.
+
+There remained the Belgian Army. On leaving Antwerp on Oct. 9 the
+Belgian Army, which was covered by 8,000 British bluejackets and 6,000
+French bluejackets, at first intended to retire as far as to the north
+of Calais, but afterwards determined to make a stand in Belgian
+territory. Unfortunately, the condition of the Belgian troops, exhausted
+by a struggle of more than three months, did not allow any immediate
+hopes to be based upon them. This situation weighed on our plans and
+delayed their execution.
+
+On the 16th we made progress to the east of Ypres. On the 18th our
+cavalry even reached Roulers and Cortemark. But it was now evident that,
+in view of the continual reinforcing of the German right, our left was
+not capable of maintaining the advantages obtained during the previous
+few days. To attain our end and make our front inviolable a fresh effort
+was necessary. That effort was immediately made by the dispatch to the
+north of the Lys of considerable French forces, which formed the French
+Army of Belgium.
+
+
+THE FRENCH ARMY OF BELGIUM.
+
+The French Army of Belgium consisted, to begin with, of two territorial
+divisions, four divisions of cavalry, and a naval brigade. Directly
+after its constitution it was strengthened by elements from other points
+on the front whose arrival extended from Oct. 27 to Nov. 11. These
+reinforcements were equivalent altogether in value to five army corps, a
+division of cavalry, a territorial division, and sixteen regiments of
+cavalry, plus sixty pieces of heavy artillery.
+
+Thus was completed the strategic manoeuvre defined by the instructions
+of the General in Chief on Sept. 11 and developed during the five
+following weeks with the ampleness we have just seen. The movements of
+troops carried out during this period were methodically combined with
+the pursuit of operations, both defensive and offensive, from the Oise
+to the North Sea.
+
+On Oct. 22 our left, bounded six weeks earlier by the Noyon district,
+rested on Nieuport, thanks to the successive deployment of five fresh
+armies--three French armies, the British Army, and the Belgian Army.
+
+Thus the co-ordination decided upon by the General in Chief attained its
+end. The barrier was established. It remained to maintain it against the
+enemy's offensive. That was the object and the result of the battle of
+Flanders, Oct. 22 to Nov. 15.
+
+
+OPERATIONS IN FLANDERS.
+
+_The fourth installment of the French review takes up the operations in
+Flanders, as follows:_
+
+The German attack in Flanders was conducted strategically and tactically
+with remarkable energy. The complete and indisputable defeat in which it
+resulted is therefore significant.
+
+The forces of which the enemy disposed for this operation between the
+sea and the Lys comprised:
+
+(1) The entire Fourth Army commanded by the Duke of Württemberg,
+consisting of one naval division, one division of Ersatz Reserve, (men
+who had received no training before the war,) which was liberated by the
+fall of Antwerp; the Twenty-second, Twenty-third, Twenty-sixth and
+Twenty-seventh Reserve Corps, and the Forty-eighth Division belonging to
+the Twenty-fourth Reserve Corps.
+
+(2) A portion of another army under General von Fabeck, consisting of
+the Fifteenth Corps, two Bavarian corps and three (unspecified)
+divisions.
+
+(3) Part of the Sixth Army under the command of the Crown Prince of
+Bavaria. This army, more than a third of which took part in the battle
+of Flanders, comprised the Nineteenth Army Corps, portions of the
+Thirteenth Corps and the Eighteenth Reserve Corps, the Seventh and
+Fourteenth Corps, the First Bavarian Reserve Corps, the Guards, and the
+Fourth Army Corps.
+
+(4) Four highly mobile cavalry corps prepared and supported the action
+of the troops enumerated above. Everything possible had been done to
+fortify the "morale" of the troops. At the beginning of October the
+Crown Prince of Bavaria in a proclamation had exhorted his soldiers "to
+make the decisive effort against the French left wing," and "to settle
+thus the fate of the great battle which has lasted for weeks."
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the swaying battle line from Belfort to the
+North Sea and the intrenched line on April 15, 1915.]
+
+On Oct. 28, Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria declared in an army order that
+his troops "had just been fighting under very difficult conditions,"
+and he added: "It is our business now not to let the struggle with our
+most detested enemy drag on longer.... The decisive blow is still to be
+struck." On Oct. 30, General von Deimling, commanding the Fifteenth Army
+Corps (belonging to General von Fabeck's command,) issued an order
+declaring that "the thrust against Ypres will be of decisive
+importance." It should be noted also that the Emperor proceeded in
+person to Thielt and Courtrai to exalt by his presence the ardor of his
+troops. Finally, at the close of October, the entire German press
+incessantly proclaimed the importance of the "Battle of Calais." It is
+superfluous to add that events in Poland explain in a large measure the
+passionate resolve of the German General Staff to obtain a decision in
+the Western theatre of operations at all costs. This decision would be
+obtained if our left were pierced or driven in. To reach Calais, that
+is, to break our left; to carry Ypres, that is, to cut it in half;
+through both points to menace the communications and supplies of the
+British expeditionary corps, perhaps even to threaten Britain in her
+island--such was the German plan in the Battle of Flanders. It was a
+plan that could not be executed.
+
+
+CHECK OF GERMAN ATTACK.
+
+The enemy, who had at his disposal a considerable quantity of heavy
+artillery, directed his efforts at first upon the coast and the country
+to the north of Dixmude. His objective was manifestly the capture of
+Dunkirk, then of Calais and Boulogne, and this objective he pursued
+until Nov. 1.
+
+On Oct. 23 the Belgians along the railway line from Nieuport to Dixmude
+were strengthened by a French division. Dixmude was occupied by our
+marines (fusiliers marins). During the subsequent day our forces along
+the railway developed a significant resistance against an enemy superior
+in number and backed by heavy artillery. On the 29th the inundations
+effected between the canal and the railway line spread along our front.
+On the 30th we recaptured Ramscapelle, the only point on the railway
+which Belgians had lost. On the 1st and 2d of November the enemy
+bombarded Furnes, but began to show signs of weariness. On the 2d he
+evacuated the ground between the Yser and the railway, abandoning
+cannon, dead and wounded. On the 3d our troops were able to re-enter the
+Dixmude district. The success achieved by the enemy at Dixmude at this
+juncture was without fruit. They succeeded in taking the town. They
+could not debouch from it. The coastal attack had thus proved a total
+failure. Since then it has never been renewed. The Battle of Calais, so
+noisily announced by the German press, amounted to a decided reverse for
+the Germans.
+
+
+GERMAN DEFEAT AT YPRES.
+
+The enemy had now begun an attack more important than its predecessor,
+in view of the numbers engaged in it. This attack was intended as a
+renewal to the south of the effort which had just been shattered in the
+north. Instead of turning our flank on the coast, it was now sought to
+drive in the right of our northern army under the shock of powerful
+masses. This was the Battle of Ypres.
+
+In order to understand this long, desperate, and furious battle, we must
+hark back a few days in point of time. At the moment when our cavalry
+reached Roulers and Cortemark (Oct. 28) our territorial divisions from
+Dunkirk, under General Biden, had occupied and organized a defensive
+position at Ypres. It was a point d'appui, enabling us to prepare and
+maintain our connections with the Belgian Army. From Oct. 23 two British
+and French army corps were in occupation of this position, which was to
+be the base of their forward march in the direction of Roulers-Menin.
+The delays already explained and the strength of the forces brought up
+by the enemy soon brought to a standstill our progress along the line
+Poelcapelle, Paschendaele, Zandvorde, and Gheluvelt. But in spite of the
+stoppage here, Ypres was solidly covered, and the connections of all the
+allied forces were established. Against the line thus formed the German
+attack was hurled from Oct. 25 to Nov. 13, to the north, the east, and
+the south of Ypres. From Oct. 26 on the attacks were renewed daily with
+extraordinary violence, obliging us to employ our reinforcements at the
+most threatened points as soon as they came up. Thus, on Oct. 31, we
+were obliged to send supports to the British cavalry, then to the two
+British corps between which the cavalry formed the connecting link, and
+finally to intercalate between these two corps a force equivalent to two
+army corps. Between Oct. 30 and Nov. 6 Ypres was several times in
+danger. The British lost Zandvorde, Gheluvelt, Messines, and Wytschaete.
+The front of the Allies, thus contracted, was all the more difficult to
+defend; but defended it was without a recoil.
+
+
+REINFORCEMENTS ARRIVE.
+
+The arrival of three French divisions in our line enabled us to resume
+from the 4th to the 8th a vigorous offensive. On the 10th and 11th this
+offensive, brought up against fresh and sharper German attacks, was
+checked. Before it could be renewed the arrival of fresh reinforcements
+had to be awaited, which were dispatched to the north on Nov. 12. By the
+14th our troops had again begun to progress, barring the road to Ypres
+against the German attacks, and inflicting on the enemy, who advanced in
+massed formation, losses which were especially terrible in consequence
+of the fact that the French and British artillery had crowded nearly 300
+guns on to these few kilometers of front.
+
+Thus the main mass of the Germans sustained the same defeat as the
+detachments operating further to the north along the coast. The support
+which, according to the idea of the German General Staff, the attack on
+Ypres was to render to the coastal attack, was as futile as that attack
+itself had been.
+
+During the second half of November the enemy, exhausted and having lost
+in the Battle of Ypres alone more than 150,000 men, did not attempt to
+renew his effort, but confined himself to an intermittent cannonade.
+We, on the contrary, achieved appreciable progress to the north and
+south of Ypres, and insured definitely by a powerful defensive
+organization of the position the inviolability of our front.
+
+[The compiler of the report here adds a footnote saying that the bodies
+of more than 40,000 Germans were found on the battlefield during these
+three weeks of battle. The report next proceeds to summarize the
+character and results of the operations since the Battle of
+Flanders--that is, during the period Nov. 30-Feb. 1.]
+
+Since the former date the French supreme command had not thought it
+advisable to embark upon important offensive operations. It has confined
+itself to local attacks, the main object of which was to hold in front
+of us as large a number of German corps as possible, and thus to hinder
+the withdrawal of the troops which to our knowledge the German General
+Staff was anxious to dispatch to Russia.
+
+
+FEW SENT TO THE EAST.
+
+As a matter of fact, the numbers transported to the eastern front have
+been very moderate. Of the fifty-two army corps which faced us on the
+western front, Germany has only been able to take four and one-half
+corps for the eastern front. On the other hand, climatic conditions--the
+rain, mud, and mist--were such as to diminish the effectiveness of
+offensive operations and to add to the costliness of any undertaken,
+which was another reason for postponing them. Still another reason lies
+in the fact that from now on the allied forces can count upon a steadily
+expanding growth, equally in point of numbers and units as of material,
+while the German forces have attained the maximum of their power, and
+can only diminish now both in numbers and in value. These conditions
+explain the character of the siege warfare which the operations have
+assumed during the period under review.
+
+[Illustration: Map illustrating the Battle of Flanders, the Battle of
+Ypres, and the terrain of the frustrated German efforts to reach Dunkirk
+and Calais.]
+
+Meanwhile, it is by no means the case that the siege warfare has had the
+same results for the Germans as for us. From Nov. 15 to Feb. 1, our
+opponents, in spite of very numerous attacks, did not succeed in taking
+anything from us, except a few hundred metres of ground to the north of
+Soissons. We, on the contrary, have obtained numerous and appreciable
+results.
+
+[The French writer here proceeds to strike a balance of gains and losses
+between the allied and the German forces in France during the Winter
+campaign. The result he sums up as follows:]
+
+1. A general progress of our troops; very marked at certain points.
+
+2. A general falling back of the enemy, except to the northeast of
+Soissons.
+
+To complete the balance it must be added that:
+
+1. The German offensive in Poland was checked a month ago.
+
+2. The Russian offensive continues in Galicia and the Carpathians.
+
+3. A large part of the Turkish Caucasian army has been annihilated.
+
+4. Germany has exhausted her resources of officers, (there are now on an
+average twelve officers to a regiment,) and henceforth will only be able
+to develop her resources in men to the detriment of the existing units.
+
+5. The allied armies, on the contrary, possess the power of reinforcing
+themselves in a very considerable degree.
+
+It may, therefore, be declared that in order to obtain complete success
+it is sufficient for France and her allies to know how to wait and to
+prepare victory with indefatigable patience.
+
+The German offensive is broken.
+
+The German defensive will be broken in its turn.
+
+[It is evident from the report that the numbered German army corps are
+Prussian corps unless otherwise specified.]
+
+
+THE FRENCH ARMY AS IT IS.
+
+_LONDON, March 18, (Correspondence of The Associated Press.)--All of
+Part II., of the historical review of the war, emanating from French
+official sources, and purely from the French viewpoint, has been
+received by The Associated Press. Part II, deals with the conditions in
+the French Army, furnishing a most interesting chapter on this subject
+under the title, "The French Army as it Is."_
+
+_The compiler of the report, beginning this part of his review on Feb.
+1, says that the condition of the French Army is excellent and
+appreciably superior to what it was at the beginning of the war from the
+three points of view of numbers, quality, and equipment. Continuing, he
+says:_
+
+In the higher command important changes have been made. It has, in fact,
+been rejuvenated by the promotion of young commanders of proved quality
+to high rank. All the old Generals, who at the beginning of August were
+at the head of large commands, have been gradually eliminated, some as
+the result of the physical strain of war and others by appointment to
+territorial commands. This rejuvenation of the higher ranks of the army
+has been carried out in a far-reaching manner, and it may be said that
+it has embraced all the grades of the military hierarchy from commanders
+of brigades to commanders of armies. The result has been to lower the
+average age of general officers by ten years. Today more than
+three-fourths of the officers commanding armies and army corps are less
+than 60 years of age. Some are considerably younger. A number of the
+army corps commanders are from 46 to 54 years of age, and the brigade
+commanders are usually under 50. There are, in fact, at the front
+extremely few general officers over 60, and these are men who are in
+full possession of their physical and intellectual powers.
+
+
+MANY COLONELS PROMOTED.
+
+This rejuvenation of the high command was facilitated by a number of
+circumstances, notable among which were the strengthening of the higher
+regimental ranks carried out during the three years preceding the war,
+as a result of which at the outset of the campaign each infantry
+regiment had two Lieutenant Colonels, and each cavalry and artillery
+regiment a Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel, and also the system of
+promotion for the duration of the war. Many officers who began the war
+as Colonels now command brigades. Some are even at the head of divisions
+or army corps. Ability proved on the field of battle is now immediately
+recognized and utilized, and in this way it has been possible to provide
+in the most favorable manner for the vacancies created by the changes in
+command which were considered necessary in the first weeks of the war.
+
+The higher grades of the French Army are inspired by a remarkable unity
+in the matter of military theory, and by a solidarity of spirit which
+has found striking expression in the course of the numerous moves of
+army corps from one part of the theatre of operations to another, which
+have been carried out since the beginning of the war.
+
+The cavalry after six months of war still possesses an excess of
+officers. There are on an average thirty-six officers to a regiment
+instead of the thirty-one considered to be the necessary minimum. The
+artillery, which has suffered relatively little, has also an excess of
+officers, and is further able to count upon a large number of Captains
+and other officers, who before the war were employed in the arsenals or
+in technical research. Finally the reserve artillery officers have
+nearly all proved to be excellent battery commanders.
+
+The losses in the junior commissioned ranks have naturally been highest
+in the infantry. There is, however, nothing like a want of officers in
+this arm. Many Captains and Lieutenants who have been wounded by
+machine-gun fire (such wounds are usually slight and quickly healed,)
+have been able to return speedily to the front. The reserve officers
+have in general done remarkably well, and in many cases have shown quite
+exceptional aptitude for the rank of company commanders. The
+non-commissioned officers promoted to sub-Lieutenancies make excellent
+section leaders, and even show themselves very clever and energetic
+company commanders in the field.
+
+It must be remembered also that thanks to the intellectual and physical
+development of the generation now serving with the colors; and thanks,
+above all, to the warlike qualities of the race, and the democratic
+spirit of our army, we have been able to draw upon the lower grades and
+even upon the rank and file for officers. Many men who began the war on
+Aug. 2 as privates, now wear the officers' epaulettes. The elasticity of
+our regulations regarding promotion in war time, the absence of the
+spirit of caste, and the friendly welcome extended by all officers to
+those of their military inferiors who have shown under fire their
+fitness to command, have enabled us to meet all requirements.
+
+The state of our infantry on Jan. 15 was very satisfactory and much
+superior to that of the German infantry. On an average each of our
+regiments has forty-eight officers, including eighteen regular officers,
+fifteen reserve officers, and fifteen non-commissioned officers. In each
+regiment six of the twelve companies are commanded by Captains who are
+regular officers, three by Captains of the reserve and three by
+Lieutenants. Each company has at least three officers. The state of the
+army as regards the commissioned ranks from the highest to the lowest is
+declared to be exceptionally brilliant. The army is led by young,
+well-trained, and daring chiefs, and the lower commissioned ranks have
+acquired the art of war by experience.
+
+
+2,500,000 FRENCH AT FRONT.
+
+Including all ranks, France now has more than 2,500,000 men at the
+front, and every unit is, or was on Jan. 15, at war strength. The
+infantry companies are at least 200 strong. In many regiments the
+companies have a strength of 250 or more.
+
+In other arms, which have suffered less than the infantry, the units are
+all up to, or above, regulation strength.
+
+This fact constitutes one of the most important advantages of the French
+Army over the Germans. While Germany has created a great number of new
+units, army corps or divisions, which absorbed at a blow all of her
+available resources in officers and men, the French supreme command has
+avoided the formation of new units, except in limited number, and has
+only admitted exceptions to this rule when it was able to count with
+certainty on being able to provide amply for both the present and future
+requirements of the new units, as regards all ranks, without encroaching
+upon the reserves needed for the existing units.
+
+At the same time, thanks to the depots in the interior of the country,
+the effectives at the front have been maintained at full strength. The
+sources of supply for this purpose were the remainder of the eleven
+classes of the reserves, the younger classes of the territorial army,
+and the new class of 1914. A large number of the men wounded in the
+earlier engagements of the war have been able to return to the front.
+They have been incorporated in the new drafts, providing these with a
+useful stiffening of war-tried men.
+
+With regard to the supplies of men upon which the army can draw to
+repair the wastage at the front, we learn that there are practically
+half as many men in the depots as at the front, in other words about
+1,250,000. Further supplies of men are provided by the class of 1915 and
+the revision of the various categories of men of military age previously
+exempted on grounds of health or for other reasons from the duty of
+bearing arms. As a result of this measure nearly half a million men have
+been claimed for the army, almost all of whom, after rigorous physical
+tests, have been declared fit for military service.
+
+
+DRILLED BY CONVALESCENTS.
+
+In the depots in which the new soldiers are being trained the services
+of many officers and non-commissioned officers discharged as
+convalescents after being wounded are utilized in order to give a
+practical turn to the instruction. There are still many voluntary
+enlistments, and with all these resources of men the army can count upon
+reinforcements soon to be available which will considerably augment its
+offensive power.
+
+The quality of the troops has improved perceptibly since the beginning
+of the war. The men have become hardened and used to war, and their
+health--largely owing to the excellence of the commissariat--is
+extremely satisfactory. In spite of the severity of the Winter hardly
+any cases of disease of the respiratory organs have occurred, and the
+sanitary returns of the army show an appreciable improvement on those of
+the preceding Winter.
+
+With regard to the reserves, experience has verified the dictum of the
+Serbian and Bulgarian Generals in the war of 1913, namely, that "two
+months in the field are necessary in order to get at the full value of
+reserves." Our infantry is now accustomed to the rapid and thorough
+"organization" of the defensive. In August it neither liked nor had the
+habit of using the spade. Today those who see our trenches are
+astounded. They are veritable improvised fortresses, proof against the
+77-millimeter gun and often against artillery of higher calibre. During
+the last five months not a single encounter can be cited in which our
+infantry did not have the advantage over the German infantry. All the
+enemy's attacks have been repulsed, except to the north of Soissons,
+where their success was due to the flooded state of the Aisne and the
+carrying away of our bridges. Our attacks, on the other hand, have
+yielded important results, and have been carried out with plenty of
+spirit, although without the imprudence which cost us such heavy losses
+in August.
+
+The cavalry has made remarkable progress. Throughout October this branch
+was called on to eke out the inadequate numbers of the infantry, and
+showed itself perfectly adapted to the necessities of fighting on foot.
+Several regiments of cavalry have been used as infantry, and, armed with
+rifles, have rendered the most valuable services.
+
+The artillery has displayed a superiority in the use of its admirable
+material, which is recognized by the Germans themselves.
+
+
+_LONDON, March 27, (Correspondence of The Associated Press.)--Further
+installments of the French official review of the condition of the
+French Army after six months of war have been obtained by The Associated
+Press. The sixth installment deals with material, artillery, transport,
+and supplies, and the seventh takes up the situation of the German Army
+and makes an analysis of the German forces in the field and available
+for service._
+
+_The first chapter of the seventh installment, headed "The German
+Effort," opens with a statement as to the German forces at the beginning
+of the campaign. The writer says:_
+
+The military effort of Germany at the outset of the campaign exceeded
+all anticipations. Her design was to crush the French Army in a few
+weeks under a tremendous mass of troops. Nothing was neglected to bring
+that mass together.
+
+The number of German army corps in time of peace is twenty-five. When
+war began the German General Staff put in the field on the two theatres
+of operations: 1, as fighting troops, (active, reserve, Ersatz or
+Landwehr,) sixty-one army corps; 2, as troops to guard communications
+and territory, formations of the Landsturm.
+
+In October six and a half new army corps made their appearance, plus a
+division of sailors--in all seven corps. From the end of November to the
+end of December there was only an insignificant increase, consisting of
+the division of sailors. In January, 1915, the number of fighting
+formations put into line by the German Army was therefore sixty-nine
+army corps, divided as follows:
+
+Active corps, twenty-five and a half; reserve corps, twenty-one and a
+half; Ersatz brigades, six and a half; reserve corps of new formation,
+seven and a half, and corps of Landwehr, eight and a half.
+
+
+GERMANY'S GREAT INITIAL EFFORT.
+
+The immense effort thus made by Germany explains itself very well, if,
+having regard to the position of Germany at the opening of the war, one
+considers that of the Allies. Germany desired to take advantage of the
+circumstances which enabled her to make a simultaneous mobilization of
+all her forces--a mobilization which the three allied armies could not
+carry out so rapidly. Germany wished with the mass of troops to crush
+first of all the adversary who appeared to her the most dangerous. This
+effort, broken for the first time on the Marne, attained its maximum at
+the moment of the battle of Flanders, in which more than fifty army
+corps out of sixty-nine were pitted against the French, British, and
+Belgian Armies.
+
+Here also the method followed by Germany is easily comprehensible. At
+the end of October the Russian danger was beginning to become pressing,
+and it was necessary to win a decisive victory in the western theatre of
+the war. It was imperative to give international opinion the impression
+that Germany remained in that quarter mistress of operations. Finally,
+it behooved her by this victory to gain the freedom to transport a large
+number of army corps to Poland. We have seen that the battle of
+Flanders, instead of being a success for Germany, was a marked defeat.
+This defeat was fraught with results, and it dominates the present
+position of the German Army. The plans above described of the German
+mobilization, which had their justification in view of a prompt victory,
+were calculated to become extremely perilous from the moment that that
+victory failed to be gained.
+
+
+INITIATIVE LOST BY GERMANY.
+
+From that moment, in fact, Germany lost the initiative and the direction
+of the war. And, furthermore, she was condemned to suffer the
+counter-effects of the enormous and precipitate effort which she had
+made in vain. From the point of view of her effectiveness and her
+regimental cadres, (basic organization,) she had undergone a wastage
+which her adversaries, on the other hand, had been able to save
+themselves. She had, in the words of the proverb, put all her eggs in
+one basket, and in spite of her large population she could no longer,
+owing to the immediate and sterile abuse which she had made of her
+resources, pretend to regain the superiority of numbers.
+
+She was reduced to facing as best she could on both war fronts the
+unceasingly increasing forces of the Allies. She had attained the
+maximum of tension and had secured a minimum of results. She had thus
+landed herself in a difficulty which will henceforward go on increasing
+and which is made clear when the wastage which her army has suffered is
+closely studied.
+
+
+WASTAGE OF GERMAN EFFECTIVES.
+
+_Chapter II. of this section of the review bears the headline "Wastage
+of German Effectives."_
+
+The wastage of effectives is easy to establish, it says. We have for the
+purpose two sources--the official lists of losses published by the
+German General Staff and the notebooks, letters, and archives of
+soldiers and officers killed and taken prisoners. These different
+documents show that by the middle of January the German losses on the
+two fronts were 1,800,000 men.
+
+These figures are certainly less than the reality, because, for one
+thing, the sick are not comprised, and, for another, the losses in the
+last battle in Poland are not included. Let us accept them, however; let
+us accept also that out of these 1,800,000 men 500,000--this is the
+normal proportion--have been able to rejoin after being cured. Thus the
+final loss for five months of the campaign has been 1,300,000 men, or
+260,000 men per month. These figures agree exactly with what can be
+ascertained when the variations of effectives in certain regiments are
+examined.
+
+It is certain that the majority of the German regiments have had to be
+completely renewed. What, then, is the situation created by these
+enormous losses?
+
+_This question is answered by a statement headed "German troops
+available for 1915."_
+
+The total of German formations known at the beginning of January, says
+the review, represented in round numbers 4,000,000 men. According to the
+official reports on German recruiting, the entire resources of Germany
+in men amount to 9,000,000. But from these 9,000,000 have to be deducted
+men employed on railways, in the police, and in certain administrations
+and industries--altogether 500,000 men. The total resources available
+for the war were therefore 8,500,000. Out of these about one-half, say
+4,000,000, are now at the front. The definitive losses represent at
+least 1,300,000 men. The available resources amounted, then, at the
+beginning of January, to 3,200,000 men.
+
+
+GERMANY'S RESERVES UNTRAINED.
+
+Of what are these resources composed? Chiefly of men who were untrained
+in time of peace, the trained reservists having almost all left the
+depots for the front. It has, moreover, to be noted that out of these
+3,200,000 men there are, according to the statistics, 800,000 who are
+more than 39 years of age, and therefore of only mediocre military
+value. Thus there remain 2,400,000. Finally, the category of the
+untrained in peace comprises, according to the estimates of German
+military authorities themselves, one-quarter of inefficients.
+
+The really valuable resources capable of campaigning are therefore just
+2,000,000. These men, comprising the 1915, 1916, and 1917 classes,
+called out in anticipation, constitute--and this point cannot be too
+strongly insisted upon--the total of available resources for the
+operations during the twelve months of 1915. As to what the military
+value of these troops will be, considering the haste with which they
+have been trained, the formidable losses sustained in the battle of
+Flanders by the newly formed corps show very clearly. Their military
+value will be limited.
+
+
+GERMAN LOSSES 260,000 A MONTH.
+
+When it is remembered that, according to the German documents
+themselves, the definite loss each month is 260,000 men, it is manifest
+that the available resources for the year 1915 will not suffice to fill
+the gaps of a war of ten months.
+
+It is then superabundantly established that in the matter of effectives
+Germany has reached the maximum of possible effort. If with the men at
+present available she creates, as it is certain that she is preparing to
+do at this moment, fresh formations, she will be preventing herself, if
+the war lasts another ten months, as is admissible, from being able to
+complete afresh her old formations. If she creates no new formations,
+she will have in 1915 exactly what is necessary and no more to complete
+the existing units afresh.
+
+Bearing in mind the ways of the German General Staff, one may suppose
+that, disregarding the eventual impossibility of recompleting, it is
+still addressing itself to creating new formations. The weakness to
+which Germany will expose herself in the matter of effectives has just
+been set forth, and it is easy to show that this weakness will be still
+further aggravated by the wastage in the regimental orders.
+
+
+PRAISES FRENCH "SEVENTY-FIVES."
+
+_In the sixth installment, beginning with the field gun, the famous
+"seventy-fives," the compiler of the report, after rehearsing the
+splendid qualities of this weapon--its power, its rapidity of action,
+and its precision--points out that it possesses a degree of strength and
+endurance which makes it an implement of war of the first order._
+
+It may be stated without hesitation [says the review] that our
+"seventy-five" guns are in as perfect condition today as they were on
+the first day of the war, although the use made of them has exceeded all
+calculations. The consumption of projectiles was, in fact, so enormous
+as to cause for a moment an ammunition crisis, which, however, was
+completely overcome several weeks ago.
+
+The methodical and complete exploitation of all the resources of the
+country, organized since the beginning of the war, has enabled us to
+accumulate a considerable stock of fresh munitions, and an increasing
+rate of production is henceforth assured. We are thus sure of being able
+to provide without particular effort for all the needs of the campaign,
+present and future, however long the war may last, and it is this
+certainty which has enabled us to supply projectiles to several of the
+allied armies, among others, to the Serbian and Belgian armies. From
+the statements of German prisoners we have learned that the
+effectiveness of our new projectiles is superior to that of the old
+ones.
+
+
+FRENCH HEAVY GUNS SUPERIOR.
+
+Our heavy artillery was in process of reorganization when the war broke
+out, with the result that we were indisputably in a position of
+inferiority in respect of this arm during the first battles. But today
+the rôles have been changed and our adversaries themselves acknowledge
+the superiority of our heavy artillery.
+
+The change has been brought about in various ways, partly by the intense
+activity of the cannon foundries in new production, partly by the
+employment at the front of the enormous reserves of artillery preserved
+in the fortresses. The very large number of heavy guns at the front
+represents only a part of the total number available for use. There is
+an abundant stock of projectiles for the heavy artillery, which, as in
+the case of the field gun ammunition, is daily growing in importance.
+The same is true of the reserves of powder and other explosives and of
+all materials needed for the manufacture of shells.
+
+With regard to small arms, hand grenades, bombs, and all the devices for
+lifetaking which the trench warfare at short distance has brought into
+use, the position of the French troops is in every way favorable.
+
+_There follows a passage on the development of the machine gun in this
+kind of warfare._
+
+Owing to the extended use of this weapon, the number supplied to the
+various units has been appreciably increased, says the review. Not only
+is each unit in possession of its full regulation complement of machine
+guns, but the number of these guns attached to each unit has been
+increased since Feb. 1 by one-third.
+
+_The report next passes to the transport service, which, it says, has
+worked with remarkable precision since the beginning of the war. This
+section of the review closes by referring to food supplies for the army,
+which are described as abundant._
+
+
+_LONDON, March 27, (Correspondence of The Associated Press.)--The eighth
+installment of the French official review of the war, previous chapters
+of which have been published, takes up the German losses of officers,
+the wastage of guns and projectiles, and "the moral wastage of the
+German Army."_
+
+_The chapter on losses of officers begins with the statement that the
+condition of the cadres, or basic organizations, in the German Army is
+bad. The proportion of officers, and notably of officers by profession,
+has been enormously reduced, it says; and a report made in December
+showed that in a total of 124 companies, active or reserve, there were
+only 49 officers of the active army. The active regiments have at the
+present time, according to the review, an average of 12 professional
+officers; the reserve regiments, 9 to 10; the reserve regiments of new
+formation, 6 to 7; and it is to be remembered that these officers have
+to be drawn upon afresh for the creation of new units._
+
+"If Germany creates new army corps, and if the war lasts ten months," it
+continues, "she will reduce almost to nothing the number of professional
+officers in each regiment, a number which already is very insufficient."
+
+
+FRENCH CONDITIONS IN CONTRAST.
+
+_The French report points out that on the other hand, all the French
+regiments have been constantly kept at a minimum figure of eighteen
+professional officers per regiment. At the same time it admits that the
+commanders of German corps, commanders of active battalions, and the
+officers attached to the commanders of army corps are officers by
+profession._
+
+_The French report then addresses itself to the wastage of material.
+Discussing the wastage of guns, it says:_
+
+It is easy to ascertain the German losses in artillery. On Dec. 28 the
+Sixty-sixth Regiment of Artillery entrained at Courtrai for Germany
+twenty-two guns, of which eighteen were used up. This figure is
+extremely high for a single regiment.
+
+The same facts have been ascertained as regards heavy artillery. On
+Dec. 21 and 22 seventy-seven guns of heavy artillery, which were no
+longer serviceable, were sent to Cologne. These movements, which are not
+isolated facts, show how ill the German artillery has resisted the
+ordeal of the campaign.
+
+Other proofs, moreover, are decisive. For some weeks we have noted the
+very peculiar aspect of the marking on the bands of a great number of
+shells of the 77 gun. When these markings are compared with those of
+shells fired three months ago it is plain beyond all question that the
+tubes are worn and that many of them require to be replaced. This loss
+in guns is aggravated by the necessity which has arisen of drawing upon
+the original army corps for the guns assigned to the recently formed
+corps or those in course of formation. Several regiments of field
+artillery have, in fact, had to give up two batteries.
+
+
+WEARING OUT OF MATERIAL.
+
+These two phenomena--wearing out of material and drafts upon
+batteries--will inevitably result either in the reduction of batteries
+from six to four guns, a reduction of the number of batteries in the
+army corps, or the partial substitution for 77 guns of 9-centimeter
+cannon of the old pattern, the presence of which has been many times
+perceived at the front.
+
+Furthermore, the German artillery lacks and has lacked for a very long
+time munitions. It has been obliged to reduce its consumption of shells
+in a notable degree. No doubt is possible in this respect. The
+statements of prisoners since the battle of the Marne, and still more
+since the battle of the Yser, make it clear that the number of shots
+allowed to the batteries for each action is strictly limited. We have
+found on officers killed or taken prisoner the actual orders prescribing
+positively a strict economy of munitions.
+
+For the last three months, too, we notice that the quality of the
+projectiles is mediocre. Many of them do not burst. On Jan. 7, in the
+course of a bombardment of Laventie, scarcely any of the German shells
+burst. The proportion of non-bursts was estimated at two-fifths by the
+British on Dec. 14, two-thirds by ourselves in the same month. On Jan. 3
+at Bourg-et-Comin, and at other places since then, shrapnel fell the
+explosion of which scarcely broke the envelope and the bullets were
+projected without any force. About the same time our Fourteenth Army
+Corps was fired at with shrapnel loaded with fragments of glass, and on
+several points of our front shell casings of very bad quality have been
+found, denoting hasty manufacture and the use of materials taken at
+hazard.
+
+From numerous indications it appears that the Germans are beginning to
+run short of their 1898 pattern rifle. A certain number of the last
+reinforcements (January) are armed with carbines or rifles of a poor
+sort without bayonets. Others have not even rifles. Prisoners taken at
+Woevre had old-pattern weapons.
+
+The upshot of these observations is that Germany, despite her large
+stores at the beginning, and the great resources of her industrial
+production, presents manifest signs of wear, and that the official
+optimism which she displays does not correspond with the reality of the
+facts.
+
+
+MORAL WASTAGE.
+
+_Under the caption "Moral Wastage of the German Army," the review
+continues:_
+
+The material losses of the German Army have corresponded with a moral
+wastage which it is interesting and possible to follow, both from the
+interrogation of prisoners and the pocketbooks and letters seized upon
+them or on the killed.
+
+At the beginning of the war the entire German Army, as was natural, was
+animated by an unshakable faith in the military superiority of the
+empire. It lived on the recollections of 1870, and on those of the long
+years of peace, during which all the powers which had to do with Germany
+displayed toward her a spirit of conciliation and patience which might
+pass for weakness.
+
+The first prisoners we took in August showed themselves wholly
+indifferent to the reverses of the German Army. They were sincerely and
+profoundly convinced that, if the German Army retired, it was in virtue
+of a preconceived plan, and that our successes would lead to nothing.
+The events at the end of August were calculated to strengthen this
+contention in the minds of the German soldiers.
+
+The strategic retreat of the French Army, the facility with which the
+German armies were able to advance from Aug. 25 to Sept. 5, gave our
+adversaries a feeling of absolute and final superiority, which
+manifested itself at that time by all the statements gleaned and all the
+documents seized.
+
+At the moment of the battle of the Marne the first impression was one of
+failure of comprehension and of stupor. A great number of German
+soldiers, notably those who fell into our hands during the first days of
+that battle, believed fully, as at the end of August, that the retreat
+they were ordered to make was only a means of luring us into a trap.
+German military opinion was suddenly converted when the soldiers saw
+that this retreat continued, and that it was being carried out in
+disorder, under conditions which left no doubt as to its cause and its
+extent.
+
+This time it was really a defeat, and a defeat aggravated by the absence
+of regular supplies and by the physical and moral depression which was
+the result. The severity of the losses sustained, the overpowering
+effects of the French artillery, began from this moment to be noted in
+the German pocketbooks with veritable terror. Hope revived, however, at
+the end of some weeks, and there is to be found in the letters of
+soldiers and officers the announcement of "a great movement" which is
+being prepared, and which is to lead the German armies anew as far as
+Paris.
+
+
+LOSSES IN "BATTLE OF CALAIS."
+
+This is the great "battle of Calais," which, contrary to the
+anticipations of the enemy, was in reality fought to the east of the
+Yser. The losses of the Germans, which during those ten days exceeded
+150,000 men, and may perhaps have reached 200,000, produced a terrifying
+impression on the troops. From that moment prisoners no longer declared
+themselves sure of success. For a certain time they had been consoled
+by the announcement of the capture of Warsaw. This pretended success
+having proved to be fictitious, incredulity became general.
+
+During the last two months the most intelligent of the prisoners have
+all admitted that no one could any longer say on which side victory
+would rest. If we think of the absolute confidence with which the German
+people had been sustained, this avowal is of great importance.
+
+Letters seized on a dead officer speak of the imminence of a military
+and economic hemming-in of Germany. They discuss the possibility of
+Germany finding herself after the war with "empty hands and pockets
+turned inside out." There is no longer any question of imposing the
+conqueror's law upon adversaries at his mercy, but of fighting with the
+energy of despair to secure an honorable peace. An officer of the
+General Staff who was made prisoner on Jan. 18 said: "Perhaps this
+struggle of despair has already begun."
+
+_There follows a chapter bearing the title, "The System of Lies," in
+which the review describes the methods by which it is alleged the German
+Government "made a sustained effort to create in the army an artificial
+state of mind based entirely upon lies and a scientific system of
+fables."_
+
+
+
+
+SONNET ON THE BELGIAN EXPATRIATION.
+
+By THOMAS HARDY.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+    I dreamt that people from the Land of Chimes
+      Arrived one Autumn morning with their bells,
+      To hoist them on the towers and citadels
+    Of my own country, that the musical rhymes
+
+    Rung by them into space at measured times
+      Amid the market's daily stir and stress,
+      And the night's empty starlit silentness,
+    Might solace souls of this and kindred climes.
+
+    Then I awoke; and, lo, before me stood
+    The visioned ones, but pale and full of fear;
+    From Bruges they came, and Antwerp, and Ostend,
+
+    No carillons in their train. Vicissitude
+    Had left these tinkling to the invaders' ear,
+    And ravaged street, and smoldering gable-end.
+
+
+
+
+War Correspondence
+
+A Month of German Submarine War
+
+By Vice Admiral Kirchhoff of the German Navy
+
+
+     Under the heading, "A Month of U-Boat War," Vice Admiral
+     Kirchhoff of the German Navy discusses the German submarine
+     warfare against merchant shipping in its first month. The
+     article, appearing in the Hamburger Framdenblatt of March 19,
+     1915, is reproduced:
+
+On March 18 a month had passed since the beginning of our sharp
+procedure against our worst foe. We can in every way be satisfied with
+the results achieved in the meantime! In spite of all "steps" taken
+before and thereafter, the English have everywhere had important losses
+to show at sea--some 200 ships lost since the beginning of the war,
+according to the latest statements of the Allies--so that even they
+themselves no longer dare to talk about the "German bluff."
+
+On the new and greater "war zone" established by us, our submarines have
+known how to work bravely, and have been able, for instance, to operate
+successfully on a single morning on the east coast, in the Channel, and
+in the Irish Sea. We have heard of many losses of our opponents, and on
+the other hand of the subjugation of only two of our brave U-boats.
+Ceaselessly they are active on the coasts of Albion; shipping is
+paralyzed at some points; steamship companies--including also many
+neutral ones--have suspended their sailings; in short, our threat of a
+more acute condition of war "with all means at hand" has been fully
+fulfilled.
+
+The "peaceful shipping," too, has taken notice of it and adjusted itself
+according to our instructions. The official objections of neutrals have
+died away without effect; throughout the world we have already been
+given right; the shipping circles of the neutral States are in great
+part holding entirely back. The empty threats that floated over to us
+from across the Channel, that the captured crews of German submarines
+will be treated differently than other prisoners--yes, as plain pirates
+and sea robbers--those are nothing but an insignificant ebullition of
+British "moral insanity." They are a part of the hypocritical cant
+without which, somehow, Great Britain cannot get along. If Great Britain
+should act in accordance with it, however, then we shall know what we,
+for our part, have to do!
+
+German and probably English mines, too, have helped our submarines in
+clearing up among the English mercantile and war fleet. Many merchant
+ships warned long in advance have been compelled to believe in the
+warning, and with them frequently a great part of their crews--"without
+any warning whatever," as our opponents like to say.
+
+All measures of defense, yes, even more significant, all measures of
+deception and boastful "ruses de guerre," and even all attempts to hush
+up the news of German accomplishments and whenever possible to suppress
+it completely--all these efforts have been futile. Our results surpass
+the expectations that had been cherished. Who knows how many
+accomplishments other than those which have been published may also have
+been achieved? Foreign newspapers report a large number of steamships
+overdue. From overseas likewise we receive favorable reports about the
+sinking of enemy ships. But the best is the news that our submarines
+have succeeded in sinking two English auxiliary cruisers and perhaps
+also one or two larger English transport ships with several thousand men
+on board.
+
+The last announcement has filled us all with greatest satisfaction.
+This, our latest method of warfare, is "truly humane"; it leads more
+speedily to the goal than anything else, so that the number of victims
+will in the end be smaller after all. It brings peace to all of us
+sooner than the empty paper protests and crying to Heaven about violence
+and international law, law of the sea, and laws of humanity could do.
+In the innocent exalted island kingdom many a fellow is already
+striking; why should not even the recruit strike, who is also beginning
+to get a glimmer of the truth that there are no props in the ocean
+waves?
+
+The more opponents come before the bows of our ships and are sunk, the
+better! Down with them to the bottom of the sea; that alone will help!
+Let us hope that we shall soon receive more such cheerful news.
+
+
+
+
+Three Weeks of the War in Champagne
+
+By a British Observer
+
+
+_The following article, issued by the British Press Bureau, London,
+March 18, 1915, is from a British observer with the French forces in the
+field who has the permission of General Joffre to send communications
+home from time to time, giving descriptions of the work, &c., of the
+French Army which will be of interest to the British reader._
+
+I propose to give some account of the operations which have been in
+progress for the last three weeks in Champagne. Every day since Feb. 15
+the official communiqués find something to say about a district which
+lies midway between Rheims and Verdun. The three places which are always
+mentioned, which form the points of reference, are Perthes-lez-Hurlus,
+Le Mesnil-lez-Hurlus, and Beauséjour Farm. The distance between the
+first and the last is three and one-half miles; the front on which the
+fighting has taken place is about five miles; and the French have been
+attacking at one point or another in this front every day for the last
+three weeks. It is, therefore, an operation of a different kind to those
+which we have seen during the Winter months. Those were local efforts,
+lasting a day or two, designed to keep the enemy busy and prevent him
+from withdrawing troops elsewhere; this is a sustained effort, made with
+the object of keeping a constant pressure on his first line of defense,
+of affecting his use of the railway from Bazancourt to Challerange, a
+few miles to the north, and of wearing down his reserves of men and
+ammunition. It may be said that Feb. 15 marks the opening of the 1915
+campaign, and that this first phase will find an important place when
+the history of the war comes to be written.
+
+We must first know something of the nature of the country, which is
+entirely different to that in which the British Army is fighting. It is
+one vast plain, undulating, the hills at most 200 feet higher than the
+valleys, gentle slopes everywhere. The soil is rather chalky, poor,
+barely worth cultivating; after heavy rain the whole plain becomes a sea
+of shallow mud; and it dries equally quickly. The only features are the
+pine woods, which have been planted by hundreds. From the point of view
+of profit, this would not appear to have been a success; either the soil
+is too poor, or else it is unsuitable to the maritime pine; for the
+trees are rarely more than 25 feet high. As each rise is topped, a new
+stretch of plain, a new set of small woods appear, just like that which
+has been left behind.
+
+[Illustration: ELEUTHERIOS K. VENIZELOS
+
+The great Greek statesman who recently resigned as Prime Minister.
+
+_(Photo from Medom Photo Service.)_]
+
+[Illustration: LORD HARDINGE OF PENSHURST
+
+Who, as Viceroy, rules England's Indian Empire during the critical
+period of the war.]
+
+The villages are few and small, most of them are in ruins after the
+fighting in September; and the troops live almost entirely in colonies
+of little huts of wood or straw, about four feet high, dotted about in
+the woods, in the valleys, wherever a little water and shelter is
+obtainable. Lack of villages means lack of roads; this has been one of
+the great difficulties to be faced; but, at the same time, the movement
+of wagons across country is possible to a far greater extent than in
+Flanders, although it is often necessary to use eight or ten horses to
+get a gun or wagon to the point desired.
+
+From the military point of view the country is eminently suitable for
+troops, with its possibilities of concealment, of producing sudden
+surprises with cavalry, and of manoeuvre generally. It is, in fact, the
+training ground of the great military centre of Châlons; and French
+troops have doubtless been exercised over this ground in every branch of
+military operation, except that in which they are engaged at the present
+moment.
+
+What commander, training his men over this ground, could have imagined
+that the area from Perthes-lez-Hurlus to Beauséjour Farm would become
+two fortress lines, developed and improved for four months; or that he
+would have to carry out an attack modeled on the same system as that
+employed in the last great siege undertaken by French troops, that of
+Sebastopol in 1855? Yet this is what is being done. Every day an attack
+is made on a trench, on the edge of one of the little woods or to gain
+ground in one of them; every day the ground gained has to be transformed
+so as to give protection to its new occupants and means of access to
+their supports; every night, and on many days, the enemy's
+counter-attacks have to be repulsed.
+
+Each attack has to be prepared by a violent and accurate artillery fire;
+it may be said that a trench has to be morally captured by gun fire
+before it can be actually seized by the infantry. Once in the new
+trench, the men have to work with their intrenching tools, without
+exposing themselves, and wait for a counter-attack, doing what damage
+they can to the enemy with hand grenades and machine guns. Thus the
+amount of rifle fire is very small; it is a war of explosives and
+bayonets.
+
+Looking at the battle at a distance of about 2,000 yards from the
+enemy's line, the stillness of what one sees is in marked contrast to
+the turmoil of shells passing overhead. The only movement is the cloud
+of smoke and earth that marks the burst of a shell. Here and there long
+white lines are visible, when a trench has brought the chalky subsoil up
+to the top, but the number of trenches seen is very small compared to
+the number that exist, for one cannot see into the valleys, and the top
+of the ground is an unhealthy place to choose for seating a trench. The
+woods are pointed out, with the names given them by the soldiers, but it
+needs fieldglasses to see the few stumps that remain in those where the
+artillery has done its work. And then a telephone message arrives,
+saying that the enemy are threatening a counter-attack at a certain
+point, and three minutes later there is a redoubled whistling of shells.
+At first one cannot see the result of this fire--the guns are searching
+the low ground where the enemy's reserves are preparing for the
+movement, but a little later the ground in front of the threatened
+trench becomes alive with shell bursts, for the searching has given
+place to the building up of a wall of fire through which it is
+impossible for the foe to pass without enormous loss.
+
+The attached map may enable us to look more closely at what has been
+achieved. The lowest dotted line, numbered 15, is the line of the French
+trenches on Feb. 15. They were then close up to the front of the German
+line with its network of barbed wire, its machine-gun emplacements,
+often of concrete, and its underground chambers for sheltering men from
+the shells. Each successive dotted line shows the line held by the
+French on the evening of the date written in the dotted line. Thus the
+total gain of ground, that between the most southerly and the most
+northerly dotted lines, varies between 200 yards, where the lines are
+close together northeast of Perthes, and 1,400 yards, half way between
+Le Mesnil and Beauséjour Farm. But the whole of this space has been a
+series of trenches and fortified woods, each of which has had to be
+attacked separately.
+
+[Illustration: Map of the French Operations in the Champagne
+
+Some of the severest fighting on the western battle front took place in
+this little section of about four miles of trenches, lying between
+Rheimes and Verdun. For a whole month from Feb. 15, the attacks were
+kept up by the French forces almost continuously, and the sketch gives
+the graphic result of changes for three weeks of that time. Ostensibly
+the purpose of the French was to pierce the German line and cut the
+railway a few miles to the rear. Incidentally, the French aimed to keep
+their opponents busy, and thus prevent any reinforcements being sent to
+von Hindenburg in the east.
+
+The total gain of ground--that between the most southerly and most
+northerly dotted lines--varies from 200 yards northeast of Perthes to
+1,400 yards, half way between Le Mesnil and Beauséjour Farm. But the
+whole of this space has been a series of trenches and fortified woods,
+each of which had to be attacked separately.
+
+The letters (A to G) in the sketch indicate the points of the severest
+fighting. A (the "little fort") was taken and lost three times before
+the French finally held it. B saw some of the stiffest encounters, the
+Germans attacking the hill nearly every day after the French captured
+it, and even the Prussian Guard being put in. The woods at C, D, and E
+were centres of terrific combats, in which trenching and mining were
+continuous tasks. The redoubt at F was captured only after large losses
+on both sides. At the extreme west is still another wood, (G.) which the
+French attacked three times before they were successful in getting a
+foothold there.]
+
+Some of the points where the fighting has been heaviest are shown in
+letters on the map. A is the "little fort," a redoubt on an open spur,
+holding perhaps 500 men. This was first attacked in January; it was
+partly taken, but the French in the end retained only the southern
+corner, where they remained for something like a fortnight. On Feb. 16
+it was again taken in part, and lost the same day. On the 17th the same
+thing happened. On the 23d they once more got into the work; in the
+evening they repulsed five separate counter-attacks; then a sixth
+succeeded in turning them out. On the 27th they took all except a bit of
+trench in the northern face, and two days later they made that good, as
+well as a trench about fifty yards to the north of the work.
+
+B is a small hill, marked 196. The capture of this, with its two lines
+of trenches, was one of the most brilliant pieces of work done. Since
+this date, the 26th, the enemy have continued to counter-attack nearly
+every day. It was here that the Prussian Guard was put in; but they have
+failed to get it back, and their losses have been very high. The
+prisoners stated that one regiment had its Colonel and all the superior
+officers killed or wounded. C is a wood, called the "Yellow Burnt Wood."
+It is still in the hands of the Germans, a regular nest of machine guns,
+which command the ground not only to the front but also down valleys to
+the east and west. The French are just in the southwest corner.
+
+At D there are two woods; the southern we will call No. 3, the northern
+No. 4. On the 16th our allies got a trench just south of No. 3; they got
+into the wood on the 18th, and fought backward and forward in the wood
+that day and all the 19th and 20th; by the evening of the 20th they had
+almost reached the northern edge. On the 21st a stronger counter-attack
+than usual was repulsed, and in pursuing the retiring enemy they
+secured the northern edge. On the 22d there was more fighting in No. 3,
+but in the end the French managed to make their way into No. 4 as far as
+a trench which runs along a crest midway through the wood. The next six
+days saw continuous fighting in No. 4, sometimes near the northern end,
+sometimes at the crest in the middle, and occasionally back near the
+southern end. The French now hold the northern edge, and have pushed
+troops into the "Square" wood just north of the line of the 25th.
+
+At E again there are two small woods; these were both captured on the
+26th, but the trenches in the northern one had been mined, and the
+French had no sooner seized them than they were blown up. At F there was
+another small redoubt; part of this was taken on the 19th from the east,
+but the work was not finally captured till the 27th, when 240 corpses
+were found in it. On the extreme west, at G, is a wood which has twice
+been unsuccessfully attacked. On the first occasion troops got into the
+wood, but a severe snowstorm prevented the artillery from continuing to
+assist them, and they were driven out. The second was an attempt to
+surprise the enemy at 2 A.M. on the 25th; this also failed. A third
+attack was made on March 7 and was successful; the French line now runs
+through the wood.
+
+The above will serve to show the tenacity which is required for an
+operation of this kind. Up to the present the French have made steady
+and continuous progress, and their success may be best judged from the
+fact that they have not been forced back on any day behind the line they
+held in the morning, despite innumerable counter-attacks. And this is
+not merely a question of ground, but one of increasing moral
+superiority, for it is in the unsuccessful counter-attacks that losses
+are heavy, and these and the sense of failure affect the morale of an
+army sooner or later.
+
+Will the French push through the line? Will a hole be made, or is the
+enemy like a badger, who digs himself in rather faster than you can dig
+him out? I cannot tell; it would indeed be an astonishing measure of
+success for a first attempt, and the enemy may require a great deal more
+hammering at many points before he has definitely had enough at any one
+point. But these operations have brought the day closer, and turn our
+thoughts to the time when we shall be able to move forward, and one
+finds the cavalrymen wondering whether perhaps they, too, will get their
+chance.
+
+
+
+
+The Germans Concrete Trenches
+
+By F.H. Gailor, American Rhodes Scholar of New College, Oxford
+
+[From The London Daily Mail, March 24, 1915.]
+
+
+At the kind invitation of General Longchamps, German Military Governor
+of the Province of Namur, I spent two days with him going along the
+country in and behind the firing line in Northern France from near
+Rheims to the small village of Monthois, near Vouziers, on the Aisne.
+
+About five miles out of Monthois we came to the artillery positions of
+the Germans. We could see the flashes of the guns long before we reached
+the hills where they were placed, but when we came up and dismounted the
+position was most cleverly concealed by a higher hill in front and the
+heavy woods which served as a screen for the artillery. I noticed many
+holes where the French shells had burst, and the valley to the north
+looked as if some one had been experimenting with a well digger. One
+21-centimeter shell had cut a swath about 100 yards long out of the
+woods on the hill where we dismounted. The trees were twisted from their
+stumps as if a small cyclone had passed, and one could realize the
+damage the shells could do merely by the displaced air.
+
+We went on forward into the valley on foot and stopped about two hundred
+yards in front and to the left of where the German guns were firing.
+There, although of course we could not see the French position, we could
+hear and see their shells as they exploded. They were firing short, one
+of the officers told me, because they thought the Germans were on the
+forward hill. He could see one of the French aeroplanes directing their
+fire, but I could not make it out. We stayed there listening to the
+shells and watching the few movements of German batteries that were
+taking place. A party of officers hidden by the trees were taking
+observations and telephoning the results of the German fire and, no
+doubt, of the French fire in the German trenches. There was no
+excitement; but for the noise the whole scene reminded me of some kind
+of construction work, such as building a railroad.
+
+After about an hour, when nothing had happened, one began to realize
+that even such excitement may become monotonous and be taken as a matter
+of course. One of the officers told me that the Germans had been there
+since the beginning of October and that even the trenches were in the
+same position as when they first came.
+
+Certainly the trenches seem permanent enough for spending many Winters.
+A number of them have now been built of concrete, especially in that
+swampy part near the Aisne where they strike water about three feet
+underground. The difficulty is in draining out the water when it rains.
+
+Some of the trenches have two stories, and at the back of many of them
+are subterranean rest houses built of concrete and connected with the
+trenches by passages. The rooms are about seven feet high and ten feet
+square, and above the ground all evidence of the work is concealed by
+green boughs and shrubbery so that they may escape the attention of the
+enemy's aeroplanes.
+
+With the noise and the fatigue, the men say it is impossible to sleep
+naturally, but they become so used to the firing and so weary that they
+become oblivious of everything even when shells are falling within a
+dozen yards of them. They stay in the trenches five days and then get
+five days' rest. In talking to the men one feels the influence on them
+of a curious sort of fatalism--they have been lucky so far and will come
+through all right. One sees and feels everywhere the spirit of a great
+game. The strain of football a thousand times magnified. The joy of
+winning and boyish pleasure in getting ahead of the other fellows side
+by side with the stronger passions of hatred and anger and the sight of
+agony and death.
+
+We talked to some of the little groups of men along the road who were
+going back to their five days in the trenches. Of course all large units
+are split up so as not to attract attention. They were all the same, all
+sure of winning, and all bearded, muddy, and determined. I could not
+help thinking of American football players at the end of the first half.
+These men seemed all the same. I have no recollection of a single
+individual. The "system" and its work has made a type not only of
+clothes but of face. Their answers to the usual questions were all the
+same, and one felt in talking to them that their opinions were
+machine-made. Three points stood out--Germany is right and will win;
+England is wrong and will knuckle under; we hate England because we are
+alike in religion, custom, and opinion, and it is the war of kindred
+races. Everywhere one met the arguments and stories of unfairness and
+cruelty in fighting that have appeared in the English papers, but with
+the names reversed. English soldiers had surrendered and then fired; had
+shot from beneath a Red Cross flag or had killed prisoners. The stories
+were simple and as hackneyed as most of those current in England.
+
+The concrete rest houses were interesting. Most of them have furniture
+made from trees "to amuse us and pass the time." Both officers and men
+use the same type of house, though discipline forbids that the same
+house be used by both officers and men. The light in these houses is bad
+and the ventilation not all that it should be, but they are extremely
+careful about sanitation, and everywhere one smells disinfectants and
+sees evidence of scrupulous guarding against disease. Oil and candles
+are scarce and the "pocket electric" that all the men and officers carry
+does not last long enough for much reading. There are always telephone
+connections, but in most cases visits are impossible save by way of the
+underground passages and the trenches.
+
+One officer described the life as entirely normal; another said, in
+speaking of a Louis XV. couch which had been borrowed from a near-by
+château and was the pride of a regiment, "Oh! we are cave-dwellers, but
+we have some of the luxuries of at least the nineteenth century."
+
+The Major Commandant at Rethel showed me a letter from a friend
+demanding "some easy chairs and a piano for his trench house," and the
+Major said, "I hear they have music up on the Yser, but the French are
+too close to us here!"
+
+All that I saw of the German Red Cross leads me to believe that it is
+adequate and efficient. At Rethel we saw a Red Cross train of thirty-two
+cars perfectly equipped. The cars are made specially with open
+corridors, so that stretchers or rubber-wheeled trucks may be rolled
+from one car to another. The berths are in two tiers, much like an
+American sleeping car, and each car when full holds twenty-eight men.
+There is an operating car fully equipped for the most delicate and
+dangerous cases; in fact, when we saw the train at Rethel it had stopped
+on its way to Germany for an operation on a man's brain.
+
+
+
+
+The Spirits of Mankind
+
+By Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States
+
+
+     The conviction that great spiritual forces will assert
+     themselves at the end of the European war to enlighten the
+     judgment and steady the spirits of mankind was expressed by
+     President Wilson in an address of welcome delivered at the
+     Maryland annual conference of the Methodist Protestant Church
+     at Washington on April 8, 1915. The text of his address
+     appears below.
+
+These are days of great perplexity, when a great cloud of trouble hangs
+and broods over the greater part of the world. It seems as if great,
+blind, material forces had been released which had for long been held in
+leash and restraint. And yet underneath that you can see the strong
+impulses of great ideals.
+
+It would be impossible for men to go through what men are going through
+on the battlefields of Europe and struggle through the present dark
+night of their terrible struggle if it were not that they saw, or
+thought that they saw, the broadening of light where the morning should
+come up and believed that they were standing each on his side of the
+contest for some eternal principle for right.
+
+Then all about them, all about us, there sits the silent, waiting
+tribunal which is going to utter the ultimate judgment upon this
+struggle, the great tribunal of the opinion of the world; and I fancy I
+see, I hope that I see, I pray that it may be that I do truly see, great
+spiritual forces lying waiting for the outcome of this thing to assert
+themselves, and are asserting themselves even now to enlighten our
+judgment and steady our spirits.
+
+No man is wise enough to pronounce judgment, but we can all hold our
+spirits in readiness to accept the truth when it dawns on us and is
+revealed to us in the outcome of this titanic struggle.
+
+It is of infinite benefit that in assemblages like this and in every
+sort of assemblage we should constantly go back to the sources of our
+moral inspiration and question ourselves as to what principle it is that
+we are acting on. Whither are we bound? What do we wish to see triumph?
+And if we wish to see certain things triumph, why do we wish to see them
+triumph? What is there in them that is for the lasting benefit of
+mankind?
+
+For we are not in this world to amuse ourselves with its affairs. We are
+here to push the whole sluggish mass forward in some particular
+direction, and unless you know the direction in which you want to go
+your force is of no avail. Do you love righteousness? is what each one
+of us ought to ask himself. And if you love righteousness are you ready
+to translate righteousness into action and be ashamed and afraid before
+no man?
+
+It seems to me, therefore, that it is worth suggesting to you that you
+are not sitting here merely to transact the business and express the
+ideals of a great church as represented in the State of Maryland, but
+you are here also as part of the assize of humanity, to remind
+yourselves of the things that are permanent and eternal, which if we do
+not translate into action we have failed in the fundamental things of
+our lives.
+
+You will see that it is only in such general terms that one can speak in
+the midst of a confused world, because, as I have already said, no man
+has the key to this confusion. No man can see the outcome, but every man
+can keep his own spirit prepared to contribute to the net result when
+the outcome displays itself.
+
+
+
+
+"What the Germans Say About Their Own Methods of Warfare"
+
+By Joseph Bedier, Professor in the College de France
+
+[From an article in the Revue de Paris for January, 1915.]
+
+
+I purpose to show that the German armies cannot altogether escape the
+reproach of violating on occasion the law of nations. I shall establish
+this by French methods, through the use of documents of sound value.
+
+My texts are genuine, well vouched for, and I have taken pains to
+subject them to a critical examination, as scrupulous and minute as
+heretofore in times of peace I expended in weighing the authority of
+some ancient chronicle, or in scrutinizing the authenticity of some
+charter. Perhaps this care was born of professional habit, or due to a
+natural craving for exactness, but in either case it is a voucher for
+the work, which is meant for all comers--for the passer-by, for the
+indifferent, and even for my country's foes. My wish is that the veriest
+looker-on, idly turning these pages, may be confronted only with
+documents whose authenticity will be self-evident, if he is willing to
+see, and whose ignominious tale will reach his heart, if ye have a
+heart.
+
+I have, moreover, sought for documents not only incontestably genuine
+but of unquestioned authority. Accusation is easy, while proof is
+difficult. No belligerent has ever been troubled to find mountains of
+testimony, true or false, against his enemy; but were this evidence
+gathered by the most exalted magistrates, under the most solemn judicial
+sanction, it must unfortunately long remain useless; until the accused
+has full opportunity to controvert it, every one is free to treat it as
+false or, at the best, as controvertible. For this reason I shall avoid
+resting the case upon Belgian or French statements, though I know them
+to be true. My purpose has been to bring forward such testimony that no
+man living, be he even a German, should be privileged to cast a doubt
+upon it. German crimes will be established by German documents.
+
+These will be taken mainly from the "War Diaries," which Article 75 of
+the German Army Regulations for Field Service enjoins upon soldiers to
+keep during their marches, and which were seized by the French upon the
+persons of their prisoners, as military papers, as authorized by Article
+4 of The Hague Convention of 1907. The number of these is daily
+increasing, and I trust that some day, for the edification of all, the
+complete collection may be lodged in the Germanic section of manuscripts
+in the National Library. Meantime, the Marquis de Dampierre,
+paleographer and archivist, graduate of the Ecole des Chartes, is
+preparing, and will shortly publish, a volume in which the greater part
+of these notebooks will be minutely described, transcribed, and
+clarified. Personally, I have only examined about forty of them, but
+they will answer my purpose, by presenting relevant extracts, furnishing
+the name, rank, and regiment of the author, with indications of time and
+place. Classification is difficult, mainly because ten lines of a single
+text not infrequently furnish evidence of a variety of offenses. I must
+take them almost at random, grouping them under such analogies or
+association of ideas or images as they may offer.
+
+
+I.
+
+The first notebook at hand is that of a soldier of the Prussian Guard,
+the Gefreiter Paul Spielmann, (of Company I, First Brigade of the
+Infantry Guard.) He tells the story of an unexpected night alarm on the
+1st of September in a village near Blamont. The bugle sounds, and the
+Guard, startled from sleep, begins the massacre, (Figs. 1 and 2:)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 1.]
+
+     The inhabitants fled through the village. It was horrible. The
+     walls of houses are bespattered with blood and the faces of
+     the dead are hideous to look upon. They were buried at once,
+     some sixty of them. Among them many old women, old men, and
+     one woman pregnant--the whole a dreadful sight. Three children
+     huddled together--all dead. Altar and arches of the church
+     shattered. Telephone communication with the enemy was found
+     there. This morning, Sept. 2, all the survivors were driven
+     out; I saw four little boys carrying on two poles a cradle
+     with a child some five or six months old. The whole makes a
+     fearful sight. Blow upon blow! Thunderbolt on thunderbolt!
+     Everything given over to plunder. I saw a mother with her two
+     little ones--one of them had a great wound in the head and an
+     eye put out.
+
+Deserved repression, remarks this soldier: "They had telephone
+communication with the enemy." And yet, we may recall that by Article
+30 of The Hague Convention of 1907, signed on behalf of H.M. the Emperor
+of Germany, "no collective penalty, pecuniary or other, shall be
+proclaimed against a population, by reason of individual acts for which
+the population is not responsible _in solido_." What tribunal during
+that dreadful night took the pains to establish this joint
+participation?
+
+[Illustration: Figure 2.]
+
+
+II.
+
+The unsigned notebook of a soldier of the Thirty-second Reserve Infantry
+(Fourth Reserve Corps) has this entry:
+
+     Creil, Sept. 3.--The iron bridge was blown up. For this we set
+     the streets on fire, and shot the civilians.
+
+Yet it must be obvious that only the regular troops of the French
+Engineer Corps could have blown up the iron bridge at Creil; the
+civilians had no hand in it. As an excuse for these massacres, when any
+excuse is offered, the notebooks usually note that "civilians" or
+"francs-tireurs" had fired on the troops. But the "scrap of paper" which
+Germany subscribed--the Convention of 1907--provides in its first
+article "the laws, the rights, and the duties are not applicable solely
+to the army, but also to militia and bodies of volunteers" under certain
+conditions, of which the main one is that they shall "openly bear arms;"
+while Article 2 stipulates that "the population of an unoccupied
+territory, which on the approach of the enemy spontaneously takes up
+arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to organize
+as provided in Article I, shall be considered as a belligerent, if they
+bear arms openly and observe the laws and customs of war."
+
+[Illustration: Figure 3.]
+
+In the light of this text, the bearing of the barbarous recitals which
+follow may be properly estimated:
+
+     (a) Notebook of Private Hassemer, (Eighth Corps, Sept. 3,
+     1914, at Sommepy, Marne.)--Dreadful butchery. Village burned
+     to the ground; the French thrown into the burning houses,
+     civilians and all burned together.
+
+     (b) Notebook of Lieut. Kietzmann, (Second Company, First
+     Battalion, Forty-ninth Infantry,) under date of Aug. 18, 1914,
+     (Fig. 3.)--A short distance above Diest is the village of
+     Schaffen. About fifty civilians were concealed in the church
+     tower, and from there fired on our troops with a
+     _mitrailleuse_. All the civilians were shot.
+
+     [It may here be noted, for the sake of precision, that the
+     First Report of the Belgian Commission of Inquiry, Antwerp,
+     Aug. 28, Page 3, identifies some of the "civilians" killed at
+     Schaffen on the 18th of August; among them, "the wife of
+     François Luyckz, 45 years of age, with her daughter _aged 12,
+     who were discovered in a sewer and shot_"; and "the daughter
+     of Jean Ooyen, 9 years of age, who was shot"; and "André
+     Willem, sacristain, who was bound to a tree and _burned
+     alive_."]
+
+     (c) Notebook of a Saxon officer, unnamed, (178th Regiment,
+     Twelfth Army Corps, First Saxon Corps,) Aug. 26.--The
+     exquisite village of Gué-d'Hossus (Ardennes) was given to the
+     flames, although to my mind it was guiltless. I am told that a
+     cyclist fell from his machine, and in his fall his gun was
+     discharged; at once the firing was begun in his direction, and
+     thereupon all the male inhabitants were simply thrown into the
+     flames. It is to be hoped that like atrocities will not be
+     repeated.
+
+This Saxon officer had, nevertheless, already witnessed like
+"atrocities." The preceding day, Aug. 25, at Villers-en-Fagne, (Belgian
+Ardennes,) "where we found grenadiers of the guard, killed and wounded,"
+he had seen "the curé and other inhabitants shot"; and three days
+previous, Aug. 23, at the village of Bouvignes, north of Dinant, he had
+witnessed what he thus describes:
+
+     Through a breach made in the rear we get access into the
+     residence of a well-to-do inhabitant and occupy the house.
+     Passing through a number of apartments, we reach a door where
+     we find the corpse of the owner. Further on in the interior
+     our men have wrecked everything like vandals. Everything has
+     been searched. Outside, throughout the country, the spectacle
+     of the inhabitants who have been shot defies any description.
+     They have been shot at such short range that they are almost
+     decapitated. Every house has been ransacked to the furthest
+     corners, and the inhabitants dragged from their hiding places.
+     The men shot; the women and children locked into a convent,
+     from which shots were fired. And, for this reason, the convent
+     is about to be set fire to; it may, however be ransomed if it
+     surrenders the guilty ones and pays a ransom of 15,000 francs.
+
+We shall see as we proceed how these notebooks complement one another.
+
+     (d) Notebook of the Private Philipp, (from Kamenz, Saxony,
+     First Company, First Battalion, 178th Regiment.) On the day
+     indicated above--Aug. 23--a private of the same regiment was
+     the witness of a scene similar to that just described;
+     perhaps, the same scene, but the point of view is
+     different.--At 10 o'clock in the evening the First Battalion
+     of the 178th came down into the burning village to the north
+     of Dinant--a saddening spectacle--to make one shiver. At the
+     entrance to the village lay the bodies of some fifty citizens,
+     shot for having fired upon our troops from ambush. In the
+     course of the night many others were shot down in like manner,
+     so that we counted more than two hundred. Women and children,
+     holding their lamps, were compelled to assist at this horrible
+     spectacle. We then sat down midst the corpses to eat our rice,
+     as we had eaten nothing since morning. (Fig. 4.)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 4.]
+
+Here is a military picture fully outlined, and worthy to compete in the
+Academy of Fine Arts of Dresden. But one passage of the text is somewhat
+obscure and might embarrass the artist--"Women and children, holding
+their lamps, were compelled to assist at this horrible spectacle." What
+spectacle?--the shooting, or the counting of the corpses? To get some
+certainty on this historic point, the artist should question that noble
+soldier--the Colonel of the 178th.
+
+His work of that night, however, was in accord with the spirit of his
+companions in arms, and of his chiefs. We may assure ourselves of this
+by consulting the Sixth Report of the Belgian Commission of Inquiry
+upon, the violation of the rules of the law of nations (Havre, Nov. 10,
+1914) and the ignoble proclamations placarded by the Germans throughout
+Belgium. I will content myself with three short extracts.
+
+Extract from a proclamation of General von Bülow, placarded at Liège,
+Aug. 22, 1914:
+
+     The inhabitants of the city of Andenne, after having protested
+     their peaceful intentions, were guilty of a treacherous
+     surprise upon our troops. It was with my consent that the
+     General in Chief set fire to the whole locality, and that
+     about one hundred persons were shot.
+
+(The Belgian report controverts the accusation against the inhabitants
+of Andenne of having taken hostile measures against the German troops,
+and adds: "As a matter of fact, more than two hundred persons were
+shot"--almost everything was ravaged. For a distance of at least three
+leagues the houses were destroyed by fire.)
+
+Extract from a proclamation of Major Dieckmann, placarded at Grivegnée,
+Sept. 8, 1914:
+
+     Any one not responding instantly to the command "raise your
+     arms" is subject to the penalty of death.
+
+Extract from proclamation of Marshal Baron von der Goltz, placarded at
+Brussels, Oct. 5, 1914:
+
+     Hereafter the localities nearest the place where similar acts
+     (destruction of railways or telegraphic lines) were
+     done--whether or not they were _accomplices in the act_--will
+     be punished without mercy. To this end hostages have been
+     taken from all the localities adjacent to railways menaced by
+     similar attacks, and upon the first attempt to destroy the
+     railways, telegraphic or telephone lines, they will at once be
+     shot.
+
+
+III.
+
+I copy from the first page of an unsigned notebook, (Fig. 5:)
+
+     Langeviller, Aug. 22.--Village destroyed by the Eleventh
+     Battalion of Pioneers. Three women hanged to trees; the first
+     dead I have seen.
+
+Who can these three women be?--criminals undoubtedly--guilty of having
+fired upon German troops, unless, indeed, they may have been "in
+communication by telephone" with the enemy; and the Eleventh Pioneers
+unquestionably meted out to them just punishment. But, at all events,
+they expiated their guilt, and the Eleventh Pioneers has passed on. The
+crime these women committed is unknown to the troops which are to
+follow. Among these new troops will there be found no chief, no
+Christian, to order the ropes cut and allow these dangling bodies to
+rest on the earth?
+
+[Illustration: Figure 5.]
+
+No, the regiment passes under the gibbets and their flags brush against
+the hanging corpses; they pass on, Colonel and officers--gentlemen
+all--Kulturträger. And they do this knowingly; these corpses must hang
+there as an example, not for the other women of the village, for these
+doubtless already understand, but as an example to the regiment and to
+the other regiments that will follow, and who must be attuned to war,
+who must be taught their stern duty to kill women when occasion offers.
+The teaching will be effective, unquestionably. Shall we look for proof
+of it? The young soldier, who tells us above that these corpses were the
+first dead he had ever seen, adds a week later, on the tenth and last
+page of his notebook, the following, (Fig. 6:)
+
+     In this way we destroyed eight dwellings and their
+     inhabitants. In one of the houses we bayoneted two men, with
+     their wives and a young girl 18 years old. The young: one
+     almost unmanned me, her look was so innocent! But we could not
+     master the excited troop, for at such times they are no longer
+     men--they are beasts.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 6.]
+
+Let me add a few texts which will attest that these assassinations of
+women and children are customary tasks set to German soldiers:
+
+(a) The writer in a notebook, unsigned, reports that at Orchies (Nord)
+"a woman was shot for not having obeyed the command to halt!" whereupon
+he adds, "the whole locality was set on fire." (Fig. 7.)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 7.]
+
+(b) The officer of the 178th Saxon Regiment, mentioned above, reports
+that in the vicinity of Lisognes (Belgian Ardennes) "the Chasseur of
+Marburg, having placed three women in line, killed them all with one
+shot."
+
+(c) A few lines more, taken from the notebook of the Reservist Schlauter
+(Third Battery, Fourth Regiment, Field Artillery of the Guard,) (Fig.
+8:)
+
+     Aug. 25, (in Belgium.)--We shot 300 of the inhabitants of the
+     town. Those that survived the salvo were requisitioned as
+     grave diggers. You should have seen the women at that time!
+     But it was impossible to do otherwise. In our march upon Wilot
+     things went better; the inhabitants who wished to leave were
+     allowed to do so. But whoever fired was shot. Upon our leaving
+     Owele the rifles rang out, and with that, flames, women, and
+     all the rest.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 8.]
+
+
+IV.
+
+Frequently when a German troop want to carry a position, they place
+before them civilians--men, women, and children--and find shelter behind
+these ramparts of living flesh. As such a stratagem is essentially
+playing upon the nobility of heart of the adversary, and saying to him
+"you won't fire upon these unfortunates, I know it, and I hold you at my
+mercy, unarmed, because you are not as craven as I am," as it implies a
+homage to the enemy and the self-degradation of the one employing it, it
+is almost inconceivable that soldiers should resort to it; it represents
+a new invention in the long story of human vileness, which even the
+dreadful Penitentiels of the Middle Ages had not discovered. In reading
+the stories from French, Belgian, and English sources, attributing such
+practices to the Germans, it has made me doubt, if not the truthfulness,
+at least the detailed exactness of the stories. It seemed to me that the
+tales must be of crimes by men who would be disavowed, individual
+lapses, which do not dishonor the nation, because the nation on
+ascertaining them would repudiate them. But how can we doubt that the
+German Nation has, on the contrary, accepted these acts as exploits
+worthy of herself, that in them she recognizes her own aptitudes, and
+finds pleasure in the contemplation; how, I ask, can we doubt this in
+reading the following narrative signed by a Bavarian officer, Lieut. A.
+Eberlein, spread out in the columns of one of the best known periodicals
+of Germany, the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, in its issue of Wednesday,
+Oct. 7, 1914, Page 22, Lieut. Eberlein relates there the occupation of
+Saint-Dié at the end of August. He entered the town at the head of a
+column, and while waiting for reinforcements was compelled to barricade
+himself in a house, (Fig. 9:)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 9.]
+
+     We arrested three civilians, and a bright idea struck me. We
+     furnished them with chairs and made them seat themselves in
+     the middle of the street. There were supplications on one
+     part, and some blows with the stocks of our guns on the other.
+     One, little by little, gets terribly hardened. Finally, there
+     they were sitting in the street. How many anguished prayers
+     they may have muttered, I cannot say, but during the whole
+     time their hands were joined in nervous contraction. I am
+     sorry for them, but the stratagem was of immediate effect. The
+     enfilading directed from the houses diminished at once; we
+     were able then to take possession of the house opposite, and
+     thus became masters of the principal street. From that moment
+     every one that showed his face in the street was shot. And the
+     artillery meanwhile kept up vigorous work, so that at about 7
+     o'clock in the evening, when the brigade advanced to rescue
+     us, I could report "Saint-Dié has been emptied of all
+     enemies."
+
+     As I learned later, the ---- Regiment of Reserves, which came
+     into Saint-Dié further north, had experiences entirely similar
+     to our own. The four civilians whom they had placed on chairs
+     in the middle of the street were killed by French bullets. I
+     saw them myself stretched out in the street near the hospital.
+
+
+V.
+
+Article 28 of The Hague Convention of 1907, subscribed to by Germany,
+uses this language: "The sacking of any town or locality, even when
+taken by assault, is prohibited." And Article 47 runs: "[in occupied
+territory] pillage is forbidden."
+
+We shall see how the German armies interpret these articles.
+
+Private Handschuhmacher (Eleventh Battalion of Chasseurs Reserves)
+writes in his notebook:
+
+     Aug. 8, 1914, Gouvy, (Belgium.)--There, the Belgians having
+     fired on some German soldiers, we started at once pillaging
+     the merchandise warehouse. Several cases--eggs, shirts, and
+     everything that could be eaten was carried off. The safe was
+     forced and the gold distributed among the men. As to the
+     securities, they were torn up.
+
+This happened as early as the fourth day of the war, and it helps us to
+understand a technical article on the operations of the military
+treasury (Der Zahlmeister im Felde) in the Berliner Tageblatt of the
+26th of November, 1914, in which an economic phenomenon of rather
+unusual import is recited as a simple incident: "Experience has
+demonstrated that very much more money is forwarded by postal orders
+from the theatre of operations to the interior of the country than vice
+versa."
+
+As, in accordance with the continual practice of the German armies,
+pillaging is only a prelude to incendiarism, the sub-officer Hermann
+Levith (160th Regiment of Infantry, Eighth Corps) writes:
+
+     The enemy occupied the village of Bievre and the edge of the
+     wood behind it. The Third Company advanced in first line. We
+     carried the village, and then pillaged and burned almost all
+     the houses.
+
+And Private Schiller (133d Infantry, Nineteenth Corps) writes:
+
+     Our first fight was at Haybes (Belgium) on the 24th of August.
+     The Second Battalion entered the village, ransacked the
+     houses, pillaged them, and burned those from which shots had
+     been fired.
+
+And Private Sebastian Reishaupt (Third Bavarian Infantry, First Bavarian
+Corps) writes:
+
+     The first village we burned was Parux, (Meurthe-et-Moselle.)
+     After this the dance began, throughout the villages, one after
+     the other; over the fields and pastures we went on our
+     bicycles up to the ditches at the edge of the road, and there
+     sat down to eat our cherries.
+
+They emulate each other in their thefts; they steal anything that comes
+to hand and keep records of the thefts--"Schnaps, Wein, Marmelade,
+Zigarren," writes this private soldier; and the elegant officer of the
+178th Saxon Regiment, who was at first indignant at the "vandalismus" of
+his men, further on admits that he himself, on the 1st of September, at
+Rethel, stole "from a house near the Hôtel Moderne a superb waterproof
+and a photographic apparatus for Felix." All steal, without distinction
+or grade, or of arms, or of cause, and even in the ambulances the
+doctors steal. Take this example from the notebook of the soldier
+Johannes Thode (Fourth Reserve Regiment of Ersatz):
+
+     At Brussels, Oct. 5, 1914.--An automobile arrived at the
+     hospital laden with war booty--one piano, two sewing machines,
+     many albums, and all sorts of other things.
+
+"Two sewing machines" as "war booty." From whom were these stolen?
+Beyond a doubt from two humble Belgian women. And for whom were they
+stolen?
+
+
+VI.
+
+I must admit that, out of the forty notebooks, or thereabout, that I
+have handled, there are six or seven that do not relate any exactions,
+either from hypocritical reticence or because there are some regiments
+which do not make war in this vile fashion. And there are as many as
+three notebooks whose writers, in relating these ignoble things, express
+astonishment, indignation, and sorrow. I will not give the names of
+these, because they deserve our regard, and I wish to spare them the
+risk of being some day blamed or punished by their own.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 10.]
+
+The first, the Private X., who belongs to the Sixty-fifth Infantry,
+Regiment of Landwehr, says of certain of his companions in arms, (Fig.
+10:)
+
+     They do not behave as soldiers, but rather as highwaymen,
+     bandits, and brigands, and are a dishonor to our regiment and
+     to our army.
+
+Another, Lieut. Y., of the Seventy-seventh Infantry of Reserves, says:
+
+     No discipline, ... the Pioneers are well nigh worthless; as to
+     the artillery, it is a band of robbers.
+
+The third, Private Z., of the Twelfth Infantry of Reserves, First Corps,
+writes, (Fig. 11:)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 11.]
+
+     Unfortunately, I am forced to make note of a fact which should
+     not have occurred, but there are to be found, even in our own
+     army, creatures who are no longer men, but hogs, to whom
+     nothing is sacred. One of these broke into a sacristy; it was
+     locked, and where the Blessed Sacrament was kept. A
+     Protestant, out of respect, had refused to sleep there. This
+     man used it as a deposit for his excrements. How is it
+     possible there should be such creatures? Last night one of the
+     men of the Landwehr, more than thirty-five years of age,
+     married, tried to rape the daughter of the inhabitant where
+     he had taken up his quarters--a mere girl--and when the father
+     intervened he pressed his bayonet against his breast.
+
+Beyond these three, who are still worthy of the name of soldiers, the
+other thirty are all alike, and the same soul (if we can talk of souls
+among such as these) animates them low and frantic. I say they are all
+about alike, but there are shades of difference. There are some who,
+like subtle jurists, make distinctions, blaming here and approving
+there--"Dort war ein Exempel am Platze." Others laugh and say "Krieg ist
+Krieg," or sometimes they add in French, to emphasize their derision,
+"Ja, Ja, c'est la guerre," and some among them, when their ugly business
+is done, turn to their book of canticles and sing psalms, such as the
+Saxon Lieut. Reislang, who relates how one day he left his drinking bout
+to _assist at the "Gottesdienst"_, but having eaten too much and drunken
+too much, had to quit the holy place in haste; and the Private Moritz
+Grosse of the 177th Infantry, who, after depicting the sacking of
+Saint-Vieth, (Aug. 22,) the sacking of Dinant, (Aug. 23,) writes this
+phrase:
+
+     Throwing of incendiary grenades into the houses, and in the
+     evening a military chorus--"Now let all give thanks to God."
+     (Fig. 12.)
+
+They're all of a like tenor. Now, if we consider that I could exchange
+the preceding texts with others quite similar, quite as cynical, and
+taken at random, for instance--from the notebook of the Reservist
+Lautenschlager of the First Battalion, Sixty-sixth Regiment of Infantry,
+or the notebook of the Private Eduard Holl of the Eighth Corps, or the
+notebook of the sub-officer Reinhold Koehn of the Second Battalion of
+Pomeranian Pioneers, or that of the sub-officer Otto Brandt of the
+Second Section of Reserve Ambulances, or of the Reservist Martin Müller
+of the 100th Saxon Reserve, or of Lieut. Karl Zimmer of the Fifty-fifth
+Infantry, or that of the Private Erich Pressler of the 100th Grenadiers,
+First Saxon Corps, &c., and if we will note that, among the exactions
+reported above, there are very few that are the work of isolated brutes,
+(such as, unfortunately, may be found even in the most noble armies,)
+but that, on the contrary, the crimes represented here are collective
+actions in obedience to service orders, and such as rest upon and
+dishonor not only the individual but the entire troop, the officers, and
+the nation; and if we will further note that these thirty notebooks
+taken at random--Bavarian, Saxon, Pomeranian, Brandeburger, or from the
+provinces of Baden and the Rhine--must of necessity represent hundreds
+and thousands of others quite similar, as we may judge from the
+frightful monotony of their recitals; if we consider all this, we must,
+I think, be forced to admit that these atrocities are nothing less than
+the practical application of a methodically organized system.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 12.]
+
+
+VII.
+
+H.M. the Emperor of Germany, by ratifying The Hague Convention of 1907,
+covenanted (Article 24) that "it is forbidden (c) to kill or wound an
+enemy who, having laid down his arms, or being without means of defense,
+has surrendered unconditionally. (d) To declare that no quarter shall be
+given."
+
+Have the German armies respected these covenants? Throughout Belgian and
+French reports depositions such as the following abound. This is taken
+from a French Captain of the 288th Infantry:
+
+     On the 22d, in the evening, I learned that in the woods, about
+     one hundred and fifty meters north of the square formed by the
+     intersection of the great Calonne trench with the road from
+     Vaux-les-Palameis to Saint-Rémy, there were corpses of French
+     soldiers shot by the Germans. I went to the spot and found the
+     bodies of about thirty soldiers within a small space, most of
+     them prone, but several still kneeling, and _all having a
+     precisely similar wound_--a bullet through the ear. One only,
+     seriously wounded in his lower parts, could still speak, and
+     told me that the Germans before leaving had ordered them to
+     lie down and that then had them shot through the head; that
+     he, already wounded had secured indulgence by stating that he
+     was the father of three small children. The skulls of these
+     unfortunates were scattered; the guns, broken at the stock,
+     were scattered here and there; and the blood had besprinkled
+     the bushes to such an extent that in coming out of the woods
+     my cape was spattered with it; it was a veritable shambles.
+
+I quote this testimony, not to base any accusations upon it, but simply
+to give precision to our indictment. I will not lay stress upon it as
+evidence, for I wish to keep to the rule which I have laid down--to have
+records of nothing but German sources of information.
+
+I will quote here the text of an order of the day addressed by General
+Stenger, in command of the Fifty-eighth German Brigade, on the 26th of
+August, to the troops under his orders:
+
+     From this day forward no further prisoners will be taken. All
+     prisoners will be massacred. The wounded, whether in arms or
+     not in arms, shall be massacred. Even the prisoners already
+     gathered in convoys will be massacred. No living enemy must
+     remain behind us.
+
+     Signed--First Lieutenant in Command of the Company, Stoy;
+     Colonel Commanding the Regiment, Neubauer; General in Command
+     of the Brigade, Stenger.
+
+
+About thirty soldiers of Stenger's Brigade (112th and 142d Regiments of
+Baden Infantry) were questioned. I have read their depositions, taken
+under oath and signed with their own names; all confirming the fact that
+this order of the day was given to them on the 26th of August. In one
+place by the Major Mosebach, in another by Lieut. Curtius, &c. Most of
+these witnesses said that they were ignorant whether the order was
+carried out, but three among them testified that it was carried out
+under their own eyes in the Forest of Thiaville, where ten or twelve
+wounded French, already made prisoners by a battalion, were done away
+with; two others of the witnesses saw the order carried out along the
+road of Thiaville, where several wounded, found in the ditches by the
+company as it marched past, were killed.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 13.]
+
+Of course, I cannot here produce the original autograph of General
+Stenger, nor am I here called upon to furnish the names of the German
+prisoners who gave this testimony. But I shall have no trouble to
+establish entirely similar crimes on the faith of German autographs.
+
+For instance, we find in the notebook of Private Albert Delfosse (111th
+Infantry of Reserves, Fourteenth Reserve Corps,) (Fig. 13:)
+
+     In the woods (near Saint-Rémy, 4th or 5th of September)--Found
+     a very fine cow and a calf killed; and again the corpses of
+     Frenchmen horribly mutilated.
+
+Must we understand that these bodies were mutilated by loyal weapons,
+torn perhaps by shells? This may be, but it would be a charitable
+interpretation, which is belied by this newspaper heading, (Figs. 14 and
+15:)
+
+     JAUERSCHES TAGEBLATT Amtlicher Anzeiger Für Stadt und Kreis
+     Jauer Jauer, Sonntag, Den 18, Oktober, 1914. Nr. 245. 106,
+     Jahrgang.
+
+This is a heading of a newspaper picked up in a German trench. Jauer is
+a city of Silesia, about fifty kilometers west of Breslau, where two
+battalions of the 154th Regiment of Saxon Infantry are garrisoned. One
+Sunday morning, Oct. 18, doubtless at the hour when the
+inhabitants--women and children--were wending their way to church, there
+was distributed throughout the quiet little town, and through the
+hamlets and villages of the district, the issue of this local paper with
+the following inscription: "A day of honor for our regiment, Sept. 24,
+1914," as the title of an article of some two hundred lines, sent from
+the front by a member of the regiment--the sub-officer Klemt of the
+First Company, 154th Infantry Regiment.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL VON KUSMANEK
+
+Whose stubborn defense of Przemysl made it one of the most notable
+sieges of history.
+
+_(Photo from Underwood & Underwood.)_]
+
+[Illustration: CAPT.-LIEUT. OTTO WEDDIGEN
+
+Whose submarine exploits have done more damage to England's navy than
+all Germany's gunners.
+
+_(Photo from The Photo News.)_]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 14.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 15.]
+
+The sub-officer Klemt relates how, on the 24th of September, his
+regiment having left Hannonville in the morning, accompanied by Austrian
+batteries, suddenly came up against a double fire of infantry and
+artillery. Their losses were terrible, and yet the enemy was still
+invisible. Finally, says this officer, it was found that the bullets
+came from above, from trees which the French soldiers had climbed.
+From this point let me quote verbatim, (Fig. 16:)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 16.]
+
+     They're brought down from the trees like squirrels, to get a
+     hot reception with bayoneted stock; they'll need no more
+     doctors' care. We are not fighting loyal enemies, but
+     treacherous brigands. [Note--It is scarcely necessary to point
+     out that it is no more "treacherous," but quite as lawful, to
+     fire from the branches of a tree as from a window, or from a
+     trench, and that, on the contrary, it is rather more
+     venturesome and more courageous, as the sequel of this story
+     will show.] We crossed the clearing at a bound. The foe is
+     hidden here and there among the bushes, and now we are upon
+     them. No quarter will be given. We fire standing, at will;
+     very few fire kneeling; nobody dreams of shelter. We finally
+     reach a slight depression in the ground, and there the red
+     trousers are lying in masses, here and there--dead or wounded.
+     We club or stab the wounded, for we know that these rascals,
+     as soon as we are gone by, will fire from behind. We find one
+     Frenchman lying at full length upon his face, but he is
+     counterfeiting death. A kick from a robust fusilier gives him
+     notice that we are there. Turning over he asks for quarter,
+     but he gets the reply--"Oh! is that the way, blackguard, that
+     your tools work?" and he is pinned to the ground. On one side
+     of me I hear curious cracklings. They're the blows which a
+     soldier of the 154th is vigorously showering upon the bald
+     pate of a Frenchman with the stock of his gun; he very wisely
+     chose for this work a French gun, for fear of breaking his
+     own. Some men of particularly sensitive soul grant the French
+     wounded the grace to finish them with a bullet, but others
+     scatter here and there, wherever they can, their clubbings and
+     stabbings. Our adversaries have fought bravely. They were
+     élite troops that we had before us. They had allowed us to
+     come within thirty, and even within ten, meters--too close.
+     Their arms and knapsacks thrown down in heaps showed that they
+     wanted to fly, but upon the appearance of our "gray phantoms"
+     terror paralyzed them, and, on the narrow path in which they
+     crowded, the German bullets brought them the order to halt!
+     There they are at the very entrance of their leafy hiding
+     places, lying down moaning and asking for quarter, but whether
+     their wounds are light or grievous, the brave fusiliers saved
+     their country the expensive care which would have to be given
+     to such a number of enemies.
+
+Now the recital continues very ornate, very literary, and the writer
+relates how his Imperial Highness Prince Oscar of Prussia, being advised
+of the exploits (perhaps, indeed, other exploits than these) of the
+154th and of the Regiment of Grenadiers, which forms the Brigade with
+the 154th, declared them both worthy of the name of "King's Brigade,"
+and the recital closes with this phrase: "When night came on, with a
+prayer of thankfulness on our lips we fell asleep to await the coming
+day." Then adding, by way of postscript, a little phrase "Heimkehr vom
+Kampf." He carries the notebook--prose and verse together--to his
+Lieutenant, who countersigns it: "Certified as correct, De Niem,
+Lieutenant Commanding the Company," and then he sends his paper to his
+town of Jauer, where he is quite confident that he will find some
+newspaper publisher to accept it, printers to set it up, and a whole
+population to enjoy it. Now, let me ask any reader--whatever be his
+country--if he can imagine it possible for such a tale to be spread
+abroad in any paper in his language, in his native town, for the
+edification of his wife and his children. In what other country than in
+Germany is such a thing conceivable? Not in France, at all events. Now,
+if my readers want another document to show how customary it is in the
+German Army to mutilate the wounded, well, I will borrow one from the
+notebook of Private Paul Glöde of the Ninth Battalion of Pioneers, Ninth
+Corps, (Figs. 17 and 18:)
+
+     Aug. 12, 1914, in Belgium.--One can get an idea of the fury of
+     our soldiers in seeing the destroyed villages. Not one house
+     left untouched. Everything eatable is requisitioned by the
+     unofficered soldiers. Several heaps of men and women put to
+     execution. Young pigs are running about looking for their
+     mothers. Dogs chained, without food or drink. And the
+     houses about them on fire. But the just anger of our soldiers
+     is accompanied also by pure vandalism. In the villages,
+     already emptied of their inhabitants, the houses are set on
+     fire. I feel sorry for this population. If they have made use
+     of disloyal weapons, after all, they are only defending their
+     own country. The atrocities which these non-combatants are
+     still committing are revenged after a savage fashion.
+     _Mutilations of the wounded are the order of the day._
+
+This was written as early as the 12th of August--the tenth day after the
+invasion of innocent Belgium--and these wounded creatures that were
+tortured had done nothing more than defend their land against
+Germany--their native land--which Germany had sworn, not only to respect
+but, if need be, to defend. And yet, in many countries pharisees reading
+these lines will go forward tranquilly to their churches, or their
+temples, or their banking houses, or their foreign offices, saying: "In
+what do these things concern us?" "Ja, ja, this is war." Yes, it is war,
+but war such as was never made by the soldiers of Marceau, such as never
+will be made by the soldiers of Joffre, such as never has been made and
+never will be made by France--"Mother of Arts, of Arms, and of Laws."
+Yes, it is war, but war such as Attila would not have carried on if he
+had subscribed to certain stipulations; for, in subscribing them, he
+would have awakened to the notion, which _alone_ distinguishes the
+civilized man from the barbarian, distinguishes a nation from a
+horde--respect for the word once given. Yes, it is war, but war the
+theory of which could only be made up by such pedant megalomaniacs as
+the Julius von Hartmanns, the Bernhardis, and the Treitschkes; the
+theory which accords to the elect people the right to uproot from the
+laws and customs of war what centuries of humanity, of Christianity, and
+chivalry have at great pains injected into it; the theory of systematic
+and organized ferocity; today exposed to public reprobation, not only as
+an odious thing, but no less silly and absurd. For have we not reached
+the ridiculous when the incendiaries of Louvain, and Malines, and
+Rheims, the assassins of women and children, and of the wounded, already
+find it necessary to repudiate their actions, at least in words, and to
+impose upon the servility of their ninety-three Kulturträger such
+denials as this: "It is not true that we are making war in contempt of
+the law of nations, nor that our soldiers are committing acts of
+cruelty, or of insubordination, or indiscipline.... We will carry this
+conflict through to the end as a civilized people, and we answer for
+this upon our good name and upon our honor!" Why this humble and pitiful
+repudiation? Perhaps because their theory of war rested upon the
+postulate of their invincibility, and that, in the first shiver of their
+defeat upon the Marne, it collapsed, and now their repudiation quickly
+follows--in dread of the _lex talionis_.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 17.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 18. [Continuation of Figure 17.]]
+
+I will stop here. I leave the conclusion to the allied armies, already
+in sight of victory.
+
+     NOTE.--General Stenger's order of the day, mentioned on page
+     [Transcriber's Note: blank in original], was communicated
+     orally by various officers in various units of the brigade.
+     Consequently, the form in which we have received it may
+     possibly be incomplete or altered. In face of any doubt, the
+     French Government has ordered an inquiry to be made into the
+     prisoners' camps. Not one of the prisoners to whom our
+     magistrates presented the order of the day in the
+     above-mentioned form found a word to alter. They one and all
+     declared that this was the order of the day which had been
+     orally given in the ranks, repeated from man to man; many
+     added the names of the officers who had communicated the order
+     to them; some related in what a vile way it had been carried
+     out under their eyes. All the evidence of these German
+     soldiers was collected in a legal manner, under the sanction
+     of an oath, and it is after reading their depositions that I
+     wrote the order of the day.
+
+     The text of all this evidence was transmitted to all the
+     French Embassies and Legations in foreign countries on the
+     24th of October, 1914. Every neutral wishing to clear his
+     conscience is at liberty to obtain it from the representatives
+     of the French Republic, who will certainly respond willingly.
+
+
+
+
+THE RECRUIT.
+
+By HORTENSE FLEXNER.
+
+
+    He had a woodland look--half-startled, gay--
+      As if his eyes, light-thirsty, had not learned
+    To wake accustomed on earth's joyous day,
+      A child, whose merriment and wonder burned
+    In harmless flame, even his uniform
+      Was but a lie to hide his wind-wild grace,
+    Whose limbs were rounded youth, too supple, warm,
+      To hold the measure of the street-made pace.
+    Music and marching--colors in the sky--
+      The crowded station, then the train--farewell!
+    For all he had the glance, exultant, shy,
+      That seemed to marvel, "More to see--to tell!"
+    Yet with his breathing moved, hid by his coat,
+    A numbered, metal disk, strapped round his throat!
+
+
+
+
+American Reply to Britain's Blockade Order
+
+By William J. Bryan, American Secretary of State
+
+
+_With the publication on April 6, 1915, of its note in reply to the
+British Government's Order in Council, proclaiming a virtual blockade
+against commerce to and from Germany--printed in the April, 1915, number
+of_ THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY_--the American Government rested
+its case. The text of the note to Great Britain follows:_
+
+WASHINGTON, March 30, 1915.
+
+The Secretary of State to the American Ambassador at London:
+
+You are instructed to deliver the following to his Majesty's Government
+in reply to your Nos. 1,795 and 1,798 of March 15: The Government of the
+United States has given careful consideration to the subjects treated in
+the British notes of March 13 and March 15, and to the British Order in
+Council of the latter date.
+
+These communications contain matters of grave importance to neutral
+nations. They appear to menace their rights of trade and intercourse,
+not only with belligerents but also with one another. They call for
+frank comment in order that misunderstandings may be avoided. The
+Government of the United States deems it its duty, therefore, speaking
+in the sincerest spirit of friendship, to make its own view and position
+with regard to them unmistakably clear.
+
+The Order in Council of the 15th of March would constitute, were its
+provisions to be actually carried into effect as they stand, a practical
+assertion of unlimited belligerent rights over neutral commerce within
+the whole European area and an almost unqualified denial of the
+sovereign rights of the nations now at peace.
+
+This Government takes it for granted that there can be no question what
+those rights are. A nation's sovereignty over its own ships and
+citizens under its own flag on the high seas in time of peace is, of
+course, unlimited, and that sovereignty suffers no diminution in time of
+war, except in so far as the practice and consent of civilized nations
+has limited it by the recognition of certain now clearly determined
+rights which it is conceded may be exercised by nations which are at
+war.
+
+A belligerent nation has been conceded the right of visit and search,
+and the right of capture and condemnation, if upon examination a neutral
+vessel is found to be engaged in unneutral service or to be carrying
+contraband of war intended for the enemy's Government or armed forces.
+
+It has been conceded the right to establish and maintain a blockade of
+an enemy's ports and coasts and to capture and condemn any vessel taken
+in trying to break the blockade. It is even conceded the right to detain
+and take to its own ports for judicial examination all vessels which it
+suspects for substantial reasons to be engaged in unneutral or
+contraband service and to condemn them if the suspicion is sustained.
+But such rights, long clearly defined both in doctrine and practice,
+have hitherto been held to be the only permissible exceptions to the
+principle of universal equality of sovereignty on the high seas as
+between belligerents and nations not engaged in war.
+
+It is confidently assumed that his Majesty's Government will not deny
+that it is a rule sanctioned by general practice that, even though a
+blockade should exist and the doctrine of contraband as to unblockaded
+territory be rigidly enforced, innocent shipments may be freely
+transported to and from the United States through neutral countries to
+belligerent territory, without being subject to the penalties of
+contraband traffic or breach of blockade, much less to detention,
+requisition, or confiscation.
+
+Moreover, the rules of the Declaration of Paris of 1856--among them that
+free ships make free goods--will hardly at this day be disputed by the
+signatories of that solemn agreement.
+
+His Majesty's Government, like the Government of the United States, have
+often and explicitly held that these rights represent the best usage of
+warfare in the dealings of belligerents with neutrals at sea. In this
+connection I desire to direct attention to the opinion of the Chief
+Justice of the United States in the case of the Peterhof, which arose
+out of the civil war, and to the fact that that opinion was unanimously
+sustained in the award of the Arbitration Commission of 1871, to which
+the case was presented at the request of Great Britain. From that time
+to the Declaration of London of 1909, adopted with modifications by the
+Order in Council of the 23d of October last, these rights have not been
+seriously questioned by the British Government. And no claim on the part
+of Great Britain of any justification for interfering with the clear
+rights of the United States and its citizens as neutrals could be
+admitted. To admit it would be to assume an attitude of unneutrality
+toward the present enemies of Great Britain, which would be obviously
+inconsistent with the solemn obligations of this Government in the
+present circumstances. And for Great Britain to make such a claim would
+be for her to abandon and set at nought the principles for which she has
+consistently and earnestly contended in other times and circumstances.
+
+The note of his Majesty's principal Secretary of State for Foreign
+Affairs, which accompanies the Order in Council, and which bears the
+same date, notifies the Government of the United States of the
+establishment of a blockade which is, if defined by the terms of the
+Order in Council, to include all the coasts and ports of Germany and
+every port of possible access to enemy territory. But the novel and
+quite unprecedented feature of that blockade, if we are to assume it to
+be properly so defined, is that it embraces many neutral ports and
+coasts, bars access to them, and subjects all neutral ships seeking to
+approach them to the same suspicion that would attach to them were they
+bound for the ports of the enemies of Great Britain, and to unusual
+risks and penalties.
+
+It is manifest that such limitations, risks, and liabilities placed upon
+the ships of a neutral power on the seas, beyond the right of visit and
+search and the right to prevent the shipment of contraband already
+referred to, are a distinct invasion of the sovereign rights of the
+nation whose ships, trade, or commerce is interfered with.
+
+The Government of the United States is, of course, not oblivious to the
+great changes which have occurred in the conditions and means of naval
+warfare since the rules hitherto governing legal blockade were
+formulated. It might be ready to admit that the old form of "close"
+blockade, with its cordon of ships in the immediate offing of the
+blockaded ports, is no longer practicable in the face of an enemy
+possessing the means and opportunity to make an effective defense by the
+use of submarines, mines, and air craft; but it can hardly be maintained
+that, whatever form of effective blockade may be made use of, it is
+impossible to conform at least to the spirit and principles of the
+established rules of war.
+
+If the necessities of the case should seem to render it imperative that
+the cordon of blockading vessels be extended across the approaches to
+any neighboring neutral port or country, it would seem clear that it
+would still be easily practicable to comply with the well-recognized and
+reasonable prohibition of international law against the blockading of
+neutral ports, by according free admission and exit to all lawful
+traffic with neutral ports through the blockading cordon.
+
+This traffic would, of course, include all outward-bound traffic from
+the neutral country and all inward-bound traffic to the neutral country,
+except contraband in transit to the enemy. Such procedure need not
+conflict in any respect with the rights of the belligerent maintaining
+the blockade, since the right would remain with the blockading vessels
+to visit and search all ships either entering or leaving the neutral
+territory which they were in fact, but not of right, investing.
+
+The Government of the United States notes that in the Order in Council
+his Majesty's Government give as their reason for entering upon a course
+of action, which they are aware is without precedent in modern warfare,
+the necessity they conceive themselves to have been placed under to
+retaliate upon their enemies for measures of a similar nature, which the
+latter have announced it their intention to adopt, and which they have
+to some extent adopted, but the Government of the United States,
+recalling the principles upon which his Majesty's Government have
+hitherto been scrupulous to act, interprets this as merely a reason for
+certain extraordinary activities on the part of his Majesty's naval
+forces and not as an excuse for or prelude to any unlawful action.
+
+If the course pursued by the present enemies of Great Britain should
+prove to be in fact tainted by illegality and disregard of the
+principles of war sanctioned by enlightened nations, it cannot be
+supposed, and this Government does not for a moment suppose, that his
+Majesty's Government would wish the same taint to attach to their own
+actions or would cite such illegal acts as in any sense or degree a
+justification for similar practices on their part in so far as they
+affect neutral rights.
+
+It is thus that the Government of the United States interprets the
+language of the note of his Majesty's principal Secretary of State for
+Foreign Affairs, which accompanies the copy of the Order in Council,
+which was handed to the Ambassador of the United States by the
+Government in London and by him transmitted to Washington.
+
+This Government notes with gratification that "wide discretion is
+afforded to the prize court in dealing with the trade of neutrals in
+such a manner as may in the circumstances be deemed just, and that full
+provision is made to facilitate claims by persons interested in any
+goods placed in the custody of the Marshal of the prize court under the
+order." That "the effect of the Order in Council is to confer certain
+powers upon the executive officers of his Majesty's Government," and
+that "the extent to which these powers will be actually exercised and
+the degree of severity with which the measure of blockade authorized
+will be put into operation are matters which will depend on the
+administrative orders issued by the Government and the decisions of the
+authorities especially charged with the duty of dealing with individual
+ships and cargoes, according to the merits of each case."
+
+This Government further notes with equal satisfaction the declaration of
+the British Government that "the instructions to be issued by his
+Majesty's Government to the fleet and to the customs officials and
+executive committees concerned will impress upon them the duty of acting
+with the utmost dispatch consistent with the object in view, and of
+showing in every case such consideration for neutrals as may be
+compatible with that object, which is succinctly stated, to establish a
+blockade to prevent vessels from carrying goods for or coming from
+Germany."
+
+In view of these assurances formally given to this Government, it is
+confidently expected that the extensive powers conferred by the Order in
+Council on the executive officers of the Crown will be restricted by
+orders issued by the Government, directing the exercise of their
+discretionary powers in such a manner as to modify in practical
+application those provisions of the Order in Council, which, if strictly
+enforced, would violate neutral rights and interrupt legitimate trade.
+Relying on the faithful performance of these voluntary assurances by his
+Majesty's Government, the United States takes it for granted that the
+approach of American merchantmen to neutral ports situated upon the long
+line of coast affected by the Order in Council will not be interfered
+with when it is known that they do not carry goods which are contraband
+of war or goods destined to or proceeding from ports within the
+belligerent territory affected.
+
+The Government of the United States assumes with the greater confidence
+that his Majesty's Government will thus adjust their practice to the
+recognized rules of international law because it is manifest that the
+British Government have adopted an extraordinary method of "stopping
+cargoes destined for or coming from the enemy's territory," which, owing
+to the existence of unusual conditions in modern warfare at sea, it will
+be difficult to restrict to the limits which have been heretofore
+required by the law of nations. Though the area of operations is
+confined to "European waters, including the Mediterranean," so great an
+area of the high seas is covered and the cordon of ships is so distant
+from the territory affected that neutral vessels must necessarily pass
+through the blockading force in order to reach important neutral ports
+which Great Britain as a belligerent has not the legal right to blockade
+and which, therefore, it is presumed she has no intention of claiming to
+blockade.
+
+The Scandinavian and Danish ports, for example, are open to American
+trade. They are also free, so far as the actual enforcement of the Order
+in Council is concerned, to carry on trade with German Baltic ports,
+although it is an essential element of blockade that it bear with equal
+severity upon all neutrals.
+
+This Government, therefore, infers that the commanders of his Majesty's
+ships of war, engaged in maintaining the so-called blockade, will be
+instructed to avoid an enforcement of the proposed measures of
+non-intercourse in such a way as to impose restrictions upon neutral
+trade more burdensome than those which have been regarded as inevitable,
+when the ports of a belligerent are actually blockaded by the ships of
+its enemy.
+
+The possibilities of serious interruption of American trade under the
+Order in Council are so many, and the methods proposed are so unusual,
+and seem liable to constitute so great an impediment and embarrassment
+to neutral commerce, that the Government of the United States, if the
+Order in Council is strictly enforced, apprehends many interferences
+with its legitimate trade which will impose upon his Majesty's
+Government heavy responsibilities for acts of the British authorities
+clearly subversive of the rights of neutral nations on the high seas. It
+is, therefore, expected that the Majesty's Government, having considered
+these possibilities, will take the steps necessary to avoid them, and,
+in the event that they should unhappily occur, will be prepared to make
+full reparation for every act which, under the rules of international
+law, constitutes a violation of neutral rights.
+
+As stated in its communication of Oct. 22, 1914, "this Government will
+insist that the rights and duties of the United States and its citizens
+in the present war be defined by the existing rules of international law
+and the treaties of the United States irrespective of the provisions of
+the Declaration of London, and that this Government reserves to itself
+the right to enter a protest or demand in each case, in which those
+rights and duties so defined are violated or their free exercise
+interfered with by the authorities of the British Government."
+
+In conclusion you will reiterate to his Majesty's Government that this
+statement of the view of the Government of the United States is made in
+the most friendly spirit, and in accordance with the uniform candor
+which has characterized the relations of the two Governments in the
+past, and which has been in large measure the foundation of the peace
+and amity existing between the two nationals without interruption for a
+century.
+
+BRYAN.
+
+
+
+
+Germany's Conditions of Peace
+
+The First Authoritative German Presentation of the Idea
+
+By Dr. Bernhard Dernburg, Late German Colonial Secretary of State
+
+
+_That Germany would be willing to make peace on the basis of a free
+neutral sea, guaranteed by the powers, was indicated in a letter written
+by Dr. Bernhard Dernburg, ex-Colonial Secretary of Germany, and read at
+a pro-German mass meeting held in Portland, Me., on April 17, 1915.
+After an explanatory note Dr. Dernburg divided into numbered clauses his
+letter, as follows:_
+
+(1) Whatever peace is concluded should be of a permanent nature; no
+perfunctory patching up should be permitted. The horror of all the
+civilized nations of the Old World slaughtering one another, every one
+convinced of the perfect righteousness of their own cause--a recurrence,
+if it could not be avoided absolutely, should be made most remote, so as
+to take the weight from our minds that all this young blood of the best
+manhood of Europe might be spilled in vain.
+
+(2) For this purpose it must be borne in mind that the world has changed
+considerably since the last big conflagration, and that all the
+countries striving for humanity and civilization are now one big family,
+with interests, spiritual as well as commercial, interlocking to a
+degree that no disturbance of any part of the civilized globe can exist
+without seriously affecting the rest. A disturbance in one quarter must
+make quite innocent bystanders involuntary victims, to the serious
+detriment of spiritual peace and commercial pursuits.
+
+The great highway on which thoughts and things travel are the high seas.
+I can with full authority disclaim any ambition by my country as to
+world dominion. She is much too modest, on the one hand, and too
+experienced, on the other hand, not to know that such a state will never
+be tolerated by the rest. Events have shown that world dominion can
+only be practiced by dominion of the high seas. The aim of Germany is to
+have the seas, as well as the narrows, kept permanently open for the
+free use of all nations in times of war as well as in times of peace.
+The sea is nobody's property and must be free to everybody. The seas are
+the lungs from which humanity draws a fresh breath of enterprise, and
+they must not be stopped up.
+
+I, personally, would go so far as to neutralize all the seas and narrows
+permanently by a common and effective agreement guaranteed by all the
+powers, so that any infringement on that score would meet with the most
+severe punishment that can be meted out to any transgressor.
+
+(3) A free sea is useless except combined with the freedom of cable and
+mail communications with all countries, whether belligerent or not. I
+should like to see all the cables jointly owned by the interested
+nations and a world mail system over sea established by common consent.
+But, more than this, an open sea demands an open policy. This means
+that, while every nation must have the right, for commercial and fiscal
+purposes, to impose whatever duties it thinks fit, these duties must be
+equal for all exports and imports for whatever destination and from
+whatever source. It would be tantamount to world empire, in fact, if a
+country owning a large part of the globe could make discriminating
+duties between the motherland and dominions or colonies as against other
+nations.
+
+This has been of late the British practice. German colonies have always
+been open to every comer, including the motherland, on equal terms. Such
+equality of treatment should be the established practice for all the
+future. The only alternative to an open sea and free intercourse policy
+would be a Chinese wall around each country. If there is no free
+intercourse every country must become self-sufficient. Germany has
+proved that it can be done. But this policy would mean very high customs
+barriers, discrimination, unbounded egotism, and a world bristling in
+arms. While the free sea policy stands for the true aims of
+international relations, namely, in exchange of goods, which must
+benefit either party, to be mutually satisfactory, it will engender
+friendly feeling among all the peoples, advance civilization, and
+thereby have a sure tendency toward disarmament.
+
+(4) Germany has been taxed with disregarding treaty obligations, tearing
+up a scrap of paper--a solemn engagement of international character
+regarding Belgium. I have the less reason to enter into this matter
+since--if it was a breach of international law at all--it has been
+followed up by all other belligerents by destroying other parts of that
+code so essential to the welfare of the community of nations. Two German
+men-of-war have been destroyed in neutral waters. The protests that the
+Government of this country had to make against Great Britain's treatment
+of international sea law and the rights of the neutrals are too numerous
+to be recounted. Chinese neutrality has been violated in the grossest
+way.
+
+In disregard of all conventions, China is now being subjected to demands
+incompatible with the rights of self-respecting nations. Egypt and
+Cyprus have been annexed by Great Britain, disregarding all treaties.
+Germany's diplomatic representatives have been driven from China,
+Morocco, and Egypt--all countries sovereign at the time. The Declaration
+of London, which had been set up by the Government of the United States
+as the governing document, had to be dropped as such. There is
+practically no part of international law that could stand the test.
+Justice toward neutrals compels that international law should be
+re-established in a codified form, with sufficient guarantees so as to
+save, as far as possible, all the neutrals from possible implication in
+a war in which they do not take part.
+
+(5) Germany does not strive for territorial aggrandizement in Europe;
+she does not believe in conquering and subjugating unwilling
+nations--this on account of a spirit of justice and her knowledge of
+history. No such attempts have ever been permanently successful.
+
+Belgium commands the main outlet of Western German trade, is the natural
+foreland of the empire, and has been conquered with untold sacrifice of
+blood and treasure. It offers to German trade the only outlet to an open
+sea and it has been politically established, maintained, and defended by
+England in order to keep these natural advantages from Germany.
+
+The love for small peoples that England heralds now will never stand
+investigation, as shown by the destruction of the small Boer republics.
+So Belgium cannot be given up. However, these considerations could be
+disregarded if all the other German demands, especially a guaranteed
+free sea, were fully complied with and the natural commercial
+relationship of Belgium to Germany was considered in a just and workable
+form. In this case Germany will not fail when the times come to help in
+rebuilding the country; in fact, she is doing so now.
+
+(6) Germany is a country smaller in size than California, but populated
+thirty-five times as thickly as that State. She loves and fosters family
+life, and sees her future in the raising of large families of healthy
+children under the home roof and under the national flag. German parents
+have no desire to expatriate every year a considerable number of their
+children. This implies that her industrial development, which would
+alone give occupation to the yearly increase of pretty nearly a million
+people, should go on unhampered.
+
+The activity of her people should have an outlet in the development of
+such foreign parts as need or wish for development. Great Britain has
+shown very little foresight in constantly opposing such efforts,
+playing Morocco into the hands of France, a nation that remained
+stationary for forty-four years, with little more than half of the
+population of Germany, and with a system equally undermining religion
+and morality in keeping families small for the sake of worldly comforts.
+
+England, furthermore, constantly obstructed the German endeavor to
+reclaim for the benefit of all of the world the granary in Mesopotamia.
+A permanent peace will mean that this German activity must get a wide
+scope without infringement upon the rights of others. Germany should be
+encouraged to continue her activities in Africa and Asia Minor, which
+can only result in permanent benefit to all the world. Americans have a
+saying "that it will never do good to sit on a safety valve."
+
+There is nothing in the program of my country which would not be
+beneficial to the rest of the world, especially the United States. That
+this is so the events of the last months have conclusively shown, and a
+better appreciation of what Germany really stands for has recently
+taken place. So, if I plead the cause of my country, I am not pleading
+as a German alone, but as a citizen of a country who wishes to be a
+useful and true member of the universality of nations, contributing by
+humanitarian aims and by the enhancement of personal freedom to the
+happiness of even the lowliest members of the great world community.
+
+I am proud to say that I cannot only give this assurance, but produce
+facts, and I beg to refer to the modern system of social reforms which
+Germany inaugurated and carries through at an expense which is every
+year larger by half than the expense of the military system.
+
+The brunt of this war has not been borne by the men who fight, but by
+the women who suffer, and it will be one of the proudest and most
+coveted achievements that Germany will gain in rewarding in a dignified
+and permanently beneficial way the enormous sacrifices of womanhood, to
+alleviate to the extent of the possible the hardships and sorrows that
+this war has brought upon them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+The Allies' Conditions of Peace
+
+By Sir Edward Grey
+
+
+     Sir Edward Grey, presiding at a lecture on the war by Mr.
+     Buchan, delivered March 22, 1915, reviewed the origin and
+     causes of the conflict. Germany, he said, refused every
+     suggestion made to her for settling the dispute by means of a
+     conference. On her must rest for all time the appalling
+     responsibility for having plunged Europe into this war. One
+     essential condition of peace must be the restoration to
+     Belgium of her independence and reparation to her for the
+     cruel wrong done to her. England claims for herself and her
+     allies claim for themselves, and together will secure for
+     Europe, the right of independent sovereignty for the different
+     nations, the right to pursue a national existence in the light
+     of general liberty.
+
+The occasion of our meeting this afternoon is to hear a lecture from my
+friend Mr. Buchan on the strategy of the war, and he is sure to make it
+informing and interesting. His friends know him as a man of fine public
+spirit and patriotism, in whom a crisis such as this in his country's
+history arouses the noblest feelings. I am sorry that an engagement
+makes it necessary for me to return soon to the Foreign Office, and
+therefore it will be a great disappointment to me not to hear the whole
+of the lecture. I take the opportunity to make my apology now, and also
+to make one or two remarks on the origin and issues of the war. While we
+are engaged in considering the particular methods by which the war may
+be prosecuted to a successful conclusion do not let us lose sight even
+for a moment of the character and origin of this war and of the main
+issues for which we are fighting. Hundreds of millions of money have
+been spent, hundreds of thousands of lives have been lost, and millions
+have been maimed and wounded in Europe during the last few months. And
+all this might have been avoided by the simple method of a conference or
+a joint discussion between the powers concerned which might have been
+held in London, at The Hague, or wherever and in whatever form Germany
+would have consented to have it. It would have been far easier to have
+settled by conference the dispute between Austria-Hungary and Serbia,
+which Germany made the occasion for this war, than it was to get
+successfully through the Balkan crisis of two years ago. Germany knew
+from her experience of the conference in London which settled the Balkan
+crisis that she could count upon our good will for peace in any
+conference of the powers. We had sought no diplomatic triumph in the
+Balkan Conference; we did not give ourselves to any intrigue; we pursued
+impartially and honorably the end of peace, and we were ready last July
+to do the same again.
+
+In recent years we have given Germany every assurance that no aggression
+upon her would receive any support from us. We withheld from her one
+thing--we would not give an unconditional promise to stand aside,
+however aggressive Germany herself might be to her neighbors. Last July,
+before the outbreak of the war, France was ready to accept a conference;
+Italy was ready to accept a conference; Russia was ready to accept a
+conference; and we know now that after the British proposal for a
+conference was made, the Emperor of Russia himself proposed to the
+German Emperor that the dispute should be referred to The Hague. Germany
+refused every suggestion made to her for settling the dispute in this
+way. On her rests now, and must rest for all time, the appalling
+responsibility for having plunged Europe into this war and for having
+involved herself and the greater part of the Continent in the
+consequences of it.
+
+We know now that the German Government had prepared for war as only
+people who plan can prepare. This is the fourth time within living
+memory that Prussia had made war in Europe. In the Schleswig-Holstein
+war, in the war against Austria in 1866, in the war against France in
+1870, as we now know from all the documents that have been revealed, it
+was Prussia who planned and prepared these wars. The same thing has
+occurred again, and we are determined that it shall be the last time
+that war shall be made in this way.
+
+We had assured Belgium that never would we violate her neutrality so
+long as it was respected by others. I had given this pledge to Belgium
+long before the war. On the eve of the war we asked France and Germany
+to give the same pledge. France at once did so. Germany declined to give
+it. When, after that, Germany invaded Belgium we were bound to oppose
+Germany with all our strength, and if we had not done so at the first
+moment, is there any one who now believes that when Germany attacked the
+Belgians, when she shot down combatants and non-combatants in a way that
+violated all the rules of war of recent times and the laws of humanity
+of all time--is there any one who thinks it possible now that we could
+have sat still and looked on without eternal disgrace?
+
+Now what is the issue for which we are fighting? In due time the terms
+of peace will be put forward by our Allies in concert with us--in
+accordance with the alliance that exists between us--and published to
+the world. One essential condition must be the restoration to Belgium of
+her independence, national life, and free possession of her territory,
+and reparation to her as far as reparation is possible for the cruel
+wrong done to her. That is part of the great issue for which we, with
+our allies, are contending, and the great part of the issue is this--We
+wish the nations of Europe to be free to live their independent lives,
+working out their own form of government for themselves, and their own
+national developments, whether they be great nations or small States, in
+full liberty. This is our ideal. The German ideal--we have had it poured
+out by German professors and publicists since the war began--is that of
+the Germans as a superior people, to whom all things are lawful in the
+securing of their own power, against whom resistance of any sort is
+unlawful--a people establishing a domination over the nations of the
+Continent, imposing a peace which is not to be liberty for every nation,
+but subservience to Germany. I would rather perish or leave the
+Continent altogether than live on it under such conditions.
+
+After this war we and the other nations of Europe must be free to live,
+not menaced continually by talk of "supreme war lords," and "shining
+armor," and the sword continually "rattled in the scabbard," and heaven
+continually invoked as the accomplice of Germany, and not having our
+policy dictated and our national destinies and activities controlled by
+the military caste of Prussia. We claim for ourselves and our allies
+claim for themselves, and together we will secure for Europe, the right
+of independent sovereignty for the different nations, the right to
+pursue a national existence, not in the shadow of Prussian hegemony and
+supremacy, but in the light of equal liberty.
+
+All honor for ever be given from us whom age and circumstances have kept
+at home to those who have voluntarily come forward to risk their lives,
+and give their lives on the field of battle on land and on sea. They
+have their reward in enduring fame and honor. And all honor be from us
+to the brave armies and navies of our Allies, who have exhibited such
+splendid courage and noble patriotism. The admiration they have aroused,
+and their comradeship in arms, will be an ennobling and enduring memory
+between us, cementing friendships and perpetuating national good will.
+For all of us who are serving the State at home or in whatever capacity,
+whether officials, or employers, or wage earners, doing our utmost to
+carry on the national life in this time of stress, there is the
+knowledge that there can be no nobler opportunity than that of serving
+one's country when its existence is at stake, and when the cause is just
+and right; and never was there a time in our national history when the
+crisis was so great and so imperative, or the cause more just and right.
+
+
+
+
+South Africa's Romantic Blue Paper
+
+Recording the Vision of "Oom Niklaas," the Boer Seer of Lichtenburg
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April 18, 1915.]
+
+
+The South African "Blue Paper" is out. It is unique. However widely and
+however eagerly the official documents of the other countries involved
+in the present war may have been read, they could not be called romantic
+in any sense of the word.
+
+The "Blue Paper" issued by the Union of South Africa presents a distinct
+contrast. In the third paragraph of the very first page of this weighty
+document, which deals with the recent rebellion, is the following
+unusual sentence:
+
+     It is not surprising, then, that in the ferment aroused by the
+     gigantic struggle in Europe, which seemed to be shaking the
+     world to its foundations, young men began to see visions and
+     old men to dream dreams of what the outcome might be for South
+     Africa.
+
+And this is followed by a still stranger passage:
+
+     The times were not without their signs. There was a seer in
+     Lichtenburg who had visions of strange import. Years ago and
+     long before any one in this country had dreamed of war he
+     beheld a great fight of bulls, six or seven of them, engaged
+     in bloody combat; a gray bull had emerged victorious from the
+     contest.
+
+     The bulls signified the great nations of Europe, and the gray
+     bull was Germany. Thousands had discussed this strange vision
+     and had remembered its prophetic character when, later, war
+     actually broke out. The vision seemed ominous. Germany was
+     predestined to triumph.
+
+The seer is Niklaas van Rensburg, and he runs through this Government
+report like a scarlet thread through gray homespun. It is around his
+influence that the uprising of Sept. 15 is built. It is under his roof
+that all manner of lurid conspiracies are hatched. Not only do his words
+carry with the crowds that gather before his house to hear his prophecy,
+but his warnings shape the actions of some of the Transvaal Generals.
+The Government report will not go so far as to brand "Oom Niklaas" as a
+hoax. Says the preface:
+
+     It is desired to point out that the narrative of events has
+     been compiled in as objective a manner as possible, and that
+     it contains no statement which is not borne out by evidence in
+     possession of the Government.
+
+Evidently, to denounce visions of gray bulls as hocus-pocus would be to
+describe a puzzling situation much too subjectively, since the
+Government has apparently no evidence that these are not genuine
+prophecy. The best the Government can do is to call them "extraordinary
+and apparently quite authentic."
+
+But the extraordinary part of it is that an illiterate old soothsayer
+should be considered important enough to be included in an official
+report.
+
+His most famous and most influential prophecy, the one that will go down
+in the history of South Africa, was that which concerned General de la
+Rey and the fatal number 15.
+
+The prophecy which came back to the minds of van Rensburg's followers
+when war broke out was one concerning General de la Rey, the intrepid
+soldier who had commanded the Lichtenburg burghers in the Boer war and
+since become President of the Western Transvaal Farmers' Association.
+Van Rensburg had always admired General de la Rey. He had frequently
+hinted to his circle that great things were in store for him. One of his
+visions had been well known to General de la Rey and his friends for
+some years. The report says:
+
+     The seer had beheld the number 15 on a dark cloud from which
+     blood issued, and then General de la Rey returning home
+     without his hat. Immediately afterward came a carriage covered
+     with flowers.
+
+
+[Illustration: H.M. CONSTANTINE I.
+
+King of Greece.
+
+_(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)_]
+
+[Illustration: JOHN REDMOND
+
+The great Irish leader, who says that Ireland has now taken her proper
+place in the British Empire.
+
+_(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)_]
+
+This was several years ago. But the people did not forget the prophecy,
+and when war broke out in Europe the Western Transvaal--in the
+Lichtenburg-Wolmaransstad area, where van Rensburg's influence was
+strongest--was immediately aflame. The Government does not seek to
+minimize the importance of this influence:
+
+     When the war at last broke out, the effect in Lichtenburg was
+     instantaneous. The prophecies of van Rensburg were eagerly
+     recalled, and it was remembered that he had foretold a day on
+     which the independence of the Transvaal would be restored.
+
+     Certain individuals could be seen daily cleaning their rifles
+     and cartridges in order to be ready for the day. Within a week
+     of the declaration of war between England and Germany the
+     district was further profoundly stirred by the news (now
+     become generally known) that a great meeting of local burghers
+     was to be held at Treurfontein on the 15th of August, and that
+     certain local officers were commandeering their burghers to
+     come to this meeting armed and fully equipped for active
+     service.
+
+The outbreak of the war in Europe suddenly brought the Lichtenburger's
+prophecy down to earth and crystallized the dream. The commandants were
+evidently as convinced that independence was at hand as the crowd.
+
+     Careful inquiries by other local officers brought to light the
+     following facts:
+
+     Veld Kornet, I.E. Claassen, and Commandant F.G.A. Wolmarans of
+     Ward Onder Hartsrivier had been commandeering their own
+     burghers as well as their political friends since the first
+     week of August to come to the meeting which was to be held at
+     Treurfontein on the 15th. The instructions given to these men
+     were that they were to come with rifle, horse, saddle and
+     bridle, and as much ammunitions and provisions as they could
+     manage to bring.
+
+     The meeting was to be addressed by General de la Rey, and it
+     was generally believed that the assembled burghers would march
+     on Potchefstroom immediately after the meeting.
+
+None doubted the truth of the seer's prophecy now. The Western Transvaal
+took it for its guide with implicit confidence.
+
+     The strange vision of the number 15, which had long been
+     common knowledge, was now discussed with intense interest. The
+     15, it was said, signified the 15th of August, the day of the
+     meeting. That would be the day which had been so long
+     expected--the day of liberation.
+
+     Van Rensburg was now the oracle. His prophecies with regard to
+     the great war had been signally fulfilled. Germany was at
+     grips with England, and her triumph was looked upon as
+     inevitable.
+
+     The day had arrived to strike a blow for their lost
+     independence. Van Rensburg assured his following that the
+     Union Government was "finished." Not a shot would be fired.
+     The revolution would be complete and bloodless.
+
+     Between the 10th and the 15th the plotters in Lichtenburg were
+     actively preparing for the day. There is evidence that German
+     secret agents were working in concert with them. When doubters
+     asked how they could be so certain that the 15 signified a day
+     of the month--and of the month of August in particular--they
+     were scornfully if illogically told that "in God's time a
+     month sooner or later made no difference."
+
+Of course, General de la Rey was the storm centre. He had been mentioned
+in the same vision with the number 15 and it was taken for granted that
+he would play the chief rôle in the Treurfontein meeting. De la Rey was
+the unquestioned ruler of the Western Transvaal. The report states:
+
+     He possessed an unrivaled influence and was looked up to as
+     the uncrowned king of the West. His attitude at the meeting
+     would sway the mass of his adherents and decide the question
+     of peace or war.
+
+Accordingly, General Louis Botha, Premier of the South African Union,
+summoned General de la Rey to Pretoria some days before the meeting, and
+persuaded him to use his best efforts to allay excitement.
+
+On the 15th the meeting was held. The situation was a tense one. Not one
+of the burghers present doubted the outcome. Yet General de la Rey
+exhorted them to remain cool and calm. He urged them to await the turn
+of events in Europe. After his address a "strange and unusual silence"
+was observed, says the "Blue Paper."
+
+     A resolution was passed unanimously expressing complete
+     confidence in the Government to act in the best interests of
+     South Africa in the present world crisis. The burghers
+     appeared to have taken their leader's advice to heart, as they
+     dispersed quietly to their homes.
+
+All danger of a rebellious movement had apparently been averted.
+
+The only difficulty was that the prophecy of "Oom Niklaas" was still
+standing. The fact that the uprising had failed did not seem in the
+least to invalidate the vision. If the mysterious number did not mean
+Aug. 15, then perhaps it did mean Sept. 15.
+
+Accordingly, preparations were laid for a rebellion for the latter date.
+The plot was engineered by Lieut. Colonel Solomon G. Maritz and General
+Christian Frederick Beyers. Maritz is a brilliant though unlettered
+Colonel who won distinction in the Boer war, while Beyers was the
+Commandant General of the South African Union forces. Beyers is dead
+now; Maritz and some of the prominent men associated in the conspiracy
+are in prison awaiting trial.
+
+Beyers and Maritz did not trust entirely to the prophecy of the seer of
+Lichtenburg. Maritz had already obtained a guarantee from the
+authorities in German West Africa, with whom he had been in
+communication for some time, that in the event of Germany's victory the
+Free State and the Transvaal would be given their freedom. He had
+organized the back-veldt Boers into readiness to go over into German
+West Africa at a moment's notice. In the Free State, General de Wet was
+ready to aid the rebellion, and the Western Transvaal, already excited,
+could easily be swung into line.
+
+The regiments of the west were to concentrate at Potchefstroom early in
+September for their annual training. At that time the members of the
+Government, among them General de la Rey, who is a member of the
+Legislative Assembly, would be in Cape Town for the session of the
+Parliament.
+
+Everything made the 15th of September look like an auspicious date for
+the conspirators and those who believed in van Rensburg. But General de
+la Rey still remained the storm centre. He was the factor which upset
+all plans. He was the most difficult obstacle. A large personality, his
+influence could never be discounted. If he could be induced to join the
+conspiracy the cause was as good as won. Should he oppose the movement
+it was lost, for neither Beyers nor Major Kemp, a leader in his district
+in West Transvaal, could hope to do anything against General de la Rey
+in the west.
+
+General de la Rey believed in the Lichtenburg prophet. A strong man, of
+extraordinary force and intelligence, the whole course of his plans
+might be altered by a new vision from van Rensburg. Beyers knew this,
+says the report, and saw the way by which he should win the General to
+the conspiracy.
+
+     There is evidence to prove that General Beyers set himself
+     systematically to work in General de la Rey's mind in order to
+     induce him to join the conspiracy.
+
+     General de la Rey was known to hold strong religious views,
+     which colored his whole outlook. The seer, van Rensburg, who
+     was always full of religious talk, had in this way acquired a
+     considerable amount of influence over General de la Rey.
+
+     There is the best of evidence (General Beyers's own statement)
+     for the belief that he himself did not scruple to work on
+     General de la Rey's mind through his religious feelings.
+
+Just how Beyers accomplished this has not yet been revealed, but there
+was material enough to his hand. The news from Europe was disquieting.
+The German drive to Paris seemed irresistible. It looked as if in a week
+or two Germany would have the Allies at her mercy.
+
+The prophet saw visions in which 40,000 German soldiers were marching up
+and down the streets of London. He predicted significantly that the new
+South African State would have at its head "a man who feared God." The
+Government of Premier Botha and General Smuts, the Minister of Finance
+and Defense, was "finished." He had seen the English leaving the
+Transvaal and moving down toward Natal. When they had gone far away, a
+vulture flew from among them and returned to the Boers and settled down
+among them. That was Botha. As for Smuts, he would flee desperately to
+England and would never be seen in South Africa again. Through it all
+ran the strange number 15.
+
+This was excellent material for the conspirators. But the problem was to
+get General de la Rey away from the Parliament session at Cape Town and
+into the Potchefstroom camp at the psychological moment. Beyers sent a
+series of urgent telegrams to Cape Town hinting at important business.
+He emphasized the need for General de la Rey's immediate presence in
+Potchefstroom. He had evidently not yet broached the conspiracy to the
+General, but hoped only to get him to the camp at the critical moment
+when his presence would prove the deciding factor.
+
+[Illustration: [map of South Africa]]
+
+Everything in Potchefstroom was in readiness. The Active Citizen Force
+concentrated here--about 1,600 men--was to start the uprising. The
+movement was to be promptly seconded throughout the Western Transvaal.
+The "Vierkleur" was to be hoisted, and a march made on Pretoria, men and
+horses being commandeered on the way. This was to take place on Tuesday,
+the 15th. There was an attempt to line up the prophet to add to the
+theatric effect, says the report.
+
+     On the night of the 14th the "Prophet" himself was specially
+     sent for by motor car to be personally present on the 15th to
+     witness the consummation of his prophecy. The conspirators
+     hoped to profit by the impression he would undoubtedly make on
+     those who still hesitated.
+
+     Unfortunately for them, however, the seer refused to leave his
+     home, saying that "it was not yet clear to him that that was
+     his path."
+
+The signal for the revolt was to be the arrival of General Beyers and
+General de la Rey in the Potchefstroom camp. The latter was returning
+from Cape Town via Kimberley, and was due to arrive in Potchefstroom on
+the 15th. But for some reason he chose to come back through the Free
+State, and by the 15th was only at Johannesburg.
+
+This upset plans. Beyers had to act quickly. He had his chauffeur
+overhaul his motor car, equip it with new tubes and covers, in readiness
+for "a long journey." In a short time the car was on its way to bring
+General de la Rey from Johannesburg to Pretoria, where Beyers would meet
+him.
+
+There was no time to be lost. It was too late to stage the rebellion for
+the 15th, but Beyers arranged for it to be at 4 o'clock on the morning
+of Wednesday, the 16th.
+
+General de la Rey arrived in Pretoria. General Beyers met him and asked
+him to go immediately with him to Potchefstroom.
+
+The car came within sight of Johannesburg. A police cordon had been
+thrown around the town for the purpose of capturing three desperadoes,
+known as the "Foster gang," who were trying to escape in a motor car.
+The police were instructed to stop all motors and to examine in
+particular any car containing three men.
+
+Beyers's car held three men. It was racing at high speed. It was, of
+course, challenged by the police and ordered to stop. But Beyers knew
+nothing of the "Foster gang" and the reason for the police cordon. Keyed
+up to the highest pitch of nervous tension, his immediate conclusion was
+that his plot had been discovered and that the police were after him. He
+believed he was trapped.
+
+Meanwhile, Major Kemp at Potchefstroom grew more and more anxious as the
+hours slipped by. Midnight came, and no news of the two Generals. About
+3 o'clock in the morning, says the report, an officer sharing the tent
+of a Lieutenant Colonel by the name of Kock, who was Kemp's confidant,
+was awakened by the entrance of a man. It proved to be Major Kemp. He
+leaned over Kock's bed and whispered something in his ear.
+
+Kock, in a profoundly startled voice, exclaimed, "Oh, God!"
+
+Kemp left immediately, and Kock then whispered to his friend: "General
+de la Rey is dood geskiet," (General de la Rey has been shot dead.)
+
+The effect of this news on South Africa can be imagined. The whole
+country was aflame. This was what the number 15 meant. The General had
+indeed "returned home without his hat, followed by a carriage full of
+flowers."
+
+Report ran through every town that General de la Rey had been
+deliberately assassinated by the Government. As a matter of fact, the
+report states that the shooting was purely accidental, done by the
+police under the belief that this motor car which would not halt at
+their command contained the "Foster gang." Beyers exhibited the
+motor-car everywhere, arousing sentiment to the highest pitch.
+
+The rest was easy. The rank and file, at least, now believed firmly in
+the prophet. He had always said that General Botha would offer no
+resistance, that the revolution would be bloodless, and thousands went
+over to the cause led by Maritz and Beyers in this belief. But it was
+not until Oct. 12 that martial law was proclaimed in South Africa. The
+rebellion had begun.
+
+
+
+
+THE BELLS OF BERLIN
+
+[From Punch of London.]
+
+
+     _(Which are said to be rung by order occasionally to announce
+     some supposed German victory.)_
+
+    The Bells of Berlin, how they hearten the Hun
+      _(Oh, dingle dong dangle ding dongle ding dee;)_
+    No matter what devil's own work has been done
+    They chime a loud chant of approval, each one,
+    Till the people feel sure of their place in the sun
+      _(Oh, dangle ding dongle dong dingle ding dee.)_
+
+    If Hindenburg hustles an enemy squad
+      _(Oh, dingle dong dangle ding dongle ding dee,)_
+    The bells all announce that the alien sod
+    Is damp with the death of some thousand men odd,
+    Till the populace smiles with a gratified nod
+      _(Oh, dangle ding dongle dong dingle ding dee.)_
+
+    If Tirpitz behaves like a brute on the brine
+      _(Oh, dingle dong dangle ding dongle ding dee,)_
+    The bells with a clash and a clamor combine
+    To hint that the Hated One's on the decline,
+    And the city gulps down the good tidings like wine,
+      _(Oh, dangle ding dongle dong dingle ding dee.)_
+
+    The Bells of Berlin, are they cracked through and through
+      _(Oh, dingle dong dangle ding dongle ding dee,)_
+    Or deaf to the discord like Germany, too?
+    For whether their changes be many or few,
+    The worst of them is that they never ring true,
+      _(Oh, dangle ding dongle dong dingle ding dee.)_
+
+
+
+
+Warfare and British Labor
+
+By Earl Kitchener, England's Secretary of State for War
+
+
+     In his speech delivered in the House of Lords on March 15,
+     1915, Earl Kitchener calls upon the whole nation to work, not
+     only in supplying the manhood of the country to serve in the
+     ranks, but in supplying the necessary arms, ammunition, and
+     equipment for successful operations in various parts of the
+     world.
+
+For many weeks only trench fighting has been possible owing to the
+climatic conditions and waterlogged state of the ground. During this
+period of apparent inaction, it must not be forgotten that our troops
+have had to exercise the utmost individual vigilance and resource, and,
+owing to the proximity of the enemy's lines, a great strain has been
+imposed upon them. Prolonged warfare of this sort might be expected to
+affect the morale of an army, but the traditional qualities of patience,
+good temper, and determination have maintained our men, though highly
+tried, in a condition ready to act with all the initiative and courage
+required when the moment for an advance arrived. The recently published
+accounts of the fighting in France have enabled us to appreciate how
+successfully our troops have taken the offensive. The German troops,
+notwithstanding their carefully prepared and strongly intrenched
+positions, have been driven back for a considerable distance and the
+villages of Neuve Chapelle and L'Epinette have been captured and held by
+our army, with heavy losses to the enemy.
+
+In these operations our Indian troops took a prominent part and
+displayed fine fighting qualities. I will in this connection read a
+telegram I have received from Sir John French:
+
+     Please transmit following message to Viceroy India: I am glad
+     to be able to inform your Excellency that the Indian troops
+     under General Sir James Willcocks fought with great gallantry
+     and marked success in the capture of Neuve Chapelle and
+     subsequent fighting which took place on the 10th, 11th, 12th
+     and 13th of this month. The fighting was very severe and the
+     losses heavy, but nothing daunted them. Their tenacity,
+     courage and endurance were admirable and worthy of the best
+     traditions of the soldiers of India.
+
+I should like also to mention that the Canadian Division showed their
+mettle and have received the warm commendation of Sir John French for
+the high spirit and bravery with which they have performed their part.
+Our casualties during the three days' fighting, though probably severe,
+are not nearly so heavy as those suffered by the enemy, from whom a
+large number of prisoners have been taken.
+
+Since I last spoke in this House substantial reinforcements have been
+sent to France. They include the Canadian Division, the North Midland
+Division, and the Second London Division, besides other units. These are
+the first complete divisions of the Territorial Force to go to France,
+where I am sure they will do credit to themselves and sustain the high
+reputation which the Territorials have already won for themselves there.
+The health of the troops has been remarkably good, and their freedom
+from enteric fever and from the usual diseases incidental to field
+operations is a striking testimony to the value of inoculation and to
+the advice and skill of the Royal Army Medical Corps and its auxiliary
+organizations.
+
+The French army, except for a slight withdrawal at Soissons, owing to
+their reinforcements being cut off by the swollen state of the Aisne
+River, have made further important progress at various points on the
+long line they hold, especially in Champagne. Association with both our
+allies in the western theatre has only deepened our admiration of their
+resolute tenacity and fighting qualities.
+
+In the Eastern theatre the violent German attacks on Warsaw have failed
+in their purpose, and a considerable concentration of German troops to
+attack the Russian positions in East Prussia, after causing a
+retirement, are now either well held or are being driven back. In the
+Caucasus fresh defeats have been inflicted by the Russians on the Turks,
+and the latter have also been repulsed by our forces in Egypt when they
+attempted to attack the Suez Canal. The operations now proceeding
+against the Dardanelles show the great power of the allied fleets, and,
+although at the present stage I can say no more than what is given in
+the public press on the subject, your Lordships may rest assured that
+the matter is well in hand.
+
+The work of supplying and equipping new armies depends largely on our
+ability to obtain the war material required. Our demands on the
+industries concerned with the manufacture of munitions of war in this
+country have naturally been very great, and have necessitated that they
+and other ancillary trades should work at the highest possible pressure.
+The armament firms have promptly responded to our appeal, and have
+undertaken orders of vast magnitude. The great majority also of the
+employees have loyally risen to the occasion, and have worked, and are
+working, overtime and on night shifts in all the various workshops and
+factories in the country.
+
+Notwithstanding these efforts to meet our requirements, we have
+unfortunately found that the output is not only not equal to our
+necessities, but does not fulfill our expectations, for a very large
+number of our orders have not been completed by the dates on which they
+were promised. The progress in equipping our new armies, and also in
+supplying the necessary war material for our forces in the field, has
+been seriously hampered by the failure to obtain sufficient labor, and
+by delays in the production of the necessary plant, largely due to the
+enormous demands not only of ourselves, but of our allies.
+
+While the workmen generally, as I have said, have worked loyally and
+well, there have, I regret to say, been instances where absence,
+irregular timekeeping, and slack work have led to a marked diminution
+in the output of our factories. In some cases the temptations of drink
+account for this failure to work up to the high standard expected. It
+has been brought to my notice on more than one occasion that the
+restrictions of trade unions have undoubtedly added to our difficulties,
+not so much in obtaining sufficient labor, as in making the best use of
+that labor. I am confident, however, that the seriousness of the
+position as regards our supplies has only to be mentioned, and all
+concerned will agree to waive for the period of the war any of those
+restrictions which prevent in the very slightest degree our utilizing
+all the labor available to the fullest extent that is possible.
+
+I cannot too earnestly point out that, unless the whole nation works
+with us and for us, not only in supplying the manhood of the country to
+serve in our ranks, but also in supplying the necessary arms,
+ammunition, and equipment, successful operations in the various parts of
+the world in which we are engaged will be very seriously hampered and
+delayed. I have heard rumors that the workmen in some factories have an
+idea that the war is going so well that there is no necessity for them
+to work their hardest. I can only say that the supply of war material at
+the present moment and for the next two or three months is causing me
+very serious anxiety, and I wish all those engaged in the manufacture
+and supply of these stores to realize that it is absolutely essential
+not only that the arrears in the deliveries of our munitions of war
+should be wiped off, but that the output of every round of ammunition is
+of the utmost importance, and has a large influence on our operations in
+the field.
+
+The bill which my noble friend is about to place before the House as an
+amendment to the Defense of the Realm act is calculated to rectify this
+state of things as far as it is possible, and, in my opinion, it is
+imperatively necessary. In such a large manufacturing country as our own
+the enormous output of what we require to place our troops in the field
+thoroughly equipped and found with ammunition is undoubtedly possible,
+but this output can only be obtained by a careful and deliberate
+organization for developing the resources of the country so as to enable
+each competent workman to utilize in the most useful manner possible all
+his ability and energy in the common object which we all have in view,
+which is the successful prosecution and victorious termination of this
+war. [Cheers.] I feel sure that there is no business or manufacturing
+firm in this country that will object for one moment to any delay or
+loss caused in the product of their particular industry when they feel
+that they and their men are taking part with us in maintaining the
+soldiers in the field with those necessaries without which they cannot
+fight.
+
+As I have said, the regular armament firms have taken on enormous
+contracts vastly in excess of their ordinary engagements in normal times
+of peace. We have also spread orders both in the form of direct
+contracts and subcontracts over a large number of subsidiary firms not
+accustomed in peace time to this class of manufacture. It will, I am
+sure, be readily understood that, when new plant is available for the
+production of war material, those firms that are not now so engaged
+should release from their own work the labor necessary to keep the
+machinery fully occupied on the production for which it is being laid
+down, as well as to supply sufficient labor to keep working at full
+power the whole of the machinery which we now have.
+
+I hope that this result will be attained under the provisions of the
+bill now about to be placed before you. Labor may very rightly ask that
+their patriotic work should not be used to inflate the profits of the
+directors and shareholders of the various great industrial and armament
+firms, and we are therefore arranging a system under which the important
+armament firms will come under Government control, and we hope that
+workmen who work regularly by keeping good time shall reap some of the
+benefits which the war automatically confers on these great companies.
+
+I feel strongly that the men working long hours in the shops by day and
+by night, week in and week out, are doing their duty for their King and
+country in a like manner with those who have joined the army for active
+service in the field. [Cheers.] They are thus taking their part in the
+war and displaying the patriotism that has been so manifestly shown by
+the nation in all ranks, and I am glad to be able to state that his
+Majesty has approved that where service in this great work of supplying
+the munitions of war has been thoroughly, loyally and continuously
+rendered, the award of a medal will be granted on the successful
+termination of the war. [Cheers.]
+
+
+
+
+SAVIORS OF EUROPE
+
+By Rene Bazin
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+I believe that King Albert and Belgium, in sacrificing themselves as
+they have done for right, have saved Europe.
+
+I believe that in order to act with such decision it was essential to
+have a King, that is to say, a leader responsible to history, of an old
+and proved stock.
+
+I believe that for such action a Christian nation was essential, a
+nation capable of understanding, of accepting, and of enduring the
+ordeal.
+
+I believe that the first duty of the Allies will be to restore the
+Kingdom of Belgium, and that the example shown by the King and his
+people will be exalted in all civilized countries as long as the world
+reads history.
+
+
+
+
+Britain's Peril of Strikes and Drink
+
+By David Lloyd George, Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+
+
+     The gravity of labor disputes in the present time of national
+     danger was dealt with by Mr. Lloyd George in a speech to his
+     constituents at Bangor on Feb. 28, 1915, special reference
+     being made to the Clyde strike. He declared that compulsory
+     arbitration in war time was imperative, as it was "intolerable
+     that the lives of Britons should be imperiled for a matter of
+     a farthing an hour." This was essentially an engineers' war,
+     for equipment was even more needed than men. Mr. Lloyd George
+     went on to comment on the adverse effect of drinking upon
+     production, and added: "We have great powers to deal with
+     drink, and we shall use them."
+
+I have promised for some time to address a meeting at Bangor. I have
+been unable to do so because Ministers of the Crown have been working
+time and overtime, and I am sorry to say that we are not even able to
+make the best of the day of rest, the urgency is so great, the pressure
+is so severe. I had something to say today, otherwise I should not have
+been here, and I had something to say that required stating at once.
+This is the only day I had to spare. It is no fault of mine. It is
+because we are entirely absorbed in the terrible task which has been
+cast upon our shoulders. I happened to have met on Friday morning,
+before I decided to come down here, one of the most eminent Scottish
+divines, a great and old friend of mine, Dr. Whyte of Edinburgh. We were
+discussing what I have got to say today. I remarked to him, "I have only
+one day on which to say it, and as that is Sunday afternoon I am very
+much afraid my constituents won't listen to me." He replied, "If they
+won't have you, come to Scotland, and we will give you the best Sunday
+afternoon meeting you ever had." But I thought I would try Wales first.
+[Cheers.] He told me that in the Shorter Catechism you are allowed to do
+works of charity and necessity, and those who tell me that this is not
+work of necessity do not know the need, the dire need, of their country
+at this hour. At this moment there are Welshmen in the trenches of
+France facing cannon and death; the hammering of forges today is
+ringing down the church bells from one end of Europe to the other. When
+I know these things are going on now on Sunday as well as the week days
+I am not the hypocrite to say, "I will save my own soul by not talking
+about them on Sundays." [Cheers.]
+
+Do we understand the necessity? Do we realize it? Belgium, once
+comfortably well-to-do, is now waste and weeping, and her children are
+living on the bread of charity sent them by neighbors far and near. And
+France--the German Army, like a wild beast, has fastened its claws deep
+into her soil, and every effort to drag them out rends and tears the
+living flesh of that beautiful land. The beast of prey has not leaped to
+our shores--not a hair of Britain's head has been touched by him. Why?
+Because of the vigilant watchdog that patrols the deep for us; and that
+is my complaint against the British Navy. It does not enable us to
+realize that Britain at the present moment is waging the most serious
+war it has ever been engaged in. We do not understand it. A few weeks
+ago I visited France. We had a conference of the Ministers of Finance of
+Russia, France, Great Britain, and Belgium. Paris is a changed city. Her
+gayety, her vivacity, is gone. You can see in the faces of every man
+there, and of every woman, that they know their country is in the grip
+of grim tragedy. They are resolved to overcome it, confident that they
+will overcome it, but only through a long agony.
+
+No visitor to our shores would realize that we are engaged in exactly
+the same conflict, and that on the stricken fields of the Continent and
+along the broads and the narrows of the seas that encircle our islands
+is now being determined, not merely the fate of the British Empire, but
+the destiny of the human race for generations to come. [Cheers.] We are
+conducting a war as if there was no war. I have never been doubtful
+about the result of the war, [cheers,] and I will give you my reasons by
+and by. Nor have I been doubtful, I am sorry to say, about the length of
+the war and its seriousness. In all wars nations are apt to minimize
+their dangers and the duration. Men, after all, see the power of their
+own country; they cannot visualize the power of the enemy. I have been
+accounted as a pessimist among my friends in thinking the war would not
+be over before Christmas. I have always been convinced that the result
+is inevitably a triumph for this country. I have also been convinced
+that that result will not be secured without a prolonged struggle. I
+will tell you why. I shall do so not in order to indulge in vain and
+idle surmises as to the duration of the war, but in order to bring home
+to my countrymen what they are confronted with, so as to insure that
+they will leave nothing which is at their command undone in order, not
+merely to secure a triumph, but to secure it at the speediest possible
+moment. It is in their power to do so. It is also in their power, by
+neglect, by sloth, by heedlessness, to prolong their country's agony,
+and maybe to endanger at least the completeness of its triumphs. This is
+what I have come to talk to you about this afternoon, for it is a work
+of urgent necessity in the cause of human freedom, and I make no apology
+for discussing on a Sunday the best means of insuring human liberty.
+[Cheers.]
+
+I will give you first of all my reasons for coming to the conclusion
+that after this struggle victory must wait on our banners if we properly
+utilize our resources and opportunities. The natural resources of the
+allied countries are overwhelmingly greater than those of their enemies.
+In the man capable of bearing arms, in the financial and economic
+resources of these countries, in their accessibility to the markets of
+the world through the command of the sea for the purpose of obtaining
+material and munitions--all these are preponderatingly in favor of the
+allied countries. But there is a greater reason than all these. Beyond
+all is the moral strength of our cause, and that counts in a struggle
+which involves sacrifices, suffering, and privation for all those
+engaged in it. A nation cannot endure to the end that has on its soul
+the crimes of Belgium. [Loud cheers.] The allied powers have at their
+disposal more than twice the number of men which their enemies can
+command. You may ask me why are not those overwhelming forces put into
+the field at once and this terrible war brought to a triumphant
+conclusion at the earliest possible moment. In the answer to that
+question lies the cause of the war. The reason why Germany declared war
+is in the answer to that question.
+
+In the old days when a nation's liberty was menaced by an aggressor a
+man took from the chimney corner his bow and arrow or his spear, or a
+sword which had been left to him by an ancestry of warriors, went to the
+gathering ground of his tribe, and the nation was fully equipped for
+war. That is not the case now. Now you fight with complicated, highly
+finished weapons, apart altogether from the huge artillery. Every rifle
+which a man handles is a complicated and ingenious piece of mechanism,
+and it takes time. The German arsenals were full of the machinery of
+horror and destruction. The Russian arsenals were not, and that is the
+reason for the war. Had Russia projected war, she also would have filled
+her arsenals, but she desired above everything peace. ["Hear, hear!"] I
+am not sure that Russia has ever been responsible for a war of
+aggression against any of her European neighbors. Certainly this is not
+one of them. She wanted peace, she needed peace, she meant peace, and
+she would have had peace had she been left alone. She was at the
+beginning of a great industrial development, and she wanted peace in
+order to bring it to its full fructification. She had repeatedly stood
+insolences at the hands of Germany up to the point of humiliation, all
+for peace, and anything for peace.
+
+Whatever any one may say about her internal Government, Russia was
+essentially a peaceable nation. The men at the head of her affairs were
+imbued with the spirit of peace. The head of her army, the Grand Duke
+Nicholas, [cheers,] is about the best friend of peace in Europe. Never
+was a nation so bent on preserving peace as Russia was. It is true
+Germany six or seven years ago had threatened to march her legions
+across the Vistula and trample down Russia in the mud, and Russia,
+fearing a repetition of the same threat, was putting herself in a
+position of defense. But she was not preparing for any aggression, and
+Germany said, "This won't do. We don't like people who can defend
+themselves. We are fully prepared. Russia is not. This is the time to
+plant our dagger of tempered steel in her heart before her breastplates
+are forged." That is why we are at war. [Cheers.] Germany hurried her
+preparations, made ready for war. She made a quarrel with the same cool
+calculation as she had made a new gun. She hurled her warriors across
+the frontier. Why? Because she wanted to attack somebody, a country that
+could not defend herself. It was the purest piece of brigandage in
+history. [Cheers.] All the same there remains the fact that Russia was
+taken at a disadvantage, and is, therefore, unable to utilize beyond a
+fraction the enormous resources which she possesses to protect her soil
+against the invader. France was not expecting war, and she, therefore,
+was taken unawares.
+
+What about Britain? We never contemplated any war of aggression against
+any of our neighbors, and therefore we never raised an army adequate to
+such sinister purposes. During the last thirty years the two great
+political parties in the State have been responsible for the policy of
+this country at home and abroad. For about the same period we have each
+been governing this country. For about fifteen years neither one party
+nor the other ever proposed to raise an army in this country that would
+enable us to confront on land a great Continental power. What does that
+mean? We never meant to invade any Continental country. [Cheers.] That
+is the proof of it. If we had we would have started our great armies
+years ago. We had a great navy, purely for protection, purely for the
+defense of our shores, and we had an army which was just enough to deal
+with any small raid that happened to get through the meshes of our navy,
+and perhaps to police the empire. That was all, no more. But now we have
+to assist neighbors becoming the victims of a power with millions of
+warriors at its command, and we have to improvise a great army, and
+gallantly have our men flocked to the standard. [Cheers.] We have raised
+the largest voluntary army that has been enrolled in any country or any
+century--the largest voluntary army, and it is going to be larger.
+[Cheers.]
+
+I saw a very fine sample of that army this morning at Llandudno. I
+attended a service there, and I think it was about the most thrilling
+religious service I have ever been privileged to attend. There were men
+there of every class, every position, every calling, every condition of
+life. The peasant had left his plow, the workman had left his lathe and
+his loom, the clerk had left his desk, the trader and the business man
+had left their counting houses, the shepherd had left his sunlit hills,
+and the miner the darkness of the earth, the rich proprietor had left
+his palace, and the man earning his daily bread had quitted his humble
+cottage. There were men there of diverse and varied faiths who
+worshipped at different shrines--men who were in array against each
+other months ago in bitter conflict, and I saw them march with one step
+under one flag to fight for the same cause, and I saw them worship the
+same God. What has brought them together? The love of their native land,
+resentment for a cruel wrong inflicted upon the weak and defenseless.
+More than that, what brought them together was that instinct which comes
+to humanity at critical times when the moment has arrived to cross
+rivers of blood in order to rescue humanity from the grip of some
+strangling despotism. [Cheers.] They have done nobly. That is what has
+brought them together, but we want more, [cheers,] and I have no doubt
+we will get more.
+
+If this country had produced an army which was equal in proportion to
+its population to the number of men under arms in France and in Germany
+at the present moment there would be three millions and a half in this
+country and 1,200,000 in the Colonies. [Cheers.] That is what I mean
+when I say our resources are quite adequate to the task. It is not our
+fight merely--it is the fight of humanity. [Cheers.] The allied
+countries between them could raise armies of over twenty millions of
+men. Our enemies can put in the field barely half that number.
+
+Much as I should like to talk about the need for more men, that is not
+the point of my special appeal today. We stand more in need of equipment
+than we do of men. This is an engineers' war, [cheers,] and it will be
+won or lost owing to the efforts or shortcomings of engineers. I have
+something to say about that, for it involves sacrifices for all of us.
+Unless we are able to equip our armies our predominance in men will
+avail us nothing. We need men, but we need arms more than men, and delay
+in producing them is full of peril for this country. You may say that I
+am saying things that ought to be kept from the enemy. I am not a
+believer in giving any information which is useful to him. You may
+depend on it he knows, but I do not believe in withholding from our own
+public information which they ought to possess, because unless you tell
+them you cannot invite their co-operation. The nation that cannot bear
+the truth is not fit for war, and may our young men be volunteers, while
+the unflinching pride of those they have left behind them in their deed
+of sacrifice ought to satisfy the most apprehensive that we are not a
+timid race, who cannot face unpleasant facts! The last thing in the
+world John Bull wants is to be mollycoddled. The people must be told
+exactly what the position is, and then we can ask them to help. We must
+appeal for the co-operation of employers, workmen, and the general
+public; the three must act and endure together, or we delay and maybe
+imperil victory. We ought to requisition the aid of every man who can
+handle metal. It means that the needs of the community in many respects
+will suffer acutely vexatious, and perhaps injurious, delay; but I feel
+sure that the public are prepared to put up with all this discomfort,
+loss, and privation if thereby their country marches triumphantly out of
+this great struggle. [Cheers.] We have every reason for confidence; we
+have none for complacency. Hope is the mainspring of efficiency;
+complacency is its rust.
+
+We laugh at things in Germany that ought to terrify us. We say, "Look at
+the way they are making their bread--out of potatoes, ha, ha!" Aye, that
+potato-bread spirit is something which is more to dread than to mock at.
+I fear that more than I do even von Hindenburg's strategy, efficient as
+it may be. That is the spirit in which a country should meet a great
+emergency, and instead of mocking at it we ought to emulate it. I
+believe we are just as imbued with the spirit as Germany is, but we want
+it evoked. [Cheers.] The average Briton is too shy to be a hero until he
+is asked. The British temper is one of never wasting heroism on needless
+display, but there is plenty of it for the need. There is nothing
+Britishers would not give up for the honor of their country or for the
+cause of freedom. Indulgences, comforts, even the necessities of life
+they would willingly surrender. Why, there are two millions of them at
+this hour who have willingly tendered their lives for their country.
+What more could they do? If the absorption of all our engineering
+resources is demanded, no British citizen will grudge his share of
+inconvenience.
+
+But what about those more immediately concerned in that kind of work?
+Here I am approaching something which is very difficult to talk
+about--I mean the employers and workmen. I must speak out quite plainly;
+nothing else is of the slightest use. For one reason or another we are
+not getting all the assistance we have the right to expect from our
+workers. Disputes, industrial disputes, are inevitable; and when you
+have a good deal of stress and strain, men's nerves are not at their
+best. I think I can say I always preserve my temper in these days--I
+hope my wife won't give me away--[laughter]--and I have no doubt that
+the spirit of unrest creeps into the relations between employer and
+workmen. Some differences of opinion are quite inevitable, but we cannot
+afford them now; and, above all, we cannot resort to the usual method of
+settling them.
+
+I suppose I have settled more labor disputes than any man in this hall,
+and, although those who only know me slightly may be surprised to hear
+me say it, the thing that you need most is patience. If I were to give a
+motto to a man who is going to a conference between employers and
+workmen I would say: "Take your time; don't hurry. It will come around
+with patience and tact and temper." But you know we cannot afford those
+leisurely methods now. Time is victory, [cheers,] and while employers
+and workmen on the Clyde have been spending time in disputing over a
+fraction, and when a week-end, ten days, and a fortnight of work which
+is absolutely necessary for the defense of the country has been set
+aside, I say here solemnly that it is intolerable that the life of
+Britain should be imperiled for the matter of a farthing an hour.
+
+Who is to blame? That is not the question, but--How it is to be stopped?
+Employers will say, "Are we always to give way?" Workmen say, "Employers
+are making their fortunes out of an emergency of the country; why are
+not we to have a share of the plunder?" ["Hear, hear!" and laughter.]
+There is one gentleman here who holds that view. [Laughter.] I hope he
+is not an engineer. [Renewed laughter.] "We work harder than ever," say
+the workmen. All I can say is, if they do they are entitled to their
+share. But that is not the point--who is right? Who is wrong? They are
+both right and they are both wrong. The whole point is that these
+questions ought to be settled without throwing away the chances of
+humanity in its greatest struggle. [Cheers.] There is a good deal to be
+said for and there is a vast amount to be said against compulsory
+arbitration, but during the war the Government ought to have power to
+settle all these differences, and the work should go on. The workman
+ought to get more. Very well, let the Government find it out and give it
+to him. If he ought not, then he ought not to throw up his tools. The
+country cannot afford it. It is disaster, and I do not believe the
+moment this comes home to workmen and employers they will refuse to
+comply with the urgent demand of the Government. There must be no delay.
+
+There is another aspect of the question which it is difficult and
+dangerous to tackle. There are all sorts of regulations for restricting
+output. I will say nothing about the merits of this question. There are
+reasons why they have been built up. The conditions of employment and
+payment are mostly to blame for those restrictions. The workmen had to
+fight for them for their own protection, but in a period of war there is
+a suspension of ordinary law. Output is everything in this war.
+
+This war is not going to be fought mainly on the battlefields of Belgium
+and Poland. It is going to be fought in the workshops of France and
+Great Britain; and it must be fought there under war conditions. There
+must be plenty of safeguards and the workman must get his equivalent,
+but I do hope he will help us to get as much out of those workshops as
+he can, for the life of the nation depends on it. Our enemies realize
+that, and employers and workmen in Germany are straining their utmost.
+France, fortunately, also realizes it, and in that land of free
+institutions, with a Socialist Prime Minister, a Socialist Secretary of
+State for War, and a Socialist Minister of Marine, the employers and
+workmen are subordinating everything to the protection of their
+beautiful land.
+
+I have something more to say about this, and it is unpleasant. I would
+wish that it were not I, but somebody else that should say it. Most of
+our workmen are putting every ounce of strength into this urgent work
+for their country, loyally and patriotically. But that is not true of
+all. There are some, I am sorry to say, who shirk their duty in this
+great emergency. I hear of workmen in armaments works who refuse to work
+a full week's work for the nation's need. What is the reason? They are a
+minority. The vast majority belong to a class we can depend upon. The
+others are a minority. But, you must remember, a small minority of
+workmen can throw a whole works out of gear. What is the reason?
+Sometimes it is one thing, sometimes it is another, but let us be
+perfectly candid. It is mostly the lure of the drink. They refuse to
+work full time, and when they return their strength and efficiency are
+impaired by the way in which they have spent their leisure. Drink is
+doing us more damage in the war than all the German submarines put
+together.
+
+What has Russia done? [Cheers.] Russia, knowing her deficiency, knowing
+how unprepared she was, said, "I must pull myself together. I am not
+going to be trampled upon, unready as I am. I will use all my
+resources." What is the first thing she does? She stops the drink.
+[Cheers.] I was talking to M. Bark, the Russian Minister of Finance, a
+singularly able man, and I asked, "What has been the result?" He said,
+"The productivity of labor, the amount of work which is put out by the
+workmen, has gone up between 30 and 50 per cent." [Cheers.] I said, "How
+do they stand it without their liquor?" and he replied, "Stand it? I
+have lost revenue over it up to £65,000,000 a year, and we certainly
+cannot afford it, but if I proposed to put it back there would be a
+revolution in Russia." That is what the Minister of Finance told me. He
+told me that it is entirely attributable to the act of the Czar himself.
+It was a bold and courageous step--one of the most heroic things in the
+war. [Cheers.] One afternoon we had to postpone our conference in Paris,
+and the French Minister of Finance said, "I have got to go to the
+Chamber of Deputies, because I am proposing a bill to abolish absinthe."
+[Cheers.] Absinthe plays the same part in France that whisky plays in
+this country. It is really the worst form of drink used; not only among
+workmen, but among other classes as well. Its ravages are terrible, and
+they abolished it by a majority of something like 10 to 1 that
+afternoon. [Cheers.]
+
+That is how those great countries are facing their responsibilities. We
+do not propose anything so drastic as that--we are essentially moderate
+men. [Laughter.] But we are armed with full powers for the defense of
+the realm. We are approaching it, I do not mind telling you, for the
+moment, not from the point of view of people who have been considering
+this as a social problem--we are approaching it purely from the point of
+view of these works. We have got great powers to deal with drink, and we
+mean to use them. [Cheers.] We shall use them in a spirit of moderation,
+we shall use them discreetly, we shall use them wisely, but we shall use
+them fearlessly, [cheers,] and I have no doubt that, as the country's
+needs demand it, the country will support our action and will allow no
+indulgence of that kind to interfere with its prospects in this terrible
+war which has been thrust upon us.
+
+There are three things I want you to bear in mind. The first is--and I
+want to get this into the minds of every one--that we are at war; the
+second, that it is the greatest war that has ever been fought by this or
+any other country, and the other, that the destinies of your country and
+the future of the human race for generations to come depend upon the
+outcome of this war. What does it mean were Germany to win? It means
+world power for the worst elements in Germany, not for Germany. The
+Germans are an intelligent race; they are undoubtedly a cultivated race;
+they are a race of men who have been responsible for great ideas in this
+world. But this would mean the dominance of the worst elements among
+them. If you think I am exaggerating just you read for the moment
+extracts from the articles in the newspapers which are in the ascendency
+now in Germany about the settlement which they expect after this war. I
+am sorry to say I am stating nothing but the bare, brutal truth. I do
+not say that the Kaiser will sit on the throne of England if he should
+win. I do not say that he will impose his laws and his language on this
+country as did William the Conqueror. I do not say that you will hear
+the tramp, the noisy tramp of the goose step in the cities of the
+Empire. [Laughter.] I do not say that Death's Head Hussars will be
+patrolling our highways. I do not say that a visitor, let us say, to
+Aberdaron, will have to ask a Pomeranian policeman the best way to
+Hell's Mouth. [Loud laughter.] That is not what I mean. What I mean is
+that if Germany were triumphant in this war it would practically be the
+dictator of the international policy of the world. Its spirit would be
+in the ascendant. Its doctrines would be in the ascendant; by the sheer
+power of its will it would bend the minds of men in its own fashion.
+Germanism in its later and worst form would be the inspiriting thought
+and philosophy of the hour.
+
+Do you remember what happened to France after 1870? The German armies
+left France, but all the same for years after that, and while France was
+building up her army, she stood in cowering terror of this monster. Even
+after her great army was built France was oppressed with a constant
+anxiety as to what might happen. Germany dismissed her Ministers. Had it
+not been for the intervention of Queen Victoria in 1874 the French Army
+would never have been allowed to be reconstructed, and France would
+simply have been the humble slave of Germany to this hour. What a
+condition for a country! And now France is fighting not so much to
+recover her lost provinces, she is fighting to recover her self-respect
+and her national independence; she is fighting to shake off this
+nightmare that has been on her soul for over a generation, [cheers,] a
+France with Germany constantly meddling, bullying, and interfering. And
+that is what would happen if Russia were trampled upon, France broken,
+Britain disarmed. We should be left without any means to defend
+ourselves. We might have a navy that would enable us, perhaps, to resent
+insult from Nicaragua, [laughter,] we might have just enough troops,
+perhaps, to confront the Mad Mullah--I mean the African specimen. [Loud
+laughter.]
+
+Where would the chivalrous country be to step in to protect us as we
+protected France in 1874? America? If countries like Russia and France,
+with their huge armies, and the most powerful navy in the world could
+not face this terrible military machine, if it breaks that combination,
+how can America step in? It would be more than America can do to defend
+her own interests on her own continent if Germany is triumphant. They
+are more unready than we were. Ah! but what manner of Germany would we
+be subordinate to? There has been a struggle going on in Germany for
+over thirty years between its best and its worst elements. It is like
+that great struggle which is depicted, I think, in one of Wagner's great
+operas between the good and the evil spirit for the possession of the
+man's soul. That great struggle has been going on in Germany for thirty
+or forty years. At each successive general election the better elements
+seemed to be getting the upper hand, and I do not mind saying I was one
+of those who believed they were going to win. I thought they were going
+to snatch the soul of Germany--it is worth saving, it is a great,
+powerful soul--I thought they were going to save it. So a dead military
+caste said, "We will have none of this," and they plunged Europe into
+seas of blood. Hope was again shattered. Those worst elements will
+emerge triumphant out of this war if Germany wins.
+
+What does that mean? We shall be vassals, not to the best Germany, not
+to the Germany of sweet songs and inspiring, noble thoughts--not to the
+Germany of science consecrated to the service of man, not to the Germany
+of a virile philosophy that helped to break the shackles of
+superstition in Europe--not to that Germany, but to a Germany that
+talked through the raucous voice of Krupp's artillery, a Germany that
+has harnessed science to the chariot of destruction and of death, the
+Germany of a philosophy of force, violence, and brutality, a Germany
+that would quench every spark of freedom either in its own land or in
+any other country in rivers of blood. I make no apology on a day
+consecrated to the greatest sacrifice for coming here to preach a holy
+war against that. [Great cheering.]
+
+Concluding this speech in Welsh, Mr. Lloyd George said: "War is a time
+of sacrifice and of service. Some can render one service, some another,
+some here and some there. Some can render great assistance, others but
+little. There is not one who cannot help in some measure, whether it be
+only by enduring cheerfully his share of the discomfort. In the old
+Welsh legend there is a story of a man who was given a series of what
+appeared to be impossible tasks to perform ere he could reach the
+desires of his heart. Among other things he had to do was to recover
+every grain of seed that had been sown in a large field and bring it all
+in without one missing by sunset. He came to an anthill and won all the
+hearts and enlisted the sympathies of the industrious little people.
+They spread over the field, and before sundown the seed was all in
+except one, and as the sun was setting over the western skies a lame ant
+hobbled along with that grain also. Some of us have youth and vigor and
+suppleness of limb; some of us are crippled with years or infirmities,
+and we are at best but little ants. But we can all limp along with some
+share of our country's burden, and thus help her in this terrible hour
+to win the desire of her heart." [Loud cheers.]
+
+Mr. Lloyd George and his party returned after the meeting to Llandudno,
+where today he will inspect the First Brigade of the Welsh Army Corps.
+
+
+BRITAIN'S MUNITIONS COMMITTEE
+
+_LONDON, April 14.--The Times says this morning:_
+
+An important step has at last been taken by the Government toward the
+solution of the supreme problem of the moment--the organization of the
+national output of munitions of war. A strong committee has been
+appointed, with full power to deal with the question. It is to be
+representative of not merely one department but of the Treasury,
+Admiralty, War Office, and Board of Trade; in short, of the whole
+Government, with all its resources and authority.
+
+The Chancellor of the Exchequer is to be Chairman, and the first meeting
+will be held today.
+
+The work before the committee is nothing less than the organization of
+the whole resources of the nation for the production of materials of
+war. Hitherto, in spite of many warnings and some half-hearted attempts
+at organization, there has been no central, co-ordinated authority.
+
+It is an open secret that it was during Lloyd George's visit to France
+at the beginning of the year that he first appreciated the scientific
+organization of labor which our Allies had already achieved. Not content
+with utilizing and extending the existing armament plant, the French
+have long since diverted several temporarily irrelevant industries to
+the main business of waging war.
+
+_With reference to the drink problem The Times says:_
+
+While the Government is apparently considering the expropriation of all
+the licensed houses in the kingdom, this far-reaching proposal has not
+at present gone beyond the stage of inquiry and consultation, and it is
+tolerably certain that it will go no farther unless it is assured of no
+serious opposition in the country.
+
+The Parliamentary Opposition, the leaders of which have been consulted
+in a general way, are believed to stand by the principle which they
+followed since the war began, namely: They are not prepared to quarrel
+with any measure which the Government regards as necessary for the
+active prosecution of the war so long as no injustice is done to
+established interests.
+
+
+
+
+Italy's Evolution as Reflected in Her Press
+
+
+     Italy has reached her present position through the development
+     of a policy the steps of which have been brightly illuminated
+     by the press of the Peninsula. The most important of these
+     steps may be designated as follows:
+
+     First, the declaration of the Government to the German
+     Ambassador at Rome on Aug. 1, 1914, that it did not regard the
+     conflict begun by Austria-Hungary and Germany as a defensive
+     war and hence not binding on it as a member of the Triple
+     Alliance, and its subsequent declarations of "neutrality," of
+     "armed neutrality," and of "a neutrality which is likely to be
+     broken if the interests of the country demanded it."
+
+     Second, Premier Salandra's speech of Dec. 3 for "armed, alert
+     neutrality," and the declaration in Parliament on Dec. 5 by
+     Signor Giolitti showing that the declaration of Aug. 1 was
+     merely a repetition of one conveyed to Austria in the Summer
+     of 1913, when Austria had suggested that she aid Bulgaria in
+     subduing Serbia.
+
+     Third, the arrival in Rome in December of the former German
+     Imperial Chancellor, Prince von Bülow, as Extraordinary
+     Ambassador to the Quirinal, for the purpose of keeping Italy
+     neutral, and, when this seemed doubtful, to negotiate between
+     Italy and Austria what territorial compensation the latter
+     would render the former in order to perpetuate the neutrality
+     of the Peninsula.
+
+     Aside from the influence of these official acts, which invited
+     press comments, the Italian papers have paid keen attention to
+     the conduct of the war, concerning which the Government could
+     not, on account of its neutrality, offer an opinion. Among
+     such incidents of conduct have been the British declaration of
+     a protectorate over Egypt and the bombardment of the
+     Dardanelles by the Franco-British fleet.
+
+     In order to weigh the full significance of the comments of the
+     Italian papers on these subjects a word may be said concerning
+     the status of the journals themselves:
+
+     The most conspicuous is the Idea Nazionale, a paper of Rome
+     practically dedicated to intervention. Then comes the
+     conservative and solid Corriere della Sera of Milan, whose
+     Rome correspondent, Signor Torre, has peculiar facilities for
+     learning the intentions of the Ministry. Both the Tribuna and
+     the Giornale d'Italia are considered Government organs, but,
+     while the former rarely comments with authority except on
+     accomplished facts, the latter, although often voicing the
+     unofficial and personal opinions of Premier Salandra, who is
+     known to be privately in favor of intervention, also voices
+     the sentiment of former Premier Giolitti, who is known to be
+     for continued neutrality. The Stampa of Turin is a Giolitti
+     organ.
+
+     The Osservatore Romano is the well-known Vatican organ, which
+     naturally supports Austria, a Catholic country, where such
+     support does not conflict too pointedly with the sentiments of
+     Catholics in neutral countries. Other clerical papers with
+     strong pro-German opinions and with German industrial backing
+     are the Corriere d'Italia and the Popolo Romano. The
+     Messaggero of Rome and the Secolo of Milan, influenced by
+     important British and French interests, are for intervention
+     at all costs. The Avanti is the Socialist organ.
+
+
+CAUSES OF ITALY'S NEUTRALITY.
+
+_From the Corriere della Sera, Aug. 2, 1914:_
+
+Italy's decision to remain neutral is based on three causes:
+
+1. The terms of the Triple Alliance call for Italy's participation in
+war only if Germany or Austria-Hungary is attacked by another power. The
+present war is not a defensive war, but one brought on by
+Austria-Hungary and Germany.
+
+2. The spirit of the alliance demands that no warlike action be taken
+involving the three countries without full mutual discussion and
+agreement. Italy was not even consulted by Austria-Hungary and the
+course of events was brought to her knowledge only by news agency
+reports.
+
+3. When Italy went to war with Turkey, Austria prevented her from acting
+with a free hand in the Adriatic and the Aegean, thereby prolonging the
+war at an enormous cost in men and money to Italy. Italy would be
+justified in acting in precisely the same manner now toward
+Austria-Hungary.
+
+_From Secolo, Sept. 3, 1914:_
+
+During the last few days we have assisted at a deplorable example of our
+Latin impressionability. The first German victories have made Italians
+waver, and Germany is taking advantage of the popular nervousness, and
+is working on public opinion in countless ways. Italy is invaded by
+Germans, who assert that Germany will issue victorious, and that her
+commercial and industrial activity will not be arrested. We are
+inundated with German letters, telegrams, newspapers, and private
+communications from German commercial houses, all asserting that Germany
+will win, and that Italy should keep neutral, to be on the winning side.
+
+We are not of that opinion. We cannot lose sight of England. Germany
+knows that England represents her great final danger, hence the
+bitterness with which she speaks of England in all the above
+communications. England is not playing a game of bluff. She is not
+impotent by land, as Germany says, and may give Germany a mortal blow by
+sea. The war may possibly end in a titanic duel between England and
+Germany. In this case England will go through with the struggle calmly
+and grimly, smiling at difficulties and disregarding losses.
+
+_From the Corriere d'Italia, Sept. 17, 1914:_
+
+We do not know what Italy will do tomorrow, but we are of opinion that,
+in face of all eventualities, it is the elementary duty of patriotism
+not to trouble the calm expectancy of public opinion and not to mar the
+task of the Government, already difficult enough.
+
+_From the Messaggero, Sept. 18, 1914:_
+
+The Italian Nation is beginning to ask itself whether it ought to remain
+until the conclusion of peace in an attitude of resignation. It is
+necessary for us with clear vision to take our place in the fighting
+line. While the destinies of a new Europe are being decided on the
+battlefields of Champagne, Belgium, Galicia, and Hungary the Government
+is assuming a grave responsibility before the country in deciding to be
+disinterested in the struggle. The keen popular awakening which is
+manifested in demonstrations, meetings, and public discussions shows
+that growing preoccupation and varied uneasiness will not cease so long
+as the fate of the country is not decided at the right time by men who
+by temperament are best fitted to be interpreters of the soul and the
+interests of the nation.
+
+_From the Corriere della Sera, Oct. 4, 1914:_
+
+Many who now invoke a war of liberation complained at the beginning of
+August that Italy had not helped her allies. The declaration of
+neutrality then seemed the greatest act of wisdom performed by Italy for
+many years. Now, however, we must think of the future. Let us remember
+that the powers will only support our wishes when they have need of us.
+Gratitude and sympathy are mere phrases when the map of Europe is being
+redrawn. If Italy desire to safeguard her interests in the Adriatic she
+cannot postpone her decision till the last moment. Italy is isolated;
+the Triple Alliance treaty cannot defend her even if it be still in
+force. Italy and Austria, as Count Nigra and Prince Bülow said, must be
+allies or enemies. Can they remain allies after what has happened?
+
+
+ITALY'S ARMED, ALERT NEUTRALITY.
+
+_From the Idea Nazionale, Dec. 3, 1914:_
+
+The day on which Italy will undertake to realize those aspirations she
+will find full and unconditional support. Great Britain is favorable to
+Italy gaining supremacy in the Adriatic, which is so necessary to her
+existence. If Great Britain needs Italy's support in Africa it will be
+only a matter of one or two army corps, and such an expedition, while
+having a great moral and political importance, would not diminish
+Italian military power in Europe.
+
+_From the Avanti, Dec. 4, 1914:_
+
+Premier Salandra's speech was Jesuitical. It contents the Jingoes by
+certain dubious phrases, while discontenting the Clerical and
+Conservative neutrals.
+
+_From the Corriere d'Italia, Dec. 4, 1914:_
+
+This much-applauded word, "aspirations," was not (in Signor Salandra's
+speech) meant to refer to any particular belligerent, and the Cabinet
+consequently has no program.
+
+_From the Stampa, Dec. 5, 1914:_
+
+Austria, before the war, disclaimed any intention of occupying Serbia,
+and her declaration cannot be disregarded by Italy, whose relations with
+Austria have been always conditional on the maintenance of the Balkan
+status quo, which Austria now threatens to alter. The Italian Government
+cannot ignore this condition, especially as during the Libyan war
+Austria menaced Italy, unless she desisted from bombarding the Albanian
+coast. Thus the Serbian situation may constitute a new factor.
+
+_From the Corriere della Sera, Jan. 31, 1915:_
+
+Italy's true policy is to come to a friendly agreement with the Slavs,
+which will guarantee their mutual interests. Italy wants a national
+settlement in the Balkan Peninsula, independent of the great powers. In
+no circumstances can Italy bind her lot to Austria-Hungary's policy.
+
+
+BRITISH PROTECTORATE OVER EGYPT.
+
+_From the Idea Nazionale, Dec. 19, 1914:_
+
+The British Government's act merely sanctions a situation already
+existing in fact since 1882. In our governing circle it is not thought
+that the change of régime in Egypt will occasion, at least for the time
+being, any great modifications in public law in relation to the
+international statutes regulating the position of foreigners in Egypt.
+
+_From the Tribuna, Dec. 20, 1914:_
+
+The Mediterranean agreement, in which Italy, too, has taken part,
+implicitly recognized the actual status England had acquired in Egypt.
+Now the war has demonstrated the judicial incongruity of a Turkish
+province in which and for which the English had to carry out warlike
+operations against Turkey. The protectorate already existed in
+substance, and Great Britain might now even have proclaimed annexation.
+
+_From the Giornale d'Italia, Dec. 19, 1914:_
+
+Great Britain had for some months been preparing this event, which
+legally regulates a situation which has existed in fact. The present
+situation has been brought about without any disturbance, like
+everything that England does, in silence, neatly and without disturbing
+any one. Nobody can be astonished at Great Britain's declaration of a
+protectorate over Egypt.
+
+
+THE DARDANELLES.
+
+_From the Giornale d'Italia, March 7, 1915:_
+
+It will be extremely difficult for Italy longer to remain neutral. The
+attack by the allied fleet on the Dardanelles has brought up three great
+problems affecting Italian interests. The first of these problems is the
+new rule to allow Russia access to the Mediterranean through the
+Dardanelles; the second concerns the equilibrium of the Balkans, and the
+third the partition of Asiatic Turkey, which affects the equilibrium of
+the Eastern Mediterranean. It is impossible for Italy to keep out of the
+solution of such problems unless she be satisfied to see not only the
+powers of the Triple Entente settle these affairs according to their
+interests, but also the small but audacious and resolute nation, Greece.
+
+_From the Messaggero, March 17, 1915:_
+
+The cession of the Trentino would be valueless if it implied the
+abandonment of Italian aspirations in Venetia Giulia, (land west of the
+Julian Alps,) in the Adriatic, and in Asia Minor, and submission to
+German policy. We cannot obtain by neutrality the territory we want,
+nor, if we renew the Triple Alliance, can we make an agreement with
+Great Britain for our security in the Mediterranean.
+
+
+VON BUELOW'S WORK AND PLEA FOR INTERVENTION.
+
+_From the Corriere della Sera, Feb. 8, 1915:_
+
+Happily our aspirations in the Adriatic, our interests in the Central
+Mediterranean and in Northern Africa coincide admirably with the policy
+which it is easiest for us to pursue. Unless we profit with the utmost
+prudence, with the greatest circumspection, by the present rare
+opportunity which history offers us to set the finishing touches to our
+unification, to render our land and sea frontiers immeasurably more
+secure than they are, to harmonize our foreign with our domestic policy,
+we shall experience after the close of the war the darkest and most
+difficult days of our existence. The crisis through which we are passing
+is the gravest we have yet encountered. Let us make it a crisis of
+growth, not a symptom of irreparable senile decay.
+
+_From the Stampa, March 15, 1915:_
+
+There is surely no possibility of an Austro-Italian war without German
+intervention. If Italy attacks Austria, Germany will attack Italy; nor
+will Austria make concessions, for Austria, like Turkey, never changes
+her system, even when wrong.
+
+_From the Giornale d'Italia, March 19, 1915:_
+
+Italy either can obtain peacefully immediate and certain satisfaction of
+her sacred aspirations, together with the protection of her great and
+complex interests, or she can have recourse to the supreme test of arms.
+It is absurd to think that Italy, after seven months of preparation,
+when she is in an especially advantageous diplomatic and military
+position, will be satisfied with the Biblical mess of pottage or
+less--mere promises.
+
+However negotiations go the great national interests must be protected
+at any costs. This is the firm will of the country and the duty of the
+Government. For fifty years Italy has made great sacrifices to be an
+element of peace in Europe. The equilibrium and peace of the Continent
+were broken through the fault of others against Italy's desire and
+without consulting her. Others have the responsibility for the present
+terrible crisis, but Italy would be unworthy if she did not issue with
+honor and advantage from the conflict. Greece, Rumania, and Bulgaria are
+awaiting Italy's move and will follow suit. Thus Italian influence is
+great at this moment, which must be seized, as it is in her power to
+contribute to the formation of a new international combination.
+
+
+
+
+SOME RUSES DE GUERRE.
+
+By A.M. WAKEMAN.
+
+
+(Respectfully submitted to the British Government.)
+
+    Great Churchill's plan to fool the foe is simple and unique--
+    You only take a neutral flag and hoist it at your peak.
+    Thereby a ship with funnels four looks just like one with two,
+    Because the pattern has been changed on her Red, White, and Blue.
+
+    Now, cannot you improve on this, and so protect your towns,
+    As well as all your gallant ships at anchor in the Downs?
+    Old London, with the Stars and Stripes, might well pass for New York;
+    And Baltimore for Maryland instead of County Cork.
+
+    To mouth of Thames (N-O-R-E) just add four letters more,
+    Then hoist the Danish ensign, and, behold, 'tis Elsinore!
+    And Paris will be Washington if, on the Eiffel Tower,
+    They raise the flag of U.S.A., (a well-known neutral power.)
+
+    Your sailors might wear Leghorn hats, and out upon the blue,
+    They'd look like sons of Italy, (at present neutral, too;)
+    And, if upon your King the Hun would try to work some ill,
+    With pickelhaube on his head he'd pass for Uncle Bill.
+
+
+
+
+THE EUROPEAN WAR AS SEEN BY CARTOONISTS
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+The Fatal Moment In America
+
+[Illustration: _--From Simplicissimus, Munich._
+
+"Citizens of America, protect your existence and your honor by the force
+of arms!"
+
+"Sorry, but just now we happen to be sold out!"]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+Top Dog
+
+[Illustration: _--From The Bystander, London._]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+England's "Splendid Isolation"
+
+[Illustration: _--From Simplicissimus, Munich._]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+The Sultan "Over the Water"
+
+[Illustration: _--From Punch, London._
+
+MEHMED V. (to Constantinople): "I don't want to leave you, but I think I
+ought to go."]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+Churchill's Flag Swindle
+
+[Illustration: _--From Simplicissimus, Munich._
+
+"Really I don't care to go out any more in these disgraceful rags!"
+
+"Cheer up, Mrs. Britannia, just steal something better!"]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+May God Punish England!
+
+[Illustration: [Reproduction of a cover design of a widely advertised
+issue of "Simplicissimus," the German comic weekly published in Munich.
+The legend at the top reads, "May God Punish England!"]]
+
+
+[Italian Cartoon]
+
+Speeches of the Kaiser in 1915
+
+[Illustration: _--From L'Asino, Rome._
+
+JANUARY: "I alone will defeat the world."
+
+MARCH: "Naturally, with God's help."
+
+JUNE: "All goes badly--the fault is not mine."
+
+DECEMBER: "The fault is his."]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+Our Embarrassing Cousin
+
+[Illustration: _--From The Bystander, London._
+
+JONATHAN: "In spite 'f my noo-trality, John, d'ye notice how
+'ffectionate I am?--how I sympathise with yer?"
+
+JOHN BULL: "M--m'yes, that's all right, but I should like it better just
+now if you'd leave my hands a bit freer to fight those rascals as they
+deserve!"]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+John Bull at the Costumer's
+
+[Illustration: _--From Simplicissimus, Munich._
+
+"What costume shall I choose so that none will recognize me?"
+
+"Why don't you go as a gentleman?"]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+William o' the Wisp
+
+[Illustration: _--From Punch, London._]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+American Neutrality
+
+[Illustration: _--From Meggendorfer-Blaetter, Munich._]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+What the War Office Has to Put Up With
+
+[Illustration: _--From Punch, London._
+
+Demonstration of a device for catching bombs from airships.]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+Va Banque!
+
+[Illustration: _--From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._
+
+The Monte Carlo habitue's last play.]
+
+
+[Italian Cartoon]
+
+The Final Earthquake--In Germany
+
+[Illustration: _--From L'Asino, Rome._
+
+By the grace of God and the will of the nation.
+
+[The falling columns are marked "feudalism" and "militarism."]]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+From the English Eating-House
+
+[Illustration: _--From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._
+
+England utilizes the refuse of her domestic establishment as cannon
+fodder.]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+The Bread-Winner
+
+[Illustration: _--From Punch, London._]
+
+
+[Italian Cartoon]
+
+Italy's Neutrality
+
+[Illustration: _--From L'Asino, Rome._
+
+Every day the dance becomes more difficult.
+
+(The dancer is the German Ambassador, von Buelow.)]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+Busy Packing
+
+[Illustration: _--From The Bystander, London._
+
+SULTAN MEHMED: "'Am I there'?!! I should rather think I am!! We're being
+'moved,' you know. And the hammering outside is something too awful!!"
+
+His ISLAMIC MAJESTY HADJI GUILLIOUN: "Kismet, my boy, Kismet! Besides, I
+feel sure you'll be awfully pleased with Asia Minor--so quiet!--we
+Mussulmans always feel so at home there, too!"
+
+(The English preface their telephone conversations with "Are you there?"
+instead of "Hello!")]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+In the Cause of Culture
+
+[Illustration: _--From Simplicissimus, Munich._
+
+"Papa has gone away to Europe to protect the nice Englishmen from the
+savages. If you are very good, perhaps he will bring you back a nice
+German beefsteak."]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+Queen Elizabeth in the Dardanelles
+
+[Illustration: _--From Punch, London._
+
+(The reference is to the huge British dreadnought that bears the name of
+England's famous queen.)]
+
+
+[French Cartoon]
+
+The "Sick Man" At Home
+
+[Illustration: _--From Le Rire, Paris._
+
+The camel with two humps.
+
+(The original title was "_Le Chameau à deux Boches_." In French slang a
+German is a _bosche_.)]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+"The Cripple-Entente"
+
+[Illustration: _--From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._
+
+As it must finally be.]
+
+
+[French Cartoon]
+
+Beware of the John-Bull-Dog!
+
+[Illustration: _--From Le Rire, Paris._
+
+"Go lie down, contemptible little England!"
+
+"What I get my teeth into I hang onto!"]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+The Great Question
+
+[Illustration: _--From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._
+
+"If I remain neutral, will you remain neutral?"
+
+"If you were neutral, would he be neutral?"
+
+"If he is neutral then we will remain neutral."
+
+"If we remain neutral, will they remain neutral?"
+
+"And you also, neutral?"
+
+"Shall you remain neutral?"]
+
+
+
+
+Facsimile of a Belgian Bread-Check
+
+
+[Illustration: The card is in French and Flemish. The face reads: "No.
+6,715. Gratis. City of Brussels, Department of Public Supplies.
+Committee No. 1. Street ----. Card issued to the family ----, living at
+----, for the daily delivery of ---- portions. To be presented at
+----Street. N.B.--Victuals will be delivered only to the father or
+mother of a family." The reverse side bears stamps showing the dates on
+which rations were issued to the holder. The original is somewhat larger
+than this reproduction.]
+
+
+
+
+TO A GERMAN APOLOGIST
+
+By BEATRICE BARRY.
+
+
+    You may seek and find if you will, perchance,
+    Excuses for your attack on France,
+    And perhaps 'twill not be so hard to show
+    Why England finds you her deadly foe;
+    There are reasons old and reasons new
+    For feelings hard 'twixt the Russ and you,
+    But talk as you may till the Judgment Day,
+    You cannot ever explain away--
+    Belgium.
+
+    You have used both speech and the printed word
+    To have your side of the story heard,
+    We have listened long, we have listened well
+    To everything that you had to tell,
+    We would fain be fair, but it seems as though
+    You _can't_ explain what we wish to know,
+    And when lesser points have been cleared away,
+    You are sure to fail us when we say--
+    "Belgium!"
+
+    You may rant and talk about British gold,
+    And opinions that are bought and sold,
+    But facts, no matter how hard to face,
+    Are facts, and the horrors taking place
+    In that little land, pledged to honor's creed,
+    Make your cause a luckless one to plead.
+    There are two sides? True. But when both are heard,
+    Our sad hearts echo a single word--
+    "Belgium!"
+
+    We are not misled by the savage tales
+    An invading army never fails
+    To have told of it. There are false and true,
+    And we want to render you your due.
+    But our hearts go out to that ravished land
+    Where a few grim heroes make their stand,
+    And our ears hear faintly, from overseas,
+    The wailing cry of those refugees--
+    _"Belgium--Belgium--Belgium!"_
+
+
+
+
+America's Neutrality
+
+By Count Albert Apponyi
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, March 28, 1915.]
+
+
+     The letter which follows was sent by Count Albert Apponyi to
+     Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, and was written in the latter part
+     of last month in Budapest. Count Apponyi, who is one of the
+     most distinguished of contemporary European statesmen, was
+     President of the Hungarian Parliament from 1872 to 1904. He
+     was formerly Minister of Public Instruction, Privy Councillor,
+     Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, and
+     Member of the Interparliamentary Union.
+
+I have been greatly interested in your account of American neutrality
+in the present European crisis. I must confess that I had seen it in a
+somewhat different light before and that some of the facts under our
+notice still appear to me as hardly concordant with the magnificent
+attitude of impartiality, nay, not even with the international duties of
+neutrality, which intellectual and official America professes to keep.
+
+We cannot explain to ourselves that a neutral power should suffer the
+selling of arms and ammunition by its citizens to one of the belligerent
+parties, when no such selling to the other party is practically
+feasible; we cannot understand why America should meekly submit to the
+dictates of England, declaring all foodstuffs and manufacturing
+materials contraband of war, with not even a show of right and with the
+clear and openly proclaimed intention of starving Germany and
+Austria-Hungary; why, on the other hand, America should use an almost
+threatening language against Germany, and against Germany alone, when
+the latter country announces reprisals against the English trade, which,
+under given circumstances, can be considered only as acts of legitimate
+self-defense against an enemy who chooses to wage war not on our
+soldiers only, but on our women and children, too.
+
+With all the respect we feel for the United States, we cannot find this
+attitude of their Government either fair or dignified. I offer these
+remarks in no spirit of uncalled-for criticism, but because I see how
+much the moral authority of the United States and their splendid
+situation as the providential peace makers of some future--alas! still
+far off--day has been impaired by the aforementioned proceedings. We
+cannot help considering them as so many acts of ill-disguised hostility
+against ourselves and of compliance with our foes. How can you expect,
+then, to have your good offices accepted with confidence by both
+belligerent parties when the times are ripe for them? It seems like the
+throwing away of a magnificent opportunity, and I think that those who,
+like yourself, cherish for your country the noble ambition of being some
+day the restorer of peace, should exert themselves to prevent practices
+which, if continued, would disable her to play any such part.
+
+In your letter you strike the keynote of what I cannot help considering
+the partiality of Americans for the Entente powers. It is the idea that
+"in the western area of conflict, at least, there is an armed clash
+between the representatives of dynastic institutions and bureaucratic
+rule on the one hand with those of representative government and liberal
+institutions on the other." I can understand that it impresses some
+people that way, but I beg to enter a protest against this
+interpretation of the conflict.
+
+Liberal or less liberal institutions have nothing to do with it in the
+west; the progress of democracy in Germany will not be stopped by her
+victory, it will rather be promoted by it, because the masses are
+conscious of bearing the burden of war and of being the main force of
+its vigorous prosecution, and they are enlightened and strong enough to
+insist on a proper reward. Rights cannot be denied to those who
+fulfilled duties involving self-sacrifice of the sublimest kind with
+unflinching devotion. No practical interest of democracy then is
+involved in the conflict of the western powers.
+
+As to their representing liberal institutions in a higher or lower
+degree, I am perfectly willing to admit England's superior claims in
+that respect, but I am not at all inclined to recognize such superiority
+in modern France, republic though she calls herself. The omnipresence
+and omnipotence of an obtruding bureaucratic officialism is just what it
+has been under the old monarchy; religious oppression has only changed
+sides, but it still flourishes as before. In former times the Roman
+Catholic religion was considered as a State religion and in her name
+were dissent and Freemasonry oppressed; today atheism is the official
+creed, and on its behalf are Catholic believers oppressed.
+
+Separation of Church and State, honestly planned and loyally fulfilled
+in America has been perverted in modern France into a network of
+vexations and unfair measures against the Church and her faithful
+servants; the same term is used and this misleads you to cover widely
+different meanings. In a word, it is a perfect mistake to consider
+modern France as the "sweet land of liberty" which America is. A German
+citizen, with less show of political rights, enjoys more personal
+freedom than is granted to a French one, if he happens to differ from
+the ruling mentality.
+
+So stand things in the western area of conflict. But how about the east?
+You are kind enough to admit in your letter that "from this (the
+aforementioned) standpoint of course the appearance of Russia among the
+allies is an anomaly and must be explained on other grounds." Anomaly is
+a rather tame word to characterize the meaning of this appearance of
+Russia. I should hardly designate it by this term.
+
+She does not "appear among the allies." She is the leading power among
+them; it is her war, as Mr. Tsvolski, the Russian Ambassador to Paris,
+very properly remarked: "C'est ma guerre." She planned it, she gave
+Austria-Hungary no chance to live on peaceful terms with her neighbors,
+she forced it upon us, she drew France into it by offering her a bait
+which that poor country could not resist, she created the situation
+which England considered as her best opportunity for crushing Germany. I
+must repeat it over and over again: it is in its origin a Russian war,
+with a clearly outlined Russian program of conquest.
+
+Here, then, you have a real clash between two principles; not shades of
+principles as these may subsist between Germany and her western foes,
+but principles in all their essential features; not between different
+tints of gray, but between black and white, between affirmation and
+negation; affirmation of the principle of human dignity, liberty,
+safety, and negation of the same; western evolution and eastern
+reaction.
+
+I wonder why those prominent Americans who are so deeply impressed by
+the comparatively slight shades of liberalism differentiating Germany
+from England and France are not struck by the absolute contrast existing
+between Muscovitism and western civilized rule as represented by
+Austria-Hungary and Germany; that they overlook the outstanding fact
+that while in the western area the conflict has nothing whatever to do
+with the principles embodied in the home policy of the belligerents, in
+the east, on the other hand, these principles will in truth be affected
+by the results of war, since a Russian victory, followed by a Russian
+conquest, would mean the retrogression of western institutions and the
+corresponding expansion of eastern ones over a large area and large
+numbers of men.
+
+It is the consciousness of fighting in this war which has been forced
+upon us, against the direst calamity threatening our kind and on behalf
+of the most precious conquests of progress and civilization, which
+enhances our moral force so as to make it unconquerable. The hope which
+I expressed in my first letter, that Serbia's doom would soon be
+fulfilled, has been prostrated by the mistakes of an over-confident
+Commander in Chief; but that means postponement only and does not alter
+the prospects of war in their essentials.
+
+Good progress is achieved in the campaign against Russia; a chapter of
+it may be brought to a happy close before long. The spirit of the
+country shows no symptom of weakening; it is really wonderful what a
+firm resolve pervades our whole people, though every man between twenty
+and forty-two stands in the field, and though the losses are frightful.
+Economically we hold out easily; the expenses of war are defrayed by
+inner loans, which give unexpected results; every bit of arable land is
+tilled as in time of peace, the old, the women and the half-grown youths
+doing the work of their absent supporters, neighbors assisting each
+other in a spirit of brotherhood truly admirable. In cases of urgent
+need we have the prisoners of war, whose number increased to nearly
+300,000 (in Austria-Hungary alone) and to whom it is a real boon to find
+employment in the sort of work they are accustomed to.
+
+The manufacturing interest, of course, suffers severe losses; but the
+number of the unemployed is rather less than usual, since a greater part
+of the "hands" is absorbed by the army. In a word, though the sufferings
+of war are keenly felt, they are less severe than had been expected, and
+there is not the smallest indication of a break-down. The area of
+Germany, Austria, and Hungary taken as a whole is self-supporting with
+regard to foodstuffs. The English scheme of starving us is quite as
+silly as it is abominable. England can, of course, inflict severe losses
+on our manufacturers by closing the seas against their imports and
+exports; but this is not a matter of life and death, such as the first
+reprisals of Germany, if successful, may prove to England.
+
+Generally speaking, it seems likely that England will be caught in the
+net of her own intrigue. She did not scruple to enlist the services of
+Japan against her white enemies, but this act of treachery will be
+revenged upon herself. The latest proceedings of Japan against China can
+have one meaning only--the wholesale expulsion of the white man from
+Eastern Asia. The Japs do not care one straw who wins in Europe; they
+seized upon their own opportunity for their own purposes. England only
+gets her deserts; but how do Americans feel about it? Can America be
+absolved from a certain amount of responsibility for what may soon prove
+imminent danger to herself? Has not her partiality for England given
+encouragement to methods of warfare unprecedented in the history of
+civilized nations and fruitful of evil consequences to neutral nations?
+
+To us, in our continental position, all this means much less than it
+means to you. It does not endanger our prospects. We feel comparatively
+stronger every day. Our losses, though enormous, are only one-half of
+those of the Entente armies, according to the Geneva Red Cross Bureau's
+calculation. The astounding number of unwounded prisoners of war which
+Russia loses at every encounter, and even in spaces of time between two
+encounters, shows that the moral force of her army is slowly giving way,
+while the vigor of our troops is constantly increasing. After six months
+of severe fighting our military position is certainly stronger than the
+position of the Entente powers, though the latter represent a population
+of 250,000,000, (English colonies and Japan not included,) against the
+140,000,000 of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey. Who can doubt on
+which side superior moral power fights? Who can doubt, therefore, what
+the ultimate result promises to be?
+
+If it takes more time to bring matters to a decision--and a decision
+must be obtained at any price, if there is to follow a period of
+permanent peace--part, at least, of the responsibility for the horrors
+of the protracted war, for the slaughter of many hundred thousands more
+of human beings, rests on America. But for the American transports of
+guns and ammunition, the power of Russia would give way in a shorter
+time, considering her enormous losses in that respect and her inability
+to supplement them from her own workshops.
+
+It is very edifying that American pacifists are exerting themselves
+against the current of militarism which appears to spread in their
+country; but wouldn't it be better still, more to the purpose and
+certainly practically more urgent, to insist upon a truly neutral
+attitude of the great republic, to protest against her feeding the war
+by providing one belligerent side with its implements? Do American
+pacifists really fail to see that their country by such proceedings
+disables herself from being the peacemaker of the future? Do they think
+it immaterial from the standpoint of her moral power, as well as of her
+material interests, how central Europe, a mass of 120,000,000, think of
+her, feel about her?
+
+I hope my readers will not find fault with me for using such plain
+language. My well-known enthusiastic regard for the great American
+commonwealth makes it unnecessary that I should protest against the
+charge of meaning disrespect or anything else whatever but a sincere
+desire to state with absolute sincerity how we feel about these matters,
+in what light they appear to us. I think America must know this, because
+it is part of the general situation she has to reckon with when shaping
+her policies. I fervently hope these policies will remain in concordance
+with the great principles on which the commonwealth is built and with
+the teaching embodied in that farewell address which is read once a year
+in Congress and in which the greatest American emphatically warns his
+countrymen from becoming entangled in the conflicts of European nations.
+
+A few words more about the future of Europe may be said on this
+occasion. I have read with the keenest interest your own and Mr.
+Carnegie's statements concerning a future organization of Europe on the
+pattern of the United States. My personal views concerning this
+magnificent idea have been expressed in anticipation in my America
+lectures of the year 1911. Allow me to quote my own words:
+
+     Analogies are often misleading, the most obvious ones
+     especially so. Nothing seems more obvious than to draw
+     conclusions from the existing union of American States to a
+     possible union of European nations; but no fancied analogy is
+     to be applied with greater caution than this one. The American
+     Union's origin was the common struggle of several English
+     colonies, now States, for their emancipation; unity of purpose
+     was the main principle of their growth, union its natural
+     result.
+
+     Europe, on the other hand, is, in her origin and in her
+     present state, a compound of conflicting interests and
+     struggling potentialities. Mutual antagonism remained the
+     principle of growth embodied in the several national lives.
+     The juridical formula of this system is the principle of
+     national sovereignty in its most uncompromising interpretation
+     and most limitless conception. As such it is the natural
+     result of a historical growth mainly filled with antagonism;
+     in the consciousness of (European) nations it lives as
+     synonymous with national honor, as something above doubt and
+     discussion.
+
+Let me add to this the following remarks:
+
+1. Any sort of union among the nations of Europe appears impossible if
+it is meant to include Russia. Russia represents eastern mentality,
+which implies an unadmissible spirit of aggression and of conquest. It
+seems to be a law of nature on the old Continent that eastern nations
+should wish to expand to the west as long as they are powerful. Not to
+mention the great migration of nations which gave birth to mediaeval
+organizations, you may follow this law in the history of the Tartars, of
+the Turks, and of Russia herself. The spirit of aggressiveness vanishes
+only when decay sets in, which is still far from being the case of
+Russia, or when a nation is gradually converted to Occidental mentality,
+which, I hope, will some day be her happy lot. But till then, and that
+may mean a century or two, any sort of union including Russia would mean
+a herd of sheep including a wolf.
+
+2. What I hope then, for the present, as the most desirable result of
+the war, is a thorough understanding between the nations of the Western
+European Continent, construction of a powerful political block,
+corresponding to the area of western mentality, in close connection with
+America; such a block would discourage aggression from the east; it
+would urge Russia on the path of reform and home improvement. England
+would be welcome to join it, on condition of renouncing those
+pretensions to monopolizing the seas which are as constant a menace to
+peace as Russian aggressiveness is. So we should have, if not "the
+United States of Europe," which at present lies beyond the boundary
+lines of possibilities, a strong peace union of the homogeneous western
+nations. Alas! this result can be reached only by destroying the present
+unnatural connections, which mean the continuance of war till a crushing
+decision is obtained.
+
+3. The American colonies of England did not think of union as of a peace
+scheme; they had been compelled into it by war, by the necessity of
+self-defense. It is only such an overpowering motive which has force
+enough to blot out petty rivalries and minor antagonisms. If union
+between States belonging to the same race and not divided either by
+history or by serious conflicting interests could be effected only under
+the pressure of a common peril, we must infer "a minori ad majus" that
+such a powerful incentive will be more necessary still to persuade into
+union nations of different races, each cherishing memories of mutual
+collisions and actually aware of not unimportant clashing interests.
+
+The menace of aggression from the east has been brought home to us by
+the present war; gradually it will be understood even by those
+Occidentals who at present unhappily lend their support to that
+aggression. On this perception of the higher common interests of
+self-defense do I build the possibilities of a western coalition. But a
+time may come when Russia will be compelled to join it and to complete
+thereby the union of the whole of Europe; it may come sooner than the
+conversion of Russia to western ideas could be effected by natural
+evolution; it may come through the yellow peril, the menace of which has
+been brought nearer to us by the accursed policy of England.
+
+Let Japan organize the dormant forces of China, as it seems bent upon
+doing, and the same law of eastern aggressiveness which is at the bottom
+of the present war will push the yellow mass toward Europe. Russia, as
+comparatively western, will have to bear their first onset; for this she
+will require Occidental assistance, and in the turmoil of that direful
+conflict--or, let us hope, in order to avoid it--she will readily give
+up all designs against her western neighbors, and she may become really
+western by the necessities which impel her to lean on the west.
+
+But this may or may not happen. What I see before me as a tangible
+possibility is the great western block. It is the only principle of
+reconstruction after war that contains a guarantee of a permanent peace;
+it is the one, therefore, which the pacifists of all nations should
+strive for, once they get rid of the passing mentality of conflict that
+now obscures the judgment of the best among us.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+Neutral Spirit of the Swiss
+
+An Interview With President Motta of the Swiss Confederation
+
+[From The London Times, Jan. 30, 1915.]
+
+
+BERNE, Jan. 20.
+
+The President of the Swiss Confederation is the symbol of a democracy so
+perfect that the man in the street is not quite sure who the President
+is. He knows that he is one of a council of seven, and that he is
+elected for one year, and that is all. In the Federal Palace, the Berne
+Westminster and Downing Street, the anonymity is almost as complete.
+Officers pass and repass in the corridors--one of the signs, like the
+waiting military motor cars at the door, of mobilization--but this does
+not change the spirit, simple and civilian, of the interior.
+
+M. Motta, Chief of State for this year, is a man of early middle life.
+He is the best type of Swiss, a lawyer by profession, whose limpid
+French seems to express culture as well as candor. Nor could one doubt
+for a moment the sincerity of his speech. Speaking on the Swiss position
+in the war, M. Motta was anxious to remove the impression that it was
+colored, dominated by the existence of the German-speaking cantons, more
+numerous than the French. "Of course," he said, "we have our private
+sympathies, which incline us one way or the other, and there is the
+language tie--though here we are greatly attached to our Bernese
+patois--but I would have you believe the Swiss are essentially just and
+impartial, they look at the war objectively.
+
+"We have good-will toward all the nations. Need I say that we respect
+and esteem England? Have you not found that you are well received? There
+is no antagonistic feeling against any one. Our neutrality is imposed
+upon us by our position, a neutrality that is threefold in its effects,
+for it is political, financial, and economic. Italy, France, Germany,
+Austria, are our neighbors; we send them goods, and we receive supplies
+from them in return."
+
+We then talked of the army, of that wonderful little army which, at this
+moment, is watching the snowy passes of the Alps. Two years ago it is
+said to have impressed the Kaiser on manoeuvres; perhaps for that reason
+he has refrained to pass that way. Outside, in the slippery streets,
+over which the red-capped children passed with shouts of glee, I had
+seen something of the preparations; the men, steel-like and stolid,
+marching by, the officers, stiff and martial-looking, saluting right and
+left under the quaint arcades of this charming city. Colored photographs
+of corps commanders adorned the windows and seemed to find a ready sale.
+These things pointed in the same direction. Switzerland, posted on her
+crests, was watching the issue of the terrific struggle in the plains.
+
+"We must defend our neutrality," the President said, "our 600 years of
+freedom. There is not a single man in the country who thinks
+differently. I am an Italian-Swiss, one of the least numerous of our
+nationalities, but there is only one voice here as elsewhere--only one
+voice from Ticino to Geneva. That we shall defend our neutrality is
+proved by the great expenditure on our army; otherwise, it would be the
+height of folly."
+
+The President spoke of army expenditure, of the simple army system, of
+the reorganization which had been carried out some years before.
+Switzerland was spending £20,000 a day, a large sum for a small country.
+Since the day when the general mobilization had been decreed--some
+classes have now been liberated--Switzerland had spent £4,500,000. It
+was a lot of money.
+
+The army, of course, was a militia; some few officers were professional
+soldiers, others were drawn from a civil career and were doctors,
+lawyers, engineers, and merchants. In 1907 the country had consented to
+lengthen the periods of training in what are quaintly called the
+"recruits' schools" and "rehearsal schools." In the former category the
+men do sixty-five days' training a year, in the latter forty-five.
+
+"I assure you," continued M. Motta, "whatever sympathy the German-Swiss
+may feel toward Germany, the French-Swiss toward France, or the Italian
+toward Italy, it is nothing like as warm and as intimate as that which
+each Swiss feels toward his fellow-Swiss."
+
+This was the national note which dominated everything. At first there
+was a little difficulty in the councils of the nation. Some showed a
+tendency to lose their balance, but that phase had passed, and each day,
+I gathered, purely Swiss interests were coming uppermost.
+
+"And the press, M. le President?"
+
+M. Motta admitted that some writers had been excessive in their
+language and had been lacking in good taste; but, on the whole, he
+thought the newspapers had impartially printed news from both sides, and
+he cited a list of leading organs--Switzerland is amazingly full of
+papers--which had been conspicuous for their moderation.
+
+And then there was the question of contraband. Orders were very precise
+on the subject; the Cabinet had limitless power since the opening of the
+war; if there was any smuggling it was infinitesimal, and, as to
+foodstuffs, Switzerland regretted she could not import more for her own
+needs. The Government had established a monopoly and forbidden
+re-exportation, but supplies were not up to the normal. The route by the
+Rhine was closed.
+
+Finally came the phrase, concluding the conversation: "Whoever violates
+our neutrality will force us to become the allies of his enemy." There
+could be nothing more categorical.
+
+
+
+
+TO KING AND PEOPLE.
+
+By WALTER SICHEL.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+     _All the great things have been done by the little
+     peoples._--DISRAELI.
+
+    Sire, King of men, disdainer of the mean,
+      Belgium's inspirer, well thou stand'st for all
+    She bodes to generations yet unseen,
+      Freedom and fealty--Kingship's coronal.
+
+    Nation of miracles, how swift you start
+      To super-stature of heroic deeds
+    So brave, so silent beats your bleeding heart
+      That ours, e'en in the flush of welcome, bleeds.
+
+    No sound of wailing. Look, above, afar,
+      Throbs in the darkness with triumphant ray
+    A little yet an all-commanding star,
+      The morning star that heralds forth the day.
+
+
+
+
+A Swiss View of Germany
+
+By Maurice Millioud
+
+
+     M. Maurice Millioud, an eminent member of the Faculty of the
+     University of Lausanne, Switzerland, has written an article of
+     marked breadth and penetration in which he presents a quite
+     novel view of the forces which, in combination, have brought
+     Germany to its actual position. These forces are political,
+     social, and economic; beneath and through them works the
+     subtle impulsion of a national conception of right and might
+     which the author sums up as the "ideology of caste." Want of
+     space forbids the publication of the entire article. We give
+     its most significant parts with such summary of those portions
+     which it was necessary to omit as, we trust, will enable our
+     readers to follow the general argument.
+
+Humanitarians the most deeply buried in dreams yield with stupefaction
+to the evidence of fact. European war was possible, since here it is,
+and even a world war, for all continents are represented in the mêlée.
+Millions of men on the one side or the other are ranged along battle
+fronts of from 500 to 1,000 kilometers. We are witnessing a displacement
+of human masses to which there is nothing comparable except the
+formidable convulsions of geologic ages.
+
+The world then was in formation. Will a new Europe, a new society, a new
+humanity, take form from the prodigious shock by which our imagination
+is confounded?
+
+We can at least seek to understand what we cannot hinder.
+
+This war was not a matter of blind fate, but had been foreseen for a
+long time. What are the forces that have set the nations in movement? I
+do not seek to establish responsibility. Whosoever it may be, those who
+have let loose the conflict have behind them peoples of one mind. That,
+perhaps, is the most surprising feature in an epoch when economic,
+social, and moral interests are so interwoven from one end of the earth
+to the other that the conqueror himself must suffer cruelly from the
+ruin of the conquered.
+
+The Governments have determined the day and the hour. They could not
+have done it in opposition to the manifest will of the nations. Public
+sentiment has seconded them. What is it then which rouses man from his
+repose, impels him to desert his gains, his home, the security of a
+regular life, and sends him in eager search for bloody adventures?
+
+This problem involves different solutions because it embraces a number
+of cases. Between the Russians, the French, the English, the Germans
+there is a similarity of will, but not, it seems, an analogy of
+sentiment. I shall undertake to analyze the case of Germany. It has
+peculiar interest on account of its importance, of its definiteness, of
+the comparisons to which it leads, and the reflections which it
+suggests. Numerous facts easy to verify and in part recent permit us to
+throw some light upon it and offer us a guarantee against hazardous
+conjectures.
+
+_Defining a caste as "a group of men bound to each other by solidarity
+of functions in society," such as the Brahmins of India and the feudal
+nobility, Prof. Millioud says that he will use the terms as equivalent
+or nearly equivalent to a "directing class." Quoting the article from
+Vorwaerts which led to the suspension of that Socialist organ and which
+"admits by implication that responsibility for the war falls on
+Germany," he proceeds to examine the origins of the influence of the war
+party and the interests it served._
+
+Here we must have recourse to history. In Germany the dominant class is
+composed in part of an aristocracy by birth and of bourgeois
+capitalists, more or less of them ennobled. The interior policy of
+Germany since 1871 and even since 1866 is explained by the relations,
+sometimes kindly, sometimes hostile, of these two categories of persons,
+by the opposition or the conjunction of these two influences, and not
+by a struggle of the dominant class against the socialistic mass. That
+struggle, which is in France and is becoming in England a fact of
+essential gravity, has been in Germany only a phenomenon of secondary
+importance. It has determined neither the profound evolution of the
+national life nor the chief decisions of the Government.
+
+In Germany, as is known, the abolition of the ancien régime did not take
+place brusquely as in France. After the revolution and the French
+occupation, the noble caste recovered all its privileges. It has lost
+them little by little, but not yet entirely. Even the liquidation of the
+property of the feudal régime was not completed until toward 1850.
+Napoleon made some sad cuts in the little sovereignties, but from 1813
+to 1815 the princely families did their utmost to recover their
+independence. The greater part were mediatized, but their tenacity
+offered a serious obstacle up to 1871 to the establishment of German
+unity.
+
+That unity was accomplished in despite of them, by sword and fire, as
+Bismarck said, that is to say, by the wars of 1866 and 1870. Care was
+taken, however, not to abase them more than was strictly necessary, for
+it was intended to maintain the hierarchy. What was wanted was a
+monarchical unity, made from above down, and not a democratic unity
+brought about by popular impulsion.
+
+On the other hand, the smaller nobles formed, after 1820, a vast
+association for the defense of their rights, the Adelskette. Moreover,
+they could not be sacrificed, in the first place, because they had
+rendered invaluable services in the wars of independence, they had
+arisen as one man, and they had ruined themselves in sacrifices for the
+national cause, they had organized the people and led it to victory,
+finally because they served to restrain the high nobility whose
+domination was feared. They sustained the throne against the princes,
+the higher nobility against the democracy, the lesser nobility against
+the higher, the two forming an intermediary class between the monarch
+and the nation. That was the social conception which prevailed with
+those who were working to realize the unity of Germany, so that the
+nobility, lesser or higher, in default of its privileges retained its
+functions.
+
+Treitschke, in his last lessons, about 1890, called it "a political
+class." For the bourgeois, he said, wealth, instruction, letters, arts.
+Their part is fine enough. The nobility is apt at governing. That is its
+special distinction. For a long time, in fact, the nobility has filled
+alone or almost alone the great administrative, governmental, and
+military posts.
+
+Bismarck was the finished type, the representative par excellence of
+this class of men. He had their intellectual and moral qualities carried
+to the highest degree of superiority. But he underwent evolution after
+1871, and his caste with him, under the pressure of general
+circumstances.
+
+Bismarck was a Junker, a Prussian rustic, monarchist, particularist,
+agrarian and militarist. Each of his qualities is an attribute of a
+mentality of caste, a very curious one, not lacking in grandeur, but
+very narrow and not always adequate to the conduct of affairs.
+
+Monarchist means anti-Parliamentarian. The fine scorn of rhetoric and
+even of public discussion, a conviction that democracy will not lead to
+anything beyond a display of mediocrity, that is one of the salient
+features of his mind. Patriotism conceived as an attachment to personal
+relations, as the service of one man, the subject, to another man, the
+King, and not the service of an anonymous person, the functionary, to an
+abstraction, the State, the republic, this was formerly designated by
+the word faithful, (féal,) which has disappeared from our vocabulary
+because it is without meaning in our present moral state.
+
+The Junker is particularist, at least he was. The political and
+administrative centralization which the Jacobins achieved in France
+inspires him with horror. For him it is disorder. He sees in it nothing
+but a dust heap of individuals crushed beneath a formula. Even today,
+when the German accuses France of anarchy, that is what he means. He
+figures to himself the nation as a vast hierarchy of liberties, an
+autonomy of States within the empire, of provinces within the State, of
+communes within the province, of proprietors within the commune.
+Equality is equality of rank, of worth, of wealth, of force, but
+impersonal equality before the law is for him an unnatural thing, an
+invention of the professors which at heart he despises.
+
+He is agrarian and militarist, that is to say, conservative and enamored
+of force. In 1830 four-fifths of the population lived by agriculture and
+the landlord governed his peasants patriarchally. He kept the
+conservatist spirit of a rustic, a very lively sense of authority and
+the military instinct. He had scant liking for distant enterprises or
+adventures. He was at once religious, warlike, and realist, knowing how
+to nurse his ambitions and to confine his view to what was within reach.
+
+Bismarck for a long time was the decided opponent of naval armaments and
+colonial policy, in short, of imperialism. Even his projects for social
+reform--insurance against sickness, against old age--which have been
+accepted as concessions to modern ideas, were due entirely to his
+monarchical and patriarchal conception of the State. He copied the
+ancient decrees of Colbert as to naval personnel. He would have gone as
+far as assurance against non-employment. In the dominion of the King, he
+said, no one should die of hunger.
+
+The Junker made a force of Prussia; he made Prussia itself. It was due
+to him that she passed after 1815 from the form of a Polizeistaat to the
+form of Kulturstaat, the latter only an expansion of the former. In
+place of a watchful, regulating, and vexatious State she became an
+organized State, the instructor of youth, the protector of religion, the
+source of inspiration for agricultural reforms, and all great commercial
+and industrial enterprises. This State was not an emanation from the
+national will, but the creator of a nation, the living and moving
+self-incarnation of the Hegelian "idea," that is to say, the Divine
+thought.
+
+Of all the German aristocracy the noble of Pomerania or Brandenburg, the
+Prussian Junker, represented this social type most definitely. In the
+south the liberal tendencies--to be exact, the memories of the French
+Revolution--persisted far into the nineteenth century. But it is well
+known that German unity was accomplished by military force and against
+liberalism.
+
+After 1871, and even after Sadowa, the problem of interior policy which
+presented itself was that of the "Prussianization" of Germany. At one
+time it seemed that Bismarck was on the point of succeeding in it. What
+was that national liberal party upon which he depended for so long? It
+was the old liberal party, with advanced tendencies tainted with
+democratic liberalism and even with cosmopolitanism, keeping up its
+relations with the intellectuals, the university men, who made so much
+noise with pen and voice about 1848 and later. They dreamed of the unity
+of Germany in the democratic liberty and moral hegemony of their nation,
+having become in Europe the sobered heir of the French Revolution.
+
+Under the influence of Bismarck they sacrificed to their dream of unity,
+to their national dream, their liberal dream, and they secured for the
+Chancellor the support of the upper bourgeoisie.
+
+It was indeed the Prussianization of Germany, but in that spirit and in
+that system contemporary German militarism would never have fructified.
+It was contrary to the characteristic tendencies of a monarchical State
+supported by a conservative caste, which was also particularist,
+military, and agricultural. A State of this kind tends to become a
+closed State.
+
+What then happened? An event of capital importance which everybody
+knows, but of which we only now begin to see the consequences. It was
+the radical transformation of Germany from an agricultural to an
+industrial nation. In its origin this phenomenon dates from before the
+nineteenth century. By 1848 it had become perceptible. Since 1866, and
+especially since 1871, it has dominated the entire social evolution of
+the empire. Here, in fact, is the revolution. It partakes of the
+character of a tragedy, it has overturned the conditions of life
+throughout the entire German territory.
+
+At the close of the War of Independence, four out of five Germans lived
+on the land, two out of three were engaged in agriculture. By 1895 the
+agricultural population was only 35.7 per cent. That, supported by
+industry and commerce, kept continually increasing. In 1895 it was 50.6
+per cent.
+
+This progress of industry and trade indicates the rise of a new class of
+the population, that of the capitalists. It seemed at first that their
+arrival would result in a dispossession of the nobility. For example,
+under the ancien régime the bourgeois could not acquire the property of
+the nobles. Toward 1880, for Eastern Prussia only, 7,086 estates of
+11,065 belonged to non-nobles. They could have been acquired only with
+money. Capital was supplanting birth. Today even, in Prussia, five
+members of the Ministry, a little more than one-third, are bourgeois not
+enjoying the particle von.
+
+The new dominant class encroached upon the ancient in two ways, by
+depriving it of its clientele and by acquiring a considerable weight in
+the State. "The weight of a social class" is the totality of its means
+of action, which it possesses on account of its numbers, its personal
+influence, its wealth, and the importance of the interests which it
+represents. The clientele of the agrarian nobility was essentially the
+peasants, who have continually diminished in number, the attraction of
+industrial and commercial employments having caused a great migration to
+the interior, to the factories, and the cities.
+
+For many years this phenomenon has been disclosed by statistics and
+pointed out by economists and sociologists, but no remedy has been
+found. Today, although emigration abroad has much moderated, Germany has
+not labor for its tillage. It is obliged to import farm hands and even
+cereals. It no longer produces foodstuffs sufficient for its own
+support.
+
+Moreover, the peasant who remains upon the soil is freed
+from the landlord, and agricultural production has become
+specialized--industrialized. There is the case, for instance, of that
+peasant woman who declared that she had not the time to wash her linen
+and who sent it to the steam laundry at Karlsruhe. Here is not merely an
+economic transformation, but a moral evolution. The agriculturist who no
+longer produces in order to consume but in order to sell, and who must
+live from the product of his sales, tries to produce as much as
+possible. He hires foreign labor to get from it all that he can. The
+impersonal relations of employer and employed replace the patriarchal
+traditions. Thus the land owner finds himself caught in the mechanism of
+the capitalistic system.
+
+As to the "weight" of the new class, it increased prodigiously during
+the years following the war of 1870, thanks to the millions which the
+empire could invest in its industries and which allowed it to endow its
+commerce and its merchant marine, to complete the network of its roads,
+canals, and railways.
+
+The law of concentration of capital was verified on this occasion in a
+striking manner. In the famous years 1871 to 1874, which the Germans
+call the Gründejahre, the foundation years, gigantic industrial and
+commercial enterprises took a spring which seemed irresistible. A
+Director of the Deutsche Bank, of the Dresdener Bank, the President of a
+company for transatlantic commerce, such as the Hamburg-American Line,
+or of the committee of great electric establishments, enjoyed an
+influence in the councils of the State far greater than that of a Baron,
+a Count, or a little mediatized Prince.
+
+What was the aristocracy of birth going to do about it? Struggle
+desperately? It took that tack at first. Bismarck ranged himself in its
+support for some time. He was himself an agrarian. But he was not long
+in installing paper mills on his estates at Varzin. It is said that the
+Emperor himself possesses porcelain factories. A part of the nobility
+for a long time tried to adapt itself to the new method of production.
+It took to it awkwardly and often ended in ruin.
+
+Freytag has described this phenomenon at its beginnings in a romance
+which is a chef d'oeuvre. A part of the nobility yielded, fell into the
+hands of the financiers, the money lenders, the managers of agricultural
+enterprises, sold their lands, and took refuge in the great civil,
+administrative and military posts. The remainder resisted as well as
+they could. There was antagonism between their interests and those of
+the capitalists, between the religious and particularist tendencies on
+one hand and free thought and cosmopolitanism on the other. The
+agrarians demanded tariff duties on agricultural products to raise the
+price of their foodstuffs. The industrials wanted a low cost of living
+in order to avoid the rise of wages and to compete with better advantage
+for foreign markets.
+
+Bismarck was the target for vehement opposition when he inclined toward
+the party of the traders and the industrials in his colonial and tariff
+policy. This evolution came about 1879. For a while the great Chancellor
+was looked upon almost as a traitor.
+
+Nevertheless, his view was just. Balancing the forces on the one hand by
+those on the other, ceding protective duties first to one side and then
+to the other, offsetting the advantages which he offered to one side by
+the prerogatives which he accorded to the other, he finally succeeded in
+reconciling them.
+
+From this reconciliation of the two dominant classes has resulted the
+extraordinary power of Germany. The bourgeois parties have from time to
+time grumbled over the military appropriations, but they have always
+voted them. And militarism, which is the support of the aristocracy, has
+been placed at the service of capitalistic ambition. By the prestige of
+force, awakening hopes here and inspiring fears there, more than once by
+the help of manoeuvres of intimidation, it has become an instrument of
+economic conquest.
+
+Other combinations, other reciprocal interlacings, have taken place
+which have given an exceptional and unique character to contemporary
+Germany. It is a case of social psychology of extreme interest. To
+describe it would require long detail. The combination of the
+aristocratic and military tendency with the industrial and plutocratic
+tendency, the tendency of the police spirit, the regularizing spirit of
+the Kulturstaat with the individual initiative of the capitalist
+_entrepreneur_, methodical habits of administration with the love of
+risk characteristic of the speculator, all this constitutes imperialism,
+German imperialism, distinct from every other, because to a definite
+object, economic conquest, it adds another, less precise, in which the
+moral satisfaction dear to aristocracy, the pleasure of dominating, the
+love of displaying force, the tendency to prove one's own superiority to
+one's self, play a large part.
+
+Economic conquest has become a necessity for Germany. Transformed into
+an industrial State, it no longer produces its own food. Since 1885 its
+imports have exceeded its exports by 1,353,000,000 marks. Whence did
+Germany derive these 1,300,000,000 marks which were needed, good year
+and bad, to meet its balance of trade? It owes them to its maritime
+commerce and the revenue of its capital invested abroad. Its maritime
+commerce then must augment and must triumph over all competition. At
+every cost it must open for itself outlets for its industrial products
+in order to buy foodstuffs which it does not produce sufficiently. If
+not, famine.
+
+Let us see now how the complicated play of all these social forces and
+the effect of this economic situation have been embodied in formulas,
+what has been its intellectual expression.
+
+This is no idle question, for men have always claimed to be guided by
+ideas, and generally they are, but they rarely know where their ideas
+come from or in what they consist. Without intellectual expression
+imperialism would not have extended to all the classes of society. The
+passion of economic conquest did not prevail throughout the whole of
+Germany. The bourgeois in the Liberal provinces, the corps of officers,
+the corps of teachers, the clergy were refractory to it. This direct
+form of imperialism does not seduce them. Not everybody can see his
+country and the universe through the eyes of an oligarch of high
+finance. A doctrine works with power when it appeals to instincts, when
+it awakens collective emotions, diverse enough in themselves, and joins
+them to each other with an appearance of logical deduction. It is not
+indispensable, but it is useful that it should borrow the language of
+the day. In the mediaeval epoch this language was religious. Beginning
+with the seventeenth century it was metaphysical. In our own time it is
+a scientific language set off by Greek words.
+
+If the German philosophies of the second half of the nineteenth century
+are considered, there are not many of them that pass beyond the limit of
+the school. They are honest, scholarly productions elaborated by men who
+have read much, of whom some, like Wundt, are eminent specialists, but
+who have not conquered either their subjects or their readers. One feels
+that they are not of their century.
+
+It is not from them, it is not from Eucken, the pleasant popularizer, it
+is not from Windelbund or Ostwald that the cultivated public sought the
+direction for its thought. To satisfy the need of general ideas which
+was everywhere felt, associations were formed, churches with or without
+God, of which a very important one was the "Monistenbund," in which
+Haeckel exploited his materialism transformed into a sort of biological
+pantheism.
+
+But it was outside of the associations and outside of the school that
+the flame of creative genius burned brightly. The man of the last
+generation was Nietzsche. That his thought has been perverted by his
+interpreters there is no doubt. They have taken this eagle who gazed
+unblinded at the sun and exhibited him to the young people in all sorts
+of philosophic rôles for the benefit of the industrial and military
+coalition. Nietzsche depicted in lines of fire the resurrection of
+heroism, his vision of the superman was that of an ardent soul, steeled
+by sufferings, meditating a tragic conception of life with serenity,
+and in his solitary individualism surmounting the infirmity of man and
+his own by the insistent will to eternal ascension.
+
+He was made the apostle of brute force, a sort of Messiah of the
+"struggle for life." Moreover, he was soon put one side and Gobineau was
+revived. He also, who if he did not have genius had wit, would have been
+surprised and hardly flattered perhaps by the rôle which they made him
+play. The dolichocephalic (long-skulled) blonde whom he celebrated was
+not exactly the one whom we are now judging by his works, but at least
+he proclaimed the superiority of the German race.
+
+His doctrine was the centre around which were gathered a complete
+ensemble of dogmas and of very diverse theories, whose connected thread
+it is not easy to discover when it is searched for logically, but
+appears quite distinctly when not reason, but reasons, are demanded. The
+reasons are found in the need of justifying in theory the economic and
+military imperialism, born as we have seen from conditions of fact and
+from very practical motives.
+
+I do not pretend that it was calculated, nor that the optimates made
+express requisition of the naturalists, economists, and historians and
+sociologists and moralists to provide an imperialistic philosophy for
+the use of adult and normal dolichocephalous blondes. But there
+certainly was a coincidence. It may have been due to the influence of
+what is called a _milieu ambiant_, that of the commercial and military
+party. The authors of the doctrine lived in a special atmosphere. Their
+intellect was there formed--or deformed--their work consisted in
+gathering facts, inventing reasonings, elaborating formulas, so as to
+subject natural science, history and morality to the service of that
+keen will for hegemony which was in Germany the common characteristic
+and was the connecting link between the ancient and the new directing
+class.
+
+To convince one that this is so, it is enough to arrange the works of
+the pan-Germanists in a series passing from the simplest to the most
+complicated. The dates are of no importance. We might put at one of the
+extremes the works of the Prussian General, von Bernhardi, and at the
+other the gigantic lucubration of a famous pan-German zealot, a
+neophite, a convert, almost a deserter, Mr. Houston Stewart Chamberlain.
+
+_Prof. Millioud examines at some length and acutely the tendencies and
+teachings of von Bernhardi, now familiar to American readers, sums up
+the work of the philosophers of minor rank and turns to Mr.
+Chamberlain._
+
+With Mr. Chamberlain the thesis of vital competition, the morality of
+force, the judgment of history against little nations, the civilizing
+mission imposed upon greater Germany by its very greatness, by its
+economic, scientific and artistic superiority, everything tends to the
+glorification of the German, to his duty to govern the whole world which
+he feels so imperatively and which he accepts with such a noble
+simplicity. His work is not easily summarized, not only because it
+counts 1,379 pages and two appendices, but because all is in everything,
+and everything in the universe is also in Mr. Chamberlain's book. And
+the German has made everything. Not indeed the world; that he has only
+remade and is about to remake. But he has a way of remaking so creative
+that one might say that without him the Creator Himself would be a bit
+embarrassed. He has gathered to himself alone the heritage of Greece and
+Rome as far as it was worth anything. From the year 1200 to the year
+1800 he founded, ripened, and saved a new civilization several times
+over. The mother of our sciences and our arts, Italy, is Germanic; the
+great architecture of the Middle Ages is Germanic; the true
+interpretation of Christianity, the true conception of art, the true
+social economy, the love of nature, the sense of individuality, the
+exploration of the world and of the soul, the great reawakenings of
+conscience, all the great flashes of thought are Germanic; everything is
+Germanic, except you and me, perhaps; so much the worse for me and so
+much the worse for you. After this book, the success of which has been
+prodigious, it would truly seem that there is nothing more to say.
+Germanic thought has appropriated the universe to itself. It only
+remained for the German sword to complete the work. It is drawn!
+
+I have tried to describe the modifications, or rather the successive
+additions, by which the elementary themes disclosing economic,
+political, and military appetites in the directing class have been
+disguised as theories of biology, history, political economy, sociology,
+and morality. It would take another study or another article to show how
+science was perverted to such ends. The severity of methods, rigor in
+the determination of facts, precision in reasoning, prudence in
+generalization, serene impartiality and objectivity in verification, in
+a word the scientific spirit, cannot be bent to so many pleasant
+compromises without sacrificing a great part of its dignity and its
+title to respect.
+
+This has been a singular and melancholy event for those of us who have
+been raised in respect for German science and in admiration for its
+methods, as well as for its discoveries. Certainly, from Liebig to
+Roentgen and to Behring, from Kant to Wundt, Germany has counted many
+distinguished pioneers. In the matter of fecund originality, however,
+and creative inspiration, Italy and France have always equaled, if not
+surpassed, her. She has had no Marconi, no Pasteur or Poincaré, no
+Carrel.
+
+What we have received from her so long that it has become almost a
+matter of instinct is less dazzling flashes than an equal and constant
+light. And the savants, the university men who bring to us
+anthropological romances, history stuffed with legends and personal
+prejudices, sociology constructed in contempt of the facts!
+
+In these later days we have seen all these joining under the guidance of
+their most illustrious members to address the civilized nations in an
+appeal in which by virtue of their quality as savants they undertook to
+pronounce upon facts which they don't understand, to deny those which
+they cannot help understanding, and solemnly to declare that it is not
+true that Germany has violated the neutrality of the territory of
+Belgium. For proof of this, nothing but their word of honor. Do they
+take us for those young gentlemen who said to Monge, "Professor, give us
+your word of honor that this theorem is true and we will excuse you from
+the demonstration of it"?
+
+Fully to explain the rôle of the intellectual savants and university men
+in the formation of the ideology of caste which prevails among the
+Germans it would be necessary to recite the history of instruction in
+Germany, not such as Davis and Paulson have written it, but such as it
+actually is under the influence of institutions and programmes--I mean
+the moral history of instruction.
+
+The great Frederick was wont to cry, "I commence by taking; afterward I
+shall always have pedants enough to establish my rights." Pedants or
+not, the members of the teaching corps of every grade in Germany are a
+wheel of the State, their mission is to form not men, but Germans, to
+inculcate the national idea. Their views have penetrated even to the
+common people.
+
+Germany receives a double education--that of the school and that of the
+barracks. The spirit of these two institutions is the same, and their
+influence, which has been exercised since 1848 in opposition to
+humanitarian and internationalist ideas, has encountered no serious
+obstacles, for it went readily with certain old instincts which it was
+not difficult to reawaken and which general circumstances favored.
+
+"Latrocinia nullam habent infamiam," said Caesar, speaking of the
+Germans. Pillage brings no shame. This desire of gain, this positive and
+realistic tendency is one of the motives which the brusque and
+prodigious economic expansion of Germany has promoted in the most
+efficient manner.
+
+This total assimilation of a people of 70,000,000 of souls by an
+aristocratic, almost a feudal, directing class, a combination of
+plutocrats and militarists, is in reality a most curious phenomenon,
+more than curious, in a sense grandiose, and in any case full of
+suggestions and menaces.
+
+Surrender of body and soul, confidence almost religious, enthusiastic
+faith, the directing class has conquered everything within in order to
+conquer everything without. Now it stakes everything upon the cast of
+the dice. I have not undertaken to decide whether it is just or not. The
+event will determine whether it is genius or madness.
+
+
+
+
+THE LAND OF MAETERLINCK
+
+By Alfred Sutro
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+I have translated many books of Maeterlinck's; I have wandered with him
+among the canals of Bruges and the fragrant gardens of Ghent; I have
+seen the places where he dreamed of Pelléas and Mélisande, and the hives
+of the bees he loved. Through him I learned to know Belgium, today all
+the world knows. Her cities are laid waste now and her people scattered,
+but her people will return and rebuild the cities, and the enemy will be
+dust. The day will come when the war will be far distant, a thing of the
+past, remote, forgotten, but never, while men endure or heroism counts,
+will it be forgotten what the Belgians did for Liberty's sake and for
+the sake of Albert, their King.
+
+
+
+
+America and Prohibition Russia
+
+Two Mustard Seeds of Reform Carried From This Land to the Steppes
+
+By Isabel F. Hapgood
+
+
+When Russia recently abolished the sale of liquor, first in the shops
+run as a Government monopoly, and, after a brief experience of the
+beneficent results, in the restaurants and clubs as well, an astonished
+and admiring world recognized the measure as one of the greatest events
+in the moral history of a nation. It takes rank with the reforms of
+Peter the Great. It almost casts into the shade the emancipation of the
+serfs.
+
+There has always existed in Russia a strong party which severely
+disapproved of Peter precisely because he forced "Western" ideas upon
+them. Their idea has always been that Russia would have developed a far
+higher degree of genuine culture and far more precious spiritual
+qualities had she been left to the promptings of her own genius and its
+"healthy, natural" development. And there are, indubitably, persons
+scattered through the vast Russian Empire who entertain parallel
+opinions with regard to the total prohibition of liquor just effected,
+and with regard to the projected change in the calendar now assumed to
+be imminent. I trust that I shall not increase their numbers to
+dangerous proportions if I call attention to the fact that these reforms
+have also, like Peter the Great's ideas, been imported from the
+West--from the Far West, the United States. I am sure my
+fellow-countrymen will be gratified to learn the truth, and I cheerfully
+accept the risk, and assume that Russia will, in all probability, remain
+ignorant of my interference!
+
+It is true that we do not have actual, effective prohibition anywhere
+here in America, and that we do not seem to be within measurable
+distance of such an achievement; that Russia has distanced us again in
+this, just as she distanced us by emancipating her serfs, without a
+war, before we emancipated our slaves, with the aid of a war. But we
+have supplied the scriptural mustard seed in the case of prohibition in
+Russia, and have either furnished the seed for the change in the
+calendar, or, at any rate, have provided elements that have hastened its
+growth to a very remarkable degree.
+
+Mustard seed No. 1 was carried over from the United States in the Autumn
+of 1887 and sown on the good ground of the late Count Tolstoy, and other
+noble men, whence--as results show--it spread abroad with a swiftness
+suggestive rather of the proverbial weed than of the fair flower its
+blossoming has shown it to be.
+
+In the Autumn of 1886 Dr. Peter Semyonovitch Alexyeeff of Moscow,
+accompanied by his wife, sailed for Canada and the United States for the
+purpose of inspecting the hospitals, prisons, and elementary schools;
+and they came for the Winter because some parts of Canada during that
+season possess a climate similar to that of Central Russia, while in
+other parts the climates are identical. In fact, Canada is the only
+country in the world where the climatic conditions are at all analogous.
+The construction of new hospitals, the adaptation of already existing
+buildings for hospital use, the internal arrangement, and the perfection
+of their internal machinery had long been matters of deep interest to
+Dr. Alexyeeff.
+
+Germany and France, with climates so different from that of Russia,
+could not furnish him with the information available in North America,
+where, in his opinion, the habits and conditions of existence--such
+important factors in matters connected with hospitals and invalids--also
+differ less from those of Russia than do the general surroundings in the
+countries of the Continent. After visiting the principal cities of
+Canada and the United States from Quebec to Vancouver, and from Boston
+to Washington, (some of them more than once,) Dr. Alexyeeff arrived at
+the conclusion that the hospitals of the United States were better built
+and much better administered than those of London, Paris, Berlin, and
+Vienna.
+
+Naturally, no one could spend nine months in investigating hospitals and
+prisons in this country without coming in contact with the liquor
+problem. Moreover, Dr. Alexyeeff was a wideawake man, who took an
+interest not only in all matters connected with his profession, but in
+very many outside of it. He was, also, a man of very lofty character.
+His wife once wrote me concerning him somewhat as follows: "He walks,
+habitually, on such moral heights, in such a rarefied spiritual
+atmosphere, that I, the daughter of an English clergyman, reared
+accordingly, and myself (as you know) deeply in sympathy with it, find
+difficulty in following him." Obviously, he was precisely the man to
+appreciate the temperance movement, and to carry it to its logical
+conclusion. In the preface to a volume, "About America," which he
+published in Moscow in 1888, he writes:
+
+     Neither the wonders of wild nature in the Rocky Mountains nor
+     the menacing might and grandeur of Niagara produce such an
+     impression on a Russian as the success of the fight with
+     drunkenness--the temperance movement--and the successful
+     development, in all classes of society, of morality and the
+     strict application of practical morals.
+
+He did not confine himself to this brief, general statement. He wrote in
+praise of temperance, of prohibition, for learned Russian societies.
+Then he wrote a book entitled "Concerning Drunkenness." The Censor's
+permit to publish is dated March 29, (April 10,) 1887. It was published
+by the management of the magazine, Russkaya Mysl, (Russian Thought,)
+which may indicate that it had first appeared in that monthly as a
+series of articles, though I have not been able to verify the fact. The
+book may have been published promptly, or at least the article from the
+medical magazine may have been published in the cheap form (costing two
+or three cents) used by the semi-commercial, semi-philanthropic firm
+"Posrednik," which may be rendered "Middleman" or "Mediator," designed
+for the dissemination of good and useful reading among the masses.
+
+At any rate, "Concerning Drunkenness" appeared at the price of one ruble
+(about fifty cents) in 1891, prefaced by a dissertation by Count
+Tolstoy, "Why Do People Stupefy Themselves?" specially written for this
+occasion, as Dr. Alexyeeff told me. (It has been translated under the
+title of "Alcohol and Tobacco," London, and published without any
+indication that Dr. Alexyeeff inspired it.)
+
+In 1896 a second edition, revised and enlarged, was published, also in
+Moscow; and to this the author added a list of helpful publications and
+a summary bibliography, which included books issued in various foreign
+countries, ranging in number from 705 for Great Britain and Colonies,
+142 for the United States, 247 for Germany, 124 for ten other countries
+combined, (up to 1885 in all these cases,) to ten for Russia. Of these
+ten, four are in Latin, four in German, one is in Swedish and one in
+Russian--the latter, evidently, an article republished from The Medical
+News. On the whole, a list practically non-existent, so far as Russia
+was concerned!
+
+Dr. Alexyeeff had discovered a field of endeavor as virgin as the
+unplowed steppe. Only scientists desperately hard up for an unusual
+topic for a strictly academic discussion and recklessly willing to risk
+incurring universal unpopularity would have dreamed of unearthing those
+volumes. He promptly aroused Count Tolstoy's interest in the subject of
+temperance, which in this case signified prohibition, since the Count in
+his preface to Dr. Alexyeeff's book (dated July 10-22, 1890,) treated
+liquor on the same basis as tobacco, which he had totally abjured at
+least two years previously. With Tolstoy, to become convinced that a
+reform was desirable was, as all the world knows, to become an ardent
+propagandist of that reform. Thanks to the efforts of Dr. Alexyeeff,
+seconded by those of Tolstoy, temperance began to attract attention in
+Russia, temperance societies were formed, and have been steadily
+increasing ever since in numbers and activity.
+
+Eventually Mr. Tchelisheff arrived on the scene with his splendid vital
+force and practical solutions of the financial and other problems (or
+suggestions for them) that arise from prohibition, (especially when a
+Government monopoly and revenue are concerned,) which he most
+strenuously advocated when Mayor of Samara, as representative in the
+Duma--everywhere, in fact, where he could obtain a hearing, willing or
+unwilling, up to the Emperor Nicholas himself. And the Emperor showed
+that he was equal to the magnificent opportunity, and joined hands with
+the former peasant in aiding his country.
+
+In an interview published by THE TIMES a while ago Mr. Tchelisheff
+mentions that his attention was first drawn to the subject of the evils
+of drunkenness by a book which he saw a muzhik reading. Judging from the
+point at which he inserts that mention into his outline sketch of his
+career (previous to the great famine which he--erroneously--assigns to
+the "end of the '80s," but which came in 1891) his interest was aroused
+precisely at the time when Dr. Alexyeeff's first utterances may be
+assumed to have seen the light of print. At any rate, it is an admitted
+fact that Dr. Alexyeeff carried to Russia and to Tolstoy from the United
+States the idea and inspiration which has borne such wonderful fruit in
+the abolition of the liquor traffic "forever," as the Imperial ukase
+runs.
+
+Mr. Tchelisheff is a noteworthy figure in history accordingly, but Dr.
+Alexyeeff should not be forgotten. When I made his acquaintance at Count
+Tolstoy's, in Moscow, he had just requested (and obtained) a detail of
+service in Tchita, Trans-Baikal Province, Siberia, as physician to the
+political exiles there, thinking the region would repay study from many
+points of view, in his leisure hours. The preface to the first edition
+of his book "Concerning Drunkenness" is dated "July, 1899, Tchita," and
+from Tchita I received my copy from him. In that preface he states the
+scope of his book in a way which confirms my conviction that Mr.
+Tchelisheff was first stirred to interest, and in the end aroused to
+action, by the United States, via Dr. Alexyeeff. He writes:
+
+     The battle which in all ages has been waged against
+     drunkenness has been confined hitherto almost exclusively to
+     the realms of medicine and ethics; the social part of the
+     question is only just beginning to be worked out, and has
+     hardly as yet won the rights of citizenship, and down to our
+     own day there have been no serious legal measures adopted for
+     the battle with drunkenness.
+
+Therefore, he omits the legal aspects of the matter in his book and
+confines himself to an attempt at popularizing the information scattered
+in divers individual books, "borrowing everything which can lead to the
+ultimate goal--the extermination of the evil caused by the use of
+spirituous drinks." He continues:
+
+     Public opinion has nowhere as yet, even in the lands where
+     considerable success has attended the war on drunkenness,
+     ripened sufficiently a desire to give, even incompletely, a
+     summary of the information about that battle, and make my
+     fellow-countrymen acquainted with a matter still little known
+     in Russia, so I am prompted to write what follows.
+
+The second edition of this book, with the surprising list of Russian
+treatises on drunkenness to which I have already alluded, is dated
+"June, 1895, Riga," where he lived after his return from Siberia, as an
+official of the Government medical service, until his death in August,
+1913. During the stay in Tchita of the Alexyeeffs, the present Emperor
+(then the heir,) passed through it, on his way home (from the trip to
+India and Japan which came so near terminating fatally in the latter
+country) after having officially opened work upon the construction of
+the Trans-Siberian Railway, on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. A formal
+reception and ceremonies were organized in Tchita; and I allude to the
+matter because of a curious detail mentioned in a letter to me by Mrs.
+Alexyeeff. Foreigners have very queer ideas, she said, as to the
+position and treatment of the political exiles in Siberia; some of the
+Tchita exiles served as heads of the committees for welcoming the heir,
+and he shook hands with them and treated them exactly as he treated the
+Governor General of the Province.
+
+Whether it was his admiration for the American temperance movement which
+influenced Dr. Alexyeeff's views on everything American, I cannot say.
+But, assuredly, not many foreign visitors have pronounced upon our
+country such a panegyric as is contained in the preface to his "Across
+America." He writes:
+
+     Conscientious fulfillment of every duty, industry, energy, and
+     moral purity are the typical qualities of the genuine
+     American. It is difficult to form any idea of the wide
+     development of philanthropy, the significance of religion, and
+     the practical application to life of ethical principles, the
+     application of moral obligations in business, the upright,
+     God-fearing life of the Americans, unless one has lived among
+     them. They have neither prostitution, foundling hospitals, nor
+     hospitals for venereal diseases. A European is not accustomed
+     to see empty prisons and hospitals in densely settled
+     localities--to come upon cities where there is nothing for the
+     police, the Judges, and the doctors to do he finds startling.
+     They have attained the height where priests, pastors,
+     preachers, and teachers are rarely obliged to contend with
+     indifference....
+
+     After a trip to America it would be difficult to return an
+     atheist--you are more likely to come back in a religious frame
+     of mind.... Idleness and luxury are not among the
+     distinguishing characteristics of the descendants of the
+     Puritans.... In the light, transparent atmosphere of the
+     States, simplicity, the cheerful, alert spirit infects the
+     foreigner, makes him a more frank, trustful, optimistic
+     warrior for the truth, and causes him to forget what it means
+     to be downcast in spirit, or what spleen and hypochondria are.
+
+Until he died, in Siberia, in Russia, everywhere, Dr. Alexyeeff worked
+for temperance. He was enthusiastic about it when I saw him and his wife
+in England, in 1907.
+
+Mr. Tchelisheff having been aroused to interest, theoretically, by
+America, via Dr. Alexyeeff, as is fairly proven, it was only natural
+that he should proceed to make the personal observations on the
+practical, social side of drunkenness which he mentions in his Times
+interview. He noticed, during the great famine of 1891, that it was the
+drunkards who had squandered their grain and pawned their possessions
+to the keepers of the dramshops who robbed other men's granaries and
+houses, burned, rioted, and murdered; while the men who did not drink
+had plenty of food and grain to hold out. We are informed from Russia
+that even during its still brief reign prohibition has resulted in
+remarkable improvement in health, living conditions, and bank accounts.
+
+Mr. Tchelisheff is, as I have said, a noteworthy figure in history. He
+would be a remarkable figure in any land; but for those who are not
+acquainted with Russia, the rise of a man born a peasant, educated
+solely by his own efforts on stray newspapers and books which fell in
+his way in his schoolless village, and absolutely lacking in money or
+influence, ("svyazi"--connections, is the Russian version of "pull,") to
+the position of multi-millionaire and co-worker with the Emperor, is
+amazing almost beyond belief. In reality, it is as simple as the rise of
+an American newsboy, of an Edison or a Carnegie to a position of power
+in the United States. Fate, circumstances, as well as their own
+personality are the factors in all these cases; and in every similar
+case.
+
+Moreover, there is in Russia no eternally impassable barrier of caste,
+but there is a genuine democracy which is not easy to define, but is
+very easily felt. For instance, the title of "Prince," (to which, unlike
+that of "Count" or "Baron"--conferrable--one must be born, runs the
+rule, with exceptions for such national heroes as Suvaroff,) counts for
+nothing or approximately that, unless its owner possesses, in addition,
+the wealth, character, learning or other characteristics which would
+render him a man of mark without it.
+
+There are other interesting instances of peasants who have risen high in
+Russia, and Mr. Tchelisheff is their worthy successor. The founder of
+the great silversmiths' firm of Ovtchinnikoff was a serf. His successors
+have made it their rule, "out of gratitude to God," to maintain and
+educate a certain number of poor boys, who, when their intellectual and
+technical training is completed, are free to remain with the firm as
+valued artists or to go forth independently. When the Emperor Alexander
+II. celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of his accession to the
+throne, all the Sovereigns of Europe sent him magnificent presents.
+These are assembled in his library, at the Winter Palace, Petrograd; and
+in the centre--accorded that place by the Russians with equal good
+feeling, good taste, and justice--is a large group in solid silver,
+representing a huge mass of rock upon whose pinnacles stand figures
+representing the different parts of the empire--Little Russia, Siberia,
+and so forth. The inscription reads: "To the Tzar-Liberator from the
+Liberated Serf." It was made by the Ovtchinnikoffs and presented by
+another ex-serf, who had become a millionaire railway magnate.
+
+Mustard Seed No. 2 from America to Russia falls into a somewhat
+different category. It more nearly resembles one of those grains of
+antique wheat found in a tomb and sprouting vigorously when finally
+planted in congenial, helpful soil. I trust that my comparison may not
+be regarded as disrespectful. One could not, willingly, be disrespectful
+to the calendar, any more than to the thermometer!
+
+Russia, by adhering to the Julian Calendar and refusing to adopt the
+Gregorian, has now fallen thirteen days behind the rest of the world. It
+falls behind about a day for every century. There are several reasons
+why Russia has not, up to now, remedied the serious inconvenience caused
+by this conflict of dates. One is--the Gregorian Calendar is Roman
+Catholic, and named after a Pope. It is, also, inaccurate. Worst of all,
+the rectification might--almost infallibly would, under ordinary
+circumstances--cause trouble at the outset, especially in one
+incalculably important direction.
+
+Russian scientists long ago worked out a new calendar far more accurate
+than the Gregorian for thousands of years, and when the change is made
+that calendar will be adopted. The fundamental difficulty lies in the
+fact that all the people whose saints' days must inevitably be skipped
+for the first year in the process of rectification will inevitably feel
+that they are being robbed of their guardian angels, that they are
+"orphans"--a mournful word greatly beloved of the Russian masses under
+multiform circumstances, both material and spiritual--and orphaned in a
+peculiarly distressing and irrevocable way. They might even feel when
+their saints' days came around quite correctly the next year that some
+spurious adventurer--Angel of Darkness--was being foisted upon them.
+
+Fanatics and professional mischief-makers would certainly seize with
+avidity upon such a godsend of a chance, unparalleled since the days of
+Peter the Great's father, when the Patriarch Nikon had the errors of the
+copyists in the Scriptures and church service books corrected. But the
+present war has fused all parties, united all hearts in patriotism,
+loyalty to, and confidence in their Emperor and created a fervid
+inclination amounting to enthusiasm to accept even the most drastic
+reforms he may make cheerfully, unquestionably, as for the good of the
+fatherland.
+
+On the matter of the calendar reform America has for many years past
+been exerting a steadily increasing influence. During the past twenty
+years the steady flow of immigrants from Russia and other countries
+belonging to the Orthodox Catholic Church of the East, (Greco-Russian,)
+has increased to a great volume, and it seems destined to attain still
+greater proportions when the war is over. These people are obliged to
+work and keep holiday by the Gregorian calendar and to worship by the
+Julian. This entails hardships.
+
+For example, a devout Russian who has been forced to remain idle on our
+Christmas and New Year's Days must sacrifice his pay--sometimes risk or
+lose his job--if he wishes to observe the feasts of his own church. A
+reform of the calendar would be hailed with joy by innumerable such
+immigrants, who have been over here long enough to consider calmly the
+practical aspects of a temporary dislocation of saints' days. The
+ecclesiastical authorities in this country have frequently protested,
+in print, both here and in Russia, and I have been informed that the
+Holy Synod has been appealed to, more than once, to induce it to cast
+its influence into the balance with that of the scientists and the
+governmental authorities, who have been discussing the matter for years
+past, and hesitating over the probable consequences of action--a case of
+peasant joining hands with the rulers of Russia, once more like Mr.
+Tchelisheff and the Emperor Nicholas--or the people of the United States
+and the President--to secure a needed reform!
+
+And these same peasant-immigrants in America have, without the shadow of
+a doubt, already written back to their relatives and friends in the old
+country--and very frequently--about the difficulties of the antiquated
+Julian calendar, and these, in turn, can disseminate common sense about
+the change in a way which the Government, aided by the Holy Synod and
+the explanations of home-staying parish priests, unaided, could never
+effect. When the fitting time arrives, perhaps the Russian Government
+will avail itself of just this argument, among others--the welfare of
+friends in distant America. There has never been a propitious time in
+Russia to make that calendar reform since the reign of Peter the Great
+until now. And America may fairly be said to have brought from its dark
+hiding place the mustard seed which has been trying so long to
+germinate, and imparted to it a vivifying impulse.
+
+
+
+
+THE MOTHER'S SONG.
+
+By CECILIA REYNOLDS ROBERTSON.
+
+
+    Hush, oh, my baby, your father's a soldier,
+      He's off to the war, and we've nothing to eat.
+    And the glory is neither for you nor for me,
+      With the cockleburr crushing the wheat.
+
+    Little boy baby, look well on your mother;
+      Some day you may ask why she bore you at all;
+    For the trenches are foul with the blood and the wallow,
+      And the bayonet is sharp for your fall.
+
+    Rest, rosy limbs, and blue eyes and gold lashes--
+      Made in the mold of the Saviour, they say!
+    Drink deep of my bosom, my starved, meagre bosom,
+      That--keeps you alive for the fray.
+
+    Sleep, oh, my man child, and smile in your sleeping,
+      But the gun has been fashioned to lay in your hand,
+    And your life blood flows smooth in your fair little body
+      The better to water and plenish the land!
+
+
+
+
+Pan-American Relations As Affected by the War
+
+Consequences of the European Conflict on Future Commerce Between the
+United States and Latin America
+
+By Huntington Wilson,
+
+_Formerly Assistant Secretary of State_.
+
+
+I.
+
+A study of the effects of the war upon our relations with the other
+republics of this hemisphere involves political, commercial, financial
+and strategic elements of far-reaching scope and much complexity. The
+situation presents an opportunity. It offers a lesson even more vital
+than the opportunity. The political considerations are most relevant to
+the lesson; and the final text of the lesson will be the result of the
+war. The economic opportunity is already upon us, definite and clear. It
+will not wait. It must be grasped without delay and may therefore be
+first discussed.
+
+There is something repellent in counting our advantages under the shadow
+of so great a tragedy but we must try to be as practical as those who
+are fond of accusing us of materialism. Does any one think that the
+steam-roller of admirably organized and Government-fostered German
+competition would pause if we lay in the road; that if we received a
+check, Anglo-Saxon cousinship and fair play would always mitigate
+British competition; or that then not a single European merchant in
+South America would ever again use scorn and detraction against our
+goods, or encourage, through influence with the press, prejudice due to
+"Yankee peril" nonsense? In short, is it likely that all our
+competitors would suddenly love us just because we were in trouble? No,
+things are not as they should be and meanwhile must be dealt with as
+they are.
+
+There used to be apparently very little hope of our shaking the tree and
+gathering the golden fruit of foreign enterprise unless forced to it by
+the collapse, through dire hard times, of the wonderful home market
+which has made spoiled children of our manufacturers. Now comes this
+war. It forces upon us a wonderful, a unique opportunity to gain and
+hold our proper place in the finance, trade, and enterprise of Latin
+America. The richness of the field is often exaggerated, but its
+cultivation is certainly worth the effort of men of foresight.
+
+What are we going to do about it? This is the question; for if American
+business men do not do their part the ultimate effect of the war upon
+our economic interests in this part of the world will be unimportant. We
+must not be like the young gold miners who were looking exclusively for
+large nuggets with handles. We must go at it seriously and
+scientifically and solidly, not superficially, casually, and
+opportunistically. We must begin with the earnest intention of
+continuing our efforts for all time.
+
+An enthusiastic commercial spasm will be worth nothing. There have got
+to be real efforts, real hard work, the expenditure of money for future
+and not merely immediate profits, a cheerful readiness to discard old
+and cherished methods, a new adaptability, a new painstaking attention
+to details. There has got to be serious study of foreign countries and
+keen interest in our relations to them. Without all this, mailing
+catalogues, (usually in English,) banquets and speeches and
+organizations will take us nowhere.
+
+American business men are bestirring themselves. They know that we need
+ships to carry our goods advantageously, and banks for the favorable
+financing of our trade. They should be able to compel our Government's
+support where needful, as in a ship subsidy or a limited guarantee of
+reasonable profit to American investment in ships. In connection with
+our efforts at Caribbean commerce, as another instance, they should be
+able to get a flexible sliding scale tariff provision passed by
+Congress, so that, in dealing with the countries whose coffee or other
+special products we buy, we could induce them to give us for our exports
+reciprocal advantages over our competitors. Indeed, a kind of Caribbean
+tariff union might well be feasible and desirable.
+
+So long ago as last August the British Government sent all over the
+world for samples and specifications of German goods which their
+manufacturers might contrive to displace. We should take corresponding
+action in regard to the goods of our competitors. Our manufacturers
+should be reconciled to sending to find out what each market wants
+instead of asking a population to take or leave what we make. Our
+commercial campaign should include the effort to replace goods from one
+belligerent country formerly handled by local merchants from another
+belligerent country, such as British goods previously sold through the
+German houses which so abound in these countries.
+
+Good men from small countries without political significance in
+world-politics already make their influence felt as employes of foreign
+Governments and as merchants in foreign countries. The war may set free
+many more men and send them about the world to work for their own
+interests, for the country they most believe in, and perhaps ultimately
+for an adopted country. International commerce must have its courtiers,
+and the good will of all such men should also be reckoned with. They
+spread friendship or prejudice against us. Many of them are importers
+and will push our goods or some one else's according to the manner in
+which we deal with them.
+
+American manufacturers are doubtless weary of being told that they pack
+badly, that they are niggardly about credits, that they do not send
+enough or sufficiently qualified representatives, that they are careless
+of details, and so on. Still, before mentioning some further particular
+steps that should be taken, it is necessary to emphasize the fact that
+these same old faults are, and until corrected must remain, the chief
+detriments to our foreign trade.
+
+In some of the republics there is a real disposition to deal with us; in
+others there is a preference for Europe. Now, as to many goods, they
+must deal with us or go without, although I am informed that a German
+firm, for example, has got word to its clients in these countries that
+it is prepared to fill orders via Copenhagen. If we think that our
+competitors have gone entirely or permanently out of business we shall
+be ridiculously and sadly disappointed. We shall be on trial, and if our
+exporters make good they will find a conservative disposition to
+continue to buy from us.
+
+In the effort it is important to remember that there is much to live
+down in criticism of methods of the past. One Latin-American gentleman,
+an enthusiast for American commerce, exclaimed to me in despair: "Son
+hombres capazes de poner una hacha Collins con vidrios para ventanas,"
+which means: "they (the American exporters) are capable of packing a
+Collins hatchet with window glass." Others told me how leading firms
+always stamped their letters for domestic and not foreign postage. The
+office boy simply would not learn geography. Nobody minded paying the
+deficit, but through local red tape this seeming trifle sometimes caused
+two or even three weeks' delay in the delivery of important letters.
+
+Certain of our strongest firms have been calmly ignoring shipping
+directions. What did they care if the packages had to cross the Andes on
+mule back, and if mules could only carry packages of a certain size and
+weight? What did they care if the duty remission for materials on some
+Government contract, or the customs classification of a shipment,
+depended on adherence to specific directions? I could multiply examples
+of the most amazing casualness and careless disregard, of bad packing,
+of ungenerous credit, which have enraged the importer.
+
+A European merchant, many years established in a South American city,
+and knowing the community, has been selling pianos in this way: The
+manufacturer would quote him a price and deliver the piano, giving him
+long credit at an ordinary rate of interest. The merchant would finally
+sell the piano on the installment plan, receiving interest at a higher
+rate on the deferred payments, the merchant trusting the buyer, the
+manufacturer trusting the merchant, both thus making good profits, and
+the purchaser being accommodated. This man found the American
+manufacturer entirely unwilling to deal in this way.
+
+European houses on the spot, whether independent or financed by large
+home houses, give credits for as long, sometimes, as a year. They would
+not continue to do so if they lost by doing it. Often this fits the
+customs of the local domestic trade. In one country the local retailer
+is expected to be paid within eighteen months. Naturally, our exporters'
+demand for "cash down on receipt of documents," even when the customer
+is well vouched for, does not appeal to him.
+
+He prefers to get long credit from a European house, and pay interest
+for it, rather than to borrow from his bank at high interest or sink his
+own capital to pay for American goods, long before he gets them, their
+price plus the profit of a commission house. Indeed, he is generally
+dissatisfied with the methods of American export trade as now conducted,
+which is almost exclusively through commission houses. These, it seems,
+might become more efficient through organization and more aggressive and
+scientific methods.
+
+On the other hand, the export trade of certain of the big combinations
+is beginning to be pushed with commendable zeal and efficiency. Trade at
+large, to reach its greatest volume, must include the pushing of smaller
+lines of goods. These smaller lines, in the aggregate, would reach
+considerable sums, and it does not appear that there have hitherto
+existed efficient agencies for their marketing. To hold Latin-American
+trade we must equal our competitors in liberality of credits, in
+representation on the spot, and in other facilities.
+
+There is no doubt that more American merchants resident in the trade
+centres would give valuable impetus to our commerce. Even our commission
+houses operating on the spot are so few that in handling many lines
+there is the greatest danger of their sacrificing the building up of a
+steady trade to the opportunities of unduly heavy profits now and then,
+and so damaging our general commercial interests. Then we must send many
+commercial travelers.
+
+Just here, however, it cannot be too strongly emphasized that Americans
+sent to these countries to do business must above all be men of
+agreeable manners. In these countries many quite unworthy people have
+these: so a good man who lacks them is likely to be badly misjudged.
+They should have sympathetic personality and sufficient education,
+besides being men of sobriety and good character, and should be able to
+speak the language of the country.
+
+All this will be expensive, but non-competing firms might join in
+sending men, or competing firms might, it is hoped, be guaranteed
+against the terrors of the Sherman law in order to join in sending a
+corps of representatives upon some basis of division of the field or
+the profits. Combination is even more necessary abroad to put forth the
+nation's strength in world competition than it is for efficiency at
+home. These men would be students and salesmen, and perhaps future
+merchants who would settle in these countries and emulate the patriotic
+groups of resident foreigners who in so many places help to form an
+atmosphere favorable to their countries' interests.
+
+They would work to replace with our goods those now shut off by the war,
+but also to introduce dozens of lines of American products which are now
+comparatively hard to find in these markets. A number of strong firms
+might join to establish commercial houses or selling agencies in trade
+centres of certain groups of countries. Commission houses might do the
+same if they carried samples and instructed their clients in packing,
+credits, &c., but in each case there should be American houses on the
+spot which would carry general lines and supply to the eye that visible
+evidence of the goods themselves which is such a valuable form of
+advertisement.
+
+In the establishment of American houses in these countries, as in many
+other respects, much may be learned from the Germans. They bring out
+carefully selected young men. These, if efficient, have sure promotion.
+The partners retire before old age to make room for those who work up.
+The inefficient are dropped. It is a little like the principle of a good
+foreign service.
+
+I think the most minute study should be given, first, to the nearer
+countries, say those north of the Equator, including the republics of
+the Caribbean. Each country must be separately studied. Primarily, there
+will be found a cry, sometimes desperate, for capital. Public works,
+concessionary and otherwise, have stopped for lack of funds from Europe.
+New developments in railroad building, mining, harbor works,
+plantations, are arrested. Where European credits have been customarily
+used to handle crops, there is distress, and no less so in cases in
+which such credit has previously been given by ostensibly American
+houses operating really with European capital.
+
+American capital may come to the rescue by advances upon good security
+through local banks. It can establish banks or buy controlling interests
+in existing banks, many of which pay their stockholders 15 per cent. or
+more. It can relieve the stagnation and make profitable investment by an
+active campaign for public and private contracts and for sound and fair
+concessions, not visionary or get-rich-too-quick schemes.
+
+Supposably, the repairing of the destruction brought by the war will
+make European capital scarce for some years, but an effort will
+doubtless be made to retain for it its former preponderance in these
+countries; and so it is important that, whatever the war's effects upon
+our own money markets, use should be made of such an opportunity as does
+not come more than once.
+
+To be sure, the scarcity of money in the United States makes this
+difficult, but the same worldwide money scarcity will secure an
+especially high rate of interest in Latin America, where even in normal
+times money can often be placed on excellent security in some of the
+countries, and at a rate very high indeed compared to that prevailing
+now in the United States. For safe investments with such a margin of
+profit, it is to be hoped that money, even if dear at home, will be
+forthcoming.
+
+Undoubtedly the purchasing power of these republics has been hard hit by
+the cutting off of credits and markets by the war, as their Governments
+have been hard hit through the falling off of revenues from import
+duties. Some of the Governments will require foreign loans. Capital, I
+repeat--and I mean really American capital--is the urgent need. We are
+not asked to make them a present of capital to buy our goods with, but
+if we do not help finance them and buy their products they will have
+nothing with which to buy our goods.
+
+The situation invites us to give capital and credit to take the place of
+the European supply which has failed. One need not fear that the returns
+will be uninviting, for Europe would hardly have been supplying credit
+and capital to Latin America as a mere matter of amiability. Thus our
+capital must regenerate Latin-American prosperity, while our bankers,
+merchants, and manufacturers are engaged in making solid, permanent
+arrangements, not opportunistic ones, to take possession of a great
+share in the present and still more in the growing future development
+and commerce of these countries. Capital, then, and credit are the first
+requisites.
+
+The war has had the effect of making the Latin-American countries
+realize for once the economic importance to them of the United States.
+The products of some, like the tin of Bolivia and the nitrates of Chile,
+have been going almost entirely to Europe. Several republics suffer the
+more acutely in proportion to their previous failure to cultivate
+financial and commercial relations with the United States.
+
+They now feel this and are compelled to a mood receptive to our
+advances. More, they are forced to seek new markets for their goods just
+as they are forced to buy some of ours. In this way there should come
+about new exports to the United States, and there should spring up there
+the corresponding new industries and habits of consumption, to the
+ultimate benefit of all the countries concerned.
+
+Meanwhile, the United States is the only present economic hope of a
+number of the republics. It is to be hoped that our capitalists and
+business men will realize the responsibilities as well as the
+opportunities of profit in the rôle they are asked to play, and that
+their response to their new opportunities will be one of courage,
+thoroughness and intelligence, and one also of quiet patriotism.
+
+
+II.
+
+POLITICAL POTENTIALITIES.
+
+Turning from the opportunity to the lesson, from the commercial and
+economic aspects of this question to those that are political in the
+large sense, one's imagination is appalled at the potentialities of the
+yet unknown results of so vast an upheaval. Yet we must envisage some of
+these if we are to be prepared for their effect upon us. We must be
+ready for the impact of the resultant forces of these great dynamics. We
+must be ready everywhere, but nowhere more than in our relations with
+Latin America, in the zone of the Caribbean, and wherever the Monroe
+Doctrine as still interpreted gives us a varying degree of
+responsibility.
+
+The war's first effect upon our Latin-American relations is to compel
+through commercial and financial rapprochement a larger measure of
+material interdependence, more contact, and, we may hope, a substitution
+of knowledge for the former reciprocity of ignorance. All this makes for
+better social and intellectual relations, good understanding and
+friendship, and so for political relations much more substantial in the
+case of many of the republics than the rather flimsy Pan-Americanism
+celebrated in eloquent speeches and futile international conferences.
+
+There is little in Pan-Americanism of that kind. The "raza Latina" of
+eloquence is not itself homogeneous; still less so is the population of
+the whole hemisphere. And with Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and
+Santiago we have, of course, far less propinquity than we have with the
+capitals of Europe. But what we really can do is to build up, especially
+with the nearer republics, real ties of common interest and good
+neighborhood, and with the distant ones ties of commerce and esteem.
+
+The war may tend to cure certain rather self-centred countries of
+affecting the morbid view that the people of the United States are lying
+awake nights contriving to devour them, when, in fact, it would be hard
+to find in a crowded street in the United States one in a thousand of
+the passersby who knew more than the name, at most, of one of those very
+few countries referred to.
+
+Europe's preoccupation with the war temporarily deprives such a country
+and its few misguided prophets whose monomania is dread of that chimera,
+the "Colossus of the North," of the pastime of nestling up to Europe in
+the hope of annoying us. It postpones, too, the hope of the morbid ones
+that we shall come to war with a powerful enemy. Now, perhaps, even
+these will appreciate the remark of a diplomatist of a certain weak
+country in contact with European powers, who once said: "If we only had
+the United States for a neighbor! What I can't understand is that your
+neighbors do not realize their good luck." Turning from these
+exceptional phenomena, the very fact of the war leaves the United States
+in a general position of greater political prestige.
+
+Whatever the upshot of the European tragedy, its political and
+psychological consequences are likely to be great. If it result in new
+national divisions upon racial lines of more reality, who knows but that
+the awakened spirits of nationality will germinate fresh military
+ambitions? Or will the horrors of the war force political reforms and
+the search for assurance in more democratic institutions against any
+repetition of those horrors? And is popular government an assurance
+against useless war while men remain warlike even when not military?
+
+Except from the successful countries or from those where disaster has
+brought such sobering change that men can return to work heartened with
+new hope, when the war is over there is likely to be a heavy emigration
+of disgusted people. Possibly even victory will be so dear that men will
+emigrate from a country half prostrate in its triumph. Many will come as
+the Puritans came, and as the bulk of our own excellent Germanic element
+came, and will cast in their lot with a new nation. We shall get a good
+share, but doubtless some will go to the republics of the far South, and
+some to the highlands of the tropics and through the canal to the West
+Coast. If so, this will tend gradually toward increased production and
+purchasing power, as well as toward a leavening of social, political,
+and economic conditions of life.
+
+If the war were indecisive or left all the combatants more or less
+prostrated, peaceful immigration might give a big impulse to the
+gradual growing up of powerful States in the temperate zone of the
+extreme South. The situation there, and the evolution of our own power,
+make it perhaps even now fair to consider the question of regarding as
+optional in any given case the assertion by us of the Monroe Doctrine
+much below the equator, let us say, beyond which it may possibly be
+doubtful whether we have nowadays much reason for special interest.
+
+But, even so, our relations to South America and our obligations under
+the Monroe Doctrine, in spite of the blessed fortifications of the
+Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, leave us where it is tempting fate to be
+without a navy of the first magnitude, and a big merchant marine. We
+have seen what happened to Belgium and Luxemburg. We have seen how even
+some of the most enlightened nations can still make force their god.
+Nations learn slowly, and there are perhaps some new big ones coming on,
+like China.
+
+If the war is a fight to a finish, and the Allies triumph, we can
+imagine Russia, with its teeming millions of people, occupied for a
+while in the Near East; Japan consolidating her position in the Far
+East, an increasingly powerful neighbor to us in the Philippines, the
+Hawaiian Islands, and the Pacific Ocean; France still a great power; and
+England as a world power of uncomfortably ubiquitous strength, able to
+challenge the Monroe Doctrine at will.
+
+Or, let us suppose that Germany should triumph and that German
+emigration should swarm into the Caribbean countries, or into Brazil or
+some other country where there is already a large German colony--elated,
+triumphant Germans, not Germans disgusted by a disastrous war. Would
+Germany be likely to heed the Monroe Doctrine, or would it be only
+another "scrap of paper"?
+
+In the present stage of civilization the safety of America should not be
+left dependent upon the forbearance of any power that may emerge
+dangerously strong from the war or that may otherwise arise. The
+obligations and rights of our Latin-American relations, under the Monroe
+Doctrine and otherwise, like our security and our efficiency as a force
+for peace and good in the world, demand a big navy, a merchant marine,
+and the self-discipline and safeguard of adequate military preparedness.
+The need of these and of a diplomacy of intelligent self-interest,
+continuity, and intense nationalism is the lesson brought home to us by
+the European war in its effects upon our Latin-American relations as
+well as upon our general position as a great power.
+
+
+
+
+AN EASTER MESSAGE
+
+By BEATRICE BARRY.
+
+
+    Into what depths of misery thou art hurled,
+    Belgium, thou second Saviour of the World!
+      Thou who hast died
+    For all of Europe, lo, we bathe thy feet
+    So cruelly pierced, and find the service sweet,
+      Thou crucified.
+
+    But though we mourn thy agony and loss,
+    And weep beneath the shadow of thy cross--
+      We know the day
+    That brings the resurrection and the life
+    Shall dawn for thee when war and all its strife
+      Hath passed away.
+
+    Then, out of all her travail and her pain,
+    Belgium, though crushed to earth, shall rise again;
+      And on the sod
+    Whence sprang a race so strong, so free from guile,
+    Men shall behold, in just a little while,
+      The smile of God.
+
+    Land of the brave--soon, by God's grace, the free--
+    Thy woe is transient; joy shall come to thee;
+      It cannot fail.
+    The darkest night gives way to rosy dawn,
+    And thou, perchance, shalt see on Easter morn,
+      The Holy Grail.
+
+
+
+
+An Interview on the War With Henry James
+
+By Preston Lockwood
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, March 21, 1915.]
+
+
+One of the compensations of the war, which we ought to take advantage
+of, is the chance given the general public to approach on the personal
+side some of the distinguished men who have not hitherto lived much in
+the glare of the footlights. Henry James has probably done this as
+little as any one; he has enjoyed for upward of forty years a reputation
+not confined to his own country, has published a long succession of
+novels, tales, and critical papers, and yet has apparently so delighted
+in reticence as well as in expression that he has passed his seventieth
+year without having responsibly "talked" for publication or figured for
+it otherwise than pen in hand.
+
+Shortly after the outbreak of the war Mr. James found himself, to his
+professed great surprise, Chairman of the American Volunteer Motor
+Ambulance Corps, now at work in France, and today, at the end of three
+months of bringing himself to the point, has granted me, as a
+representative of THE NEW YORK TIMES, an interview. What this departure
+from the habit of a lifetime means to him he expressed at the outset:
+
+"I can't put," Mr. James said, speaking with much consideration and
+asking that his punctuation as well as his words should be noted, "my
+devotion and sympathy for the cause of our corps more strongly than in
+permitting it thus to overcome my dread of the assault of the
+interviewer, whom I have deprecated, all these years, with all the force
+of my preference for saying myself and without superfluous aid, without
+interference in the guise of encouragement and cheer, anything I may
+think worth my saying. Nothing is worth my saying that I cannot help
+myself out with better, I hold, than even the most suggestive young
+gentleman with a notebook can help me. It may be fatuous of me, but,
+believing myself possessed of some means of expression, I feel as if I
+were sadly giving it away when, with the use of it urgent, I don't
+gratefully employ it, but appeal instead to the art of somebody else."
+
+It was impossible to be that "somebody else," or, in other words, the
+person privileged to talk with Mr. James, to sit in presence of his fine
+courtesy and earnestness, without understanding the sacrifice he was
+making, and making only because he had finally consented to believe that
+it would help the noble work of relief which a group of young Americans,
+mostly graduates of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, are carrying on along
+their stretch of the fighting line in Northern France.
+
+Mr. James frankly desired his remarks to bear only on the merits of the
+American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps. It enjoys today the fullest
+measure of his appreciation and attention; it appeals deeply to his
+benevolent instincts, and he gives it sympathy and support as one who
+has long believed, and believes more than ever, in spite of everything,
+at this international crisis, in the possible development of "closer
+communities and finer intimacies" between America and Great Britain,
+between the country of his birth and the country, as he puts it, of his
+"shameless frequentation."
+
+There are many people who are eloquent about the war, who are
+authorities on the part played in it by the motor ambulance and who take
+an interest in the good relations of Great Britain and the United
+States; but there is nobody who can tell us, as Mr. James can, about
+style and the structure of sentences, and all that appertains to the
+aspect and value of words. Now and then in what here follows he speaks
+familiarly of these things for the first time in his life, not by any
+means because he jumped at the chance, but because his native kindness,
+whether consciously or unconsciously, seemed so ready to humor the
+insisting inquirer.
+
+"It is very difficult," he said, seeking to diminish the tension so
+often felt by a journalist, even at the moment of a highly appreciated
+occasion, "to break into graceful license after so long a life of
+decorum; therefore you must excuse me if my egotism doesn't run very
+free or my complacency find quite the right turns."
+
+He had received me in the offices of the corps, businesslike rooms,
+modern for London, low-ceiled and sparely furnished. It was not by any
+means the sort of setting in which as a reader of Henry James I had
+expected to run to earth the author of "The Golden Bowl," but the place
+is, nevertheless, today, in the tension of war time, one of the few
+approaches to a social resort outside his Chelsea home where he can be
+counted on. Even that delightful Old World retreat, Lamb House, Rye, now
+claims little of his time.
+
+The interviewer spoke of the waterside Chelsea and Mr. James's long
+knowledge of it, but, sitting not overmuch at his ease and laying a
+friendly hand on the shoulder of his tormentor, he spoke, instead, of
+motor ambulances, making the point, in the interest of clearness, that
+the American Ambulance Corps of Neuilly, though an organization with
+which Richard Norton's corps is in the fullest sympathy, does not come
+within the scope of his remarks.
+
+"I find myself Chairman of our Corps Committee for no great reason that
+I can discover save my being the oldest American resident here
+interested in its work; at the same time that if I render a scrap of
+help by putting on record my joy even in the rather ineffectual
+connection so far as 'doing' anything is concerned, I needn't say how
+welcome you are to my testimony. What I mainly seem to grasp, I should
+say, is that in regard to testifying at all unlimitedly by the aid of
+the newspapers, I have to reckon with a certain awkwardness in our
+position. Here comes up, you see, the question of our reconciling a
+rather indispensable degree of reserve as to the detail of our activity
+with the general American demand for publicity at any price. There are
+ways in which the close presence of war challenges the whole claim for
+publicity; and I need hardly say that this general claim has been
+challenged, practically, by the present horrific complexity of things at
+the front, as neither the Allies themselves nor watching neutrals have
+ever seen it challenged before. The American public is, of course,
+little used to not being able to hear, and hear as an absolute right,
+about anything that the press may suggest that it ought to hear about;
+so that nothing may be said ever to happen anywhere that it doesn't
+count on having reported to it, hot and hot, as the phrase is, several
+times a day. We were the first American ambulance corps in the field,
+and we have a record of more than four months' continuous service with
+one of the French armies, but the rigor of the objection to our taking
+the world into our intimate confidence is not only shown by our still
+unbroken inability to report in lively installments, but receives also a
+sidelight from the fact that numerous like private corps maintained by
+donations on this side of the sea are working at the front without the
+least commemoration of their deeds--that is, without a word of
+journalistic notice.
+
+"I hope that by the time these possibly too futile remarks of mine come
+to such light as may await them Mr. Norton's report of our general case
+may have been published, and nothing would give the committee greater
+pleasure than that some such controlled statement on our behalf, best
+proceeding from the scene of action itself, should occasionally appear.
+The ideal would, of course, be that exactly the right man, at exactly
+the right moment, should report exactly the right facts, in exactly the
+right manner, and when that happy consummation becomes possible we shall
+doubtless revel in funds."
+
+Mr. James had expressed himself with such deliberation and hesitation
+that I was reminded of what I had heard of all the verbal alterations
+made by him in novels and tales long since published; to the point, we
+are perhaps incorrectly told of replacing a "she answered" by a "she
+indefinitely responded."
+
+I should, indeed, mention that on my venturing to put to Mr. James a
+question or two about his theory of such changes he replied that no
+theory could be stated, at any rate in the off-hand manner that I seemed
+to invite, without childish injustice to the various considerations by
+which a writer is moved. These determinant reasons differ with the
+context and the relations of parts to parts and to the total sense in a
+way of which no a priori account can be given.
+
+"I dare say I strike you," he went on, "as rather bewilderedly weighing
+my words; but I may perhaps explain my so doing very much as I the other
+day heard a more interesting fact explained. A distinguished English
+naval expert happened to say to me that the comparative non-production
+of airships in this country indicated, in addition to other causes, a
+possible limitation of the British genius in that direction, and then on
+my asking him why that class of craft shouldn't be within the compass of
+the greatest makers of sea-ships, replied, after brief reflection:
+'Because the airship is essentially a bad ship, and we English can't
+make a bad ship well enough.' Can you pardon," Mr. James asked, "my
+making an application of this to the question of one's amenability or
+plasticity to the interview? The airship of the interview is for me a
+bad ship, and I can't make a bad ship well enough."
+
+Catching Mr. James's words as they came was not very difficult; but
+there was that in the manner of his speech that cannot be put on paper,
+the delicate difference between the word recalled and the word allowed
+to stand, the earnestness of the massive face and alert eye, tempered by
+the genial "comment of the body," as R.L. Stevenson has it.
+
+Henry James does not look his seventy years. He has a finely shaped
+head, and a face, at once strong and serene, which the painter and the
+sculptor may well have liked to interpret. Indeed, in fine appreciation
+they have so wrought. Derwent Wood's admirable bust, purchased from last
+year's Royal Academy, shown by the Chantrey Fund, will be permanently
+placed in the Tate Gallery, and those who fortunately know Sargent's
+fine portrait, to be exhibited in the Sargent Room at the San Francisco
+Exhibition, will recall its having been slashed into last year by the
+militant suffragettes, though now happily restored to such effect that
+no trace of the outrage remains.
+
+Mr. James has a mobile mouth, a straight nose, a forehead which has
+thrust back the hair from the top of his commanding head, although it is
+thick at the sides over the ears, and repeats in its soft gray the color
+of his kindly eyes. Before taking in these physical facts one receives
+an impression of benignity and amenity not often conveyed, even by the
+most distinguished. And, taking advantage of this amiability, I asked if
+certain words just used should be followed by a dash, and even boldly
+added: "Are you not famous, Mr. James, for the use of dashes?"
+
+"Dash my fame!" he impatiently replied. "And remember, please, that
+dogmatizing about punctuation is exactly as foolish as dogmatizing about
+any other form of communication with the reader. All such forms depend
+on the kind of thing one is doing and the kind of effect one intends to
+produce. Dashes, it seems almost platitudinous to say, have their
+particular representative virtue, their quickening force, and, to put it
+roughly, strike both the familiar and the emphatic note, when those are
+the notes required, with a felicity beyond either the comma or the
+semicolon; though indeed a fine sense for the semicolon, like any sort
+of sense at all for the pluperfect tense and the subjunctive mood, on
+which the whole perspective in a sentence may depend, seems anything but
+common. Does nobody ever notice the calculated use by French writers of
+a short series of suggestive points in the current of their prose? I
+confess to a certain shame for my not employing frankly that shade of
+indication, a finer shade still than the dash.... But what on earth are
+we talking about?" And the Chairman of the Corps Committee pulled
+himself up in deprecation of our frivolity, which I recognized by
+acknowledging that we might indeed hear more about the work done and
+doing at the front by Richard Norton and his energetic and devoted
+co-workers. Then I plunged recklessly to draw my victim.
+
+"May not a large part of the spirit which animates these young men be a
+healthy love of adventure?" I asked.
+
+The question seemed to open up such depths that Mr. James considered a
+moment and began:
+
+"I, of course, don't personally know many of our active associates, who
+naturally waste very little time in London. But, since you ask me, I
+prefer to think of them as moved, first and foremost, not by the idea of
+the fun or the sport they may have, or of the good thing they may make
+of the job for themselves, but by that of the altogether exceptional
+chance opened to them of acting blessedly and savingly for others,
+though indeed if we come to that there is no such sport in the world as
+so acting when anything in the nature of risk or exposure is attached.
+The horrors, the miseries, the monstrosities they are in presence of are
+so great surely as not to leave much of any other attitude over when
+intelligent sympathy has done its best.
+
+"Personally I feel so strongly on everything that the war has brought
+into question for the Anglo-Saxon peoples that humorous detachment or
+any other thinness or tepidity of mind on the subject affects me as
+vulgar impiety, not to say as rank blasphemy; our whole race tension
+became for me a sublimely conscious thing from the moment Germany flung
+at us all her explanation of her pounce upon Belgium for massacre and
+ravage in the form of the most insolent, 'Because I choose to, damn you
+all!' recorded in history.
+
+"The pretension to smashing world rule by a single people, in virtue of
+a monopoly of every title, every gift and every right, ought perhaps to
+confound us more by its grotesqueness than to alarm us by its energy;
+but never do cherished possessions, whether of the hand or of the
+spirit, become so dear to us as when overshadowed by vociferous
+aggression. How can one help seeing that such aggression, if hideously
+successful in Europe, would, with as little loss of time as possible,
+proceed to apply itself to the American side of the world, and how can
+one, therefore, not feel that the Allies are fighting to the death for
+the soul and the purpose and the future that are in _us_, for the
+defense of every ideal that has most guided our growth and that most
+assures our unity?
+
+"Of course, since you ask me, my many years of exhibited attachment to
+the conditions of French and of English life, with whatever fond play of
+reflection and reaction may have been involved in it, make it inevitable
+that these countries should peculiarly appeal to me at the hour of their
+peril, their need and their heroism, and I am glad to declare that,
+though I had supposed I knew what that attachment was, I find I have any
+number of things more to learn about it. English life, wound up to the
+heroic pitch, is at present most immediately before me, and I can
+scarcely tell you what a privilege I feel it to share the inspiration
+and see further revealed the character of this decent and dauntless
+people.
+
+"However, I am indeed as far as you may suppose from assuming that what
+you speak to me of as the 'political' bias is the only ground on which
+the work of our corps for the Allies should appeal to the American
+public. Political, I confess, has become for me in all this a loose and
+question-begging term, but if we must resign ourselves to it as
+explaining some people's indifference, let us use a much better one for
+inviting their confidence. It will do beautifully well if givers and
+workers and helpers are moved by intelligent human pity, and they are
+with us abundantly enough if they feel themselves simply roused by, and
+respond to, the most awful exhibition of physical and moral anguish the
+world has ever faced, and which it is the strange fate of our actual
+generations to see unrolled before them. We welcome any lapse of logic
+that may connect inward vagueness with outward zeal, if it be the zeal
+of subscribers, presenters or drivers of cars, or both at once,
+stretcher-bearers, lifters, healers, consolers, handy Anglo-French
+interpreters, (these extremely precious,) smoothers of the way; in
+short, after whatever fashion. We ask of nobody any waste of moral or of
+theoretic energy, nor any conviction of any sort, but that the job is
+inspiring and the honest, educated man a match for it.
+
+"If I seem to cast doubt on any very driving intelligence of the great
+issue as a source of sympathy with us, I think this is because I have
+been struck, whenever I have returned to my native land, by the
+indifference of Americans at large to the concerns and preoccupations of
+Europe. This indifference has again and again seemed to me quite beyond
+measure or description, though it may be in a degree suggested by the
+absence throughout the many-paged American newspaper of the least
+mention of a European circumstance unless some not-to-be-blinked war or
+revolution, or earthquake or other cataclysm has happened to apply the
+lash to curiosity. The most comprehensive journalistic formula that I
+have found myself, under that observation, reading into the general case
+is the principle that the first duty of the truly appealing sheet in a
+given community is to teach every individual reached by it--every man,
+woman and child--to count on appearing there, in their habit as they
+live, if they will only wait for their turn.
+
+"However," he continued, "my point is simply my plea for patience with
+our enterprise even at the times when we can't send home sensational
+figures. 'They also serve who only stand and wait,' and the essence of
+our utility, as of that of any ambulance corps, is just to be there, on
+any and every contingency, including the blessed contingency of a
+temporary drop in the supply of the wounded turned out and taken
+on--since such comparative intermissions occur. Ask our friends, I beg
+you, to rid themselves of the image of our working on schedule time or
+on guarantee of a maximum delivery; we are dependent on the humors of
+battle, on incalculable rushes and lapses, on violent outbreaks of
+energy which rage and pass and are expressly designed to bewilder. It is
+not for the poor wounded to oblige us by making us showy, but for us to
+let them count on our open arms and open lap as troubled children count
+on those of their mother. It is now to be said, moreover, that our
+opportunity of service threatens inordinately to grow; such things may
+any day begin to occur at the front as will make what we have up to now
+been able to do mere child's play, though some of our help has been
+rendered when casualties were occurring at the rate, say, of 5,000 in
+twenty minutes, which ought, on the whole, to satisfy us. In face of
+such enormous facts of destruction--"
+
+Here Mr. James broke off as if these facts were, in their horror, too
+many and too much for him. But after another moment he explained his
+pause.
+
+"One finds it in the midst of all this as hard to apply one's words as
+to endure one's thoughts. The war has used up words; they have weakened,
+they have deteriorated like motor car tires; they have, like millions of
+other things, been more overstrained and knocked about and voided of the
+happy semblance during the last six months than in all the long ages
+before, and we are now confronted with a depreciation of all our terms,
+or, otherwise speaking, with a loss of expression through increase of
+limpness, that may well make us wonder what ghosts will be left to
+walk."
+
+This sounded rather desperate, yet the incorrigible interviewer,
+conscious of the wane of his only chance, ventured to glance at the
+possibility of a word or two on the subject of Mr. James's present
+literary intentions. But the kindly hand here again was raised, and the
+mild voice became impatient.
+
+"Pardon my not touching on any such irrelevance. All I want is to invite
+the public, as unblushingly as possible, to take all the interest in us
+it can; which may be helped by knowing that our bankers are Messrs.
+Brown Brothers & Co., 59 Wall Street, New York City, and that checks
+should be made payable to the American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps."
+
+
+
+
+A Talk With Belgium's Governor
+
+By Edward Lyall Fox
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April 11, 1915.]
+
+Copyright, 1915, by the Wildman News Service.
+
+
+"It would have been a very grave mistake not to have invaded Belgium.
+It would have been an unforgivable military blunder. I justify the
+invading of Belgium on absolute military grounds. What other grounds are
+there worth while talking about when a nation is in a war for its
+existence?"
+
+It is the ruler of German Belgium speaking. The stern, serious-faced
+Governor General von Bissing, whom they call "Iron Fist," the man who
+crushes out sedition. Returning, I had just come up from the front
+around Lille, and almost the only clothes I had were those on my back;
+and the mud of the trenches still clung to my boots and puttees in
+yellow cakes. They were not the most proper clothes in which to meet
+King Albert's successor, but in field gray I had to go.
+
+The Governor General received me in a dainty Louis Quinze room done in
+rose and French gray, and filled incongruously with delicate chairs and
+heavy brocaded curtains, a background which instantly you felt precisely
+suited his Excellency. In the English newspapers, which, by the way, are
+not barred from Berlin cafés, I had read of his Excellency as the "Iron
+Fist," or the "Heavy Heel," and I rather expected to see a heavy,
+domineering man. Instead, a slender, stealthy man in the uniform of a
+General rose from behind a tapestry topped table, revealing, as he did,
+a slight stoop in his back, perhaps a trifle foppish. He held out a
+long-fingered hand.
+
+General von Bissing spoke no English. Somehow I imagined him to be one
+of those old German patriots who did not learn the language simply
+because it was English. Through Lieut. Herrmann I asked the Governor
+General what Germany was doing toward the reconstruction of Belgium. I
+told him America, when I had left, was under the impression that
+Belgium was a land utterly laid waste by the German armies. I frankly
+told him that in America the common belief was that the German military
+Government meant tyranny; what was Germany doing for Belgium?
+
+"I think," replied Governor General von Bissing, "that we are doing
+everything that can be done under the circumstances. Those farm lands
+which you saw, coming up from Lille to Brussels, were planted by German
+soldiers and in the Spring they will be harvested by our soldiers.
+Belgium has not been devastated, and its condition has been grievously
+misstated, as you have seen. You must remember that the armies have
+passed back and forth across it--German, Belgian, English, and
+French--but I think you have seen that only in the paths of these armies
+has the countryside suffered. Where engagements were not fought or shots
+fired, Belgium is as it was.
+
+"There has been no systematic devastation for the purpose of
+intimidating the people. You will learn this if you go all over Belgium.
+As for the cities, we are doing the best we can to encourage business.
+Of course, with things the way they are now, it is difficult. I can only
+ask you to go down one of the principal business streets here, the Rue
+de la Neuf, for instance, and price the articles that you find in the
+shops and compare them with the Berlin prices. The merchants of Brussels
+are not having to sacrifice their stock by cutting prices, and, equally
+important, there are people buying. I can unhesitatingly say that things
+are progressing favorably in Belgium."
+
+The conversation turned upon Belgian and English relations before this
+war. The Governor General mentioned documentary evidence found in the
+archives in Brussels, proving an understanding between these countries
+against Germany. He spoke briefly about the point that the subjects of
+King Albert had been betrayed into the hands of English financiers and
+then laconically said: "The people of Belgium are politically
+undisciplined children.
+
+"They are the victims of subtle propaganda that generally takes the form
+of articles in French and neutral newspapers," and General von Bissing
+looked me straight in the eyes, as though to emphasize that by neutral
+he meant the newspapers of the United States. "I can understand the
+French doing this," he said, "because they always use the Belgians and
+do not care what happens to them. It is beyond my comprehension, though,
+how the Government of any neutral country permits the publication of
+newspaper articles that can have but one effect, and that is to
+encourage revolt in a captured people. A country likes to call itself
+humanitarian, and yet it persists in allowing the publication of
+articles that only excite an ignorant, undisciplined people and lead
+them to acts of violence that must be wiped out by force," and the
+Governor General's mouth closed with a click.
+
+"Do you know that the people of Brussels, whenever a strong wind carries
+the booming of heavy guns miles in from the front, think that French and
+English are going to recapture the city? Any day that we can hear the
+guns faintly, we know that there is an undercurrent of nervous
+expectancy running through the whole city. It goes down alleys and
+avenues and fills the cafés. You can see Belgians standing together,
+whispering. Twice they actually set the date when King Albert would
+return.
+
+"This excitement and unrest, and the feeling of the English coming in,
+is fostered and encouraged by the articles in French and neutral
+newspapers that are smuggled in. I do not anticipate any uprising among
+the Belgians, although the thoughtless among them have encouraged it. An
+uprising is not a topic of worry in our councils. It could do us no
+harm. We would crush it out like that," and von Bissing snapped his thin
+fingers, "but if only for the sake of these misled and betrayed people,
+all seditious influences should cease."
+
+I asked the Governor General the attitude of officials of the Belgian
+Government who were being used by the Germans in directing affairs.
+
+"My predecessor, General von der Goltz," he replied, "informed me that
+the municipal officials in Brussels and most Belgian cities showed a
+good co-operative spirit from the start. The higher officials were
+divided, some refusing flatly to deal with the German administration. I
+do not blame these men, especially the railway officials, for I can see
+their viewpoint. In these days railway roads and troop trains were
+inseparable, and if those Belgian railway officials had helped us, they
+would have committed treason against their country. There was no need,
+though, for the Post Office officials to hold out, and only lately they
+have come around. Realizing, however, that without their department the
+country would be in chaos, the officials of the Department of Justice
+immediately co-operated with us. Today the Belgian Civil Courts try all
+ordinary misdemeanors and felonies. Belgian penal law still exists and
+is administered by Belgians. However, all other cases are tried by a
+military tribunal, the Feld Gericht."
+
+I asked General von Bissing if there was much need for this military
+tribunal. I shall not forget his reply.
+
+"We have a few serious cases," he said. "Occasionally there is a little
+sedition but for the most part it is only needle pricks. They are quiet
+now. They know why," and, slowly shaking his head, von Bissing, who is
+known as the sternest disciplinarian in the entire German Army, smiled.
+
+We talked about the situation in America.
+
+"The truth will come out," said von Bissing slowly. "Your country is
+renowned for fair play. You will be fair to Germany, I know. Your
+American Relief Commission is doing excellent work. It is in the highest
+degree necessary. At first the German Army had to use the food they
+could get by foraging in Belgium, for the country does not begin to
+produce the food it needs for its own consumption, and there were no
+great reserves that our troops could use. But the German Army is not
+using any of the Belgian food now."
+
+[Illustration: H.M. MOHAMMED V.
+
+Sultan of Turkey.
+
+_(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)_]
+
+[Illustration: H.M. VITTORIO EMANUELE III.
+
+King of Italy.]
+
+I asked the Governor General if the Germans had not been very glad that
+America was sending over food.
+
+"It is most important," he said, "that America regularly sends
+provisions to Belgium. Your country should feel very proud of the good
+it has done here. I welcome the American Relief Committee; we are
+working in perfect harmony. Despite reports to the contrary, we never
+have had any misunderstanding. Through the American press, please thank
+your people for their kindness to Belgium.
+
+"But," he continued impressively, referring back to the justification of
+Germany's occupation and speaking with quiet force, "if we had not sent
+our troops into Belgium, the English would have landed their entire
+expeditionary army at Antwerp, and cut our line of communication. How do
+I know that? Simply because England would have been guilty of the
+grossest blunder if she had not done that, and the man who is in charge
+of England's Army has never been known as a blunderer."
+
+
+
+
+A CHARGE IN THE DARK
+
+By O.C.A. CHILD.
+
+
+    Out of the trenches lively, lads!
+      Steady, steady there, number two!
+    Step like your feet were tiger's pads--
+      Crawl when crawling's the thing to do!
+
+    Column left, through the sunken road!
+      Keep in touch as you move by feel!
+    Empty rifles--no need to load--
+      Night work's close work, stick to steel!
+
+    Wait for shadows and watch the clouds,
+      When it's moonshine, down you go!
+    Quiet, quiet, as men in shrouds,
+      Cats a-prowl in the dark go slow.
+
+    Curse you, there, did you have to fall?
+      Damn your feet and your blind-bat eyes!
+    Caught in the open, caught--that's all!
+      Searchlights! slaughter--we meant surprise!
+
+    Shrapnel fire a bit too low--
+      Gets us though on the ricochet!
+    Open order and in we go,
+      Steel, cold steel, and we'll make 'em pay.
+
+    God above, not there to win?
+      Left, while my men go on to die!
+    Take them in, Sergeant, take them in!
+      Go on, fellows, good luck--good-bye!
+
+
+
+
+A New Poland
+
+By Gustave Hervé
+
+
+     Gustave Hervé, author of the article translated below, which
+     appears in a recent number of his paper, La Guerre
+     Sociale--suppressed, it is reported, by the French
+     authorities--has been described as "the man who fights all
+     France." He is 44 years old, and has spent one-fourth of his
+     life in prison, on account of Socialistic articles against the
+     French flag and Government. He used to continue writing such
+     articles from prison and thus get his sentences lengthened.
+
+     Hervé has always opposed everything savoring of militarism and
+     conquest. From his article on Poland it will be seen that,
+     although he says nothing anti-French or antagonistic to the
+     Allies in general, he desires a Russian triumph over Germany
+     not for his own sake, but as a preliminary to a reconstruction
+     of the Polish Nation out of the lands wrested from Poland by
+     Russia, Germany, and Austria.
+
+In spite of its vagueness, the Grand Duke Nicholas's proclamation
+justifies the most sanguine hopes. This has been recognized not only by
+all the Poles whom it has reached, those of Russian Poland, and the
+three million Polish refugees who live in America, but moreover, all the
+Allies have interpreted it as a genuine promise that Poland would be
+territorially and politically reconstructed.
+
+What would it be right to include in a reconstructed Poland, if the
+great principle of nationality is to be respected?
+
+First, such a Poland would naturally include all of the Russian Poland
+of today--by that I mean all the districts where Poles are in a large
+majority. This forms a preliminary nucleus of 12,000,000 inhabitants,
+among whom are about 2,000,000 Jews. This great proportion of Jews is
+accounted for by the fact that Poland is in the zone where Jews are
+allowed to live in Russia.
+
+Our new Poland would not comprise the ancient Lithuania--the districts
+of Wilno, Kovno, and Grodno--although Lithuania formerly was part of
+Poland and still has about one million Polish inhabitants who form the
+aristocracy and bourgeoisie. Lithuania, which is really the region of
+the Niemen, is peopled by Letts, who have their own language, resembling
+neither Polish nor Russian, and they likewise hope to obtain some day a
+measure of autonomy in the Russian Empire, with the right to use their
+language in schools, churches, and civil proceedings. One thing is
+certain: they would protest, and rightly, against actual incorporation
+into the new Poland.
+
+The 125,000 square kilometers and 12,000,000 inhabitants of Russian
+Poland, lying around Warsaw, would constitute the nucleus of
+reconstructed Poland.
+
+Must we add to this the 79,000 square kilometers and 8,000,000
+inhabitants of Galicia, which was Austria's share in the spoils of old
+Poland? Certainly, so far as western Galicia around Cracow is concerned,
+for this is a wholly Polish region, the Poles there numbering 2,500,000.
+
+As for eastern Galicia, of which the principal city is Lemberg, (Lvov in
+Polish,) the question is more delicate. Though Eastern Galicia has over
+1,500,000 Poles and 600,000 Jews, most of the population is Ruthenian.
+Now these Ruthenians, who are natives, subjugated in former times by the
+conquering Poles, and who still own much of the big estates, are related
+to the "Little Russians," the southerners of Russia, and speak a dialect
+which is to Russian what Provençal is to French.
+
+Besides, whereas the Poles are Catholics, the Ruthenians are Greek
+Orthodox Christians like the Russians, but differ from the latter in
+that they are connected with the Roman Church, and are thus schismatics
+in the eyes of the Russian priests.
+
+Should these Ruthenians be annexed to Russia along with the 1,500,000
+Poles and 500,000 Jews, among whom they have lived for centuries, they
+would scarcely look upon this as acceptable unless they were certain of
+having under Russian rule at least equal political liberty and respect
+for their dialect and religion as they have under Austrian rule.
+
+Should they be incorporated with the rest of Polish Galicia into the new
+Poland? It is hardly probable that they desire this, having enjoyed
+under Austria a considerable measure of autonomy as regards their
+language and schools. Would not the best solution be to make of Eastern
+Galicia an autonomous province of the reconstructed Poland, guaranteeing
+to it its local privileges?
+
+That leaves for consideration the portion of Poland now forming part of
+Prussia.
+
+There can be no question as to what should be done with the districts of
+Posen and Thorn. These are the parts of Poland stolen by Prussia, which
+the Prussians, a century and a quarter after the theft, have not
+succeeded in Germanizing.
+
+North of the Posen district is Western Prussia, whose principal city is
+Dantzic; that too is a Polish district, stolen in 1772. Since then
+Dantzic has been Germanized and there are numerous German officials and
+employes in the other towns of the region. All the rural districts and a
+part of the towns, however, have remained Polish in spite of attempts to
+Germanize them as brutal as those applied to Posnania. But, if united
+Poland should include Western Prussia, as she has the right to do--there
+being no rule against what is right--Eastern Prussia, including
+Königsberg, will be cut off from the rest of Germany.
+
+Now, Eastern Prussia, with the exception of the southern part about the
+Masurian Lakes, which has remained Polish, has been German from early
+mediaeval times. It is the home of the most reactionary junkers of all
+Prussia, a cradle of Prussian royalty and of the Hohenzollerns. Despite
+our hatred for these birds of prey, could we wish that the new Poland
+should absorb these 2,000,000 genuine Germans?
+
+If the region of Königsberg remains Prussian and the Masurian Lakes
+region is added to Poland, why not leave to Germany the strip of land
+along the coast, including Dantzic, in order that Eastern Prussia may
+thus be joined to Germany at one end?
+
+Another question: There is in Prussian Upper Silesia a district, that of
+Oppeln, rich in iron ore, which was severed in the Middle Ages from
+Poland, but which has remained mostly Polish and which adjoins Poland.
+If the majority of Polish residents there demand it, would it not be
+well to join it once more to Poland, which would become, by this
+addition, contiguous to the Czechs of Bohemia?
+
+To sum up:
+
+Without laying hands on the German district of Königsberg, united
+Poland, by absorbing all the territory at present held by Prussia, in
+which the majority of the inhabitants are Poles, will take from the
+latter 70,000 square kilometers and 5,700,000 inhabitants. With these,
+the new Poland would have 24,000,000 inhabitants, including Eastern
+Galicia.
+
+If Russia gave to this Poland in lieu of actual independence the most
+liberal autonomy and reconstructed a Polish kingdom under the suzerainty
+of the Czar--a Poland with its Diet, language, schools and army--would
+not the present war seem to us a genuine war of liberation and Nicholas
+II. a sort of Czar-liberator?
+
+And if resuscitated Poland, taught by misfortune, compassionate toward
+the persecuted and proscribed because she herself has been persecuted
+and proscribed, should try to cure herself of her anti-Semitism, which
+has saddened her best friends in France, would not you say that she
+indeed deserved to be resuscitated from among the dead?
+
+
+
+
+"With the Honors of War"
+
+By Wythe Williams
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+It was just at the dawn of a March morning when I got off a train at
+Gerbéviller, the little "Martyr City" that hides its desolation as it
+hid its existence in the foothills of the Vosges.
+
+There was a dense fog. At 6 A.M. fog usually covers the valleys of the
+Meurthe and Moselle. From the station I could see only a building across
+the road. A gendarme demanded my credentials. I handed him the
+laisser-passer from the Quartier Général of the "First French Army,"
+which controls all coming and going, all activity in that region. The
+gendarme demanded to know the hour when I proposed to leave. I told him.
+He said it would be necessary to have the permit "viséd for departure"
+at the headquarters of the gendarmerie. He pointed to the hazy outlines
+of another building just distinguishable through the fog.
+
+This was proof that the town contained buildings--not just a building.
+The place was not entirely destroyed, as I had supposed. I went down the
+main street from the station, the fog enveloping me. I had letters to
+the town officials, but it was too early in the morning to present them.
+I would first get my own impressions of the wreck and the ruin. But I
+could see nothing on either hand as I stumbled along in the mud. So I
+commented to myself that this was not as bad as some places I had seen.
+I thought of the substantial station and the buildings across the
+road--untouched by war. I compared Gerbéviller with places where there
+is not even a station--where not one simple house remains as the result
+of "the day when the Germans came."
+
+The road was winding and steep, dipping down to the swift little stream
+that twists a turbulent passage through the town. The day was coming
+fast but the fog remained white and impenetrable. After a few minutes I
+began to see dark shapes on either side of the road. Tall, thin,
+irregular shapes, some high, some low, but with outlines all softened,
+toned down by the banks of white vapor.
+
+I started across the road to investigate and fell into a pile of jagged
+masonry on the sidewalk. Through the nearness of the fog I could see
+tumbled piles of bricks. The shapes still remained--spectres that seemed
+to move in the light wind from the valley. An odor that was not of the
+freshness of the morning assailed me. I climbed across the walk. No wall
+of buildings barred my path, but I mounted higher on the piles of brick
+and stones. A heavy black shape was now at my left hand. I looked up and
+in the shadow there was no fog. I could see a crumbled swaying side wall
+of a house that was. The odor I noticed was that caused by fire.
+Sticking from the wall I could see the charred wood joists that once
+supported the floor of the second story. Higher, the lifting fog
+permitted me to see the waving boughs of a tree that hung over the house
+that was, outlined against a clear sky. At my feet, sticking out of the
+pile of bricks and stones, was the twisted iron fragments that was once
+the frame of a child's bed. I climbed out into the sunshine.
+
+I was standing in the midst of a desolation and a silence that was
+profound. There was nothing there that lived, except a few fire-blacked
+trees that stuck up here and there in the shelter of broken walls. Now I
+understood the meaning of the spectral shapes. They were nothing but the
+broken walls of the other houses that were. They were all that remained
+of nine-tenths of Gerbéviller.
+
+I wandered along to where the street turned abruptly. There the ground
+pitched more sharply to the little river. There stood an entire half of
+a house unscathed by fire; it was one of those unexplainable freaks that
+often occur in great catastrophes. Even the window glass was intact.
+Smoke was coming from the chimney. I went to the opposite side and there
+stood an old woman looking out toward the river, brooding over the ruin
+stretching below her.
+
+"You are lucky," I said. "You still have your home."
+
+She threw out her hands and turned a toothless countenance toward me. I
+judged her to be well over seventy. It wasn't her home, she explained.
+Her home was "là-bas"--pointing vaguely in the distance. She had lived
+there fifty years--now it was burned. Her son's house for which he had
+saved thirty years to be able to call it his own, was also gone; but
+then her son was dead, so what did it matter? Yes, he was shot on the
+day the Germans came. He was ill, but they killed him. Oh, yes, she saw
+him killed. When the Germans went away she came to this house and built
+a fire in the stove. It was very cold.
+
+And why were the houses burned? No; it was not the result of
+bombardment. Gerbéviller was not bombarded until after the houses were
+burned. They were burned by the Germans systematically. They went from
+house to house with their torches and oil and pitch. They did not
+explain why they burned the houses, but it was because they were angry.
+
+The old woman paused a moment, and a faint flicker of a smile showed in
+the wrinkles about her eyes. I asked her to continue her story.
+
+"You said because they were angry," I prompted. The smile broadened. Oh,
+yes, they were very angry, she explained. They did not even make the
+excuse that the villagers fired upon them. They were just angry through
+and through. And it was all because of those seventy-five French
+chasseurs who held the bridge. Some one called to her from the house.
+She hobbled to the door. "Anyone can tell you about the seventy-five
+chasseurs," she said, disappearing within.
+
+I went on down the road and stood upon the bridge over the swift little
+river. It was a narrow little bridge only wide enough for one wagon to
+pass. Two roads from the town converged there, the one over which I had
+passed and another which formed a letter "V" at the juncture with the
+bridge. Across the river only one road led away from the bridge and it
+ran straight up a hill, when it turned suddenly into the broad national
+highway to Lunéville about five miles away.
+
+One house remained standing almost at the entrance to the bridge, at the
+end nearest the town. Its roof was gone, and its walls bore the marks of
+hundreds of bullets, but it was inhabited by a little old man of fifty,
+who came out to talk with me. He was the village carpenter. His house
+was burned, so he had taken refuge in the little house at the bridge.
+During the time the Germans were there he had been a prisoner, but they
+forgot him the morning the French army arrived. Everybody was in such a
+hurry, he explained.
+
+I asked him about the seventy-five chasseurs at the bridge. Ah, yes, we
+were then standing on the site of their barricade. He would tell me
+about it, for he had seen it all from his house half way up the hill.
+
+The chasseurs were first posted across the river on the road to
+Lunéville, and when the Germans approached, early in the morning, they
+fell back to the bridge, which they had barricaded the night before. It
+was the only way into Gerbéviller, so the chasseurs determined to fight.
+They had torn up the street and thrown great earthworks across one end
+of the bridge. Additional barricades were thrown up on the two
+converging streets, part way up the hill, behind which they had
+mitrailleuses which could sweep the road at the other end of the bridge.
+
+About a half mile to the south a narrow footbridge crossed the river,
+only wide enough for one man. It was a little rustic affair that ran
+through the grounds of the Château de Gerbéviller that faced the river
+only a few hundred yards below the main bridge. It was a very ancient
+château, built in the twelfth century and restored in the seventeenth
+century. It was a royal château of the Bourbons. In it once lived the
+great François de Montmorency, Duc de Luxembourg and Marshal of France.
+Now it belonged to the Marquise de Lamberty, a cousin of the King of
+Spain.
+
+I interrupted, for I wanted to hear about the chasseurs. I gave the
+little old man a cigarette. He seized it eagerly--so eagerly that I also
+handed him a cigar. He just sort of fondled that cigar for a moment and
+then placed it in an inside pocket. It was a very cheap and very bad
+French cigar, for I was in a part of the country that has never heard of
+Havanas, but to the little old man it was something precious. "I will
+keep it for Sunday," he said.
+
+I then got him back to the seventy-five chasseurs. It was just eight
+o'clock in the morning--a beautiful sunshiny morning--when the German
+column appeared around the bend in the road which we could see across
+the bridge, and which joined the highway from Lunéville. There were
+twelve thousand in that first column. One hundred and fifty thousand
+more came later. A band was playing "Deutschland über alles" and the men
+were singing. The closely packed front ranks of infantry broke into the
+goose step as they came in sight of the town. It was a wonderful sight;
+the sun glistened on their helmets; they marched as though on parade
+right down almost to the opposite end of the bridge.
+
+Then came the command to halt. For a moment there was a complete
+silence. The Germans, only a couple of hundred yards from the barricade,
+seemed slowly to consider the situation. The Captain of the chasseurs,
+from a shelter behind the very little house that is still standing--and
+where his men up the two roads could see him--softly waved his hand.
+
+Crack-crack-crack--crack-crack-crack-crack--crack-crack-crack! The
+bullets from the mitrailleuses whistled across the bridge into the front
+ranks of the "Deutchland über alles" singers, while the men behind the
+bridge barricade began a deadly rifle fire.
+
+Have you ever heard a mitrailleuse? It is just like a telegraph
+instrument, with its insistant clickety click-click-click, only it is a
+hundred times as loud. Indeed I have been told by French officers that
+it has sometimes been used as a telegraph instrument, so accurately can
+its operator reel out its hundred and sixty shots a minute.
+
+On that morning at the Gerbéviller barricade, however, it went faster
+than the telegraph. These men on the converging roads just shifted their
+range slightly and poured bullets into the next ranks of infantry and so
+on back along the line, until Germans were dropping by the dozen at the
+sides of the little straight road. Then the column broke ranks wildly
+and fled back into the shelter of the road from Lunéville.
+
+A half hour later a detachment of cavalry suddenly rounded the corner
+and charged straight for the barricade. The seventy-five were ready for
+them. Some of them got half way across the bridge and then tumbled into
+the river. Not one got back around the corner of the road to Lunéville.
+
+There was another half hour of quiet, and then from the Lunéville road a
+battery of artillery got into action. Their range was bad, so far as any
+achievement against the seventy-five was concerned, so they turned their
+attention to the château, which they could easily see from their
+position across the river. The first shell struck the majestic tower of
+the building and shattered it. The next smashed the roof, the third hit
+the chapel--and so continued the bombardment until flames broke out to
+complete the destruction.
+
+Of course the Germans could not know that the château was empty, that
+its owner was in Paris and both her sons fighting in the French Army.
+But they had secured the military advantage of demolishing one of the
+finest country houses in France, with its priceless tapestries, ancient
+marbles and heirlooms of the Bourbons. A howl of German glee was heard
+by the seventy-five chasseurs crouching behind their barricades. So
+pleased were the invaders with their achievement, that next they bravely
+swung out a battery into the road leading to the bridge, intending to
+shell the barricades. The Captain of chasseurs again waved his hand.
+Every man of the battery was killed before the guns were in position. It
+took an entire company of infantry--half of them being killed in the
+action--to haul those guns back into the Lunéville road, thus to clear
+the way for another advance.
+
+From then on until 1 o'clock in the afternoon there were three more
+infantry attacks, all failing as lamentably as the first. The
+seventy-five were holding off the 12,000. At the last attack they let
+the Germans advance to the entrance of the bridge. They invited them
+with taunts to "avancez." Then they poured in their deadly fire, and as
+the Germans broke and fled they permitted themselves a cheer. Up to this
+time not one chasseur was killed. Only four were wounded.
+
+Shortly after 1 o'clock the German artillery wasted a few more shells on
+the ruined château and the chasseurs could see a detachment crawling
+along the river bank in the direction of the narrow footbridge that
+crossed through the château park a half mile below. The Captain of the
+chasseurs sent one man with a mitrailleuse to hold the bridge. He posted
+himself in the shelter of a large tree at one end. In a few minutes
+about fifty Germans appeared. They advanced cautiously on the bridge.
+The chasseur let them get half way over before he raked them with his
+fire. The water below ran red with blood.
+
+The Germans retreated for help and made another attack an hour later
+with the same result. By 4 o'clock, when the lone chasseur's ammunition
+was exhausted, it is estimated that he had killed 175 Germans, who made
+five desperate rushes to take the position, which would have enabled
+them to make a flank attack on the seventy-four still holding the main
+bridge. When his ammunition was gone--which occurred at the same time as
+the ammunition at the main bridge was exhausted--this chasseur with the
+others succeeded in effecting a retreat to a main body of cavalry. If he
+still lives--this modern Horatius at the bridge--he remains an unnamed
+hero in the ranks of the French Army, unhonored except in the hearts of
+those few of his countrymen who know.
+
+During the late hours of the afternoon aeroplanes flew over the
+chasseurs' position, thus discovering to the Germans how really weak
+were the defenses of the town, how few its defenders. Besides, the
+ammunition was gone. But for eight hours--from 8 in the morning until 4
+in the afternoon--the seventy-five had held the 12,000. General Joffre
+has said in one of his reports that the defense of the bridge at
+Gerbéviller had an important bearing on the battle of the Marne, which
+was just beginning, for it gave Castelnau's Army of the East time to dig
+its trenches a few miles back of Gerbéviller before the Germans got
+through.
+
+Had that body of 12,000 succeeded earlier the 150,000 Germans that
+advanced the next day might have been able to fall on the French right
+flank during the most critical and decisive battle of the war. The total
+casualties of the chasseurs were three killed, three captured, and six
+wounded.
+
+The little old man and I had walked to the entrance of the château park
+before he finished his story. It was still too early for breakfast. I
+thanked him and told him to return to his work in the little house by
+the bridge. I wanted to explore the château at leisure.
+
+I entered the place--what was left of it. Most of the walls were
+standing. Walls built in the twelfth century do not break easily, even
+with modern artillery. But the modern roof and seventeenth century inner
+walls were all demolished. Not a single article of furniture or
+decoration remained. But the destruction showed some of the same
+freaks--similar to that little house left untouched by fire on the
+summit of the hill.
+
+For instance, the Bourbon coat of arms above the grand staircase was
+untouched, while the staircase itself was just splintered bits of
+marble. On another fragment of a wall there still hung a magnificent
+stag's antlers. Strewed about in the corners I saw fragments of vases
+that had been priceless. Even the remnants were valuable. In the ruined
+music room I found a piece of fresh, clean music, (an Alsatian waltz,)
+lying on the mantelpiece. I went out to the front of the building, where
+the great park sweeps down to the edge of the river. An old gardener in
+one of the side paths saw me. We immediately established cordial
+relations with a cigarette.
+
+He told me how, after the chasseurs retreated beyond the town, the
+Germans--reduced over a thousand of their original number by the
+activities of the day--swept over the barricades of the bridge and into
+the town. Yes, the old woman I had talked with was right about it. They
+were very angry. They were ferociously angry at being held eight hours
+at that bridge by a force so ridiculously small.
+
+The first civilians they met they killed, and then they began to fire
+the houses. One young man, half witted, came out of one of the houses
+near the bridge. They hanged him in the garden behind the house. Then
+they called his mother to see. A mob came piling into the château headed
+by four officers. All the furniture and valuables that were not
+destroyed they piled into a wagon and sent back to Lunéville. Of the
+gardener who was telling me the story they demanded the keys of the wine
+cellars. No; they did not injure him. They just held him by the arms
+while several dozen of the soldiers spat in his face.
+
+While the drunken crew were reeling about the place, one of them
+accidentally stumbled upon the secret underground passage leading to the
+famous grottoes. These grottoes and the underground connection from the
+château were built in the fifteenth century. They are a half mile away,
+situated only half above ground, the entrance looking out on a smooth
+lawn that extends to the edge of the river. Several giant trees, the
+trunks of which are covered with vines, semi-shelter the entrance, which
+is also obscured by climbing ivy. The interior was one of the treasures
+of France. The vaulted ceilings were done in wonderful mosaic. The walls
+decorated with marbles and rare sea shells. In every nook were marble
+pedestals and antique statuary, while the fountain in the centre,
+supplied from an underground stream, was of porphyry inlaid with mosaic.
+
+The Germans looked upon it with appreciative eyes and cultured minds.
+But it did not please them. They were still very angry. Its destruction
+was a necessity of war. It could not be destroyed by artillery because
+it was half underground and screened by the giant trees. But it could be
+destroyed by picks and axes. A squad of soldiers was detailed to the
+job. They did it thoroughly. The gardener took me there to see. Not a
+scrap of the mosaic remained. The fountain was smashed to bits. A
+headless Venus and a smashed and battered Adonis were lying prone upon
+the ground.
+
+The visitors to the château and environs afterward joined their comrades
+in firing the town. Night had come. Also across the bridge waited the
+hundred and fifty thousand reinforcements come from Lunéville. The five
+hundred of the two thousand inhabitants who remained were herded to the
+upper end of the town near the station. That portion was not to be
+destroyed because the German General would make his headquarters there.
+
+The inhabitants were to be given a treat. They were to witness the
+entrance of the hundred and fifty thousand--the power and might of
+Germany was to be exhibited to them. So while the flames leaped high
+from the burning city, reddening the sky for miles, while old men
+prayed, while women wept, while little children whimpered, the sound of
+martial music was heard down the street near the bridge. The infantry
+packed in close formation, the red light from the fire shining on their
+helmets, were doing the goose step up the main street to the
+station--the great German army had entered the city of Gerbéviller with
+the honors of war.
+
+
+
+
+General Foch, the Man of Ypres
+
+An Account of France's New Master of War
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+"Find out the weak point of your enemy and deliver your blow there,"
+said the Commander of the Twentieth French Army Corps at Nancy at a
+staff banquet in 1913.
+
+"But suppose, General," said an artillery officer, "that the enemy has
+no weak point?"
+
+"If the enemy has no weak point," returned the commander, with a gleam
+of the eye and an aggressive tilt of the chin, "make one."
+
+The commander was Foch--Ferdinand Foch--who has suddenly flashed before
+the world as the greatest leader in the French Army after Joffre, and
+who in that remark at Nancy gave the index to the basic quality of his
+character as a General. General Foch is today in command of the northern
+armies of France, besides being the chief Lieutenant and confidant of
+Joffre. Joffre conceives; Foch, master tactician, executes. He finds the
+weak point; if there is no weak point, he creates or seeks to create
+one.
+
+When King George of England was at the front in France recently he
+conferred the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath--the highest military
+distinction in the form of an order within the gift of the British
+Crown--on two Frenchmen. Joffre was one. The other was Foch.
+
+"Foch? Foch? Who is Foch?" asked the British public, perplexed, when the
+newspapers printed the news of the granting of this signal honor.
+
+"Foch is the General who was at the head of the French military mission
+which followed our army manoeuvres three years ago," replied a few men
+who happened to have been intimately acquainted with those manoeuvres.
+
+"But what has that to do with the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath?"
+asked John Bull. And the manoeuvre experts not being able to reply, the
+English newspapers demanded from their correspondents in France an
+answer to the query, "Who is Foch? Why the Grand Cross?"
+
+And the main features of the answers to that query were these:
+
+Foch is the "greatest strategist in Europe and the humblest," in the
+words of Joffre.
+
+Foch is the hero of the Marne, the man who perceived on Sept. 9 that
+there must be a gap between the Prussian Guard and the Saxon Army, and
+who gathered enough artillery to crush the guard in the St. Gond marshes
+and forced both the Prussians and the Saxons, now separated, to retreat.
+
+Foch is the man of Ypres, the commander who was in general control of
+the successful fight made by the French and the British, aided by the
+Belgians, to prevent the Germans from breaking through to Calais.
+
+Foch, in short, is one of the military geniuses of the war, so record
+observers at the front. He is a General who has something of the
+Napoleonic in his composition; the dramatic in war is for him--secrecy
+and suddenness, gigantic and daring movements; fiery, yet coldly
+calculated attacks; vast strategic conceptions carried out by swift,
+unfaltering tactics. Foch has a tendency to the impetuous, but he is
+impetuous scientifically. He has, however, taken all in all, much more
+of the dash and nervousness and warmth of the Southern Latin than has
+Joffre--cool, cautious, taciturn Joffre. Yet both men are from the south
+of France. They were born within a few miles of one another, within
+three months of one another, Foch being born on Oct. 2, 1851, and Joffre
+on Jan. 12, 1852.
+
+Most writers who have dealt with Foch agree on this as one of his
+paramount characteristics--the Napoleonic mode of military thought.
+When Foch was director of the Ecole de Guerre, where he had much to do
+with shaping the military views of many of the men who are now
+commanding units of the French Armies, he was considered to be possessed
+of almost an obsession on the subject of Napoleon. He studied Napoleon's
+campaigns, and restudied them. He went back much further, however, in
+his choice of a master, and gave intense application to the campaigns of
+Caesar. Napoleon and Caesar--these were the minds from which the mind of
+the Marne and Ypres has learned some of its lessons of success.
+
+Here Foch invites comparison with another of the dominant figures of the
+war--General French. For French is described by his biographer as "a
+worshipper of Napoleon," regarding him as the world's greatest
+strategist, and in following out and studying Napoleon's campaigns
+French personally covered and studied much of the ground in Belgium over
+which he has been fighting. French is a year younger than Foch. They are
+old friends, as are French and Joffre, and Joffre and Foch.
+
+The inclination of Foch to something of the Napoleonic is shown beyond
+the realm of strategy and tactics. Foch is credited with knowing the
+French soldier, his heart, his mind, his capabilities, and the method of
+getting the most out of those capabilities, in a way reminiscent of the
+winner of Jena. And Foch knows not only the privates, but the officers.
+When he went to the front he visited each commander; the Colonels he
+called by name; the corps commanders, without exception, had attended
+his lectures at the Ecole de Guerre.
+
+As for the men, Foch makes it his business to get into personal contact
+with them, as Napoleon used to do. Foch does not hobnob with them, there
+is no joking or familiarity, but he goes into the trenches and the
+occupied villages and looks the men over informally, inspects food or
+equipment, makes a useful comment or two, drops a phrase that is worth
+repeating, and leaves behind him enthusiasm and respect. The Paris
+Figaro says that he has the gift of setting souls afire, of arousing
+that élan in the French fighter which made that fighter perform military
+miracles when the "sun of Austerlitz" was high. It has been declared by
+a French writer that Foch knows the human element in the French Army
+better than any other man living.
+
+With all his knowledge of men, his power of inspiring them, Foch is
+quiet, retiring, non-communicative, with no taste for meeting people in
+social intercourse. His life has been monotonous--work and work and
+work. He has the reputation of being a driver; he used to be
+particularly severe on shirkers in the war college, and such, no matter
+what their influence, had no chance of getting a diploma leading to an
+attractive staff position when Foch was Director. When he was in command
+at Nancy and elsewhere he used to work his staffs hard, and they had to
+share much of the monotony of work which has been chiefly Foch's life.
+He did not go in for society, merely making the formal calls required by
+the etiquette of garrison towns on the chief garrison hostesses, and
+giving dinners two or three times a year to his staff.
+
+Foch, indeed, with his quiet ways and his hard work and his studying of
+Napoleon and Caesar, was characterized by some of the officers of the
+army as a pedant, a theorist, and these held that Foch had small chance
+of doing anything important in such a practical realm as that of real
+war.
+
+Because of his Directorship of the Ecole de Guerre he was known to many
+officers, but as far as France at large was concerned his name was
+scarcely known at all last August. Yet officers knew him in other lands
+besides his own. His two great books, "Principles of War" and "Conduct
+of War," have been translated into English, German, and Italian, and are
+highly regarded by military men. He has been ranked by the
+Militär-Wochenblatt, organ of the German General Staff, as one of the
+few strategists of first class ability among the Allies.
+
+Foch is a slim man, with a great deal of nervous energy in his actions,
+being so quick and graceful in movement, indeed, that a recent English
+observer declares he carries himself more like a man of 40 than one of
+64. His gray blue eyes are particularly to be noticed, so keen are they.
+His speech is quick, precise, logical.
+
+So little has Foch been known to the French public that it has been
+stated time and again that he is an Alsatian. He is not, but comes of a
+Basque family which has lived for many generations in the territory
+which is now the Department of the Hautes-Pyrénées, directly on the
+border of Spain. Foch was born in the town of Tarbes in that department.
+Joffre was born in the Department Pyrénées-Orientales, on the Spanish
+border to the east. Foch's father, Napoleon Foch, was a Bonapartist and
+Secretary of the Prefecture at Tarbes under Napoleon III. One of his two
+brothers, a lawyer, is also called Napoleon. The other is a Jesuit
+priest. Foch and these brothers attended the local college, and then
+turned to their professions.
+
+In 1870 Foch served as a subaltern against the Germans, as did Joffre.
+After the war Foch began to win recognition as a man of brains, and at
+26 he was given a commission as artillery Captain. Later he became
+Professor of Tactics in the Ecole de Guerre, with the title of
+Commandant, where he remained for five years, and then returned to
+regimental work. It was when Foch reached the grade of Brigadier General
+that he went back to the War College, this time as Director, one of the
+most confidential positions in the War Department. From this post he
+went to the command of the Thirteenth Division, thence to the command of
+the Eighth Corps at Bourges, and thence to the command of the Twentieth
+Corps at Nancy.
+
+At the time that Foch was appointed Director of the Ecole de Guerre,
+Clemenceau was Premier, and upon the latter fell the task of choosing an
+officer for the important Directorship. There was keen competition for
+the position, many influential Generals desiring the appointment, and in
+consequence much wire-pulling went on. The story goes that Clemenceau,
+a man of action, became impatient of the intrigues for the post, and
+determined to make his own choice unhampered.
+
+According to the story, Clemenceau, after a conference one day upon
+routine business with Foch, asked the latter to dine. The Ecole de
+Guerre was not mentioned during the meal, the men chatting upon general
+topics. But as the coffee was being brought on, the Premier turned
+suddenly to the General and said, brusquely:
+
+"By the way, I've a good bit of news for you. You're nominated Director
+of the Ecole de Guerre."
+
+"Director of the Ecole de Guerre! But I'm not a candidate for the post."
+
+"That is possible. But you're appointed all the same, and I know you
+will do excellent work in the position."
+
+Foch thanked the Premier, but he still had some doubts, and added:
+
+"I fear you don't know all my family connections. I have a brother who
+is a Jesuit."
+
+"Jesuit be d-----!" the Premier is reported to have roared in reply.
+"Oh, I beg your pardon, Mr. Director! You are the Director of the Ecole
+de Guerre. All the Jesuits in creation won't alter that--it is a fait
+accompli."
+
+Among the confidential bits of work worthy of note that Foch has done
+for the War Department is the report he made upon the larger guns of the
+French field artillery, which have done such execution in the present
+war. For many weeks Foch went around the great Creusot gun works in the
+blouse of a workman, testing, watching, experimenting, analyzing.
+
+Foch was one of the high officers in France who was not in the least
+surprised by the war and who had personally been holding himself in
+readiness for it for years. He felt, and often said, that a great war
+was inevitable; so much used he to dwell upon the certainty of war that
+some persons regarded him as an alarmist when he kept declaring that
+French officers should take every step within their power to get
+themselves and the troops ready for active service at an instant's
+notice. He also held that France as a nation should prepare to the
+utmost of her power for the assured conflict.
+
+In a recent issue of The London Times there was a description of Foch by
+a Times correspondent who had been at Foch's headquarters in the north
+of France. The correspondent's remarks are prefaced by the statement
+that in a late dispatch General French mentions General Foch as one of
+those whose help he has "once more gratefully to acknowledge." The
+correspondent writes in part:
+
+     What Ernest Lavisse has clone for civilian New France in his
+     direction of the Ecole Normale General Foch has done in a
+     large measure for the officers of New France by his teaching
+     of strategy and tactics at the Ecole de Guerre. He left his
+     mark upon the whole teaching of general tactics.
+
+     I had the honor of being received recently by General Foch at
+     his headquarters in the north of France--a house built for
+     very different purposes many years ago, when Flemish civil
+     architecture was in its flower. The quiet atmosphere of
+     Flemish ease and burgomaster comfort has completely vanished.
+     The building hums with activity, as does the whole town. A
+     fleet of motor cars is ready for instant action. Officers and
+     orderlies hurry constantly to and fro. There is an occasional
+     British uniform, a naval airman's armored car, and above all
+     the noise of this bustle, though lower in tone, the sound of
+     guns in the distance from Ypres.
+
+     The director of all this activity is General Foch. There in
+     the north he is putting his theories of war to the test with
+     as much success as he did at the outbreak of hostilities in
+     Lorraine and later in the centre during the battle of the
+     Marne. Although born with the brain of a mathematician,
+     General Foch's ideas upon war are by no means purely
+     scientific. He refuses, indeed, to regard war, and more
+     especially modern war, as an exact science. The developments
+     of science have, indeed, but increased the mental and moral
+     effort required of each participant, and it is only in the
+     passions aroused in each man by the conflict of conception of
+     life that the combatant finds the strength of will to
+     withstand the horrors of modern warfare.
+
+     General Foch is a philosopher as well as a fighter. He is one
+     of the rare philosophers who have proved the accuracy of their
+     ideas in the fire of battle. A typical instance of this is
+     given by "Miles" in a recent number of the Correspondant.
+     During the battle of the Marne the Germans made repeated
+     efforts to cut through the centre where General Foch commanded
+     between Sézanne and Mailly. On three consecutive days General
+     Foch was forced to retire. Every morning he resumed the
+     offensive, with the result that his obstinacy won the day. He
+     was able to profit by a false step by the enemy to take him in
+     the flank and defeat him.
+
+     General Foch's whole life and teaching were proved true in
+     those days. He has resolved the art of war into three
+     fundamental ideas--preparation, the formation of a mass, and
+     the multiplication of this mass in its use. In order to derive
+     the full benefit of the mass created it is necessary to have
+     freedom of action, and that is only obtained by intellectual
+     discipline. General Foch has written:
+
+     "Discipline for a leader does not mean the execution of orders
+     received in so far as they seem suitable, just reasonable, or
+     even possible. It means that you have entirely grasped the
+     ideas of the leader who has given the order and that you take
+     every possible means of satisfying him. Discipline does not
+     mean silence, abstention, only doing what appears to you
+     possible without compromising yourself; it is not the practice
+     of the art of avoiding responsibilities. On the contrary, it
+     is action in the sense of orders received."
+
+     Fifteen years ago at the Ecole de Guerre General Foch was fond
+     of quoting Joseph de Maistre's remark, "A battle lost is a
+     battle which one believes to have lost, for battles are not
+     lost materially," and of adding, "Battles are therefore lost
+     morally, and it is therefore morally that they are won." The
+     aphorism can be extended by this one: "A battle won is a
+     battle in which one will not admit one's self vanquished." As
+     "Miles" remarks, "He did as he had said."
+
+Ernest Dimnet in The London Saturday Review has this to say in part
+about Foch and his two widely known books:
+
+     During his two terms of service at the Ecole de Guerre he
+     produced two considerable works, "Principes de la Guerre" and
+     "De la Conduite de La Guerre," which give a high idea of their
+     author's character and talent. There is nothing in them that
+     ought to scare away the average reader. Their style has the
+     geometrical lucidity which is the polytechnician's birthright,
+     but in spite of the deliberate impersonality generally
+     attached to that style of writing, there emanates from it a
+     curious quality which gradually shows us the author as a
+     living person.
+
+     We have the impression of a vast mental capacity turned to the
+     lifelong study of a fascinating subject and acquiring in it
+     the dignity of attitude and the naturalness which mastery
+     inevitably produces. War has been the constant meditation of
+     this powerful brain. In "La Conduite de la Guerre" this
+     meditation is the minute historical examination of the battles
+     of the First Empire and 1870. "Nothing can replace the
+     experience of war," writes the author, "except the history of
+     war," and it is clear that he understands the word "history"
+     as all those who go to the past for a lesson in greatness
+     understand it.
+
+     "Les Principes de la Guerre" is more immediately technical,
+     yet it strikes one as being less a speculation than a
+     visualizing of what modern war was sure to be. If the reader
+     did not feel that he lacks the background which only the
+     contemplation a million times repeated of concrete details can
+     create, he would be tempted to marvel at the extraordinary
+     simplicity of these views. But a good judge who was very near
+     the General until a wound removed him for a while from the--to
+     him--fascinating scene tells me that this simplicity and
+     directness--which marked the action of Foch at the battle of
+     the Marne as they formerly marked his teaching--are the
+     perfection to which only a few can aspire.
+
+
+
+
+THE UNREMEMBERED DEAD
+
+By ELLA A. FANNING.
+
+
+     "For those who die in war, and have none to pray for
+     them."--Litany.
+
+    We lay a wreath of laurel on the sward,
+    Where rest our loved ones in a deep repose
+    Unvexed by dreams of any earthly care,
+    And, checking not our tears, we breathe a prayer,
+    Grateful for even the comfort which is ours--
+    That we may kneel and sob our sorrow there,
+    And place the deathless leaf, the rarest flowers.
+
+    Though Winter's cruel fingers brown the sod,
+    It's dearer far than all the world beside!
+    Forms live again--we gaze in love and pride
+    On youthful faces prest close to our own.
+    Eyes smile to ours; we hear each tender tone,
+    Grief's smart is softened--less the sense of loss.
+    This grave we have, at least; we're not alone!
+
+    And they must know of our unchanging love--
+    Our tender thought--our memory--our prayers!
+    And in our constancy, ah! each one shares
+    To whom death comes on distant battlefields,
+    When life's last breath not even the solace yields--
+    "There's one who'll mourn for me--whose tears will flow!"--
+    Not even a grave is theirs, unnamed, unwept!
+    God rest their souls--the dead we do not know!
+
+
+
+
+Canada and Britain's War Union
+
+By Edward W. Thomson, F.R.S.L., F.R.S.C.
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+Canada's political relation to Great Britain, and, indeed, to all other
+countries, has been essentially altered by Canada's quite voluntary
+engagement in the war. Were feudal terms not largely inapplicable, one
+might aver that the vassal has become the suzerain's ally, political
+equality connoted.
+
+But, indeed, Canadians were never vassals. They have ever been Britons,
+whatever their individual origins, retaining the liberties of their
+political birthright. While in a certain tutelage to their own monarchs'
+immediate Ministries, they have continually, slowly, consciously,
+expanded their freedom from such tutelage, substituting for it
+self-government or rule by their own representatives, without forsaking
+but rather enhancing their allegiance to the common Crown. This has long
+been the symbol of their self-government, even as it is to old country
+kinsmen the symbol of rule by themselves.
+
+The alteration manifested by Canada's active, voluntary engagement in
+the European war is the change from Canadians holding, as they formerly
+did, that Great Britain was bound to defend Canada, while Canadians were
+not bound to defend Great Britain outside Canada. The "dependency" has
+not been now dragged in; it acted as an independency; it recognized its
+participation with Great Britain in a common danger; it proceeded quite
+voluntarily, quite independently, to recruit, organize, dispatch, and
+maintain large forces for the common cause. Canada's course has become
+that of a partner in respect of acceptance of risks and of contribution
+to expenses.
+
+This partner has no formally specified share in gains, or in authority,
+or in future policy of the concern. Canada has no obvious, distinct,
+admitted way or voice as to the conduct of war or making of peace. She
+appears, with the other self-governing Dominions of the Crown, as an
+ally having no vote in settlements, none of the prerogatives of an ally.
+Hence some observers in Great Britain, in Canada, in other realms of the
+Crown contend that the old, expressed relations between Great Britain,
+Canada, and the other Dominions must inevitably be extensively changed
+formally as well as actually in consequence of the war.
+
+Some say imperial federation cannot but ensue. Others argue that formal
+independence must arrive if such federation come not speedily. Others
+contend for an Empire League of sister States. Nobody ventures to
+mention what was often talked publicly by Canadians from thirty to fifty
+years ago, and later by Goldwin Smith, viz., Canada's entrance to the
+United States as a new tier of sovereign States. The idea of severance
+from Great Britain has vanished. Discussion of the other alternatives is
+not inactive, but it is forced. It engages the quidnuncs. They are
+talkers who must say something for the delight of hearing themselves;
+or they are writers who live under the exigency of needing to get
+"something different" daily into print. They are mostly either
+"Jingoes" or Centralizationists, as contra to Nationalists or
+Decentralizationists, long-standing opponents.
+
+Each set perceives their notions liable to be profoundly affected by
+Canada's fighting in Europe. Each affects belief that their own
+political designs cannot but be thereby served; each is afflicted with
+qualms of doubt. They alike appreciate the factors that make for their
+opponent's cause. Both know the strength of popular attachment to Great
+Britain; both know the traditional and inbred loathing of the
+industrious masses for the horrible bloodshed and insensate waste of
+treasure in war. Both sets balance inwardly the chances that sentiments
+seemingly irreconcilable and about equally respectable may, after the
+war, urge Canadians either to draw politically closer to their
+world-scattered kin, or to cut ligaments that might pull them again and
+again, time without end, into the immemorial European shambles.
+
+But is the Canadian public excitedly interested in the discussion? Not
+at all. Spokesmen and penmen of the two contentious factions are
+victimized by their own perfervid imaginations. The electorate, the
+masses, are not so swayed. The Canadian people, essentially British no
+matter what their origins, are mainly, like all English-speaking
+democracies, of straight, primitive, uncomplicated emotions, and of
+essentially conservative mind. They "plug" along. The hour and the day
+hold their attention. It is given to the necessary private works of the
+moment, as to the necessary public conduct of the time.
+
+They did not, as a public, spin themselves any reasons or excuses for
+their hearty approval of Canada's engagement in the war. Her or their
+contributions of men and money to its fields of slaughter and waste
+appeared and appear to them natural, proper, inevitable. They applauded
+seriously the country's being "put in for it" by agreement of the two
+sets of party politicians, and without any direct consultation of the
+electorate in this, the most important departure Canada ever made,
+because prompt action seemed the only way, and time was lacking for
+debate about what seemed the next thing that had to be done. In fact,
+the Canadian people, regarded collectively, felt and acted in this case
+with as much ingenuousness as did those Tyrolese mountaineers, bred,
+according to Heine, to know nothing of politics save that they had an
+Emperor who wore a white coat and red breeches.
+
+     When the patriots climbed up to them, and told them with
+     oratory that they now had a Prince who wore a blue coat and
+     white breeches, they grasped their rifles, and kissed wife and
+     children, and went down the mountain and offered their lives
+     in defense of the white coat and the dear old red breeches.
+
+But did they forsake their relish of and devotion to their customary,
+legendary Tyrolese liberties? No more will the Canadian masses, by
+reason of their hearty participation in the war, incline to yield jot or
+tittle of their usual, long-struggled-for, gradually acquired, valuable
+and valued British self-governing rights. Can the Jingoes or
+Centralizationists scare them backward? Or the Decentralizationists or
+Separatists hurry them forward? Won't they just continue to "plug along"
+as their forefathers did in the old country and in the new, gaining a
+bit more freedom to do well or ill at their own collective choice--that
+is, if the war result "as usual" in British security, according to
+confident British expectation.
+
+Such is the Canadian political situation. It has been essentially
+similar any time within living memory. The people approve in politics
+what they feel, instinctively, to be the profitable or the decent and
+reasonable necessary next thing to do. Which signifies that those
+controversialists are probably wrong who conceive that a result of the
+war, if it be a win for the Allies, will cause any great formal change
+in Canada's political relation to Great Britain.
+
+The truly valuable change in such relations is already secured; it
+cannot but become more notably established by future discussion; it is
+and will be a change by reason of greatly increased influence on Great
+Britain by Canada and the other Dominions. And it appears highly
+probable that such inevitable change in influence or weight of the new
+countries is sufficient for all sentiments concerned, and for all useful
+purposes on behalf of which formal changes are advocated by doctrinaires
+and idealists.
+
+The British peoples have acquired by long practice in very various
+politics a way of making existing arrangements "do" with some slight
+patching. They are instinctively seized of the truth of Edmund Burke's
+maxim, "Innovation is not improvement." They have "muddled along" into
+precisely the institutions that suit any exigency, their sanest
+political philosophers recognizing that the exigency must always be
+most amenable to the most flexible system.
+
+It is because the existing arrangements between London and the several
+Dominion capitals don't suit logicians that they do suit experienced
+statesmen pretty well. Because these institutions can be patched as
+occasion may require, they are retained for patching on occasion.
+Because the loose, go-as-you-please organization of the so-called
+"empire" has revealed almost incredible unity of sentiment and purpose,
+practiced statesmen regard it as a prodigious success. They are mighty
+shy of affiliating with any of the well-meaning doctrinaires who have
+been explaining any time within the last century that the system is
+essentially incoherent and absurd and urgently needs profound change
+with doctrinaire improvements.
+
+Sir Robert Borden, for instance. Some days ago he most amiably gave me a
+little private talk on these matters, of course on the tacit
+understanding that he was not to be "interviewed" as for close reporting
+of his informal sentences. He was, by the way, apparently in robust
+health, as if, like Mr. Asquith, of a temperament to flourish under the
+heaviest responsibilities ever laid on a Prime Minister in his own
+country. No statesman could be of aspect and utterance less hurried, nor
+more pleasant, lucid, cautious, disposed to give a friendly caller large
+and accurate information briefly, while disclosing nothing at variance
+with or unfindable in his published speeches. Of some of them he
+repeated apposite slices; to others he referred for further
+enlightenment as to his views on imperial federation. Really he was
+neither secretive nor newly informative. The Premier of Canada at any
+time is governed, much as I have endeavored to show how the electors
+are, by that natural, instinctive course of the general loyal Canadian
+mind, which constitutes "the situation" and controls Governmental
+proceedings on behalf of the public.
+
+Well meaning persons who allege Sir Robert to have either favored or
+disfavored imperial federation have been inaccurate. Precisely what
+imperial federation may be nobody knows, for the simple and sufficient
+reason that nobody has ever sketched or elaborated a scheme in that
+regard which appeared or appears desirable as a change from the
+all-compelling situation. What has never been adopted as desirable
+cannot be termed practicable in statesmen's language. To declare an
+untried scheme impracticable might be an error of rashness.
+
+The idea of federating the empire has long attracted Sir Robert, with
+many other admirable Canadians and Britons, since it connotes or
+involves the concept of British Union for all worthy and necessary
+purposes, including maintenance of local autonomy or self-government,
+surely a most praiseworthy design. Discussion of that idea is unlikely
+to be harmful; it may be useful; something may come of it that may seem
+desirable and practicable to substantially all interests and people
+concerned. A consummation devoutly to be wished, but not to be rushed!
+One point, frequently specified in Sir Robert's public speeches, was
+stated as follows in a recent report, pamphleted for distribution by his
+own side:
+
+     It is impossible to believe that the existing status, so far
+     as it concerns the control of foreign policy and
+     extra-imperial relations, can remain as it is today. All are
+     conscious of the complexity of the problem thus presented; and
+     no one need despair of a satisfactory solution, and no one can
+     doubt the profound influence which the tremendous events of
+     the past few months and of those in the immediate future must
+     exercise upon one of the most interesting and far-reaching
+     questions ever presented for the consideration of statesmen.
+
+There Sir Robert was recommending no particular solution. A little
+earlier in the same speech he illustrated the deep sense of all
+experienced British statesmen that there never is or can be in the
+British system any final solution of any grave problem, the vital
+essence of the system being flux and change to suit ever-changing
+circumstance.
+
+     In so far as this empire may be said to possess a
+     Constitution, it is of modern growth and is still in the stage
+     of development. One can hardly conceive that it will ever
+     distinctly emerge from that state or attain a status in
+     which constitutional development is no longer to be
+     anticipated. Indeed, the genius of the British people and all
+     our past history lead us to believe the contrary. The steps in
+     advance have been usually gradual and always practical; and
+     they have been taken on instinct rather than upon any
+     carefully considered theory.
+
+[Illustration: YUAN SHIH-KAI
+
+President of the Chinese Republic.
+
+_(Photo by Rio V. De Sieux.)_]
+
+[Illustration: PRINCE VON BUELOW
+
+German Ambassador to Italy.]
+
+Which was admonition at once of the Centralizationists and their
+opponents, the Nationalists.
+
+Whatever alteration of existing British inter-arrangements may come
+after the war will be done on instinct in view of circumstances that
+cannot now be foreseen. Wherefore clamorers for this or that, their
+favorite scheme, are now inopportunists. Hence they are neglected by the
+public as unimpressive, futile wasters of breath or ink. Indeed Canada,
+Great Britain, the whole race of mankind are now swept on the crest of a
+huge wave of Fate. When it casts them ashore, recedes, leaves men to
+consider what may best be done for the future, then will have come the
+time to rearrange political fabrics, if need be. Then Sir Robert Borden
+will probably continue in his often clearly specified opinion that
+Canada, if remaining liable as now to be drawn into Great Britain's more
+perilous wars--a liability which must ever urge Canada to strong
+participation in order that the peril may be the sooner ended--ought to
+have a share in controlling Great Britain's foreign policy. Which
+sharing Mr. Asquith declared last year impracticable, in that sense
+inadmissible.
+
+Westminster must retain freedom to move, act, strike quickly. Her course
+toward Germany had to be decided last August within a few hours.
+Obviously her freedom, her power for promptitude would be hindered in
+proportion to need for such consultation with and approval by councilors
+of many distant countries as is presupposed by advocates of imperial
+federation. Why establish control by cumbersome, superfluous machinery
+when the war has made it clear as the sun at high noon that the
+essential desideratum, British Union, exists now? All the notable
+communities of the King's realms have demonstrated that they are in the
+mind, the condition of a voluntary empire. What more can be desired
+save by such as desire old country domination of all the concerned
+countries, and who really long for a formal and subservient Empire?
+
+Sir Richard Jebb, a deep student of the Empire problem, declared clearly
+last November the meaning of that general voluntary British war union
+which is a wonder of mankind, and in the course to teach a profound,
+general political lesson. He wrote:
+
+     That the war will in any event change the external relations
+     is evident. But why, if we win, should it change the political
+     relations between the parts, except to the extent of
+     encouraging us to conserve and develop the existing system
+     which has given so signal an example of effective imperial
+     unity in time of need? Continually talking of imperial unity,
+     we fail to recognize it when we have got it. There is never
+     going to be a moment when one might say "Yesterday we were not
+     united; today the Grand Act (of Imperial Federation
+     understood) has been signed; henceforth we are united."
+
+     The cult of the Grand Act is a snare and a delusion. Whatever
+     may happen hereafter--even the Grand Act itself--posterity is
+     likely to look back upon August, 1914, as the moment when the
+     British Empire reached the zenith of its unity. Let us
+     remember that the existing system is not stationary, though
+     its principle (voluntary union) may be final. It has been
+     developing steadily since 1902.
+
+     The Australian fleet unit, the first of the Dominion navies,
+     which enables each to exert upon foreign policy the full
+     weight of its importance in the empire, was not begun until
+     1910. The corollary, that any Dominion Minister appointed to
+     reside in London should have free and constant access to the
+     British Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary, was only
+     conceded in January, 1912, and has not yet been taken
+     advantage of, even by Australia.
+
+     But the development is all true to principle. What principle?
+     Voluntary co-operation, as opposed to central compulsion. In
+     war, as in peace, each of the Britannic nations is free to do
+     or not to do. But we have invoked naval and military
+     co-ordination, with results which the Australian Navy has
+     already exemplified (on the Emden, &c.)
+
+     Has this system of the free Commonwealth, as distinguished
+     from the German principle of a centralized empire organized
+     primarily for war, broken down under the supreme test, as so
+     many of our prophets predicted? On the contrary, it has alone
+     saved South Africa to the empire, besides eliciting
+     unrestricted military aid from each part. Why change it for
+     something diametrically opposed to its spirit, substituting
+     compulsion for liberty, provinces for nation-States?
+
+Sir Richard Jebb's sentence, specifying the nature of the Australian
+influence on foreign policy, seems apt reply to Sir Robert Borden's
+oft-repeated specification that a share in control of foreign policy
+should accrue to the Dominions by reason of their participation in or
+liability to war. This liability really compels them to engage with all
+their strength, lest they comfort an enemy by abstention, or by
+confining their armaments to self-defense, which might and would be read
+as disapproval of Britain's course, if the war were one of magnitude
+endangering her. A system more powerfully requiring Great Britain to
+take heed that her quarrel be just, lest she be not thrice armed by
+approving children, can scarcely be imagined.
+
+On this matter I have had the pleasure and benefit, during the last
+twelve years, of talking with Sir Wilfrid Laurier often. In the quoted
+Jebb view he agreed closely when I saw him a few days ago. He remarked,
+with special regard to this article for THE NEW YORK TIMES, that his
+point of insistence at the Imperial Conferences of 1902, 1907, 1911, and
+on all proper occasions, has been that local autonomy--that is, complete
+self-government for each of the Dominions--is not only consistent with
+British unity but necessary thereto as promoting and conserving that
+unity.
+
+When Mr. Asquith's denial of the practicability of giving the Dominions
+a direct share in control of Great Britain's foreign policy is
+considered, the Jebb-Laurier view would appear one to which Sir Robert
+Borden, cautious statesman, must be led by recognition that potent
+influence on foreign policy cannot but come to Dominions energetically
+providing at once for their own defense and for their power to aid Great
+Britain all along the line.
+
+As to imperial federation, Sir Wilfrid remarked that he has ever been
+openly attracted by that aspiration toward permanent British union, on
+which advocacy of the vague project has ever been bottomed. He is, as he
+said to me, and as all his long series of political actions have
+manifested, British in heart and way of political thinking, as indeed
+substantially all his French-Canadian compatriots are. British
+liberality, not to say liberalism, has attached them to the British
+system as firmly as any community originating from the United Kingdom.
+It was a French-Canadian statesman who asserted, some fifty years ago,
+when many British-Canadians seemed tending toward union with the United
+States, "The last shot fired in Canada for British connection will be
+from a French-Canadian." That was before the civil war abolished
+slavery.
+
+But, even as the Britishism of Old Country liberals is strongly
+tinctured by devotion to ideals which Americans are wont to regard as
+theirs--ideals making for settled peace, industry, the uplift of the
+"common people," fair room and reward for those abilities which
+conspicuously serve the general welfare--so Sir Wilfrid and his
+compatriots acknowledge their Britishism to be acutely conscious of
+political kinship with the American people. The French-Canadian
+yearning, like that of many Canadians of British origin, is rather for
+English-speaking union--a union of at least thorough understanding and
+common designs with the American people--than for the narrower exclusive
+British union sought by Canadian imperial federationists.
+
+Sir Wilfrid said, in effect, (I do not profess to report his very
+words,) that federation of those British communities widely separated by
+geography, but alike in race, language, laws, principles, has always
+attracted him as a project of excellent intentions. It is at worst a
+noble dream. That dream has become less impracticable than it was
+formerly, he thinks, by reason of the essential diminution of the world,
+diminution of distances and of time by latter-day inventions.
+
+Against the idea of general representation in a central Parliament at
+London, Sir Wilfrid pointed out that Edmund Burke objected "opposuit
+natura"--nature forbade it. The wisest of political philosophers could
+not foresee the telegraph, wireless, steam, airships. These have made a
+useful central imperial Parliament at least conceivable. Could it be
+more useful than the advisory council, or Imperial Conference which has
+become quadrennial, and might possibly become annual? That is matter for
+discussion. Sir Wilfrid said that such is the political genius of the
+British race that he would be rash who alleged any design impracticable
+toward which the race may tend so generally as to put it under
+discussion for arrangement of details. Conservation of local
+self-government, prime essential to agreement for union on common
+purposes, might prove reconcilable with federated defense.
+
+But there is, to Sir Wilfrid's way of thinking, one large objection
+against now attempting imperial federation. Its agitators contemplate a
+scheme immense, yet not sufficiently inclusive. They do not contemplate
+English-speaking solidarity. They purpose leaving out the majority of
+English-speakers--the American people. In this they do not follow Cecil
+Rhodes, a chief propagandist of their main design. It is true that the
+idea of getting Americans to participate in any formal union with all
+the rest of their brethren by race and tongue seems now impractical. But
+time works wonders. Mr. Gladstone foresaw the United States a people of
+six hundred comfortable millions, living in union before the end of the
+next century. The hegemony of the English-speaking nations seems likely
+to be within attainment by that one of them which appears destined to
+become far the most powerful of all in numbers, in wealth, and in
+security of environment. Time may show to our successors in this world
+some effective method of establishing agreements amounting to that
+solidarity for English-speaking action which has been acclaimed as
+existent for English-speaking thinking by a mind so eminently reasonable
+as that of Lord Haldane.
+
+It would be hasty, thinks Sir Wilfrid, and it might be injurious for the
+British countries to move toward any sort of formal union ostensibly
+tending to set them collectively apart from the United States. Give
+great beneficent ideas time to develop. Britons can well afford to take
+their time, since the war has shown existent among them an almost
+perfect union of sentiment and purpose. And this, apparently, with the
+blessed effect of enhancing general American good-will to Britons. From
+so much good understanding more may ensue, Sir Wilfrid concluded.
+
+Such Canadians as hold Edmund Burke to have been a spokesman of
+consummate political wisdom are apt to regard the busy stir of
+doctrinaires, who scream for closer political junction of the British
+peoples, even as Burke regarded the hurry of some of the same kidney in
+his time. Resolute to bind the thirteen colonies forever to England,
+they proceeded to offend, outrage, and drive those colonies to
+independence. Be it remembered that these colonies had contributed so
+loyally, so liberally to England's armaments and wars that grateful
+London Parliaments had insisted on voting back to them the subsidies
+they had granted, holding the contributions too generous. To later
+proposals of foolish henchmen of George III., proposals that the
+colonies, since they had revealed themselves as strong and rich, should
+be dragged into some formal political subordination by which, as by
+latter-day Imperial Federation, they might be involuntarily mustered and
+taxed for imperial purposes, Burke said:
+
+     Our hold on the colonies is the close affection which grows
+     from common names, from kindred blood, from similar
+     privileges, and equal protection. These are the ties which,
+     though light as air, are strong as links of iron. Let the
+     colonies always keep the idea of their civil rights associated
+     with your Government; they will cling and grapple to you, and
+     no force under heaven will be of power to tear them from their
+     allegiance....
+
+     As long as you have the wisdom to keep the sovereign authority
+     of this country as the sanctuary of liberty, the sacred temple
+     consecrated to our common faith, wherever the chosen race and
+     sons of England worship freedom, they will turn their faces
+     toward you. The more they multiply, the more friends you will
+     have. The more ardently they love liberty, the more perfect
+     will be their obedience. Slavery they can have anywhere. It is
+     a weed that grows on every soil. They may have it from Spain;
+     they may have it from Prussia; but until you become lost to
+     all feeling of your true interest and your natural dignity,
+     freedom they can have from none but you.
+
+     This is the commodity of price, of which you have the
+     monopoly.... Do not entertain so weak an imagination as that
+     your registers and your bonds, your affidavits and your
+     sufferances, ... your letters of office and your instructions
+     and your suspending clauses are the things that hold together
+     the great contexture of this mysterious whole. These things do
+     not make your Government. Dead instruments, passive tools as
+     they are, it is the spirit of the English communion that gives
+     all their life and efficacy to them. It is the spirit of the
+     English Constitution which, infused through the mighty mass,
+     pervades, feeds, unites, invigorates, vivifies every part of
+     the empire, even to the minutest member.
+
+And the doctrinaires of Centralization, vociferating their fad of
+Imperial Federation, would have that Constitution, in the moment of its
+supreme triumph for unity, cast away! Cast away for a new and written
+one by which Great Britain and all her children alike would chain
+themselves together! Well may practical statesmen view the doctrinaires
+with some disdain, not unmindful of Burke's immortal scorn of such
+formalists:
+
+"A sort of people who think that nothing exists but what is gross and
+material, and who, therefore, far from being qualified to be directors
+of the great movement of empire, are not fit to turn a wheel in the
+machine. To men truly initiated and rightly taught, those ruling and
+master principles which, in the opinion of such men as I have mentioned,
+have no substantial existence, are in truth everything and all in all.
+Magnanimity in politics is not seldom the truest wisdom; and a great
+empire and little minds go ill together."
+
+
+
+
+ENGLAND.
+
+By JOHN E. DOLSON.
+
+
+    Birth land of statesmen, bards, heroes, and sages;
+      Mother of nations--the homes of the free;
+    Builder of work that will last through the ages,
+      Hope for Humanity centres in thee.
+
+    Now that thy bugles their clear calls are shrilling,
+      Now that thy battle voice echoes worldwide,
+    O'er the long reaches of sea rush the willing
+      Sons of thy children to fight by thy side.
+
+    Eager to aid thee with treasure and tissue,
+      Other leal millions will come to thy call.
+    Civilization is staked on the issue--
+      Woe to Mankind if thy lion should fall!
+
+    Fall he will never, till English force slacken
+      In the great soul of thy dominant race,
+    Now, as of old, do the Destinies beckon
+      Thee to be highest in power and place.
+
+    Conflicts now raging will pass into story,
+      Nations may sink in defeat or disgrace;
+    Long be thy future resplendent with glory,
+      Long be thy triumphs the pride of our race!
+
+
+
+
+American Aid of France
+
+By Eugène Brieux
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+     M. Eugène Brieux, the celebrated French poet and playwright,
+     who is in this country as the official representative of the
+     French Academy--the "Forty Immortals"--has written a
+     remarkable tribute to American aid of France during the
+     present war. The address, which is herewith presented, was
+     read by M. Brieux at the residence of Mrs. John Henry Hammond
+     of New York City recently before a gathering of two hundred
+     men and women who have been interested in the work of the
+     American Ambulance Hospital in Paris.
+
+Miss Marie Van Vorst, who nursed the wounded at the American Ambulance
+in Paris, will speak to you of it as an eyewitness. From her you will
+receive direct news of your splendid work of humanity. While she was
+caring for wounded French, English, and German I was attached to another
+hospital at Chartres. It happens, therefore, that I have never seen the
+American Military Hospital created by you, but I am not in ignorance
+concerning it any more than any other Parisian, any more, indeed, than
+the majority of the French people. I know that the American Ambulance is
+the most remarkable hospital that the world has seen. I know that you,
+since the beginning of the war, have brought the aid of medical science
+to wounded men and that you have given not only money, but an
+institution, all ready, complete and of the most modern type, and, even
+more, that you have sent there your best surgeons and a small army of
+orderlies and nurses.
+
+I know that at first one could not find a place; that there was
+available only a building in course of construction, intended to be the
+Pasteur School at Neuilly. This building was far from completion; it
+lacked doors and there were no stairs. I know that in three weeks your
+generosity, your energy, and your quick intelligence has made of this
+uncertain shell a modern military hospital, with white walls, electric
+light, baths, rooms for administering anaesthetics, operating rooms,
+sterilizing plants, apparatus for X-rays, and a dental clinic. I know
+that automobiles, admirably adapted to the service, carried the wounded.
+And yet I do not know all. I know only by instinct of the devotion of
+your young girls, of your women, and of your young men, belonging often
+to prominent families, who served as stretcher bearers and orderlies.
+
+I am not ignorant of the fact that they count by the hundreds those who
+have been cured at the American Ambulance at Neuilly, nor of the further
+fact that the rate of mortality is extremely low, although they have
+sent you those most gravely injured. I know that it is all free; that
+there are no charges made for the expenses of administration; that for
+the service rendered by your people there is no claim, and that every
+cent of every dollar subscribed goes entirely and directly to the care
+of the wounded. I know also that the expenses at the hospital are $4,000
+a day, and that ever since the beginning your charity has met this
+demand.
+
+Such splendid effort has not been ignored or misunderstood. The
+President of the French Republic has cabled to President Wilson his
+appreciation and his gratitude; General Fevier, Inspector General of
+Hospitals of the French Army, has publicly expressed his admiration; the
+English physicians and public men have shared their sentiments.
+
+As to the people of Paris, as to the French nation, they have been
+touched to the depths of their being. And yet in France we have found
+all this quite natural. I shall tell you why. We have so high a regard
+for you that when you do anything well no one is surprised. I believe
+that if a wounded soldier arriving at your hospital exclaimed, "This is
+wonderful!" his comrade who had been ahead of him would answer in a tone
+of admonition: "That surprises you? You do not know then that it is done
+by the Americans, by the people from the United States?" In this refusal
+to be astonished in the face of remarkable achievements, when they come
+from you, there is a tribute, a praise of high quality which your
+feelings and your patriotism will know how to appreciate.
+
+I have said that all that comes from you which is good and great seems
+natural to us, and I have given you a reason; but there is another. In
+France we are accustomed to consider the Republic of the United States
+as an affectionate, distant sister. When one receives a gift from a
+stranger one is astonished and cries out his thanks, but when the gift
+comes from a brother or from some one who, on similar occasions, has
+never failed, the thanks are not so outspoken but more profound. One
+says: "Ah, it is you, my brother. I suffer. I expected you. I knew that
+you would come, for I should have gone to you had you needed me. I thank
+you."
+
+And, indeed, we are closely bound together, you and we. Without doubt,
+common interest and an absence of possible competition helps to that
+end, but there is something more which unites us--it is our kindred
+sentiments. It is this kinship which has created our attraction for each
+other and which has cemented it; it is our common ground of affections,
+of hatreds, of hopes; our ideals rest upon the same high plane. To
+mention but one point, one of you has said: "The United States and
+France are the only two nations which have fought for an ideal." And it
+is that which separates us, you and us, from a certain other nation, and
+which has served to bring us two close together.
+
+We love you and we are grateful for what you are doing for us. When the
+day came for my departure from France to represent here the French
+Academy I asked of Mr. Poincaré, who had visited the American Ambulance
+at Neuilly, if duty did not forbid me to go. "No," he said to me. "Go to
+the United States. Carry greetings to the great nation of America." And
+he gave to me, for your President, the letter with which you are
+familiar, where he expressed the admiration and the sympathy that he has
+for you.
+
+I have been traveling North and South in the Eastern part of the United
+States. I have had many opportunities to admire your power and the
+extent of your efforts. Today, in thinking of the American Ambulance
+Hospital in Paris, I admire your persistence in labor. You have
+established this hospital. That was good. But it costs a thousand
+dollars a day, and yet you keep on with the work. That is doubly good.
+Indeed, one can understand that you have not been willing, after having
+created this model hospital, that some day through lack of support its
+doors should close and the wounded you have taken in be turned over to
+others; certainly those first subscribers undertook a sort of moral
+obligation to themselves not to permit the work to fail. But, none the
+less, it is admirable that it should be so. To give once is something,
+but it is little if one compares the value of the first gift to those
+which follow.
+
+The first charity is easily understood. Suddenly war is at hand. Its
+horrors can be imagined and every one feels that he can in some measure
+lessen them, and he opens his purse. Then time passes, the war
+continues, and one becomes accustomed to the thoughts that were at first
+unbearable--it is so far away and so long. Others in this way were
+checked after their first impulse.
+
+But you, you have thought that, if it is good to establish a hospital,
+that alone was not enough, and that each day would bring new wounded to
+replace those who, cured, took up their guns again and returned to the
+field of battle. And since at the American Ambulance the wounded are
+cured quickly, the very excellence of your organization, the science of
+your surgeons, and the greatness of your sacrifices all bring upon you
+other and new sacrifices to be made.
+
+But the word "sacrifice" is badly chosen. You do not make sacrifices,
+for you are strong and you are good. When you decide upon some new
+generous act you have only to appeal to your national pride, which will
+never allow an American undertaking to fail. You have the knowledge of
+the good that you are doing, and that, for you, is sufficient. You know
+that, thanks to your generosity, suffering is relieved, and you know
+that, thanks to the science of your surgeons, this relief is not merely
+momentary, but that the wounded man who would have remained a cripple if
+he had been less ably cared for, will be, thanks to you, completely
+cured, and that, instead of dragging out a miserable existence, he will
+be able to live a normal life and support a family which will bless
+you. Such men will owe it all to the persistence of your generosity.
+
+I return always to that point, and it is essential. To give once is a
+common impulse, common to nearly all the world. It means freeing one's
+self from the suffering which good souls feel when they see others
+suffer. But to give again after having given is a proof of reflection,
+of an understanding of the meaning of life; it is to work intelligently;
+it is to insure the value of the first effort; it means the possession
+of goodness which is lasting and far-seeing. That is a rare virtue. You
+have it. And that is why I express a three-fold thanks, for the past,
+for the present, and for the future--thanks that come from the bottom of
+the heart of a Frenchman.
+
+
+
+
+A FAREWELL.
+
+By EDNA MEAD.
+
+
+    Look, Love! I lay my wistful hands in thine
+      A little while before you seek the dark,
+    Untraversed ways of War and its Reward,
+      I cannot bear to lift my gaze and mark
+      The gloried light of hopeful, high emprise
+    That, like a bird already poised for flight,
+      Has waked within your eyes.
+    For me no proud illusions point the road,
+      No fancied flowers strew the paths of strife:
+    War only wears a horrid, hydra face,
+      Mocking at strength and courage, youth and life.
+    If you were going forth to cross your sword
+      In fair and open, man-to-man affray,
+      One might be even reconciled and say,
+    "This is not murder; only passion bent
+      On pouring out its poison"--one could pray
+    That the day's end might see the madness done
+    And saner souls rise with the morrow's sun.
+      But this incarnate hell that yawns before
+    Your bright, brave soul keyed to the fighter's clench--
+    This purgatory that men call the "trench"--
+      This modern "Black Hole" of a modern war!
+    Yea, Love! yet naught I say can save you, so
+    I lay my heart in yours and let you go.
+
+
+
+
+Stories of French Courage
+
+By Edwin L. Shuman
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+There has just appeared in Paris a book called "La Guerre Vue d'Une
+Ambulance," which brings the war closer to the eye and heart than
+anything else I have read. It is written by Abbé Felix Klein, Chaplain
+of the American Ambulance Hospital at Neuilly, a suburb of Paris, and
+has the added merit of describing the noble work which American money
+and American Red Cross nurses are doing there for the French wounded.
+The abbé, by the way, has twice visited the United States in recent
+years, has many warm friends here, and has written several enthusiastic
+books about the "Land of the Strenuous Life."
+
+When the war broke out this large-hearted priest and busy author dropped
+all his literary and other plans to minister to the wounded soldiers
+brought to the war hospital established by Americans in the fine new
+building of the Lycée Pasteur, which was to have received its first
+medical students a few weeks later. There were 250 beds at first, and
+later 500, with more than a hundred American automobiles carrying the
+wounded to it, often direct from the front.
+
+Through all these months Abbé Klein has labored day and night among
+these sufferers, cheering some to recovery, easing the dying moments of
+others with spiritual solace, and, hardest of all, breaking the news of
+bereavement to parents.
+
+From day to day, through those terrible weeks of fighting on the Aisne
+and the Marne, with Paris itself in danger, the good abbé wrote brief
+records of his hopes and fears regarding his wounded friends, and set
+down in living words the more heroic or touching phases of their simple
+stories. Let me translate a few of them for the reader.
+
+Take, for instance, the case of Charles Marée, a blue-eyed, red-bearded
+hero of thirty years, an only son who had taken the place of his invalid
+father at the head of their factory, and who had responded to the first
+call to arms. During his months of suffering his parents were held in
+territory occupied by the enemy and could not be reached. The abbé goes
+on to tell his story:
+
+     Let us not be deceived by the calm smile on his face. For six
+     weeks Charles Marée has been undergoing an almost continual
+     martyrdom, his pelvis fractured, with all the consequences one
+     divines, weakened by hemorrhage, his back broken, capable only
+     of moving his head and arms.... He is one of our most fervent
+     Christians: I bring him the communion twice a week, and he
+     never complains of suffering. He is also one of our bravest
+     soldiers; he has received the military medal, and when I asked
+     him how it came about he told me the following in a firm tone
+     and with his hand in mine, for we are great friends:
+
+     "It was given to me the 8th of October. I had to fulfill a
+     mission that was a little difficult. It was at Mazingarbe,
+     between Béthune and Lens, and 9 o'clock in the evening. Two of
+     the enemy's armored auto-machine guns had just been discovered
+     approaching our lines. I was ordered to go and meet them with
+     a Pugeot of twenty-five or thirty horse power--I was
+     automobilist in the Thirtieth Dragoons.
+
+     "I left by the little road from Vermelles on which the two
+     hostile machines were reported to be approaching. After twenty
+     minutes I stopped, put out my lights, and waited. A quarter of
+     an hour of profound silence followed, and then I caught the
+     sound of the first mitrailleuse. With one spin of the wheel I
+     threw my machine across the middle of the road. That of the
+     enemy struck us squarely in the centre. The moment the shock
+     was past I rose from my seat with my revolver and killed the
+     chauffeur and the mechanician.
+
+     "But almost immediately the second machine gun arrived. The
+     two men on it comprehended what had happened. While one of
+     them stopped the machine, the other aimed at me under his seat
+     and fired a revolver ball that pierced both thighs; then they
+     turned their machine and retreated. My companion, happily, was
+     not hurt, so he could take me to Vermelles, where the
+     ambulance service was. The same evening they gave me the
+     military medal, for which I had already been proposed three
+     times."
+
+After three months of suffering, borne without complaint, this man died
+without having been able to get a word to his parents. The abbé had
+become deeply attached to him, and the whole hospital corps felt the
+loss of his courageous presence.
+
+Some of the horror of war is in these pages, as where the author says:
+
+     The doctors worked till 3 o'clock this morning. They had to
+     amputate arms and legs affected with gangrene. The operating
+     room was a sea of blood.
+
+Some of the pathos of war is here, and even a little of its humor, but
+most of all its courage. Both of the latter are mingled in the case of
+an English soldier who was brought in wounded from the field of
+Soissons.
+
+     "I fought until such a day, when I was wounded."
+
+     "And since then?"
+
+     "Since then I have traveled."
+
+An English infantry officer, a six-footer, brought to the hospital with
+his head bandaged in red rather than white, showed the abbé his cap and
+the bullet hole in it.
+
+"A narrow escape," said the abbé in English, and then learned that the
+escape was narrower than the wounded forehead indicated. Another bullet,
+without touching the officer, had pierced the sole of his shoe under his
+foot, and a third had perforated his coat between the body and the arm
+without breaking the skin.
+
+The author's attitude toward the Germans, always free from bitterness,
+is sufficiently indicated in such a paragraph as this:
+
+     This afternoon I gave absolution and extreme unction to an
+     Irishman, who has not regained consciousness since he was
+     brought here. He had in his portfolio a letter addressed to
+     his mother. The nurse is going to add a word to say that he
+     received the last sacraments. A Christian hope will soften the
+     frightful news. Emperors of Austria and Germany, if you were
+     present when the death is announced in that poor Irish home,
+     and in thousands, hundreds of thousands of others, in England,
+     in France, in Russia, in Servia, in Belgium, in your own
+     countries, in all Europe, and even in Africa and Asia!... May
+     God enlighten your consciences!
+
+The French wounded in the hospital at Neuilly--during the period when
+the German right wing was being beaten back from Paris--frequently
+accused the German regulars of wanton cruelty, but testified to the
+humanity of the reservists. The author relates several episodes
+illustrating both points. Here are two:
+
+     "The regulars are no good," said a brave peasant reservist.
+     "They struck me with the butts of their rifles on my wound.
+     They broke and threw away all that I had. The reserves arrive,
+     and it is different; they take care of me. My comrade, wounded
+     in the breast, was dying of thirst; he actually died of it a
+     little while afterward. I dragged myself up to go and seek
+     water for him; the young fellows aimed their guns at me. I was
+     obliged to make a half-turn and lie down again."
+
+Another, who also begins by praising the German field officers, saw
+soldiers of the active army stripping perfectly nude one of our men who
+had a perforated lung, and whom they had made prisoner after his wound:
+
+     "When they saw that they would have to abandon him, they took
+     away everything from him, even his shirt, and it was done in
+     pure wickedness, since they carried nothing away."
+
+One of the most amazing escapes is that of a soldier from Bordeaux, told
+partly in his own racy idiom, and fully vouched for by the author. After
+relating how he left the railway at Nanteuil and traversed a hamlet
+pillaged by the Germans he continues:
+
+     We form ourselves into a skirmish line. The shells come. The
+     dirt flies: holes to bury an ox? One can see them coming:
+     zzz--boom! There is time to get out of the way.
+
+     Arrived at the edge of the woods, we separate as scouts. We
+     are ordered to advance. But, mind you, they already have our
+     range. The artillery makes things hum. My bugler, near me, is
+     killed instantly; he has not said a word, poor boy! I am
+     wounded in the leg. It is about two o'clock. As I cannot drag
+     myself further, a comrade, before leaving, hides me under
+     three sheaves of straw with my head under my knapsack. The
+     shells have peppered it full of holes, that poor sack. Without
+     it--ten yards away a comrade, who had his leg broken and a
+     piece of shell in his arm, received seven or eight more
+     wounds.
+
+     I stayed there all day. In the evening the soldiers of the
+     101st took me into the woods, where there were several French
+     wounded and a German Captain, wounded the evening before. He
+     was suffering too, poor wretch. About midnight the French
+     soldiers came to seek those who were transportable. They left
+     only my comrade, myself and the German Captain. There were
+     other wounded further along, and we heard their cries. It was
+     dreary.
+
+These wounded men passed two whole days there without help. On the third
+day the Germans arrived and the narrator gave himself up for lost. But
+the German Captain, with whom the Frenchmen had divided their food and
+drink, begged that they be cared for. Ultimately they were taken to the
+German camp and their wounds attended to. But in a few minutes the camp
+became the centre of a violent attack, and again it looked as if the
+last day of the wounded prisoners had come.
+
+Suddenly the Germans ran away and left everything. An hour later, when
+the firing ceased, they returned, carried away the wounded of both
+nationalities on stretchers, crowded about twenty-five of them into one
+wagon (the narrator's broken leg was not stretched out, and he
+suffered,) and all the way the wagon gave forth the odor of death. All
+day they rode without a bite to eat. At 1 o'clock at night they reached
+the village of Cuvergnon, where their wounds were well attended to. The
+following day the Germans departed without saying a word, but the
+villagers cared for the wounded, both friends and enemies, and in time
+the American automobiles carried them to Neuilly.
+
+     It is a paradise [added the wounded man.] Now we are saved.
+     But what things I have seen! I have seen an officer with his
+     brain hanging here, over his eye. And black corpses, and
+     bloated horses! The saddest time is the night. One hears
+     cries: "Help!" There are some who call their mothers. No one
+     answers.
+
+All these recitals of soldiers are stamped with the red badge of
+courage. A priest serving as an Adjutant was superintending the digging
+of trenches close to the firing line on the Aisne. He had to expose
+himself for a space of three feet in going from one trench to another.
+In that instant a Mauser bullet struck him under the left eye, traversed
+the nostril, the top of the palate, the cheek bone and came out under
+the right ear. He felt the bullet only where it came out, but soon he
+fell, covered with blood and believed he was wounded to death. Then his
+courage returned, and he crawled into the trench. Comrades carried him
+to the ambulance at Ambleny, with bullets and "saucepans" raining about
+them from every direction. In time he was transferred to the American
+Hospital at Neuilly. "I'm only a little disfigured and condemned to
+liquids," he told his friend the abbé. "In a few weeks I shall be cured
+and will return to the front."
+
+Abbé Klein tells the curious story of a Zouave and his faithful dog. In
+one of the zigzag corridors connecting the trenches near Arras the man
+was terribly wounded by a shell that killed all his companions and left
+him three-quarters buried in the earth. With only the dead around him,
+he "felt himself going to discouragement," to use the author's mild
+phrase, when his dog, which had never left him since the beginning of
+the war, arrived and began showing every sign of distress and affection.
+The wounded man told the author:
+
+     It is not true that he dug me out, but he roused my courage. I
+     commenced to free my arms, my head, the rest of my body.
+     Seeing this, he began scratching-with all his might around me,
+     and then caressed me, licking my wounds. The lower part of my
+     right leg was torn off, the left wounded in the calf, a piece
+     of shell in the back, two fingers cut off, and the right arm
+     burned. I dragged myself bleeding to the trench, where I
+     waited an hour for the litter carriers. They brought me to the
+     ambulance post at Roclincourt, where my foot was taken off,
+     shoe and all; it hung only by a tendon. From there I was
+     carried on a stretcher to Anzin, then in a carriage to another
+     ambulance post, where they carved me some more.... My dog was
+     present at the first operation. An hour after my departure he
+     escaped and came to me at Anzin.
+
+But when the Zouave was sent to Neuilly the two friends had to separate.
+At the railway station he begged to take his dog along, and told his
+story; but the field officer, touched though he was, could not take it
+upon himself to send a dog on a military train. The distress of both man
+and beast was so evident that more than one nurse had tears in her eyes
+as the train pulled out.
+
+They tried to pet the dog, dubbed him Tue-Boches, offered him dog
+delicacies of all sorts, but in vain. He refused all food and remained
+for two days "sad to death." Then some one went to the American
+Hospital, told how the dog had saved the Zouave, and the upshot of it
+was that the faithful animal, duly combed and passed through the
+disinfecting room, was admitted to the hospital and recovered his master
+and his appetite. But at last accounts his master was still very weak,
+and "in the short visit which the dog is allowed to make each day, he
+knows perfectly, after a tender and discreet good morning, how to hold
+himself very wisely at the foot of the bed, his eyes fixed upon his
+patient."
+
+Thanks to modern science, the cases of tetanus are few in this war, but
+there are many deaths from gangrene, because, with no truce for the
+removal of the wounded, so many lie for days before receiving medical
+aid. Abbé Klein tells of one Breton boy, as gentle a soul as his
+sister--"my little Breton," he always calls him, affectionately--and
+comments again and again upon the boy's patient courage amid sufferings
+that could have but one end. The infection spread in spite of all that
+science could do, and even amputation could not save him. At last he
+ceased to live, "like a poor little bird," as his French attendant,
+herself a mother with three boys in the army, said with tears.
+
+Saddest of all are the bereaved wives and mothers. The reader will find
+many of them in the good Chaplain's book, and they will bring the war
+closer than anything else. Sometimes they stand mute under the blow,
+looking on the dead face without a sound, and then dropping unconscious
+to the floor. Sometimes they cry wild things to heaven. The Chaplain's
+work in either case is not easy, and some of his most touching pages
+depict such scenes.
+
+There was a boy of twenty years, who was slowly but surely dying of
+gangrene. Let the abbé tell the end of the story:
+
+     At 9 o'clock the parents arrive. Frightened at first by the
+     change, they are reassured to see that he is suffering so
+     little, and soon leave him, as they think, to rest. When they
+     return at 10, suddenly called, their child is dead. Their
+     grief is terrible. The father still masters himself, but the
+     mother utters cries. They are led to the chapel, while some
+     one comes to look for me. The poor woman, who was wandering
+     about stamping and wringing her hands, rushes to me and cries,
+     no, it is not possible that her son is dead, a child like
+     that, so healthy, so beautiful, so lovable; she wishes me to
+     reassure her, to say it is as she says. Before my silence and
+     the tears that come to my eyes her groans redouble, and
+     nothing can calm her: "But what will become of us? We had only
+     him."
+
+     Nothing quiets her. My words of Christian hope have no more
+     effect than what the father tries to say to her. For a moment
+     she listens to my account of the poor boy's words of faith, of
+     the communion yesterday, of his prayer this morning. But soon
+     she falls back into her distraction, and I suggest to the
+     husband that he try to occupy her mind, to make a diversion of
+     some kind; the more so, I add, as I must leave to attend a
+     burial. She hears this word: "I don't want him to be taken
+     from me. You are not going to bury him at once!" I explain
+     softly that no one is thinking of such a thing; that on the
+     contrary I am going to take her to those who will let her see
+     her boy. We go then to the office, and I hurry away to
+     commence the funeral of another.
+
+     I learn on my return that they have seen their son, such as
+     death has made him, and that on hearing the cries of the
+     mother, three other women, already agitated by the visit to
+     their own wounded and by the funeral preparations, have fallen
+     in a faint.
+
+One day last Fall President Poincaré, accompanied by M. Viviani and
+General Gallieni, was received at the American Hospital by Mr. Herrick,
+the American Ambassador, and by the members of the Hospital Committee.
+Abbé Klein has words of praise not only for Mr. Herrick, but also for
+his predecessor, Mr. Bacon, and for his successor, Mr. Sharp. His
+admiration for the devoted American women who are serving as nurses in
+the hospital is expressed frequently in his pages. He says the labors of
+the American nurses and those of the French nurses complement each other
+admirably. Of the founding and maintenance of the hospital at Neuilly,
+he says:
+
+     The resources are provided wholly by the charity of Americans.
+     From the beginning of the war the administrative council of
+     their Paris hospital took the initiative in the movement. The
+     American colony in France, almost unaided, gave the
+     half-million francs that was subscribed the first month. New
+     York and other cities of the United States followed their
+     lead, and, in spite of the financial crisis that grips there
+     as elsewhere, one may be sure that the funds will not be
+     wanting. America has its Red Cross, which, justly enough, aids
+     the wounded of all nations; but, among the belligerents, it
+     has chosen to distinguish the compatriots of Lafayette and
+     Rochambeau; our field hospital is the witness of their
+     faithful gratitude. France will not forget.
+
+Later the abbé recorded in his diary that the 500 beds would soon be
+filled, but added that the generous activity of the Americans would not
+end there. They would establish branch hospitals. Large sums had been
+placed at the disposal of the committee to found an "ambulance" in
+Belgium and another in France as near the front as prudence permitted.
+Toward the end of January he recorded the gift of $200,000 from Mrs.
+Harry Payne Whitney, and its use by the committee to establish an
+affiliated hospital at the College of Juilly, in the Department of
+Seine-et-Marne. He added that still other branches were about to be
+founded with American funds.
+
+Abbé Klein writes out of a full and sincere heart, whether as a priest,
+a patriot, or a man who loves his fellowmen; and, without seeking it, he
+writes as a master of phrase. His new book probably will soon be
+translated and published in the United States.
+
+
+
+
+A TROOPER'S SOLILOQUY
+
+By O.C.A. CHILD
+
+
+    'Tis very peaceful by our place the now!
+      Aye, Mary's home from school--the little toad--
+    And Jeck is likely bringing in the cow,
+      Away from pasture, down the hillside road.
+
+    Now Nancy, I'll be bound, is brewing tea!
+      She's humming at her work the way she will,
+    And, happen so, she maybe thinks of me
+      And wishes she'd another cup to fill.
+
+    'Tis very queer to sit here on this nag
+      And swing this bit o' blade within my hand--
+    To keep my eye upon that German flag
+      And wonder will they run or will they stand;
+
+    To watch their Uhlans forming up below,
+      And feel a queersome way that's like to fear;
+    To hope to God that I won't make a show,
+      And that my throat is not too dry to cheer;
+
+    To close my eyes a breath and say "God bless
+      And keep all safe at home, and aid us win,"
+    Then straighten as the bugle sounds "Right, Dress...."
+      Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! We're going in!
+
+
+
+
+American Unfriendliness
+
+By Maximilian Harden
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+     Maximilian Harden, author of the article of which the
+     following is a translation, is the widely known German
+     journalist and publicist who has been termed "the German
+     George Bernard Shaw." The article was published in the second
+     February number of Die Zukunft.
+
+_Japan and the United States are being wooed. Ever since the Western
+powers' hope of speedy decisive blows on the part of Russia have
+shriveled up, they would like to lure the Japanese Army, two to four
+hundred thousand men, to the Continent. What was scoffed at as a whim of
+Pinchon and Clemenceau now is unveiled as a yearning of those at the
+head of the Governments._
+
+_The sentimental wish to see Germany's collapse completed by the
+activities of the allied European powers now ventures only shyly into
+the light of day. The ultimate wearing down of the German Army assures
+us of victory; but a speedy termination of the war under which the whole
+hemisphere suffers would be preferable. The Trans-Siberian Railway could
+bring the Japanese to Poland and East Prussia. The greatness of the
+expenditures therefor cannot frighten him who knows what tremendous sums
+each week of the war costs the Allies. Where it is a question of our
+life, of the existence of all free lands, every consideration must
+vanish. Public opinion desires an agreement with the Government of the
+Mikado._
+
+These sentences I found in the Temps. England will not apply the brakes.
+Mr. Winston Churchill, to be sure, lauds the care-free fortune of his
+fatherland, which even after Trafalgar, he says, did not command the
+seas as freely as today; but in his inmost heart even this "savior of
+Calais" does not cheat himself concerning the fact that it is a matter
+of life and death. In order not to succumb in such a conflict, England
+will sacrifice its prosperous comfort and the lordly pride of the white
+man just as willingly as it would, if necessary, Gibraltar and Egypt,
+(which might be within the reach of German armies in the Spring.)
+
+Will Japan follow the luring cry? Any price will be paid for it. What is
+Indo-China to the Frenchmen, whose immense colonial empire is exploited
+by strangers, if thereby they can purchase the bliss of no longer being
+"the victims of 1870"? And the yellow race that co-operated on Europe's
+soil in the most momentous decision of all history would live in
+splendor such as had never before been seen, and could keep China, the
+confused, reeling republic, for at least a generation in its
+guardianship.
+
+The land of the Stars and Stripes is only being asked to give its
+neutrality the color of good-will. It is, for the time being, unlikely
+that the United States would stand beside our opponents with army and
+navy, as has been urgently counseled by Mr. Roosevelt, (who received the
+honorary doctor's title in Berlin and as a private citizen reviewed a
+brigade drill at the Kaiser's side.) Nevertheless, experience warns us
+to be prepared for every change of weather, from the distant West, as
+well as the distant East, (and to guard ourselves alike against abuse
+and against flattery.)
+
+The sentiment of the Americans is unfriendly to us. In spite of Princes'
+travels, Fritz monuments, exchanges of professors, Kiel Week, and cable
+compliments? Yes, in spite of all that. We can't change it. And should
+avoid impetuous wooing.
+
+The missionaries of the Foreign Office brought along with them in trunks
+and bundles across the sea the prettiest eagerness; but in many cases
+they selected useless and in some cases even injurious methods.
+Lectures, pamphlets, defensive writings--the number of the defenders
+and the abundance of their implements and talk only nursed suspicion.
+Whatever could be done for the explanation of the German conduct was
+done by Germania's active children, who know the country and the people.
+
+The American business man never likes to climb mountains of paper. He
+has grown up in a different emotional zone, accustomed to a different
+standard of values than the Middle European. To feel his way into
+foreign points of view, finally to become, in ordinary daily relations,
+a psychologist, that will be one of the chief duties of the German of
+tomorrow. He may no longer demand that the stranger shall be like him;
+no longer denounce essential differences of temperament as a sin. The
+North American, among whose ancestors are Britons and Spaniards, Celts
+and Dutchmen, South Frenchmen and Low Germans, does not easily
+understand the Englishman, despite the common language; calls him surly,
+stiff, cold; charges him with selfishness and presumption, and has
+never, as a glance backward will show, shirked battle with him for great
+issues. For the most part, to be sure, it remains the scolding of
+relatives, who wish to tug at and tousel each other, not to murder each
+other.
+
+Only before the comrade of Japan did the brow of Jonathan wrinkle more
+deeply. But every Briton swore that his kinsman would bar the yellow
+man's way to Hawaii, California, and the Philippines, and put him in the
+fields of Asia only as a terror to the Russians or a scarecrow to the
+Germans. A doubt remained, nevertheless; and we missed the chance of a
+strong insurance against Japanese encroachment. Stroked caressingly
+yesterday and boxed ears today:
+
+     Over there the dollar alone rules, and all diplomacy is a
+     pestilential swamp; decency is an infrequent guest, with scorn
+     grinning ever over its shoulder; the entrepreneur is a rogue,
+     the official a purchasable puppet, the lady a
+     cold-cream-covered lady-peacock.
+
+The stubborn idealism, the cheerful ability of the American, his joy in
+giving, his achievements in and for art, science, culture--all that was
+scarcely noticed. Such a caricature could not be erased by compliments.
+
+Before Mr. Roosevelt bared his set of stallion's teeth (Hengstgebiss) to
+the Berliners, he had spoken cheerfully to Admirals Dewey and Beresford
+concerning the possibilities of a war of the Star-Spangled Banner
+against Germany. And gentler fellow-countrymen of the billboard man
+said:
+
+     You're amazing. Yourselves devilishly greedy for profits, yet
+     you scoff at us because we go chasing after business. You
+     fetch heaps of money across the sea, and then turn up your
+     sublimely snuffing noses as if it stinks.
+
+To reach an understanding would have been difficult even in times of
+peace. The American is unwilling to be either stiff or subservient. He
+does not wish to be accounted of less value as a merchant than the
+officer or official; wishes to do what he likes and to call the
+President an ox outright if he pleases. Leave him as he is; and do not
+continually hurt the empire and its swarms of emigrant children by the
+attempt to force strangers into the shell of your will and your opinion.
+
+Is it not possible that the American is analyzing the origin of the war
+in his own way? That he looks upon Belgium's fate with other eyes than
+the German? That he groans over "the army as an end in itself" and over
+"militarism"? That he does not understand us any quicker than the German
+Michel understands him? And that he puffs furiously when, after a long
+period of drought, the war, a European one, now spoils his trade?
+
+Only for months at the worst, Sam; then it will spring up again in
+splendor such as has never been seen before. No matter how the dice fall
+for us, the chief winnings are going to you. The cost of the war
+(expense without increment, devastation, loss of business) amounts to a
+hundred thousand million marks or more for old Europa; she will be
+loaded down with loans and taxes. Even to the gaze of the victor,
+customers will sink away that were yesterday capable of buying and
+paying. Extraordinary risks cannot be undertaken for many a year on our
+soil. But everybody will drift over to you--Ministers of Finance,
+artists, inventors, and those who scent profits. You will merely have to
+free yourselves from dross (and from the trust thought that cannot be
+stifled) and to weed out the tares of demagogy; then you will be the
+effective lords of the world and will travel to Europe like a great
+Nürnberg that teaches people subsequently to feel how once upon a time
+it felt to operate in the Narrows.
+
+The scope of your planning and of your accomplishment, the very rank
+luxuriance of your life, will be marveled at as a fairy wonder. We,
+victors and conquered and neutrals, will alike be confined by duty to
+austere simplicity of living. Your complaint is unfounded; only gird
+yourselves for a wee short time in patience. Whether the business deals
+which you grab in the wartime smell good or bad, we shall not now
+publicly investigate. If law and custom permit them, what do you care
+for alien heartache? If the statutes of international law prohibit them,
+the Governments must insure the effectiveness thereof. Scolding does
+not help. Until the battle has been fought out to the finish, until the
+book of its genesis has been exalted above every doubt, your opinion
+weighs as heavy as a little chicken's feather to us. Let writer and
+talker rave till they are exhausted--not a syllable yet in defense.
+
+We do not feel hurt, (haven't spare time for it;) indeed, we are glad
+that you gave ten millions each month for Belgium, that you intend to
+help care for Poland, that you are opening the savings banks of your
+children. But, seriously, we beg you not to howl if American ships are
+damaged by the attack of German submarines. England wishes to shut off
+our imports of foodstuffs and raw materials, and we wish to shut off
+England's. You do not attempt to land on our coast; keep away also from
+that of Britain. You were warned early. What is now to take place is
+commanded by merciless necessity; must be.
+
+And let no woeful cries, no threats, crowd into Germany's ears.
+
+
+
+
+ENDOWED WITH A NOBLE FIRE OF BLOOD
+
+By A. Kouprine
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+Not applause, not admiration, but the deep, eternal gratitude of the
+whole civilized world is now due to the self-denying Belgian people and
+their noble young sovereign. They first threw themselves before the
+savage beast, foaming with pride, maddened with blood. They thought not
+of their own safety, nor of the prosperity of their houses, nor of the
+fate of the high culture of their country, nor of the vast numbers and
+cruelty of the enemy. They have saved not only their fatherland, but all
+Europe--the cradle of intellect, taste, science, creative art, and
+beauty--they have saved from the fury of the barbarians trampling, in
+their insolence, the best roses in the holy garden of God. Compared with
+their modest heroism the deed of Leonidas and his Spartans, who fought
+in the Pass of Thermopylae, falls into the shade. And the hearts of all
+the noble and the good beat in accord with their great hearts....
+
+No, never shall die or lose its power a people endowed with such a noble
+fire of blood, with such feelings that inspire it to confront
+bereavement, sorrow, sickness, wounds; to march as friends, hand in
+hand, adored King and simple cottager, man and woman, poor and rich,
+weak and strong, aristocrat and laborer. Salutation and humblest
+reverence to them!
+
+
+
+
+Chronology of the War
+
+Showing Progress of Campaigns on All Fronts and Collateral Events from
+Feb. 28, 1915, Up To and Including March 31, 1915
+
+[Continued from the March Number]
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN EASTERN EUROPE
+
+March 1--Two German army corps are defeated in struggle for Przasnysz;
+Germans bombard Ossowetz.
+
+March 2--Russians win Dukla Pass; 10,000 Germans taken prisoner at
+Przasnysz; Russians reinforced on both flanks in Poland; Austrians meet
+reverse near Stanislau; Austrians make progress in the Carpathians;
+Russians shell Czernowitz.
+
+March 3--Russians press forward from the Niemen and the Dniester;
+Austro-German army driven back in Galicia; Germans demolish two Ossowetz
+forts.
+
+March 4--Russians are pressing four armies through the mountain passes
+into Hungary; they have checked a new Bukowina drive on the part of the
+Austrians.
+
+March 5--Russians are taking the offensive from the Baltic Sea to the
+Rumanian frontier; German armies in the north have been split into
+isolated columns; Russians report the recapture of Stanislau and
+Czernowitz; snow is retarding the invasion of Hungary.
+
+March 6--Russian centre takes up attack; Russians are gaining in North
+Poland; Austrians give ground in East Galicia.
+
+March 7--Germans start another drive in region of Pilica River;
+Austrians retreat in Bukowina.
+
+March 8--Russians silence two batteries of German siege artillery at
+Ossowetz; Austrians gain ground in the Carpathians and Galicia; it is
+reported that German troops in Northern Poland and Galicia are
+exhausted.
+
+March 9--Germans are raising the siege of Ossowetz and are retreating in
+Northern Poland; Russians claim that the Austrian offensive in Eastern
+Galicia is a complete failure.
+
+March 10--Germans attempt to break through Russian line in Northern
+Poland; General Eichorn's army, retreating from the Niemen, is being
+harried by Russian cavalry and has been pierced at one point; Austrians
+have successes in the Carpathians and Western Galicia.
+
+March 11--One million men are engaged in a series of battles in Northern
+Poland, the front being eighty miles long.
+
+March 12--In the Carpathians the Russians capture the villages of Lupkow
+and Smolnik and the surrounding heights.
+
+March 13--Russians check German offensive against Przasnysz; fighting in
+progress along Orzyc River; Austrians repulse Russian attack near Cisna
+in the Carpathians.
+
+March 14--Russians check German advance in Mlawa region.
+
+March 15--Russians capture the chief eastern defense of Przemysl, three
+miles from the heart of the defense system, Austrian troops which held
+the position leaving many guns in the snow; the siege ring is now drawn
+tighter; battle is on in Bukowina; there is fighting among the ice
+fields of the Carpathians.
+
+March 16--Russians take vigorous offensive and drive back army that was
+marching on Przasnysz; 100,000 men have been buried in a triangle a few
+miles in area between Warsaw and Skierniewice; Germans are making use of
+fireworks at night to locate Russian guns; Austrian Archduke Frederick
+suggests to Emperor Francis Joseph the abandonment of the campaign
+against Serbia, all troops to be diverted to the Carpathians.
+
+March 17--Przemysl is in peril; Russians have recrossed the German
+frontier in two places; there is fighting on a 600-mile front; it is
+reported that the Austrian Army in East Galicia has been flanked; a
+battle is being fought in the snow for the possession of Tarnowice.
+
+March 18--Germans threaten severe reprisals on Russians for devastation
+in East Prussia; German offensive in much of Poland is reported to be
+broken.
+
+March 19--Memel, German port on the Baltic, is occupied by the Russians;
+Tilsit is menaced; Von Hindenburg starts a new offensive in Central
+Poland; the Germans have lost heavily along the Pilica; Austrians claim
+that they have halted the Russian advance in the Carpathians.
+
+March 20--Russians win battle in streets of Memel; battle line extends
+to Rumanian border; sortie by Przemysl garrison is driven back;
+statistics published in Petrograd show that 95 towns and 4,500 villages
+in Russian Poland have been devastated as result of German invasion;
+damage estimated at $500,000,000.
+
+March 21--Austrians renew operations against Serbia and are defeated in
+artillery duel near Belgrade; Russians are advancing on Tilsit; another
+Przemysl sortie is repelled.
+
+March 22--After a siege which began on Sept. 2, the longest siege in
+modern history, the great Galician fortress of Przemysl is surrendered
+to the Russians, who capture 9 Austrian Generals, 300 officers, and
+125,000 men, according to Russian statements; the strategic value of
+Przemysl is considered great, as it guarded the way to Cracow and to
+important Carpathian passes; Germans retake Memel; Russians are
+preparing for vigorous offensive in the Carpathians; Austrians are
+shelling the Montenegrin front.
+
+March 23--Demonstrations are held in Russia over fall of Przemysl;
+Germans say that the capture of the place cannot influence general
+situation.
+
+March 24--Battle is being fought in the Carpathians; Russians march on
+Hungary and pursue strong column that had been seeking to relieve
+Przemysl; Germans withdraw big guns from Ossowetz.
+
+March 25--Russians carry Austrian position on crest of Beskid Mountains
+in Lupkow Pass region and win victory in Bukowina; fighting in Southern
+Poland is resumed.
+
+March 26--It is reported that the Austro-German armies in the
+Carpathians are withdrawing into Hungary; Germans retreat in the north.
+
+March 27--Violent fighting in the Carpathians; Austrians make gains in
+Bukowina.
+
+March 28--Russians break into Hungary and carry on offensive operations
+against Uszok and Lupkow Passes.
+
+March 29--Austrians make gains at several points; Russians say that the
+Memel dash was a mere raid.
+
+March 30--Russians storm crests in the Carpathians; Austrians are in a
+big drive across Bukowina; 160,000 Germans are reported as being rushed
+to Austria.
+
+March 31--Russians are making their way down the southern slopes of the
+Carpathians into Hungary; German army corps reported trapped and cut to
+pieces in Northern Poland; Pola is preparing for a siege.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN EUROPE.
+
+March 2--Germans are pouring reinforcements into Belgium; British gain
+ground near La Bassée.
+
+March 4--Hard fighting in the Vosges; Germans spray burning oil and
+chemicals upon French advancing in Malancourt woods.
+
+March 5--Germans checked at Rheims; report of Sir John French says
+situation is unchanged in Belgium; Germans are holding reserves in
+Alsace.
+
+March 9--Floods hamper campaign in Alsace; it is reported that Germans
+are shelling factories in France which they cannot capture.
+
+March 10--Germans declare that the French have failed in the Champagne
+district and have lost 45,000 men.
+
+March 11--After several days of severe fighting the British capture
+Neuve Chapelle, the German loss being estimated by British at 18,000;
+the British also have lost heavily, particularly in officers; British
+believe they will now be able to threaten seriously the German position
+at La Bassée; French War Office says operations in Champagne have aided
+Russians by preventing Germans from reinforcing eastern armies.
+
+March 12--British are pressing on toward Lille; they gain near
+Armentières, occupy Epinette, and advance toward La Bassée; Germans are
+intrenched in Aubers; the new drive is expected by Allies to prevent
+Germans in the west from sending reinforcements to the east.
+
+March 13--Sir John French reports further gains in Neuve Chapelle
+region.
+
+March 14--French occupy Vauquois, the key to a wide area of the Argonne;
+they capture trenches and occupy Embermenil; Belgians gain on the Yser;
+British repel German attack on Neuve Chapelle; it is announced that the
+French recently won a victory at Reichackerkopf in Alsace.
+
+March 15--French capture trenches north of Arras; Germans drive back
+British south of Ypres; Germans meet reverse at Neuve Chapelle; it is
+announced that the French recently won a victory at Combres; French and
+British are preparing for a general offensive; the first installment is
+given out from French official sources of a historical review of the
+war, from the French viewpoint, covering the first six months.
+
+March 16--Belgians cross the Yser; they drive Germans from trenches
+south of Nieuport; British retake St. Eloi; barbed wire fence, ten feet
+high, encompasses entire zone of German military operations in Alsace;
+British still hold Neuve Chapelle after several spirited attempts to
+retake it.
+
+March 17--Westende bombarded; Belgians carry two positions in Yser
+region.
+
+March 18--Belgian Army continues to advance on the Yser; French continue
+to hold the heights near Notre Dame de Lorette despite repeated shelling
+of their position; Germans are fortifying towns in Alsace.
+
+March 19--Belgians and Germans are fighting a battle in the underground
+passages of a monastery in front of Ramscappelle; official British
+report tells of new German repulse at St. Eloi.
+
+March 21--Germans take a hill in the Vosges.
+
+March 24--New battle begins along the Yser.
+
+March 26--Belgians make progress on road from Dixmude to Ypres.
+
+March 27--French capture summit of Hartmanns-Weilerkopf Mountain.
+
+March 29--French are pressing the Germans hard at various points in
+Champagne; as an offset, the Germans renew activity against Rheims with
+lively bombardments; sapping and mining operations are stated to be the
+only means of gaining ground in the Argonne.
+
+
+TURKISH AND EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN.
+
+March 1--Turkish forces mass on Asiatic side of the Dardanelles under
+Essad Pasha, defender of Janina; Russians have completed the expulsion
+of Turks from Transcaucasus region and dominate the Black Sea.
+
+March 3--Russians, after three days' battle, stop reinforcements for
+Turks in the Caucasus.
+
+March 5--Turks abandon for the time the campaign against Egypt and
+recall troops.
+
+March 7--British drive Turks back from the Persian Gulf, with
+considerable losses on both sides; it is reported that the Germans
+killed 300 Turks in a conflict between these allies after the Egyptian
+retreat.
+
+March 9--Germans report that British were routed recently in Southern
+Mesopotamia.
+
+March 12--General d'Amaade, commander of the French forces in Morocco,
+has been put in command of a force which is to aid the allied fleets in
+operations against Constantinople.
+
+March 13--Turks are driven back in Armenia and Northwestern Persia.
+
+March 16--Russians rout Turks in Armenia and threaten Turks in the
+Caucasus.
+
+March 18--Turkish soldiers kill several civilians in the Urumiah
+district of Persia; Turks are massing large forces near Constantinople
+and on Asiatic side of the Dardanelles.
+
+March 19--Russians occupy Archawa.
+
+March 20--Turks reported to be four days' march from Suez Canal.
+
+March 23--Turkish force operating against town of Suez is routed.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN FAR EAST.
+
+March 12--It is reported from Peking that nine Germans, among them the
+German Military Attaché at Peking, who is leading the party, escaped
+from Tsing-tao when it fell, and have made their way 1,000 miles into
+Manchuria, where they are trying to blow up tunnels along the
+Trans-Siberian railway; Russian troops are pursuing them.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN AFRICA.
+
+March 21--Official announcement is made that General Botha, Commander in
+Chief of the Army of the Union of South Africa, has captured 200
+Germans and two field guns at Swakopmund, German Southwest Africa.
+
+
+NAVAL RECORD--GENERAL.
+
+March 1--Norwegian steamer reports ramming a submarine off English
+coast.
+
+March 2--Bulgaria protests to Austria, Russia, and Serbia against mines
+in the Danube; diligent inquiry in England fails to produce any evidence
+supporting report that British superdreadnought Audacious, wrecked by
+mine or torpedo on Oct. 27, is about to be restored to the fighting
+line.
+
+March 3--Allied fleet silences three inner forts on the Asiatic side of
+the Dardanelles; Berlin report says British cruiser Zephyr was damaged.
+
+March 4--Attack on Dardanelles continues; French ships bombard Bulair
+forts and destroy Kavak Bridge; Field Marshal von der Goltz has asked
+for German artillery officers to aid in defending Dardanelles, but it is
+reported that Germans cannot spare any; German submarine U-8 is sunk by
+destroyers of the Dover flotilla; German submarine chases hospital ship
+St. Andrew.
+
+March 5--Allies report that six, possibly seven, German submarines have
+been sunk since beginning of the war; two Captains of British merchant
+ships claim prize for sinking German submarines; British Admiralty
+informs shipping interests that a new mine field has been laid in the
+North Sea; Germans report a French ammunition ship sunk at Ostend;
+Japanese report that the schooner Aysha, manned by part of the crew of
+the Emden, is still roving the Indian Ocean; there is despair in
+Constantinople as Dardanelles bombardment continues; Russian Black Sea
+fleet is steaming toward the Bosporus; allied fleet is bombarding
+Smyrna.
+
+March 6--British ships Queen Elizabeth and Prince George attack strong
+Dardanelles forts, they blow up one and damage two; allied landing party
+suffers loss; Asia Minor ports are being shelled; one-third of the
+Dardanelles reported clear of Turkish mines; concentration of Turkish
+fleet reported; Germans state that a submarine, reported by the Captain
+of British merchantman Thordis to have been sunk by his vessel, escaped;
+German Embassy at Washington expresses regret over torpedo attack on
+British hospital ship Asturias in February, stating that the attack,
+which did no harm, was due to mistake.
+
+March 7--Queen Elizabeth and other ships continue bombardment of
+Dardanelles forts.
+
+March 8--Allied fleet forces its way further into Dardanelles, British
+ships opening direct fire on main Turkish positions; more forts are
+silenced; most of the Allies' ships are hit, but little damage is done;
+effective fire at 21,000 yards against batteries on the Asiatic side;
+seaplanes are being much used for locating concealed guns; it is
+reported from Petrograd that when the allied fleets began the forcing of
+the Dardanelles a Russian ship was invited to head the column, and did
+so; ports on the Black Sea are destroyed by Russians; British Admiralty
+announces that prisoners from U-8 will be segregated under special
+restrictions, and they may be put on trial after the war because of
+German submarine methods; British collier Bengrove sunk in Bristol
+Channel by torpedo or mine.
+
+March 9--German submarines sink three British merchantmen, thirty-seven
+men going down with one ship; Military Governor of Smyrna says that
+British have bombarded unfortified villages; another British
+superdreadnought joins allied fleet at Dardanelles; French transports
+are on way with troops; Turks lose coal supply by Russian bombardment of
+Zunguldiak; report from Berlin that German submarine U-16 has sunk five
+merchantmen; British Admiralty states that German submarines, from Jan.
+21 to March 3, sank fifteen British steamships out of a total of 8,734
+vessels above 300 tons arriving at or departing from British ports in
+that period; more mines planted near Denmark.
+
+March 10--German auxiliary cruiser Prince Eitel Friedrich anchors at
+Newport News for repairs and supplies; she brings passengers and crews
+of eleven merchant ships sunk by her in a cruise of 30,000 miles,
+including crew of American sailing ship William P. Frye, bound from
+Seattle to Queenstown with wheat, sunk on Jan. 28, despite protests of
+the Frye's Captain; more Dardanelles forts are reduced; batteries on
+Eren-Keui Heights silenced; British sink German submarine U-12; British
+collier Beethoven sunk.
+
+March 11--President Wilson states that there will be "a most searching
+inquiry" into the sinking of the William P. Frye by the Prinz Eitel
+Friedrich, "and whatever action is taken will be based on the result of
+that inquiry"; Commander Thierichens of the Eitel defends sinking of the
+Frye, claiming her cargo was contraband; British warships are ordered to
+the entrance to the Capes of the Chesapeake to prevent escape of the
+Eitel; Eitel goes into drydock for repairs; more Dardanelles forts are
+damaged; mine sweeping is being conducted by the Allies at night; allied
+fleet before Smyrna gives Turkish commander twenty-four hours to
+surrender, otherwise bombardment will go on; it is reported from The
+Hague that twelve German submarines are missing; Germans talk of
+reprisals if British do not treat submarine crews as prisoners of war.
+
+March 12--Dardanus batteries on the Dardanelles are silenced; Germans
+are fortifying Constantinople; Allies' Consuls demand establishment of a
+neutral zone at Smyrna; British auxiliary cruiser Bayano sunk off coast
+of Scotland, probably by a submarine, with loss of 200; it is learned
+that British bark Conway Castle was sunk on Feb. 27 off the Chilean
+coast by the German cruiser Dresden; it is learned that French steamer
+Guadeloupe has been sunk off Brazil by the German auxiliary cruiser
+Kronprinz Wilhelm; it is reported from Berlin that Germans have sunk 111
+merchant steamships, with tonnage of 400,000, since war began; British
+cotton ship Indian Prince is reported sunk.
+
+March 13--England has lost 90 merchant ships and 47 fishing vessels,
+sunk or captured, since the war began; Vice Admiral Carden is stated to
+have predicted the forcing of the Dardanelles by Easter; fog delays
+Allies' operations in Dardanelles; five British warships wait for Eitel
+off Virginia Capes.
+
+March 14--Three British cruisers sink German cruiser Dresden near Juan
+Fernandez Island; no damage to British ships; French steamer Auguste
+Conseil sunk by German submarine; German submarine U-29 is reported to
+have sunk five British merchantmen in the last few days; citizen of
+Leipsic offers reward to crew of submarine that sinks a British
+transport.
+
+March 15--It is reported from Rio Janeiro that Kronprinz Wilhelm has
+sunk thirteen ships since she began her attack on Allies' commerce.
+
+March 16--Officers of the Dresden at Valparaiso say their ship was sunk
+in neutral waters; British say she was sunk ten miles off shore; German
+liner Macedonia, interned at Las Palmas, Canary Islands, slips out of
+port; British cruiser Amethyst is reported to have made a dash to the
+further end of the Dardanelles and back; a mine sweeper of the Allies is
+blown up; Vice Admiral Carden, "incapacitated by illness," in words of
+British Admiralty, is succeeded in chief command in the Dardanelles by
+Vice Admiral De Robeck; Germany protests to England against promised
+harsh treatment of submarine crews; British and French warships again
+appear off coast of Belgium.
+
+March 17--It is reported from Denmark that the German cruiser Karlsruhe
+has been sunk; it is reported from Spain that the Macedonia has been
+captured by a British cruiser; two British steamers are sunk and one is
+damaged by German submarines; German steamer Sierra Cordoba, which
+aided the Dresden, is detained by Peruvian authorities until end of the
+war; British lose three mine sweepers and one sailing vessel in the
+Dardanelles.
+
+March 18--British battleships Irresistible and Ocean and French
+battleship Bouvet are sunk by floating mines in the Dardanelles while
+bombarding forts; 600 men lost with the Bouvet, but almost all of the
+British escape; British battle-cruiser Inflexible and French battleship
+Gaulois are badly damaged by shells from the forts; most of the forts
+suffer severely from the fleet fire; French submarine is sunk in the
+Dardanelles; there is a lull in bombardment of Dardanelles and of
+Smyrna; German submarine sinks British steamer Glenartney in English
+Channel; Copenhagen report says a German sea Captain states that the
+Karlsruhe was sunk in December.
+
+March 19--Negotiations are being carried on, with American Embassy at
+Constantinople as intermediary, to try to avert shelling of Pera when
+allied fleet forces the Dardanelles; British steamers Hyndford and
+Bluejacket torpedoed in English Channel.
+
+March 20--One French and two British battleships are on their way to
+Dardanelles to take place of vessels sunk; new attack is planned by
+Allies, with Russia co-operating; Turks say that the ships sunk on March
+18 were torpedoed; Chilean seamen say Dresden was sunk in Chilean
+waters; Smyrna garrison is reinforced; dummy war fleet, composed of
+disguised merchantmen, is reported to be ready in England for use in
+strategy against the Germans.
+
+March 21--German submarine sinks British collier Cairntorr off Beachy
+Head.
+
+March 22--British steamer Concord is torpedoed by a German submarine,
+but is stated not to have been sunk.
+
+March 23--Dutch steamer is fired on by a German trawler; Turks send
+reinforcements to Dardanelles forts.
+
+March 24--German vessels shell Russian positions near Memel; allied
+fleet resumes bombardment of Dardanelles forts; Allies land troops on
+Gallipoli Peninsula to help in a general attack on the forts which is
+planned on arrival of more British and French ships; many Europeans are
+leaving Constantinople.
+
+March 27--U.S. battleship Alabama is ordered to proceed to Norfolk at
+once to guard American neutrality should Prinz Eitel Friedrich leave
+port.
+
+March 28--British African liner Falaba is torpedoed and sunk by German
+submarine in St. George's Channel; she carried 160 passengers and crew
+of 90, of which total 140 were saved; many were killed by the torpedo
+explosion; British steamer Aguila is sunk by German submarine U-28 off
+Pembrokeshire coast; she carried three passengers and crew of forty-two,
+all passengers and twenty-three of crew being lost; Russian Black Sea
+fleet attacks Bosporus forts; Dardanelles forts again bombarded; German
+Government, in official statement, says that Dresden was sunk in neutral
+Chilean waters.
+
+March 29--Dutch steamer Amstel is blown up by a mine; Russians renew
+Bosporus attack; allied fleet shells Dardanelles forts at long range;
+reinforced Russian fleet is showing activity in the Baltic; German
+Baltic fleet is out.
+
+March 31--London reports that three fleets and three armies will combine
+in attack on Dardanelles forts; the forts are again bombarded; British
+steamers Flaminian and Crown of Castile are sunk by German submarines;
+Prinz Eitel Friedrich coals under guard of American sailors and
+soldiers; Germans shell Libau.
+
+
+NAVAL RECORD--EMBARGO AND WAR ZONE.
+
+March 1--Premier Asquith announces in the House of Commons the purpose
+of England and France to cut Germany off from all trade with the rest of
+the world; "the British and French Governments will, therefore, hold
+themselves free to detain and take into port ships carrying goods of
+presumed enemy destination, ownership, or origin"; officials in
+Washington think this attitude of the Allies disregards American rights.
+
+March 3--Germany alters relief ship rules; vessels may pass through the
+English Channel unmolested, but because of mines Germany cannot grant
+safe conduct for relief ships to and from England.
+
+March 4--Secretary Bryan makes public the text of German reply to
+American note suggesting modifications of war zone decree; Germany
+expresses willingness to make modifications if England will allow
+foodstuffs and raw materials to go to German civilians, and if England
+will make other modifications in her sea policy; German reply is
+forwarded to Ambassador Page to be submitted to the British Foreign
+Office for information of English Government; American State Department
+makes public part of a recent dispatch from Ambassador Gerard stating
+that German Government refuses to accept responsibility for routes
+followed by neutral steamers outside German waters; Henry van Dyke,
+American Minister at The Hague, advises the State Department that
+Germany is anxious to give every possible support to the work of
+American Relief Commission for Belgium, and will facilitate the passage
+of ships as much as possible.
+
+March 5--Holland-America Line steamer Noorderdijk, bound for New York,
+returns to Rotterdam badly disabled, it being reported that she was
+torpedoed in English Channel.
+
+March 6--Passenger service from Holland to England is to be extended.
+
+March 8--Germany includes in the war zone the waters surrounding the
+Orkney and Shetland Islands, but navigation on both sides of the Faroe
+Islands is not endangered.
+
+March 9--It is announced at Washington that identical notes of inquiry
+have been sent to the British and French Governments asking for
+particulars as to how embargo on shipments to and from Germany is to be
+enforced.
+
+March 18--Submarine blows up Swedish steamer Hanna, flying her own flag,
+off east coast of England; six of crew lost.
+
+March 15--Text made public of British Order in Council cutting off trade
+to and from Germany; British Government, replying to American note,
+refuses to permit foodstuffs to enter Germany for civilian population as
+suggested; British Government also replies to American note of inquiry
+as to particulars of embargo, Sir Edward Grey saying that object of
+Allies is, "succinctly stated, to establish a blockade to prevent
+vessels from carrying goods for or coming from Germany."
+
+March 17--Secretary Bryan makes public full text of six recent notes
+exchanged between the United States and the Allies and Germany regarding
+the embargo and the war zone; Allies contend German war methods compel
+the new means of reprisal.
+
+March 18--Denmark, Norway and Sweden make an identical representation to
+the Allies against the embargo decree on trade to and from Germany.
+
+March 20--Holland protests to Allies against embargo.
+
+March 21--German submarine U-28 seizes Dutch steamers Batavier V. and
+Zaanstroom and their cargoes.
+
+March 22--Holland asks explanation from Germany of seizure of Batavier
+V. and Zaanstroom.
+
+March 25--Submarine U-28 sinks Dutch steamer Medea.
+
+March 26--Dutch press is aroused over the sinking of the Medea; Ministry
+holds extraordinary council.
+
+March 27--Germany tells Holland that investigation into seizure of the
+Batavier V. and Zaanstroom has not been concluded.
+
+
+AERIAL RECORD.
+
+March 2--It is learned that in a recent air raid German aviators killed
+two women and a child at La Panne, a bathing town on Belgian coast.
+
+March 3--German aviator bombards Warsaw.
+
+March 4--French bombard German powder magazine at Rottweil.
+
+March 5--Zeppelin raid over Calais fails; Pegoud receives French
+military medal for his services.
+
+March 7--French official statement shows that French airmen during the
+war have made 10,000 aerial reconnoissances, consuming 18,000 hours in
+the air, and have traveled more than 1,116,000 miles; Zeppelin reported
+captured by allied airmen near Bethune.
+
+March 9--British seaplanes drop bombs on Ostend; Lieut. von Hidelen, who
+dropped bombs on Paris in September, is at Toulon as a prisoner of war.
+
+March 12--German airmen bombard Ossowetz.
+
+March 14--Strassburg is threatened by a fire started by French airman's
+bomb; allied aeroplanes said to have wrecked Zeppelin near Tirlemont.
+
+March 17--German airman unsuccessfully aims five bombs at British
+coasting steamer Blonde in the North Sea.
+
+March 18--Bombs from Zeppelin kill seven in Calais.
+
+March 20--German airmen drop bombs near Deal, but all fall into the sea;
+one bomb narrowly misses American bark Manga Reva.
+
+March 21--Two Zeppelins drop bombs on Paris, but damage is slight; eight
+persons are injured; Zeppelin drops bombs on Calais, with slight damage,
+and is driven off by guns.
+
+March 22--Rotterdam reports that German aviators are aiming bombs
+indiscriminately at ships in the North Sea, one Taube dropping five
+bombs near a Belgian relief ship; airmen of Allies drop bombs on
+Mulheim, injuring three German soldiers.
+
+March 23--German aeroplane aims seven bombs at British steamer Pandion,
+all missing; Paris Temps says that authorities plan hereafter to fight
+Zeppelins by aeroplanes over Paris, something which had hitherto been
+avoided because of danger to Parisians.
+
+March 24--British airmen, in dash on Antwerp shipyards, destroy one
+German submarine and damage another; German aviators aim bombs and
+arrows at British freighter Teal, doing little damage.
+
+March 26--French drop bombs on Metz, killing three soldiers; little
+damage to property.
+
+March 27--German aviators drop bombs on Calais and Dunkirk; little
+damage.
+
+March 28--German aviator drops bombs on Calais; little damage.
+
+March 29--Germans state that during recent raid on Strassburg, bombs
+dropped by allied aviators killed two children and wounded seven others
+and one woman.
+
+March 30--Copenhagen reports that two Zeppelins have been badly damaged
+by a storm while manoeuvering for a raid on England; Turkish seaplane
+drops bombs on British warship outside Dardanelles.
+
+March 31--Thirty German soldiers are killed and sixty wounded near
+Thourout, Belgium, by bombs dropped by airmen of Allies; fifteen German
+aeroplanes drop 100 bombs at Ostrolenka, Russia; German aeroplane aims
+bomb at Dutch trawler in North Sea, but misses her.
+
+
+AUSTRIA.
+
+March 1--Two Czech regiments revolt.
+
+March 2--It is learned that the troops executed 200 civilians in
+Stanislau.
+
+March 17--Conviction is stated to prevail in Vienna that war with Italy
+is inevitable in the near future; many Austrians are declared to be
+indignant that Germany is trying to force the nation to cede territory
+to Italy.
+
+March 18--Russian prisoners and Galician refugees are working on
+defensive fortifications in the Trentino, which are being prepared in
+event of war with Italy; heavy guns are being mounted in the mountain
+passes; fleet is again concentrated at Pola; Austria and Serbia agree to
+exchange interned men under 18 or over 50, and also women.
+
+March 22--Men up to 52 are now being trained for active service; men
+formerly rejected as unfit are being called to the colors.
+
+March 24--Five hundred thousand troops are massed in Southern Tyrol and
+the Trentino; many villages near the Italian frontier have been
+evacuated and many houses destroyed by dynamite, so as to afford better
+range for the big guns.
+
+March 26--Army contract frauds are discovered in Hungary; rich
+manufacturers jailed.
+
+
+BELGIUM.
+
+March 2--Gen. von Bissing, German Governor General, says the tax
+recently ordered imposed on Belgians who do not return to their homes
+was suggested by Belgians themselves.
+
+March 8--Belgian Press Bureau announces that King Albert now has an army
+of 140,000 men, a larger force than that which began the war.
+
+March 9--As a result of new royal decrees calling refugee youths to the
+colors the number of recruits is increasing daily; a few days ago King
+Albert presented a number of recruits to two veteran regiments in a
+speech; Belgian officials are arrested by Germans on charge that they
+induced Belgian customs officials to go through Holland to join Belgian
+Army.
+
+March 17--Government issues protest against the German allegation that
+documents found in Brussels show that Belgium and England had a secret
+understanding before the war of such a nature as to constitute a
+violation of Belgium's neutrality; the Government declares that
+conversations which took place between Belgian and British military
+officers in 1906 and 1912 had reference only to the situation that would
+be created if Belgium's neutrality had already been violated by a third
+party; it is declared that the documents found by Germans, "provided no
+part of them is either garbled or suppressed," will prove the innocent
+nature of negotiations between Belgium and England.
+
+March 18--Firm of Henri Leten is fined $5,000 for violating order of
+German Governor General prohibiting payments to creditors in England.
+
+March 20--One million pigs owned by Germans are billeted on the civilian
+population of Belgium, the Belgians being required to feed and care for
+the animals.
+
+March 21--Germans are relaxing iron regulations to some extent in
+attempt to get the normal life of Belgium moving again.
+
+March 23--Seventeen Belgian men are shot in Ghent barracks after having
+been found guilty by German court-martial of espionage in the interests
+of the Allies.
+
+March 28--Belgian Legation at Washington issues official response to
+statement made by Herr von Jagow, the Imperial German Secretary of
+State, that "Belgium was dragged into the war by England"; response says
+that it was Germany, not England, that drew the nation into war.
+
+
+BULGARIA.
+
+March 6--Mobilization is now completed of three divisions of troops near
+Tirnova.
+
+March 12--Heavy artillery is being transported to Janthe, near the Greek
+frontier.
+
+March 20--Three Bulgarian soldiers are killed and several Greek soldiers
+are wounded in a fight which followed an attempted movement by strong
+Bulgarian force into the region of Demir-Hissar, formerly Turkish
+territory, now Greek.
+
+March 26--Opposition leaders are demanding an interview with the King
+with a view of bringing about a change of policy favoring the
+Anglo-Franco-Russian alliance; Field Marshal von der Goltz is in Sofia.
+
+March 30--Bulgaria is holding up shipments of German artillery and large
+quantities of ammunition destined for Constantinople.
+
+
+CANADA.
+
+March 5--Three transports arrive in England with 4,000 Canadian troops.
+
+March 14--Second contingent is now in camp in England; it is expected
+that these troops will soon go to the front.
+
+March 26--Publication of first account by Official Canadian Recorder
+with troops in the field of contingent's experiences; he states that
+there have been but few casualties so far; the infantry was held in
+reserve in the Neuve Chapelle fight, but the artillery was engaged.
+
+March 27--There is made public in Ottawa the address delivered by
+General Alderon, commanding the Canadian Division, just before the men
+first entered the trenches; he warns against taking needless risks and
+tells the men he expects them to win, when they meet the Germans with
+the bayonet, because of their physique.
+
+
+ENGLAND.
+
+March 2--Order in Council promulgated providing for prize money for
+crews of British ships which capture or destroy enemy vessels to be
+distributed among officers and men at rate calculated at $25 for each
+person aboard the enemy vessel at beginning of engagement; British spy
+system has been so perfected that it is said in some respects to excel
+the German; Embassy in Washington denies that women or children are
+interned in civilian camps.
+
+March 4--Government appeals to aviators of British nationality in United
+States and Canada to join the Royal Flying Corps.
+
+March 8--Shipowner offers $2,000 apiece to next four merchant ships
+which sink German submarines.
+
+March 9--House of Commons authorizes Government to take over control of
+engineering trade of country in order to increase output of war
+munitions.
+
+March 14--John E. Redmond, leader of the Irish Nationalist Party,
+declares in speech that Ireland is now firmly united in England's cause,
+and that 250,000 Irishmen are fighting for Britain.
+
+March 15--Kitchener discusses the war situation in House of Lords, he
+expresses anxiety over supply of war materials and blames labor unions
+and dram shops in part for the slow output; he praises the Canadian and
+Indian troops and the French Army; passport rules for persons going to
+France are made more stringent.
+
+March 16--Heavy losses among officers cause anxiety; T.P. O'Connor says
+Irish are with the Allies; stringent passport rules are extended to
+persons going into Holland.
+
+March 19--In six days 511 officers have been lost in killed, wounded,
+and missing; newspapers hint at conscription.
+
+March 20--Officers lost since beginning of the war, in killed, wounded,
+and missing, now total 5,476, of which 1,783 have been killed.
+
+March 23--It is reported that a second German spy was shot in the Tower
+of London on March 5, that a third spy is under sentence, and that a
+fourth man, a suspect, is under arrest.
+
+March 24--Earl Percy is acting as Official Observer with the
+expeditionary force; warships are ordered not to get supplies from
+neutral nations in Western Hemisphere.
+
+March 26--Field Marshal French says that "the protraction of the war
+depends entirely upon the supply of men and munitions," and if this
+supply is unsatisfactory the war will be prolonged; German newspapers
+charge British atrocities at Neuve Chapelle; Colonial Premiers may meet
+for consultation before terms of peace are arranged.
+
+March 27--Storm of protest is aroused by suggestions of Dr. Lyttelton,
+Headmaster of Eton, that concessions should be made to Germany.
+
+March 28--Premier Asquith is attacked by the Unionist press for alleged
+lack of vigor in direction of the war.
+
+March 30--Three of the nine prison ships on which prisoners have been
+kept are vacated, and it is planned to empty the others by the end of
+April, prisoners being cared for on shore.
+
+March 31--King George announces that he is ready to give up use of
+liquor in the royal household as an example to the working classes, it
+being stated that slowness of output of munitions of war is partly due
+to drink; Lord Derby announces that Liverpool dock workers are to be
+organized into a battalion, enlisted under military law, as a means of
+preventing delays in making war supplies.
+
+
+FRANCE.
+
+March 1--Official note issued in Paris states that there are 2,080,000
+Germans and Austrians on the Russian and Serbian front, and 1,800,000
+Germans on the French and Belgian front.
+
+March 5--War Minister introduces bill in Chamber of Deputies giving
+authorization to call to the colors the recruits of 1915 and to start
+training those of 1916.
+
+March 6--French Press Bureau estimates the total German losses since the
+beginning of the war, in killed, wounded, sick, and prisoners, at
+3,000,000.
+
+March 10--Foreign Office issues report on treatment of French civilian
+prisoners by the Germans, charging many instances of cruelty.
+
+March 11--Eight thousand German and Austrian houses have been
+sequestered to date; bill introduced into Chamber of Deputies provides
+for burning of soldiers' bodies as a precaution against possible
+epidemic of disease; Mi-Carême festivities omitted because of the war.
+
+March 12--Fine of $100,000, to be paid before March 20, is imposed on
+inhabitants of Lille, in hands of the Germans, because of a
+demonstration over a group of French prisoners of war brought into the
+city.
+
+March 14--Copenhagen report states that there has been a revolt in
+Lille.
+
+March 25--War Ministry denies General von Bernhardi's charge that France
+and England had an arrangement for violation of the neutrality of
+Belgium.
+
+March 28--A cannon is mentioned in the orders of the day for gallantry
+in action; General Joffre decorates thirty men for gallantry in action
+in the Champagne district.
+
+March 31--Intense indignation is expressed by the French press over
+sinking of British passenger steamer Falaba by German submarine.
+
+
+GERMANY.
+
+March 5--Interned French civilians are sent to Switzerland for exchange
+for German civilians held by the French.
+
+March 6--Government asks the United States to care for German diplomatic
+interests in Constantinople if Allies occupy the Turkish capital; two
+British prisoners of war are punished for refusing to obey their own
+officers.
+
+March 7--Copenhagen reports that men up to 55 have been called out; it
+is stated that there are now 781,000 war prisoners interned in Germany.
+
+March 8--British charge that German dumdum bullets were found after a
+recent battle in Egypt.
+
+March 10--Reichstag is informed that the budget is $3,250,000,000--four
+times greater than any estimates ever before presented; a further war
+credit is asked of $2,500,000,000, to insure financing the war until the
+late Autumn; Landsturm classes of 1869-1873 are summoned to the colors
+in the Rhine provinces.
+
+March 15--Prussian losses to date (excluding Bavarian, Württemberg,
+Saxon, and naval losses) are 1,050,029 in killed, wounded, and missing.
+
+March 16--German committee is planning to send Americans to the United
+States as propagandists to lay German case before the American people;
+20,000 high school boys have volunteered for service.
+
+March 18--Copenhagen reports that Emperor William and General von
+Falkenhayn, Chief of the German General Staff, arrived today at the
+German Army Headquarters near Lille to participate in a council of war;
+Chief President of the Province of East Prussia states that 80,000
+houses have been entirely destroyed by the Russians and that 300,000
+refugees have left the province; German War Department states that for
+every German village burned by the Russians three Russian villages will
+be burned by the Germans.
+
+March 21--Archbishop of Cologne asks children for prayers and offerings,
+and suggests that they do without new clothes at confirmation.
+
+March 22--Lieut. Colonel Kaden urges teachers and parents to foster
+hatred of England.
+
+March 23--English women and children allowed to leave Belgium.
+
+March 30--It is reported that Emperor William is holding an important
+war council in Berlin with military chiefs.
+
+March 31--Much enthusiasm over sinking of British passenger steamer
+Falaba; official statistics of second war loan show that $2,265,000,000
+was subscribed, of which $17,750,000 came from 452,113 persons in sums
+of $50 or less; local option is permitted by German Federal Council.
+
+
+GREECE.
+
+March 3--Crown Council meets at the palace in Athens under Presidency of
+the King; among the eminent statesmen present are five ex-Premiers;
+deliberations deal with question whether Greece should take part in the
+war; further conferences of the Council are planned, and Parliament has
+been summoned to meet, after the deliberations are finished.
+
+March 4--Crown Council meets again.
+
+March 10--M. Ghounaris completes formation of a new Cabinet; Ministerial
+statement declares that the observance of neutrality is imperative on
+Greece if she is to protect her national interests.
+
+March 14--M. Venizelos, former Premier, says that Greece will soon be
+forced by course of events to abandon neutrality and join with Allies in
+operations against Constantinople and Smyrna; by so doing, he says, the
+Government can quadruple the area of Greece.
+
+March 17--M. Venizelos is quoted by an Italian newspaper correspondent
+as saying that the Allies have twice asked Greece since the outbreak of
+the war to help Serbia, but attitude of Bulgaria prevented Greece from
+doing so; Venizelos resigned, according to this correspondent, because
+Crown Council overruled his plan to send 50,000 men to aid Allies.
+
+
+HOLLAND.
+
+March 2--Semi-official circles deny persistent reports that country is
+to enter the war; American Minister van Dyke says that he sees no signs
+of any change in the attitude of Holland.
+
+
+ITALY.
+
+March 2--Much Italian comment caused by introduction in Chamber of
+Deputies of bills against espionage, contraband, and publication in
+newspapers of news of military movements; Italy is hiring hulks of ships
+for grain storage.
+
+March 3--General Zupelli, Minister of War, speaks in Chamber of Deputies
+in favor of a bill authorizing a recall to the colors of reserve
+officers; Government asks Chamber for authorization to take control of
+every industry connected with the defense of the country, including
+wireless telegraphy and aviation.
+
+March 8--Premier Salandra hints at war at inauguration of new military
+harbor at Gaeta.
+
+March 10--Garibaldians in the French Foreign Legion are allowed by
+French Government to return to Italy in response to call of certain
+categories of reservists by Italian Government.
+
+March 11--Military preparations are being pushed with much vigor.
+
+March 12--Soldiers near Austro-Italian frontier are drilling daily; new
+cannon is being tested; fleet is in readiness under Duke of the Abruzzi;
+Prince von Buelow is reported to have failed in his efforts to satisfy
+Italian demands for Austrian territory as the price of continued
+neutrality; it is said that Italy was asked to be satisfied with the
+Trentino, while nothing was said as to Trieste.
+
+March 14--Rome reports that Emperor Francis Joseph, despite urgent
+solicitations of Emperor William, refuses to sanction any cession of
+territory to Italy and insists that von Buelow's negotiations with the
+Italian Government be stopped; Premier Salandra's personal organ, the
+Giornale d'Italia, says Italy must obtain territorial expansion;
+National League meets at Milan and demands, through intervention in the
+war, the liberation of all Italians from Austrian rule.
+
+March 15--Exchange of telegraphic money orders with Austria is
+suspended; the traveling Post Offices on trains bound for the Austrian
+frontier are also stopped; it is denied that Austria has refused to cede
+any territory whatever, but that what she is willing to cede is far too
+little from the Italian viewpoint.
+
+March 16--Report from Rome states that an authoritative outline of the
+territorial demands of Italy shows that she wishes a sweep of territory
+to the north and east which would extend her boundary around northern
+end of the Adriatic as far south as Fiume on the eastern coast; this
+would include Austrian naval base at Pola and the provinces of Trent and
+Trieste; von Buelow is said to have assured Italian Government that
+concessions will be made.
+
+March 18--Germans are leaving the Riviera.
+
+March 20--Identification cards for use in active service are distributed
+among soldiers.
+
+March 21--King signs the decree promulgating a national defense law,
+which will become operative tomorrow; the law gives the Government
+various powers necessary for efficient war preparations; Parliament
+adjourns until the middle of May, leaving military preparations in hands
+of the Government.
+
+March 22--Austrians and Germans are advised by their Consuls to leave
+Italy as quickly as possible.
+
+March 23--Crowds in streets of Venice clamor for war; Government orders
+seizure of twenty-nine freight cars with material destined for Krupp gun
+works in Germany.
+
+March 26--All is ready for general mobilization; seven complete classes
+are already under the colors; Austrian and German families are leaving.
+
+March 27--Italian Consul at Buenos Aires calls a meeting of agents of
+Italian steamship lines and warns them to be in readiness for possible
+transportation of 60,000 reservists.
+
+March 28--Report from Berne that Emperor William in person has persuaded
+Emperor Francis Joseph to cede the territory to Italy which the latter
+desires; it is also said that negotiations are being conducted with Rome
+directly and solely by Berlin.
+
+
+PERSIA.
+
+March 18--India Office of British Government says that documents have
+reached London showing that German Consular officers and business men
+have been engaged in intrigues with the object of facilitating a Turkish
+invasion of Persia.
+
+March 20--Persian Government calls upon Russia to evacuate the Province
+of Azerbijan, Northwest Persia.
+
+March 25--Kurds and Turks are massacring Christians at Urumiah,
+Northwestern Persia; situation of American Presbyterian Mission there is
+described as desperate; Dr. Harry P. Packard, doctor of the American
+missionary station, risks his life to unfurl American flag and save
+Persian Christians at Geogtopa; 15,000 Christians are under protection
+of American Mission and 2,000 under protection of French Mission at
+Urumiah; it is learned that at Gulpashan, the last of 103 villages to be
+taken after resistance, the Kurds shot the male citizens in groups of
+five, while the younger women were taken as slaves; 20,000 Persian
+Christians are dead or missing, while 12,000 are refugees in the
+Caucasus; disease is raging among the refugees.
+
+March 26--Turks force their way into the compound of the American
+Mission at Urumiah, seize some Assyrian Christian refugees and kill
+them; Turks beat and insult American missionaries; American and British
+Consuls at Tabriz, near Urumiah, have joined in appeal to General
+commanding Russian forces at Tabriz to go to relief of American Mission
+at Urumiah, which is described as practically besieged by Turks and
+Kurds; United States State Department is active and asks Ambassador
+Morgenthau at Constantinople to urge the Turkish Government to send
+protection; Persian War Relief Committee cables funds to American Consul
+at Tabriz for relief at Urumiah.
+
+March 27--Turkish Grand Vizier issues orders that Christians in
+disturbed Persian regions be protected and uprisings be suppressed.
+
+March 28--Turkish regulars are due to arrive at Urumiah to protect
+Christians and suppress disorder; Turkish War Office says that "no acts
+of violence had been committed at Urumiah"; Grand Vizier states that
+reported atrocities are "grossly exaggerated."
+
+March 30--Turkish Government gives renewed assurances to Ambassador
+Morgenthau that protection will be given to Christians at Urumiah.
+
+
+RUMANIA.
+
+March 6--Parliament passes a law empowering Government to proclaim a
+state of siege until the end of the war, if such a step is thought
+necessary; military representatives of the Government are seeking to
+place large orders for arms and ammunition with American firms.
+
+March 12--Prime Minister Jonesco is quoted in a newspaper interview as
+saying that he is sure the Allies will force the Dardanelles, the result
+of which will be that Rumania will join the war.
+
+March 15--Rumania's war preparations are causing uneasiness in
+Austria-Hungary.
+
+March 18--Government seizes a large quantity of shells in transit from
+Germany for Turkish troops.
+
+
+RUSSIA.
+
+March 1--Paris Temps says that the Allies have reached an agreement by
+which Russia will have free passage through the Dardanelles.
+
+March 4--Village women capture and bind a detachment of German soldiers.
+
+March 24--Congress of Representatives of the Nobility, in annual session
+at Petrograd, passes resolutions stating that "the vital interests of
+Russia require full possession of Constantinople, and both shores of the
+Bosporus and the Dardanelles and the adjacent islands."
+
+
+TURKEY.
+
+March 9--American missionaries, arriving in New York from Jerusalem, say
+that the fall of the Dardanelles will probably mean a massacre of Jews
+and Gentiles in the Holy Land.
+
+March 11--There is a panic in Constantinople and many foreigners are
+leaving.
+
+March 15--All Serbs and Montenegrins have been ordered to leave
+Constantinople within twenty-four hours.
+
+March 18--The rich are leaving Constantinople; Germans from the
+provinces are concentrating there.
+
+March 19--Appalling conditions prevail in Armenia, following massacres
+by Turks and Kurds.
+
+
+UNITED STATES.
+
+March 1--Indictments are returned by the Federal Grand Jury in New York
+against the Hamburg-American Steamship Company and against officials of
+the line on the charge of conspiring against the United States by making
+out false clearance papers and false manifests in connection with
+voyages made by four steamships to supply German cruiser Karlsruhe and
+auxiliary cruiser Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse with coal and provisions;
+indictments are returned by the Federal Grand Jury in New York against
+Richard P. Stegler, a German, Gustave Cook and Richard Madden on the
+charge of conspiracy to defraud the Government in obtaining a passport.
+
+March 2--Three indictments charging the illegal transportation of
+dynamite in interstate commerce are returned by the Federal Grand Jury
+in Boston against Warner Horn, a German, who tried to destroy the
+international railway bridge at Vanceboro, Me., last month; extradition
+proceedings by Canada, officials state, will probably have to be halted
+until this indictment is disposed of.
+
+March 7--Horn is made a Federal prisoner in Maine.
+
+March 8--Carl Ruroede, who was arrested in January with four Germans to
+whom he had issued spurious American passports, pleads guilty in the
+Federal District Court to charge of conspiring to defraud the United
+States Government, and is sentenced to three years' imprisonment; the
+four Germans who bought passports are fined $200 each; the Department of
+Justice is still investigating in belief there are other conspirators.
+
+March 16--Stegler turns State's evidence and testifies against Cook and
+Madden in the Federal District Court.
+
+March 18--Cook and Madden are found guilty, the jury making a strong
+recommendation for mercy; before the United States Commissioner at
+Bangor, Me., Horn claims that his act was an act of war and contests
+right of the courts to try him.
+
+March 19--Stegler is sentenced to sixty days' imprisonment, and Cook and
+Madden to ten months; United States Commissioner at Bangor decides that
+Horn must stand trial in Boston.
+
+March 24--Major General Hughes, Minister of Militia and Defense for
+Canada, states in the Canadian Parliament that two dozen Americans with
+the first Canadian contingent have fallen in battle, and that "hundreds
+more are in the Canadian regiments fighting bravely."
+
+March 25--Horn is taken to Boston from Portland, after two unsuccessful
+attempts to obtain a writ of habeas corpus.
+
+March 31--Leon C. Thrasher of Hardwick, Mass., an American by birth,
+was among the passengers lost on the Falaba; American Embassy in London
+and the State Department are investigating; the Thrasher family appeals
+to Washington for information about his death; Raymond Swoboda,
+American, a passenger on the French liner Touraine, which was imperiled
+by fire at sea on March 6, has been arrested in Paris charged with
+causing the fire.
+
+
+RELIEF WORK.
+
+March 1--Herbert C. Hoover, Chairman of the American Belgian Relief
+Committee, issues statement in London that the Germans have scrupulously
+kept their promise, given in December, not to make further requisitions
+of foodstuffs in the occupied zone of Belgium for use by the German
+Army; he says the Germans have never interfered with foodstuffs imported
+by the commission and that all these foodstuffs have gone to the Belgian
+civil population; Mr. Hoover further states that "every Belgian is today
+on a ration from this commission"; every State in the Union contributes
+to the fund for the Easter Argosy, the ship which it is planned the
+children of the United States will send with a cargo to Belgium in the
+name of Princess Marie José, the little daughter of the King and Queen
+of the Belgians; plans are made for the sending of two ships with
+cargoes supplied by the people of the State of New York.
+
+March 2--American Red Cross sends large shipments of supplies to Serbia
+and Germany; four American Red Cross nurses sail for Germany; Serbian
+Agricultural Relief Committee asks for farming implements.
+
+March 5--Mississippi, Ohio, and Nebraska form organizations to send
+relief ships; American Red Cross is sending large consignments of
+supplies to the American Relief Clearing House in Paris.
+
+March 8--Report from London states that it has just become known in
+Budapest that Countess Széchényi, formerly Miss Gladys Vanderbilt,
+contracted smallpox while nursing in a Budapest military hospital and
+has been dangerously ill for a fortnight; a hospital, exclusively for
+the care of wounded soldiers whose cases require delicate surgical
+operations, is ready for work at Compiègne under the direction of Dr.
+Alexis Carrel of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.
+
+March 9--In gratitude for American help, the municipal authorities of
+Louvain inform the American Commission for Relief in Belgium that, when
+Louvain is rebuilt, squares or streets will be named Washington, Wilson,
+and American Nation.
+
+March 11--American Red Cross announces plan to send two units for
+service with the Belgian Army.
+
+March 12--Philadelphians give $15,000 for establishment of a
+Philadelphia ward in the American Ambulance Hospital in Paris; other
+wards bear the names of New York, Providence, New Haven, and Buffalo.
+
+March 14--Letter to the British Red Cross from Sir Thomas Lipton says
+that typhus is threatening Serbia.
+
+March 16--Mrs. John Hays Hammond, National Chairman of the War
+Children's Christmas Fund, has received letters from Princess Mary of
+England, and the Russian Ambassador to the United States, writing in
+behalf of the Empress of Russia, expressing thanks for the Christmas
+supplies sent from the United States.
+
+March 17--Mme. Vandervelde, wife of the Belgian Minister of State, has
+collected nearly $300,000 in the United States for Belgian relief, and
+plans to sail for Europe in a few days.
+
+March 20--Serbian Legation in London sends appeal to United States for
+aid for Serbia from the Archbishop of Belgrade.
+
+March 22--General Kamoroff, as special emissary of the Czar, visits the
+American Hospital in Petrograd and thanks the Americans for their help
+in caring for Russian wounded.
+
+March 23--Contributions for the Easter Argosy reach $125,000; letter to
+Belgian Relief Committee brings the thanks of King Albert for American
+help; American Red Cross sends twenty-seven tons of supplies to Belgian
+Red Cross.
+
+March 24--General Joffre cables thanks to the Lafayette Fund, which is
+sending comfort kits to the French soldiers in the trenches.
+
+March 25--American Commission for Relief in Belgium announces that
+arrangements have been completed for feeding 2,500,000 French in the
+north of France, behind the German lines; for the past month the
+commission has fed more than 500,000 French; it is planned that the
+Easter Argosy will sail on May 1.
+
+March 26--Financial report issued in London by the American Commission
+for Relief in Belgium states that foodstuffs of a total value of
+$20,000,000 have been delivered to Belgium since the commission began
+work, and $19,000,000 worth of foodstuffs is in transit or stored for
+future shipments; $8,500,000 has been provided by benevolent
+contributions, and the remaining $30,500,000 through banking
+arrangements set up by the commission; of the benevolent contributions
+the United States has provided $4,700,000; United Kingdom, $1,200,000;
+Canada, $900,000; Australasia, $900,000; clothing which has been
+distributed is estimated to have been worth an additional $1,000,000; it
+is announced that Queen Alexandra, as President of the English Red Cross
+Society, has written an autograph note to Mrs. Whitelaw Reid in London
+expressing gratitude for the aid given by the American Red Cross.
+
+March 30--The cash collected by the Belgian Relief Fund, New York, now
+totals $1,004,000, said to be the largest amount ever raised in the
+United States for relief of distress in a foreign country.
+
+
+
+
+THE DAY
+
+By HENRY CHAPPELL.
+
+
+     _[The author of this poem is Mr. Henry Chappell, a railway
+     porter at Bath, England. Mr. Chappell is known to his comrades
+     as the "Bath Railway Poet."]_
+
+    You boasted the Day, and you toasted the Day,
+      And now the Day has come.
+    Blasphemer, braggart and coward all,
+    Little you reck of the numbing ball,
+    The blasting shell, or the "white arm's" fall,
+      As they speed poor humans home.
+
+    You spied for the Day, you lied for the Day,
+      And woke the Day's red spleen,
+    Monster, who asked God's aid Divine,
+    Then strewed His seas with the ghastly mine;
+    Not all the waters of all the Rhine
+      Can wash thy foul hands clean.
+
+    You dreamed for the Day, you schemed for the Day;
+      Watch how the Day will go.
+    Slayer of age and youth and prime
+    (Defenseless slain for never a crime)
+    Thou art steeped in blood as a hog in slime,
+      False friend and cowardly foe.
+
+    You have sown for the Day, you have grown for the Day;
+      Yours is the Harvest red.
+    Can you hear the groans and the awful cries?
+    Can you see the heap of slain that lies,
+    And sightless turned to the flame-split skies
+      The glassy eyes of the dead?
+
+    You have wronged for the Day, you have longed for the Day
+      That lit the awful flame.
+    'Tis nothing to you that hill and plain
+    Yield sheaves of dead men amid the grain;
+    That widows mourn for their loved ones slain,
+      And mothers curse thy name.
+
+    But after the Day there's a price to pay
+      For the sleepers under the sod,
+    And Him you have mocked for many a day--
+    Listen, and hear what He has to say:
+    _"Vengeance is mine, I will repay."_
+      What can you say to God?
+
+Reprinted from _The London Daily Express_ (Copyright).
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY; THE
+EUROPEAN WAR, VOL 2, NO. 2, MAY, 1915***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 15479-0.txt or 15479-0.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/7/15479
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/15479-h/15479-h.htm b/15479-h/15479-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b58d677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/15479-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,13934 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of New York Times Current History; The European War, Vol 2, No. 2, May, 1915, by Various</title>
+<style title="Standard Format" type="text/css">
+
+body      		{ margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; text-align: justify }
+body.marginalia		{ margin: 4em 2em 4em 10em; text-align: justify }
+
+div                	{ margin: 2em 0em }
+div.center          { margin: 0em 0em;
+                      text-align: center; }
+div.frontpage      	{ margin: 4em 0em }
+div.contents       	{ margin: 2em 0em }
+div.colophon       	{ margin: 4em 0em; font-size: 80% }
+div.footnotes      	{ margin: 2em 0em }
+div.figure-caption 	{ margin: 1em 0em; text-align: center; font-size: 80% }
+div.epigraph	     	{ margin: 0em 0em 1em 10em; font-size: small; }
+div.sp             	{ margin: 1em 0em 1em  2em; text-align: left }
+div.speaker	     	{ margin: 1em 0em 1em  0em; text-align: left;
+                     	  font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0em }
+div.stage          	{ margin: 1em 0em; font-weight: normal; font-style: italic }
+span.stage	     	{ font-weight: normal; font-style: italic }
+div.lg             	{ margin: 1em 0em 1em 2em }
+div.eg             	{ margin: 1em -1em; padding: 1ex 1em; font-size: 80%;
+                     	  color: black; background-color: #eee }
+.marginnote		{ margin: 0em 0em 0em -12em; width: 10em; float: left; font-size: 80%}
+
+p.dgp              	{  }
+p.noindent	     	{  }
+p.pubdate          	{ margin: 4em 0em; text-indent: 0em }
+p.dateline	     	{ margin: 1ex 0em; text-align: right }
+p.salute           	{ margin: 1ex 0em; }
+p.signed           	{ margin: 1ex 0em; text-align: right }
+p.byline           	{ margin: 1ex 0em; }
+/* indent verse continuation lines 4em */
+p.l		     	{ margin: 0em 0em 0em 4em; text-align: left;
+                     	  text-indent: -4em }
+
+hr.doublepage	     	{ margin: 4em 0em; height: 5px }
+hr.page            	{ margin: 4em 0em }
+
+.display           	{ margin: 2em 4em }
+blockquote	     	{ margin: 2em 4em }
+
+h1.author          	{ margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 173% }
+h1.title           	{ margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 207% }
+h1		     	{ margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 173% }
+h2.dgp, h1.sub	     	{ margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 144% }
+h3.dgp, h2.sub	     	{ margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 120% }
+h4.dgp, h3.sub	     	{ margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; font-size: 100% }
+
+h4.sub, h5.sub, h6.sub	{ margin-top: 1em; font-size: smaller }
+
+ol.dgp, ul.dgp         	{ margin: 2em 0em }
+ul.simple          	{ margin: 2em 0em; list-style-type: none }
+ul.toc             	{ margin: 2em 0em; list-style-type: none }
+li                 	{ margin: 1em 0em }
+dt.dgp                 	{ font-weight: bold; }
+ul.toc li          	{ margin: 0em }
+
+img                 { border: 0px; }
+pre                	{ font-family: monospace;
+                      font-size: 8pt; }
+hr.full { width: 100%;
+          height: 5px; }
+
+span.title         	{ font-style: italic }
+span.name-ship     	{ font-style: italic }
+span.footnoteref   	{ vertical-align: super; font-size: 60% }
+span.code          	{ font-family: monospace; font-size: 110%; }
+
+dl.dgp                 	{ }
+dl.dgp dt              	{ }
+dl.dgp dd              	{ margin: 0em 0em 0em 4em }
+
+dl.footnote        	{ font-size: 80% }
+dl.footnote dt     	{ font-weight: normal; text-align: right;
+                     	  float: left; width: 3em }
+dl.footnote dd     	{ margin: 0em 0em 1ex 4em }
+
+ul.dgp-castlist 		{ margin: 0em; list-style-type: none }
+li.dgp-castitem			{ margin: 0em; }
+table.dgp-castgroup     	{ margin: 0em; }
+ul.dgp-castgroup		{ margin: 0em; list-style-type: none;
+				  padding-right: 2em; border-right: solid black 2px; }
+caption.dgp-castgroup-head	{ caption-side: right; width: 50%; text-align: left;
+				  vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 2em; }
+.dgp-roledesc			{ font-style: italic }
+.dgp-set			{ font-style: italic }
+
+th			{ padding: 0em 1em; text-align: left }
+td			{ padding: 0em 1em; text-align: left }
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<div class="center">
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, New York Times Current History; The European
+War, Vol 2, No. 2, May, 1915, by Various</h1>
+</div>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: New York Times Current History; The European War, Vol 2, No. 2, May, 1915</p>
+<p>       April-September, 1915</p>
+<p>Author: Various</p>
+<p>Release Date: March 27, 2005  [eBook #15479]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY; THE EUROPEAN WAR, VOL 2, NO. 2, MAY, 1915***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="center">
+<h4>E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Linda Cantoni, Joshua Hutchinson,<br/>
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</h4>
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+    <div class="center">
+      <img src='images/masthead.jpg' height='60' alt='The New York Times' />
+    <h1>CURRENT HISTORY</h1>
+    <h3>A MONTHLY MAGAZINE</h3>
+    <h2>THE EUROPEAN WAR</h2>
+    <h2>VOLUME II.</h2>
+    <h3>From the Beginning to March, 1915</h3>
+    <h4>With Index</h4>
+    <br/>
+    <h2>Number 2, May, 1915</h2>
+    <br/>
+    <br/>
+    <img src="images/nyt_logo.png" alt="The N.Y. Times Logo" />
+    <h4>NEW YORK<br />
+    THE NEW YORK TIMES COMPANY<br />
+    1915</h4>
+    </div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div class="div" id="toc"><a name="toc_1"></a><h2>Contents - Number II, May, 1915.</h2><ul class="toc">
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_1">Contents</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_2">General Sir John French's Own Story</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_3">Roberts Of Kandahar.</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_4">The Surrender of Przemysl</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_5">The Jesters.</a></li>
+
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_6">Lord Kitchener Advertises for Recruits</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_7">Battle of the Dardanelles</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_8">Official Story of Two Sea Fights</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_9">Sonnet On The Belgian Expatriation.</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_10">War Correspondence</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_11">Three Weeks of the War in Champagne</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_12">The Germans Concrete Trenches</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_13">The Spirits of Mankind</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_14">"What the Germans Say About Their Own Methods of Warfare"</a></li>
+
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_15">The Recruit.</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_16">American Reply to Britain's Blockade Order</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_17">Germany's Conditions of Peace</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_18">The Allies' Conditions of Peace</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_19">South Africa's Romantic Blue Paper</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_20">The Bells Of Berlin</a></li>
+
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_21">Warfare and British Labor</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_22">Saviors Of Europe</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_23">Britain's Peril of Strikes and Drink</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_24">Italy's Evolution as Reflected in Her Press</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_25">Some Ruses De Guerre.</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_26">The European War As Seen By Cartoonists</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_27">Facsimile of a Belgian Bread-Check</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_28">To A German Apologist</a></li>
+
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_29">America's Neutrality</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_30">Neutral Spirit of the Swiss</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_31">To King And People.</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_32">A Swiss View of Germany</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_33">The Land Of Maeterlinck</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_34">America and Prohibition Russia</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_35">The Mother's Song.</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_36">Pan-American Relations As Affected by the War</a></li>
+
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_37">An Easter Message</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_38">An Interview on the War With Henry James</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_39">A Talk With Belgium's Governor</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_40">A Charge In The Dark</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_41">A New Poland</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_42">"With the Honors of War"</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_43">General Foch, the Man of Ypres</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_44">The Unremembered Dead</a></li>
+
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_45">Canada and Britain's War Union</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_46">England.</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_47">American Aid of France</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_48">A Farewell.</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_49">Stories of French Courage</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_50">A Trooper's Soliloquy</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_51">American Unfriendliness</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_52">Endowed With A Noble Fire Of Blood</a></li>
+
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_53">Chronology of the War</a></li>
+<li style="margin: 0em 0em;"><a href="#toc_54">The Day</a></li>
+</ul></div>
+
+<div class="body">
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image01.png" alt="COMMANDER THIERICHENS&mdash;Commander of the German commerce-raider Prinz Eitel Friedrich, which sank the American sailing ship William P. Frye." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">COMMANDER THIERICHENS&mdash;Commander of the German commerce-raider Prinz Eitel Friedrich, which
+sank the American sailing ship William P. Frye.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image02a.png" alt="THE GRAND DUCHESS OF LUXEMBURG&mdash;Whose little State was first occupied by the German forces.&mdash;(Photo from George Grantham Bain.)" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">THE GRAND DUCHESS OF LUXEMBURG&mdash;<br/>
+Whose little State was first occupied by the German forces.&mdash;<br/>
+<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Photo from George Grantham Bain.)</span></p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+
+<h2>The New York Times Current History</h2>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">A Monthly Magazine</span></p>
+
+<div>
+<h3>The European War</h3>
+
+<p>April, 1915</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_2"></a>
+
+<h2>General Sir John French's Own Story</h2>
+
+<h2 class="sub">The Costly Victory of Neuve Chapelle</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">LONDON, April 14.&mdash;Field Marshal Sir John French, commander of the
+British expeditionary forces on the Continent, reports the British
+losses in the three days' fighting at Neuve Chapelle last month, as
+follows: Killed, 190 officers, 2,337 men; wounded, 359 officers, 8,174
+other ranks; missing, 23 officers, 1,728 men; total casualties, 12,811.
+The report continues:</span></p>
+
+<p>The enemy left several thousand dead on the field, and we have positive
+information that upward of 12,000 wounded were removed by trains. Thirty
+officers and 1,657 of other ranks were captured.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The British commander's dispatch concerning the battle is long, and
+says, among other things:</span></p>
+
+<p>Considerable delay occurred after the capture of Neuve Chapelle, and the
+infantry was greatly disorganized. I am of the opinion that this delay
+would not have occurred had the clearly expressed order of the general
+officer commanding the First Army been more carefully observed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Field Marshal Sir John French's report, which covers the battles of
+Neuve Chapelle and St. Eloi under date of April 5, was published in the
+official Gazette today. The Commander in Chief writes:</span></p>
+
+<p>The event of chief interest and importance which has taken place is the
+victory achieved over the enemy in the battle of Neuve Chapelle, which
+was fought on March 10, 11, and 12.</p>
+
+<p>The main attack was delivered by the troops of the First Army under
+command of General Sir Douglas Haig, supported by a large force of heavy
+artillery, a division of cavalry, and some infantry of the General
+Reserve. Secondary and holding attacks and demonstrations were made
+along the front of the Second Army, under direction of its commander,
+Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien.</p>
+
+<p>While the success attained was due to the magnificent bearing and
+indomitable courage displayed by the troops of the Fourth and Indian
+Corps, I consider that the able and skillful dispositions which were
+made by the general officer commanding the First Army contributed
+largely to the defeat of the enemy and to the capture of his position.
+The energy and vigor with which General Sir Douglas Haig handled his
+command show him to be a leader of great ability and power.</p>
+
+<p>Another action of considerable importance was brought about by a
+surprise attack made by the Germans on March 14 against the
+Twenty-seventh Division holding the trenches east of St. Eloi. A large
+force of artillery was concentrated in this area under the cover of a
+mist and a heavy volume of fire was suddenly brought to bear on the
+trenches.</p>
+
+<p>At 5 o'clock in the afternoon this artillery attack was accompanied by
+two mine explosions, and in the confusion caused by these and by the
+suddenness of the attack the position of St. Eloi was captured and held
+for some hours by the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>Well-directed and vigorous counter-attacks, in which the troops of the
+Fifth Army Corps showed great bravery and determination, restored the
+situation by the evening of the 15th.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The dispatch describes further operations, saying:</span></p>
+
+<p>On Feb. 6 a brilliant action by the troops of the First Corps materially
+improved our position in the area south of La Bassée Canal. During the
+previous night parties of the Irish Guards and the Third Battalion of
+the Coldstream Guards had succeeded in gaining ground from which a
+converging fire could be directed on the flanks and rear of certain
+brick stacks occupied by the Germans, which had been for some time a
+source of considerable annoyance. At 2 P.M. the affair commenced with a
+severe bombardment of the brick stacks and the enemy's trenches.</p>
+
+<p>A brisk attack by the Third Battalion of the Coldstream Guards and Irish
+Guards from our trenches west of the brick stacks followed and was
+supported by the fire from the flanking position which had been seized
+the previous night by the same regiments.</p>
+
+<p>The attack succeeded, the brick stacks were occupied without difficulty,
+and a line was established north and south through a point about forty
+yards east of the brick stacks.</p>
+
+<p>The casualties suffered by the Fifth Corps throughout the period under
+review, and particularly during the month of February, have been
+heavier than those on other parts of the line. I regret this, but do not
+think, taking all circumstances into consideration, that they were
+unduly numerous. The position then occupied by the Fifth Corps had
+always been a very vulnerable part of our line. The ground was marshy,
+and trenches were most difficult to construct and maintain. The
+Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Divisions of the Fifth Corps had no
+previous experience in European warfare, and a number of the units
+composing the corps had only recently returned from service in tropical
+climates. In consequence, the hardships of a rigorous Winter campaign
+fell with greater weight upon these divisions than upon any other in the
+command.</p>
+
+<p>Chiefly owing to these causes the Fifth Corps, up to the beginning of
+March, was constantly engaged in counter-attacks to retake trenches and
+ground which had been lost. In their difficult and arduous task,
+however, the troops displayed the utmost gallantry and devotion, and it
+is most creditable to the skill and energy of their leaders that I am
+able to report how well they have surmounted all their difficulties and
+that the ground first taken over by them is still intact and held with
+little greater loss than is incurred by the troops in all other parts of
+the line.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Describing an attack on the German trenches near St. Eloi on Feb. 28 by
+Princess Patricia's Regiment, of the Canadian contingent, under command
+of Lieut. C.E. Crabbe, the Commander in Chief says:</span></p>
+
+<p>The services performed by this distinguished corps have continued to be
+very valuable since I had occasion to refer to them in my last dispatch.
+They have been most ably organized and trained and were commanded by
+Lieut. Colonel F.D. Farquhar, D.S.O., who I deeply regret to say was
+killed while superintending some trench work on March 20. His loss will
+be deeply felt.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Emphasizing the co-operation of the British and French forces and the
+new rôle in warfare assumed by the cavalry, the Commander in Chief
+writes:</span></p>
+
+<p>During the month of February I arranged with General Foch to render the
+Ninth French Corps, holding the trenches to my left, some much-needed
+rest by sending the three divisions of the British Cavalry Corps to hold
+a portion of the French trenches, each division for a period of ten days
+alternately.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image03.png" alt="Map showing the field of the Battle of Neuve Chapelle and its position in the Allied line." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">Map showing the field of the Battle of Neuve Chapelle and
+its position in the Allied line.</p>
+
+
+<p>It was very gratifying to me to note once again in this campaign the
+eager readiness which the cavalry displayed to undertake a rôle which
+does not properly belong to them in order to support and assist their
+French comrades. In carrying out this work the leader, officers, and men
+displayed the same skill and energy which I have had reason to comment
+upon in former dispatches.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Referring to Neuve Chapelle and the considerations leading up to this,
+the Field Marshal says:</span></p>
+
+<p>About the end of February many vital considerations induced me to
+believe that a vigorous offensive movement by the troops under my
+command should be planned and carried out at the earliest possible
+moment. Among the more important reasons which convinced me of this
+necessity were the general aspect of the allied situation throughout
+Europe, and particularly the marked success of the Russian Army in
+repelling the violent onslaughts of Marshal von Hindenburg; the apparent
+weakening of the enemy on my front, and the necessity for assisting our
+Russian allies to the utmost by holding as many hostile troops as
+possible in the western theatre; the efforts to this end which were
+being made by the French forces at Arras and in Champagne, and&mdash;perhaps
+the most weighty consideration of all&mdash;the need of fostering the
+offensive spirit in the troops under my command after the trying and
+possibly enervating experiences which they had gone through of a severe
+Winter in the trenches.</p>
+
+<p>In a former dispatch I commented upon the difficulties and drawbacks
+which the Winter weather in this climate imposes upon a vigorous
+offensive. Early in March these difficulties became greatly lessened by
+the drying up of the country and by spells of brighter weather.</p>
+
+<p>I do not propose in this dispatch to enter at length into the
+considerations which actuated me in deciding upon the plan, time, and
+place of my attack. As mentioned above, the main attack was carried out
+by units of the First Army, supported by troops of the Second Army and
+the general reserve. The object of the main attack was to be the capture
+of the village of Neuve Chapelle and the enemy's position at that point,
+and the establishment of our line as far forward as possible to the east
+of that place.</p>
+
+<p>The object, nature, and scope of the attack and the instructions for the
+conduct of the operations were communicated by me to Sir Douglas Haig
+in a secret memorandum, dated Feb. 19.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">After describing the main topographical features of the battlefield and
+showing how the Germans had established a strong post with numerous
+machine guns among the big houses, behind walls and in orchards which
+flanked the approaches to the village, Sir John proceeds:</span></p>
+
+<p>The battle opened at 7:30 o'clock the morning of the 10th of March by a
+powerful bombardment of the enemy's position in Neuve Chapelle. The
+artillery bombardment had been well prepared and was most effective,
+except on the extreme northern portion of the front of attack.</p>
+
+<p>At 8:05 o'clock the Twenty-third and Twenty-fifth Brigades of the Eighth
+Division assaulted the German trenches on the northwest of the village.
+At the same hour the Garhwal Brigade of the Meerut (British India)
+Division, which occupied a position to the south of Neuve Chapelle,
+assaulted the German trenches in its front. The Garhwal Brigade and the
+Twenty-fifth Brigade carried the enemy's lines of intrenchment, where
+the wire entanglements had been almost entirely swept away by our
+shrapnel fire.</p>
+
+<p>The Twenty-third Brigade, however, on the northeast, was held up by wire
+entanglements which were not sufficiently cut. At 8:05 o'clock the
+artillery was turned on Neuve Chapelle, and at 8:35 o'clock the advance
+of the infantry was continued. The Twenty-fifth and the Garhwal Brigades
+pushed on eastward and northeastward, respectively, and succeeded in
+getting a foothold in the village. The Twenty-third Brigade was still
+held up in front of the enemy's wire entanglements, and could not
+progress. Heavy losses were suffered, especially in the Middlesex
+Regiment and the Scottish Rifles.</p>
+
+<p>The progress, however, of the Twenty-fifth Brigade into Neuve Chapelle
+immediately to the south of the Twenty-third Brigade had the effect of
+turning the southern flank of the enemy's defenses in front of the
+Twenty-third Brigade. This fact, combined with powerful artillery
+support, enabled the Twenty-third Brigade to get forward between 10 and
+11 A.M., and by 11 o'clock the whole of the village of Neuve Chapelle
+and the roads leading northward and southwestward from the eastern end
+of that village were in our hands.</p>
+
+<p>During this time our artillery completely cut off the village and
+surrounding country from any German reinforcements which could be thrown
+into the fight to restore the situation, by means of a curtain of
+shrapnel fire. Prisoners subsequently reported that all attempts at
+reinforcing the front line were checked. Steps were at once taken to
+consolidate the positions won.</p>
+
+<p>Considerable delay occurred after the capture of the Neuve Chapelle
+position. The infantry was greatly disorganized by the violent nature of
+the attack and by its passage through the enemy's trenches and the
+buildings of the village. It was necessary to get the units to some
+extent together before pushing on. The telephonic communication being
+cut by the enemy's fire rendered communication between the front and the
+rear most difficult. The fact of the left of the Twenty-third Brigade
+having been held up had kept back the Eighth Division and had involved a
+portion of the Twenty-fifth Brigade in fighting to the north, out of its
+proper direction of advance. All this required adjustment. An orchard
+held by the enemy north of Neuve Chapelle also threatened the flank of
+an advance toward the Aubers Bridge.</p>
+
+<p>I am of the opinion that this delay would not have occurred had the
+clearly expressed order of the general officer commanding the First Army
+been carefully observed.</p>
+
+<p>The difficulties above enumerated might have been overcome earlier in
+the day if the general officer commanding the Fourth Corps had been able
+to bring his reserve brigades more speedily into action. As it was, a
+further advance did not commence before 3:30 o'clock. The Twenty-first
+Brigade was able to form up in the open on the left without a shot being
+fired at it, thus showing that, at the time, the enemy's resistance had
+been paralyzed.</p>
+
+<p>The brigade pushed forward in the direction of Moulin-du-Pietre. At
+first it made good progress, but was subsequently held up by machine gun
+fire from houses and from a defended work in the line of the German
+intrenchments opposite the right of the Twenty-second Brigade.</p>
+
+<p>Further to the south the Twenty-fourth Brigade, which had been directed
+on Pietre, was similarly held up by machine guns in houses and trenches.
+At the road junction, 600 yards to the northwest of Pietre, the
+Twenty-fifth Brigade, on the right of the Twenty-fourth, was also held
+up by machine guns from a bridge held by the Germans over the River Les
+Layes, which is situated to the northwest of the Bois du Biez.</p>
+
+<p>While two brigades of the Meerut Division were establishing themselves
+on a new line the Dehra Dun Brigade, supported by the Jullunder Brigade
+of the Lahore Division, moved to the attack of the Bois du Biez, but
+were held up on the line of the River Les Layes by a German post at the
+bridge, which enfiladed them and brought them to a standstill.</p>
+
+<p>The defended bridge over the Les Layes and its neighborhood immediately
+assumed considerable importance. While the artillery fire was brought to
+bear, as far as circumstances would permit, on this point, General Sir
+Douglas Haig directed the First Corps to dispatch one or more battalions
+of the First Brigade in support of the troops attacking the bridge.
+Three battalions were thus sent to Richebourg St. Vaast.</p>
+
+<p>Darkness coming on and the enemy having brought up reinforcements, no
+further progress could be made, and the Indian Corps and the Fourth
+Corps proceeded to consolidate the position they had gained.</p>
+
+<p>While the operations, which I have thus briefly reported, were going on,
+the First Corps, in accordance with orders, delivered an attack in the
+morning from Givenchy simultaneously with that against Neuve Chapelle,
+but as the enemy's wire was insufficiently cut very little progress
+could be made, and the troops at this point did little more than hold
+fast to the Germans in front of them.</p>
+
+<p>On the following day, March 11, the attack was renewed by the Fourth and
+Indian Corps, but it was soon seen that further advance would be
+impossible until the artillery had dealt effectively with the various
+houses and defended localities which had held the troops up along the
+entire front.</p>
+
+<p>Efforts were made to direct the artillery fire accordingly, but, owing
+to the weather conditions, which did not permit of aerial observations,
+and the fact that nearly all the telephone communications between the
+artillery observers and their batteries had been cut, it was impossible
+to do so with sufficient accuracy. When our troops, who were pressing
+forward, occupied a house there, it was not possible to stop our
+artillery fire, and the infantry had to be withdrawn.</p>
+
+<p>As most of the objects for which the operations had been undertaken had
+been attained, and as there were reasons why I considered it inadvisable
+to continue the attack at that time, I directed General Sir Douglas Haig
+on the night of the 12th to hold and consolidate the ground which had
+been gained by the Fourth and Indian Corps, and suspend further
+offensive operations for the present.</p>
+
+<p>The losses during these three days' fighting were, I regret to say, very
+severe, numbering 190 officers and 2,337 of other ranks killed, 359
+officers and 8,174 of other ranks wounded, and 23 officers and 1,720 of
+other ranks missing. But the results attained were, in my opinion, wide
+and far-reaching.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Referring to the severity of the casualties in action, the Commander in
+Chief writes:</span></p>
+
+<p>I can well understand how deeply these casualties are felt by the nation
+at large, but each daily report shows clearly that they are endured on
+at least an equal scale by all the combatants engaged throughout Europe,
+friends and foe alike.</p>
+
+<p>In war as it is today, between civilized nations armed to the teeth with
+the present deadly rifle and machine gun, heavy casualties are
+absolutely unavoidable. For the slightest undue exposure the heaviest
+toll is exacted. The power of defense conferred by modern weapons is the
+main cause for the long duration of the battles of the present day, and
+it is this fact which mainly accounts for such loss and waste of life.
+Both one and the other can, however, be shortened and lessened if
+attacks can be supported by a most efficient and powerful force of
+artillery available; but an almost unlimited supply of ammunition is
+necessary, and a most liberal discretionary power as to its use must be
+given to artillery commanders. I am confident that this is the only
+means by which great results can be obtained with a minimum of loss.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_3"></a>
+<h2>Roberts Of Kandahar.</h2>
+
+<p>SIDNEY LOW, in The London Times.</p>
+
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Through the long years of peril and of strife,</p>
+<p class="l">He faced Death oft, and Death forbore to slay,</p>
+<p class="l">Reserving for its sacrificial Day,</p>
+<p class="l">The garnered treasure of his full-crowned life;</p>
+<p class="l">So saved him till the furrowed soil was rife,</p>
+<p class="l">With the rich tillage of our noblest dead;</p>
+<p class="l">Then reaped the offering of his honored head,</p>
+
+<p class="l">In that red field of harvest, where he died,</p>
+<p class="l">With the embattled legions at his side.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_4"></a>
+<h2>The Surrender of Przemysl</h2>
+
+<h2 class="sub">How Galicia's Strong Fortress Yielded to the Russian Siege</h2>
+
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>The Austrian fortress of Przemysl fell on
+    March 22, 1915, after an investment and siege which lasted, with one
+    short interruption, for nearly four months. This important event was
+    celebrated by a Te Deum of thanksgiving in the presence of the Czar
+    and the General Staff. The importance to the Russians of the
+    capitulation of Przemysl is suggested by the fact that about 120,000
+    prisoners were reported taken when the Austrians yielded. Until this
+    was effected the Russians could not venture upon a serious invasion
+    of Hungary, and the investing troops who were then freed were more
+    numerous than the defenders.</p> </div>
+
+<p>[By the Correspondent of The London Times.]</p>
+
+<p>PETROGRAD, March 22.</p>
+
+<p>The Minister of War has informed me that he has just received a telegram
+from the Grand Duke Nicholas announcing the fall of Przemysl.</p>
+
+<p>The fall of Przemysl marks the most important event of the Russian
+campaign this year. It finally and irrevocably consolidates the position
+of the Russians in Galicia. The Austro-German armies are deprived of the
+incentive hitherto held out to them of relieving the isolated remnant of
+their former dominion. The besieging army will be freed for other
+purposes. From information previously published the garrison aggregated
+about 25,000 men, hence the investing forces, which must always be at
+least four times as great as the garrison, represent not less than
+100,000 men. From all the information lately received from both Russian
+and neutral sources, the position of the Austro-German armies in the
+Carpathians has become distinctly critical. The reinforcements for the
+gallant troops of General Brusiloff, General Radko Dmitrieff, and other
+commanders are bound to exercise an enormous influence on the future
+course of the campaign in the Carpathians.</p>
+
+<p>All honor and credit are given by the Russians to the garrison of
+Przemysl and General Kusmanek. Russian officers ever had the highest
+opinion of the personality of the commandant. I heard from those who
+fought under General Radko Dmitrieff in the early stages of the Galician
+campaign that when our troops, after sweeping away the resistance at
+Lwow and Jaroslau, loudly knocked at the doors of the fortress of
+Przemysl, they met with a stern rebuff. In reply to the summons of the
+Russians to surrender the keys the commandant wrote a curt and dignified
+note remarking that he considered it beyond his own dignity or the
+dignity of the Russian General to discuss the surrender of the fortress
+before it had exhausted all its powers of resistance. During the second
+invasion of Poland by the Austro-German armies the enemy's lines swept
+up to and just beyond Przemysl, interrupting the investment of the
+fortress. The wave of the Austrian invasion began to subside at the end
+of the first week in November. Only then could we begin the siege of the
+mighty fortress, which proved successful after the lapse of four months.</p>
+
+<p>The first Russian attempt to storm Przemysl without previous
+bombardment, which followed immediately upon the commandant's refusal to
+surrender, resulted in very great loss of life to no purpose. Thereafter
+it was decided to abstain from further attempts to take the fortress
+until our siege guns could be placed and a preliminary bombardment could
+sufficiently facilitate the task of the besiegers. Meanwhile, although
+the fortress and town were duly invested, our lines were somewhat remote
+from the outlying forts, and the peasants of adjacent villages were, it
+is said, able to pass freely to and from the town of Przemysl&mdash;a fact
+which would enable the inhabitants to obtain supplies. From all
+accounts neither the garrison nor the inhabitants were reduced to very
+great straits for food. The announcement made at the time of the first
+investment of the fortress that provisions and supplies would easily
+last till May was, however, obviously exaggerated.</p>
+
+<p>I understand that heavy siege guns were ready to be conveyed to Przemysl
+at the end of January, but that the Russian military authorities decided
+to postpone their departure in view of the determined attempts made by
+the Austro-German forces to pierce the Russian lines in the Carpathians
+in order to relieve the fortress, which, if successful, might have
+endangered the safety of the siege material. Owing to this fact the
+bombardment of Przemysl began only about a fortnight ago, when the
+Austro-German offensive had so far weakened as to satisfy the Russian
+authorities that there was no further danger from this quarter.</p>
+
+<p>The concluding stages of the siege have been related in the dispatches
+from the Field Headquarters during the past week. The capture of the
+dominating heights in the eastern sector followed close upon the first
+bombardment. The final desperate sortie led by General Kusmanek at the
+head of the Twenty-third Division of the Honved precipitated the end.
+The remnants of the garrison were unable to man the works extending to a
+thirty-mile periphery.</p>
+
+<p>The loss of the western approaches left General Kusmanek no alternative
+but to surrender. He had exhausted his ammunition and used up his
+effectives. His messages for help were either intercepted or unanswered.
+The assailants broke down the last resistance. The most important
+strategical point in the whole of Galicia is now in Russian hands.</p>
+
+<div>
+<h3>TE DEUM AT HEADQUARTERS.</h3>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">PETROGRAD, March 22.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The following official communiqué was issued from the Main Headquarters
+this morning:</span></p>
+
+<p>The fortress of Przemysl has surrendered to our troops.</p>
+
+<p>At the Headquarters of the Commander in Chief a Te Deum of thanksgiving
+was celebrated in the presence of the Czar, the Grand Duke Nicholas,
+Commander in Chief, and all the staff.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The following communiqué from the Great Headquarters is issued here
+today:</span></p>
+
+<p>Northern Front.&mdash;From the Niemen to the Vistula and on the left bank of
+the latter river there has been no important change. Our troops
+advancing from Tauroggen captured, after a struggle, Laugszargen, (near
+the frontier of East Prussia,) where they took prisoners and seized an
+ammunition depot and engineers' stores.</p>
+
+<p>The Carpathians.&mdash;There has been furious fighting on the roads to
+Bartfeld (in Hungary) in the valleys of the Ondawa and Laborcz.</p>
+
+<p>Near the Lupkow Pass and on the left bank of the Upper San our troops
+have advanced successfully, forcing the way with rifle fire and with the
+bayonet. In the course of the day we took 2,500 prisoners, including
+fifty officers and four machine guns.</p>
+
+<p>In the direction of Munkacz the Germans, in close formation, attacked
+our positions at Rossokhatch, Oravtchik, and Kosziowa, but were
+everywhere driven back by our fire and by our counter-attacks with
+severe losses. In Galicia there has been a snowstorm.</p>
+
+<p>Przemysl.&mdash;On the night of the 21st there was a fierce artillery fire
+round Przemysl. Portions of the garrison who once more tried to effect a
+sortie toward the northeast toward Oikowic were driven back within the
+circle of forts with heavy losses.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Note.&mdash;This portion of the communiqué was evidently drafted before the
+fall of Przemysl took place, and the communiqué proceeds:</span></p>
+
+<p>In recognition of the joyous event of the fall of Przemysl the Czar has
+conferred upon the Grand Duke Nicholas the Second Class of the Order of
+St. George and the Third Class of the same order on General Ivanoff, the
+commander of the besieging army.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image04.png" alt="Map of the Siege of Przemysl. The small triangles indicate outlying fortified hills with their height in feet." /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">Map of the Siege of Przemysl. The small triangles
+indicate outlying fortified hills with their height in feet.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+
+<h3>COLLECTING THE ARMS.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">By Hamilton Fyfe, Correspondent of The London Daily Mail.</span></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">PETROGRAD, March 23.</p>
+
+<p>Advance detachments of Russian troops entered Przemysl last night. The
+business of collecting the arms is proceeding. I believe the officers
+will be allowed to keep their swords.</p>
+
+<p>Great surprise has been caused here by a statement that the number of
+troops captured exceeds three army corps. Possibly on account of the
+snowstorm no further telegram has been received from the Grand Duke
+Nicholas, and no details of the fall of the garrison have yet been
+officially announced. I have, however, received the definite assurance
+of a very high authority that the force which has surrendered includes
+nine Generals, over 2,000 officers, and 130,000 men. In spite of the
+authority of my informant, I am still inclined to await confirmation of
+these figures.</p>
+
+<p>The leading military organ, the Russki Invalid, says that the garrison
+was known to number 60,000 men and that it had been swelled to some
+extent by the additional forces drafted in before the investment began.
+The Retch estimates the total at 80,000, and a semi-official
+announcement also places the strength of the garrison at that figure,
+excluding artillery and also the men belonging to the auxiliary and
+technical services.</p>
+
+<p>There is an equal difference of opinion regarding the number of guns
+taken. The estimates vary from 1,000 to 2,000. What is known for certain
+is that the fortress contained 600 big guns of the newest type and a
+number of small, older pieces.</p>
+
+<p>The characteristic spirit in which Russia is waging war is shown by the
+service of thanksgiving to God which was held immediately the news of
+the fall of the fortress reached the Grand Duke's headquarters. The Czar
+was there to join with the staff in offering humble gratitude to the
+Almighty for the great victory accorded to the Russian arms.</p>
+
+<p>The first crowds which gathered here yesterday to rejoice over the great
+news moved with one consent to the Kazan Cathedral, where they sang the
+national hymn and crossed themselves reverently before the holy,
+wonder-working picture of Kazan, the Mother of God. In spite of the
+heaviest snowstorm of the Winter, which made the streets impassable and
+stopped the tramway cars, the Nevski Prospekt rang all the afternoon and
+evening with the sound of voices raised in patriotic song.</p>
+
+<p>Przemysl is admitted to be the first spectacular success of the war on
+the side of the Allies. It is not surprising that the nation is proud
+and delighted, yet so generous is the Russian mind that there mingle
+with its triumph admiration and sympathy for the garrison which was
+compelled to surrender after a long, brave resistance. Popular
+imagination has been thrilled by the story of the last desperate sortie,
+which will take a high place in the history of modern war.</p>
+
+<p>When toward the end of the week the hope of relief, which had so long
+buoyed up the defenders, was with heavy, resolved hearts abandoned,
+General Kousmanek resolved to try to save at all events some portion of
+his best troops by sending them to fight a way out. From the ranks,
+thinned terribly by casualties and also by typhus and other diseases
+caused through hunger and the unhealthy state of the town, he selected
+20,000 men and served out to them five days' reduced rations, which were
+all he had left. He also supplied them with new boots in order to give
+them as good a chance as possible to join their comrades in the
+Carpathians, whose summits could be seen from Przemysl in the shining,
+warm Spring sunshine.</p>
+
+<p>It was a hopeless enterprise, pitifully futile. It is true that the
+Austrian armies sent to relieve the city were only a few days' march
+distant, but even if the 20,000 had cut a way through the investing
+force they would have found another Russian army between them and their
+fellow-countrymen. General Kousmanek, before they started, addressed
+them. In a rousing speech he said:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Soldiers, for nearly half a year, in spite
+    of cold and hunger, you have defended the fortress intrusted to you.
+    The eyes of the world are fixed on you. Millions at home are waiting
+    with painful eagerness to hear the news of your success. The honor
+    of the army and our fatherland requires us to make a superhuman
+    effort. Around us lies the iron ring of the enemy. Burst a way
+    through it and join your comrades who have been fighting so bravely
+    for you and are now so near.</p>
+
+    <p> I have given you the last of our supplies of food. I charge you
+    to go forward and sweep the foe aside. After our many gallant and
+    glorious fights we must not fall into the hands of the Russians like
+    sheep; we must and will break through.</p> </div>
+
+<p>In case this appeal to the men's fighting spirit were ineffective
+threats were also used to the troops, who were warned by their officers
+that any who returned to the fortress would be treated as cowards and
+traitors. After the General's speech the men were told to rest for a few
+hours. At 4 in the morning they paraded and at 5 the battle began. For
+nine hours the Austrians hurled themselves against the iron ring, until
+early in the afternoon, when, broken and battered, the remains of the
+twenty thousand began to straggle back to the town. Exhausted and
+disheartened, the garrison was incapable of further effort.</p>
+
+<p>In order to prevent useless slaughter General Kousmanek sent officers
+with a flag of truce to inquire about the terms of surrender. These were
+arranged very quickly.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the local value of the victory, and the vastness of the
+captures of material as well as of men, it must not be thought, as many
+are inclined to think here, that the Novoe Vremya exaggerates
+dangerously when it compares the effect likely to be produced with that
+of the fall of Metz and Port Arthur.</p>
+
+<p>It certainly brings the end of the Austrians' participation in the war
+more clearly in sight. But the Austrians will fight for some time yet.
+What it actually does is to free a large Russian force for the
+operations against Cracow or to assist in the invasion of Hungary.</p>
+
+<p>What is the strength of this force it would be imprudent to divulge, but
+I can say that it certainly amounts to not less than an "army,"
+(anything from 80,000 to 200,000 men.) Those who are anxious to arrive
+at a closer figure can calculate by the fact that the Russians had a
+forty-mile front around Przemysl which was strong enough to repulse
+attacks at all points. Another very useful consequence is that all the
+Galician railway system is now in Russian hands. It makes the transport
+of troops much easier.</p>
+
+<p>One further reflection was suggested to me last night by a very
+distinguished and influential Russian soldier, holding office under the
+Government. "The method which prevailed at Przemysl was as follows:
+Instead of rushing against the place and losing heavily, we waited and
+husbanded our forces until the garrison was unable to hold out any
+longer. That is the method adopted by the Allies. It must in the course
+of time force Germany to surrender also.</p>
+
+<p>"Up to now we have held our own against her furious sorties. Soon we
+shall begin to draw more closely our investing lines. Only one end was
+possible to Przemysl. The fate of Germany is equally sure."</p>
+
+<p>Now all eyes are fixed on the Dardanelles. The phrase on every lip is:
+"When the fall of Constantinople follows, then Prussia must begin to see
+that the case is hopeless." But we must not deceive ourselves, for even
+when her allies are defeated Prussia will still be hard to beat.
+Przemysl must not cause us to slacken our effort in any direction or in
+the slightest degree.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>WHAT THE RUSSIANS FOUND</h3>
+
+<p>Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">LONDON, April 3.&mdash;The London Times under date Przemysl, March 30,
+publishes a dispatch from Stanley Washburn, its special correspondent
+with the Russian armies, who, by courtesy of the Russian high command,
+is the first foreigner to visit the great Galician fortress since its
+fall. He says:</span></p>
+
+<p>Przemysl is a story of an impregnable fortress two or three times
+over-garrisoned with patient, haggard soldiers starving in trenches, and
+sleek, faultlessly dressed officers living off the fat of the land in
+fashionable hotels and restaurants.</p>
+
+<p>The siege started with a total population within the lines of investment
+of approximately 200,000. Experts estimate that the fortress could have
+been held with 50,000 or 60,000 men against any forces the Russians
+could bring against it. It is probable that such supplies as there were
+were uneconomically expended, with the result that when the push came
+the situation was at once acute, and the suffering of all classes save
+the officers became general. First the cavalry and transport horses were
+consumed. Then everything available. Cats were sold at 8 shillings, and
+fair-sized dogs at a sovereign.</p>
+
+<p>While the garrison became thin and half starved, the mode of life of the
+officers in the town remained unchanged. The Café Sieber was constantly
+well filled with dilettante officers who gossipped and played cards and
+billiards and led the life to which they were accustomed in Vienna.
+Apparently very few shared any of the hardships of their men or made any
+effort to relieve their condition. At the Hotel Royal until the last,
+the officers had their three meals a day, with fresh meat, cigars,
+cigarettes, wines, and every luxury, while, as a witness has informed
+me, their own orderlies and servants begged for a slice of bread.</p>
+
+<p>There can be no question that ultimate surrender was due to the fact
+that the garrison was on the verge of starvation, while the officers'
+diet was merely threatened with curtailment. Witnesses state that
+private soldiers were seen actually to fall in the streets from lack of
+nourishment. The officers are reported to have retained their private
+thoroughbred riding horses until the day before the surrender, when
+2,000 of them were killed to prevent them from falling into the hands of
+the Russians. A Russian officer of high rank informed me that when he
+entered the town hundreds of these bodies of beautiful thoroughbred
+horses were to be seen with half-crazed Austrian and Hungarian soldiers
+tearing into the bodies with their faces and hands smeared with red
+blood as they devoured the raw flesh.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image05.png" alt="Map showing the scene of action between Przemysl and Cracow and the Carpathian Passes." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">Map showing the scene of action between Przemysl and
+Cracow and the Carpathian Passes.</p>
+
+<p>The Russians were utterly amazed at the casual reception which they
+received. The Austrian officers showed not the slightest sign of being
+disconcerted or humiliated at the collapse of their fortress.</p>
+
+<p>The first Russian effort was at once to relieve the condition of the
+garrison and civilians. Owing to the destruction of the bridge this was
+delayed, but soon with remarkable efficiency distribution depots were
+opened everywhere and the most pressing needs were somewhat relieved.</p>
+
+<p>The entire conduct of the siege on the part of the garrison seems wholly
+without explanation. The Austrians had throughout plenty of ammunition,
+and they certainly grossly outnumbered the Russians; yet they made but
+one recent effort to break out, which occurred three days before the
+surrender.</p>
+
+<p>Civilians inform me that they gladly welcome the Russians and that the
+first troops who entered were greeted with cheers, while the garrison
+was frankly pleased that the siege was over and their troubles at an
+end.</p>
+
+<p>As an example of overofficering it may be stated that General Kusmanek
+had seventy-five officers on his staff, while General Artamonov, the
+acting Russian Governor, had but four on his immediate staff.</p>
+
+<p>The removal of the prisoners is proceeding with great efficiency. They
+are going out at the rate of about 10,000 a day. The docility of the
+captives is indicated by the fact that the Russian guards attached to
+the prisoners' columns number about one for every hundred prisoners.
+They are all strung out for miles between the fortress and Lemberg. The
+prisoners are so eager to get out and to see the last of the war that
+they follow the instructions of their captors like children.</p>
+
+<p>All the civilians as well as prisoners I have talked with are unanimous
+in their praise of the Russian officers and soldiers, who have shown
+nothing but kindness and delicacy of feeling since their entrance into
+the fortress. This consideration strikes me as being utterly wasted on
+the captured officers, who treat the situation superciliously and are
+quite complacent in their relations with the Russians.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_5"></a>
+<h2>The Jesters.</h2>
+
+<p>By MARION COUTHOUY SMITH.</p>
+
+
+<div class="lg">
+
+<p class="l">Ev'n he, the master of the songs of life,</p>
+<p class="l">May speak at times with less than certain sound&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">"He jests at scars who never felt a wound."</p>
+<p class="l">So runs his word! Yet on the verge of strife,</p>
+<p class="l">They jest not who have never known the knife;</p>
+<p class="l">They tremble who in the waiting ranks are found,</p>
+<p class="l">While those scarred deep on many a battle-ground</p>
+<p class="l">Sing to the throbbing of the drum and fife.</p>
+
+<p class="l">They laugh who know the open, fearless breast,</p>
+<p class="l">The thrust, the steel-point, and the spreading stain;</p>
+<p class="l">Whose flesh is hardened to the searing test,</p>
+<p class="l">Whose souls are tempered to a high disdain.</p>
+<p class="l">Theirs is the lifted brow, the gallant jest,</p>
+<p class="l">The long last breath, that holds a victor-strain.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_6"></a>
+<h2>Lord Kitchener Advertises for Recruits</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image06.png" alt="This map shows the comparative distances from London of Ostend and of some English towns. London is in the exact center of the map." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">This map shows the comparative distances from London of
+Ostend and of some English towns. London is in the exact center of the
+map.</span></p>
+
+<p>If the German Army were in Manchester.</p>
+
+<p>If the German Army were in Manchester, every fit man in the country
+would enlist without a moment's delay.</p>
+
+<p>Do you realise that the German Army is now at Ostend, only 125 miles
+away&mdash;or 40 miles nearer to London than is Manchester?</p>
+
+<p>How much nearer must the Germans come before <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">you</span> do something to stop
+them?</p>
+
+<p>The German Army must be beaten in Belgium. The time to do it is <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">now</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Will you help? Yes? Then enlist <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">TODAY</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">God Save the King.</span></p>
+
+<p>[Facsimile of an advertisement that appeared in The London Times, March
+17, 1915.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_7"></a>
+<h2>Battle of the Dardanelles</h2>
+
+<h2 class="sub">The Disaster That Befell the Allies' Fleet</h2>
+
+<div>
+<h3>AS THE TURKS SAW IT.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">BERLIN, March 22, (via London, 11:33 A.M.)&mdash;The correspondent at
+Constantinople of the Wolff Bureau telegraphed today a description of
+the fighting at the Dardanelles on Thursday, March 18, in which the
+French battleship Bouvet and two British battleships were sent to the
+bottom. An abridgment of the correspondent's story follows:</span></p>
+
+<p>The efforts of the Allies to force the Strait of the Dardanelles reached
+their climax in an artillery duel on Thursday, March 18, which lasted
+seven hours. The entire atmosphere around the Turkish forts was darkened
+by clouds of smoke from exploding shells and quantities of earth thrown
+into the air by the projectiles of the French and British warships. The
+earth trembled for miles around.</p>
+
+<p>The Allies entered the strait at 11:30 in the morning, and shelled the
+town of Chank Kale. Four French and five British warships took part in
+the beginning. This engagement reached its climax at 1:30, when the fire
+of the Allies was concentrated upon Fort Hamidieh and the adjacent
+fortified positions.</p>
+
+<p>The attack of modern marine artillery upon strong land forts presented
+an interesting as well as a terrifying spectacle. At times the forts
+were completely enveloped in smoke. At 2 o'clock the Allies changed
+their tactics and concentrated their fire upon individual batteries, but
+it was evident that they found difficulty in getting the range. Many of
+the shells fell short, casting up pillars of water, or went over the
+forts to explode in the town.</p>
+
+<p>At 3:15, when the bombardment was at its hottest, the French battleship
+Bouvet was seen to be sinking at the stern. A moment later her bows
+swung clear of the water, and she was seen going down. Cheers from the
+Turkish garrisons and forts greeted this sight. Torpedo boats and other
+craft of the Allies hurried to the rescue, but they were successful in
+saving only a few men. Besides having been struck by a mine, the Bouvet
+was severely damaged above the water line by shell fire. One projectile
+struck her forward deck. A mast also was shot away and hung overboard.
+It could be seen that the Bouvet when she sank was endeavoring to gain
+the mouth of the strait. This, however, was difficult, owing,
+apparently, to the fact that her machinery had been damaged.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the sinking of the Bouvet a British ship was struck on the
+deck squarely amidship and compelled to withdraw from the fight. Then
+another British vessel was badly damaged, and at 3:45 was seen to retire
+under a terrific fire from the Turkish battery. This vessel ran in
+toward the shore. For a full hour the Allies tried to protect her with
+their guns, but it was apparent that she was destined for destruction.
+Eight effective hits showed the hopelessness of the situation for this
+vessel. She then withdrew toward the mouth of the Dardanelles, which she
+reached in a few minutes under a hail of shells. The forts continued
+firing until the Allies were out of range.</p>
+
+<p>This was the first day when the warships attacking the Dardanelles kept
+within range of the Turkish guns for any considerable length of time.
+The result for them was terrible, owing to the excellent marksmanship
+from the Turkish batteries. The Allies fired on this day 2,000 shells
+without silencing one shore battery. The result has inspired the Turks
+with confidence, and they are looking forward to further engagements
+with calm assurance.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>ELIMINATION OF MINES.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The London Times naval correspondent writes, in its issue of March 20:</span></p>
+
+<p>The further attack upon the inner forts at the Dardanelles, which was
+resumed by the allied squadrons on Thursday, has resulted,
+unfortunately, but not altogether unexpectedly, in some loss of ships
+and gallant lives.</p>
+
+<p>The clear and candid dispatch in which the operations are described
+attributes the loss of the ships to floating mines, which were probably
+released to drift down with the current in such large numbers that the
+usual method of evading these machines was unavailable. This danger, it
+is said, will require special treatment. Presumably the area having been
+swept clear of anchored mines, it was not considered necessary to take
+other precautions than such as were concerned with the movement of the
+battleships themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The satisfactory feature of the operations is that the ships maintained
+their superiority over the forts, and succeeded in silencing them after
+a few hours' bombardment. The sinking of the battleships occurred later
+in the afternoon, and it would seem at a time when a portion of the
+naval force was making a further advance to cover the mine-sweeping
+operations. There is nothing in the dispatch which indicates anything
+but the eventual success of the work, nor that the defenses have proved
+more formidable than was anticipated. The danger from floating mines may
+have been somewhat underestimated, but it is one that can be met and is
+most unlikely to form a decisive factor.</p>
+
+<p>Manifestly the Turks, with their German advisers, have done their utmost
+to repair, by means of howitzers and field guns, the destruction of the
+fixed defenses; but it is not likely that any temporary expedients will
+prove more than troublesome to the passage of the fleet. The
+determination of the Allies to make a satisfactory ending of the
+operations is shown by the immediate dispatch of reinforcing ships, and
+by the fact that ample naval and military forces are available on the
+spot.</p>
+
+<p>Every one will regret that illness has obliged Vice Admiral Carden to
+relinquish the chief command, but this is now in the very capable hands
+of Vice Admiral Robeck.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>BRITISH OFFICIAL REPORT.</h3>
+
+<p>[From The London Times, March 20, 1915.]</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">After ten days of mine-sweeping inside the Dardanelles the British and
+French fleets made a general attack on the fortresses at the Narrows on
+Thursday. After about three hours' bombardment all the forts ceased
+firing.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Three battleships were lost in these operations by striking mines&mdash;the
+French Bouvet, and the Irresistible and the Ocean. The British crews
+were practically all saved, but nearly the whole of the men on the
+Bouvet perished.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The Secretary of the Admiralty issued the following statement last
+night:</span></p>
+
+<p>Mine-sweeping having been in progress during the last ten days inside
+the strait, a general attack was delivered by the British and French
+fleets yesterday morning upon the fortresses at the Narrows of the
+Dardanelles.</p>
+
+<p>At 10:45 A.M. Queen Elizabeth, Inflexible, Agamemnon, and Lord Nelson
+bombarded Forts J, L, T, U, and V; while Triumph and Prince George fired
+at Batteries F, E, and H. A heavy fire was opened on the ships from
+howitzers and field guns.</p>
+
+<p>At 12:22 the French squadron, consisting of the Suffren, Gaulois,
+Charlemagne, and Bouvet, advanced up the Dardanelles to engage the forts
+at closer range. Forts J, U, F, and E replied strongly. Their fire was
+silenced by the ten battleships inside the strait, all the ships being
+hit several times during this part of the action.</p>
+
+<p>By 1:25 P.M. all forts had ceased firing.</p>
+
+<p>Vengeance, Irresistible, Albion, Ocean, Swiftsure, and Majestic then
+advanced to relieve the six old battleships inside the strait.</p>
+
+<p>As the French squadron, which had engaged the forts in the most
+brilliant fashion was passing out, Bouvet was blown up by a drifting
+mine and sank in thirty-six fathoms north Erenkeui Village in less than
+three minutes.</p>
+
+<p>At 2:36 P.M., the relief battleships renewed the attack on the forts,
+which again opened fire. The attack on the forts was maintained while
+the operations of the mine-sweepers continued. At 4:09 Irresistible
+quitted the line, listing heavily; and at 5:50 she sank, having probably
+struck a drifting mine. At 6:05, Ocean, also having struck a mine, both
+vessels sank in deep water, practically the whole of the crews having
+been removed safely under a hot fire.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image07a.png" alt="QUEEN MARY&mdash;Wife of George V., King of Great Britain and Ireland.&mdash;(Photo from Underwood &amp; Underwood.)" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">QUEEN MARY&mdash;<br/>
+Wife of George V., King of Great Britain and Ireland.&mdash;<br/>
+<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Photo from Underwood &amp; Underwood.)</span></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+
+<img src="images/image08a.png" alt="THE RIGHT HON. DAVID LLOYD GEORGE&mdash;The radical Chancellor of the British Exchequer, upon whom has devolved the task of financing the great war.&mdash;(Photo by A. &amp; R. Annan &amp; Sons.)" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">THE RIGHT HON. DAVID LLOYD GEORGE&mdash;<br/>
+The radical Chancellor of the British Exchequer, upon whom<br/>
+has devolved the task of financing the great war.&mdash;<br/>
+<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Photo by A. &amp; R. Annan &amp; Sons.)</span></p>
+
+<p>The Gaulois was damaged by gun fire.</p>
+
+<p>Inflexible had her forward control position hit by a heavy shell, and
+requires repair.</p>
+
+<p>The bombardment of the forts and the mine-sweeping operations terminated
+when darkness fell. The damage to the forts effected by the prolonged
+direct fire of the very powerful forces employed cannot yet be
+estimated, and a further report will follow.</p>
+
+<p>The losses of ships were caused by mines drifting with the current which
+were encountered in areas hitherto swept clear, and this danger will
+require special treatment.</p>
+
+<p>The British casualties in personnel are not heavy, considering the scale
+of the operations; but practically the whole of the crew of the Bouvet
+were lost with the ship, an internal explosion having apparently
+supervened on the explosion of the mine.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen and Implacable, which were dispatched from England to replace
+ships' casualties in anticipation of this operation, are due to arrive
+immediately, thus bringing the British fleet up to its original
+strength.</p>
+
+<p>The operations are continuing, ample naval and military forces being
+available on the spot.</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th inst., Vice Admiral Carden, who has been incapacitated by
+illness, was succeeded in the chief command by Rear Admiral John Michael
+de Robeck, with acting rank of Vice Admiral.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>THE SCENE IN THE STRAIT.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The London Times publishes this story of an eyewitness:</span></p>
+
+<p>TENEDOS, (Aegina,) March 18.</p>
+
+<p>This is not so much an account of the five hours' heavy engagement
+between the Turkish forts and the allied ships which has been fought
+actually within the Dardanelles today as an impression of the
+bombardment as seen at a distance of fifteen miles or so from the top of
+a high, steep hill called Mount St. Elias, at the northern end of
+Tenedos.</p>
+
+<p>Over the ridge of Kum Kale you plainly see, like a great blue lake, the
+first reach of the Dardanelles up to the narrow neck between Chanak and
+Kilid Bahr. It was up and down in this stretch of water that the largest
+vessels of the allied fleet steamed today for over four hours, hurling,
+with sheets of orange flame from their heavy guns, a constant succession
+of shells on the forts that guard the Narrows at Chanak, while the
+Turkish batteries, with a frequency that lessened as the day went on,
+flashed back at them in reply, with the difference that, while the
+effects of the Allies' shells were continually manifest in the columns
+of smoke and dust that were signs of the damage they had wrought, a
+great number of the enemy's shots fell in the sea hundreds of yards from
+the bombarding ships, sending torrents of water towering harmlessly into
+the air.</p>
+
+<p>Not that the successes of the day have been won without cost. I saw
+several ships, French and British, struck by shells that raised volumes
+of white smoke, and one of the French squadron is toiling slowly home at
+this moment down by the head and with a list to port, while, so far as
+one could make out with a glass, several boatloads of men were being
+taken off her.</p>
+
+<p>The ships left their stations between the Turkish and Asiatic coasts and
+Tenedos early this morning and by 11 they were steaming in line up the
+Dardanelles.</p>
+
+<p>It was 11:45 when the first notable hit was made by an English ship. I
+could see eight vessels, apparently all battleships, lying in line from
+the entrance up the strait. The ship furthest up appeared to be the
+Queen Elizabeth, and I think it was she that fired the shot which
+exploded the powder magazine at Chanak. A great balloon of white smoke
+sprang up in the midst of the magazine which leaped out from a fierce,
+red flame, and reached a great height. When the flame had disappeared
+the dense smoke continued to grow till it must have been a column
+hundreds of feet high.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+
+<img src="images/image09.png" alt="" /></p>
+
+<p>In the five minutes that followed this shot three more shells from the
+Queen Elizabeth fell practically on the same spot, and two minutes later
+yet another by the side of the smoking ruins.</p>
+
+<p>There were now eight battleships, all pre-dreadnoughts, left at Tenedos,
+and at noon six of them started off in line a-head toward the strait.
+The English ships already within were passing further up and went out of
+sight.</p>
+
+<p>The bombarding ships were steaming constantly up and down, turning at
+each end of the stretch, which is about a couple of miles long.</p>
+
+<p>A long thin veil of black smoke was drifting slowly westward from the
+fighting. At about 1:30 Erenkeui Village, standing high on the Asiatic
+side, received a couple of shells. At 1:45 a division of eight
+destroyers in line steamed into the entrance of the strait, and a little
+later the last two battleships from Tenedos joined, the Dublin
+patrolling outside. An hour later the most striking effect was produced
+by a shell falling on a fort at Kilid Bahr, which evidently exploded
+another magazine. A huge mass of heavy jet-black smoke gradually rose
+till it towered high above the cliffs on the European and Asiatic sides.
+It ballooned slowly out like a gigantic genie rising from a fisherman's
+bottle.</p>
+
+<p>By now the action was slackening, and at 3:45 five ships were slowly
+steaming homeward from the entrance. At 4:30 there were still eight
+vessels in the strait, but the forts had practically ceased to fire. The
+action was over for the day.</p>
+
+<p>The result had been the apparent silencing of several Turkish batteries,
+and those terrific explosions at the forts at Chanak and Kilid Bahr, the
+ultimate effect of which remains to be seen when the attack is renewed
+tonight. For Chanak is burning.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_8"></a>
+<h2>Official Story of Two Sea Fights</h2>
+
+<p>[From The London Times, March 3, 1915.]</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Admiralty, March 3, 1915.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The following dispatch has been received from Vice Admiral Sir David
+Beatty, K.C.B., M.V.O., D.S.O., commanding the First Battle Cruiser
+Squadron, reporting the action in the North Sea on Sunday, the 24th of
+January, 1915:</span></p>
+
+<p>H.M.S. Princess Royal,</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">Feb. 2, 1915.</p>
+
+
+<p>Sir: I have the honor to report that at daybreak on Jan. 24, 1915, the
+following vessels were patrolling in company:</p>
+
+<p>The battle cruisers Lion, Capt. Alfred E.M. Chatfield, C.V.O., flying my
+flag; Princess Royal, Capt. Osmond de B. Brock, Aide de Camp; Tiger,
+Capt. Henry B. Pelly, M.V.O.; New Zealand, Capt. Lionel Halsey, C.M.G.,
+Aide de Camp, flying the flag of Rear Admiral Sir Archibald Moore,
+K.C.B., C.V.O., and Indomitable, Capt. Francis W. Kennedy.</p>
+
+<p>The light cruisers Southampton, flying the broad pennant of Commodore
+William E. Goodenough, M.V.O.; Nottingham, Capt. Charles B. Miller;
+Birmingham, Capt. Arthur A.M. Duff, and Lowestoft, Capt. Theobald W.B.
+Kennedy, were disposed on my port beam.</p>
+
+<p>Commodore (T) Reginald Y. Tyrwhitt, C.B., in Arethusa, Aurora, Capt.
+Wilmot S. Nicholson; Undaunted, Capt. Francis G. St. John, M.V.O.;
+Arethusa and the destroyer flotillas were ahead.</p>
+
+<p>At 7:25 A.M. the flash of guns was observed south-southeast. Shortly
+afterward a report reached me from Aurora that she was engaged with
+enemy's ships. I immediately altered course to south-southeast,
+increased to 22 knots, and ordered the light cruisers and flotillas to
+chase south-southeast to get in touch and report movements of enemy.</p>
+
+<p>This order was acted upon with great promptitude, indeed my wishes had
+already been forestalled by the respective senior officers, and reports
+almost immediately followed from Southampton, Arethusa, and Aurora as to
+the position and composition of the enemy, which consisted of three
+battle cruisers and Blücher, six light cruisers, and a number of
+destroyers, steering northwest. The enemy had altered course to
+southeast. From now onward the light cruisers maintained touch with the
+enemy, and kept me fully informed as to their movements.</p>
+
+<p>The battle cruisers worked up to full speed, steering to the southward.
+The wind at the time was northeast, light, with extreme visibility. At
+7:30 A.M. the enemy were sighted on the port bow steaming fast, steering
+approximately southeast, distant 14 miles.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the prompt reports received we had attained our position on the
+quarter of the enemy, and so altered course to southeast parallel to
+them, and settled down to a long stern chase, gradually increasing our
+speed until we reached 28.5 knots. Great credit is due to the engineer
+staffs of New Zealand and Indomitable&mdash;these ships greatly exceeded
+their normal speed.</p>
+
+<p>At 8:52 A.M., as we had closed to within 20,000 yards of the rear ship,
+the battle cruisers manoeuvred to keep on a line of bearing so that guns
+would bear, and Lion fired a single shot, which fell short. The enemy at
+this time were in single line ahead, with light cruisers ahead and a
+large number of destroyers on their starboard beam.</p>
+
+<p>Single shots were fired at intervals to test the range, and at 9:09 A.M.
+Lion made her first hit on the Blücher, No. 4 in the line. The Tiger
+opened fire at 9:20 A.M. on the rear ship, the Lion shifted to No. 3 in
+the line, at 18,000 yards, this ship being hit by several salvos. The
+enemy returned our fire at 9:14 A.M. Princess Royal, on coming into
+range, opened fire on Blücher, the range of the leading ship being
+17,500 yards, at 9:35 A.M. New Zealand was within range of Blücher,
+which had dropped somewhat astern, and opened fire on her. Princess
+Royal shifted to the third ship in the line, inflicting considerable
+damage on her.</p>
+
+<p>Our flotilla cruisers and destroyers had gradually dropped from a
+position broad on our beam to our port quarter, so as not to foul our
+range with their smoke; but the enemy's destroyers threatening attack,
+the Meteor and M Division passed ahead of us, Capt. the Hon. H. Meade,
+D.S.O., handling this division with conspicuous ability.</p>
+
+<p>About 9:45 A.M. the situation was as follows: Blücher, the fourth in
+their line, already showed signs of having suffered severely from gun
+fire; their leading ship and No. 3 were also on fire, Lion was engaging
+No. 1, Princess Royal No. 3, New Zealand No. 4, while the Tiger, which
+was second in our line, fired first at their No. 1, and when interfered
+with by smoke, at their No. 4.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy's destroyers emitted vast columns of smoke to screen their
+battle cruisers, and under cover of this the latter now appeared to have
+altered course to the northward to increase their distance, and
+certainly the rear ships hauled out on the port quarter of their leader,
+thereby increasing their distance from our line. The battle cruisers,
+therefore, were ordered to form a line of bearing north-northwest, and
+proceed at their utmost speed.</p>
+
+<p>Their destroyers then showed evident signs of an attempt to attack. Lion
+and Tiger opened fire on them, and caused them to retire and resume
+their original course.</p>
+
+<p>The light cruisers maintained an excellent position on the port quarter
+of the enemy's line, enabling them to observe and keep touch, or attack
+any vessel that might fall out of the line.</p>
+
+<p>At 10:48 A.M. the Blücher, which had dropped considerably astern of
+enemy's line, hauled out to port, steering north with a heavy list, on
+fire, and apparently in a defeated condition. I consequently ordered
+Indomitable to attack enemy breaking northward.</p>
+
+<p>At 10:54 A.M. submarines were reported on the starboard bow, and I
+personally observed the wash of a periscope two points on our starboard
+bow. I immediately turned to port.</p>
+
+<p>At 11:03 A.M. an injury to the Lion being reported as incapable of
+immediate repair, I directed Lion to shape course northwest. At 11:20
+A.M. I called the Attack alongside, shifting my flag to her at about
+11:35 A.M. I proceeded at utmost speed to rejoin the squadron, and met
+them at noon retiring north-northwest.</p>
+
+<p>I boarded and hoisted my flag on Princess Royal at about 12:20 P.M.,
+when Capt. Brock acquainted me of what had occurred since the Lion fell
+out of the line, namely, that Blücher had been sunk and that the enemy
+battle cruisers had continued their course to the eastward in a
+considerably damaged condition. He also informed me that a Zeppelin and
+a seaplane had endeavored to drop bombs on the vessels which went to the
+rescue of the survivors of Blücher.</p>
+
+<p>The good seamanship of Lieut. Commander Cyril Callaghan, H.M.S. Attack,
+in placing his vessel alongside the Lion and subsequently the Princess
+Royal, enabled the transfer of flag to be made in the shortest possible
+time.</p>
+
+<p>At 2 P.M. I closed Lion and received a report that the starboard engine
+was giving trouble owing to priming, and at 3:38 P.M. I ordered
+Indomitable to take her in tow, which was accomplished by 5 P.M.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest credit is due to the Captains of Indomitable and Lion for
+the seaman-like manner in which the Lion was taken in tow under
+difficult circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>The excellent steaming of the ships engaged in the operation was a
+conspicuous feature.</p>
+
+<p>I attach an appendix giving the names of various officers and men who
+specially distinguished themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Where all did well it is difficult to single out officers and men for
+special mention, and as Lion and Tiger were the only ships hit by the
+enemy, the majority of these I mention belong to those ships.</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor to be, Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">(Signed) DAVID BEATTY,</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">Vice Admiral.</p>
+
+<div>
+<h3>OFFICERS.</h3>
+
+<p>Commander Charles A. Fountaine, H.M.S. Lion.</p>
+
+<p>Lieut. Commander Evan C. Bunbury, H.M.S. Lion.</p>
+
+<p>Lieut. Frederick T. Peters, H.M.S. Meteor.</p>
+
+<p>Lieut. Charles M.R. Schwerdt, H.M.S. Lion.</p>
+
+<p>Engineer Commander Donald P. Green, H.M.S. Lion.</p>
+
+<p>Engineer Commander James L. Sands, H.M.S. Southampton.</p>
+
+<p>Engineer Commander Thomas H. Turner, H.M.S. New Zealand.</p>
+
+<p>Engineer Lieut. Commander George Preece, H.M.S. Lion.</p>
+
+<p>Engineer Lieut. Albert Knothe, H.M.S. Indomitable.</p>
+
+<p>Surgeon Probationer James A. Stirling, R.N.V.R., H.M.S. Meteor.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Joseph H. Burton, Gunner (T), H.M.S. Lion.</p>
+
+<p>Chief Carpenter Frederick E. Dailey, H.M.S. Lion.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>PETTY OFFICERS AND MEN.</h3>
+
+<p>Py. Or. J.W. Kemmett, O.N. 186,788, Lion.</p>
+
+<p>A.B.H. Davis, O.N. 184,526, Tiger.</p>
+
+<p>A.B.H.F. Griffin, O.N.J. 14,160, Princess Royal.</p>
+
+<p>A.B.P.S. Livingstone, O.N. 234,328, Lion.</p>
+
+<p>A.B.H. Robison, O.N. 209,112, Tiger.</p>
+
+<p>A.B.G.H. le Seilleur, O.N. 156,802, Lion.</p>
+
+<p>Boy, 1st CL., F.G.H. Bamford, O.N.J. 26,598, Tiger.</p>
+
+<p>Boy, 1st CL., J.F. Rogers, O.N.J. 28,329, Tiger.</p>
+
+<p>Ch. Ee. R. Artr., 1st CL., E.R. Hughes, O.N. 268,999, Indomitable.</p>
+
+<p>Ch. Ee. R. Artr., 2d CL, W.B. Dand, O.N. 270,648, New Zealand.</p>
+
+<p>Ch. Ee. A. Artr. W. Gillespie, O.N. 270,080, Meteor.</p>
+
+<p>Mechn. A.J. Cannon, O.N. 175,440, Lion.</p>
+
+<p>Mechn. E.C. Ephgrave, O.N. 288,231, Lion.</p>
+
+<p>Ch. Stkr. P. Callaghan, O.N. 278,953, Lion.</p>
+
+<p>Ch. Stkr. A.W. Ferris, O.N. 175,824, Lion.</p>
+
+<p>Ch. Stkr. J.E. James, O.N. 174,232, New Zealand.</p>
+
+<p>Ch. Stkr. W.E. James, O.N. 294,406, Indomitable.</p>
+
+<p>Ch. Stkr. J. Keating, R.F.R., O.N. 165,732, Meteor.</p>
+
+<p>Stkr. Py. Or. M. Flood, R.F.R., O.N. 153,418, Meteor.</p>
+
+<p>Stkr. Py. Or. T.W. Hardy, O.N. 292,542, Indomitable.</p>
+
+<p>Stkr. Py. Or. A.J. Sims, O.N. 276,502, New Zealand.</p>
+
+<p>Stkr. Py. Or. S. Westaway, R.F.R., O.N. 300,938, Meteor.</p>
+
+<p>Actg. Ldg. Skr. J. Blackburn, O.N.K. 4,844, Tiger.</p>
+
+<p>Stkr., 1st Cl., A.H. Bennet, O.N.K. 10,700, Tiger.</p>
+
+<p>Stkr., 2d Cl., H. Turner, O.N.K. 22,720, Tiger.</p>
+
+<p>Ldg. Carpenter's Crew, E.O. Bradley, O.N. 346,621, Lion.</p>
+
+<p>Ldg. Carpenter's Crew, E. Currie, O.N. 344,851, Lion.</p>
+
+<p>Sick Berth Attendant C.S. Hutchinson, O.N.M. 3,882, Tiger.</p>
+
+<p>Ch. Writer S.G. White, O.N. 340,597, Tiger.</p>
+
+<p>Third Writer H.C. Green, O.N.M. 8,266, Tiger.</p>
+
+<p>Officers' Steward, 3d Cl., F.W. Kearley, O.N.L. 2,716, Tiger.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>HONORS AWARDED.</h3>
+
+<p>Lord Chamberlain's Office,</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">St. James's Palace,</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">March 3, 1915.</p>
+
+<p>The King has been graciously pleased to give orders for the following
+appointment to the Most Honorable Order of the Bath, in recognition of
+the services of the undermentioned officer mentioned in the foregoing
+dispatch:</p>
+
+<p>To be an Additional Member of the Military Division of the Third Class
+or Companion.</p>
+
+<p>Capt. Osmond de Beauvoir Brock, A.D.C., Royal Navy.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Admiralty, S.W.,</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">March 3, 1915.</p>
+
+
+<p>The King has been graciously pleased to give orders for the following
+appointment to the Distinguished Service Order, and for the award of the
+Distinguished Service Cross, to the undermentioned officers in
+recognition of their services mentioned in the foregoing dispatch:</p>
+
+<p>To be Companion of the Distinguished Service Order.</p>
+
+<p>Lieut. Frederic Thornton Peters, Royal Navy.</p>
+
+<p>To receive the Distinguished Service Cross.</p>
+
+<p>Surg. Probationer James Alexander Stirling, R.N.V.R.</p>
+
+<p>Gunner (T) Joseph H. Burton.</p>
+
+<p>Chief Carpenter Frederick E. Dailey.</p>
+
+<p>The following promotion has been made:</p>
+
+<p>Commander Charles Andrew Fountaine to be a Captain in his Majesty's
+fleet, to date March 3, 1915.</p>
+
+<p>The following awards have also been made:</p>
+
+<p>To receive the Distinguished Service Medal.</p>
+
+<p>P.O. J.W. Kemmett, O.N. 186,788.</p>
+<p>A.B. H. Davis, O.N. 184,526.</p>
+<p>A.B. H.F. Griffin, O.N.J. 14,160.</p>
+
+<p>A.B. P.S. Livingstone, O.N. 234,328.</p>
+<p>A.B. H. Robison, O.N. 209,112.</p>
+<p>A.B. G.H. le Seilleur, O.N. 156,802.</p>
+<p>Boy, 1st Cl., F.G.H. Bamford, O.N.J. 26,598.</p>
+<p>Boy, 1st Cl., J.F. Rogers, O.N.J. 28,329.</p>
+<p>Ch. E.R. Art., 1st Cl., E.R. Hughes, O.N. 268,999.</p>
+<p>Ch. E.R. Art., 2d Cl., W.B. Dand, O.N. 270,648.</p>
+<p>Ch. E.R. Art., W. Gillespie, O.N. 270,080.</p>
+<p>Mechn. A.J. Cannon, O.N. 175,440.</p>
+
+<p>Mechn. E.C. Ephgrave, O.N. 288,231.</p>
+<p>Ch. Stkr. P. Callaghan, O.N. 278,953.</p>
+<p>Ch. Stkr. A.W. Ferris, O.N. 175,824.</p>
+<p>Ch. Stkr. J.E. James, O.N. 174,232.</p>
+<p>Ch. Stkr. W.E. James, O.N. 294,406.</p>
+<p>Ch. Stkr. J. Keating, R.F.R., O.N. 165,732.</p>
+<p>Stkr. P.O. M. Flood, R.F.R., O.N. 153,418.</p>
+<p>Stkr. P.O. T.W. Hardy, O.N. 292,542.</p>
+<p>Stkr. P.O. A.J. Sims, O.N. 276,502.</p>
+
+<p>Stkr. P.O. S. Westaway, R.F.R., O.N. 300,938.</p>
+<p>Actg. Ldg. Stkr. J. Blackburn, O.N.K. 4,844.</p>
+<p>Stkr., 1st Cl., A.H. Bennet, O.N.K. 10,700.</p>
+<p>Stkr., 2d Cl., H. Turner, O.N.K. 22,720.</p>
+<p>Ldg. Carpenter's Crew, E.O. Bradley, O.N. 346,621.</p>
+<p>Ldg. Carpenter's Crew, E. Currie, O.N. 344,851.</p>
+<p>Sick Berth Attendant C.S. Hutchinson, O.N.M. 3,882.</p>
+<p>Ch. Writer S.G. White, O.N. 340,597.</p>
+
+<p>Third Writer H.C. Green, O.N.M. 8,266.</p>
+<p>Officers' Steward, 3d Cl., F.W. Kearley, O.N.L. 2,716.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>BATTLE OF THE FALKLANDS</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Admiralty, March 3, 1915.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The following dispatch has been received from Vice Admiral Sir F.C.
+Doveton-Sturdee, K.C.B., C.V.O., C.M.G., reporting the action off the
+Falkland Islands on Tuesday, the 8th of December, 1914:</span></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">INVINCIBLE, at Sea,</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">Dec. 19, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>Sir: I have the honor to forward a report on the action which took place
+on Dec. 8, 1914, against a German squadron off the Falkland Islands.</p>
+
+<p>I have the honor to be, Sir,</p>
+
+<p>Your obedient servant,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">F.C.D. STURDEE,</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">Vice Admiral, Commander in Chief.</p>
+<p style="text-align: right">The Secretary, Admiralty.</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>(A)&mdash;PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS.</h4>
+
+<p>The squadron, consisting of H.M. ships Invincible, flying my flag, Flag
+Capt. Percy T.M. Beamish; Inflexible, Capt. Richard F. Phillimore;
+Carnarvon, flying the flag of Rear Admiral Archibald P. Soddart, Flag
+Capt. Harry L.d'E. Skipwith; Cornwall, Capt. Walter M. Ellerton; Kent,
+Capt. John D. Allen; Glasgow, Capt. John Loce; Bristol, Capt. Basil H.
+Fanshawe, and Macedonia, Capt. Bertram S. Evans, arrived at Port
+Stanley, Falkland Islands, at 10:30 A.M. on Monday, Dec. 7, 1914.
+Coaling was commenced at once, in order that the ships should be ready
+to resume the search for the enemy's squadron the next evening, Dec. 8.</p>
+
+<p>At 8 A.M. on Tuesday, Dec. 8, a signal was received from the signal
+station on shore:</p>
+
+<p>"A four-funnel and two-funnel man-of-war in sight from Sapper Hill,
+steering northward."</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image10.png" alt="THE BATTLE OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS FROM THE OFFICIAL REPORT OF ADMIRAL STURDEE." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">THE BATTLE OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS FROM THE OFFICIAL
+REPORT OF ADMIRAL STURDEE.</p>
+
+
+<p>The numbers given on the plan show the corresponding positions of
+vessels at various times. All ships bearing the same number were
+simultaneously in the positions charted.]</p>
+
+<p>At this time the positions of the various ships of the squadron were as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>Macedonia: At anchor as lookout ship.</p>
+
+<p>Kent (guard ship): At anchor in Port William.</p>
+
+<p>Invincible and Inflexible: In Port William.</p>
+
+<p>Carnarvon: In Port William.</p>
+
+<p>Cornwall: In Port William.</p>
+
+<p>Glasgow: In Port Stanley.</p>
+
+<p>Bristol: In Port Stanley.</p>
+
+<p>The Kent was at once ordered to weigh, and a general signal was made to
+raise steam for full speed.</p>
+
+<p>At 8:20 A.M. the signal station reported another column of smoke in
+sight to the southward, and at 8:45 A.M. the Kent passed down the harbor
+and took up a station at the entrance.</p>
+
+<p>The Canopus, Capt. Heathcoat S. Grant, reported at 8:47 A.M. that the
+first two ships were eight miles off, and that the smoke reported at
+8:20 A.M. appeared to be the smoke of two ships about twenty miles off.</p>
+
+<p>At 8:50 A.M. the signal station reported a further column of smoke in
+sight to the southward.</p>
+
+<p>The Macedonia was ordered to weigh anchor on the inner side of the other
+ships, and await orders.</p>
+
+<p>At 9:20 A.M. the two leading ships of the enemy, (Gneisenau and
+Nürnberg,) with guns trained on the wireless station, came within range
+of the Canopus, which opened fire at them across the low land at a range
+of 11,000 yards. The enemy at once hoisted their colors and turned away.
+At this time the masts and smoke of the enemy were visible from the
+upper bridge of the Invincible at a range of approximately 17,000 yards
+across the low land to the south of Port William.</p>
+
+<p>A few minutes later the two cruisers altered course to port, as though
+to close the Kent at the entrance to the harbor, but about this time it
+seems that the Invincible and Inflexible were seen over the land, as the
+enemy at once altered course and increased speed to join their
+consorts.</p>
+
+<p>The Glasgow weighed and proceeded at 9:40 A.M. with orders to join the
+Kent and observe the enemy's movements.</p>
+
+<p>At 9:45 A.M. the squadron&mdash;less the Bristol&mdash;weighed, and proceeded out
+of harbor in the following order: Carnarvon, Inflexible, Invincible, and
+Cornwall. On passing Cape Pembroke Light the five ships of the enemy
+appeared clearly in sight to the southeast, hull down. The visibility
+was at its maximum, the sea was calm, with a bright sun, a clear sky,
+and a light breeze from the northwest.</p>
+
+<p>At 10:20 A.M. the signal for a general chase was made. The battle
+cruisers quickly passed ahead of the Carnarvon and overtook the Kent.
+The Glasgow was ordered to keep two miles from the Invincible, and the
+Inflexible was stationed on the starboard quarter of the flagship. Speed
+was eased to twenty knots at 11:15 A.M., to enable the other cruisers to
+get into station.</p>
+
+<p>At this time the enemy's funnels and bridges showed just above the
+horizon.</p>
+
+<p>Information was received from the Bristol at 11:27 A.M. that three enemy
+ships had appeared off Port Pleasant, probably colliers or transports.
+The Bristol was therefore directed to take the Macedonia under orders
+and destroy transports.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy were still maintaining their distance, and I decided, at 12:20
+P.M., to attack with the two battle cruisers and the Glasgow.</p>
+
+<p>At 12:47 P.M. the signal to "Open fire and engage the enemy" was made.</p>
+
+<p>The Inflexible opened fire at 12:55 P.M. from her fore turret at the
+right-hand ship of the enemy, a light cruiser; a few minutes later the
+Invincible opened fire at the same ship.</p>
+
+<p>The deliberate fire from a range of 16,500 to 15,000 yards at the
+right-hand light cruiser, which was dropping astern, became too
+threatening, and when a shell fell close alongside her at 1:20 P.M. she
+(the Leipzig) turned away, with the Nürnberg and Dresden, to the
+southwest.</p>
+
+<p>These light cruisers were at once followed by the Kent, Glasgow, and
+Cornwall, in accordance with my instructions.</p>
+
+<p>The action finally developed into three separate encounters, besides the
+subsidiary one dealing with the threatened landing.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h4>(B.)&mdash;ACTION WITH THE ARMORED CRUISERS.</h4>
+
+<p>The fire of the battle cruisers was directed on the Scharnhorst and
+Gneisenau. The effect of this was quickly seen when, at 1:25 P.M., with
+the Scharnhorst leading, they turned about seven points to port in
+succession into line ahead and opened fire at 1:30 P.M. Shortly
+afterward speed was eased to twenty-four knots and the battle cruisers
+were ordered to turn together, bringing them into line ahead, with the
+Invincible leading.</p>
+
+<p>The range was about 13,500 yards at the final turn, and increased until
+at 2 P.M. it had reached 16,450 yards.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy then (2:10 P.M.) turned away about ten points to starboard,
+and a second chase ensued until at 2:45 P.M. the battle cruisers again
+opened fire; this caused the enemy, at 2:53 P.M., to turn into line
+ahead to port and open fire at 2:55 P.M.</p>
+
+<p>The Scharnhorst caught fire forward, but not seriously, and her fire
+slackened perceptibly; the Gneisenau was badly hit by the Inflexible.</p>
+
+<p>At 3:30 P.M. the Scharnhorst led around about ten points to starboard;
+just previously her fire had slackened perceptibly, and one shell had
+shot away her third funnel; some guns were not firing, and it would
+appear that the turn was dictated by a desire to bring her starboard
+guns into action. The effect of the fire on the Scharnhorst became more
+and more apparent in consequence of smoke from fires, and also escaping
+steam. At times a shell would cause a large hole to appear in her side,
+through which could be seen a dull red glow of flame. At 4:04 P.M. the
+Scharnhorst, whose flag remained flying to the last, suddenly listed
+heavily to port, and within a minute it became clear that she was a
+doomed ship, for the list increased very rapidly until she lay on her
+beam ends, and at 4:17 P.M. she disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>The Gneisenau passed on the far side of her late flagship, and continued
+a determined but ineffectual effort to fight the two battle cruisers.</p>
+
+<p>At 5:08 P.M. the forward funnel was knocked over and remained resting
+against the second funnel. She was evidently in serious straits, and her
+fire slackened very much.</p>
+
+<p>At 5:15 P.M. one of the Gneisenau's shells struck the Invincible; this
+was her last effective effort.</p>
+
+<p>At 5:30 P.M. she turned toward the flagship with a heavy list to
+starboard, and appeared stopped, with steam pouring from her escape
+pipes and smoke from shell and fires rising everywhere. About this time
+I ordered the signal "Cease fire!" but before it was hoisted the
+Gneisenau opened fire again, and continued to fire from time to time
+with a single gun.</p>
+
+<p>At 5:40 P.M. the three ships closed in on the Gneisenau, and at this
+time the flag flying at her fore truck was apparently hauled down, but
+the flag at the peak continued flying.</p>
+
+<p>At 5:50 P.M. "Cease fire!" was made.</p>
+
+<p>At 6 P.M. the Gneisenau heeled over very suddenly, showing the men
+gathered on her decks and then walking on her side as she lay for a
+minute on her beam ends before sinking.</p>
+
+<p>The prisoners of war from the Gneisenau report that by the time the
+ammunition was expended some 600 men had been killed and wounded. The
+surviving officers and men were all ordered on deck and told to provide
+themselves with hammocks and any articles that could support them in the
+water.</p>
+
+<p>When the ship capsized and sank there were probably some 200 unwounded
+survivors in the water, but, owing to the shock of the cold water, many
+were drowned within sight of the boats and ship.</p>
+
+<p>Every effort was made to save life as quickly as possible, both by boats
+and from the ships; lifebuoys were thrown and ropes lowered, but only a
+portion could be rescued. The Invincible alone rescued 108 men,
+fourteen of whom were found to be dead after being brought on board.
+These men were buried at sea the following day with full military
+honors.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h4>(C)&mdash;ACTION WITH THE LIGHT CRUISERS.</h4>
+
+<p>At about 1 P.M., when the Scharnhorst and Gneisenau turned to port to
+engage the Invincible and Inflexible, the enemy's light cruisers turned
+to starboard to escape; the Dresden was leading and the Nürnberg and
+Leipzig followed on each quarter.</p>
+
+<p>In accordance with my instructions, the Glasgow, Kent, and Cornwall at
+once went in chase of these ships; the Carnarvon, whose speed was
+insufficient to overtake them, closed the battle cruisers.</p>
+
+<p>The Glasgow drew well ahead of the Cornwall and Kent, and at 3 P.M.
+shots were exchanged with the Leipzig at 12,000 yards. The Glasgow's
+object was to endeavor to outrange the Leipzig with her 6-inch guns and
+thus cause her to alter course and give the Cornwall and Kent a chance
+of coming into action.</p>
+
+<p>At 4:17 P.M. the Cornwall opened fire, also on the Leipzig.</p>
+
+<p>At 7:17 P.M. the Leipzig was on fire fore and aft, and the Cornwall and
+Glasgow ceased fire.</p>
+
+<p>The Leipzig turned over on her port side and disappeared at 9 P.M. Seven
+officers and eleven men were saved.</p>
+
+<p>At 3:36 P.M. the Cornwall ordered the Kent to engage the Nürnberg, the
+nearest cruiser to her.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the excellent and strenuous efforts of the engine room
+department, the Kent was able to get within range of the Nürnberg at 5
+P.M. At 6:35 P.M. the Nürnberg was on fire forward and ceased firing.
+The Kent also ceased firing and closed to 3,300 yards; as the colors
+were still observed to be flying on the Nürnberg, the Kent opened fire
+again. Fire was finally stopped five minutes later on the colors being
+hauled down, and every preparation was made to save life. The Nürnberg
+sank at 7:27 P.M., and, as she sank, a group of men were waving a German
+ensign attached to a staff. Twelve men were rescued, but only seven
+survived.</p>
+
+<p>The Kent had four killed and twelve wounded, mostly caused by one shell.</p>
+
+<p>During the time the three cruisers were engaged with the Nürnberg and
+Leipzig, the Dresden, which was beyond her consorts, effected her escape
+owing to her superior speed. The Glasgow was the only cruiser with
+sufficient speed to have had any chance of success. However, she was
+fully employed in engaging the Leipzig for over an hour before either
+the Cornwall or Kent could come up and get within range. During this
+time the Dresden was able to increase her distance and get out of sight.</p>
+
+<p>The weather changed after 4 P.M., and the visibility was much reduced;
+further, the sky was overcast and cloudy, thus assisting the Dresden to
+get away unobserved.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h4>(D)&mdash;ACTION WITH THE ENEMY'S TRANSPORTS.</h4>
+
+<p>A report was received at 11:27 A.M. from H.M.S. Bristol that three ships
+of the enemy, probably transports or colliers, had appeared off Port
+Pleasant. The Bristol was ordered to take the Macedonia under his orders
+and destroy the transports.</p>
+
+<p>H.M.S. Macedonia reports that only two ships, steamships Baden and Santa
+Isabel, were present; both ships were sunk after the removal of the
+crews.</p>
+
+<p>I have pleasure in reporting that the officers and men under my orders
+carried out their duties with admirable efficiency and coolness, and
+great credit is due to the engineer officers of all the ships, several
+of which exceeded their normal full speed.</p>
+
+<p>The names of the following are specially mentioned:</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>OFFICERS.</h3>
+
+<p>Commander Richard Herbert Denny Townsend, H.M.S. Invincible.</p>
+
+<p>Commander Arthur Edward Frederick Bedford, H.M.S. Kent.</p>
+
+<p>Lieut. Commander Wilfred Arthur Thompson, H.M.S. Glasgow.</p>
+
+<p>Lieut. Commander Hubert Edward Danreuther, First and Gunnery Lieutenant,
+H.M.S. Invincible.</p>
+
+<p>Engineer Commander George Edward Andrew, H.M.S. Kent.</p>
+
+<p>Engineer Commander Edward John Weeks, H.M.S. Invincible.</p>
+
+<p>Paymaster Cyril Sheldon Johnson, H.M.S. Invincible.</p>
+
+<p>Carpenter Thomas Andrew Walls, H.M.S. Invincible.</p>
+
+<p>Carpenter William Henry Venning, H.M.S. Kent.</p>
+
+<p>Carpenter George Henry Egford, H.M.S. Cornwall.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>PETTY OFFICERS AND MEN.</h3>
+
+<p>Ch. P.O. D. Leighton, O.N. 124,288, Kent.</p>
+
+<p>P.O., 2d Cl., M.J. Walton, (R.F.R., A. 1,756,) O.N. 118,358, Kent.</p>
+
+<p>Ldg. Smn. F.S. Martin, O.N. 233,301, Invincible, Gnr's. Mate, Gunlayer,
+1st Cl.</p>
+
+<p>Sigmn. F. Glover, O.N. 225,731, Cornwall.</p>
+
+<p>Ch. E.R. Art., 2d Cl., J.G. Hill, O.N. 269,646, Cornwall.</p>
+
+<p>Actg. Ch. E.R. Art., 2d Cl., R. Snowdon, O.N. 270,654, Inflexible.</p>
+
+<p>E.R. Art., 1st Cl., G.H.F. McCarten, O.N. 270,023, Invincible.</p>
+
+<p>Stkr. P.O. G.S. Brewer, O.N. 150,950, Kent.</p>
+
+<p>Stkr. P.O. W.A. Townsend, O.N. 301,650, Cornwall.</p>
+
+<p>Stkr., 1st Cl., J. Smith, O.N. SS 111,915, Cornwall.</p>
+
+<p>Shpwrt., 1st Cl., A.N.E. England, O.N. 341,971, Glasgow.</p>
+
+<p>Shpwrt., 2d Cl., A.C.H. Dymott, O.N.M. 8,047, Kent.</p>
+
+<p>Portsmouth R.F.R.B. 3,307 Sergt. Charles Mayes, H.M.S. Kent.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">F.C.D. STURDEE.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+
+<h2>BETWEEN MIDNIGHT AND MORNING.</h2>
+
+<p>By SIR OWEN SEAMAN.</p>
+
+<p>[From King Albert's Book.]</p>
+
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">You that have faith to look with fearless eyes</p>
+<p class="l" style="text-align: right">Beyond the tragedy of a world at strife,</p>
+<p class="l">And trust that out of night and death shall rise</p>
+<p class="l" style="text-align: right">The dawn of ampler life;</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Rejoice, whatever anguish rend your heart,</p>
+<p class="l" style="text-align: right">That God has given you, for a priceless dower,</p>
+<p class="l">To live in these great times and have your part</p>
+<p class="l" style="text-align: right">In Freedom's crowning hour.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">That you may tell your sons who see the light</p>
+
+<p class="l" style="text-align: right">High in the heavens, their heritage to take&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">"I saw the powers of darkness put to flight!</p>
+<p class="l" style="text-align: right">I saw the morning break!"</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+
+<h2>The Greatest of Campaigns</h2>
+
+<h2 class="sub">The French Official Account Concluded</h2>
+
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>The second and succeeding
+    installments&mdash;the first installment appeared in CURRENT HISTORY
+    for April&mdash;of the official French historical review of the
+    operations in the western theatre of war from the beginning until
+    the end of January, 1915&mdash;the first six months&mdash;are
+    described in the subjoined correspondence of The Associated
+    Press.</p> </div>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">LONDON, March 18, (Correspondence of The Associated Press.)&mdash;The
+Associated Press has received the second installment of the historical
+review emanating from French official sources of the operations in the
+Western theatre of war, from its beginning up to the end of January. It
+should be understood that the narrative is made purely from the French
+standpoint. The additional installment of the document dealing with the
+victory of the Marne, Sept. 6th to 15th, is as follows:</span></p>
+
+<p>If one examines on the map the respective positions of the German and
+French armies on Sept. 6 as previously described, it will be seen that
+by his inflection toward Meaux and Coulommiers General von Kluck was
+exposing his right to the offensive action of our left. This is the
+starting point of the victory of the Marne.</p>
+
+<p>On the evening of Sept. 5 our left army had reached the front
+Penchard-Saint-Souflet-Ver. On the 6th and 7th it continued its attacks
+vigorously with the Ourcq as objective. On the evening of the 7th it was
+some kilometers from the Ourcq, on the front
+Chambry-Marcilly-Lisieux-Acy-en-Multien. On the 8th, the Germans, who
+had in great haste reinforced their right by bringing their Second and
+Fourth Army Corps back to the north, obtained some successes by attacks
+of extreme violence. They occupied Betz, Thury-en-Valois, and
+Nanteuil-le-Haudouin. But in spite of this pressure our troops held
+their ground well. In a brilliant action they took three standards, and,
+being reinforced, prepared a new attack for the 10th. At the moment that
+this attack was about to begin the enemy was already in retreat toward
+the north. The attack became a pursuit, and on the 12th we established
+ourselves on the Aisne.</p>
+
+<div>
+<h3>LEFT OF KLUCK'S ARMY THREATENED.</h3>
+
+<p>Why did the German forces which were confronting us and on the evening
+before attacking so furiously retreat on the morning of the 10th?
+Because in bringing back on the 6th several army corps from the south to
+the north to face our left the enemy had exposed his left to the attacks
+of the British Army, which had immediately faced around toward the
+north, and to those of our armies which were prolonging the English
+lines to the right. This is what the French command had sought to bring
+about. This is what happened on Sept. 8 and allowed the development and
+rehabilitation which it was to effect.</p>
+
+<p>On the 6th the British Army had set out from the line Rozcy-Lagny and
+had that evening reached the southward bank of the Grand Morin. On the
+7th and 8th it continued its march, and on the 9th had debouched to the
+north of the Marne below Chateau-Thiery, taking in flank the German
+forces which on that day were opposing, on the Ourcq, our left army.
+Then it was that these forces began to retreat, while the British Army,
+going in pursuit and capturing seven guns and many prisoners, reached
+the Aisne between Soissons and Longueval.</p>
+
+<p>The rôle of the French Army, which was operating to the right of the
+British Army, was threefold. It had to support the British attacking on
+its left. It had on its right to support our centre, which from Sept. 7
+had been subjected to a German attack of great violence. Finally, its
+mission was to throw back the three active army corps and the reserve
+corps which faced it.</p>
+
+<p>On the 7th it made a leap forward, and on the following days reached and
+crossed the Marne, seizing, after desperate fighting, guns, howitzers,
+mitrailleuses, and 1,300,000 cartridges. On the 12th it established
+itself on the north edge of the Montagne-de-Reime in contact with our
+centre, which for its part had just forced the enemy to retreat in
+haste.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>THE ACTION OF FERE-CHAMPENOISE.</h3>
+
+<p>Our centre consisted of a new army created on Aug. 29 and of one of
+those which at the beginning of the campaign had been engaged in Belgian
+Luxemburg. The first had retreated on Aug. 29 to Sept. 5 from the Aisne
+to the north of the Marne and occupied the general front Sézanne-Mailly.</p>
+
+<p>The second, more to the east, had drawn back to the south of the line
+Humbauville-Chateau-Beauchamp-Bignicourt-Blesmes-Maurupt-le-Montoy.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy, in view of his right being arrested and the defeat of his
+enveloping movement, made a desperate effort from the 7th to the 10th to
+pierce our centre to the west and to the east of Fére-Champenoise. On
+the 8th he succeeded in forcing back the right of our new army, which
+retired as far as Gouragançon. On the 9th, at 6 o'clock in the morning,
+there was a further retreat to the south of that village, while on the
+left the other army corps also had to go back to the line
+Allemant-Connantre.</p>
+
+<p>Despite this retreat the General commanding the army ordered a general
+offensive for the same day. With the Morocco Division, whose behavior
+was heroic, he met a furious assault of the Germans on his left toward
+the marshes of Saint Gond. Then with the division which had just
+victoriously overcome the attacks of the enemy to the north of Sézanne,
+and with the whole of his left army corps, he made a flanking attack in
+the evening of the 9th upon the German forces, and notably the guard,
+which had thrown back his right army corps. The enemy, taken by
+surprise by this bold manoeuvre, did not resist, and beat a hasty
+retreat.</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th we crossed the Marne between Tours-sur-Marne and Sarry,
+driving the Germans in front of us in disorder. On the 12th we were in
+contact with the enemy to the north of the Camp de Chalons. Our other
+army of the centre, acting on the right of the one just referred to, had
+been intrusted with the mission during the 7th, 8th, and 9th of
+disengaging its neighbor, and it was only on the 10th that, being
+reinforced by an army corps from the east, it was able to make its
+action effectively felt. On the 11th the Germans retired. But,
+perceiving their danger, they fought desperately, with enormous
+expenditure of projectiles, behind strong intrenchments. On the 12th the
+result had none the less been attained, and our two centre armies were
+solidly established on the ground gained.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>THE OPERATIONS OF THE RIGHT.</h3>
+
+<p>To the right of these two armies were three others. They had orders to
+cover themselves to the north and to debouch toward the west on the
+flank of the enemy, which was operating to the west of the Argonne. But
+a wide interval in which the Germans were in force separated them from
+our centre. The attack took place, nevertheless, with very brilliant
+success for our artillery, which destroyed eleven batteries of the
+Sixteenth German Army Corps.</p>
+
+<p>On the 10th inst. the Eighth and Fifteenth German Army Corps
+counter-attacked, but were repulsed. On the 11th our progress continued
+with new successes, and on the 12th we were able to face round toward
+the north in expectation of the near and inevitable retreat of the
+enemy, which, in fact, took place from the 13th.</p>
+
+<p>The withdrawal of the mass of the German force involved also that of the
+left. From the 12th onward the forces of the enemy operating between
+Nancy and the Vosges retreated in a hurry before our two armies of the
+East, which immediately occupied the positions that the enemy had
+evacuated. The offensive of our right had thus prepared and
+consolidated in the most useful way the result secured by our left and
+our centre.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image11.png" alt="Map showing the successive stages of the Battle of the Marne." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">Map showing the successive stages of the Battle of the
+Marne.</p>
+
+
+<p>Such was this seven days' battle, in which more than two millions of men
+were engaged. Each army gained ground step by step, opening the road to
+its neighbor, supported at once by it, taking in flank the adversary
+which the day before it had attacked in front, the efforts of one
+articulating closely with those of the other, a perfect unity of
+intention and method animating the supreme command.</p>
+
+<p>To give this victory all its meaning it is necessary to add that it was
+gained by troops which for two weeks had been retreating, and which,
+when the order for the offensive was given, were found to be as ardent
+as on the first day. It has also to be said that these troops had to
+meet the whole German army, and that from the time they marched forward
+they never again fell back. Under their pressure the German retreat at
+certain times had the appearance of a rout.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the fatigue of our men, in spite of the power of the German
+heavy artillery, we took colors, guns, mitrailleuses, shells, more than
+a million cartridges, and thousands of prisoners. A German corps lost
+almost the whole of its artillery, which, from information brought by
+our airmen, was destroyed by our guns.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>"THE RUSH TO THE SEA."</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">LONDON, March 18.&mdash;The third installment of the historical review of
+the war, emanating from French official sources and purely from the
+French viewpoint, has been received by The Associated Press. The French
+narrative contains a long chapter on the siege war from the Oise to the
+Vosges, which lasted from Sept. 13 to Nov. 30. Most of the incidents in
+this prolonged and severe warfare have been recorded in the daily
+bulletins. The operations were of secondary importance, and were
+conducted on both sides with the same idea of wearing down the troops
+and the artillery of the opposing forces with the view of influencing
+the decisive result in the great theatre of war in the north. The next
+chapter deals with "the rush to the sea," Sept. 13 to Oct. 23, and is as
+follows:</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE ACTION.</h3>
+
+<p>As early as Sept. 11 the Commander in Chief had directed our left army
+to have as important forces as possible on the right bank of the Oise.
+On Sept. 17 he made that instruction more precise by ordering "a mass to
+be constituted on the left wing of our disposition, capable of coping
+with the outflanking movement of the enemy." Everything led us to expect
+that flanking movement, for the Germans are lacking in invention.
+Indeed, their effort at that time tended to a renewal of their manoeuvre
+of August. In the parallel race the opponents were bound in the end to
+be stopped only by the sea; that is what happened about Oct. 20.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans had an advantage over us, which is obvious from a glance at
+the map&mdash;the concentric form of their front, which shortened the length
+of their transports. In spite of this initial inferiority we arrived in
+time. From the middle of September to the last week in October fighting
+went on continually to the north of the Oise, but all the time we were
+fighting we were slipping northward. On the German side this movement
+brought into line more than eighteen new army corps, (twelve active army
+corps, six reserve corps, four cavalry corps.) On our side it ended in
+the constitution of three fresh armies on our left and in the transport
+into the same district of the British Army and the Belgian Army from
+Antwerp.</p>
+
+<p>For the conception and realization of this fresh and extended
+disposition the French command, in the first place, had to reduce to a
+minimum the needs for effectives of our armies to the east of the Oise,
+and afterwards to utilize to the utmost our means of transport. It
+succeeded in this, and when, at the end of October, the battle of
+Flanders opened, when the Germans, having completed the concentration of
+their forces, attempted with fierce energy to turn or to pierce our
+left, they flung themselves upon a resistance which inflicted upon them
+a complete defeat.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>DEPLOYMENT OF A FIRST ARMY.</h3>
+
+<p>The movement began on our side only with the resources of the army which
+had held the left of our front during the battle of the Marne,
+reinforced on Sept. 15 by one army corps.</p>
+
+<p>This reinforcement, not being sufficient to hold the enemy's offensive,
+(district of Vaudelincourt-Mouchy-Uaugy,) a fresh army was transported
+more to the left, with the task "of acting against the German right wing
+in order to disengage its neighbor, ... while preserving a flanking
+direction in its march in relation to the fresh units that the enemy
+might be able to put into line."</p>
+
+<p>To cover the detrainments of this fresh army in the district
+Clermont-Beauvais-Boix a cavalry corps and four territorial divisions
+were ordered to establish themselves on both banks of the Somme. In the
+wooded hills, however, which extend between the Oise and Lassigny the
+enemy displayed increasing activity. Nevertheless, the order still
+further to broaden the movement toward the left was maintained, while
+the territorial divisions were to move toward Bethune and Aubigny. The
+march to the sea went on.</p>
+
+<p>From the 21st to the 26th all our forces were engaged in the district
+Lassigny-Roye-Peronne, with alternations of reverse and success. It was
+the first act of the great struggle which was to spread as it went on.
+On the 26th the whole of the Sixth German Army was deployed against us.
+We retained all our positions, but we could do no more; consequently
+there was still the risk that the enemy, by means of a fresh afflux of
+forces, might succeed in turning us.</p>
+
+<p>Once more reinforcements, two army corps, were directed no longer on
+Beauvais, but toward Amiens. The front was then again to extend. A fresh
+army was constituted more to the north.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>DEPLOYMENT OF THE SECOND ARMY.</h3>
+
+<p>From Sept. 30 onward we could not but observe that the enemy, already
+strongly posted on the plateau of Thiepval, was continually slipping
+his forces from south to north, and everywhere confronting us with
+remarkable energy.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, on Oct. 1 two cavalry corps were directed to make a leap
+forward and, operating on both banks of the Scarpe, to put themselves in
+touch with the garrison of Dunkirk, which, on its side, had pushed
+forward as far as Douai. But on Oct. 2 and 3 the bulk of our fresh army
+was very strongly attacked in the district of Arras and Lens.
+Confronting it were two corps of cavalry, the guards, four active army
+corps, and two reserve corps. A fresh French army corps was immediately
+transported and detrained in the Lille district.</p>
+
+<p>But once more the attacks became more pressing, and on Oct. 4 it was a
+question whether, in view of the enemy's activity both west of the Oise
+and south of the Somme, and also further to the north, a retreat would
+not have to be made. General Joffre resolutely put this hypothesis aside
+and ordered the offensive to be resumed with the reinforcements that had
+arrived. It was, however, clear that, despite the efforts of all, our
+front, extended to the sea as it was by a mere ribbon of troops, did not
+possess the solidity to enable it to resist with complete safety a
+German attack, the violence of which could well be foreseen.</p>
+
+<p>In the Arras district the position was fairly good. But between the Oise
+and Arras we were holding our own only with difficulty. Finally, to the
+north, on the Lille-Estaires-Merville-Hazebrouck-Cassel front, our
+cavalry and our territorials had their work cut out against eight
+divisions of German cavalry, with very strong infantry supports. It was
+at this moment that the transport of the British Army to the northern
+theatre of operations began.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image12a.png"
+alt="VICE ADMIRAL H.R.H. THE DUKE OF THE ABRUZZI&mdash;Cousin of the King of
+Italy, Commander of the dreadnought squadron of the Italian Navy.&mdash;(Photo
+(c) by Pach Bros., N.Y.)" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">VICE ADMIRAL H.R.H. THE DUKE OF THE ABRUZZI&mdash;<br/>
+Cousin of the King of Italy, Commander of the dreadnought squadron<br/>
+of the Italian Navy.&mdash;<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Photo (c) by Pach Bros., N.Y.)</span></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image13a.png" alt="H.M. FERDINAND I.&mdash;Tsar of the Bulgars.&mdash;(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">H.M. FERDINAND I.&mdash;Tsar of the Bulgars.&mdash;<br/>
+<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>THE TRANSPORT OF THE BRITISH ARMY.</h3>
+
+<p>Field Marshal French had, as early as the end of September, expressed
+the wish to see his army resume its initial place on the left of the
+allied armies. He explained this wish on the ground of the greater
+facility of which his communications would have the advantage in this
+new position, and also of the impending arrival of two divisions of
+infantry from home and of two infantry divisions and a cavalry division
+from India, which would be able to deploy more easily on that terrain.
+In spite of the difficulties which such a removal involved, owing to the
+intensive use of the railways by our own units, General Joffre decided
+at the beginning of October to meet the Field Marshal's wishes and to
+have the British Army removed from the Aisne.</p>
+
+<p>It was clearly specified that on the northern terrain the British Army
+should co-operate to the same end as ourselves, the stopping of the
+German right. In other terms, the British Army was to prolong the front
+of the general disposition without a break, attacking as soon as
+possible, and at the same time seeking touch with the Belgian Army.</p>
+
+<p>But the detraining took longer than had been expected, and it was not
+possible to attack the Germans during the time when they had only
+cavalry in the Lille district and further to the north.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>THE ARRIVAL OF THE BELGIAN ARMY.</h3>
+
+<p>There remained the Belgian Army. On leaving Antwerp on Oct. 9 the
+Belgian Army, which was covered by 8,000 British bluejackets and 6,000
+French bluejackets, at first intended to retire as far as to the north
+of Calais, but afterwards determined to make a stand in Belgian
+territory. Unfortunately, the condition of the Belgian troops, exhausted
+by a struggle of more than three months, did not allow any immediate
+hopes to be based upon them. This situation weighed on our plans and
+delayed their execution.</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th we made progress to the east of Ypres. On the 18th our
+cavalry even reached Roulers and Cortemark. But it was now evident that,
+in view of the continual reinforcing of the German right, our left was
+not capable of maintaining the advantages obtained during the previous
+few days. To attain our end and make our front inviolable a fresh effort
+was necessary. That effort was immediately made by the dispatch to the
+north of the Lys of considerable French forces, which formed the French
+Army of Belgium.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>THE FRENCH ARMY OF BELGIUM.</h3>
+
+<p>The French Army of Belgium consisted, to begin with, of two territorial
+divisions, four divisions of cavalry, and a naval brigade. Directly
+after its constitution it was strengthened by elements from other points
+on the front whose arrival extended from Oct. 27 to Nov. 11. These
+reinforcements were equivalent altogether in value to five army corps, a
+division of cavalry, a territorial division, and sixteen regiments of
+cavalry, plus sixty pieces of heavy artillery.</p>
+
+<p>Thus was completed the strategic manoeuvre defined by the instructions
+of the General in Chief on Sept. 11 and developed during the five
+following weeks with the ampleness we have just seen. The movements of
+troops carried out during this period were methodically combined with
+the pursuit of operations, both defensive and offensive, from the Oise
+to the North Sea.</p>
+
+<p>On Oct. 22 our left, bounded six weeks earlier by the Noyon district,
+rested on Nieuport, thanks to the successive deployment of five fresh
+armies&mdash;three French armies, the British Army, and the Belgian Army.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the co-ordination decided upon by the General in Chief attained its
+end. The barrier was established. It remained to maintain it against the
+enemy's offensive. That was the object and the result of the battle of
+Flanders, Oct. 22 to Nov. 15.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>OPERATIONS IN FLANDERS.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The fourth installment of the French review takes up the operations in
+Flanders, as follows:</span></p>
+
+<p>The German attack in Flanders was conducted strategically and tactically
+with remarkable energy. The complete and indisputable defeat in which it
+resulted is therefore significant.</p>
+
+<p>The forces of which the enemy disposed for this operation between the
+sea and the Lys comprised:</p>
+
+<p>(1) The entire Fourth Army commanded by the Duke of Württemberg,
+consisting of one naval division, one division of Ersatz Reserve, (men
+who had received no training before the war,) which was liberated by the
+fall of Antwerp; the Twenty-second, Twenty-third, Twenty-sixth and
+Twenty-seventh Reserve Corps, and the Forty-eighth Division belonging to
+the Twenty-fourth Reserve Corps.</p>
+
+<p>(2) A portion of another army under General von Fabeck, consisting of
+the Fifteenth Corps, two Bavarian corps and three (unspecified)
+divisions.</p>
+
+<p>(3) Part of the Sixth Army under the command of the Crown Prince of
+Bavaria. This army, more than a third of which took part in the battle
+of Flanders, comprised the Nineteenth Army Corps, portions of the
+Thirteenth Corps and the Eighteenth Reserve Corps, the Seventh and
+Fourteenth Corps, the First Bavarian Reserve Corps, the Guards, and the
+Fourth Army Corps.</p>
+
+<p>(4) Four highly mobile cavalry corps prepared and supported the action
+of the troops enumerated above. Everything possible had been done to
+fortify the "morale" of the troops. At the beginning of October the
+Crown Prince of Bavaria in a proclamation had exhorted his soldiers "to
+make the decisive effort against the French left wing," and "to settle
+thus the fate of the great battle which has lasted for weeks."</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image14.png" alt="Map showing the swaying battle line from Belfort to the North Sea and the intrenched line on April 15, 1915." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">Map showing the swaying battle line from Belfort to the
+North Sea and the intrenched line on April 15, 1915.</p>
+
+
+<p>On Oct. 28, Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria declared in an army order that
+his troops "had just been fighting under very difficult conditions,"
+and he added: "It is our business now not to let the struggle with our
+most detested enemy drag on longer.... The decisive blow is still to be
+struck." On Oct. 30, General von Deimling, commanding the Fifteenth Army
+Corps (belonging to General von Fabeck's command,) issued an order
+declaring that "the thrust against Ypres will be of decisive
+importance." It should be noted also that the Emperor proceeded in
+person to Thielt and Courtrai to exalt by his presence the ardor of his
+troops. Finally, at the close of October, the entire German press
+incessantly proclaimed the importance of the "Battle of Calais." It is
+superfluous to add that events in Poland explain in a large measure the
+passionate resolve of the German General Staff to obtain a decision in
+the Western theatre of operations at all costs. This decision would be
+obtained if our left were pierced or driven in. To reach Calais, that
+is, to break our left; to carry Ypres, that is, to cut it in half;
+through both points to menace the communications and supplies of the
+British expeditionary corps, perhaps even to threaten Britain in her
+island&mdash;such was the German plan in the Battle of Flanders. It was a
+plan that could not be executed.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>CHECK OF GERMAN ATTACK.</h3>
+
+<p>The enemy, who had at his disposal a considerable quantity of heavy
+artillery, directed his efforts at first upon the coast and the country
+to the north of Dixmude. His objective was manifestly the capture of
+Dunkirk, then of Calais and Boulogne, and this objective he pursued
+until Nov. 1.</p>
+
+<p>On Oct. 23 the Belgians along the railway line from Nieuport to Dixmude
+were strengthened by a French division. Dixmude was occupied by our
+marines (fusiliers marins). During the subsequent day our forces along
+the railway developed a significant resistance against an enemy superior
+in number and backed by heavy artillery. On the 29th the inundations
+effected between the canal and the railway line spread along our front.
+On the 30th we recaptured Ramscapelle, the only point on the railway
+which Belgians had lost. On the 1st and 2d of November the enemy
+bombarded Furnes, but began to show signs of weariness. On the 2d he
+evacuated the ground between the Yser and the railway, abandoning
+cannon, dead and wounded. On the 3d our troops were able to re-enter the
+Dixmude district. The success achieved by the enemy at Dixmude at this
+juncture was without fruit. They succeeded in taking the town. They
+could not debouch from it. The coastal attack had thus proved a total
+failure. Since then it has never been renewed. The Battle of Calais, so
+noisily announced by the German press, amounted to a decided reverse for
+the Germans.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>GERMAN DEFEAT AT YPRES.</h3>
+
+<p>The enemy had now begun an attack more important than its predecessor,
+in view of the numbers engaged in it. This attack was intended as a
+renewal to the south of the effort which had just been shattered in the
+north. Instead of turning our flank on the coast, it was now sought to
+drive in the right of our northern army under the shock of powerful
+masses. This was the Battle of Ypres.</p>
+
+<p>In order to understand this long, desperate, and furious battle, we must
+hark back a few days in point of time. At the moment when our cavalry
+reached Roulers and Cortemark (Oct. 28) our territorial divisions from
+Dunkirk, under General Biden, had occupied and organized a defensive
+position at Ypres. It was a point d'appui, enabling us to prepare and
+maintain our connections with the Belgian Army. From Oct. 23 two British
+and French army corps were in occupation of this position, which was to
+be the base of their forward march in the direction of Roulers-Menin.
+The delays already explained and the strength of the forces brought up
+by the enemy soon brought to a standstill our progress along the line
+Poelcapelle, Paschendaele, Zandvorde, and Gheluvelt. But in spite of the
+stoppage here, Ypres was solidly covered, and the connections of all the
+allied forces were established. Against the line thus formed the German
+attack was hurled from Oct. 25 to Nov. 13, to the north, the east, and
+the south of Ypres. From Oct. 26 on the attacks were renewed daily with
+extraordinary violence, obliging us to employ our reinforcements at the
+most threatened points as soon as they came up. Thus, on Oct. 31, we
+were obliged to send supports to the British cavalry, then to the two
+British corps between which the cavalry formed the connecting link, and
+finally to intercalate between these two corps a force equivalent to two
+army corps. Between Oct. 30 and Nov. 6 Ypres was several times in
+danger. The British lost Zandvorde, Gheluvelt, Messines, and Wytschaete.
+The front of the Allies, thus contracted, was all the more difficult to
+defend; but defended it was without a recoil.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>REINFORCEMENTS ARRIVE.</h3>
+
+<p>The arrival of three French divisions in our line enabled us to resume
+from the 4th to the 8th a vigorous offensive. On the 10th and 11th this
+offensive, brought up against fresh and sharper German attacks, was
+checked. Before it could be renewed the arrival of fresh reinforcements
+had to be awaited, which were dispatched to the north on Nov. 12. By the
+14th our troops had again begun to progress, barring the road to Ypres
+against the German attacks, and inflicting on the enemy, who advanced in
+massed formation, losses which were especially terrible in consequence
+of the fact that the French and British artillery had crowded nearly 300
+guns on to these few kilometers of front.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the main mass of the Germans sustained the same defeat as the
+detachments operating further to the north along the coast. The support
+which, according to the idea of the German General Staff, the attack on
+Ypres was to render to the coastal attack, was as futile as that attack
+itself had been.</p>
+
+<p>During the second half of November the enemy, exhausted and having lost
+in the Battle of Ypres alone more than 150,000 men, did not attempt to
+renew his effort, but confined himself to an intermittent cannonade.
+We, on the contrary, achieved appreciable progress to the north and
+south of Ypres, and insured definitely by a powerful defensive
+organization of the position the inviolability of our front.</p>
+
+<p>[The compiler of the report here adds a footnote saying that the bodies
+of more than 40,000 Germans were found on the battlefield during these
+three weeks of battle. The report next proceeds to summarize the
+character and results of the operations since the Battle of
+Flanders&mdash;that is, during the period Nov. 30-Feb. 1.]</p>
+
+<p>Since the former date the French supreme command had not thought it
+advisable to embark upon important offensive operations. It has confined
+itself to local attacks, the main object of which was to hold in front
+of us as large a number of German corps as possible, and thus to hinder
+the withdrawal of the troops which to our knowledge the German General
+Staff was anxious to dispatch to Russia.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>FEW SENT TO THE EAST.</h3>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact, the numbers transported to the eastern front have
+been very moderate. Of the fifty-two army corps which faced us on the
+western front, Germany has only been able to take four and one-half
+corps for the eastern front. On the other hand, climatic conditions&mdash;the
+rain, mud, and mist&mdash;were such as to diminish the effectiveness of
+offensive operations and to add to the costliness of any undertaken,
+which was another reason for postponing them. Still another reason lies
+in the fact that from now on the allied forces can count upon a steadily
+expanding growth, equally in point of numbers and units as of material,
+while the German forces have attained the maximum of their power, and
+can only diminish now both in numbers and in value. These conditions
+explain the character of the siege warfare which the operations have
+assumed during the period under review.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image15.png" alt="Map illustrating the Battle of Flanders, the Battle of Ypres, and the terrain of the frustrated German efforts to reach Dunkirk and Calais." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">Map illustrating the Battle of Flanders, the Battle of
+Ypres, and the terrain of the frustrated German efforts to reach Dunkirk
+and Calais.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, it is by no means the case that the siege warfare has had the
+same results for the Germans as for us. From Nov. 15 to Feb. 1, our
+opponents, in spite of very numerous attacks, did not succeed in taking
+anything from us, except a few hundred metres of ground to the north of
+Soissons. We, on the contrary, have obtained numerous and appreciable
+results.</p>
+
+<p>[The French writer here proceeds to strike a balance of gains and losses
+between the allied and the German forces in France during the Winter
+campaign. The result he sums up as follows:]</p>
+
+<p>1. A general progress of our troops; very marked at certain points.</p>
+
+<p>2. A general falling back of the enemy, except to the northeast of
+Soissons.</p>
+
+<p>To complete the balance it must be added that:</p>
+
+<p>1. The German offensive in Poland was checked a month ago.</p>
+
+<p>2. The Russian offensive continues in Galicia and the Carpathians.</p>
+
+<p>3. A large part of the Turkish Caucasian army has been annihilated.</p>
+
+<p>4. Germany has exhausted her resources of officers, (there are now on an
+average twelve officers to a regiment,) and henceforth will only be able
+to develop her resources in men to the detriment of the existing units.</p>
+
+<p>5. The allied armies, on the contrary, possess the power of reinforcing
+themselves in a very considerable degree.</p>
+
+<p>It may, therefore, be declared that in order to obtain complete success
+it is sufficient for France and her allies to know how to wait and to
+prepare victory with indefatigable patience.</p>
+
+<p>The German offensive is broken.</p>
+
+<p>The German defensive will be broken in its turn.</p>
+
+<p>[It is evident from the report that the numbered German army corps are
+Prussian corps unless otherwise specified.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>THE FRENCH ARMY AS IT IS.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">LONDON, March 18, (Correspondence of The Associated Press.)&mdash;All of
+Part II., of the historical review of the war, emanating from French
+official sources, and purely from the French viewpoint, has been
+received by The Associated Press. Part II, deals with the conditions in
+the French Army, furnishing a most interesting chapter on this subject
+under the title, "The French Army as it Is."</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The compiler of the report, beginning this part of his review on Feb.
+1, says that the condition of the French Army is excellent and
+appreciably superior to what it was at the beginning of the war from the
+three points of view of numbers, quality, and equipment. Continuing, he
+says:</span></p>
+
+<p>In the higher command important changes have been made. It has, in fact,
+been rejuvenated by the promotion of young commanders of proved quality
+to high rank. All the old Generals, who at the beginning of August were
+at the head of large commands, have been gradually eliminated, some as
+the result of the physical strain of war and others by appointment to
+territorial commands. This rejuvenation of the higher ranks of the army
+has been carried out in a far-reaching manner, and it may be said that
+it has embraced all the grades of the military hierarchy from commanders
+of brigades to commanders of armies. The result has been to lower the
+average age of general officers by ten years. Today more than
+three-fourths of the officers commanding armies and army corps are less
+than 60 years of age. Some are considerably younger. A number of the
+army corps commanders are from 46 to 54 years of age, and the brigade
+commanders are usually under 50. There are, in fact, at the front
+extremely few general officers over 60, and these are men who are in
+full possession of their physical and intellectual powers.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>MANY COLONELS PROMOTED.</h3>
+
+<p>This rejuvenation of the high command was facilitated by a number of
+circumstances, notable among which were the strengthening of the higher
+regimental ranks carried out during the three years preceding the war,
+as a result of which at the outset of the campaign each infantry
+regiment had two Lieutenant Colonels, and each cavalry and artillery
+regiment a Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel, and also the system of
+promotion for the duration of the war. Many officers who began the war
+as Colonels now command brigades. Some are even at the head of divisions
+or army corps. Ability proved on the field of battle is now immediately
+recognized and utilized, and in this way it has been possible to provide
+in the most favorable manner for the vacancies created by the changes in
+command which were considered necessary in the first weeks of the war.</p>
+
+<p>The higher grades of the French Army are inspired by a remarkable unity
+in the matter of military theory, and by a solidarity of spirit which
+has found striking expression in the course of the numerous moves of
+army corps from one part of the theatre of operations to another, which
+have been carried out since the beginning of the war.</p>
+
+<p>The cavalry after six months of war still possesses an excess of
+officers. There are on an average thirty-six officers to a regiment
+instead of the thirty-one considered to be the necessary minimum. The
+artillery, which has suffered relatively little, has also an excess of
+officers, and is further able to count upon a large number of Captains
+and other officers, who before the war were employed in the arsenals or
+in technical research. Finally the reserve artillery officers have
+nearly all proved to be excellent battery commanders.</p>
+
+<p>The losses in the junior commissioned ranks have naturally been highest
+in the infantry. There is, however, nothing like a want of officers in
+this arm. Many Captains and Lieutenants who have been wounded by
+machine-gun fire (such wounds are usually slight and quickly healed,)
+have been able to return speedily to the front. The reserve officers
+have in general done remarkably well, and in many cases have shown quite
+exceptional aptitude for the rank of company commanders. The
+non-commissioned officers promoted to sub-Lieutenancies make excellent
+section leaders, and even show themselves very clever and energetic
+company commanders in the field.</p>
+
+<p>It must be remembered also that thanks to the intellectual and physical
+development of the generation now serving with the colors; and thanks,
+above all, to the warlike qualities of the race, and the democratic
+spirit of our army, we have been able to draw upon the lower grades and
+even upon the rank and file for officers. Many men who began the war on
+Aug. 2 as privates, now wear the officers' epaulettes. The elasticity of
+our regulations regarding promotion in war time, the absence of the
+spirit of caste, and the friendly welcome extended by all officers to
+those of their military inferiors who have shown under fire their
+fitness to command, have enabled us to meet all requirements.</p>
+
+<p>The state of our infantry on Jan. 15 was very satisfactory and much
+superior to that of the German infantry. On an average each of our
+regiments has forty-eight officers, including eighteen regular officers,
+fifteen reserve officers, and fifteen non-commissioned officers. In each
+regiment six of the twelve companies are commanded by Captains who are
+regular officers, three by Captains of the reserve and three by
+Lieutenants. Each company has at least three officers. The state of the
+army as regards the commissioned ranks from the highest to the lowest is
+declared to be exceptionally brilliant. The army is led by young,
+well-trained, and daring chiefs, and the lower commissioned ranks have
+acquired the art of war by experience.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>2,500,000 FRENCH AT FRONT.</h3>
+
+<p>Including all ranks, France now has more than 2,500,000 men at the
+front, and every unit is, or was on Jan. 15, at war strength. The
+infantry companies are at least 200 strong. In many regiments the
+companies have a strength of 250 or more.</p>
+
+<p>In other arms, which have suffered less than the infantry, the units are
+all up to, or above, regulation strength.</p>
+
+<p>This fact constitutes one of the most important advantages of the French
+Army over the Germans. While Germany has created a great number of new
+units, army corps or divisions, which absorbed at a blow all of her
+available resources in officers and men, the French supreme command has
+avoided the formation of new units, except in limited number, and has
+only admitted exceptions to this rule when it was able to count with
+certainty on being able to provide amply for both the present and future
+requirements of the new units, as regards all ranks, without encroaching
+upon the reserves needed for the existing units.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time, thanks to the depots in the interior of the country,
+the effectives at the front have been maintained at full strength. The
+sources of supply for this purpose were the remainder of the eleven
+classes of the reserves, the younger classes of the territorial army,
+and the new class of 1914. A large number of the men wounded in the
+earlier engagements of the war have been able to return to the front.
+They have been incorporated in the new drafts, providing these with a
+useful stiffening of war-tried men.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the supplies of men upon which the army can draw to
+repair the wastage at the front, we learn that there are practically
+half as many men in the depots as at the front, in other words about
+1,250,000. Further supplies of men are provided by the class of 1915 and
+the revision of the various categories of men of military age previously
+exempted on grounds of health or for other reasons from the duty of
+bearing arms. As a result of this measure nearly half a million men have
+been claimed for the army, almost all of whom, after rigorous physical
+tests, have been declared fit for military service.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>DRILLED BY CONVALESCENTS.</h3>
+
+<p>In the depots in which the new soldiers are being trained the services
+of many officers and non-commissioned officers discharged as
+convalescents after being wounded are utilized in order to give a
+practical turn to the instruction. There are still many voluntary
+enlistments, and with all these resources of men the army can count upon
+reinforcements soon to be available which will considerably augment its
+offensive power.</p>
+
+<p>The quality of the troops has improved perceptibly since the beginning
+of the war. The men have become hardened and used to war, and their
+health&mdash;largely owing to the excellence of the commissariat&mdash;is
+extremely satisfactory. In spite of the severity of the Winter hardly
+any cases of disease of the respiratory organs have occurred, and the
+sanitary returns of the army show an appreciable improvement on those of
+the preceding Winter.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the reserves, experience has verified the dictum of the
+Serbian and Bulgarian Generals in the war of 1913, namely, that "two
+months in the field are necessary in order to get at the full value of
+reserves." Our infantry is now accustomed to the rapid and thorough
+"organization" of the defensive. In August it neither liked nor had the
+habit of using the spade. Today those who see our trenches are
+astounded. They are veritable improvised fortresses, proof against the
+77-millimeter gun and often against artillery of higher calibre. During
+the last five months not a single encounter can be cited in which our
+infantry did not have the advantage over the German infantry. All the
+enemy's attacks have been repulsed, except to the north of Soissons,
+where their success was due to the flooded state of the Aisne and the
+carrying away of our bridges. Our attacks, on the other hand, have
+yielded important results, and have been carried out with plenty of
+spirit, although without the imprudence which cost us such heavy losses
+in August.</p>
+
+<p>The cavalry has made remarkable progress. Throughout October this branch
+was called on to eke out the inadequate numbers of the infantry, and
+showed itself perfectly adapted to the necessities of fighting on foot.
+Several regiments of cavalry have been used as infantry, and, armed with
+rifles, have rendered the most valuable services.</p>
+
+<p>The artillery has displayed a superiority in the use of its admirable
+material, which is recognized by the Germans themselves.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">LONDON, March 27, (Correspondence of The Associated Press.)&mdash;Further
+installments of the French official review of the condition of the
+French Army after six months of war have been obtained by The Associated
+Press. The sixth installment deals with material, artillery, transport,
+and supplies, and the seventh takes up the situation of the German Army
+and makes an analysis of the German forces in the field and available
+for service.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The first chapter of the seventh installment, headed "The German
+Effort," opens with a statement as to the German forces at the beginning
+of the campaign. The writer says:</span></p>
+
+<p>The military effort of Germany at the outset of the campaign exceeded
+all anticipations. Her design was to crush the French Army in a few
+weeks under a tremendous mass of troops. Nothing was neglected to bring
+that mass together.</p>
+
+<p>The number of German army corps in time of peace is twenty-five. When
+war began the German General Staff put in the field on the two theatres
+of operations: 1, as fighting troops, (active, reserve, Ersatz or
+Landwehr,) sixty-one army corps; 2, as troops to guard communications
+and territory, formations of the Landsturm.</p>
+
+<p>In October six and a half new army corps made their appearance, plus a
+division of sailors&mdash;in all seven corps. From the end of November to the
+end of December there was only an insignificant increase, consisting of
+the division of sailors. In January, 1915, the number of fighting
+formations put into line by the German Army was therefore sixty-nine
+army corps, divided as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Active corps, twenty-five and a half; reserve corps, twenty-one and a
+half; Ersatz brigades, six and a half; reserve corps of new formation,
+seven and a half, and corps of Landwehr, eight and a half.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>GERMANY'S GREAT INITIAL EFFORT.</h3>
+
+<p>The immense effort thus made by Germany explains itself very well, if,
+having regard to the position of Germany at the opening of the war, one
+considers that of the Allies. Germany desired to take advantage of the
+circumstances which enabled her to make a simultaneous mobilization of
+all her forces&mdash;a mobilization which the three allied armies could not
+carry out so rapidly. Germany wished with the mass of troops to crush
+first of all the adversary who appeared to her the most dangerous. This
+effort, broken for the first time on the Marne, attained its maximum at
+the moment of the battle of Flanders, in which more than fifty army
+corps out of sixty-nine were pitted against the French, British, and
+Belgian Armies.</p>
+
+<p>Here also the method followed by Germany is easily comprehensible. At
+the end of October the Russian danger was beginning to become pressing,
+and it was necessary to win a decisive victory in the western theatre of
+the war. It was imperative to give international opinion the impression
+that Germany remained in that quarter mistress of operations. Finally,
+it behooved her by this victory to gain the freedom to transport a large
+number of army corps to Poland. We have seen that the battle of
+Flanders, instead of being a success for Germany, was a marked defeat.
+This defeat was fraught with results, and it dominates the present
+position of the German Army. The plans above described of the German
+mobilization, which had their justification in view of a prompt victory,
+were calculated to become extremely perilous from the moment that that
+victory failed to be gained.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>INITIATIVE LOST BY GERMANY.</h3>
+
+<p>From that moment, in fact, Germany lost the initiative and the direction
+of the war. And, furthermore, she was condemned to suffer the
+counter-effects of the enormous and precipitate effort which she had
+made in vain. From the point of view of her effectiveness and her
+regimental cadres, (basic organization,) she had undergone a wastage
+which her adversaries, on the other hand, had been able to save
+themselves. She had, in the words of the proverb, put all her eggs in
+one basket, and in spite of her large population she could no longer,
+owing to the immediate and sterile abuse which she had made of her
+resources, pretend to regain the superiority of numbers.</p>
+
+<p>She was reduced to facing as best she could on both war fronts the
+unceasingly increasing forces of the Allies. She had attained the
+maximum of tension and had secured a minimum of results. She had thus
+landed herself in a difficulty which will henceforward go on increasing
+and which is made clear when the wastage which her army has suffered is
+closely studied.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>WASTAGE OF GERMAN EFFECTIVES.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Chapter II. of this section of the review bears the headline "Wastage
+of German Effectives."</span></p>
+
+<p>The wastage of effectives is easy to establish, it says. We have for the
+purpose two sources&mdash;the official lists of losses published by the
+German General Staff and the notebooks, letters, and archives of
+soldiers and officers killed and taken prisoners. These different
+documents show that by the middle of January the German losses on the
+two fronts were 1,800,000 men.</p>
+
+<p>These figures are certainly less than the reality, because, for one
+thing, the sick are not comprised, and, for another, the losses in the
+last battle in Poland are not included. Let us accept them, however; let
+us accept also that out of these 1,800,000 men 500,000&mdash;this is the
+normal proportion&mdash;have been able to rejoin after being cured. Thus the
+final loss for five months of the campaign has been 1,300,000 men, or
+260,000 men per month. These figures agree exactly with what can be
+ascertained when the variations of effectives in certain regiments are
+examined.</p>
+
+<p>It is certain that the majority of the German regiments have had to be
+completely renewed. What, then, is the situation created by these
+enormous losses?</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">This question is answered by a statement headed "German troops
+available for 1915."</span></p>
+
+<p>The total of German formations known at the beginning of January, says
+the review, represented in round numbers 4,000,000 men. According to the
+official reports on German recruiting, the entire resources of Germany
+in men amount to 9,000,000. But from these 9,000,000 have to be deducted
+men employed on railways, in the police, and in certain administrations
+and industries&mdash;altogether 500,000 men. The total resources available
+for the war were therefore 8,500,000. Out of these about one-half, say
+4,000,000, are now at the front. The definitive losses represent at
+least 1,300,000 men. The available resources amounted, then, at the
+beginning of January, to 3,200,000 men.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>GERMANY'S RESERVES UNTRAINED.</h3>
+
+<p>Of what are these resources composed? Chiefly of men who were untrained
+in time of peace, the trained reservists having almost all left the
+depots for the front. It has, moreover, to be noted that out of these
+3,200,000 men there are, according to the statistics, 800,000 who are
+more than 39 years of age, and therefore of only mediocre military
+value. Thus there remain 2,400,000. Finally, the category of the
+untrained in peace comprises, according to the estimates of German
+military authorities themselves, one-quarter of inefficients.</p>
+
+<p>The really valuable resources capable of campaigning are therefore just
+2,000,000. These men, comprising the 1915, 1916, and 1917 classes,
+called out in anticipation, constitute&mdash;and this point cannot be too
+strongly insisted upon&mdash;the total of available resources for the
+operations during the twelve months of 1915. As to what the military
+value of these troops will be, considering the haste with which they
+have been trained, the formidable losses sustained in the battle of
+Flanders by the newly formed corps show very clearly. Their military
+value will be limited.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>GERMAN LOSSES 260,000 A MONTH.</h3>
+
+<p>When it is remembered that, according to the German documents
+themselves, the definite loss each month is 260,000 men, it is manifest
+that the available resources for the year 1915 will not suffice to fill
+the gaps of a war of ten months.</p>
+
+<p>It is then superabundantly established that in the matter of effectives
+Germany has reached the maximum of possible effort. If with the men at
+present available she creates, as it is certain that she is preparing to
+do at this moment, fresh formations, she will be preventing herself, if
+the war lasts another ten months, as is admissible, from being able to
+complete afresh her old formations. If she creates no new formations,
+she will have in 1915 exactly what is necessary and no more to complete
+the existing units afresh.</p>
+
+<p>Bearing in mind the ways of the German General Staff, one may suppose
+that, disregarding the eventual impossibility of recompleting, it is
+still addressing itself to creating new formations. The weakness to
+which Germany will expose herself in the matter of effectives has just
+been set forth, and it is easy to show that this weakness will be still
+further aggravated by the wastage in the regimental orders.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>PRAISES FRENCH "SEVENTY-FIVES."</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">In the sixth installment, beginning with the field gun, the famous
+"seventy-fives," the compiler of the report, after rehearsing the
+splendid qualities of this weapon&mdash;its power, its rapidity of action,
+and its precision&mdash;points out that it possesses a degree of strength and
+endurance which makes it an implement of war of the first order.</span></p>
+
+<p>It may be stated without hesitation [says the review] that our
+"seventy-five" guns are in as perfect condition today as they were on
+the first day of the war, although the use made of them has exceeded all
+calculations. The consumption of projectiles was, in fact, so enormous
+as to cause for a moment an ammunition crisis, which, however, was
+completely overcome several weeks ago.</p>
+
+<p>The methodical and complete exploitation of all the resources of the
+country, organized since the beginning of the war, has enabled us to
+accumulate a considerable stock of fresh munitions, and an increasing
+rate of production is henceforth assured. We are thus sure of being able
+to provide without particular effort for all the needs of the campaign,
+present and future, however long the war may last, and it is this
+certainty which has enabled us to supply projectiles to several of the
+allied armies, among others, to the Serbian and Belgian armies. From
+the statements of German prisoners we have learned that the
+effectiveness of our new projectiles is superior to that of the old
+ones.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>FRENCH HEAVY GUNS SUPERIOR.</h3>
+
+<p>Our heavy artillery was in process of reorganization when the war broke
+out, with the result that we were indisputably in a position of
+inferiority in respect of this arm during the first battles. But today
+the rôles have been changed and our adversaries themselves acknowledge
+the superiority of our heavy artillery.</p>
+
+<p>The change has been brought about in various ways, partly by the intense
+activity of the cannon foundries in new production, partly by the
+employment at the front of the enormous reserves of artillery preserved
+in the fortresses. The very large number of heavy guns at the front
+represents only a part of the total number available for use. There is
+an abundant stock of projectiles for the heavy artillery, which, as in
+the case of the field gun ammunition, is daily growing in importance.
+The same is true of the reserves of powder and other explosives and of
+all materials needed for the manufacture of shells.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to small arms, hand grenades, bombs, and all the devices for
+lifetaking which the trench warfare at short distance has brought into
+use, the position of the French troops is in every way favorable.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">There follows a passage on the development of the machine gun in this
+kind of warfare.</span></p>
+
+<p>Owing to the extended use of this weapon, the number supplied to the
+various units has been appreciably increased, says the review. Not only
+is each unit in possession of its full regulation complement of machine
+guns, but the number of these guns attached to each unit has been
+increased since Feb. 1 by one-third.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The report next passes to the transport service, which, it says, has
+worked with remarkable precision since the beginning of the war. This
+section of the review closes by referring to food supplies for the army,
+which are described as abundant.</span></p>
+
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">LONDON, March 27, (Correspondence of The Associated Press.)&mdash;The eighth
+installment of the French official review of the war, previous chapters
+of which have been published, takes up the German losses of officers,
+the wastage of guns and projectiles, and "the moral wastage of the
+German Army."</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The chapter on losses of officers begins with the statement that the
+condition of the cadres, or basic organizations, in the German Army is
+bad. The proportion of officers, and notably of officers by profession,
+has been enormously reduced, it says; and a report made in December
+showed that in a total of 124 companies, active or reserve, there were
+only 49 officers of the active army. The active regiments have at the
+present time, according to the review, an average of 12 professional
+officers; the reserve regiments, 9 to 10; the reserve regiments of new
+formation, 6 to 7; and it is to be remembered that these officers have
+to be drawn upon afresh for the creation of new units.</span></p>
+
+<p>"If Germany creates new army corps, and if the war lasts ten months," it
+continues, "she will reduce almost to nothing the number of professional
+officers in each regiment, a number which already is very insufficient."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>FRENCH CONDITIONS IN CONTRAST.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The French report points out that on the other hand, all the French
+regiments have been constantly kept at a minimum figure of eighteen
+professional officers per regiment. At the same time it admits that the
+commanders of German corps, commanders of active battalions, and the
+officers attached to the commanders of army corps are officers by
+profession.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The French report then addresses itself to the wastage of material.
+Discussing the wastage of guns, it says:</span></p>
+
+<p>It is easy to ascertain the German losses in artillery. On Dec. 28 the
+Sixty-sixth Regiment of Artillery entrained at Courtrai for Germany
+twenty-two guns, of which eighteen were used up. This figure is
+extremely high for a single regiment.</p>
+
+<p>The same facts have been ascertained as regards heavy artillery. On
+Dec. 21 and 22 seventy-seven guns of heavy artillery, which were no
+longer serviceable, were sent to Cologne. These movements, which are not
+isolated facts, show how ill the German artillery has resisted the
+ordeal of the campaign.</p>
+
+<p>Other proofs, moreover, are decisive. For some weeks we have noted the
+very peculiar aspect of the marking on the bands of a great number of
+shells of the 77 gun. When these markings are compared with those of
+shells fired three months ago it is plain beyond all question that the
+tubes are worn and that many of them require to be replaced. This loss
+in guns is aggravated by the necessity which has arisen of drawing upon
+the original army corps for the guns assigned to the recently formed
+corps or those in course of formation. Several regiments of field
+artillery have, in fact, had to give up two batteries.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>WEARING OUT OF MATERIAL.</h3>
+
+<p>These two phenomena&mdash;wearing out of material and drafts upon
+batteries&mdash;will inevitably result either in the reduction of batteries
+from six to four guns, a reduction of the number of batteries in the
+army corps, or the partial substitution for 77 guns of 9-centimeter
+cannon of the old pattern, the presence of which has been many times
+perceived at the front.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, the German artillery lacks and has lacked for a very long
+time munitions. It has been obliged to reduce its consumption of shells
+in a notable degree. No doubt is possible in this respect. The
+statements of prisoners since the battle of the Marne, and still more
+since the battle of the Yser, make it clear that the number of shots
+allowed to the batteries for each action is strictly limited. We have
+found on officers killed or taken prisoner the actual orders prescribing
+positively a strict economy of munitions.</p>
+
+<p>For the last three months, too, we notice that the quality of the
+projectiles is mediocre. Many of them do not burst. On Jan. 7, in the
+course of a bombardment of Laventie, scarcely any of the German shells
+burst. The proportion of non-bursts was estimated at two-fifths by the
+British on Dec. 14, two-thirds by ourselves in the same month. On Jan. 3
+at Bourg-et-Comin, and at other places since then, shrapnel fell the
+explosion of which scarcely broke the envelope and the bullets were
+projected without any force. About the same time our Fourteenth Army
+Corps was fired at with shrapnel loaded with fragments of glass, and on
+several points of our front shell casings of very bad quality have been
+found, denoting hasty manufacture and the use of materials taken at
+hazard.</p>
+
+<p>From numerous indications it appears that the Germans are beginning to
+run short of their 1898 pattern rifle. A certain number of the last
+reinforcements (January) are armed with carbines or rifles of a poor
+sort without bayonets. Others have not even rifles. Prisoners taken at
+Woevre had old-pattern weapons.</p>
+
+<p>The upshot of these observations is that Germany, despite her large
+stores at the beginning, and the great resources of her industrial
+production, presents manifest signs of wear, and that the official
+optimism which she displays does not correspond with the reality of the
+facts.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>MORAL WASTAGE.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Under the caption "Moral Wastage of the German Army," the review
+continues:</span></p>
+
+<p>The material losses of the German Army have corresponded with a moral
+wastage which it is interesting and possible to follow, both from the
+interrogation of prisoners and the pocketbooks and letters seized upon
+them or on the killed.</p>
+
+<p>At the beginning of the war the entire German Army, as was natural, was
+animated by an unshakable faith in the military superiority of the
+empire. It lived on the recollections of 1870, and on those of the long
+years of peace, during which all the powers which had to do with Germany
+displayed toward her a spirit of conciliation and patience which might
+pass for weakness.</p>
+
+<p>The first prisoners we took in August showed themselves wholly
+indifferent to the reverses of the German Army. They were sincerely and
+profoundly convinced that, if the German Army retired, it was in virtue
+of a preconceived plan, and that our successes would lead to nothing.
+The events at the end of August were calculated to strengthen this
+contention in the minds of the German soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>The strategic retreat of the French Army, the facility with which the
+German armies were able to advance from Aug. 25 to Sept. 5, gave our
+adversaries a feeling of absolute and final superiority, which
+manifested itself at that time by all the statements gleaned and all the
+documents seized.</p>
+
+<p>At the moment of the battle of the Marne the first impression was one of
+failure of comprehension and of stupor. A great number of German
+soldiers, notably those who fell into our hands during the first days of
+that battle, believed fully, as at the end of August, that the retreat
+they were ordered to make was only a means of luring us into a trap.
+German military opinion was suddenly converted when the soldiers saw
+that this retreat continued, and that it was being carried out in
+disorder, under conditions which left no doubt as to its cause and its
+extent.</p>
+
+<p>This time it was really a defeat, and a defeat aggravated by the absence
+of regular supplies and by the physical and moral depression which was
+the result. The severity of the losses sustained, the overpowering
+effects of the French artillery, began from this moment to be noted in
+the German pocketbooks with veritable terror. Hope revived, however, at
+the end of some weeks, and there is to be found in the letters of
+soldiers and officers the announcement of "a great movement" which is
+being prepared, and which is to lead the German armies anew as far as
+Paris.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>LOSSES IN "BATTLE OF CALAIS."</h3>
+
+<p>This is the great "battle of Calais," which, contrary to the
+anticipations of the enemy, was in reality fought to the east of the
+Yser. The losses of the Germans, which during those ten days exceeded
+150,000 men, and may perhaps have reached 200,000, produced a terrifying
+impression on the troops. From that moment prisoners no longer declared
+themselves sure of success. For a certain time they had been consoled
+by the announcement of the capture of Warsaw. This pretended success
+having proved to be fictitious, incredulity became general.</p>
+
+<p>During the last two months the most intelligent of the prisoners have
+all admitted that no one could any longer say on which side victory
+would rest. If we think of the absolute confidence with which the German
+people had been sustained, this avowal is of great importance.</p>
+
+<p>Letters seized on a dead officer speak of the imminence of a military
+and economic hemming-in of Germany. They discuss the possibility of
+Germany finding herself after the war with "empty hands and pockets
+turned inside out." There is no longer any question of imposing the
+conqueror's law upon adversaries at his mercy, but of fighting with the
+energy of despair to secure an honorable peace. An officer of the
+General Staff who was made prisoner on Jan. 18 said: "Perhaps this
+struggle of despair has already begun."</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">There follows a chapter bearing the title, "The System of Lies," in
+which the review describes the methods by which it is alleged the German
+Government "made a sustained effort to create in the army an artificial
+state of mind based entirely upon lies and a scientific system of
+fables."</span></p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_9"></a>
+<h2>Sonnet On The Belgian Expatriation.</h2>
+
+<p>By THOMAS HARDY.</p>
+
+<p>[From King Albert's Book.]</p>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">I dreamt that people from the Land of Chimes</p>
+<p class="l">Arrived one Autumn morning with their bells,</p>
+<p class="l">To hoist them on the towers and citadels</p>
+<p class="l">Of my own country, that the musical rhymes</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Rung by them into space at measured times</p>
+<p class="l">Amid the market's daily stir and stress,</p>
+
+<p class="l">And the night's empty starlit silentness,</p>
+<p class="l">Might solace souls of this and kindred climes.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Then I awoke; and, lo, before me stood</p>
+<p class="l">The visioned ones, but pale and full of fear;</p>
+<p class="l">From Bruges they came, and Antwerp, and Ostend,</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+
+<p class="l">No carillons in their train. Vicissitude</p>
+<p class="l">Had left these tinkling to the invaders' ear,</p>
+<p class="l">And ravaged street, and smoldering gable-end.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_10"></a>
+<h2>War Correspondence</h2>
+
+<h2 class="sub">A Month of German Submarine War</h2>
+
+<p>By Vice Admiral Kirchhoff of the German Navy</p>
+
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Under the heading, "A Month of U-Boat War,"
+    Vice Admiral Kirchhoff of the German Navy discusses the German
+    submarine warfare against merchant shipping in its first month. The
+    article, appearing in the Hamburger Framdenblatt of March 19, 1915,
+    is reproduced:</p> </div>
+
+<p>On March 18 a month had passed since the beginning of our sharp
+procedure against our worst foe. We can in every way be satisfied with
+the results achieved in the meantime! In spite of all "steps" taken
+before and thereafter, the English have everywhere had important losses
+to show at sea&mdash;some 200 ships lost since the beginning of the war,
+according to the latest statements of the Allies&mdash;so that even they
+themselves no longer dare to talk about the "German bluff."</p>
+
+<p>On the new and greater "war zone" established by us, our submarines have
+known how to work bravely, and have been able, for instance, to operate
+successfully on a single morning on the east coast, in the Channel, and
+in the Irish Sea. We have heard of many losses of our opponents, and on
+the other hand of the subjugation of only two of our brave U-boats.
+Ceaselessly they are active on the coasts of Albion; shipping is
+paralyzed at some points; steamship companies&mdash;including also many
+neutral ones&mdash;have suspended their sailings; in short, our threat of a
+more acute condition of war "with all means at hand" has been fully
+fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p>The "peaceful shipping," too, has taken notice of it and adjusted itself
+according to our instructions. The official objections of neutrals have
+died away without effect; throughout the world we have already been
+given right; the shipping circles of the neutral States are in great
+part holding entirely back. The empty threats that floated over to us
+from across the Channel, that the captured crews of German submarines
+will be treated differently than other prisoners&mdash;yes, as plain pirates
+and sea robbers&mdash;those are nothing but an insignificant ebullition of
+British "moral insanity." They are a part of the hypocritical cant
+without which, somehow, Great Britain cannot get along. If Great Britain
+should act in accordance with it, however, then we shall know what we,
+for our part, have to do!</p>
+
+<p>German and probably English mines, too, have helped our submarines in
+clearing up among the English mercantile and war fleet. Many merchant
+ships warned long in advance have been compelled to believe in the
+warning, and with them frequently a great part of their crews&mdash;"without
+any warning whatever," as our opponents like to say.</p>
+
+<p>All measures of defense, yes, even more significant, all measures of
+deception and boastful "ruses de guerre," and even all attempts to hush
+up the news of German accomplishments and whenever possible to suppress
+it completely&mdash;all these efforts have been futile. Our results surpass
+the expectations that had been cherished. Who knows how many
+accomplishments other than those which have been published may also have
+been achieved? Foreign newspapers report a large number of steamships
+overdue. From overseas likewise we receive favorable reports about the
+sinking of enemy ships. But the best is the news that our submarines
+have succeeded in sinking two English auxiliary cruisers and perhaps
+also one or two larger English transport ships with several thousand men
+on board.</p>
+
+<p>The last announcement has filled us all with greatest satisfaction.
+This, our latest method of warfare, is "truly humane"; it leads more
+speedily to the goal than anything else, so that the number of victims
+will in the end be smaller after all. It brings peace to all of us
+sooner than the empty paper protests and crying to Heaven about violence
+and international law, law of the sea, and laws of humanity could do.
+In the innocent exalted island kingdom many a fellow is already
+striking; why should not even the recruit strike, who is also beginning
+to get a glimmer of the truth that there are no props in the ocean
+waves?</p>
+
+<p>The more opponents come before the bows of our ships and are sunk, the
+better! Down with them to the bottom of the sea; that alone will help!
+Let us hope that we shall soon receive more such cheerful news.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_11"></a>
+<h2>Three Weeks of the War in Champagne</h2>
+
+<p>By a British Observer</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The following article, issued by the British Press Bureau, London,
+March 18, 1915, is from a British observer with the French forces in the
+field who has the permission of General Joffre to send communications
+home from time to time, giving descriptions of the work, &amp;c., of the
+French Army which will be of interest to the British reader.</span></p>
+
+<p>I propose to give some account of the operations which have been in
+progress for the last three weeks in Champagne. Every day since Feb. 15
+the official communiqués find something to say about a district which
+lies midway between Rheims and Verdun. The three places which are always
+mentioned, which form the points of reference, are Perthes-lez-Hurlus,
+Le Mesnil-lez-Hurlus, and Beauséjour Farm. The distance between the
+first and the last is three and one-half miles; the front on which the
+fighting has taken place is about five miles; and the French have been
+attacking at one point or another in this front every day for the last
+three weeks. It is, therefore, an operation of a different kind to those
+which we have seen during the Winter months. Those were local efforts,
+lasting a day or two, designed to keep the enemy busy and prevent him
+from withdrawing troops elsewhere; this is a sustained effort, made with
+the object of keeping a constant pressure on his first line of defense,
+of affecting his use of the railway from Bazancourt to Challerange, a
+few miles to the north, and of wearing down his reserves of men and
+ammunition. It may be said that Feb. 15 marks the opening of the 1915
+campaign, and that this first phase will find an important place when
+the history of the war comes to be written.</p>
+
+<p>We must first know something of the nature of the country, which is
+entirely different to that in which the British Army is fighting. It is
+one vast plain, undulating, the hills at most 200 feet higher than the
+valleys, gentle slopes everywhere. The soil is rather chalky, poor,
+barely worth cultivating; after heavy rain the whole plain becomes a sea
+of shallow mud; and it dries equally quickly. The only features are the
+pine woods, which have been planted by hundreds. From the point of view
+of profit, this would not appear to have been a success; either the soil
+is too poor, or else it is unsuitable to the maritime pine; for the
+trees are rarely more than 25 feet high. As each rise is topped, a new
+stretch of plain, a new set of small woods appear, just like that which
+has been left behind.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image16a.png"
+alt="ELEUTHERIOS K. VENIZELOS&mdash;The great Greek statesman who recently resigned as Prime Minister.&mdash;(Photo from Medom Photo Service.)" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">ELEUTHERIOS K.
+VENIZELOS&mdash;The great Greek statesman who<br/>
+recently resigned as Prime Minister.&mdash;<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Photo from Medom Photo Service.)</span></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image17a.png" alt="LORD HARDINGE OF PENSHURST&mdash;Who, as Viceroy, rules England's Indian Empire during the critical period of the war." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">LORD HARDINGE OF PENSHURST&mdash;Who, as Viceroy,<br/>
+rules England's Indian Empire during the critical period of the war.</p>
+
+<p>The villages are few and small, most of them are in ruins after the
+fighting in September; and the troops live almost entirely in colonies
+of little huts of wood or straw, about four feet high, dotted about in
+the woods, in the valleys, wherever a little water and shelter is
+obtainable. Lack of villages means lack of roads; this has been one of
+the great difficulties to be faced; but, at the same time, the movement
+of wagons across country is possible to a far greater extent than in
+Flanders, although it is often necessary to use eight or ten horses to
+get a gun or wagon to the point desired.</p>
+
+<p>From the military point of view the country is eminently suitable for
+troops, with its possibilities of concealment, of producing sudden
+surprises with cavalry, and of manoeuvre generally. It is, in fact, the
+training ground of the great military centre of Châlons; and French
+troops have doubtless been exercised over this ground in every branch of
+military operation, except that in which they are engaged at the present
+moment.</p>
+
+<p>What commander, training his men over this ground, could have imagined
+that the area from Perthes-lez-Hurlus to Beauséjour Farm would become
+two fortress lines, developed and improved for four months; or that he
+would have to carry out an attack modeled on the same system as that
+employed in the last great siege undertaken by French troops, that of
+Sebastopol in 1855? Yet this is what is being done. Every day an attack
+is made on a trench, on the edge of one of the little woods or to gain
+ground in one of them; every day the ground gained has to be transformed
+so as to give protection to its new occupants and means of access to
+their supports; every night, and on many days, the enemy's
+counter-attacks have to be repulsed.</p>
+
+<p>Each attack has to be prepared by a violent and accurate artillery fire;
+it may be said that a trench has to be morally captured by gun fire
+before it can be actually seized by the infantry. Once in the new
+trench, the men have to work with their intrenching tools, without
+exposing themselves, and wait for a counter-attack, doing what damage
+they can to the enemy with hand grenades and machine guns. Thus the
+amount of rifle fire is very small; it is a war of explosives and
+bayonets.</p>
+
+<p>Looking at the battle at a distance of about 2,000 yards from the
+enemy's line, the stillness of what one sees is in marked contrast to
+the turmoil of shells passing overhead. The only movement is the cloud
+of smoke and earth that marks the burst of a shell. Here and there long
+white lines are visible, when a trench has brought the chalky subsoil up
+to the top, but the number of trenches seen is very small compared to
+the number that exist, for one cannot see into the valleys, and the top
+of the ground is an unhealthy place to choose for seating a trench. The
+woods are pointed out, with the names given them by the soldiers, but it
+needs fieldglasses to see the few stumps that remain in those where the
+artillery has done its work. And then a telephone message arrives,
+saying that the enemy are threatening a counter-attack at a certain
+point, and three minutes later there is a redoubled whistling of shells.
+At first one cannot see the result of this fire&mdash;the guns are searching
+the low ground where the enemy's reserves are preparing for the
+movement, but a little later the ground in front of the threatened
+trench becomes alive with shell bursts, for the searching has given
+place to the building up of a wall of fire through which it is
+impossible for the foe to pass without enormous loss.</p>
+
+<p>The attached map may enable us to look more closely at what has been
+achieved. The lowest dotted line, numbered 15, is the line of the French
+trenches on Feb. 15. They were then close up to the front of the German
+line with its network of barbed wire, its machine-gun emplacements,
+often of concrete, and its underground chambers for sheltering men from
+the shells. Each successive dotted line shows the line held by the
+French on the evening of the date written in the dotted line. Thus the
+total gain of ground, that between the most southerly and the most
+northerly dotted lines, varies between 200 yards, where the lines are
+close together northeast of Perthes, and 1,400 yards, half way between
+Le Mesnil and Beauséjour Farm. But the whole of this space has been a
+series of trenches and fortified woods, each of which has had to be
+attacked separately.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image18.png" alt="Map of the French Operations in the Champagne" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">Map of the French Operations in the Champagne</p>
+
+<p>Some of the severest fighting on the western battle front took place in
+this little section of about four miles of trenches, lying between
+Rheimes and Verdun. For a whole month from Feb. 15, the attacks were
+kept up by the French forces almost continuously, and the sketch gives
+the graphic result of changes for three weeks of that time. Ostensibly
+the purpose of the French was to pierce the German line and cut the
+railway a few miles to the rear. Incidentally, the French aimed to keep
+their opponents busy, and thus prevent any reinforcements being sent to
+von Hindenburg in the east.</p>
+
+<p>The total gain of ground&mdash;that between the most southerly and most
+northerly dotted lines&mdash;varies from 200 yards northeast of Perthes to
+1,400 yards, half way between Le Mesnil and Beauséjour Farm. But the
+whole of this space has been a series of trenches and fortified woods,
+each of which had to be attacked separately.</p>
+
+<p>The letters (A to G) in the sketch indicate the points of the severest
+fighting. A (the "little fort") was taken and lost three times before
+the French finally held it. B saw some of the stiffest encounters, the
+Germans attacking the hill nearly every day after the French captured
+it, and even the Prussian Guard being put in. The woods at C, D, and E
+were centres of terrific combats, in which trenching and mining were
+continuous tasks. The redoubt at F was captured only after large losses
+on both sides. At the extreme west is still another wood, (G.) which the
+French attacked three times before they were successful in getting a
+foothold there.]</p>
+
+<p>Some of the points where the fighting has been heaviest are shown in
+letters on the map. A is the "little fort," a redoubt on an open spur,
+holding perhaps 500 men. This was first attacked in January; it was
+partly taken, but the French in the end retained only the southern
+corner, where they remained for something like a fortnight. On Feb. 16
+it was again taken in part, and lost the same day. On the 17th the same
+thing happened. On the 23d they once more got into the work; in the
+evening they repulsed five separate counter-attacks; then a sixth
+succeeded in turning them out. On the 27th they took all except a bit of
+trench in the northern face, and two days later they made that good, as
+well as a trench about fifty yards to the north of the work.</p>
+
+<p>B is a small hill, marked 196. The capture of this, with its two lines
+of trenches, was one of the most brilliant pieces of work done. Since
+this date, the 26th, the enemy have continued to counter-attack nearly
+every day. It was here that the Prussian Guard was put in; but they have
+failed to get it back, and their losses have been very high. The
+prisoners stated that one regiment had its Colonel and all the superior
+officers killed or wounded. C is a wood, called the "Yellow Burnt Wood."
+It is still in the hands of the Germans, a regular nest of machine guns,
+which command the ground not only to the front but also down valleys to
+the east and west. The French are just in the southwest corner.</p>
+
+<p>At D there are two woods; the southern we will call No. 3, the northern
+No. 4. On the 16th our allies got a trench just south of No. 3; they got
+into the wood on the 18th, and fought backward and forward in the wood
+that day and all the 19th and 20th; by the evening of the 20th they had
+almost reached the northern edge. On the 21st a stronger counter-attack
+than usual was repulsed, and in pursuing the retiring enemy they
+secured the northern edge. On the 22d there was more fighting in No. 3,
+but in the end the French managed to make their way into No. 4 as far as
+a trench which runs along a crest midway through the wood. The next six
+days saw continuous fighting in No. 4, sometimes near the northern end,
+sometimes at the crest in the middle, and occasionally back near the
+southern end. The French now hold the northern edge, and have pushed
+troops into the "Square" wood just north of the line of the 25th.</p>
+
+<p>At E again there are two small woods; these were both captured on the
+26th, but the trenches in the northern one had been mined, and the
+French had no sooner seized them than they were blown up. At F there was
+another small redoubt; part of this was taken on the 19th from the east,
+but the work was not finally captured till the 27th, when 240 corpses
+were found in it. On the extreme west, at G, is a wood which has twice
+been unsuccessfully attacked. On the first occasion troops got into the
+wood, but a severe snowstorm prevented the artillery from continuing to
+assist them, and they were driven out. The second was an attempt to
+surprise the enemy at 2 A.M. on the 25th; this also failed. A third
+attack was made on March 7 and was successful; the French line now runs
+through the wood.</p>
+
+<p>The above will serve to show the tenacity which is required for an
+operation of this kind. Up to the present the French have made steady
+and continuous progress, and their success may be best judged from the
+fact that they have not been forced back on any day behind the line they
+held in the morning, despite innumerable counter-attacks. And this is
+not merely a question of ground, but one of increasing moral
+superiority, for it is in the unsuccessful counter-attacks that losses
+are heavy, and these and the sense of failure affect the morale of an
+army sooner or later.</p>
+
+<p>Will the French push through the line? Will a hole be made, or is the
+enemy like a badger, who digs himself in rather faster than you can dig
+him out? I cannot tell; it would indeed be an astonishing measure of
+success for a first attempt, and the enemy may require a great deal more
+hammering at many points before he has definitely had enough at any one
+point. But these operations have brought the day closer, and turn our
+thoughts to the time when we shall be able to move forward, and one
+finds the cavalrymen wondering whether perhaps they, too, will get their
+chance.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+
+<a name="toc_12"></a>
+<h2>The Germans Concrete Trenches</h2>
+
+<p>By F.H. Gailor, American Rhodes Scholar of New College, Oxford</p>
+
+<p>[From The London Daily Mail, March 24, 1915.]</p>
+
+
+<p>At the kind invitation of General Longchamps, German Military Governor
+of the Province of Namur, I spent two days with him going along the
+country in and behind the firing line in Northern France from near
+Rheims to the small village of Monthois, near Vouziers, on the Aisne.</p>
+
+<p>About five miles out of Monthois we came to the artillery positions of
+the Germans. We could see the flashes of the guns long before we reached
+the hills where they were placed, but when we came up and dismounted the
+position was most cleverly concealed by a higher hill in front and the
+heavy woods which served as a screen for the artillery. I noticed many
+holes where the French shells had burst, and the valley to the north
+looked as if some one had been experimenting with a well digger. One
+21-centimeter shell had cut a swath about 100 yards long out of the
+woods on the hill where we dismounted. The trees were twisted from their
+stumps as if a small cyclone had passed, and one could realize the
+damage the shells could do merely by the displaced air.</p>
+
+<p>We went on forward into the valley on foot and stopped about two hundred
+yards in front and to the left of where the German guns were firing.
+There, although of course we could not see the French position, we could
+hear and see their shells as they exploded. They were firing short, one
+of the officers told me, because they thought the Germans were on the
+forward hill. He could see one of the French aeroplanes directing their
+fire, but I could not make it out. We stayed there listening to the
+shells and watching the few movements of German batteries that were
+taking place. A party of officers hidden by the trees were taking
+observations and telephoning the results of the German fire and, no
+doubt, of the French fire in the German trenches. There was no
+excitement; but for the noise the whole scene reminded me of some kind
+of construction work, such as building a railroad.</p>
+
+<p>After about an hour, when nothing had happened, one began to realize
+that even such excitement may become monotonous and be taken as a matter
+of course. One of the officers told me that the Germans had been there
+since the beginning of October and that even the trenches were in the
+same position as when they first came.</p>
+
+<p>Certainly the trenches seem permanent enough for spending many Winters.
+A number of them have now been built of concrete, especially in that
+swampy part near the Aisne where they strike water about three feet
+underground. The difficulty is in draining out the water when it rains.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the trenches have two stories, and at the back of many of them
+are subterranean rest houses built of concrete and connected with the
+trenches by passages. The rooms are about seven feet high and ten feet
+square, and above the ground all evidence of the work is concealed by
+green boughs and shrubbery so that they may escape the attention of the
+enemy's aeroplanes.</p>
+
+<p>With the noise and the fatigue, the men say it is impossible to sleep
+naturally, but they become so used to the firing and so weary that they
+become oblivious of everything even when shells are falling within a
+dozen yards of them. They stay in the trenches five days and then get
+five days' rest. In talking to the men one feels the influence on them
+of a curious sort of fatalism&mdash;they have been lucky so far and will come
+through all right. One sees and feels everywhere the spirit of a great
+game. The strain of football a thousand times magnified. The joy of
+winning and boyish pleasure in getting ahead of the other fellows side
+by side with the stronger passions of hatred and anger and the sight of
+agony and death.</p>
+
+<p>We talked to some of the little groups of men along the road who were
+going back to their five days in the trenches. Of course all large units
+are split up so as not to attract attention. They were all the same, all
+sure of winning, and all bearded, muddy, and determined. I could not
+help thinking of American football players at the end of the first half.
+These men seemed all the same. I have no recollection of a single
+individual. The "system" and its work has made a type not only of
+clothes but of face. Their answers to the usual questions were all the
+same, and one felt in talking to them that their opinions were
+machine-made. Three points stood out&mdash;Germany is right and will win;
+England is wrong and will knuckle under; we hate England because we are
+alike in religion, custom, and opinion, and it is the war of kindred
+races. Everywhere one met the arguments and stories of unfairness and
+cruelty in fighting that have appeared in the English papers, but with
+the names reversed. English soldiers had surrendered and then fired; had
+shot from beneath a Red Cross flag or had killed prisoners. The stories
+were simple and as hackneyed as most of those current in England.</p>
+
+<p>The concrete rest houses were interesting. Most of them have furniture
+made from trees "to amuse us and pass the time." Both officers and men
+use the same type of house, though discipline forbids that the same
+house be used by both officers and men. The light in these houses is bad
+and the ventilation not all that it should be, but they are extremely
+careful about sanitation, and everywhere one smells disinfectants and
+sees evidence of scrupulous guarding against disease. Oil and candles
+are scarce and the "pocket electric" that all the men and officers carry
+does not last long enough for much reading. There are always telephone
+connections, but in most cases visits are impossible save by way of the
+underground passages and the trenches.</p>
+
+<p>One officer described the life as entirely normal; another said, in
+speaking of a Louis XV. couch which had been borrowed from a near-by
+château and was the pride of a regiment, "Oh! we are cave-dwellers, but
+we have some of the luxuries of at least the nineteenth century."</p>
+
+<p>The Major Commandant at Rethel showed me a letter from a friend
+demanding "some easy chairs and a piano for his trench house," and the
+Major said, "I hear they have music up on the Yser, but the French are
+too close to us here!"</p>
+
+<p>All that I saw of the German Red Cross leads me to believe that it is
+adequate and efficient. At Rethel we saw a Red Cross train of thirty-two
+cars perfectly equipped. The cars are made specially with open
+corridors, so that stretchers or rubber-wheeled trucks may be rolled
+from one car to another. The berths are in two tiers, much like an
+American sleeping car, and each car when full holds twenty-eight men.
+There is an operating car fully equipped for the most delicate and
+dangerous cases; in fact, when we saw the train at Rethel it had stopped
+on its way to Germany for an operation on a man's brain.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_13"></a>
+<h2>The Spirits of Mankind</h2>
+
+<p>By Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States</p>
+
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>The conviction that great spiritual forces
+    will assert themselves at the end of the European war to enlighten
+    the judgment and steady the spirits of mankind was expressed by
+    President Wilson in an address of welcome delivered at the Maryland
+    annual conference of the Methodist Protestant Church at Washington
+    on April 8, 1915. The text of his address appears below.</p> </div>
+
+<p>These are days of great perplexity, when a great cloud of trouble hangs
+and broods over the greater part of the world. It seems as if great,
+blind, material forces had been released which had for long been held in
+leash and restraint. And yet underneath that you can see the strong
+impulses of great ideals.</p>
+
+<p>It would be impossible for men to go through what men are going through
+on the battlefields of Europe and struggle through the present dark
+night of their terrible struggle if it were not that they saw, or
+thought that they saw, the broadening of light where the morning should
+come up and believed that they were standing each on his side of the
+contest for some eternal principle for right.</p>
+
+<p>Then all about them, all about us, there sits the silent, waiting
+tribunal which is going to utter the ultimate judgment upon this
+struggle, the great tribunal of the opinion of the world; and I fancy I
+see, I hope that I see, I pray that it may be that I do truly see, great
+spiritual forces lying waiting for the outcome of this thing to assert
+themselves, and are asserting themselves even now to enlighten our
+judgment and steady our spirits.</p>
+
+<p>No man is wise enough to pronounce judgment, but we can all hold our
+spirits in readiness to accept the truth when it dawns on us and is
+revealed to us in the outcome of this titanic struggle.</p>
+
+<p>It is of infinite benefit that in assemblages like this and in every
+sort of assemblage we should constantly go back to the sources of our
+moral inspiration and question ourselves as to what principle it is that
+we are acting on. Whither are we bound? What do we wish to see triumph?
+And if we wish to see certain things triumph, why do we wish to see them
+triumph? What is there in them that is for the lasting benefit of
+mankind?</p>
+
+<p>For we are not in this world to amuse ourselves with its affairs. We are
+here to push the whole sluggish mass forward in some particular
+direction, and unless you know the direction in which you want to go
+your force is of no avail. Do you love righteousness? is what each one
+of us ought to ask himself. And if you love righteousness are you ready
+to translate righteousness into action and be ashamed and afraid before
+no man?</p>
+
+<p>It seems to me, therefore, that it is worth suggesting to you that you
+are not sitting here merely to transact the business and express the
+ideals of a great church as represented in the State of Maryland, but
+you are here also as part of the assize of humanity, to remind
+yourselves of the things that are permanent and eternal, which if we do
+not translate into action we have failed in the fundamental things of
+our lives.</p>
+
+<p>You will see that it is only in such general terms that one can speak in
+the midst of a confused world, because, as I have already said, no man
+has the key to this confusion. No man can see the outcome, but every man
+can keep his own spirit prepared to contribute to the net result when
+the outcome displays itself.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_14"></a>
+<h2>"What the Germans Say About Their Own Methods of Warfare"</h2>
+
+<p>By Joseph Bedier, Professor in the College de France</p>
+
+<p>[From an article in the Revue de Paris for January, 1915.]</p>
+
+
+<p>I purpose to show that the German armies cannot altogether escape the
+reproach of violating on occasion the law of nations. I shall establish
+this by French methods, through the use of documents of sound value.</p>
+
+<p>My texts are genuine, well vouched for, and I have taken pains to
+subject them to a critical examination, as scrupulous and minute as
+heretofore in times of peace I expended in weighing the authority of
+some ancient chronicle, or in scrutinizing the authenticity of some
+charter. Perhaps this care was born of professional habit, or due to a
+natural craving for exactness, but in either case it is a voucher for
+the work, which is meant for all comers&mdash;for the passer-by, for the
+indifferent, and even for my country's foes. My wish is that the veriest
+looker-on, idly turning these pages, may be confronted only with
+documents whose authenticity will be self-evident, if he is willing to
+see, and whose ignominious tale will reach his heart, if ye have a
+heart.</p>
+
+<p>I have, moreover, sought for documents not only incontestably genuine
+but of unquestioned authority. Accusation is easy, while proof is
+difficult. No belligerent has ever been troubled to find mountains of
+testimony, true or false, against his enemy; but were this evidence
+gathered by the most exalted magistrates, under the most solemn judicial
+sanction, it must unfortunately long remain useless; until the accused
+has full opportunity to controvert it, every one is free to treat it as
+false or, at the best, as controvertible. For this reason I shall avoid
+resting the case upon Belgian or French statements, though I know them
+to be true. My purpose has been to bring forward such testimony that no
+man living, be he even a German, should be privileged to cast a doubt
+upon it. German crimes will be established by German documents.</p>
+
+<p>These will be taken mainly from the "War Diaries," which Article 75 of
+the German Army Regulations for Field Service enjoins upon soldiers to
+keep during their marches, and which were seized by the French upon the
+persons of their prisoners, as military papers, as authorized by Article
+4 of The Hague Convention of 1907. The number of these is daily
+increasing, and I trust that some day, for the edification of all, the
+complete collection may be lodged in the Germanic section of manuscripts
+in the National Library. Meantime, the Marquis de Dampierre,
+paleographer and archivist, graduate of the Ecole des Chartes, is
+preparing, and will shortly publish, a volume in which the greater part
+of these notebooks will be minutely described, transcribed, and
+clarified. Personally, I have only examined about forty of them, but
+they will answer my purpose, by presenting relevant extracts, furnishing
+the name, rank, and regiment of the author, with indications of time and
+place. Classification is difficult, mainly because ten lines of a single
+text not infrequently furnish evidence of a variety of offenses. I must
+take them almost at random, grouping them under such analogies or
+association of ideas or images as they may offer.</p>
+
+<div>
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<p>The first notebook at hand is that of a soldier of the Prussian Guard,
+the Gefreiter Paul Spielmann, (of Company I, First Brigade of the
+Infantry Guard.) He tells the story of an unexpected night alarm on the
+1st of September in a village near Blamont. The bugle sounds, and the
+Guard, startled from sleep, begins the massacre, (Figs. 1 and 2:)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image19.png" alt="Figure 1." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">Figure 1.</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>The inhabitants fled through the village. It
+    was horrible. The walls of houses are bespattered with blood and the
+    faces of the dead are hideous to look upon. They were buried at
+    once, some sixty of them. Among them many old women, old men, and
+    one woman pregnant&mdash;the whole a dreadful sight. Three children
+    huddled together&mdash;all dead. Altar and arches of the church
+    shattered. Telephone communication with the enemy was found there.
+    This morning, Sept. 2, all the survivors were driven out; I saw four
+    little boys carrying on two poles a cradle with a child some five or
+    six months old. The whole makes a fearful sight. Blow upon blow!
+    Thunderbolt on thunderbolt! Everything given over to plunder. I saw
+    a mother with her two little ones&mdash;one of them had a great
+    wound in the head and an eye put out.</p> </div>
+
+<p>Deserved repression, remarks this soldier: "They had telephone
+communication with the enemy." And yet, we may recall that by Article
+30 of The Hague Convention of 1907, signed on behalf of H.M. the Emperor
+of Germany, "no collective penalty, pecuniary or other, shall be
+proclaimed against a population, by reason of individual acts for which
+the population is not responsible <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">in solido</span>." What tribunal during
+that dreadful night took the pains to establish this joint
+participation?</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image20.png" alt="Figure 2." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">Figure 2.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<p>The unsigned notebook of a soldier of the Thirty-second Reserve Infantry
+(Fourth Reserve Corps) has this entry:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Creil, Sept. 3.&mdash;The iron bridge was
+    blown up. For this we set the streets on fire, and shot the
+    civilians.</p> </div>
+
+<p>Yet it must be obvious that only the regular troops of the French
+Engineer Corps could have blown up the iron bridge at Creil; the
+civilians had no hand in it. As an excuse for these massacres, when any
+excuse is offered, the notebooks usually note that "civilians" or
+"francs-tireurs" had fired on the troops. But the "scrap of paper" which
+Germany subscribed&mdash;the Convention of 1907&mdash;provides in its first
+article "the laws, the rights, and the duties are not applicable solely
+to the army, but also to militia and bodies of volunteers" under certain
+conditions, of which the main one is that they shall "openly bear arms;"
+while Article 2 stipulates that "the population of an unoccupied
+territory, which on the approach of the enemy spontaneously takes up
+arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to organize
+as provided in Article I, shall be considered as a belligerent, if they
+bear arms openly and observe the laws and customs of war."</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image21.png" alt="Figure 3." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">Figure 3.</p>
+
+<p>In the light of this text, the bearing of the barbarous recitals which
+follow may be properly estimated:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>(a) Notebook of Private Hassemer, (Eighth
+    Corps, Sept. 3, 1914, at Sommepy, Marne.)&mdash;Dreadful butchery.
+    Village burned to the ground; the French thrown into the burning
+    houses, civilians and all burned together.</p>
+
+    <p> (b) Notebook of Lieut. Kietzmann, (Second Company, First
+    Battalion, Forty-ninth Infantry,) under date of Aug. 18, 1914, (Fig.
+    3.)&mdash;A short distance above Diest is the village of Schaffen.
+    About fifty civilians were concealed in the church tower, and from
+    there fired on our troops with a <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">mitrailleuse</span>. All the civilians
+    were shot.</p>
+
+    <p> [It may here be noted, for the sake of precision, that the First
+    Report of the Belgian Commission of Inquiry, Antwerp, Aug. 28, Page
+    3, identifies some of the "civilians" killed at Schaffen on the 18th
+    of August; among them, "the wife of François Luyckz, 45 years of
+    age, with her daughter <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">aged 12, who were discovered in a sewer and
+    shot</span>"; and "the daughter of Jean Ooyen, 9 years of age, who was
+    shot"; and "André Willem, sacristain, who was bound to a tree and
+    <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">burned alive</span>."]</p>
+
+    <p> (c) Notebook of a Saxon officer, unnamed, (178th Regiment,
+    Twelfth Army Corps, First Saxon Corps,) Aug. 26.&mdash;The exquisite
+    village of Gué-d'Hossus (Ardennes) was given to the flames, although
+    to my mind it was guiltless. I am told that a cyclist fell from his
+    machine, and in his fall his gun was discharged; at once the firing
+    was begun in his direction, and thereupon all the male inhabitants
+    were simply thrown into the flames. It is to be hoped that like
+    atrocities will not be repeated.</p> </div>
+
+<p>This Saxon officer had, nevertheless, already witnessed like
+"atrocities." The preceding day, Aug. 25, at Villers-en-Fagne, (Belgian
+Ardennes,) "where we found grenadiers of the guard, killed and wounded,"
+he had seen "the curé and other inhabitants shot"; and three days
+previous, Aug. 23, at the village of Bouvignes, north of Dinant, he had
+witnessed what he thus describes:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Through a breach made in the rear we get
+    access into the residence of a well-to-do inhabitant and occupy the
+    house. Passing through a number of apartments, we reach a door where
+    we find the corpse of the owner. Further on in the interior our men
+    have wrecked everything like vandals. Everything has been searched.
+    Outside, throughout the country, the spectacle of the inhabitants
+    who have been shot defies any description. They have been shot at
+    such short range that they are almost decapitated. Every house has
+    been ransacked to the furthest corners, and the inhabitants dragged
+    from their hiding places. The men shot; the women and children
+    locked into a convent, from which shots were fired. And, for this
+    reason, the convent is about to be set fire to; it may, however be
+    ransomed if it surrenders the guilty ones and pays a ransom of
+    15,000 francs.</p> </div>
+
+<p>We shall see as we proceed how these notebooks complement one another.</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>(d) Notebook of the Private Philipp, (from
+    Kamenz, Saxony, First Company, First Battalion, 178th Regiment.) On
+    the day indicated above&mdash;Aug. 23&mdash;a private of the same
+    regiment was the witness of a scene similar to that just described;
+    perhaps, the same scene, but the point of view is
+    different.&mdash;At 10 o'clock in the evening the First Battalion of
+    the 178th came down into the burning village to the north of
+    Dinant&mdash;a saddening spectacle&mdash;to make one shiver. At the
+    entrance to the village lay the bodies of some fifty citizens, shot
+    for having fired upon our troops from ambush. In the course of the
+    night many others were shot down in like manner, so that we counted
+    more than two hundred. Women and children, holding their lamps, were
+    compelled to assist at this horrible spectacle. We then sat down
+    midst the corpses to eat our rice, as we had eaten nothing since
+    morning. (Fig. 4.)</p> </div>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image22.png" alt="Figure 4." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">Figure 4.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a military picture fully outlined, and worthy to compete in the
+Academy of Fine Arts of Dresden. But one passage of the text is somewhat
+obscure and might embarrass the artist&mdash;"Women and children, holding
+their lamps, were compelled to assist at this horrible spectacle." What
+spectacle?&mdash;the shooting, or the counting of the corpses? To get some
+certainty on this historic point, the artist should question that noble
+soldier&mdash;the Colonel of the 178th.</p>
+
+<p>His work of that night, however, was in accord with the spirit of his
+companions in arms, and of his chiefs. We may assure ourselves of this
+by consulting the Sixth Report of the Belgian Commission of Inquiry
+upon, the violation of the rules of the law of nations (Havre, Nov. 10,
+1914) and the ignoble proclamations placarded by the Germans throughout
+Belgium. I will content myself with three short extracts.</p>
+
+<p>Extract from a proclamation of General von Bülow, placarded at Liège,
+Aug. 22, 1914:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>The inhabitants of the city of Andenne,
+    after having protested their peaceful intentions, were guilty of a
+    treacherous surprise upon our troops. It was with my consent that
+    the General in Chief set fire to the whole locality, and that about
+    one hundred persons were shot.</p> </div>
+
+<p>(The Belgian report controverts the accusation against the inhabitants
+of Andenne of having taken hostile measures against the German troops,
+and adds: "As a matter of fact, more than two hundred persons were
+shot"&mdash;almost everything was ravaged. For a distance of at least three
+leagues the houses were destroyed by fire.)</p>
+
+<p>Extract from a proclamation of Major Dieckmann, placarded at Grivegnée,
+Sept. 8, 1914:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Any one not responding instantly to the
+    command "raise your arms" is subject to the penalty of death.</p>
+
+    </div>
+
+<p>Extract from proclamation of Marshal Baron von der Goltz, placarded at
+Brussels, Oct. 5, 1914:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Hereafter the localities nearest the place
+    where similar acts (destruction of railways or telegraphic lines)
+    were done&mdash;whether or not they were <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">accomplices in the
+    act</span>&mdash;will be punished without mercy. To this end hostages have
+    been taken from all the localities adjacent to railways menaced by
+    similar attacks, and upon the first attempt to destroy the railways,
+    telegraphic or telephone lines, they will at once be shot.</p>
+    </div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>III.</h3>
+
+<p>I copy from the first page of an unsigned notebook, (Fig. 5:)</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Langeviller, Aug. 22.&mdash;Village
+    destroyed by the Eleventh Battalion of Pioneers. Three women hanged
+    to trees; the first dead I have seen.</p> </div>
+
+<p>Who can these three women be?&mdash;criminals undoubtedly&mdash;guilty of having
+fired upon German troops, unless, indeed, they may have been "in
+communication by telephone" with the enemy; and the Eleventh Pioneers
+unquestionably meted out to them just punishment. But, at all events,
+they expiated their guilt, and the Eleventh Pioneers has passed on. The
+crime these women committed is unknown to the troops which are to
+follow. Among these new troops will there be found no chief, no
+Christian, to order the ropes cut and allow these dangling bodies to
+rest on the earth?</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image23.png" alt="Figure 5." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">Figure 5.</p>
+
+<p>No, the regiment passes under the gibbets and their flags brush against
+the hanging corpses; they pass on, Colonel and officers&mdash;gentlemen
+all&mdash;Kulturträger. And they do this knowingly; these corpses must hang
+there as an example, not for the other women of the village, for these
+doubtless already understand, but as an example to the regiment and to
+the other regiments that will follow, and who must be attuned to war,
+who must be taught their stern duty to kill women when occasion offers.
+The teaching will be effective, unquestionably. Shall we look for proof
+of it? The young soldier, who tells us above that these corpses were the
+first dead he had ever seen, adds a week later, on the tenth and last
+page of his notebook, the following, (Fig. 6:)</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>In this way we destroyed eight dwellings and
+    their inhabitants. In one of the houses we bayoneted two men, with
+    their wives and a young girl 18 years old. The young: one almost
+    unmanned me, her look was so innocent! But we could not master the
+    excited troop, for at such times they are no longer men&mdash;they
+    are beasts.</p> </div>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image24.png" alt="Figure 6." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"> Figure 6.</p>
+
+<p>Let me add a few texts which will attest that these assassinations of
+women and children are customary tasks set to German soldiers:</p>
+
+<p>(a) The writer in a notebook, unsigned, reports that at Orchies (Nord)
+"a woman was shot for not having obeyed the command to halt!" whereupon
+he adds, "the whole locality was set on fire." (Fig. 7.)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image25.png" alt="Figure 7." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"> Figure 7.</p>
+
+<p>(b) The officer of the 178th Saxon Regiment, mentioned above, reports
+that in the vicinity of Lisognes (Belgian Ardennes) "the Chasseur of
+Marburg, having placed three women in line, killed them all with one
+shot."</p>
+
+<p>(c) A few lines more, taken from the notebook of the Reservist Schlauter
+(Third Battery, Fourth Regiment, Field Artillery of the Guard,) (Fig.
+8:)</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Aug. 25, (in Belgium.)&mdash;We shot 300 of
+    the inhabitants of the town. Those that survived the salvo were
+    requisitioned as grave diggers. You should have seen the women at
+    that time! But it was impossible to do otherwise. In our march upon
+    Wilot things went better; the inhabitants who wished to leave were
+    allowed to do so. But whoever fired was shot. Upon our leaving Owele
+    the rifles rang out, and with that, flames, women, and all the
+    rest.</p> </div>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image26.png" alt="Figure 8." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"> Figure 8.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>IV.</h3>
+
+<p>Frequently when a German troop want to carry a position, they place
+before them civilians&mdash;men, women, and children&mdash;and find shelter behind
+these ramparts of living flesh. As such a stratagem is essentially
+playing upon the nobility of heart of the adversary, and saying to him
+"you won't fire upon these unfortunates, I know it, and I hold you at my
+mercy, unarmed, because you are not as craven as I am," as it implies a
+homage to the enemy and the self-degradation of the one employing it, it
+is almost inconceivable that soldiers should resort to it; it represents
+a new invention in the long story of human vileness, which even the
+dreadful Penitentiels of the Middle Ages had not discovered. In reading
+the stories from French, Belgian, and English sources, attributing such
+practices to the Germans, it has made me doubt, if not the truthfulness,
+at least the detailed exactness of the stories. It seemed to me that the
+tales must be of crimes by men who would be disavowed, individual
+lapses, which do not dishonor the nation, because the nation on
+ascertaining them would repudiate them. But how can we doubt that the
+German Nation has, on the contrary, accepted these acts as exploits
+worthy of herself, that in them she recognizes her own aptitudes, and
+finds pleasure in the contemplation; how, I ask, can we doubt this in
+reading the following narrative signed by a Bavarian officer, Lieut. A.
+Eberlein, spread out in the columns of one of the best known periodicals
+of Germany, the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, in its issue of Wednesday,
+Oct. 7, 1914, Page 22, Lieut. Eberlein relates there the occupation of
+Saint-Dié at the end of August. He entered the town at the head of a
+column, and while waiting for reinforcements was compelled to barricade
+himself in a house, (Fig. 9:)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image27.png" alt="Figure 9." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"> Figure 9.</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>We arrested three civilians, and a bright
+    idea struck me. We furnished them with chairs and made them seat
+    themselves in the middle of the street. There were supplications on
+    one part, and some blows with the stocks of our guns on the other.
+    One, little by little, gets terribly hardened. Finally, there they
+    were sitting in the street. How many anguished prayers they may have
+    muttered, I cannot say, but during the whole time their hands were
+    joined in nervous contraction. I am sorry for them, but the
+    stratagem was of immediate effect. The enfilading directed from the
+    houses diminished at once; we were able then to take possession of
+    the house opposite, and thus became masters of the principal street.
+    From that moment every one that showed his face in the street was
+    shot. And the artillery meanwhile kept up vigorous work, so that at
+    about 7 o'clock in the evening, when the brigade advanced to rescue
+    us, I could report "Saint-Dié has been emptied of all enemies."</p>
+
+    <p> As I learned later, the &mdash;&mdash; Regiment of Reserves,
+    which came into Saint-Dié further north, had experiences entirely
+    similar to our own. The four civilians whom they had placed on
+    chairs in the middle of the street were killed by French bullets. I
+    saw them myself stretched out in the street near the hospital.</p>
+    </div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>V.</h3>
+
+<p>Article 28 of The Hague Convention of 1907, subscribed to by Germany,
+uses this language: "The sacking of any town or locality, even when
+taken by assault, is prohibited." And Article 47 runs: "[in occupied
+territory] pillage is forbidden."</p>
+
+<p>We shall see how the German armies interpret these articles.</p>
+
+<p>Private Handschuhmacher (Eleventh Battalion of Chasseurs Reserves)
+writes in his notebook:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Aug. 8, 1914, Gouvy, (Belgium.)&mdash;There,
+    the Belgians having fired on some German soldiers, we started at
+    once pillaging the merchandise warehouse. Several cases&mdash;eggs,
+    shirts, and everything that could be eaten was carried off. The safe
+    was forced and the gold distributed among the men. As to the
+    securities, they were torn up.</p> </div>
+
+<p>This happened as early as the fourth day of the war, and it helps us to
+understand a technical article on the operations of the military
+treasury (Der Zahlmeister im Felde) in the Berliner Tageblatt of the
+26th of November, 1914, in which an economic phenomenon of rather
+unusual import is recited as a simple incident: "Experience has
+demonstrated that very much more money is forwarded by postal orders
+from the theatre of operations to the interior of the country than vice
+versa."</p>
+
+<p>As, in accordance with the continual practice of the German armies,
+pillaging is only a prelude to incendiarism, the sub-officer Hermann
+Levith (160th Regiment of Infantry, Eighth Corps) writes:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>The enemy occupied the village of Bievre and
+    the edge of the wood behind it. The Third Company advanced in first
+    line. We carried the village, and then pillaged and burned almost
+    all the houses.</p> </div>
+
+<p>And Private Schiller (133d Infantry, Nineteenth Corps) writes:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Our first fight was at Haybes (Belgium) on
+    the 24th of August. The Second Battalion entered the village,
+    ransacked the houses, pillaged them, and burned those from which
+    shots had been fired.</p> </div>
+
+<p>And Private Sebastian Reishaupt (Third Bavarian Infantry, First Bavarian
+Corps) writes:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>The first village we burned was Parux,
+    (Meurthe-et-Moselle.) After this the dance began, throughout the
+    villages, one after the other; over the fields and pastures we went
+    on our bicycles up to the ditches at the edge of the road, and there
+    sat down to eat our cherries.</p> </div>
+
+<p>They emulate each other in their thefts; they steal anything that comes
+to hand and keep records of the thefts&mdash;"Schnaps, Wein, Marmelade,
+Zigarren," writes this private soldier; and the elegant officer of the
+178th Saxon Regiment, who was at first indignant at the "vandalismus" of
+his men, further on admits that he himself, on the 1st of September, at
+Rethel, stole "from a house near the Hôtel Moderne a superb waterproof
+and a photographic apparatus for Felix." All steal, without distinction
+or grade, or of arms, or of cause, and even in the ambulances the
+doctors steal. Take this example from the notebook of the soldier
+Johannes Thode (Fourth Reserve Regiment of Ersatz):</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>At Brussels, Oct. 5, 1914.&mdash;An
+    automobile arrived at the hospital laden with war booty&mdash;one
+    piano, two sewing machines, many albums, and all sorts of other
+    things.</p> </div>
+
+<p>"Two sewing machines" as "war booty." From whom were these stolen?
+Beyond a doubt from two humble Belgian women. And for whom were they
+stolen?</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>VI.</h3>
+
+<p>I must admit that, out of the forty notebooks, or thereabout, that I
+have handled, there are six or seven that do not relate any exactions,
+either from hypocritical reticence or because there are some regiments
+which do not make war in this vile fashion. And there are as many as
+three notebooks whose writers, in relating these ignoble things, express
+astonishment, indignation, and sorrow. I will not give the names of
+these, because they deserve our regard, and I wish to spare them the
+risk of being some day blamed or punished by their own.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image28.png" alt="Figure 10." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"> Figure 10.</p>
+
+<p>The first, the Private X., who belongs to the Sixty-fifth Infantry,
+Regiment of Landwehr, says of certain of his companions in arms, (Fig.
+10:)</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>They do not behave as soldiers, but rather
+    as highwaymen, bandits, and brigands, and are a dishonor to our
+    regiment and to our army.</p> </div>
+
+<p>Another, Lieut. Y., of the Seventy-seventh Infantry of Reserves, says:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>No discipline, ... the Pioneers are well
+    nigh worthless; as to the artillery, it is a band of robbers.</p>
+
+    </div>
+
+<p>The third, Private Z., of the Twelfth Infantry of Reserves, First Corps,
+writes, (Fig. 11:)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image29.png" alt="Figure 11." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"> Figure 11.</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Unfortunately, I am forced to make note of a
+    fact which should not have occurred, but there are to be found, even
+    in our own army, creatures who are no longer men, but hogs, to whom
+    nothing is sacred. One of these broke into a sacristy; it was
+    locked, and where the Blessed Sacrament was kept. A Protestant, out
+    of respect, had refused to sleep there. This man used it as a
+    deposit for his excrements. How is it possible there should be such
+    creatures? Last night one of the men of the Landwehr, more than
+    thirty-five years of age, married, tried to rape the daughter of the
+    inhabitant where he had taken up his quarters&mdash;a mere
+    girl&mdash;and when the father intervened he pressed his bayonet
+    against his breast.</p> </div>
+
+<p>Beyond these three, who are still worthy of the name of soldiers, the
+other thirty are all alike, and the same soul (if we can talk of souls
+among such as these) animates them low and frantic. I say they are all
+about alike, but there are shades of difference. There are some who,
+like subtle jurists, make distinctions, blaming here and approving
+there&mdash;"Dort war ein Exempel am Platze." Others laugh and say "Krieg ist
+Krieg," or sometimes they add in French, to emphasize their derision,
+"Ja, Ja, c'est la guerre," and some among them, when their ugly business
+is done, turn to their book of canticles and sing psalms, such as the
+Saxon Lieut. Reislang, who relates how one day he left his drinking bout
+to <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">assist at the "Gottesdienst"</span>, but having eaten too much and drunken
+too much, had to quit the holy place in haste; and the Private Moritz
+Grosse of the 177th Infantry, who, after depicting the sacking of
+Saint-Vieth, (Aug. 22,) the sacking of Dinant, (Aug. 23,) writes this
+phrase:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Throwing of incendiary grenades into the
+    houses, and in the evening a military chorus&mdash;"Now let all give
+    thanks to God." (Fig. 12.)</p> </div>
+
+<p>They're all of a like tenor. Now, if we consider that I could exchange
+the preceding texts with others quite similar, quite as cynical, and
+taken at random, for instance&mdash;from the notebook of the Reservist
+Lautenschlager of the First Battalion, Sixty-sixth Regiment of Infantry,
+or the notebook of the Private Eduard Holl of the Eighth Corps, or the
+notebook of the sub-officer Reinhold Koehn of the Second Battalion of
+Pomeranian Pioneers, or that of the sub-officer Otto Brandt of the
+Second Section of Reserve Ambulances, or of the Reservist Martin Müller
+of the 100th Saxon Reserve, or of Lieut. Karl Zimmer of the Fifty-fifth
+Infantry, or that of the Private Erich Pressler of the 100th Grenadiers,
+First Saxon Corps, &amp;c., and if we will note that, among the exactions
+reported above, there are very few that are the work of isolated brutes,
+(such as, unfortunately, may be found even in the most noble armies,)
+but that, on the contrary, the crimes represented here are collective
+actions in obedience to service orders, and such as rest upon and
+dishonor not only the individual but the entire troop, the officers, and
+the nation; and if we will further note that these thirty notebooks
+taken at random&mdash;Bavarian, Saxon, Pomeranian, Brandeburger, or from the
+provinces of Baden and the Rhine&mdash;must of necessity represent hundreds
+and thousands of others quite similar, as we may judge from the
+frightful monotony of their recitals; if we consider all this, we must,
+I think, be forced to admit that these atrocities are nothing less than
+the practical application of a methodically organized system.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image30.png" alt="Figure 12." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"> Figure 12.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>VII.</h3>
+
+<p>H.M. the Emperor of Germany, by ratifying The Hague Convention of 1907,
+covenanted (Article 24) that "it is forbidden (c) to kill or wound an
+enemy who, having laid down his arms, or being without means of defense,
+has surrendered unconditionally. (d) To declare that no quarter shall be
+given."</p>
+
+<p>Have the German armies respected these covenants? Throughout Belgian and
+French reports depositions such as the following abound. This is taken
+from a French Captain of the 288th Infantry:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>On the 22d, in the evening, I learned that
+    in the woods, about one hundred and fifty meters north of the square
+    formed by the intersection of the great Calonne trench with the road
+    from Vaux-les-Palameis to Saint-Rémy, there were corpses of French
+    soldiers shot by the Germans. I went to the spot and found the
+    bodies of about thirty soldiers within a small space, most of them
+    prone, but several still kneeling, and <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">all having a precisely
+    similar wound</span>&mdash;a bullet through the ear. One only, seriously
+    wounded in his lower parts, could still speak, and told me that the
+    Germans before leaving had ordered them to lie down and that then
+    had them shot through the head; that he, already wounded had secured
+    indulgence by stating that he was the father of three small
+    children. The skulls of these unfortunates were scattered; the guns,
+    broken at the stock, were scattered here and there; and the blood
+    had besprinkled the bushes to such an extent that in coming out of
+    the woods my cape was spattered with it; it was a veritable
+    shambles.</p> </div>
+
+<p>I quote this testimony, not to base any accusations upon it, but simply
+to give precision to our indictment. I will not lay stress upon it as
+evidence, for I wish to keep to the rule which I have laid down&mdash;to have
+records of nothing but German sources of information.</p>
+
+<p>I will quote here the text of an order of the day addressed by General
+Stenger, in command of the Fifty-eighth German Brigade, on the 26th of
+August, to the troops under his orders:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>From this day forward no further prisoners
+    will be taken. All prisoners will be massacred. The wounded, whether
+    in arms or not in arms, shall be massacred. Even the prisoners
+    already gathered in convoys will be massacred. No living enemy must
+    remain behind us.</p>
+
+    <p> Signed&mdash;First Lieutenant in Command of the Company, Stoy;
+    Colonel Commanding the Regiment, Neubauer; General in Command of the
+    Brigade, Stenger.</p> </div>
+
+
+<p>About thirty soldiers of Stenger's Brigade (112th and 142d Regiments of
+Baden Infantry) were questioned. I have read their depositions, taken
+under oath and signed with their own names; all confirming the fact that
+this order of the day was given to them on the 26th of August. In one
+place by the Major Mosebach, in another by Lieut. Curtius, &amp;c. Most of
+these witnesses said that they were ignorant whether the order was
+carried out, but three among them testified that it was carried out
+under their own eyes in the Forest of Thiaville, where ten or twelve
+wounded French, already made prisoners by a battalion, were done away
+with; two others of the witnesses saw the order carried out along the
+road of Thiaville, where several wounded, found in the ditches by the
+company as it marched past, were killed.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image36.png" alt="Figure 13." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"> Figure 13.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, I cannot here produce the original autograph of General
+Stenger, nor am I here called upon to furnish the names of the German
+prisoners who gave this testimony. But I shall have no trouble to
+establish entirely similar crimes on the faith of German autographs.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, we find in the notebook of Private Albert Delfosse (111th
+Infantry of Reserves, Fourteenth Reserve Corps,) (Fig. 13:)</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>In the woods (near Saint-Rémy, 4th or 5th of
+    September)&mdash;Found a very fine cow and a calf killed; and again
+    the corpses of Frenchmen horribly mutilated.</p> </div>
+
+<p>Must we understand that these bodies were mutilated by loyal weapons,
+torn perhaps by shells? This may be, but it would be a charitable
+interpretation, which is belied by this newspaper heading, (Figs. 14 and
+15:)</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>JAUERSCHES TAGEBLATT Amtlicher Anzeiger Für
+    Stadt und Kreis Jauer Jauer, Sonntag, Den 18, Oktober, 1914. Nr.
+    245. 106, Jahrgang.</p> </div>
+
+<p>This is a heading of a newspaper picked up in a German trench. Jauer is
+a city of Silesia, about fifty kilometers west of Breslau, where two
+battalions of the 154th Regiment of Saxon Infantry are garrisoned. One
+Sunday morning, Oct. 18, doubtless at the hour when the
+inhabitants&mdash;women and children&mdash;were wending their way to church, there
+was distributed throughout the quiet little town, and through the
+hamlets and villages of the district, the issue of this local paper with
+the following inscription: "A day of honor for our regiment, Sept. 24,
+1914," as the title of an article of some two hundred lines, sent from
+the front by a member of the regiment&mdash;the sub-officer Klemt of the
+First Company, 154th Infantry Regiment.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image32.png"><img src="images/image32.png" width="280"
+alt="GENERAL VON KUSMANEK&mdash;Whose stubborn defense of Przemysl made it one of
+the most notable sieges of history.&mdash;(Photo from Underwood &amp;
+Underwood.)" /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">GENERAL VON KUSMANEK&mdash;<br/>
+Whose stubborn defense of Przemysl made it one of the most notable<br/>
+sieges of history.&mdash;<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Photo from Underwood &amp; Underwood.)</span></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image33.png"><img src="images/image33.png" width="280"
+alt="CAPT.-LIEUT. OTTO WEDDIGEN&mdash;
+Whose submarine exploits have done more damage to England's navy
+than all Germany's gunners.&mdash;(Photo from The Photo News.)" /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">CAPT.-LIEUT. OTTO WEDDIGEN&mdash;<br/>
+Whose submarine exploits have done more damage to England's navy<br/>
+than all Germany's gunners.&mdash;<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Photo from The Photo News.)</span></p>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image31.png" alt="Figure 14." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"> Figure 14.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image34.png" alt="Figure 15." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"> Figure 15.</p>
+
+<p>The sub-officer Klemt relates how, on the 24th of September, his
+regiment having left Hannonville in the morning, accompanied by Austrian
+batteries, suddenly came up against a double fire of infantry and
+artillery. Their losses were terrible, and yet the enemy was still
+invisible. Finally, says this officer, it was found that the bullets
+came from above, from trees which the French soldiers had climbed.
+From this point let me quote verbatim, (Fig. 16:)</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image35.png" alt="Figure 16." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"> Figure 16.</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>They're brought down from the trees like
+    squirrels, to get a hot reception with bayoneted stock; they'll need
+    no more doctors' care. We are not fighting loyal enemies, but
+    treacherous brigands. [Note&mdash;It is scarcely necessary to point
+    out that it is no more "treacherous," but quite as lawful, to fire
+    from the branches of a tree as from a window, or from a trench, and
+    that, on the contrary, it is rather more venturesome and more
+    courageous, as the sequel of this story will show.] We crossed the
+    clearing at a bound. The foe is hidden here and there among the
+    bushes, and now we are upon them. No quarter will be given. We fire
+    standing, at will; very few fire kneeling; nobody dreams of shelter.
+    We finally reach a slight depression in the ground, and there the
+    red trousers are lying in masses, here and there&mdash;dead or
+    wounded. We club or stab the wounded, for we know that these
+    rascals, as soon as we are gone by, will fire from behind. We find
+    one Frenchman lying at full length upon his face, but he is
+    counterfeiting death. A kick from a robust fusilier gives him notice
+    that we are there. Turning over he asks for quarter, but he gets the
+    reply&mdash;"Oh! is that the way, blackguard, that your tools work?"
+    and he is pinned to the ground. On one side of me I hear curious
+    cracklings. They're the blows which a soldier of the 154th is
+    vigorously showering upon the bald pate of a Frenchman with the
+    stock of his gun; he very wisely chose for this work a French gun,
+    for fear of breaking his own. Some men of particularly sensitive
+    soul grant the French wounded the grace to finish them with a
+    bullet, but others scatter here and there, wherever they can, their
+    clubbings and stabbings. Our adversaries have fought bravely. They
+    were élite troops that we had before us. They had allowed us to come
+    within thirty, and even within ten, meters&mdash;too close. Their
+    arms and knapsacks thrown down in heaps showed that they wanted to
+    fly, but upon the appearance of our "gray phantoms" terror paralyzed
+    them, and, on the narrow path in which they crowded, the German
+    bullets brought them the order to halt! There they are at the very
+    entrance of their leafy hiding places, lying down moaning and asking
+    for quarter, but whether their wounds are light or grievous, the
+    brave fusiliers saved their country the expensive care which would
+    have to be given to such a number of enemies.</p> </div>
+
+<p>Now the recital continues very ornate, very literary, and the writer
+relates how his Imperial Highness Prince Oscar of Prussia, being advised
+of the exploits (perhaps, indeed, other exploits than these) of the
+154th and of the Regiment of Grenadiers, which forms the Brigade with
+the 154th, declared them both worthy of the name of "King's Brigade,"
+and the recital closes with this phrase: "When night came on, with a
+prayer of thankfulness on our lips we fell asleep to await the coming
+day." Then adding, by way of postscript, a little phrase "Heimkehr vom
+Kampf." He carries the notebook&mdash;prose and verse together&mdash;to his
+Lieutenant, who countersigns it: "Certified as correct, De Niem,
+Lieutenant Commanding the Company," and then he sends his paper to his
+town of Jauer, where he is quite confident that he will find some
+newspaper publisher to accept it, printers to set it up, and a whole
+population to enjoy it. Now, let me ask any reader&mdash;whatever be his
+country&mdash;if he can imagine it possible for such a tale to be spread
+abroad in any paper in his language, in his native town, for the
+edification of his wife and his children. In what other country than in
+Germany is such a thing conceivable? Not in France, at all events. Now,
+if my readers want another document to show how customary it is in the
+German Army to mutilate the wounded, well, I will borrow one from the
+notebook of Private Paul Glöde of the Ninth Battalion of Pioneers, Ninth
+Corps, (Figs. 17 and 18:)</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Aug. 12, 1914, in Belgium.&mdash;One can get
+    an idea of the fury of our soldiers in seeing the destroyed
+    villages. Not one house left untouched. Everything eatable is
+    requisitioned by the unofficered soldiers. Several heaps of men and
+    women put to execution. Young pigs are running about looking for
+    their mothers. Dogs chained, without food or drink. And the houses
+    about them on fire. But the just anger of our soldiers is
+    accompanied also by pure vandalism. In the villages, already emptied
+    of their inhabitants, the houses are set on fire. I feel sorry for
+    this population. If they have made use of disloyal weapons, after
+    all, they are only defending their own country. The atrocities which
+    these non-combatants are still committing are revenged after a
+    savage fashion. <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Mutilations of the wounded are the order of the
+    day.</span></p> </div>
+
+<p>This was written as early as the 12th of August&mdash;the tenth day after the
+invasion of innocent Belgium&mdash;and these wounded creatures that were
+tortured had done nothing more than defend their land against
+Germany&mdash;their native land&mdash;which Germany had sworn, not only to respect
+but, if need be, to defend. And yet, in many countries pharisees reading
+these lines will go forward tranquilly to their churches, or their
+temples, or their banking houses, or their foreign offices, saying: "In
+what do these things concern us?" "Ja, ja, this is war." Yes, it is war,
+but war such as was never made by the soldiers of Marceau, such as never
+will be made by the soldiers of Joffre, such as never has been made and
+never will be made by France&mdash;"Mother of Arts, of Arms, and of Laws."
+Yes, it is war, but war such as Attila would not have carried on if he
+had subscribed to certain stipulations; for, in subscribing them, he
+would have awakened to the notion, which <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">alone</span> distinguishes the
+civilized man from the barbarian, distinguishes a nation from a
+horde&mdash;respect for the word once given. Yes, it is war, but war the
+theory of which could only be made up by such pedant megalomaniacs as
+the Julius von Hartmanns, the Bernhardis, and the Treitschkes; the
+theory which accords to the elect people the right to uproot from the
+laws and customs of war what centuries of humanity, of Christianity, and
+chivalry have at great pains injected into it; the theory of systematic
+and organized ferocity; today exposed to public reprobation, not only as
+an odious thing, but no less silly and absurd. For have we not reached
+the ridiculous when the incendiaries of Louvain, and Malines, and
+Rheims, the assassins of women and children, and of the wounded, already
+find it necessary to repudiate their actions, at least in words, and to
+impose upon the servility of their ninety-three Kulturträger such
+denials as this: "It is not true that we are making war in contempt of
+the law of nations, nor that our soldiers are committing acts of
+cruelty, or of insubordination, or indiscipline.... We will carry this
+conflict through to the end as a civilized people, and we answer for
+this upon our good name and upon our honor!" Why this humble and pitiful
+repudiation? Perhaps because their theory of war rested upon the
+postulate of their invincibility, and that, in the first shiver of their
+defeat upon the Marne, it collapsed, and now their repudiation quickly
+follows&mdash;in dread of the <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">lex talionis</span>.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image37.png" alt="Figure 17." /></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center"> Figure 17.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image38.png" alt="Figure 18. [Continuation of Figure 17." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"> Figure 18. [Continuation of Figure 17.</p>
+
+<p>I will stop here. I leave the conclusion to the allied armies, already
+in sight of victory.</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>NOTE.&mdash;General Stenger's order of the
+    day, mentioned on page [Transcriber's Note: blank in original], was
+    communicated orally by various officers in various units of the
+    brigade. Consequently, the form in which we have received it may
+    possibly be incomplete or altered. In face of any doubt, the French
+    Government has ordered an inquiry to be made into the prisoners'
+
+    camps. Not one of the prisoners to whom our magistrates presented
+    the order of the day in the above-mentioned form found a word to
+    alter. They one and all declared that this was the order of the day
+    which had been orally given in the ranks, repeated from man to man;
+    many added the names of the officers who had communicated the order
+    to them; some related in what a vile way it had been carried out
+    under their eyes. All the evidence of these German soldiers was
+    collected in a legal manner, under the sanction of an oath, and it
+    is after reading their depositions that I wrote the order of the
+    day.</p>
+
+    <p> The text of all this evidence was transmitted to all the French
+    Embassies and Legations in foreign countries on the 24th of October,
+    1914. Every neutral wishing to clear his conscience is at liberty to
+    obtain it from the representatives of the French Republic, who will
+    certainly respond willingly.</p> </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_15"></a>
+<h2>The Recruit.</h2>
+
+<p>By HORTENSE FLEXNER.</p>
+
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">He had a woodland look&mdash;half-startled, gay&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">As if his eyes, light-thirsty, had not learned</p>
+<p class="l">To wake accustomed on earth's joyous day,</p>
+<p class="l">A child, whose merriment and wonder burned</p>
+<p class="l">In harmless flame, even his uniform</p>
+
+<p class="l">Was but a lie to hide his wind-wild grace,</p>
+<p class="l">Whose limbs were rounded youth, too supple, warm,</p>
+<p class="l">To hold the measure of the street-made pace.</p>
+<p class="l">Music and marching&mdash;colors in the sky&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">The crowded station, then the train&mdash;farewell!</p>
+<p class="l">For all he had the glance, exultant, shy,</p>
+<p class="l">That seemed to marvel, "More to see&mdash;to tell!"</p>
+
+<p class="l">Yet with his breathing moved, hid by his coat,</p>
+<p class="l">A numbered, metal disk, strapped round his throat!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_16"></a>
+<h2>American Reply to Britain's Blockade Order</h2>
+
+<p>By William J. Bryan, American Secretary of State</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">With the publication on April 6, 1915, of its note in reply to the
+British Government's Order in Council, proclaiming a virtual blockade
+against commerce to and from Germany&mdash;printed in the April, 1915, number
+of</span> THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;the American Government rested
+its case. The text of the note to Great Britain follows:</span></p>
+
+<p>WASHINGTON, March 30, 1915.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary of State to the American Ambassador at London:</p>
+
+<p>You are instructed to deliver the following to his Majesty's Government
+in reply to your Nos. 1,795 and 1,798 of March 15: The Government of the
+United States has given careful consideration to the subjects treated in
+the British notes of March 13 and March 15, and to the British Order in
+Council of the latter date.</p>
+
+<p>These communications contain matters of grave importance to neutral
+nations. They appear to menace their rights of trade and intercourse,
+not only with belligerents but also with one another. They call for
+frank comment in order that misunderstandings may be avoided. The
+Government of the United States deems it its duty, therefore, speaking
+in the sincerest spirit of friendship, to make its own view and position
+with regard to them unmistakably clear.</p>
+
+<p>The Order in Council of the 15th of March would constitute, were its
+provisions to be actually carried into effect as they stand, a practical
+assertion of unlimited belligerent rights over neutral commerce within
+the whole European area and an almost unqualified denial of the
+sovereign rights of the nations now at peace.</p>
+
+<p>This Government takes it for granted that there can be no question what
+those rights are. A nation's sovereignty over its own ships and
+citizens under its own flag on the high seas in time of peace is, of
+course, unlimited, and that sovereignty suffers no diminution in time of
+war, except in so far as the practice and consent of civilized nations
+has limited it by the recognition of certain now clearly determined
+rights which it is conceded may be exercised by nations which are at
+war.</p>
+
+<p>A belligerent nation has been conceded the right of visit and search,
+and the right of capture and condemnation, if upon examination a neutral
+vessel is found to be engaged in unneutral service or to be carrying
+contraband of war intended for the enemy's Government or armed forces.</p>
+
+<p>It has been conceded the right to establish and maintain a blockade of
+an enemy's ports and coasts and to capture and condemn any vessel taken
+in trying to break the blockade. It is even conceded the right to detain
+and take to its own ports for judicial examination all vessels which it
+suspects for substantial reasons to be engaged in unneutral or
+contraband service and to condemn them if the suspicion is sustained.
+But such rights, long clearly defined both in doctrine and practice,
+have hitherto been held to be the only permissible exceptions to the
+principle of universal equality of sovereignty on the high seas as
+between belligerents and nations not engaged in war.</p>
+
+<p>It is confidently assumed that his Majesty's Government will not deny
+that it is a rule sanctioned by general practice that, even though a
+blockade should exist and the doctrine of contraband as to unblockaded
+territory be rigidly enforced, innocent shipments may be freely
+transported to and from the United States through neutral countries to
+belligerent territory, without being subject to the penalties of
+contraband traffic or breach of blockade, much less to detention,
+requisition, or confiscation.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, the rules of the Declaration of Paris of 1856&mdash;among them that
+free ships make free goods&mdash;will hardly at this day be disputed by the
+signatories of that solemn agreement.</p>
+
+<p>His Majesty's Government, like the Government of the United States, have
+often and explicitly held that these rights represent the best usage of
+warfare in the dealings of belligerents with neutrals at sea. In this
+connection I desire to direct attention to the opinion of the Chief
+Justice of the United States in the case of the Peterhof, which arose
+out of the civil war, and to the fact that that opinion was unanimously
+sustained in the award of the Arbitration Commission of 1871, to which
+the case was presented at the request of Great Britain. From that time
+to the Declaration of London of 1909, adopted with modifications by the
+Order in Council of the 23d of October last, these rights have not been
+seriously questioned by the British Government. And no claim on the part
+of Great Britain of any justification for interfering with the clear
+rights of the United States and its citizens as neutrals could be
+admitted. To admit it would be to assume an attitude of unneutrality
+toward the present enemies of Great Britain, which would be obviously
+inconsistent with the solemn obligations of this Government in the
+present circumstances. And for Great Britain to make such a claim would
+be for her to abandon and set at nought the principles for which she has
+consistently and earnestly contended in other times and circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>The note of his Majesty's principal Secretary of State for Foreign
+Affairs, which accompanies the Order in Council, and which bears the
+same date, notifies the Government of the United States of the
+establishment of a blockade which is, if defined by the terms of the
+Order in Council, to include all the coasts and ports of Germany and
+every port of possible access to enemy territory. But the novel and
+quite unprecedented feature of that blockade, if we are to assume it to
+be properly so defined, is that it embraces many neutral ports and
+coasts, bars access to them, and subjects all neutral ships seeking to
+approach them to the same suspicion that would attach to them were they
+bound for the ports of the enemies of Great Britain, and to unusual
+risks and penalties.</p>
+
+<p>It is manifest that such limitations, risks, and liabilities placed upon
+the ships of a neutral power on the seas, beyond the right of visit and
+search and the right to prevent the shipment of contraband already
+referred to, are a distinct invasion of the sovereign rights of the
+nation whose ships, trade, or commerce is interfered with.</p>
+
+<p>The Government of the United States is, of course, not oblivious to the
+great changes which have occurred in the conditions and means of naval
+warfare since the rules hitherto governing legal blockade were
+formulated. It might be ready to admit that the old form of "close"
+blockade, with its cordon of ships in the immediate offing of the
+blockaded ports, is no longer practicable in the face of an enemy
+possessing the means and opportunity to make an effective defense by the
+use of submarines, mines, and air craft; but it can hardly be maintained
+that, whatever form of effective blockade may be made use of, it is
+impossible to conform at least to the spirit and principles of the
+established rules of war.</p>
+
+<p>If the necessities of the case should seem to render it imperative that
+the cordon of blockading vessels be extended across the approaches to
+any neighboring neutral port or country, it would seem clear that it
+would still be easily practicable to comply with the well-recognized and
+reasonable prohibition of international law against the blockading of
+neutral ports, by according free admission and exit to all lawful
+traffic with neutral ports through the blockading cordon.</p>
+
+<p>This traffic would, of course, include all outward-bound traffic from
+the neutral country and all inward-bound traffic to the neutral country,
+except contraband in transit to the enemy. Such procedure need not
+conflict in any respect with the rights of the belligerent maintaining
+the blockade, since the right would remain with the blockading vessels
+to visit and search all ships either entering or leaving the neutral
+territory which they were in fact, but not of right, investing.</p>
+
+<p>The Government of the United States notes that in the Order in Council
+his Majesty's Government give as their reason for entering upon a course
+of action, which they are aware is without precedent in modern warfare,
+the necessity they conceive themselves to have been placed under to
+retaliate upon their enemies for measures of a similar nature, which the
+latter have announced it their intention to adopt, and which they have
+to some extent adopted, but the Government of the United States,
+recalling the principles upon which his Majesty's Government have
+hitherto been scrupulous to act, interprets this as merely a reason for
+certain extraordinary activities on the part of his Majesty's naval
+forces and not as an excuse for or prelude to any unlawful action.</p>
+
+<p>If the course pursued by the present enemies of Great Britain should
+prove to be in fact tainted by illegality and disregard of the
+principles of war sanctioned by enlightened nations, it cannot be
+supposed, and this Government does not for a moment suppose, that his
+Majesty's Government would wish the same taint to attach to their own
+actions or would cite such illegal acts as in any sense or degree a
+justification for similar practices on their part in so far as they
+affect neutral rights.</p>
+
+<p>It is thus that the Government of the United States interprets the
+language of the note of his Majesty's principal Secretary of State for
+Foreign Affairs, which accompanies the copy of the Order in Council,
+which was handed to the Ambassador of the United States by the
+Government in London and by him transmitted to Washington.</p>
+
+<p>This Government notes with gratification that "wide discretion is
+afforded to the prize court in dealing with the trade of neutrals in
+such a manner as may in the circumstances be deemed just, and that full
+provision is made to facilitate claims by persons interested in any
+goods placed in the custody of the Marshal of the prize court under the
+order." That "the effect of the Order in Council is to confer certain
+powers upon the executive officers of his Majesty's Government," and
+that "the extent to which these powers will be actually exercised and
+the degree of severity with which the measure of blockade authorized
+will be put into operation are matters which will depend on the
+administrative orders issued by the Government and the decisions of the
+authorities especially charged with the duty of dealing with individual
+ships and cargoes, according to the merits of each case."</p>
+
+<p>This Government further notes with equal satisfaction the declaration of
+the British Government that "the instructions to be issued by his
+Majesty's Government to the fleet and to the customs officials and
+executive committees concerned will impress upon them the duty of acting
+with the utmost dispatch consistent with the object in view, and of
+showing in every case such consideration for neutrals as may be
+compatible with that object, which is succinctly stated, to establish a
+blockade to prevent vessels from carrying goods for or coming from
+Germany."</p>
+
+<p>In view of these assurances formally given to this Government, it is
+confidently expected that the extensive powers conferred by the Order in
+Council on the executive officers of the Crown will be restricted by
+orders issued by the Government, directing the exercise of their
+discretionary powers in such a manner as to modify in practical
+application those provisions of the Order in Council, which, if strictly
+enforced, would violate neutral rights and interrupt legitimate trade.
+Relying on the faithful performance of these voluntary assurances by his
+Majesty's Government, the United States takes it for granted that the
+approach of American merchantmen to neutral ports situated upon the long
+line of coast affected by the Order in Council will not be interfered
+with when it is known that they do not carry goods which are contraband
+of war or goods destined to or proceeding from ports within the
+belligerent territory affected.</p>
+
+<p>The Government of the United States assumes with the greater confidence
+that his Majesty's Government will thus adjust their practice to the
+recognized rules of international law because it is manifest that the
+British Government have adopted an extraordinary method of "stopping
+cargoes destined for or coming from the enemy's territory," which, owing
+to the existence of unusual conditions in modern warfare at sea, it will
+be difficult to restrict to the limits which have been heretofore
+required by the law of nations. Though the area of operations is
+confined to "European waters, including the Mediterranean," so great an
+area of the high seas is covered and the cordon of ships is so distant
+from the territory affected that neutral vessels must necessarily pass
+through the blockading force in order to reach important neutral ports
+which Great Britain as a belligerent has not the legal right to blockade
+and which, therefore, it is presumed she has no intention of claiming to
+blockade.</p>
+
+<p>The Scandinavian and Danish ports, for example, are open to American
+trade. They are also free, so far as the actual enforcement of the Order
+in Council is concerned, to carry on trade with German Baltic ports,
+although it is an essential element of blockade that it bear with equal
+severity upon all neutrals.</p>
+
+<p>This Government, therefore, infers that the commanders of his Majesty's
+ships of war, engaged in maintaining the so-called blockade, will be
+instructed to avoid an enforcement of the proposed measures of
+non-intercourse in such a way as to impose restrictions upon neutral
+trade more burdensome than those which have been regarded as inevitable,
+when the ports of a belligerent are actually blockaded by the ships of
+its enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The possibilities of serious interruption of American trade under the
+Order in Council are so many, and the methods proposed are so unusual,
+and seem liable to constitute so great an impediment and embarrassment
+to neutral commerce, that the Government of the United States, if the
+Order in Council is strictly enforced, apprehends many interferences
+with its legitimate trade which will impose upon his Majesty's
+Government heavy responsibilities for acts of the British authorities
+clearly subversive of the rights of neutral nations on the high seas. It
+is, therefore, expected that the Majesty's Government, having considered
+these possibilities, will take the steps necessary to avoid them, and,
+in the event that they should unhappily occur, will be prepared to make
+full reparation for every act which, under the rules of international
+law, constitutes a violation of neutral rights.</p>
+
+<p>As stated in its communication of Oct. 22, 1914, "this Government will
+insist that the rights and duties of the United States and its citizens
+in the present war be defined by the existing rules of international law
+and the treaties of the United States irrespective of the provisions of
+the Declaration of London, and that this Government reserves to itself
+the right to enter a protest or demand in each case, in which those
+rights and duties so defined are violated or their free exercise
+interfered with by the authorities of the British Government."</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion you will reiterate to his Majesty's Government that this
+statement of the view of the Government of the United States is made in
+the most friendly spirit, and in accordance with the uniform candor
+which has characterized the relations of the two Governments in the
+past, and which has been in large measure the foundation of the peace
+and amity existing between the two nationals without interruption for a
+century.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: right">BRYAN.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_17"></a>
+<h2>Germany's Conditions of Peace</h2>
+
+<h2 class="sub">The First Authoritative German Presentation of the Idea</h2>
+
+<p>By Dr. Bernhard Dernburg, Late German Colonial Secretary of State</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">That Germany would be willing to make peace on the basis of a free
+neutral sea, guaranteed by the powers, was indicated in a letter written
+by Dr. Bernhard Dernburg, ex-Colonial Secretary of Germany, and read at
+a pro-German mass meeting held in Portland, Me., on April 17, 1915.
+After an explanatory note Dr. Dernburg divided into numbered clauses his
+letter, as follows:</span></p>
+
+<p>(1) Whatever peace is concluded should be of a permanent nature; no
+perfunctory patching up should be permitted. The horror of all the
+civilized nations of the Old World slaughtering one another, every one
+convinced of the perfect righteousness of their own cause&mdash;a recurrence,
+if it could not be avoided absolutely, should be made most remote, so as
+to take the weight from our minds that all this young blood of the best
+manhood of Europe might be spilled in vain.</p>
+
+<p>(2) For this purpose it must be borne in mind that the world has changed
+considerably since the last big conflagration, and that all the
+countries striving for humanity and civilization are now one big family,
+with interests, spiritual as well as commercial, interlocking to a
+degree that no disturbance of any part of the civilized globe can exist
+without seriously affecting the rest. A disturbance in one quarter must
+make quite innocent bystanders involuntary victims, to the serious
+detriment of spiritual peace and commercial pursuits.</p>
+
+<p>The great highway on which thoughts and things travel are the high seas.
+I can with full authority disclaim any ambition by my country as to
+world dominion. She is much too modest, on the one hand, and too
+experienced, on the other hand, not to know that such a state will never
+be tolerated by the rest. Events have shown that world dominion can
+only be practiced by dominion of the high seas. The aim of Germany is to
+have the seas, as well as the narrows, kept permanently open for the
+free use of all nations in times of war as well as in times of peace.
+The sea is nobody's property and must be free to everybody. The seas are
+the lungs from which humanity draws a fresh breath of enterprise, and
+they must not be stopped up.</p>
+
+<p>I, personally, would go so far as to neutralize all the seas and narrows
+permanently by a common and effective agreement guaranteed by all the
+powers, so that any infringement on that score would meet with the most
+severe punishment that can be meted out to any transgressor.</p>
+
+<p>(3) A free sea is useless except combined with the freedom of cable and
+mail communications with all countries, whether belligerent or not. I
+should like to see all the cables jointly owned by the interested
+nations and a world mail system over sea established by common consent.
+But, more than this, an open sea demands an open policy. This means
+that, while every nation must have the right, for commercial and fiscal
+purposes, to impose whatever duties it thinks fit, these duties must be
+equal for all exports and imports for whatever destination and from
+whatever source. It would be tantamount to world empire, in fact, if a
+country owning a large part of the globe could make discriminating
+duties between the motherland and dominions or colonies as against other
+nations.</p>
+
+<p>This has been of late the British practice. German colonies have always
+been open to every comer, including the motherland, on equal terms. Such
+equality of treatment should be the established practice for all the
+future. The only alternative to an open sea and free intercourse policy
+would be a Chinese wall around each country. If there is no free
+intercourse every country must become self-sufficient. Germany has
+proved that it can be done. But this policy would mean very high customs
+barriers, discrimination, unbounded egotism, and a world bristling in
+arms. While the free sea policy stands for the true aims of
+international relations, namely, in exchange of goods, which must
+benefit either party, to be mutually satisfactory, it will engender
+friendly feeling among all the peoples, advance civilization, and
+thereby have a sure tendency toward disarmament.</p>
+
+<p>(4) Germany has been taxed with disregarding treaty obligations, tearing
+up a scrap of paper&mdash;a solemn engagement of international character
+regarding Belgium. I have the less reason to enter into this matter
+since&mdash;if it was a breach of international law at all&mdash;it has been
+followed up by all other belligerents by destroying other parts of that
+code so essential to the welfare of the community of nations. Two German
+men-of-war have been destroyed in neutral waters. The protests that the
+Government of this country had to make against Great Britain's treatment
+of international sea law and the rights of the neutrals are too numerous
+to be recounted. Chinese neutrality has been violated in the grossest
+way.</p>
+
+<p>In disregard of all conventions, China is now being subjected to demands
+incompatible with the rights of self-respecting nations. Egypt and
+Cyprus have been annexed by Great Britain, disregarding all treaties.
+Germany's diplomatic representatives have been driven from China,
+Morocco, and Egypt&mdash;all countries sovereign at the time. The Declaration
+of London, which had been set up by the Government of the United States
+as the governing document, had to be dropped as such. There is
+practically no part of international law that could stand the test.
+Justice toward neutrals compels that international law should be
+re-established in a codified form, with sufficient guarantees so as to
+save, as far as possible, all the neutrals from possible implication in
+a war in which they do not take part.</p>
+
+<p>(5) Germany does not strive for territorial aggrandizement in Europe;
+she does not believe in conquering and subjugating unwilling
+nations&mdash;this on account of a spirit of justice and her knowledge of
+history. No such attempts have ever been permanently successful.</p>
+
+<p>Belgium commands the main outlet of Western German trade, is the natural
+foreland of the empire, and has been conquered with untold sacrifice of
+blood and treasure. It offers to German trade the only outlet to an open
+sea and it has been politically established, maintained, and defended by
+England in order to keep these natural advantages from Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The love for small peoples that England heralds now will never stand
+investigation, as shown by the destruction of the small Boer republics.
+So Belgium cannot be given up. However, these considerations could be
+disregarded if all the other German demands, especially a guaranteed
+free sea, were fully complied with and the natural commercial
+relationship of Belgium to Germany was considered in a just and workable
+form. In this case Germany will not fail when the times come to help in
+rebuilding the country; in fact, she is doing so now.</p>
+
+<p>(6) Germany is a country smaller in size than California, but populated
+thirty-five times as thickly as that State. She loves and fosters family
+life, and sees her future in the raising of large families of healthy
+children under the home roof and under the national flag. German parents
+have no desire to expatriate every year a considerable number of their
+children. This implies that her industrial development, which would
+alone give occupation to the yearly increase of pretty nearly a million
+people, should go on unhampered.</p>
+
+<p>The activity of her people should have an outlet in the development of
+such foreign parts as need or wish for development. Great Britain has
+shown very little foresight in constantly opposing such efforts,
+playing Morocco into the hands of France, a nation that remained
+stationary for forty-four years, with little more than half of the
+population of Germany, and with a system equally undermining religion
+and morality in keeping families small for the sake of worldly comforts.</p>
+
+<p>England, furthermore, constantly obstructed the German endeavor to
+reclaim for the benefit of all of the world the granary in Mesopotamia.
+A permanent peace will mean that this German activity must get a wide
+scope without infringement upon the rights of others. Germany should be
+encouraged to continue her activities in Africa and Asia Minor, which
+can only result in permanent benefit to all the world. Americans have a
+saying "that it will never do good to sit on a safety valve."</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing in the program of my country which would not be
+beneficial to the rest of the world, especially the United States. That
+this is so the events of the last months have conclusively shown, and a
+better appreciation of what Germany really stands for has recently
+taken place. So, if I plead the cause of my country, I am not pleading
+as a German alone, but as a citizen of a country who wishes to be a
+useful and true member of the universality of nations, contributing by
+humanitarian aims and by the enhancement of personal freedom to the
+happiness of even the lowliest members of the great world community.</p>
+
+<p>I am proud to say that I cannot only give this assurance, but produce
+facts, and I beg to refer to the modern system of social reforms which
+Germany inaugurated and carries through at an expense which is every
+year larger by half than the expense of the military system.</p>
+
+<p>The brunt of this war has not been borne by the men who fight, but by
+the women who suffer, and it will be one of the proudest and most
+coveted achievements that Germany will gain in rewarding in a dignified
+and permanently beneficial way the enormous sacrifices of womanhood, to
+alleviate to the extent of the possible the hardships and sorrows that
+this war has brought upon them.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+
+<img src="images/image39.png" alt="" /></p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_18"></a>
+<h2>The Allies' Conditions of Peace</h2>
+
+<p>By Sir Edward Grey</p>
+
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Sir Edward Grey, presiding at a lecture on
+    the war by Mr. Buchan, delivered March 22, 1915, reviewed the origin
+    and causes of the conflict. Germany, he said, refused every
+    suggestion made to her for settling the dispute by means of a
+    conference. On her must rest for all time the appalling
+    responsibility for having plunged Europe into this war. One
+    essential condition of peace must be the restoration to Belgium of
+    her independence and reparation to her for the cruel wrong done to
+    her. England claims for herself and her allies claim for themselves,
+    and together will secure for Europe, the right of independent
+    sovereignty for the different nations, the right to pursue a
+    national existence in the light of general liberty.</p> </div>
+
+<p>The occasion of our meeting this afternoon is to hear a lecture from my
+friend Mr. Buchan on the strategy of the war, and he is sure to make it
+informing and interesting. His friends know him as a man of fine public
+spirit and patriotism, in whom a crisis such as this in his country's
+history arouses the noblest feelings. I am sorry that an engagement
+makes it necessary for me to return soon to the Foreign Office, and
+therefore it will be a great disappointment to me not to hear the whole
+of the lecture. I take the opportunity to make my apology now, and also
+to make one or two remarks on the origin and issues of the war. While we
+are engaged in considering the particular methods by which the war may
+be prosecuted to a successful conclusion do not let us lose sight even
+for a moment of the character and origin of this war and of the main
+issues for which we are fighting. Hundreds of millions of money have
+been spent, hundreds of thousands of lives have been lost, and millions
+have been maimed and wounded in Europe during the last few months. And
+all this might have been avoided by the simple method of a conference or
+a joint discussion between the powers concerned which might have been
+held in London, at The Hague, or wherever and in whatever form Germany
+would have consented to have it. It would have been far easier to have
+settled by conference the dispute between Austria-Hungary and Serbia,
+which Germany made the occasion for this war, than it was to get
+successfully through the Balkan crisis of two years ago. Germany knew
+from her experience of the conference in London which settled the Balkan
+crisis that she could count upon our good will for peace in any
+conference of the powers. We had sought no diplomatic triumph in the
+Balkan Conference; we did not give ourselves to any intrigue; we pursued
+impartially and honorably the end of peace, and we were ready last July
+to do the same again.</p>
+
+<p>In recent years we have given Germany every assurance that no aggression
+upon her would receive any support from us. We withheld from her one
+thing&mdash;we would not give an unconditional promise to stand aside,
+however aggressive Germany herself might be to her neighbors. Last July,
+before the outbreak of the war, France was ready to accept a conference;
+Italy was ready to accept a conference; Russia was ready to accept a
+conference; and we know now that after the British proposal for a
+conference was made, the Emperor of Russia himself proposed to the
+German Emperor that the dispute should be referred to The Hague. Germany
+refused every suggestion made to her for settling the dispute in this
+way. On her rests now, and must rest for all time, the appalling
+responsibility for having plunged Europe into this war and for having
+involved herself and the greater part of the Continent in the
+consequences of it.</p>
+
+<p>We know now that the German Government had prepared for war as only
+people who plan can prepare. This is the fourth time within living
+memory that Prussia had made war in Europe. In the Schleswig-Holstein
+war, in the war against Austria in 1866, in the war against France in
+1870, as we now know from all the documents that have been revealed, it
+was Prussia who planned and prepared these wars. The same thing has
+occurred again, and we are determined that it shall be the last time
+that war shall be made in this way.</p>
+
+<p>We had assured Belgium that never would we violate her neutrality so
+long as it was respected by others. I had given this pledge to Belgium
+long before the war. On the eve of the war we asked France and Germany
+to give the same pledge. France at once did so. Germany declined to give
+it. When, after that, Germany invaded Belgium we were bound to oppose
+Germany with all our strength, and if we had not done so at the first
+moment, is there any one who now believes that when Germany attacked the
+Belgians, when she shot down combatants and non-combatants in a way that
+violated all the rules of war of recent times and the laws of humanity
+of all time&mdash;is there any one who thinks it possible now that we could
+have sat still and looked on without eternal disgrace?</p>
+
+<p>Now what is the issue for which we are fighting? In due time the terms
+of peace will be put forward by our Allies in concert with us&mdash;in
+accordance with the alliance that exists between us&mdash;and published to
+the world. One essential condition must be the restoration to Belgium of
+her independence, national life, and free possession of her territory,
+and reparation to her as far as reparation is possible for the cruel
+wrong done to her. That is part of the great issue for which we, with
+our allies, are contending, and the great part of the issue is this&mdash;We
+wish the nations of Europe to be free to live their independent lives,
+working out their own form of government for themselves, and their own
+national developments, whether they be great nations or small States, in
+full liberty. This is our ideal. The German ideal&mdash;we have had it poured
+out by German professors and publicists since the war began&mdash;is that of
+the Germans as a superior people, to whom all things are lawful in the
+securing of their own power, against whom resistance of any sort is
+unlawful&mdash;a people establishing a domination over the nations of the
+Continent, imposing a peace which is not to be liberty for every nation,
+but subservience to Germany. I would rather perish or leave the
+Continent altogether than live on it under such conditions.</p>
+
+<p>After this war we and the other nations of Europe must be free to live,
+not menaced continually by talk of "supreme war lords," and "shining
+armor," and the sword continually "rattled in the scabbard," and heaven
+continually invoked as the accomplice of Germany, and not having our
+policy dictated and our national destinies and activities controlled by
+the military caste of Prussia. We claim for ourselves and our allies
+claim for themselves, and together we will secure for Europe, the right
+of independent sovereignty for the different nations, the right to
+pursue a national existence, not in the shadow of Prussian hegemony and
+supremacy, but in the light of equal liberty.</p>
+
+<p>All honor for ever be given from us whom age and circumstances have kept
+at home to those who have voluntarily come forward to risk their lives,
+and give their lives on the field of battle on land and on sea. They
+have their reward in enduring fame and honor. And all honor be from us
+to the brave armies and navies of our Allies, who have exhibited such
+splendid courage and noble patriotism. The admiration they have aroused,
+and their comradeship in arms, will be an ennobling and enduring memory
+between us, cementing friendships and perpetuating national good will.
+For all of us who are serving the State at home or in whatever capacity,
+whether officials, or employers, or wage earners, doing our utmost to
+carry on the national life in this time of stress, there is the
+knowledge that there can be no nobler opportunity than that of serving
+one's country when its existence is at stake, and when the cause is just
+and right; and never was there a time in our national history when the
+crisis was so great and so imperative, or the cause more just and right.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_19"></a>
+<h2>South Africa's Romantic Blue Paper</h2>
+
+<h2 class="sub">Recording the Vision of "Oom Niklaas," the Boer Seer of Lichtenburg</h2>
+
+<p>[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April 18, 1915.]</p>
+
+
+<p>The South African "Blue Paper" is out. It is unique. However widely and
+however eagerly the official documents of the other countries involved
+in the present war may have been read, they could not be called romantic
+in any sense of the word.</p>
+
+<p>The "Blue Paper" issued by the Union of South Africa presents a distinct
+contrast. In the third paragraph of the very first page of this weighty
+document, which deals with the recent rebellion, is the following
+unusual sentence:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>It is not surprising, then, that in the
+    ferment aroused by the gigantic struggle in Europe, which seemed to
+    be shaking the world to its foundations, young men began to see
+    visions and old men to dream dreams of what the outcome might be for
+    South Africa.</p> </div>
+
+<p>And this is followed by a still stranger passage:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>The times were not without their signs.
+    There was a seer in Lichtenburg who had visions of strange import.
+    Years ago and long before any one in this country had dreamed of war
+    he beheld a great fight of bulls, six or seven of them, engaged in
+    bloody combat; a gray bull had emerged victorious from the
+    contest.</p>
+
+    <p> The bulls signified the great nations of Europe, and the gray
+    bull was Germany. Thousands had discussed this strange vision and
+    had remembered its prophetic character when, later, war actually
+    broke out. The vision seemed ominous. Germany was predestined to
+    triumph.</p> </div>
+
+<p>The seer is Niklaas van Rensburg, and he runs through this Government
+report like a scarlet thread through gray homespun. It is around his
+influence that the uprising of Sept. 15 is built. It is under his roof
+that all manner of lurid conspiracies are hatched. Not only do his words
+carry with the crowds that gather before his house to hear his prophecy,
+but his warnings shape the actions of some of the Transvaal Generals.
+The Government report will not go so far as to brand "Oom Niklaas" as a
+hoax. Says the preface:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>It is desired to point out that the
+    narrative of events has been compiled in as objective a manner as
+    possible, and that it contains no statement which is not borne out
+    by evidence in possession of the Government.</p> </div>
+
+<p>Evidently, to denounce visions of gray bulls as hocus-pocus would be to
+describe a puzzling situation much too subjectively, since the
+Government has apparently no evidence that these are not genuine
+prophecy. The best the Government can do is to call them "extraordinary
+and apparently quite authentic."</p>
+
+<p>But the extraordinary part of it is that an illiterate old soothsayer
+should be considered important enough to be included in an official
+report.</p>
+
+<p>His most famous and most influential prophecy, the one that will go down
+in the history of South Africa, was that which concerned General de la
+Rey and the fatal number 15.</p>
+
+<p>The prophecy which came back to the minds of van Rensburg's followers
+when war broke out was one concerning General de la Rey, the intrepid
+soldier who had commanded the Lichtenburg burghers in the Boer war and
+since become President of the Western Transvaal Farmers' Association.
+Van Rensburg had always admired General de la Rey. He had frequently
+hinted to his circle that great things were in store for him. One of his
+visions had been well known to General de la Rey and his friends for
+some years. The report says:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>The seer had beheld the number 15 on a dark
+    cloud from which blood issued, and then General de la Rey returning
+    home without his hat. Immediately afterward came a carriage covered
+    with flowers.</p> </div>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image40.png"><img src="images/image40.png" width="280"
+alt="H.M. CONSTANTINE I.&mdash;King of Greece.&mdash;(Photo from P.S.
+Rogers.)" /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">H.M. CONSTANTINE I.&mdash;King of Greece.&mdash;<br/>
+<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)</span></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image41a.png" alt="JOHN REDMOND&mdash;The great Irish leader, who says that Ireland has now taken her proper place in the British Empire.&mdash;(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">JOHN REDMOND&mdash;The great Irish leader,<br/>
+who says that Ireland has now taken her proper place<br/>
+in the British Empire.&mdash;<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)</span></p>
+
+<p>This was several years ago. But the people did not forget the prophecy,
+and when war broke out in Europe the Western Transvaal&mdash;in the
+Lichtenburg-Wolmaransstad area, where van Rensburg's influence was
+strongest&mdash;was immediately aflame. The Government does not seek to
+minimize the importance of this influence:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>When the war at last broke out, the effect
+    in Lichtenburg was instantaneous. The prophecies of van Rensburg
+    were eagerly recalled, and it was remembered that he had foretold a
+    day on which the independence of the Transvaal would be
+    restored.</p>
+
+    <p> Certain individuals could be seen daily cleaning their rifles
+    and cartridges in order to be ready for the day. Within a week of
+    the declaration of war between England and Germany the district was
+    further profoundly stirred by the news (now become generally known)
+    that a great meeting of local burghers was to be held at
+    Treurfontein on the 15th of August, and that certain local officers
+    were commandeering their burghers to come to this meeting armed and
+    fully equipped for active service.</p> </div>
+
+<p>The outbreak of the war in Europe suddenly brought the Lichtenburger's
+prophecy down to earth and crystallized the dream. The commandants were
+evidently as convinced that independence was at hand as the crowd.</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Careful inquiries by other local officers
+    brought to light the following facts:</p>
+
+    <p> Veld Kornet, I.E. Claassen, and Commandant F.G.A. Wolmarans of
+    Ward Onder Hartsrivier had been commandeering their own burghers as
+    well as their political friends since the first week of August to
+    come to the meeting which was to be held at Treurfontein on the
+    15th. The instructions given to these men were that they were to
+    come with rifle, horse, saddle and bridle, and as much ammunitions
+    and provisions as they could manage to bring.</p>
+
+    <p> The meeting was to be addressed by General de la Rey, and it was
+    generally believed that the assembled burghers would march on
+    Potchefstroom immediately after the meeting.</p> </div>
+
+<p>None doubted the truth of the seer's prophecy now. The Western Transvaal
+took it for its guide with implicit confidence.</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>The strange vision of the number 15, which
+    had long been common knowledge, was now discussed with intense
+    interest. The 15, it was said, signified the 15th of August, the day
+    of the meeting. That would be the day which had been so long
+    expected&mdash;the day of liberation.</p>
+
+    <p> Van Rensburg was now the oracle. His prophecies with regard to
+    the great war had been signally fulfilled. Germany was at grips with
+    England, and her triumph was looked upon as inevitable.</p>
+
+    <p> The day had arrived to strike a blow for their lost
+    independence. Van Rensburg assured his following that the Union
+    Government was "finished." Not a shot would be fired. The revolution
+    would be complete and bloodless.</p>
+
+    <p> Between the 10th and the 15th the plotters in Lichtenburg were
+    actively preparing for the day. There is evidence that German secret
+    agents were working in concert with them. When doubters asked how
+    they could be so certain that the 15 signified a day of the
+    month&mdash;and of the month of August in particular&mdash;they were
+    scornfully if illogically told that "in God's time a month sooner or
+    later made no difference."</p> </div>
+
+<p>Of course, General de la Rey was the storm centre. He had been mentioned
+in the same vision with the number 15 and it was taken for granted that
+he would play the chief rôle in the Treurfontein meeting. De la Rey was
+the unquestioned ruler of the Western Transvaal. The report states:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>He possessed an unrivaled influence and was
+    looked up to as the uncrowned king of the West. His attitude at the
+    meeting would sway the mass of his adherents and decide the question
+    of peace or war.</p> </div>
+
+<p>Accordingly, General Louis Botha, Premier of the South African Union,
+summoned General de la Rey to Pretoria some days before the meeting, and
+persuaded him to use his best efforts to allay excitement.</p>
+
+<p>On the 15th the meeting was held. The situation was a tense one. Not one
+of the burghers present doubted the outcome. Yet General de la Rey
+exhorted them to remain cool and calm. He urged them to await the turn
+of events in Europe. After his address a "strange and unusual silence"
+was observed, says the "Blue Paper."</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>A resolution was passed unanimously
+    expressing complete confidence in the Government to act in the best
+    interests of South Africa in the present world crisis. The burghers
+    appeared to have taken their leader's advice to heart, as they
+    dispersed quietly to their homes.</p> </div>
+
+<p>All danger of a rebellious movement had apparently been averted.</p>
+
+<p>The only difficulty was that the prophecy of "Oom Niklaas" was still
+standing. The fact that the uprising had failed did not seem in the
+least to invalidate the vision. If the mysterious number did not mean
+Aug. 15, then perhaps it did mean Sept. 15.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, preparations were laid for a rebellion for the latter date.
+The plot was engineered by Lieut. Colonel Solomon G. Maritz and General
+Christian Frederick Beyers. Maritz is a brilliant though unlettered
+Colonel who won distinction in the Boer war, while Beyers was the
+Commandant General of the South African Union forces. Beyers is dead
+now; Maritz and some of the prominent men associated in the conspiracy
+are in prison awaiting trial.</p>
+
+<p>Beyers and Maritz did not trust entirely to the prophecy of the seer of
+Lichtenburg. Maritz had already obtained a guarantee from the
+authorities in German West Africa, with whom he had been in
+communication for some time, that in the event of Germany's victory the
+Free State and the Transvaal would be given their freedom. He had
+organized the back-veldt Boers into readiness to go over into German
+West Africa at a moment's notice. In the Free State, General de Wet was
+ready to aid the rebellion, and the Western Transvaal, already excited,
+could easily be swung into line.</p>
+
+<p>The regiments of the west were to concentrate at Potchefstroom early in
+September for their annual training. At that time the members of the
+Government, among them General de la Rey, who is a member of the
+Legislative Assembly, would be in Cape Town for the session of the
+Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>Everything made the 15th of September look like an auspicious date for
+the conspirators and those who believed in van Rensburg. But General de
+la Rey still remained the storm centre. He was the factor which upset
+all plans. He was the most difficult obstacle. A large personality, his
+influence could never be discounted. If he could be induced to join the
+conspiracy the cause was as good as won. Should he oppose the movement
+it was lost, for neither Beyers nor Major Kemp, a leader in his district
+in West Transvaal, could hope to do anything against General de la Rey
+in the west.</p>
+
+<p>General de la Rey believed in the Lichtenburg prophet. A strong man, of
+extraordinary force and intelligence, the whole course of his plans
+might be altered by a new vision from van Rensburg. Beyers knew this,
+says the report, and saw the way by which he should win the General to
+the conspiracy.</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>There is evidence to prove that General
+    Beyers set himself systematically to work in General de la Rey's
+    mind in order to induce him to join the conspiracy.</p>
+
+    <p> General de la Rey was known to hold strong religious views,
+    which colored his whole outlook. The seer, van Rensburg, who was
+    always full of religious talk, had in this way acquired a
+    considerable amount of influence over General de la Rey.</p>
+
+    <p> There is the best of evidence (General Beyers's own statement)
+    for the belief that he himself did not scruple to work on General de
+    la Rey's mind through his religious feelings.</p> </div>
+
+<p>Just how Beyers accomplished this has not yet been revealed, but there
+was material enough to his hand. The news from Europe was disquieting.
+The German drive to Paris seemed irresistible. It looked as if in a week
+or two Germany would have the Allies at her mercy.</p>
+
+<p>The prophet saw visions in which 40,000 German soldiers were marching up
+and down the streets of London. He predicted significantly that the new
+South African State would have at its head "a man who feared God." The
+Government of Premier Botha and General Smuts, the Minister of Finance
+and Defense, was "finished." He had seen the English leaving the
+Transvaal and moving down toward Natal. When they had gone far away, a
+vulture flew from among them and returned to the Boers and settled down
+among them. That was Botha. As for Smuts, he would flee desperately to
+England and would never be seen in South Africa again. Through it all
+ran the strange number 15.</p>
+
+<p>This was excellent material for the conspirators. But the problem was to
+get General de la Rey away from the Parliament session at Cape Town and
+into the Potchefstroom camp at the psychological moment. Beyers sent a
+series of urgent telegrams to Cape Town hinting at important business.
+He emphasized the need for General de la Rey's immediate presence in
+Potchefstroom. He had evidently not yet broached the conspiracy to the
+General, but hoped only to get him to the camp at the critical moment
+when his presence would prove the deciding factor.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image42.png" alt="[map of South Africa" /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">[map of South Africa]</p>
+
+<p>Everything in Potchefstroom was in readiness. The Active Citizen Force
+concentrated here&mdash;about 1,600 men&mdash;was to start the uprising. The
+movement was to be promptly seconded throughout the Western Transvaal.
+The "Vierkleur" was to be hoisted, and a march made on Pretoria, men and
+horses being commandeered on the way. This was to take place on Tuesday,
+the 15th. There was an attempt to line up the prophet to add to the
+theatric effect, says the report.</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>On the night of the 14th the "Prophet"
+    himself was specially sent for by motor car to be personally present
+    on the 15th to witness the consummation of his prophecy. The
+    conspirators hoped to profit by the impression he would undoubtedly
+    make on those who still hesitated.</p>
+
+    <p> Unfortunately for them, however, the seer refused to leave his
+    home, saying that "it was not yet clear to him that that was his
+    path."</p> </div>
+
+<p>The signal for the revolt was to be the arrival of General Beyers and
+General de la Rey in the Potchefstroom camp. The latter was returning
+from Cape Town via Kimberley, and was due to arrive in Potchefstroom on
+the 15th. But for some reason he chose to come back through the Free
+State, and by the 15th was only at Johannesburg.</p>
+
+<p>This upset plans. Beyers had to act quickly. He had his chauffeur
+overhaul his motor car, equip it with new tubes and covers, in readiness
+for "a long journey." In a short time the car was on its way to bring
+General de la Rey from Johannesburg to Pretoria, where Beyers would meet
+him.</p>
+
+<p>There was no time to be lost. It was too late to stage the rebellion for
+the 15th, but Beyers arranged for it to be at 4 o'clock on the morning
+of Wednesday, the 16th.</p>
+
+<p>General de la Rey arrived in Pretoria. General Beyers met him and asked
+him to go immediately with him to Potchefstroom.</p>
+
+<p>The car came within sight of Johannesburg. A police cordon had been
+thrown around the town for the purpose of capturing three desperadoes,
+known as the "Foster gang," who were trying to escape in a motor car.
+The police were instructed to stop all motors and to examine in
+particular any car containing three men.</p>
+
+<p>Beyers's car held three men. It was racing at high speed. It was, of
+course, challenged by the police and ordered to stop. But Beyers knew
+nothing of the "Foster gang" and the reason for the police cordon. Keyed
+up to the highest pitch of nervous tension, his immediate conclusion was
+that his plot had been discovered and that the police were after him. He
+believed he was trapped.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, Major Kemp at Potchefstroom grew more and more anxious as the
+hours slipped by. Midnight came, and no news of the two Generals. About
+3 o'clock in the morning, says the report, an officer sharing the tent
+of a Lieutenant Colonel by the name of Kock, who was Kemp's confidant,
+was awakened by the entrance of a man. It proved to be Major Kemp. He
+leaned over Kock's bed and whispered something in his ear.</p>
+
+<p>Kock, in a profoundly startled voice, exclaimed, "Oh, God!"</p>
+
+<p>Kemp left immediately, and Kock then whispered to his friend: "General
+de la Rey is dood geskiet," (General de la Rey has been shot dead.)</p>
+
+<p>The effect of this news on South Africa can be imagined. The whole
+country was aflame. This was what the number 15 meant. The General had
+indeed "returned home without his hat, followed by a carriage full of
+flowers."</p>
+
+<p>Report ran through every town that General de la Rey had been
+deliberately assassinated by the Government. As a matter of fact, the
+report states that the shooting was purely accidental, done by the
+police under the belief that this motor car which would not halt at
+their command contained the "Foster gang." Beyers exhibited the
+motor-car everywhere, arousing sentiment to the highest pitch.</p>
+
+<p>The rest was easy. The rank and file, at least, now believed firmly in
+the prophet. He had always said that General Botha would offer no
+resistance, that the revolution would be bloodless, and thousands went
+over to the cause led by Maritz and Beyers in this belief. But it was
+not until Oct. 12 that martial law was proclaimed in South Africa. The
+rebellion had begun.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_20"></a>
+<h2>The Bells Of Berlin</h2>
+
+<p>[From Punch of London.]</p>
+
+
+    <div class="display"> <p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Which are said to be rung by order
+    occasionally to announce some supposed German victory.)</span></p> </div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">The Bells of Berlin, how they hearten the Hun</p>
+<p class="l"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Oh, dingle dong dangle ding dongle ding dee;)</span></p>
+<p class="l">No matter what devil's own work has been done</p>
+<p class="l">They chime a loud chant of approval, each one,</p>
+<p class="l">Till the people feel sure of their place in the sun</p>
+<p class="l"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Oh, dangle ding dongle dong dingle ding dee.)</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+
+<p class="l">If Hindenburg hustles an enemy squad</p>
+<p class="l"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Oh, dingle dong dangle ding dongle ding dee,)</span></p>
+<p class="l">The bells all announce that the alien sod</p>
+<p class="l">Is damp with the death of some thousand men odd,</p>
+<p class="l">Till the populace smiles with a gratified nod</p>
+<p class="l"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Oh, dangle ding dongle dong dingle ding dee.)</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">If Tirpitz behaves like a brute on the brine</p>
+
+<p class="l"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Oh, dingle dong dangle ding dongle ding dee,)</span></p>
+<p class="l">The bells with a clash and a clamor combine</p>
+<p class="l">To hint that the Hated One's on the decline,</p>
+<p class="l">And the city gulps down the good tidings like wine,</p>
+<p class="l"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Oh, dangle ding dongle dong dingle ding dee.)</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">The Bells of Berlin, are they cracked through and through</p>
+<p class="l"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Oh, dingle dong dangle ding dongle ding dee,)</span></p>
+
+<p class="l">Or deaf to the discord like Germany, too?</p>
+<p class="l">For whether their changes be many or few,</p>
+<p class="l">The worst of them is that they never ring true,</p>
+<p class="l"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Oh, dangle ding dongle dong dingle ding dee.)</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_21"></a>
+
+<h2>Warfare and British Labor</h2>
+
+<p>By Earl Kitchener, England's Secretary of State for War</p>
+
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>In his speech delivered in the House of
+    Lords on March 15, 1915, Earl Kitchener calls upon the whole nation
+    to work, not only in supplying the manhood of the country to serve
+    in the ranks, but in supplying the necessary arms, ammunition, and
+    equipment for successful operations in various parts of the
+    world.</p> </div>
+
+<p>For many weeks only trench fighting has been possible owing to the
+climatic conditions and waterlogged state of the ground. During this
+period of apparent inaction, it must not be forgotten that our troops
+have had to exercise the utmost individual vigilance and resource, and,
+owing to the proximity of the enemy's lines, a great strain has been
+imposed upon them. Prolonged warfare of this sort might be expected to
+affect the morale of an army, but the traditional qualities of patience,
+good temper, and determination have maintained our men, though highly
+tried, in a condition ready to act with all the initiative and courage
+required when the moment for an advance arrived. The recently published
+accounts of the fighting in France have enabled us to appreciate how
+successfully our troops have taken the offensive. The German troops,
+notwithstanding their carefully prepared and strongly intrenched
+positions, have been driven back for a considerable distance and the
+villages of Neuve Chapelle and L'Epinette have been captured and held by
+our army, with heavy losses to the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>In these operations our Indian troops took a prominent part and
+displayed fine fighting qualities. I will in this connection read a
+telegram I have received from Sir John French:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Please transmit following message to Viceroy
+    India: I am glad to be able to inform your Excellency that the
+    Indian troops under General Sir James Willcocks fought with great
+    gallantry and marked success in the capture of Neuve Chapelle and
+    subsequent fighting which took place on the 10th, 11th, 12th and
+    13th of this month. The fighting was very severe and the losses
+    heavy, but nothing daunted them. Their tenacity, courage and
+    endurance were admirable and worthy of the best traditions of the
+    soldiers of India.</p> </div>
+
+<p>I should like also to mention that the Canadian Division showed their
+mettle and have received the warm commendation of Sir John French for
+the high spirit and bravery with which they have performed their part.
+Our casualties during the three days' fighting, though probably severe,
+are not nearly so heavy as those suffered by the enemy, from whom a
+large number of prisoners have been taken.</p>
+
+<p>Since I last spoke in this House substantial reinforcements have been
+sent to France. They include the Canadian Division, the North Midland
+Division, and the Second London Division, besides other units. These are
+the first complete divisions of the Territorial Force to go to France,
+where I am sure they will do credit to themselves and sustain the high
+reputation which the Territorials have already won for themselves there.
+The health of the troops has been remarkably good, and their freedom
+from enteric fever and from the usual diseases incidental to field
+operations is a striking testimony to the value of inoculation and to
+the advice and skill of the Royal Army Medical Corps and its auxiliary
+organizations.</p>
+
+<p>The French army, except for a slight withdrawal at Soissons, owing to
+their reinforcements being cut off by the swollen state of the Aisne
+River, have made further important progress at various points on the
+long line they hold, especially in Champagne. Association with both our
+allies in the western theatre has only deepened our admiration of their
+resolute tenacity and fighting qualities.</p>
+
+<p>In the Eastern theatre the violent German attacks on Warsaw have failed
+in their purpose, and a considerable concentration of German troops to
+attack the Russian positions in East Prussia, after causing a
+retirement, are now either well held or are being driven back. In the
+Caucasus fresh defeats have been inflicted by the Russians on the Turks,
+and the latter have also been repulsed by our forces in Egypt when they
+attempted to attack the Suez Canal. The operations now proceeding
+against the Dardanelles show the great power of the allied fleets, and,
+although at the present stage I can say no more than what is given in
+the public press on the subject, your Lordships may rest assured that
+the matter is well in hand.</p>
+
+<p>The work of supplying and equipping new armies depends largely on our
+ability to obtain the war material required. Our demands on the
+industries concerned with the manufacture of munitions of war in this
+country have naturally been very great, and have necessitated that they
+and other ancillary trades should work at the highest possible pressure.
+The armament firms have promptly responded to our appeal, and have
+undertaken orders of vast magnitude. The great majority also of the
+employees have loyally risen to the occasion, and have worked, and are
+working, overtime and on night shifts in all the various workshops and
+factories in the country.</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding these efforts to meet our requirements, we have
+unfortunately found that the output is not only not equal to our
+necessities, but does not fulfill our expectations, for a very large
+number of our orders have not been completed by the dates on which they
+were promised. The progress in equipping our new armies, and also in
+supplying the necessary war material for our forces in the field, has
+been seriously hampered by the failure to obtain sufficient labor, and
+by delays in the production of the necessary plant, largely due to the
+enormous demands not only of ourselves, but of our allies.</p>
+
+<p>While the workmen generally, as I have said, have worked loyally and
+well, there have, I regret to say, been instances where absence,
+irregular timekeeping, and slack work have led to a marked diminution
+in the output of our factories. In some cases the temptations of drink
+account for this failure to work up to the high standard expected. It
+has been brought to my notice on more than one occasion that the
+restrictions of trade unions have undoubtedly added to our difficulties,
+not so much in obtaining sufficient labor, as in making the best use of
+that labor. I am confident, however, that the seriousness of the
+position as regards our supplies has only to be mentioned, and all
+concerned will agree to waive for the period of the war any of those
+restrictions which prevent in the very slightest degree our utilizing
+all the labor available to the fullest extent that is possible.</p>
+
+<p>I cannot too earnestly point out that, unless the whole nation works
+with us and for us, not only in supplying the manhood of the country to
+serve in our ranks, but also in supplying the necessary arms,
+ammunition, and equipment, successful operations in the various parts of
+the world in which we are engaged will be very seriously hampered and
+delayed. I have heard rumors that the workmen in some factories have an
+idea that the war is going so well that there is no necessity for them
+to work their hardest. I can only say that the supply of war material at
+the present moment and for the next two or three months is causing me
+very serious anxiety, and I wish all those engaged in the manufacture
+and supply of these stores to realize that it is absolutely essential
+not only that the arrears in the deliveries of our munitions of war
+should be wiped off, but that the output of every round of ammunition is
+of the utmost importance, and has a large influence on our operations in
+the field.</p>
+
+<p>The bill which my noble friend is about to place before the House as an
+amendment to the Defense of the Realm act is calculated to rectify this
+state of things as far as it is possible, and, in my opinion, it is
+imperatively necessary. In such a large manufacturing country as our own
+the enormous output of what we require to place our troops in the field
+thoroughly equipped and found with ammunition is undoubtedly possible,
+but this output can only be obtained by a careful and deliberate
+organization for developing the resources of the country so as to enable
+each competent workman to utilize in the most useful manner possible all
+his ability and energy in the common object which we all have in view,
+which is the successful prosecution and victorious termination of this
+war. [Cheers.] I feel sure that there is no business or manufacturing
+firm in this country that will object for one moment to any delay or
+loss caused in the product of their particular industry when they feel
+that they and their men are taking part with us in maintaining the
+soldiers in the field with those necessaries without which they cannot
+fight.</p>
+
+<p>As I have said, the regular armament firms have taken on enormous
+contracts vastly in excess of their ordinary engagements in normal times
+of peace. We have also spread orders both in the form of direct
+contracts and subcontracts over a large number of subsidiary firms not
+accustomed in peace time to this class of manufacture. It will, I am
+sure, be readily understood that, when new plant is available for the
+production of war material, those firms that are not now so engaged
+should release from their own work the labor necessary to keep the
+machinery fully occupied on the production for which it is being laid
+down, as well as to supply sufficient labor to keep working at full
+power the whole of the machinery which we now have.</p>
+
+<p>I hope that this result will be attained under the provisions of the
+bill now about to be placed before you. Labor may very rightly ask that
+their patriotic work should not be used to inflate the profits of the
+directors and shareholders of the various great industrial and armament
+firms, and we are therefore arranging a system under which the important
+armament firms will come under Government control, and we hope that
+workmen who work regularly by keeping good time shall reap some of the
+benefits which the war automatically confers on these great companies.</p>
+
+<p>I feel strongly that the men working long hours in the shops by day and
+by night, week in and week out, are doing their duty for their King and
+country in a like manner with those who have joined the army for active
+service in the field. [Cheers.] They are thus taking their part in the
+war and displaying the patriotism that has been so manifestly shown by
+the nation in all ranks, and I am glad to be able to state that his
+Majesty has approved that where service in this great work of supplying
+the munitions of war has been thoroughly, loyally and continuously
+rendered, the award of a medal will be granted on the successful
+termination of the war. [Cheers.]</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+
+<a name="toc_22"></a>
+<h2>Saviors Of Europe</h2>
+
+<p>By Rene Bazin</p>
+
+<p>[From King Albert's Book.]</p>
+
+
+<p>I believe that King Albert and Belgium, in sacrificing themselves as
+they have done for right, have saved Europe.</p>
+
+<p>I believe that in order to act with such decision it was essential to
+have a King, that is to say, a leader responsible to history, of an old
+and proved stock.</p>
+
+<p>I believe that for such action a Christian nation was essential, a
+nation capable of understanding, of accepting, and of enduring the
+ordeal.</p>
+
+<p>I believe that the first duty of the Allies will be to restore the
+Kingdom of Belgium, and that the example shown by the King and his
+people will be exalted in all civilized countries as long as the world
+reads history.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_23"></a>
+<h2>Britain's Peril of Strikes and Drink</h2>
+
+<p>By David Lloyd George, Chancellor of the Exchequer.</p>
+
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>The gravity of labor disputes in the present
+    time of national danger was dealt with by Mr. Lloyd George in a
+    speech to his constituents at Bangor on Feb. 28, 1915, special
+    reference being made to the Clyde strike. He declared that
+    compulsory arbitration in war time was imperative, as it was
+    "intolerable that the lives of Britons should be imperiled for a
+    matter of a farthing an hour." This was essentially an engineers'
+    war, for equipment was even more needed than men. Mr. Lloyd George
+    went on to comment on the adverse effect of drinking upon
+    production, and added: "We have great powers to deal with drink, and
+    we shall use them."</p> </div>
+
+<p>I have promised for some time to address a meeting at Bangor. I have
+been unable to do so because Ministers of the Crown have been working
+time and overtime, and I am sorry to say that we are not even able to
+make the best of the day of rest, the urgency is so great, the pressure
+is so severe. I had something to say today, otherwise I should not have
+been here, and I had something to say that required stating at once.
+This is the only day I had to spare. It is no fault of mine. It is
+because we are entirely absorbed in the terrible task which has been
+cast upon our shoulders. I happened to have met on Friday morning,
+before I decided to come down here, one of the most eminent Scottish
+divines, a great and old friend of mine, Dr. Whyte of Edinburgh. We were
+discussing what I have got to say today. I remarked to him, "I have only
+one day on which to say it, and as that is Sunday afternoon I am very
+much afraid my constituents won't listen to me." He replied, "If they
+won't have you, come to Scotland, and we will give you the best Sunday
+afternoon meeting you ever had." But I thought I would try Wales first.
+[Cheers.] He told me that in the Shorter Catechism you are allowed to do
+works of charity and necessity, and those who tell me that this is not
+work of necessity do not know the need, the dire need, of their country
+at this hour. At this moment there are Welshmen in the trenches of
+France facing cannon and death; the hammering of forges today is
+ringing down the church bells from one end of Europe to the other. When
+I know these things are going on now on Sunday as well as the week days
+I am not the hypocrite to say, "I will save my own soul by not talking
+about them on Sundays." [Cheers.]</p>
+
+<p>Do we understand the necessity? Do we realize it? Belgium, once
+comfortably well-to-do, is now waste and weeping, and her children are
+living on the bread of charity sent them by neighbors far and near. And
+France&mdash;the German Army, like a wild beast, has fastened its claws deep
+into her soil, and every effort to drag them out rends and tears the
+living flesh of that beautiful land. The beast of prey has not leaped to
+our shores&mdash;not a hair of Britain's head has been touched by him. Why?
+Because of the vigilant watchdog that patrols the deep for us; and that
+is my complaint against the British Navy. It does not enable us to
+realize that Britain at the present moment is waging the most serious
+war it has ever been engaged in. We do not understand it. A few weeks
+ago I visited France. We had a conference of the Ministers of Finance of
+Russia, France, Great Britain, and Belgium. Paris is a changed city. Her
+gayety, her vivacity, is gone. You can see in the faces of every man
+there, and of every woman, that they know their country is in the grip
+of grim tragedy. They are resolved to overcome it, confident that they
+will overcome it, but only through a long agony.</p>
+
+<p>No visitor to our shores would realize that we are engaged in exactly
+the same conflict, and that on the stricken fields of the Continent and
+along the broads and the narrows of the seas that encircle our islands
+is now being determined, not merely the fate of the British Empire, but
+the destiny of the human race for generations to come. [Cheers.] We are
+conducting a war as if there was no war. I have never been doubtful
+about the result of the war, [cheers,] and I will give you my reasons by
+and by. Nor have I been doubtful, I am sorry to say, about the length of
+the war and its seriousness. In all wars nations are apt to minimize
+their dangers and the duration. Men, after all, see the power of their
+own country; they cannot visualize the power of the enemy. I have been
+accounted as a pessimist among my friends in thinking the war would not
+be over before Christmas. I have always been convinced that the result
+is inevitably a triumph for this country. I have also been convinced
+that that result will not be secured without a prolonged struggle. I
+will tell you why. I shall do so not in order to indulge in vain and
+idle surmises as to the duration of the war, but in order to bring home
+to my countrymen what they are confronted with, so as to insure that
+they will leave nothing which is at their command undone in order, not
+merely to secure a triumph, but to secure it at the speediest possible
+moment. It is in their power to do so. It is also in their power, by
+neglect, by sloth, by heedlessness, to prolong their country's agony,
+and maybe to endanger at least the completeness of its triumphs. This is
+what I have come to talk to you about this afternoon, for it is a work
+of urgent necessity in the cause of human freedom, and I make no apology
+for discussing on a Sunday the best means of insuring human liberty.
+[Cheers.]</p>
+
+<p>I will give you first of all my reasons for coming to the conclusion
+that after this struggle victory must wait on our banners if we properly
+utilize our resources and opportunities. The natural resources of the
+allied countries are overwhelmingly greater than those of their enemies.
+In the man capable of bearing arms, in the financial and economic
+resources of these countries, in their accessibility to the markets of
+the world through the command of the sea for the purpose of obtaining
+material and munitions&mdash;all these are preponderatingly in favor of the
+allied countries. But there is a greater reason than all these. Beyond
+all is the moral strength of our cause, and that counts in a struggle
+which involves sacrifices, suffering, and privation for all those
+engaged in it. A nation cannot endure to the end that has on its soul
+the crimes of Belgium. [Loud cheers.] The allied powers have at their
+disposal more than twice the number of men which their enemies can
+command. You may ask me why are not those overwhelming forces put into
+the field at once and this terrible war brought to a triumphant
+conclusion at the earliest possible moment. In the answer to that
+question lies the cause of the war. The reason why Germany declared war
+is in the answer to that question.</p>
+
+<p>In the old days when a nation's liberty was menaced by an aggressor a
+man took from the chimney corner his bow and arrow or his spear, or a
+sword which had been left to him by an ancestry of warriors, went to the
+gathering ground of his tribe, and the nation was fully equipped for
+war. That is not the case now. Now you fight with complicated, highly
+finished weapons, apart altogether from the huge artillery. Every rifle
+which a man handles is a complicated and ingenious piece of mechanism,
+and it takes time. The German arsenals were full of the machinery of
+horror and destruction. The Russian arsenals were not, and that is the
+reason for the war. Had Russia projected war, she also would have filled
+her arsenals, but she desired above everything peace. ["Hear, hear!"] I
+am not sure that Russia has ever been responsible for a war of
+aggression against any of her European neighbors. Certainly this is not
+one of them. She wanted peace, she needed peace, she meant peace, and
+she would have had peace had she been left alone. She was at the
+beginning of a great industrial development, and she wanted peace in
+order to bring it to its full fructification. She had repeatedly stood
+insolences at the hands of Germany up to the point of humiliation, all
+for peace, and anything for peace.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever any one may say about her internal Government, Russia was
+essentially a peaceable nation. The men at the head of her affairs were
+imbued with the spirit of peace. The head of her army, the Grand Duke
+Nicholas, [cheers,] is about the best friend of peace in Europe. Never
+was a nation so bent on preserving peace as Russia was. It is true
+Germany six or seven years ago had threatened to march her legions
+across the Vistula and trample down Russia in the mud, and Russia,
+fearing a repetition of the same threat, was putting herself in a
+position of defense. But she was not preparing for any aggression, and
+Germany said, "This won't do. We don't like people who can defend
+themselves. We are fully prepared. Russia is not. This is the time to
+plant our dagger of tempered steel in her heart before her breastplates
+are forged." That is why we are at war. [Cheers.] Germany hurried her
+preparations, made ready for war. She made a quarrel with the same cool
+calculation as she had made a new gun. She hurled her warriors across
+the frontier. Why? Because she wanted to attack somebody, a country that
+could not defend herself. It was the purest piece of brigandage in
+history. [Cheers.] All the same there remains the fact that Russia was
+taken at a disadvantage, and is, therefore, unable to utilize beyond a
+fraction the enormous resources which she possesses to protect her soil
+against the invader. France was not expecting war, and she, therefore,
+was taken unawares.</p>
+
+<p>What about Britain? We never contemplated any war of aggression against
+any of our neighbors, and therefore we never raised an army adequate to
+such sinister purposes. During the last thirty years the two great
+political parties in the State have been responsible for the policy of
+this country at home and abroad. For about the same period we have each
+been governing this country. For about fifteen years neither one party
+nor the other ever proposed to raise an army in this country that would
+enable us to confront on land a great Continental power. What does that
+mean? We never meant to invade any Continental country. [Cheers.] That
+is the proof of it. If we had we would have started our great armies
+years ago. We had a great navy, purely for protection, purely for the
+defense of our shores, and we had an army which was just enough to deal
+with any small raid that happened to get through the meshes of our navy,
+and perhaps to police the empire. That was all, no more. But now we have
+to assist neighbors becoming the victims of a power with millions of
+warriors at its command, and we have to improvise a great army, and
+gallantly have our men flocked to the standard. [Cheers.] We have raised
+the largest voluntary army that has been enrolled in any country or any
+century&mdash;the largest voluntary army, and it is going to be larger.
+[Cheers.]</p>
+
+<p>I saw a very fine sample of that army this morning at Llandudno. I
+attended a service there, and I think it was about the most thrilling
+religious service I have ever been privileged to attend. There were men
+there of every class, every position, every calling, every condition of
+life. The peasant had left his plow, the workman had left his lathe and
+his loom, the clerk had left his desk, the trader and the business man
+had left their counting houses, the shepherd had left his sunlit hills,
+and the miner the darkness of the earth, the rich proprietor had left
+his palace, and the man earning his daily bread had quitted his humble
+cottage. There were men there of diverse and varied faiths who
+worshipped at different shrines&mdash;men who were in array against each
+other months ago in bitter conflict, and I saw them march with one step
+under one flag to fight for the same cause, and I saw them worship the
+same God. What has brought them together? The love of their native land,
+resentment for a cruel wrong inflicted upon the weak and defenseless.
+More than that, what brought them together was that instinct which comes
+to humanity at critical times when the moment has arrived to cross
+rivers of blood in order to rescue humanity from the grip of some
+strangling despotism. [Cheers.] They have done nobly. That is what has
+brought them together, but we want more, [cheers,] and I have no doubt
+we will get more.</p>
+
+<p>If this country had produced an army which was equal in proportion to
+its population to the number of men under arms in France and in Germany
+at the present moment there would be three millions and a half in this
+country and 1,200,000 in the Colonies. [Cheers.] That is what I mean
+when I say our resources are quite adequate to the task. It is not our
+fight merely&mdash;it is the fight of humanity. [Cheers.] The allied
+countries between them could raise armies of over twenty millions of
+men. Our enemies can put in the field barely half that number.</p>
+
+<p>Much as I should like to talk about the need for more men, that is not
+the point of my special appeal today. We stand more in need of equipment
+than we do of men. This is an engineers' war, [cheers,] and it will be
+won or lost owing to the efforts or shortcomings of engineers. I have
+something to say about that, for it involves sacrifices for all of us.
+Unless we are able to equip our armies our predominance in men will
+avail us nothing. We need men, but we need arms more than men, and delay
+in producing them is full of peril for this country. You may say that I
+am saying things that ought to be kept from the enemy. I am not a
+believer in giving any information which is useful to him. You may
+depend on it he knows, but I do not believe in withholding from our own
+public information which they ought to possess, because unless you tell
+them you cannot invite their co-operation. The nation that cannot bear
+the truth is not fit for war, and may our young men be volunteers, while
+the unflinching pride of those they have left behind them in their deed
+of sacrifice ought to satisfy the most apprehensive that we are not a
+timid race, who cannot face unpleasant facts! The last thing in the
+world John Bull wants is to be mollycoddled. The people must be told
+exactly what the position is, and then we can ask them to help. We must
+appeal for the co-operation of employers, workmen, and the general
+public; the three must act and endure together, or we delay and maybe
+imperil victory. We ought to requisition the aid of every man who can
+handle metal. It means that the needs of the community in many respects
+will suffer acutely vexatious, and perhaps injurious, delay; but I feel
+sure that the public are prepared to put up with all this discomfort,
+loss, and privation if thereby their country marches triumphantly out of
+this great struggle. [Cheers.] We have every reason for confidence; we
+have none for complacency. Hope is the mainspring of efficiency;
+complacency is its rust.</p>
+
+<p>We laugh at things in Germany that ought to terrify us. We say, "Look at
+the way they are making their bread&mdash;out of potatoes, ha, ha!" Aye, that
+potato-bread spirit is something which is more to dread than to mock at.
+I fear that more than I do even von Hindenburg's strategy, efficient as
+it may be. That is the spirit in which a country should meet a great
+emergency, and instead of mocking at it we ought to emulate it. I
+believe we are just as imbued with the spirit as Germany is, but we want
+it evoked. [Cheers.] The average Briton is too shy to be a hero until he
+is asked. The British temper is one of never wasting heroism on needless
+display, but there is plenty of it for the need. There is nothing
+Britishers would not give up for the honor of their country or for the
+cause of freedom. Indulgences, comforts, even the necessities of life
+they would willingly surrender. Why, there are two millions of them at
+this hour who have willingly tendered their lives for their country.
+What more could they do? If the absorption of all our engineering
+resources is demanded, no British citizen will grudge his share of
+inconvenience.</p>
+
+<p>But what about those more immediately concerned in that kind of work?
+Here I am approaching something which is very difficult to talk
+about&mdash;I mean the employers and workmen. I must speak out quite plainly;
+nothing else is of the slightest use. For one reason or another we are
+not getting all the assistance we have the right to expect from our
+workers. Disputes, industrial disputes, are inevitable; and when you
+have a good deal of stress and strain, men's nerves are not at their
+best. I think I can say I always preserve my temper in these days&mdash;I
+hope my wife won't give me away&mdash;[laughter]&mdash;and I have no doubt that
+the spirit of unrest creeps into the relations between employer and
+workmen. Some differences of opinion are quite inevitable, but we cannot
+afford them now; and, above all, we cannot resort to the usual method of
+settling them.</p>
+
+<p>I suppose I have settled more labor disputes than any man in this hall,
+and, although those who only know me slightly may be surprised to hear
+me say it, the thing that you need most is patience. If I were to give a
+motto to a man who is going to a conference between employers and
+workmen I would say: "Take your time; don't hurry. It will come around
+with patience and tact and temper." But you know we cannot afford those
+leisurely methods now. Time is victory, [cheers,] and while employers
+and workmen on the Clyde have been spending time in disputing over a
+fraction, and when a week-end, ten days, and a fortnight of work which
+is absolutely necessary for the defense of the country has been set
+aside, I say here solemnly that it is intolerable that the life of
+Britain should be imperiled for the matter of a farthing an hour.</p>
+
+<p>Who is to blame? That is not the question, but&mdash;How it is to be stopped?
+Employers will say, "Are we always to give way?" Workmen say, "Employers
+are making their fortunes out of an emergency of the country; why are
+not we to have a share of the plunder?" ["Hear, hear!" and laughter.]
+There is one gentleman here who holds that view. [Laughter.] I hope he
+is not an engineer. [Renewed laughter.] "We work harder than ever," say
+the workmen. All I can say is, if they do they are entitled to their
+share. But that is not the point&mdash;who is right? Who is wrong? They are
+both right and they are both wrong. The whole point is that these
+questions ought to be settled without throwing away the chances of
+humanity in its greatest struggle. [Cheers.] There is a good deal to be
+said for and there is a vast amount to be said against compulsory
+arbitration, but during the war the Government ought to have power to
+settle all these differences, and the work should go on. The workman
+ought to get more. Very well, let the Government find it out and give it
+to him. If he ought not, then he ought not to throw up his tools. The
+country cannot afford it. It is disaster, and I do not believe the
+moment this comes home to workmen and employers they will refuse to
+comply with the urgent demand of the Government. There must be no delay.</p>
+
+<p>There is another aspect of the question which it is difficult and
+dangerous to tackle. There are all sorts of regulations for restricting
+output. I will say nothing about the merits of this question. There are
+reasons why they have been built up. The conditions of employment and
+payment are mostly to blame for those restrictions. The workmen had to
+fight for them for their own protection, but in a period of war there is
+a suspension of ordinary law. Output is everything in this war.</p>
+
+<p>This war is not going to be fought mainly on the battlefields of Belgium
+and Poland. It is going to be fought in the workshops of France and
+Great Britain; and it must be fought there under war conditions. There
+must be plenty of safeguards and the workman must get his equivalent,
+but I do hope he will help us to get as much out of those workshops as
+he can, for the life of the nation depends on it. Our enemies realize
+that, and employers and workmen in Germany are straining their utmost.
+France, fortunately, also realizes it, and in that land of free
+institutions, with a Socialist Prime Minister, a Socialist Secretary of
+State for War, and a Socialist Minister of Marine, the employers and
+workmen are subordinating everything to the protection of their
+beautiful land.</p>
+
+<p>I have something more to say about this, and it is unpleasant. I would
+wish that it were not I, but somebody else that should say it. Most of
+our workmen are putting every ounce of strength into this urgent work
+for their country, loyally and patriotically. But that is not true of
+all. There are some, I am sorry to say, who shirk their duty in this
+great emergency. I hear of workmen in armaments works who refuse to work
+a full week's work for the nation's need. What is the reason? They are a
+minority. The vast majority belong to a class we can depend upon. The
+others are a minority. But, you must remember, a small minority of
+workmen can throw a whole works out of gear. What is the reason?
+Sometimes it is one thing, sometimes it is another, but let us be
+perfectly candid. It is mostly the lure of the drink. They refuse to
+work full time, and when they return their strength and efficiency are
+impaired by the way in which they have spent their leisure. Drink is
+doing us more damage in the war than all the German submarines put
+together.</p>
+
+<p>What has Russia done? [Cheers.] Russia, knowing her deficiency, knowing
+how unprepared she was, said, "I must pull myself together. I am not
+going to be trampled upon, unready as I am. I will use all my
+resources." What is the first thing she does? She stops the drink.
+[Cheers.] I was talking to M. Bark, the Russian Minister of Finance, a
+singularly able man, and I asked, "What has been the result?" He said,
+"The productivity of labor, the amount of work which is put out by the
+workmen, has gone up between 30 and 50 per cent." [Cheers.] I said, "How
+do they stand it without their liquor?" and he replied, "Stand it? I
+have lost revenue over it up to £65,000,000 a year, and we certainly
+cannot afford it, but if I proposed to put it back there would be a
+revolution in Russia." That is what the Minister of Finance told me. He
+told me that it is entirely attributable to the act of the Czar himself.
+It was a bold and courageous step&mdash;one of the most heroic things in the
+war. [Cheers.] One afternoon we had to postpone our conference in Paris,
+and the French Minister of Finance said, "I have got to go to the
+Chamber of Deputies, because I am proposing a bill to abolish absinthe."
+[Cheers.] Absinthe plays the same part in France that whisky plays in
+this country. It is really the worst form of drink used; not only among
+workmen, but among other classes as well. Its ravages are terrible, and
+they abolished it by a majority of something like 10 to 1 that
+afternoon. [Cheers.]</p>
+
+<p>That is how those great countries are facing their responsibilities. We
+do not propose anything so drastic as that&mdash;we are essentially moderate
+men. [Laughter.] But we are armed with full powers for the defense of
+the realm. We are approaching it, I do not mind telling you, for the
+moment, not from the point of view of people who have been considering
+this as a social problem&mdash;we are approaching it purely from the point of
+view of these works. We have got great powers to deal with drink, and we
+mean to use them. [Cheers.] We shall use them in a spirit of moderation,
+we shall use them discreetly, we shall use them wisely, but we shall use
+them fearlessly, [cheers,] and I have no doubt that, as the country's
+needs demand it, the country will support our action and will allow no
+indulgence of that kind to interfere with its prospects in this terrible
+war which has been thrust upon us.</p>
+
+<p>There are three things I want you to bear in mind. The first is&mdash;and I
+want to get this into the minds of every one&mdash;that we are at war; the
+second, that it is the greatest war that has ever been fought by this or
+any other country, and the other, that the destinies of your country and
+the future of the human race for generations to come depend upon the
+outcome of this war. What does it mean were Germany to win? It means
+world power for the worst elements in Germany, not for Germany. The
+Germans are an intelligent race; they are undoubtedly a cultivated race;
+they are a race of men who have been responsible for great ideas in this
+world. But this would mean the dominance of the worst elements among
+them. If you think I am exaggerating just you read for the moment
+extracts from the articles in the newspapers which are in the ascendency
+now in Germany about the settlement which they expect after this war. I
+am sorry to say I am stating nothing but the bare, brutal truth. I do
+not say that the Kaiser will sit on the throne of England if he should
+win. I do not say that he will impose his laws and his language on this
+country as did William the Conqueror. I do not say that you will hear
+the tramp, the noisy tramp of the goose step in the cities of the
+Empire. [Laughter.] I do not say that Death's Head Hussars will be
+patrolling our highways. I do not say that a visitor, let us say, to
+Aberdaron, will have to ask a Pomeranian policeman the best way to
+Hell's Mouth. [Loud laughter.] That is not what I mean. What I mean is
+that if Germany were triumphant in this war it would practically be the
+dictator of the international policy of the world. Its spirit would be
+in the ascendant. Its doctrines would be in the ascendant; by the sheer
+power of its will it would bend the minds of men in its own fashion.
+Germanism in its later and worst form would be the inspiriting thought
+and philosophy of the hour.</p>
+
+<p>Do you remember what happened to France after 1870? The German armies
+left France, but all the same for years after that, and while France was
+building up her army, she stood in cowering terror of this monster. Even
+after her great army was built France was oppressed with a constant
+anxiety as to what might happen. Germany dismissed her Ministers. Had it
+not been for the intervention of Queen Victoria in 1874 the French Army
+would never have been allowed to be reconstructed, and France would
+simply have been the humble slave of Germany to this hour. What a
+condition for a country! And now France is fighting not so much to
+recover her lost provinces, she is fighting to recover her self-respect
+and her national independence; she is fighting to shake off this
+nightmare that has been on her soul for over a generation, [cheers,] a
+France with Germany constantly meddling, bullying, and interfering. And
+that is what would happen if Russia were trampled upon, France broken,
+Britain disarmed. We should be left without any means to defend
+ourselves. We might have a navy that would enable us, perhaps, to resent
+insult from Nicaragua, [laughter,] we might have just enough troops,
+perhaps, to confront the Mad Mullah&mdash;I mean the African specimen. [Loud
+laughter.]</p>
+
+<p>Where would the chivalrous country be to step in to protect us as we
+protected France in 1874? America? If countries like Russia and France,
+with their huge armies, and the most powerful navy in the world could
+not face this terrible military machine, if it breaks that combination,
+how can America step in? It would be more than America can do to defend
+her own interests on her own continent if Germany is triumphant. They
+are more unready than we were. Ah! but what manner of Germany would we
+be subordinate to? There has been a struggle going on in Germany for
+over thirty years between its best and its worst elements. It is like
+that great struggle which is depicted, I think, in one of Wagner's great
+operas between the good and the evil spirit for the possession of the
+man's soul. That great struggle has been going on in Germany for thirty
+or forty years. At each successive general election the better elements
+seemed to be getting the upper hand, and I do not mind saying I was one
+of those who believed they were going to win. I thought they were going
+to snatch the soul of Germany&mdash;it is worth saving, it is a great,
+powerful soul&mdash;I thought they were going to save it. So a dead military
+caste said, "We will have none of this," and they plunged Europe into
+seas of blood. Hope was again shattered. Those worst elements will
+emerge triumphant out of this war if Germany wins.</p>
+
+<p>What does that mean? We shall be vassals, not to the best Germany, not
+to the Germany of sweet songs and inspiring, noble thoughts&mdash;not to the
+Germany of science consecrated to the service of man, not to the Germany
+of a virile philosophy that helped to break the shackles of
+superstition in Europe&mdash;not to that Germany, but to a Germany that
+talked through the raucous voice of Krupp's artillery, a Germany that
+has harnessed science to the chariot of destruction and of death, the
+Germany of a philosophy of force, violence, and brutality, a Germany
+that would quench every spark of freedom either in its own land or in
+any other country in rivers of blood. I make no apology on a day
+consecrated to the greatest sacrifice for coming here to preach a holy
+war against that. [Great cheering.]</p>
+
+<p>Concluding this speech in Welsh, Mr. Lloyd George said: "War is a time
+of sacrifice and of service. Some can render one service, some another,
+some here and some there. Some can render great assistance, others but
+little. There is not one who cannot help in some measure, whether it be
+only by enduring cheerfully his share of the discomfort. In the old
+Welsh legend there is a story of a man who was given a series of what
+appeared to be impossible tasks to perform ere he could reach the
+desires of his heart. Among other things he had to do was to recover
+every grain of seed that had been sown in a large field and bring it all
+in without one missing by sunset. He came to an anthill and won all the
+hearts and enlisted the sympathies of the industrious little people.
+They spread over the field, and before sundown the seed was all in
+except one, and as the sun was setting over the western skies a lame ant
+hobbled along with that grain also. Some of us have youth and vigor and
+suppleness of limb; some of us are crippled with years or infirmities,
+and we are at best but little ants. But we can all limp along with some
+share of our country's burden, and thus help her in this terrible hour
+to win the desire of her heart." [Loud cheers.]</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lloyd George and his party returned after the meeting to Llandudno,
+where today he will inspect the First Brigade of the Welsh Army Corps.</p>
+
+
+<p>BRITAIN'S MUNITIONS COMMITTEE</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">LONDON, April 14.&mdash;The Times says this morning:</span></p>
+
+<p>An important step has at last been taken by the Government toward the
+solution of the supreme problem of the moment&mdash;the organization of the
+national output of munitions of war. A strong committee has been
+appointed, with full power to deal with the question. It is to be
+representative of not merely one department but of the Treasury,
+Admiralty, War Office, and Board of Trade; in short, of the whole
+Government, with all its resources and authority.</p>
+
+<p>The Chancellor of the Exchequer is to be Chairman, and the first meeting
+will be held today.</p>
+
+<p>The work before the committee is nothing less than the organization of
+the whole resources of the nation for the production of materials of
+war. Hitherto, in spite of many warnings and some half-hearted attempts
+at organization, there has been no central, co-ordinated authority.</p>
+
+<p>It is an open secret that it was during Lloyd George's visit to France
+at the beginning of the year that he first appreciated the scientific
+organization of labor which our Allies had already achieved. Not content
+with utilizing and extending the existing armament plant, the French
+have long since diverted several temporarily irrelevant industries to
+the main business of waging war.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">With reference to the drink problem The Times says:</span></p>
+
+<p>While the Government is apparently considering the expropriation of all
+the licensed houses in the kingdom, this far-reaching proposal has not
+at present gone beyond the stage of inquiry and consultation, and it is
+tolerably certain that it will go no farther unless it is assured of no
+serious opposition in the country.</p>
+
+<p>The Parliamentary Opposition, the leaders of which have been consulted
+in a general way, are believed to stand by the principle which they
+followed since the war began, namely: They are not prepared to quarrel
+with any measure which the Government regards as necessary for the
+active prosecution of the war so long as no injustice is done to
+established interests.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_24"></a>
+<h2>Italy's Evolution as Reflected in Her Press</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+     Italy has reached her present position through the development
+     of a policy the steps of which have been brightly illuminated
+     by the press of the Peninsula. The most important of these
+     steps may be designated as follows:</p>
+
+<p> First, the declaration of the Government to the German
+     Ambassador at Rome on Aug. 1, 1914, that it did not regard the
+     conflict begun by Austria-Hungary and Germany as a defensive
+     war and hence not binding on it as a member of the Triple
+     Alliance, and its subsequent declarations of "neutrality," of
+     "armed neutrality," and of "a neutrality which is likely to be
+     broken if the interests of the country demanded it."</p>
+
+<p> Second, Premier Salandra's speech of Dec. 3 for "armed, alert
+     neutrality," and the declaration in Parliament on Dec. 5 by
+     Signor Giolitti showing that the declaration of Aug. 1 was
+     merely a repetition of one conveyed to Austria in the Summer
+     of 1913, when Austria had suggested that she aid Bulgaria in
+     subduing Serbia.</p>
+
+<p> Third, the arrival in Rome in December of the former German
+     Imperial Chancellor, Prince von Bülow, as Extraordinary
+     Ambassador to the Quirinal, for the purpose of keeping Italy
+     neutral, and, when this seemed doubtful, to negotiate between
+     Italy and Austria what territorial compensation the latter
+     would render the former in order to perpetuate the neutrality
+     of the Peninsula.</p>
+
+<p> Aside from the influence of these official acts, which invited
+     press comments, the Italian papers have paid keen attention to
+     the conduct of the war, concerning which the Government could
+     not, on account of its neutrality, offer an opinion. Among
+     such incidents of conduct have been the British declaration of
+     a protectorate over Egypt and the bombardment of the
+     Dardanelles by the Franco-British fleet.</p>
+
+<p> In order to weigh the full significance of the comments of the
+     Italian papers on these subjects a word may be said concerning
+     the status of the journals themselves:</p>
+
+<p> The most conspicuous is the Idea Nazionale, a paper of Rome
+     practically dedicated to intervention. Then comes the
+     conservative and solid Corriere della Sera of Milan, whose
+     Rome correspondent, Signor Torre, has peculiar facilities for
+     learning the intentions of the Ministry. Both the Tribuna and
+     the Giornale d'Italia are considered Government organs, but,
+     while the former rarely comments with authority except on
+     accomplished facts, the latter, although often voicing the
+     unofficial and personal opinions of Premier Salandra, who is
+     known to be privately in favor of intervention, also voices
+     the sentiment of former Premier Giolitti, who is known to be
+     for continued neutrality. The Stampa of Turin is a Giolitti
+     organ.</p>
+
+<p> The Osservatore Romano is the well-known Vatican organ, which
+     naturally supports Austria, a Catholic country, where such
+     support does not conflict too pointedly with the sentiments of
+     Catholics in neutral countries. Other clerical papers with
+     strong pro-German opinions and with German industrial backing
+     are the Corriere d'Italia and the Popolo Romano. The
+     Messaggero of Rome and the Secolo of Milan, influenced by
+     important British and French interests, are for intervention
+     at all costs. The Avanti is the Socialist organ.
+</p>
+
+<div>
+<h3>CAUSES OF ITALY'S NEUTRALITY.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Corriere della Sera, Aug. 2, 1914:</span></p>
+
+<p>Italy's decision to remain neutral is based on three causes:</p>
+
+<p>1. The terms of the Triple Alliance call for Italy's participation in
+war only if Germany or Austria-Hungary is attacked by another power. The
+present war is not a defensive war, but one brought on by
+Austria-Hungary and Germany.</p>
+
+<p>2. The spirit of the alliance demands that no warlike action be taken
+involving the three countries without full mutual discussion and
+agreement. Italy was not even consulted by Austria-Hungary and the
+course of events was brought to her knowledge only by news agency
+reports.</p>
+
+<p>3. When Italy went to war with Turkey, Austria prevented her from acting
+with a free hand in the Adriatic and the Aegean, thereby prolonging the
+war at an enormous cost in men and money to Italy. Italy would be
+justified in acting in precisely the same manner now toward
+Austria-Hungary.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From Secolo, Sept. 3, 1914:</span></p>
+
+<p>During the last few days we have assisted at a deplorable example of our
+Latin impressionability. The first German victories have made Italians
+waver, and Germany is taking advantage of the popular nervousness, and
+is working on public opinion in countless ways. Italy is invaded by
+Germans, who assert that Germany will issue victorious, and that her
+commercial and industrial activity will not be arrested. We are
+inundated with German letters, telegrams, newspapers, and private
+communications from German commercial houses, all asserting that Germany
+will win, and that Italy should keep neutral, to be on the winning side.</p>
+
+<p>We are not of that opinion. We cannot lose sight of England. Germany
+knows that England represents her great final danger, hence the
+bitterness with which she speaks of England in all the above
+communications. England is not playing a game of bluff. She is not
+impotent by land, as Germany says, and may give Germany a mortal blow by
+sea. The war may possibly end in a titanic duel between England and
+Germany. In this case England will go through with the struggle calmly
+and grimly, smiling at difficulties and disregarding losses.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Corriere d'Italia, Sept. 17, 1914:</span></p>
+
+<p>We do not know what Italy will do tomorrow, but we are of opinion that,
+in face of all eventualities, it is the elementary duty of patriotism
+not to trouble the calm expectancy of public opinion and not to mar the
+task of the Government, already difficult enough.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Messaggero, Sept. 18, 1914:</span></p>
+
+<p>The Italian Nation is beginning to ask itself whether it ought to remain
+until the conclusion of peace in an attitude of resignation. It is
+necessary for us with clear vision to take our place in the fighting
+line. While the destinies of a new Europe are being decided on the
+battlefields of Champagne, Belgium, Galicia, and Hungary the Government
+is assuming a grave responsibility before the country in deciding to be
+disinterested in the struggle. The keen popular awakening which is
+manifested in demonstrations, meetings, and public discussions shows
+that growing preoccupation and varied uneasiness will not cease so long
+as the fate of the country is not decided at the right time by men who
+by temperament are best fitted to be interpreters of the soul and the
+interests of the nation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Corriere della Sera, Oct. 4, 1914:</span></p>
+
+<p>Many who now invoke a war of liberation complained at the beginning of
+August that Italy had not helped her allies. The declaration of
+neutrality then seemed the greatest act of wisdom performed by Italy for
+many years. Now, however, we must think of the future. Let us remember
+that the powers will only support our wishes when they have need of us.
+Gratitude and sympathy are mere phrases when the map of Europe is being
+redrawn. If Italy desire to safeguard her interests in the Adriatic she
+cannot postpone her decision till the last moment. Italy is isolated;
+the Triple Alliance treaty cannot defend her even if it be still in
+force. Italy and Austria, as Count Nigra and Prince Bülow said, must be
+allies or enemies. Can they remain allies after what has happened?</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>ITALY'S ARMED, ALERT NEUTRALITY.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Idea Nazionale, Dec. 3, 1914:</span></p>
+
+<p>The day on which Italy will undertake to realize those aspirations she
+will find full and unconditional support. Great Britain is favorable to
+Italy gaining supremacy in the Adriatic, which is so necessary to her
+existence. If Great Britain needs Italy's support in Africa it will be
+only a matter of one or two army corps, and such an expedition, while
+having a great moral and political importance, would not diminish
+Italian military power in Europe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Avanti, Dec. 4, 1914:</span></p>
+
+<p>Premier Salandra's speech was Jesuitical. It contents the Jingoes by
+certain dubious phrases, while discontenting the Clerical and
+Conservative neutrals.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Corriere d'Italia, Dec. 4, 1914:</span></p>
+
+<p>This much-applauded word, "aspirations," was not (in Signor Salandra's
+speech) meant to refer to any particular belligerent, and the Cabinet
+consequently has no program.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Stampa, Dec. 5, 1914:</span></p>
+
+<p>Austria, before the war, disclaimed any intention of occupying Serbia,
+and her declaration cannot be disregarded by Italy, whose relations with
+Austria have been always conditional on the maintenance of the Balkan
+status quo, which Austria now threatens to alter. The Italian Government
+cannot ignore this condition, especially as during the Libyan war
+Austria menaced Italy, unless she desisted from bombarding the Albanian
+coast. Thus the Serbian situation may constitute a new factor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Corriere della Sera, Jan. 31, 1915:</span></p>
+
+<p>Italy's true policy is to come to a friendly agreement with the Slavs,
+which will guarantee their mutual interests. Italy wants a national
+settlement in the Balkan Peninsula, independent of the great powers. In
+no circumstances can Italy bind her lot to Austria-Hungary's policy.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>BRITISH PROTECTORATE OVER EGYPT.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Idea Nazionale, Dec. 19, 1914:</span></p>
+
+<p>The British Government's act merely sanctions a situation already
+existing in fact since 1882. In our governing circle it is not thought
+that the change of régime in Egypt will occasion, at least for the time
+being, any great modifications in public law in relation to the
+international statutes regulating the position of foreigners in Egypt.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Tribuna, Dec. 20, 1914:</span></p>
+
+<p>The Mediterranean agreement, in which Italy, too, has taken part,
+implicitly recognized the actual status England had acquired in Egypt.
+Now the war has demonstrated the judicial incongruity of a Turkish
+province in which and for which the English had to carry out warlike
+operations against Turkey. The protectorate already existed in
+substance, and Great Britain might now even have proclaimed annexation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Giornale d'Italia, Dec. 19, 1914:</span></p>
+
+<p>Great Britain had for some months been preparing this event, which
+legally regulates a situation which has existed in fact. The present
+situation has been brought about without any disturbance, like
+everything that England does, in silence, neatly and without disturbing
+any one. Nobody can be astonished at Great Britain's declaration of a
+protectorate over Egypt.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>THE DARDANELLES.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Giornale d'Italia, March 7, 1915:</span></p>
+
+<p>It will be extremely difficult for Italy longer to remain neutral. The
+attack by the allied fleet on the Dardanelles has brought up three great
+problems affecting Italian interests. The first of these problems is the
+new rule to allow Russia access to the Mediterranean through the
+Dardanelles; the second concerns the equilibrium of the Balkans, and the
+third the partition of Asiatic Turkey, which affects the equilibrium of
+the Eastern Mediterranean. It is impossible for Italy to keep out of the
+solution of such problems unless she be satisfied to see not only the
+powers of the Triple Entente settle these affairs according to their
+interests, but also the small but audacious and resolute nation, Greece.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Messaggero, March 17, 1915:</span></p>
+
+<p>The cession of the Trentino would be valueless if it implied the
+abandonment of Italian aspirations in Venetia Giulia, (land west of the
+Julian Alps,) in the Adriatic, and in Asia Minor, and submission to
+German policy. We cannot obtain by neutrality the territory we want,
+nor, if we renew the Triple Alliance, can we make an agreement with
+Great Britain for our security in the Mediterranean.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>VON BUELOW'S WORK AND PLEA FOR INTERVENTION.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Corriere della Sera, Feb. 8, 1915:</span></p>
+
+<p>Happily our aspirations in the Adriatic, our interests in the Central
+Mediterranean and in Northern Africa coincide admirably with the policy
+which it is easiest for us to pursue. Unless we profit with the utmost
+prudence, with the greatest circumspection, by the present rare
+opportunity which history offers us to set the finishing touches to our
+unification, to render our land and sea frontiers immeasurably more
+secure than they are, to harmonize our foreign with our domestic policy,
+we shall experience after the close of the war the darkest and most
+difficult days of our existence. The crisis through which we are passing
+is the gravest we have yet encountered. Let us make it a crisis of
+growth, not a symptom of irreparable senile decay.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Stampa, March 15, 1915:</span></p>
+
+<p>There is surely no possibility of an Austro-Italian war without German
+intervention. If Italy attacks Austria, Germany will attack Italy; nor
+will Austria make concessions, for Austria, like Turkey, never changes
+her system, even when wrong.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">From the Giornale d'Italia, March 19, 1915:</span></p>
+
+<p>Italy either can obtain peacefully immediate and certain satisfaction of
+her sacred aspirations, together with the protection of her great and
+complex interests, or she can have recourse to the supreme test of arms.
+It is absurd to think that Italy, after seven months of preparation,
+when she is in an especially advantageous diplomatic and military
+position, will be satisfied with the Biblical mess of pottage or
+less&mdash;mere promises.</p>
+
+<p>However negotiations go the great national interests must be protected
+at any costs. This is the firm will of the country and the duty of the
+Government. For fifty years Italy has made great sacrifices to be an
+element of peace in Europe. The equilibrium and peace of the Continent
+were broken through the fault of others against Italy's desire and
+without consulting her. Others have the responsibility for the present
+terrible crisis, but Italy would be unworthy if she did not issue with
+honor and advantage from the conflict. Greece, Rumania, and Bulgaria are
+awaiting Italy's move and will follow suit. Thus Italian influence is
+great at this moment, which must be seized, as it is in her power to
+contribute to the formation of a new international combination.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_25"></a>
+<h2>Some Ruses De Guerre.</h2>
+
+<p>By A.M. WAKEMAN.</p>
+
+
+<p>(Respectfully submitted to the British Government.)</p>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Great Churchill's plan to fool the foe is simple and unique&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">You only take a neutral flag and hoist it at your peak.</p>
+<p class="l">Thereby a ship with funnels four looks just like one with two,</p>
+<p class="l">Because the pattern has been changed on her Red, White, and Blue.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Now, cannot you improve on this, and so protect your towns,</p>
+<p class="l">As well as all your gallant ships at anchor in the Downs?</p>
+<p class="l">Old London, with the Stars and Stripes, might well pass for New York;</p>
+<p class="l">And Baltimore for Maryland instead of County Cork.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">To mouth of Thames (N-O-R-E) just add four letters more,</p>
+<p class="l">Then hoist the Danish ensign, and, behold, 'tis Elsinore!</p>
+
+<p class="l">And Paris will be Washington if, on the Eiffel Tower,</p>
+<p class="l">They raise the flag of U.S.A., (a well-known neutral power.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Your sailors might wear Leghorn hats, and out upon the blue,</p>
+<p class="l">They'd look like sons of Italy, (at present neutral, too;)</p>
+<p class="l">And, if upon your King the Hun would try to work some ill,</p>
+<p class="l">With pickelhaube on his head he'd pass for Uncle Bill.</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_26"></a>
+<h2>The European War As Seen By Cartoonists</h2>
+
+<div>
+<p>[German Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>The Fatal Moment In America</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image43.png" alt="&mdash;From Simplicissimus, Munich." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Simplicissimus, Munich.</span></p>
+
+<p>"Citizens of America, protect your existence and your honor by the force
+of arms!"</p>
+
+<p>"Sorry, but just now we happen to be sold out!"</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[English Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>Top Dog</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image44.png"><img src="images/image44.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From The Bystander, London." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From The Bystander, London.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[German Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+
+<h4>England's "Splendid Isolation"</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image45.png"><img src="images/image45.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From Simplicissimus, Munich." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Simplicissimus, Munich.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[English Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>The Sultan "Over the Water"</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image46.png"><img src="images/image46.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From Punch, London." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Punch, London.</span></p>
+
+<p>MEHMED V. (to Constantinople): "I don't want to leave you, but I think I
+ought to go."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[German Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+
+<h4>Churchill's Flag Swindle</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image47.png"><img src="images/image47.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From Simplicissimus, Munich." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Simplicissimus, Munich.</span></p>
+
+<p>"Really I don't care to go out any more in these disgraceful rags!"</p>
+
+<p>"Cheer up, Mrs. Britannia, just steal something better!"</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[German Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>May God Punish England!</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image48.png"><img src="images/image48.png" height="450"
+alt='[Reproduction of a cover design of a widely advertised issue of
+Simplicissimus, the German comic weekly published in Munich. The legend at
+the top reads, May God Punish England!]' /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">[Reproduction of a cover design of a widely advertised
+issue of "Simplicissimus," the German comic weekly published in Munich.
+The legend at the top reads, "May God Punish England!"]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+
+<p>[Italian Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>Speeches of the Kaiser in 1915</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image49.png" alt="&mdash;From L'Asino, Rome." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From L'Asino, Rome.</span></p>
+
+<p>JANUARY: "I alone will defeat the world."</p>
+
+<p>MARCH: "Naturally, with God's help."</p>
+
+<p>JUNE: "All goes badly&mdash;the fault is not mine."</p>
+
+<p>DECEMBER: "The fault is his."]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[English Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>Our Embarrassing Cousin</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image50.png"><img src="images/image50.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From The Bystander, London." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From The Bystander, London.</span></p>
+
+<p>JONATHAN: "In spite 'f my noo-trality, John, d'ye notice how
+'ffectionate I am?&mdash;how I sympathise with yer?"</p>
+
+<p>JOHN BULL: "M&mdash;m'yes, that's all right, but I should like it better just
+now if you'd leave my hands a bit freer to fight those rascals as they
+deserve!"</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[German Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>John Bull at the Costumer's</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image51.png"><img src="images/image51.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From Simplicissimus, Munich." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Simplicissimus, Munich.</span></p>
+
+<p>"What costume shall I choose so that none will recognize me?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why don't you go as a gentleman?"</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[English Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>William o' the Wisp</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image52.png"><img src="images/image52.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From Punch, London." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"> <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Punch, London.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[German Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>American Neutrality</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image53.png"><img src="images/image53.png" height="400"
+alt="&mdash;From Meggendorfer-Blaetter, Munich." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"> <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Meggendorfer-Blaetter, Munich.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[English Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>What the War Office Has to Put Up With</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+
+<a href="images/image54.png"><img src="images/image54.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From Punch, London." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Punch, London.</span></p>
+
+<p>Demonstration of a device for catching bombs from airships.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[German Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>Va Banque!</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image55.png"><img src="images/image55.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin.</span></p>
+
+<p>The Monte Carlo habitue's last play.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[Italian Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>The Final Earthquake&mdash;In Germany</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image56.png"><img src="images/image56.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From L'Asino, Rome." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From L'Asino, Rome.</span></p>
+
+<p>By the grace of God and the will of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>[The falling columns are marked "feudalism" and "militarism."]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[German Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>From the English Eating-House</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image57.png"><img src="images/image57.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin.</span></p>
+
+<p>England utilizes the refuse of her domestic establishment as cannon
+fodder.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[English Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>The Bread-Winner</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image58.png"><img src="images/image58.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From Punch, London." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"> <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Punch, London.</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[Italian Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>Italy's Neutrality</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image59.png"><img src="images/image59.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From L'Asino, Rome." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From L'Asino, Rome.</span></p>
+
+<p>Every day the dance becomes more difficult.</p>
+
+<p>[The dancer is the German Ambassador, von Buelow.]</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[English Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>Busy Packing</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image60.png"><img src="images/image60.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From The Bystander, London." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From The Bystander, London.</span></p>
+
+<p>SULTAN MEHMED: "'Am I there'?!! I should rather think I am!! We're being
+
+'moved,' you know. And the hammering outside is something too awful!!"</p>
+
+<p>His ISLAMIC MAJESTY HADJI GUILLIOUN: "Kismet, my boy, Kismet! Besides, I
+feel sure you'll be awfully pleased with Asia Minor&mdash;so quiet!&mdash;we
+Mussulmans always feel so at home there, too!"</p>
+
+<p>[The English preface their telephone conversations with "Are you there?"
+instead of "Hello!"]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+
+<p>[German Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>In the Cause of Culture</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image61.png"><img src="images/image61.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From Simplicissimus, Munich." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Simplicissimus, Munich.</span></p>
+
+<p>"Papa has gone away to Europe to protect the nice Englishmen from the
+savages. If you are very good, perhaps he will bring you back a nice
+German beefsteak."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[English Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>Queen Elizabeth in the Dardanelles</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image62.png"><img src="images/image62.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From Punch, London." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Punch, London.</span></p>
+
+<p>[The reference is to the huge British dreadnought that bears the name of
+England's famous queen.]</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[French Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>The "Sick Man" At Home</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image63.png"><img src="images/image63.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From Le Rire, Paris." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Le Rire, Paris.</span></p>
+
+<p>The camel with two humps.</p>
+
+<p>[The original title was "<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Le Chameau à deux Boches</span>." In French slang a
+German is a <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">bosche</span>.]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[German Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>"The Cripple-Entente"</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image64.png"><img src="images/image64.png" height="450"
+alt="&mdash;From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin.</span></p>
+
+<p>As it must finally be.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[French Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>Beware of the John-Bull-Dog!</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image65.png" alt="&mdash;From Le Rire, Paris." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Le Rire, Paris.</span></p>
+
+<p>"Go lie down, contemptible little England!"</p>
+
+<p>"What I get my teeth into I hang onto!"</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>[German Cartoon]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h4>The Great Question</h4>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image66.png" alt="&mdash;From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin.</span></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">"If I remain neutral, will you remain neutral?"</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image67.png" alt="&mdash;From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin.</span></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">"If you were neutral, would he be neutral?"</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image68.png" alt="&mdash;From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin.</span></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">"If he is neutral then we will remain neutral."</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image69.png" alt="&mdash;From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin.</span></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">"If we remain neutral, will they remain neutral?"</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image70.png" alt="&mdash;From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin." /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">&mdash;From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin.</span></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">"And you also, neutral?"</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">"Shall you remain neutral?"</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_27"></a>
+<h2>Facsimile of a Belgian Bread-Check</h2>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image71.png" alt='The card is in French and Flemish. The face reads: No. 6,715. Gratis. City of Brussels, Department of Public Supplies. Committee No. 1. Street &mdash;&mdash;. Card issued to the family &mdash;&mdash;, living at &mdash;&mdash;, for the daily delivery of &mdash;&mdash; portions. To be presented at &mdash;&mdash;Street. N.B.&mdash;Victuals will be delivered only to the father or mother of a family. The reverse side bears stamps showing the dates on which rations were issued to the holder. The original is somewhat larger than this reproduction.' /></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">The card is in French and Flemish. The face reads: "No.
+6,715. Gratis. City of Brussels, Department of Public Supplies.
+Committee No. 1. Street &mdash;&mdash;. Card issued to the family &mdash;&mdash;, living at
+&mdash;&mdash;, for the daily delivery of &mdash;&mdash; portions. To be presented at
+&mdash;&mdash;Street. N.B.&mdash;Victuals will be delivered only to the father or
+mother of a family." The reverse side bears stamps showing the dates on
+which rations were issued to the holder. The original is somewhat larger
+than this reproduction.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_28"></a>
+<h2>To A German Apologist</h2>
+
+<p>By BEATRICE BARRY.</p>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">You may seek and find if you will, perchance,</p>
+<p class="l">Excuses for your attack on France,</p>
+
+<p class="l">And perhaps 'twill not be so hard to show</p>
+<p class="l">Why England finds you her deadly foe;</p>
+<p class="l">There are reasons old and reasons new</p>
+<p class="l">For feelings hard 'twixt the Russ and you,</p>
+<p class="l">But talk as you may till the Judgment Day,</p>
+<p class="l">You cannot ever explain away&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">Belgium.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">You have used both speech and the printed word</p>
+<p class="l">To have your side of the story heard,</p>
+<p class="l">We have listened long, we have listened well</p>
+<p class="l">To everything that you had to tell,</p>
+<p class="l">We would fain be fair, but it seems as though</p>
+<p class="l">You <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">can't</span> explain what we wish to know,</p>
+
+<p class="l">And when lesser points have been cleared away,</p>
+<p class="l">You are sure to fail us when we say&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">"Belgium!"</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">You may rant and talk about British gold,</p>
+<p class="l">And opinions that are bought and sold,</p>
+<p class="l">But facts, no matter how hard to face,</p>
+<p class="l">Are facts, and the horrors taking place</p>
+
+<p class="l">In that little land, pledged to honor's creed,</p>
+<p class="l">Make your cause a luckless one to plead.</p>
+<p class="l">There are two sides? True. But when both are heard,</p>
+<p class="l">Our sad hearts echo a single word&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">"Belgium!"</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">We are not misled by the savage tales</p>
+<p class="l">An invading army never fails</p>
+
+<p class="l">To have told of it. There are false and true,</p>
+<p class="l">And we want to render you your due.</p>
+<p class="l">But our hearts go out to that ravished land</p>
+<p class="l">Where a few grim heroes make their stand,</p>
+<p class="l">And our ears hear faintly, from overseas,</p>
+<p class="l">The wailing cry of those refugees&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">"Belgium&mdash;Belgium&mdash;Belgium!"</span></p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_29"></a>
+<h2>America's Neutrality</h2>
+
+<p>By Count Albert Apponyi</p>
+
+<p>[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, March 28, 1915.]</p>
+
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>The letter which follows was sent by Count
+    Albert Apponyi to Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, and was written in the
+    latter part of last month in Budapest. Count Apponyi, who is one of
+    the most distinguished of contemporary European statesmen, was
+    President of the Hungarian Parliament from 1872 to 1904. He was
+    formerly Minister of Public Instruction, Privy Councillor, Member of
+    the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, and Member of the
+    Interparliamentary Union.</p> </div>
+
+<p>I have been greatly interested in your account of American neutrality
+in the present European crisis. I must confess that I had seen it in a
+somewhat different light before and that some of the facts under our
+notice still appear to me as hardly concordant with the magnificent
+attitude of impartiality, nay, not even with the international duties of
+neutrality, which intellectual and official America professes to keep.</p>
+
+<p>We cannot explain to ourselves that a neutral power should suffer the
+selling of arms and ammunition by its citizens to one of the belligerent
+parties, when no such selling to the other party is practically
+feasible; we cannot understand why America should meekly submit to the
+dictates of England, declaring all foodstuffs and manufacturing
+materials contraband of war, with not even a show of right and with the
+clear and openly proclaimed intention of starving Germany and
+Austria-Hungary; why, on the other hand, America should use an almost
+threatening language against Germany, and against Germany alone, when
+the latter country announces reprisals against the English trade, which,
+under given circumstances, can be considered only as acts of legitimate
+self-defense against an enemy who chooses to wage war not on our
+soldiers only, but on our women and children, too.</p>
+
+<p>With all the respect we feel for the United States, we cannot find this
+attitude of their Government either fair or dignified. I offer these
+remarks in no spirit of uncalled-for criticism, but because I see how
+much the moral authority of the United States and their splendid
+situation as the providential peace makers of some future&mdash;alas! still
+far off&mdash;day has been impaired by the aforementioned proceedings. We
+cannot help considering them as so many acts of ill-disguised hostility
+against ourselves and of compliance with our foes. How can you expect,
+then, to have your good offices accepted with confidence by both
+belligerent parties when the times are ripe for them? It seems like the
+throwing away of a magnificent opportunity, and I think that those who,
+like yourself, cherish for your country the noble ambition of being some
+day the restorer of peace, should exert themselves to prevent practices
+which, if continued, would disable her to play any such part.</p>
+
+<p>In your letter you strike the keynote of what I cannot help considering
+the partiality of Americans for the Entente powers. It is the idea that
+"in the western area of conflict, at least, there is an armed clash
+between the representatives of dynastic institutions and bureaucratic
+rule on the one hand with those of representative government and liberal
+institutions on the other." I can understand that it impresses some
+people that way, but I beg to enter a protest against this
+interpretation of the conflict.</p>
+
+<p>Liberal or less liberal institutions have nothing to do with it in the
+west; the progress of democracy in Germany will not be stopped by her
+victory, it will rather be promoted by it, because the masses are
+conscious of bearing the burden of war and of being the main force of
+its vigorous prosecution, and they are enlightened and strong enough to
+insist on a proper reward. Rights cannot be denied to those who
+fulfilled duties involving self-sacrifice of the sublimest kind with
+unflinching devotion. No practical interest of democracy then is
+involved in the conflict of the western powers.</p>
+
+<p>As to their representing liberal institutions in a higher or lower
+degree, I am perfectly willing to admit England's superior claims in
+that respect, but I am not at all inclined to recognize such superiority
+in modern France, republic though she calls herself. The omnipresence
+and omnipotence of an obtruding bureaucratic officialism is just what it
+has been under the old monarchy; religious oppression has only changed
+sides, but it still flourishes as before. In former times the Roman
+Catholic religion was considered as a State religion and in her name
+were dissent and Freemasonry oppressed; today atheism is the official
+creed, and on its behalf are Catholic believers oppressed.</p>
+
+<p>Separation of Church and State, honestly planned and loyally fulfilled
+in America has been perverted in modern France into a network of
+vexations and unfair measures against the Church and her faithful
+servants; the same term is used and this misleads you to cover widely
+different meanings. In a word, it is a perfect mistake to consider
+modern France as the "sweet land of liberty" which America is. A German
+citizen, with less show of political rights, enjoys more personal
+freedom than is granted to a French one, if he happens to differ from
+the ruling mentality.</p>
+
+<p>So stand things in the western area of conflict. But how about the east?
+You are kind enough to admit in your letter that "from this (the
+aforementioned) standpoint of course the appearance of Russia among the
+allies is an anomaly and must be explained on other grounds." Anomaly is
+a rather tame word to characterize the meaning of this appearance of
+Russia. I should hardly designate it by this term.</p>
+
+<p>She does not "appear among the allies." She is the leading power among
+them; it is her war, as Mr. Tsvolski, the Russian Ambassador to Paris,
+very properly remarked: "C'est ma guerre." She planned it, she gave
+Austria-Hungary no chance to live on peaceful terms with her neighbors,
+she forced it upon us, she drew France into it by offering her a bait
+which that poor country could not resist, she created the situation
+which England considered as her best opportunity for crushing Germany. I
+must repeat it over and over again: it is in its origin a Russian war,
+with a clearly outlined Russian program of conquest.</p>
+
+<p>Here, then, you have a real clash between two principles; not shades of
+principles as these may subsist between Germany and her western foes,
+but principles in all their essential features; not between different
+tints of gray, but between black and white, between affirmation and
+negation; affirmation of the principle of human dignity, liberty,
+safety, and negation of the same; western evolution and eastern
+reaction.</p>
+
+<p>I wonder why those prominent Americans who are so deeply impressed by
+the comparatively slight shades of liberalism differentiating Germany
+from England and France are not struck by the absolute contrast existing
+between Muscovitism and western civilized rule as represented by
+Austria-Hungary and Germany; that they overlook the outstanding fact
+that while in the western area the conflict has nothing whatever to do
+with the principles embodied in the home policy of the belligerents, in
+the east, on the other hand, these principles will in truth be affected
+by the results of war, since a Russian victory, followed by a Russian
+conquest, would mean the retrogression of western institutions and the
+corresponding expansion of eastern ones over a large area and large
+numbers of men.</p>
+
+<p>It is the consciousness of fighting in this war which has been forced
+upon us, against the direst calamity threatening our kind and on behalf
+of the most precious conquests of progress and civilization, which
+enhances our moral force so as to make it unconquerable. The hope which
+I expressed in my first letter, that Serbia's doom would soon be
+fulfilled, has been prostrated by the mistakes of an over-confident
+Commander in Chief; but that means postponement only and does not alter
+the prospects of war in their essentials.</p>
+
+<p>Good progress is achieved in the campaign against Russia; a chapter of
+it may be brought to a happy close before long. The spirit of the
+country shows no symptom of weakening; it is really wonderful what a
+firm resolve pervades our whole people, though every man between twenty
+and forty-two stands in the field, and though the losses are frightful.
+Economically we hold out easily; the expenses of war are defrayed by
+inner loans, which give unexpected results; every bit of arable land is
+tilled as in time of peace, the old, the women and the half-grown youths
+doing the work of their absent supporters, neighbors assisting each
+other in a spirit of brotherhood truly admirable. In cases of urgent
+need we have the prisoners of war, whose number increased to nearly
+300,000 (in Austria-Hungary alone) and to whom it is a real boon to find
+employment in the sort of work they are accustomed to.</p>
+
+<p>The manufacturing interest, of course, suffers severe losses; but the
+number of the unemployed is rather less than usual, since a greater part
+of the "hands" is absorbed by the army. In a word, though the sufferings
+of war are keenly felt, they are less severe than had been expected, and
+there is not the smallest indication of a break-down. The area of
+Germany, Austria, and Hungary taken as a whole is self-supporting with
+regard to foodstuffs. The English scheme of starving us is quite as
+silly as it is abominable. England can, of course, inflict severe losses
+on our manufacturers by closing the seas against their imports and
+exports; but this is not a matter of life and death, such as the first
+reprisals of Germany, if successful, may prove to England.</p>
+
+<p>Generally speaking, it seems likely that England will be caught in the
+net of her own intrigue. She did not scruple to enlist the services of
+Japan against her white enemies, but this act of treachery will be
+revenged upon herself. The latest proceedings of Japan against China can
+have one meaning only&mdash;the wholesale expulsion of the white man from
+Eastern Asia. The Japs do not care one straw who wins in Europe; they
+seized upon their own opportunity for their own purposes. England only
+gets her deserts; but how do Americans feel about it? Can America be
+absolved from a certain amount of responsibility for what may soon prove
+imminent danger to herself? Has not her partiality for England given
+encouragement to methods of warfare unprecedented in the history of
+civilized nations and fruitful of evil consequences to neutral nations?</p>
+
+<p>To us, in our continental position, all this means much less than it
+means to you. It does not endanger our prospects. We feel comparatively
+stronger every day. Our losses, though enormous, are only one-half of
+those of the Entente armies, according to the Geneva Red Cross Bureau's
+calculation. The astounding number of unwounded prisoners of war which
+Russia loses at every encounter, and even in spaces of time between two
+encounters, shows that the moral force of her army is slowly giving way,
+while the vigor of our troops is constantly increasing. After six months
+of severe fighting our military position is certainly stronger than the
+position of the Entente powers, though the latter represent a population
+of 250,000,000, (English colonies and Japan not included,) against the
+140,000,000 of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey. Who can doubt on
+which side superior moral power fights? Who can doubt, therefore, what
+the ultimate result promises to be?</p>
+
+<p>If it takes more time to bring matters to a decision&mdash;and a decision
+must be obtained at any price, if there is to follow a period of
+permanent peace&mdash;part, at least, of the responsibility for the horrors
+of the protracted war, for the slaughter of many hundred thousands more
+of human beings, rests on America. But for the American transports of
+guns and ammunition, the power of Russia would give way in a shorter
+time, considering her enormous losses in that respect and her inability
+to supplement them from her own workshops.</p>
+
+<p>It is very edifying that American pacifists are exerting themselves
+against the current of militarism which appears to spread in their
+country; but wouldn't it be better still, more to the purpose and
+certainly practically more urgent, to insist upon a truly neutral
+attitude of the great republic, to protest against her feeding the war
+by providing one belligerent side with its implements? Do American
+pacifists really fail to see that their country by such proceedings
+disables herself from being the peacemaker of the future? Do they think
+it immaterial from the standpoint of her moral power, as well as of her
+material interests, how central Europe, a mass of 120,000,000, think of
+her, feel about her?</p>
+
+<p>I hope my readers will not find fault with me for using such plain
+language. My well-known enthusiastic regard for the great American
+commonwealth makes it unnecessary that I should protest against the
+charge of meaning disrespect or anything else whatever but a sincere
+desire to state with absolute sincerity how we feel about these matters,
+in what light they appear to us. I think America must know this, because
+it is part of the general situation she has to reckon with when shaping
+her policies. I fervently hope these policies will remain in concordance
+with the great principles on which the commonwealth is built and with
+the teaching embodied in that farewell address which is read once a year
+in Congress and in which the greatest American emphatically warns his
+countrymen from becoming entangled in the conflicts of European nations.</p>
+
+<p>A few words more about the future of Europe may be said on this
+occasion. I have read with the keenest interest your own and Mr.
+Carnegie's statements concerning a future organization of Europe on the
+pattern of the United States. My personal views concerning this
+magnificent idea have been expressed in anticipation in my America
+lectures of the year 1911. Allow me to quote my own words:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Analogies are often misleading, the most
+    obvious ones especially so. Nothing seems more obvious than to draw
+    conclusions from the existing union of American States to a possible
+    union of European nations; but no fancied analogy is to be applied
+    with greater caution than this one. The American Union's origin was
+    the common struggle of several English colonies, now States, for
+    their emancipation; unity of purpose was the main principle of their
+    growth, union its natural result.</p>
+
+    <p> Europe, on the other hand, is, in her origin and in her present
+    state, a compound of conflicting interests and struggling
+    potentialities. Mutual antagonism remained the principle of growth
+    embodied in the several national lives. The juridical formula of
+    this system is the principle of national sovereignty in its most
+    uncompromising interpretation and most limitless conception. As such
+    it is the natural result of a historical growth mainly filled with
+    antagonism; in the consciousness of (European) nations it lives as
+    synonymous with national honor, as something above doubt and
+    discussion.</p> </div>
+
+<p>Let me add to this the following remarks:</p>
+
+<p>1. Any sort of union among the nations of Europe appears impossible if
+it is meant to include Russia. Russia represents eastern mentality,
+which implies an unadmissible spirit of aggression and of conquest. It
+seems to be a law of nature on the old Continent that eastern nations
+should wish to expand to the west as long as they are powerful. Not to
+mention the great migration of nations which gave birth to mediaeval
+organizations, you may follow this law in the history of the Tartars, of
+the Turks, and of Russia herself. The spirit of aggressiveness vanishes
+only when decay sets in, which is still far from being the case of
+Russia, or when a nation is gradually converted to Occidental mentality,
+which, I hope, will some day be her happy lot. But till then, and that
+may mean a century or two, any sort of union including Russia would mean
+a herd of sheep including a wolf.</p>
+
+<p>2. What I hope then, for the present, as the most desirable result of
+the war, is a thorough understanding between the nations of the Western
+European Continent, construction of a powerful political block,
+corresponding to the area of western mentality, in close connection with
+America; such a block would discourage aggression from the east; it
+would urge Russia on the path of reform and home improvement. England
+would be welcome to join it, on condition of renouncing those
+pretensions to monopolizing the seas which are as constant a menace to
+peace as Russian aggressiveness is. So we should have, if not "the
+United States of Europe," which at present lies beyond the boundary
+lines of possibilities, a strong peace union of the homogeneous western
+nations. Alas! this result can be reached only by destroying the present
+unnatural connections, which mean the continuance of war till a crushing
+decision is obtained.</p>
+
+<p>3. The American colonies of England did not think of union as of a peace
+scheme; they had been compelled into it by war, by the necessity of
+self-defense. It is only such an overpowering motive which has force
+enough to blot out petty rivalries and minor antagonisms. If union
+between States belonging to the same race and not divided either by
+history or by serious conflicting interests could be effected only under
+the pressure of a common peril, we must infer "a minori ad majus" that
+such a powerful incentive will be more necessary still to persuade into
+union nations of different races, each cherishing memories of mutual
+collisions and actually aware of not unimportant clashing interests.</p>
+
+<p>The menace of aggression from the east has been brought home to us by
+the present war; gradually it will be understood even by those
+Occidentals who at present unhappily lend their support to that
+aggression. On this perception of the higher common interests of
+self-defense do I build the possibilities of a western coalition. But a
+time may come when Russia will be compelled to join it and to complete
+thereby the union of the whole of Europe; it may come sooner than the
+conversion of Russia to western ideas could be effected by natural
+evolution; it may come through the yellow peril, the menace of which has
+been brought nearer to us by the accursed policy of England.</p>
+
+<p>Let Japan organize the dormant forces of China, as it seems bent upon
+doing, and the same law of eastern aggressiveness which is at the bottom
+of the present war will push the yellow mass toward Europe. Russia, as
+comparatively western, will have to bear their first onset; for this she
+will require Occidental assistance, and in the turmoil of that direful
+conflict&mdash;or, let us hope, in order to avoid it&mdash;she will readily give
+up all designs against her western neighbors, and she may become really
+western by the necessities which impel her to lean on the west.</p>
+
+<p>But this may or may not happen. What I see before me as a tangible
+possibility is the great western block. It is the only principle of
+reconstruction after war that contains a guarantee of a permanent peace;
+it is the one, therefore, which the pacifists of all nations should
+strive for, once they get rid of the passing mentality of conflict that
+now obscures the judgment of the best among us.</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<img src="images/image72.png" alt="" /></p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_30"></a>
+<h2>Neutral Spirit of the Swiss</h2>
+
+<h2 class="sub">An Interview With President Motta of the Swiss Confederation</h2>
+
+<p>[From The London Times, Jan. 30, 1915.]</p>
+
+
+<p style="text-align: right">BERNE, Jan. 20.</p>
+
+<p>The President of the Swiss Confederation is the symbol of a democracy so
+perfect that the man in the street is not quite sure who the President
+is. He knows that he is one of a council of seven, and that he is
+elected for one year, and that is all. In the Federal Palace, the Berne
+Westminster and Downing Street, the anonymity is almost as complete.
+Officers pass and repass in the corridors&mdash;one of the signs, like the
+waiting military motor cars at the door, of mobilization&mdash;but this does
+not change the spirit, simple and civilian, of the interior.</p>
+
+<p>M. Motta, Chief of State for this year, is a man of early middle life.
+He is the best type of Swiss, a lawyer by profession, whose limpid
+French seems to express culture as well as candor. Nor could one doubt
+for a moment the sincerity of his speech. Speaking on the Swiss position
+in the war, M. Motta was anxious to remove the impression that it was
+colored, dominated by the existence of the German-speaking cantons, more
+numerous than the French. "Of course," he said, "we have our private
+sympathies, which incline us one way or the other, and there is the
+language tie&mdash;though here we are greatly attached to our Bernese
+patois&mdash;but I would have you believe the Swiss are essentially just and
+impartial, they look at the war objectively.</p>
+
+<p>"We have good-will toward all the nations. Need I say that we respect
+and esteem England? Have you not found that you are well received? There
+is no antagonistic feeling against any one. Our neutrality is imposed
+upon us by our position, a neutrality that is threefold in its effects,
+for it is political, financial, and economic. Italy, France, Germany,
+Austria, are our neighbors; we send them goods, and we receive supplies
+from them in return."</p>
+
+<p>We then talked of the army, of that wonderful little army which, at this
+moment, is watching the snowy passes of the Alps. Two years ago it is
+said to have impressed the Kaiser on manoeuvres; perhaps for that reason
+he has refrained to pass that way. Outside, in the slippery streets,
+over which the red-capped children passed with shouts of glee, I had
+seen something of the preparations; the men, steel-like and stolid,
+marching by, the officers, stiff and martial-looking, saluting right and
+left under the quaint arcades of this charming city. Colored photographs
+of corps commanders adorned the windows and seemed to find a ready sale.
+These things pointed in the same direction. Switzerland, posted on her
+crests, was watching the issue of the terrific struggle in the plains.</p>
+
+<p>"We must defend our neutrality," the President said, "our 600 years of
+freedom. There is not a single man in the country who thinks
+differently. I am an Italian-Swiss, one of the least numerous of our
+nationalities, but there is only one voice here as elsewhere&mdash;only one
+voice from Ticino to Geneva. That we shall defend our neutrality is
+proved by the great expenditure on our army; otherwise, it would be the
+height of folly."</p>
+
+<p>The President spoke of army expenditure, of the simple army system, of
+the reorganization which had been carried out some years before.
+Switzerland was spending £20,000 a day, a large sum for a small country.
+Since the day when the general mobilization had been decreed&mdash;some
+classes have now been liberated&mdash;Switzerland had spent £4,500,000. It
+was a lot of money.</p>
+
+<p>The army, of course, was a militia; some few officers were professional
+soldiers, others were drawn from a civil career and were doctors,
+lawyers, engineers, and merchants. In 1907 the country had consented to
+lengthen the periods of training in what are quaintly called the
+"recruits' schools" and "rehearsal schools." In the former category the
+men do sixty-five days' training a year, in the latter forty-five.</p>
+
+<p>"I assure you," continued M. Motta, "whatever sympathy the German-Swiss
+may feel toward Germany, the French-Swiss toward France, or the Italian
+toward Italy, it is nothing like as warm and as intimate as that which
+each Swiss feels toward his fellow-Swiss."</p>
+
+<p>This was the national note which dominated everything. At first there
+was a little difficulty in the councils of the nation. Some showed a
+tendency to lose their balance, but that phase had passed, and each day,
+I gathered, purely Swiss interests were coming uppermost.</p>
+
+<p>"And the press, M. le President?"</p>
+
+<p>M. Motta admitted that some writers had been excessive in their
+language and had been lacking in good taste; but, on the whole, he
+thought the newspapers had impartially printed news from both sides, and
+he cited a list of leading organs&mdash;Switzerland is amazingly full of
+papers&mdash;which had been conspicuous for their moderation.</p>
+
+<p>And then there was the question of contraband. Orders were very precise
+on the subject; the Cabinet had limitless power since the opening of the
+war; if there was any smuggling it was infinitesimal, and, as to
+foodstuffs, Switzerland regretted she could not import more for her own
+needs. The Government had established a monopoly and forbidden
+re-exportation, but supplies were not up to the normal. The route by the
+Rhine was closed.</p>
+
+<p>Finally came the phrase, concluding the conversation: "Whoever violates
+our neutrality will force us to become the allies of his enemy." There
+could be nothing more categorical.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_31"></a>
+<h2>To King And People.</h2>
+
+<p>By WALTER SICHEL.</p>
+
+<p>[From King Albert's Book.]</p>
+
+
+    <div class="display"> <p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">All the great things have been done by the
+    little peoples.</span>&mdash;DISRAELI.</p> </div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Sire, King of men, disdainer of the mean,</p>
+<p class="l">Belgium's inspirer, well thou stand'st for all</p>
+<p class="l">She bodes to generations yet unseen,</p>
+
+<p class="l">Freedom and fealty&mdash;Kingship's coronal.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Nation of miracles, how swift you start</p>
+<p class="l">To super-stature of heroic deeds</p>
+<p class="l">So brave, so silent beats your bleeding heart</p>
+<p class="l">That ours, e'en in the flush of welcome, bleeds.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">No sound of wailing. Look, above, afar,</p>
+<p class="l">Throbs in the darkness with triumphant ray</p>
+<p class="l">A little yet an all-commanding star,</p>
+<p class="l">The morning star that heralds forth the day.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_32"></a>
+
+<h2>A Swiss View of Germany</h2>
+
+<p>By Maurice Millioud</p>
+
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>M. Maurice Millioud, an eminent member of
+    the Faculty of the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, has written
+    an article of marked breadth and penetration in which he presents a
+    quite novel view of the forces which, in combination, have brought
+    Germany to its actual position. These forces are political, social,
+    and economic; beneath and through them works the subtle impulsion of
+    a national conception of right and might which the author sums up as
+    the "ideology of caste." Want of space forbids the publication of
+    the entire article. We give its most significant parts with such
+    summary of those portions which it was necessary to omit as, we
+    trust, will enable our readers to follow the general argument.</p>
+    </div>
+
+<p>Humanitarians the most deeply buried in dreams yield with stupefaction
+to the evidence of fact. European war was possible, since here it is,
+and even a world war, for all continents are represented in the mêlée.
+Millions of men on the one side or the other are ranged along battle
+fronts of from 500 to 1,000 kilometers. We are witnessing a displacement
+of human masses to which there is nothing comparable except the
+formidable convulsions of geologic ages.</p>
+
+<p>The world then was in formation. Will a new Europe, a new society, a new
+humanity, take form from the prodigious shock by which our imagination
+is confounded?</p>
+
+<p>We can at least seek to understand what we cannot hinder.</p>
+
+<p>This war was not a matter of blind fate, but had been foreseen for a
+long time. What are the forces that have set the nations in movement? I
+do not seek to establish responsibility. Whosoever it may be, those who
+have let loose the conflict have behind them peoples of one mind. That,
+perhaps, is the most surprising feature in an epoch when economic,
+social, and moral interests are so interwoven from one end of the earth
+to the other that the conqueror himself must suffer cruelly from the
+ruin of the conquered.</p>
+
+<p>The Governments have determined the day and the hour. They could not
+have done it in opposition to the manifest will of the nations. Public
+sentiment has seconded them. What is it then which rouses man from his
+repose, impels him to desert his gains, his home, the security of a
+regular life, and sends him in eager search for bloody adventures?</p>
+
+<p>This problem involves different solutions because it embraces a number
+of cases. Between the Russians, the French, the English, the Germans
+there is a similarity of will, but not, it seems, an analogy of
+sentiment. I shall undertake to analyze the case of Germany. It has
+peculiar interest on account of its importance, of its definiteness, of
+the comparisons to which it leads, and the reflections which it
+suggests. Numerous facts easy to verify and in part recent permit us to
+throw some light upon it and offer us a guarantee against hazardous
+conjectures.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Defining a caste as "a group of men bound to each other by solidarity
+of functions in society," such as the Brahmins of India and the feudal
+nobility, Prof. Millioud says that he will use the terms as equivalent
+or nearly equivalent to a "directing class." Quoting the article from
+Vorwaerts which led to the suspension of that Socialist organ and which
+"admits by implication that responsibility for the war falls on
+Germany," he proceeds to examine the origins of the influence of the war
+party and the interests it served.</span></p>
+
+<p>Here we must have recourse to history. In Germany the dominant class is
+composed in part of an aristocracy by birth and of bourgeois
+capitalists, more or less of them ennobled. The interior policy of
+Germany since 1871 and even since 1866 is explained by the relations,
+sometimes kindly, sometimes hostile, of these two categories of persons,
+by the opposition or the conjunction of these two influences, and not
+by a struggle of the dominant class against the socialistic mass. That
+struggle, which is in France and is becoming in England a fact of
+essential gravity, has been in Germany only a phenomenon of secondary
+importance. It has determined neither the profound evolution of the
+national life nor the chief decisions of the Government.</p>
+
+<p>In Germany, as is known, the abolition of the ancien régime did not take
+place brusquely as in France. After the revolution and the French
+occupation, the noble caste recovered all its privileges. It has lost
+them little by little, but not yet entirely. Even the liquidation of the
+property of the feudal régime was not completed until toward 1850.
+Napoleon made some sad cuts in the little sovereignties, but from 1813
+to 1815 the princely families did their utmost to recover their
+independence. The greater part were mediatized, but their tenacity
+offered a serious obstacle up to 1871 to the establishment of German
+unity.</p>
+
+<p>That unity was accomplished in despite of them, by sword and fire, as
+Bismarck said, that is to say, by the wars of 1866 and 1870. Care was
+taken, however, not to abase them more than was strictly necessary, for
+it was intended to maintain the hierarchy. What was wanted was a
+monarchical unity, made from above down, and not a democratic unity
+brought about by popular impulsion.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, the smaller nobles formed, after 1820, a vast
+association for the defense of their rights, the Adelskette. Moreover,
+they could not be sacrificed, in the first place, because they had
+rendered invaluable services in the wars of independence, they had
+arisen as one man, and they had ruined themselves in sacrifices for the
+national cause, they had organized the people and led it to victory,
+finally because they served to restrain the high nobility whose
+domination was feared. They sustained the throne against the princes,
+the higher nobility against the democracy, the lesser nobility against
+the higher, the two forming an intermediary class between the monarch
+and the nation. That was the social conception which prevailed with
+those who were working to realize the unity of Germany, so that the
+nobility, lesser or higher, in default of its privileges retained its
+functions.</p>
+
+<p>Treitschke, in his last lessons, about 1890, called it "a political
+class." For the bourgeois, he said, wealth, instruction, letters, arts.
+Their part is fine enough. The nobility is apt at governing. That is its
+special distinction. For a long time, in fact, the nobility has filled
+alone or almost alone the great administrative, governmental, and
+military posts.</p>
+
+<p>Bismarck was the finished type, the representative par excellence of
+this class of men. He had their intellectual and moral qualities carried
+to the highest degree of superiority. But he underwent evolution after
+1871, and his caste with him, under the pressure of general
+circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>Bismarck was a Junker, a Prussian rustic, monarchist, particularist,
+agrarian and militarist. Each of his qualities is an attribute of a
+mentality of caste, a very curious one, not lacking in grandeur, but
+very narrow and not always adequate to the conduct of affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Monarchist means anti-Parliamentarian. The fine scorn of rhetoric and
+even of public discussion, a conviction that democracy will not lead to
+anything beyond a display of mediocrity, that is one of the salient
+features of his mind. Patriotism conceived as an attachment to personal
+relations, as the service of one man, the subject, to another man, the
+King, and not the service of an anonymous person, the functionary, to an
+abstraction, the State, the republic, this was formerly designated by
+the word faithful, (féal,) which has disappeared from our vocabulary
+because it is without meaning in our present moral state.</p>
+
+<p>The Junker is particularist, at least he was. The political and
+administrative centralization which the Jacobins achieved in France
+inspires him with horror. For him it is disorder. He sees in it nothing
+but a dust heap of individuals crushed beneath a formula. Even today,
+when the German accuses France of anarchy, that is what he means. He
+figures to himself the nation as a vast hierarchy of liberties, an
+autonomy of States within the empire, of provinces within the State, of
+communes within the province, of proprietors within the commune.
+Equality is equality of rank, of worth, of wealth, of force, but
+impersonal equality before the law is for him an unnatural thing, an
+invention of the professors which at heart he despises.</p>
+
+<p>He is agrarian and militarist, that is to say, conservative and enamored
+of force. In 1830 four-fifths of the population lived by agriculture and
+the landlord governed his peasants patriarchally. He kept the
+conservatist spirit of a rustic, a very lively sense of authority and
+the military instinct. He had scant liking for distant enterprises or
+adventures. He was at once religious, warlike, and realist, knowing how
+to nurse his ambitions and to confine his view to what was within reach.</p>
+
+<p>Bismarck for a long time was the decided opponent of naval armaments and
+colonial policy, in short, of imperialism. Even his projects for social
+reform&mdash;insurance against sickness, against old age&mdash;which have been
+accepted as concessions to modern ideas, were due entirely to his
+monarchical and patriarchal conception of the State. He copied the
+ancient decrees of Colbert as to naval personnel. He would have gone as
+far as assurance against non-employment. In the dominion of the King, he
+said, no one should die of hunger.</p>
+
+<p>The Junker made a force of Prussia; he made Prussia itself. It was due
+to him that she passed after 1815 from the form of a Polizeistaat to the
+form of Kulturstaat, the latter only an expansion of the former. In
+place of a watchful, regulating, and vexatious State she became an
+organized State, the instructor of youth, the protector of religion, the
+source of inspiration for agricultural reforms, and all great commercial
+and industrial enterprises. This State was not an emanation from the
+national will, but the creator of a nation, the living and moving
+self-incarnation of the Hegelian "idea," that is to say, the Divine
+thought.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the German aristocracy the noble of Pomerania or Brandenburg, the
+Prussian Junker, represented this social type most definitely. In the
+south the liberal tendencies&mdash;to be exact, the memories of the French
+Revolution&mdash;persisted far into the nineteenth century. But it is well
+known that German unity was accomplished by military force and against
+liberalism.</p>
+
+<p>After 1871, and even after Sadowa, the problem of interior policy which
+presented itself was that of the "Prussianization" of Germany. At one
+time it seemed that Bismarck was on the point of succeeding in it. What
+was that national liberal party upon which he depended for so long? It
+was the old liberal party, with advanced tendencies tainted with
+democratic liberalism and even with cosmopolitanism, keeping up its
+relations with the intellectuals, the university men, who made so much
+noise with pen and voice about 1848 and later. They dreamed of the unity
+of Germany in the democratic liberty and moral hegemony of their nation,
+having become in Europe the sobered heir of the French Revolution.</p>
+
+<p>Under the influence of Bismarck they sacrificed to their dream of unity,
+to their national dream, their liberal dream, and they secured for the
+Chancellor the support of the upper bourgeoisie.</p>
+
+<p>It was indeed the Prussianization of Germany, but in that spirit and in
+that system contemporary German militarism would never have fructified.
+It was contrary to the characteristic tendencies of a monarchical State
+supported by a conservative caste, which was also particularist,
+military, and agricultural. A State of this kind tends to become a
+closed State.</p>
+
+<p>What then happened? An event of capital importance which everybody
+knows, but of which we only now begin to see the consequences. It was
+the radical transformation of Germany from an agricultural to an
+industrial nation. In its origin this phenomenon dates from before the
+nineteenth century. By 1848 it had become perceptible. Since 1866, and
+especially since 1871, it has dominated the entire social evolution of
+the empire. Here, in fact, is the revolution. It partakes of the
+character of a tragedy, it has overturned the conditions of life
+throughout the entire German territory.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the War of Independence, four out of five Germans lived
+on the land, two out of three were engaged in agriculture. By 1895 the
+agricultural population was only 35.7 per cent. That, supported by
+industry and commerce, kept continually increasing. In 1895 it was 50.6
+per cent.</p>
+
+<p>This progress of industry and trade indicates the rise of a new class of
+the population, that of the capitalists. It seemed at first that their
+arrival would result in a dispossession of the nobility. For example,
+under the ancien régime the bourgeois could not acquire the property of
+the nobles. Toward 1880, for Eastern Prussia only, 7,086 estates of
+11,065 belonged to non-nobles. They could have been acquired only with
+money. Capital was supplanting birth. Today even, in Prussia, five
+members of the Ministry, a little more than one-third, are bourgeois not
+enjoying the particle von.</p>
+
+<p>The new dominant class encroached upon the ancient in two ways, by
+depriving it of its clientele and by acquiring a considerable weight in
+the State. "The weight of a social class" is the totality of its means
+of action, which it possesses on account of its numbers, its personal
+influence, its wealth, and the importance of the interests which it
+represents. The clientele of the agrarian nobility was essentially the
+peasants, who have continually diminished in number, the attraction of
+industrial and commercial employments having caused a great migration to
+the interior, to the factories, and the cities.</p>
+
+<p>For many years this phenomenon has been disclosed by statistics and
+pointed out by economists and sociologists, but no remedy has been
+found. Today, although emigration abroad has much moderated, Germany has
+not labor for its tillage. It is obliged to import farm hands and even
+cereals. It no longer produces foodstuffs sufficient for its own
+support.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, the peasant who remains upon the soil is freed from the
+landlord, and agricultural production has become
+specialized&mdash;industrialized. There is the case, for instance, of that
+peasant woman who declared that she had not the time to wash her linen
+and who sent it to the steam laundry at Karlsruhe. Here is not merely an
+economic transformation, but a moral evolution. The agriculturist who no
+longer produces in order to consume but in order to sell, and who must
+live from the product of his sales, tries to produce as much as
+possible. He hires foreign labor to get from it all that he can. The
+impersonal relations of employer and employed replace the patriarchal
+traditions. Thus the land owner finds himself caught in the mechanism of
+the capitalistic system.</p>
+
+<p>As to the "weight" of the new class, it increased prodigiously during
+the years following the war of 1870, thanks to the millions which the
+empire could invest in its industries and which allowed it to endow its
+commerce and its merchant marine, to complete the network of its roads,
+canals, and railways.</p>
+
+<p>The law of concentration of capital was verified on this occasion in a
+striking manner. In the famous years 1871 to 1874, which the Germans
+call the Gründejahre, the foundation years, gigantic industrial and
+commercial enterprises took a spring which seemed irresistible. A
+Director of the Deutsche Bank, of the Dresdener Bank, the President of a
+company for transatlantic commerce, such as the Hamburg-American Line,
+or of the committee of great electric establishments, enjoyed an
+influence in the councils of the State far greater than that of a Baron,
+a Count, or a little mediatized Prince.</p>
+
+<p>What was the aristocracy of birth going to do about it? Struggle
+desperately? It took that tack at first. Bismarck ranged himself in its
+support for some time. He was himself an agrarian. But he was not long
+in installing paper mills on his estates at Varzin. It is said that the
+Emperor himself possesses porcelain factories. A part of the nobility
+for a long time tried to adapt itself to the new method of production.
+It took to it awkwardly and often ended in ruin.</p>
+
+<p>Freytag has described this phenomenon at its beginnings in a romance
+which is a chef d'oeuvre. A part of the nobility yielded, fell into the
+hands of the financiers, the money lenders, the managers of agricultural
+enterprises, sold their lands, and took refuge in the great civil,
+administrative and military posts. The remainder resisted as well as
+they could. There was antagonism between their interests and those of
+the capitalists, between the religious and particularist tendencies on
+one hand and free thought and cosmopolitanism on the other. The
+agrarians demanded tariff duties on agricultural products to raise the
+price of their foodstuffs. The industrials wanted a low cost of living
+in order to avoid the rise of wages and to compete with better advantage
+for foreign markets.</p>
+
+<p>Bismarck was the target for vehement opposition when he inclined toward
+the party of the traders and the industrials in his colonial and tariff
+policy. This evolution came about 1879. For a while the great Chancellor
+was looked upon almost as a traitor.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, his view was just. Balancing the forces on the one hand by
+those on the other, ceding protective duties first to one side and then
+to the other, offsetting the advantages which he offered to one side by
+the prerogatives which he accorded to the other, he finally succeeded in
+reconciling them.</p>
+
+<p>From this reconciliation of the two dominant classes has resulted the
+extraordinary power of Germany. The bourgeois parties have from time to
+time grumbled over the military appropriations, but they have always
+voted them. And militarism, which is the support of the aristocracy, has
+been placed at the service of capitalistic ambition. By the prestige of
+force, awakening hopes here and inspiring fears there, more than once by
+the help of manoeuvres of intimidation, it has become an instrument of
+economic conquest.</p>
+
+<p>Other combinations, other reciprocal interlacings, have taken place
+which have given an exceptional and unique character to contemporary
+Germany. It is a case of social psychology of extreme interest. To
+describe it would require long detail. The combination of the
+aristocratic and military tendency with the industrial and plutocratic
+tendency, the tendency of the police spirit, the regularizing spirit of
+the Kulturstaat with the individual initiative of the capitalist
+<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">entrepreneur</span>, methodical habits of administration with the love of
+risk characteristic of the speculator, all this constitutes imperialism,
+German imperialism, distinct from every other, because to a definite
+object, economic conquest, it adds another, less precise, in which the
+moral satisfaction dear to aristocracy, the pleasure of dominating, the
+love of displaying force, the tendency to prove one's own superiority to
+one's self, play a large part.</p>
+
+<p>Economic conquest has become a necessity for Germany. Transformed into
+an industrial State, it no longer produces its own food. Since 1885 its
+imports have exceeded its exports by 1,353,000,000 marks. Whence did
+Germany derive these 1,300,000,000 marks which were needed, good year
+and bad, to meet its balance of trade? It owes them to its maritime
+commerce and the revenue of its capital invested abroad. Its maritime
+commerce then must augment and must triumph over all competition. At
+every cost it must open for itself outlets for its industrial products
+in order to buy foodstuffs which it does not produce sufficiently. If
+not, famine.</p>
+
+<p>Let us see now how the complicated play of all these social forces and
+the effect of this economic situation have been embodied in formulas,
+what has been its intellectual expression.</p>
+
+<p>This is no idle question, for men have always claimed to be guided by
+ideas, and generally they are, but they rarely know where their ideas
+come from or in what they consist. Without intellectual expression
+imperialism would not have extended to all the classes of society. The
+passion of economic conquest did not prevail throughout the whole of
+Germany. The bourgeois in the Liberal provinces, the corps of officers,
+the corps of teachers, the clergy were refractory to it. This direct
+form of imperialism does not seduce them. Not everybody can see his
+country and the universe through the eyes of an oligarch of high
+finance. A doctrine works with power when it appeals to instincts, when
+it awakens collective emotions, diverse enough in themselves, and joins
+them to each other with an appearance of logical deduction. It is not
+indispensable, but it is useful that it should borrow the language of
+the day. In the mediaeval epoch this language was religious. Beginning
+with the seventeenth century it was metaphysical. In our own time it is
+a scientific language set off by Greek words.</p>
+
+<p>If the German philosophies of the second half of the nineteenth century
+are considered, there are not many of them that pass beyond the limit of
+the school. They are honest, scholarly productions elaborated by men who
+have read much, of whom some, like Wundt, are eminent specialists, but
+who have not conquered either their subjects or their readers. One feels
+that they are not of their century.</p>
+
+<p>It is not from them, it is not from Eucken, the pleasant popularizer, it
+is not from Windelbund or Ostwald that the cultivated public sought the
+direction for its thought. To satisfy the need of general ideas which
+was everywhere felt, associations were formed, churches with or without
+God, of which a very important one was the "Monistenbund," in which
+Haeckel exploited his materialism transformed into a sort of biological
+pantheism.</p>
+
+<p>But it was outside of the associations and outside of the school that
+the flame of creative genius burned brightly. The man of the last
+generation was Nietzsche. That his thought has been perverted by his
+interpreters there is no doubt. They have taken this eagle who gazed
+unblinded at the sun and exhibited him to the young people in all sorts
+of philosophic rôles for the benefit of the industrial and military
+coalition. Nietzsche depicted in lines of fire the resurrection of
+heroism, his vision of the superman was that of an ardent soul, steeled
+by sufferings, meditating a tragic conception of life with serenity,
+and in his solitary individualism surmounting the infirmity of man and
+his own by the insistent will to eternal ascension.</p>
+
+<p>He was made the apostle of brute force, a sort of Messiah of the
+"struggle for life." Moreover, he was soon put one side and Gobineau was
+revived. He also, who if he did not have genius had wit, would have been
+surprised and hardly flattered perhaps by the rôle which they made him
+play. The dolichocephalic (long-skulled) blonde whom he celebrated was
+not exactly the one whom we are now judging by his works, but at least
+he proclaimed the superiority of the German race.</p>
+
+<p>His doctrine was the centre around which were gathered a complete
+ensemble of dogmas and of very diverse theories, whose connected thread
+it is not easy to discover when it is searched for logically, but
+appears quite distinctly when not reason, but reasons, are demanded. The
+reasons are found in the need of justifying in theory the economic and
+military imperialism, born as we have seen from conditions of fact and
+from very practical motives.</p>
+
+<p>I do not pretend that it was calculated, nor that the optimates made
+express requisition of the naturalists, economists, and historians and
+sociologists and moralists to provide an imperialistic philosophy for
+the use of adult and normal dolichocephalous blondes. But there
+certainly was a coincidence. It may have been due to the influence of
+what is called a <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">milieu ambiant</span>, that of the commercial and military
+party. The authors of the doctrine lived in a special atmosphere. Their
+intellect was there formed&mdash;or deformed&mdash;their work consisted in
+gathering facts, inventing reasonings, elaborating formulas, so as to
+subject natural science, history and morality to the service of that
+keen will for hegemony which was in Germany the common characteristic
+and was the connecting link between the ancient and the new directing
+class.</p>
+
+<p>To convince one that this is so, it is enough to arrange the works of
+the pan-Germanists in a series passing from the simplest to the most
+complicated. The dates are of no importance. We might put at one of the
+extremes the works of the Prussian General, von Bernhardi, and at the
+other the gigantic lucubration of a famous pan-German zealot, a
+neophite, a convert, almost a deserter, Mr. Houston Stewart Chamberlain.</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Prof. Millioud examines at some length and acutely the tendencies and
+teachings of von Bernhardi, now familiar to American readers, sums up
+the work of the philosophers of minor rank and turns to Mr.
+Chamberlain.</span></p>
+
+<p>With Mr. Chamberlain the thesis of vital competition, the morality of
+force, the judgment of history against little nations, the civilizing
+mission imposed upon greater Germany by its very greatness, by its
+economic, scientific and artistic superiority, everything tends to the
+glorification of the German, to his duty to govern the whole world which
+he feels so imperatively and which he accepts with such a noble
+simplicity. His work is not easily summarized, not only because it
+counts 1,379 pages and two appendices, but because all is in everything,
+and everything in the universe is also in Mr. Chamberlain's book. And
+the German has made everything. Not indeed the world; that he has only
+remade and is about to remake. But he has a way of remaking so creative
+that one might say that without him the Creator Himself would be a bit
+embarrassed. He has gathered to himself alone the heritage of Greece and
+Rome as far as it was worth anything. From the year 1200 to the year
+1800 he founded, ripened, and saved a new civilization several times
+over. The mother of our sciences and our arts, Italy, is Germanic; the
+great architecture of the Middle Ages is Germanic; the true
+interpretation of Christianity, the true conception of art, the true
+social economy, the love of nature, the sense of individuality, the
+exploration of the world and of the soul, the great reawakenings of
+conscience, all the great flashes of thought are Germanic; everything is
+Germanic, except you and me, perhaps; so much the worse for me and so
+much the worse for you. After this book, the success of which has been
+prodigious, it would truly seem that there is nothing more to say.
+Germanic thought has appropriated the universe to itself. It only
+remained for the German sword to complete the work. It is drawn!</p>
+
+<p>I have tried to describe the modifications, or rather the successive
+additions, by which the elementary themes disclosing economic,
+political, and military appetites in the directing class have been
+disguised as theories of biology, history, political economy, sociology,
+and morality. It would take another study or another article to show how
+science was perverted to such ends. The severity of methods, rigor in
+the determination of facts, precision in reasoning, prudence in
+generalization, serene impartiality and objectivity in verification, in
+a word the scientific spirit, cannot be bent to so many pleasant
+compromises without sacrificing a great part of its dignity and its
+title to respect.</p>
+
+<p>This has been a singular and melancholy event for those of us who have
+been raised in respect for German science and in admiration for its
+methods, as well as for its discoveries. Certainly, from Liebig to
+Roentgen and to Behring, from Kant to Wundt, Germany has counted many
+distinguished pioneers. In the matter of fecund originality, however,
+and creative inspiration, Italy and France have always equaled, if not
+surpassed, her. She has had no Marconi, no Pasteur or Poincaré, no
+Carrel.</p>
+
+<p>What we have received from her so long that it has become almost a
+matter of instinct is less dazzling flashes than an equal and constant
+light. And the savants, the university men who bring to us
+anthropological romances, history stuffed with legends and personal
+prejudices, sociology constructed in contempt of the facts!</p>
+
+<p>In these later days we have seen all these joining under the guidance of
+their most illustrious members to address the civilized nations in an
+appeal in which by virtue of their quality as savants they undertook to
+pronounce upon facts which they don't understand, to deny those which
+they cannot help understanding, and solemnly to declare that it is not
+true that Germany has violated the neutrality of the territory of
+Belgium. For proof of this, nothing but their word of honor. Do they
+take us for those young gentlemen who said to Monge, "Professor, give us
+your word of honor that this theorem is true and we will excuse you from
+the demonstration of it"?</p>
+
+<p>Fully to explain the rôle of the intellectual savants and university men
+in the formation of the ideology of caste which prevails among the
+Germans it would be necessary to recite the history of instruction in
+Germany, not such as Davis and Paulson have written it, but such as it
+actually is under the influence of institutions and programmes&mdash;I mean
+the moral history of instruction.</p>
+
+<p>The great Frederick was wont to cry, "I commence by taking; afterward I
+shall always have pedants enough to establish my rights." Pedants or
+not, the members of the teaching corps of every grade in Germany are a
+wheel of the State, their mission is to form not men, but Germans, to
+inculcate the national idea. Their views have penetrated even to the
+common people.</p>
+
+<p>Germany receives a double education&mdash;that of the school and that of the
+barracks. The spirit of these two institutions is the same, and their
+influence, which has been exercised since 1848 in opposition to
+humanitarian and internationalist ideas, has encountered no serious
+obstacles, for it went readily with certain old instincts which it was
+not difficult to reawaken and which general circumstances favored.</p>
+
+<p>"Latrocinia nullam habent infamiam," said Caesar, speaking of the
+Germans. Pillage brings no shame. This desire of gain, this positive and
+realistic tendency is one of the motives which the brusque and
+prodigious economic expansion of Germany has promoted in the most
+efficient manner.</p>
+
+<p>This total assimilation of a people of 70,000,000 of souls by an
+aristocratic, almost a feudal, directing class, a combination of
+plutocrats and militarists, is in reality a most curious phenomenon,
+more than curious, in a sense grandiose, and in any case full of
+suggestions and menaces.</p>
+
+<p>Surrender of body and soul, confidence almost religious, enthusiastic
+faith, the directing class has conquered everything within in order to
+conquer everything without. Now it stakes everything upon the cast of
+the dice. I have not undertaken to decide whether it is just or not. The
+event will determine whether it is genius or madness.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_33"></a>
+<h2>The Land Of Maeterlinck</h2>
+
+<p>By Alfred Sutro</p>
+
+<p>[From King Albert's Book.]</p>
+
+
+<p>I have translated many books of Maeterlinck's; I have wandered with him
+among the canals of Bruges and the fragrant gardens of Ghent; I have
+seen the places where he dreamed of Pelléas and Mélisande, and the hives
+of the bees he loved. Through him I learned to know Belgium, today all
+the world knows. Her cities are laid waste now and her people scattered,
+but her people will return and rebuild the cities, and the enemy will be
+dust. The day will come when the war will be far distant, a thing of the
+past, remote, forgotten, but never, while men endure or heroism counts,
+will it be forgotten what the Belgians did for Liberty's sake and for
+the sake of Albert, their King.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_34"></a>
+<h2>America and Prohibition Russia</h2>
+
+<h2 class="sub">Two Mustard Seeds of Reform Carried From This Land to the Steppes</h2>
+
+<p>By Isabel F. Hapgood</p>
+
+
+<p>When Russia recently abolished the sale of liquor, first in the shops
+run as a Government monopoly, and, after a brief experience of the
+beneficent results, in the restaurants and clubs as well, an astonished
+and admiring world recognized the measure as one of the greatest events
+in the moral history of a nation. It takes rank with the reforms of
+Peter the Great. It almost casts into the shade the emancipation of the
+serfs.</p>
+
+<p>There has always existed in Russia a strong party which severely
+disapproved of Peter precisely because he forced "Western" ideas upon
+them. Their idea has always been that Russia would have developed a far
+higher degree of genuine culture and far more precious spiritual
+qualities had she been left to the promptings of her own genius and its
+"healthy, natural" development. And there are, indubitably, persons
+scattered through the vast Russian Empire who entertain parallel
+opinions with regard to the total prohibition of liquor just effected,
+and with regard to the projected change in the calendar now assumed to
+be imminent. I trust that I shall not increase their numbers to
+dangerous proportions if I call attention to the fact that these reforms
+have also, like Peter the Great's ideas, been imported from the
+West&mdash;from the Far West, the United States. I am sure my
+fellow-countrymen will be gratified to learn the truth, and I cheerfully
+accept the risk, and assume that Russia will, in all probability, remain
+ignorant of my interference!</p>
+
+<p>It is true that we do not have actual, effective prohibition anywhere
+here in America, and that we do not seem to be within measurable
+distance of such an achievement; that Russia has distanced us again in
+this, just as she distanced us by emancipating her serfs, without a
+war, before we emancipated our slaves, with the aid of a war. But we
+have supplied the scriptural mustard seed in the case of prohibition in
+Russia, and have either furnished the seed for the change in the
+calendar, or, at any rate, have provided elements that have hastened its
+growth to a very remarkable degree.</p>
+
+<p>Mustard seed No. 1 was carried over from the United States in the Autumn
+of 1887 and sown on the good ground of the late Count Tolstoy, and other
+noble men, whence&mdash;as results show&mdash;it spread abroad with a swiftness
+suggestive rather of the proverbial weed than of the fair flower its
+blossoming has shown it to be.</p>
+
+<p>In the Autumn of 1886 Dr. Peter Semyonovitch Alexyeeff of Moscow,
+accompanied by his wife, sailed for Canada and the United States for the
+purpose of inspecting the hospitals, prisons, and elementary schools;
+and they came for the Winter because some parts of Canada during that
+season possess a climate similar to that of Central Russia, while in
+other parts the climates are identical. In fact, Canada is the only
+country in the world where the climatic conditions are at all analogous.
+The construction of new hospitals, the adaptation of already existing
+buildings for hospital use, the internal arrangement, and the perfection
+of their internal machinery had long been matters of deep interest to
+Dr. Alexyeeff.</p>
+
+<p>Germany and France, with climates so different from that of Russia,
+could not furnish him with the information available in North America,
+where, in his opinion, the habits and conditions of existence&mdash;such
+important factors in matters connected with hospitals and invalids&mdash;also
+differ less from those of Russia than do the general surroundings in the
+countries of the Continent. After visiting the principal cities of
+Canada and the United States from Quebec to Vancouver, and from Boston
+to Washington, (some of them more than once,) Dr. Alexyeeff arrived at
+the conclusion that the hospitals of the United States were better built
+and much better administered than those of London, Paris, Berlin, and
+Vienna.</p>
+
+<p>Naturally, no one could spend nine months in investigating hospitals and
+prisons in this country without coming in contact with the liquor
+problem. Moreover, Dr. Alexyeeff was a wideawake man, who took an
+interest not only in all matters connected with his profession, but in
+very many outside of it. He was, also, a man of very lofty character.
+His wife once wrote me concerning him somewhat as follows: "He walks,
+habitually, on such moral heights, in such a rarefied spiritual
+atmosphere, that I, the daughter of an English clergyman, reared
+accordingly, and myself (as you know) deeply in sympathy with it, find
+difficulty in following him." Obviously, he was precisely the man to
+appreciate the temperance movement, and to carry it to its logical
+conclusion. In the preface to a volume, "About America," which he
+published in Moscow in 1888, he writes:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Neither the wonders of wild nature in the
+    Rocky Mountains nor the menacing might and grandeur of Niagara
+    produce such an impression on a Russian as the success of the fight
+    with drunkenness&mdash;the temperance movement&mdash;and the
+    successful development, in all classes of society, of morality and
+    the strict application of practical morals.</p> </div>
+
+<p>He did not confine himself to this brief, general statement. He wrote in
+praise of temperance, of prohibition, for learned Russian societies.
+Then he wrote a book entitled "Concerning Drunkenness." The Censor's
+permit to publish is dated March 29, (April 10,) 1887. It was published
+by the management of the magazine, Russkaya Mysl, (Russian Thought,)
+which may indicate that it had first appeared in that monthly as a
+series of articles, though I have not been able to verify the fact. The
+book may have been published promptly, or at least the article from the
+medical magazine may have been published in the cheap form (costing two
+or three cents) used by the semi-commercial, semi-philanthropic firm
+"Posrednik," which may be rendered "Middleman" or "Mediator," designed
+for the dissemination of good and useful reading among the masses.</p>
+
+<p>At any rate, "Concerning Drunkenness" appeared at the price of one ruble
+(about fifty cents) in 1891, prefaced by a dissertation by Count
+Tolstoy, "Why Do People Stupefy Themselves?" specially written for this
+occasion, as Dr. Alexyeeff told me. (It has been translated under the
+title of "Alcohol and Tobacco," London, and published without any
+indication that Dr. Alexyeeff inspired it.)</p>
+
+<p>In 1896 a second edition, revised and enlarged, was published, also in
+Moscow; and to this the author added a list of helpful publications and
+a summary bibliography, which included books issued in various foreign
+countries, ranging in number from 705 for Great Britain and Colonies,
+142 for the United States, 247 for Germany, 124 for ten other countries
+combined, (up to 1885 in all these cases,) to ten for Russia. Of these
+ten, four are in Latin, four in German, one is in Swedish and one in
+Russian&mdash;the latter, evidently, an article republished from The Medical
+News. On the whole, a list practically non-existent, so far as Russia
+was concerned!</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Alexyeeff had discovered a field of endeavor as virgin as the
+unplowed steppe. Only scientists desperately hard up for an unusual
+topic for a strictly academic discussion and recklessly willing to risk
+incurring universal unpopularity would have dreamed of unearthing those
+volumes. He promptly aroused Count Tolstoy's interest in the subject of
+temperance, which in this case signified prohibition, since the Count in
+his preface to Dr. Alexyeeff's book (dated July 10-22, 1890,) treated
+liquor on the same basis as tobacco, which he had totally abjured at
+least two years previously. With Tolstoy, to become convinced that a
+reform was desirable was, as all the world knows, to become an ardent
+propagandist of that reform. Thanks to the efforts of Dr. Alexyeeff,
+seconded by those of Tolstoy, temperance began to attract attention in
+Russia, temperance societies were formed, and have been steadily
+increasing ever since in numbers and activity.</p>
+
+<p>Eventually Mr. Tchelisheff arrived on the scene with his splendid vital
+force and practical solutions of the financial and other problems (or
+suggestions for them) that arise from prohibition, (especially when a
+Government monopoly and revenue are concerned,) which he most
+strenuously advocated when Mayor of Samara, as representative in the
+Duma&mdash;everywhere, in fact, where he could obtain a hearing, willing or
+unwilling, up to the Emperor Nicholas himself. And the Emperor showed
+that he was equal to the magnificent opportunity, and joined hands with
+the former peasant in aiding his country.</p>
+
+<p>In an interview published by THE TIMES a while ago Mr. Tchelisheff
+mentions that his attention was first drawn to the subject of the evils
+of drunkenness by a book which he saw a muzhik reading. Judging from the
+point at which he inserts that mention into his outline sketch of his
+career (previous to the great famine which he&mdash;erroneously&mdash;assigns to
+the "end of the '80s," but which came in 1891) his interest was aroused
+precisely at the time when Dr. Alexyeeff's first utterances may be
+assumed to have seen the light of print. At any rate, it is an admitted
+fact that Dr. Alexyeeff carried to Russia and to Tolstoy from the United
+States the idea and inspiration which has borne such wonderful fruit in
+the abolition of the liquor traffic "forever," as the Imperial ukase
+runs.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Tchelisheff is a noteworthy figure in history accordingly, but Dr.
+Alexyeeff should not be forgotten. When I made his acquaintance at Count
+Tolstoy's, in Moscow, he had just requested (and obtained) a detail of
+service in Tchita, Trans-Baikal Province, Siberia, as physician to the
+political exiles there, thinking the region would repay study from many
+points of view, in his leisure hours. The preface to the first edition
+of his book "Concerning Drunkenness" is dated "July, 1899, Tchita," and
+from Tchita I received my copy from him. In that preface he states the
+scope of his book in a way which confirms my conviction that Mr.
+Tchelisheff was first stirred to interest, and in the end aroused to
+action, by the United States, via Dr. Alexyeeff. He writes:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>The battle which in all ages has been waged
+    against drunkenness has been confined hitherto almost exclusively to
+    the realms of medicine and ethics; the social part of the question
+    is only just beginning to be worked out, and has hardly as yet won
+    the rights of citizenship, and down to our own day there have been
+    no serious legal measures adopted for the battle with
+    drunkenness.</p> </div>
+
+<p>Therefore, he omits the legal aspects of the matter in his book and
+confines himself to an attempt at popularizing the information scattered
+in divers individual books, "borrowing everything which can lead to the
+ultimate goal&mdash;the extermination of the evil caused by the use of
+spirituous drinks." He continues:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Public opinion has nowhere as yet, even in
+    the lands where considerable success has attended the war on
+    drunkenness, ripened sufficiently a desire to give, even
+    incompletely, a summary of the information about that battle, and
+    make my fellow-countrymen acquainted with a matter still little
+    known in Russia, so I am prompted to write what follows.</p> </div>
+
+<p>The second edition of this book, with the surprising list of Russian
+treatises on drunkenness to which I have already alluded, is dated
+"June, 1895, Riga," where he lived after his return from Siberia, as an
+official of the Government medical service, until his death in August,
+1913. During the stay in Tchita of the Alexyeeffs, the present Emperor
+(then the heir,) passed through it, on his way home (from the trip to
+India and Japan which came so near terminating fatally in the latter
+country) after having officially opened work upon the construction of
+the Trans-Siberian Railway, on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. A formal
+reception and ceremonies were organized in Tchita; and I allude to the
+matter because of a curious detail mentioned in a letter to me by Mrs.
+Alexyeeff. Foreigners have very queer ideas, she said, as to the
+position and treatment of the political exiles in Siberia; some of the
+Tchita exiles served as heads of the committees for welcoming the heir,
+and he shook hands with them and treated them exactly as he treated the
+Governor General of the Province.</p>
+
+<p>Whether it was his admiration for the American temperance movement which
+influenced Dr. Alexyeeff's views on everything American, I cannot say.
+But, assuredly, not many foreign visitors have pronounced upon our
+country such a panegyric as is contained in the preface to his "Across
+America." He writes:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Conscientious fulfillment of every duty,
+    industry, energy, and moral purity are the typical qualities of the
+    genuine American. It is difficult to form any idea of the wide
+    development of philanthropy, the significance of religion, and the
+    practical application to life of ethical principles, the application
+    of moral obligations in business, the upright, God-fearing life of
+    the Americans, unless one has lived among them. They have neither
+    prostitution, foundling hospitals, nor hospitals for venereal
+    diseases. A European is not accustomed to see empty prisons and
+    hospitals in densely settled localities&mdash;to come upon cities
+    where there is nothing for the police, the Judges, and the doctors
+    to do he finds startling. They have attained the height where
+    priests, pastors, preachers, and teachers are rarely obliged to
+    contend with indifference....</p>
+
+    <p> After a trip to America it would be difficult to return an
+    atheist&mdash;you are more likely to come back in a religious frame
+    of mind.... Idleness and luxury are not among the distinguishing
+    characteristics of the descendants of the Puritans.... In the light,
+    transparent atmosphere of the States, simplicity, the cheerful,
+    alert spirit infects the foreigner, makes him a more frank,
+    trustful, optimistic warrior for the truth, and causes him to forget
+    what it means to be downcast in spirit, or what spleen and
+    hypochondria are.</p> </div>
+
+<p>Until he died, in Siberia, in Russia, everywhere, Dr. Alexyeeff worked
+for temperance. He was enthusiastic about it when I saw him and his wife
+in England, in 1907.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Tchelisheff having been aroused to interest, theoretically, by
+America, via Dr. Alexyeeff, as is fairly proven, it was only natural
+that he should proceed to make the personal observations on the
+practical, social side of drunkenness which he mentions in his Times
+interview. He noticed, during the great famine of 1891, that it was the
+drunkards who had squandered their grain and pawned their possessions
+to the keepers of the dramshops who robbed other men's granaries and
+houses, burned, rioted, and murdered; while the men who did not drink
+had plenty of food and grain to hold out. We are informed from Russia
+that even during its still brief reign prohibition has resulted in
+remarkable improvement in health, living conditions, and bank accounts.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Tchelisheff is, as I have said, a noteworthy figure in history. He
+would be a remarkable figure in any land; but for those who are not
+acquainted with Russia, the rise of a man born a peasant, educated
+solely by his own efforts on stray newspapers and books which fell in
+his way in his schoolless village, and absolutely lacking in money or
+influence, ("svyazi"&mdash;connections, is the Russian version of "pull,") to
+the position of multi-millionaire and co-worker with the Emperor, is
+amazing almost beyond belief. In reality, it is as simple as the rise of
+an American newsboy, of an Edison or a Carnegie to a position of power
+in the United States. Fate, circumstances, as well as their own
+personality are the factors in all these cases; and in every similar
+case.</p>
+
+<p>Moreover, there is in Russia no eternally impassable barrier of caste,
+but there is a genuine democracy which is not easy to define, but is
+very easily felt. For instance, the title of "Prince," (to which, unlike
+that of "Count" or "Baron"&mdash;conferrable&mdash;one must be born, runs the
+rule, with exceptions for such national heroes as Suvaroff,) counts for
+nothing or approximately that, unless its owner possesses, in addition,
+the wealth, character, learning or other characteristics which would
+render him a man of mark without it.</p>
+
+<p>There are other interesting instances of peasants who have risen high in
+Russia, and Mr. Tchelisheff is their worthy successor. The founder of
+the great silversmiths' firm of Ovtchinnikoff was a serf. His successors
+have made it their rule, "out of gratitude to God," to maintain and
+educate a certain number of poor boys, who, when their intellectual and
+technical training is completed, are free to remain with the firm as
+valued artists or to go forth independently. When the Emperor Alexander
+II. celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of his accession to the
+throne, all the Sovereigns of Europe sent him magnificent presents.
+These are assembled in his library, at the Winter Palace, Petrograd; and
+in the centre&mdash;accorded that place by the Russians with equal good
+feeling, good taste, and justice&mdash;is a large group in solid silver,
+representing a huge mass of rock upon whose pinnacles stand figures
+representing the different parts of the empire&mdash;Little Russia, Siberia,
+and so forth. The inscription reads: "To the Tzar-Liberator from the
+Liberated Serf." It was made by the Ovtchinnikoffs and presented by
+another ex-serf, who had become a millionaire railway magnate.</p>
+
+<p>Mustard Seed No. 2 from America to Russia falls into a somewhat
+different category. It more nearly resembles one of those grains of
+antique wheat found in a tomb and sprouting vigorously when finally
+planted in congenial, helpful soil. I trust that my comparison may not
+be regarded as disrespectful. One could not, willingly, be disrespectful
+to the calendar, any more than to the thermometer!</p>
+
+<p>Russia, by adhering to the Julian Calendar and refusing to adopt the
+Gregorian, has now fallen thirteen days behind the rest of the world. It
+falls behind about a day for every century. There are several reasons
+why Russia has not, up to now, remedied the serious inconvenience caused
+by this conflict of dates. One is&mdash;the Gregorian Calendar is Roman
+Catholic, and named after a Pope. It is, also, inaccurate. Worst of all,
+the rectification might&mdash;almost infallibly would, under ordinary
+circumstances&mdash;cause trouble at the outset, especially in one
+incalculably important direction.</p>
+
+<p>Russian scientists long ago worked out a new calendar far more accurate
+than the Gregorian for thousands of years, and when the change is made
+that calendar will be adopted. The fundamental difficulty lies in the
+fact that all the people whose saints' days must inevitably be skipped
+for the first year in the process of rectification will inevitably feel
+that they are being robbed of their guardian angels, that they are
+"orphans"&mdash;a mournful word greatly beloved of the Russian masses under
+multiform circumstances, both material and spiritual&mdash;and orphaned in a
+peculiarly distressing and irrevocable way. They might even feel when
+their saints' days came around quite correctly the next year that some
+spurious adventurer&mdash;Angel of Darkness&mdash;was being foisted upon them.</p>
+
+<p>Fanatics and professional mischief-makers would certainly seize with
+avidity upon such a godsend of a chance, unparalleled since the days of
+Peter the Great's father, when the Patriarch Nikon had the errors of the
+copyists in the Scriptures and church service books corrected. But the
+present war has fused all parties, united all hearts in patriotism,
+loyalty to, and confidence in their Emperor and created a fervid
+inclination amounting to enthusiasm to accept even the most drastic
+reforms he may make cheerfully, unquestionably, as for the good of the
+fatherland.</p>
+
+<p>On the matter of the calendar reform America has for many years past
+been exerting a steadily increasing influence. During the past twenty
+years the steady flow of immigrants from Russia and other countries
+belonging to the Orthodox Catholic Church of the East, (Greco-Russian,)
+has increased to a great volume, and it seems destined to attain still
+greater proportions when the war is over. These people are obliged to
+work and keep holiday by the Gregorian calendar and to worship by the
+Julian. This entails hardships.</p>
+
+<p>For example, a devout Russian who has been forced to remain idle on our
+Christmas and New Year's Days must sacrifice his pay&mdash;sometimes risk or
+lose his job&mdash;if he wishes to observe the feasts of his own church. A
+reform of the calendar would be hailed with joy by innumerable such
+immigrants, who have been over here long enough to consider calmly the
+practical aspects of a temporary dislocation of saints' days. The
+ecclesiastical authorities in this country have frequently protested,
+in print, both here and in Russia, and I have been informed that the
+Holy Synod has been appealed to, more than once, to induce it to cast
+its influence into the balance with that of the scientists and the
+governmental authorities, who have been discussing the matter for years
+past, and hesitating over the probable consequences of action&mdash;a case of
+peasant joining hands with the rulers of Russia, once more like Mr.
+Tchelisheff and the Emperor Nicholas&mdash;or the people of the United States
+and the President&mdash;to secure a needed reform!</p>
+
+<p>And these same peasant-immigrants in America have, without the shadow of
+a doubt, already written back to their relatives and friends in the old
+country&mdash;and very frequently&mdash;about the difficulties of the antiquated
+Julian calendar, and these, in turn, can disseminate common sense about
+the change in a way which the Government, aided by the Holy Synod and
+the explanations of home-staying parish priests, unaided, could never
+effect. When the fitting time arrives, perhaps the Russian Government
+will avail itself of just this argument, among others&mdash;the welfare of
+friends in distant America. There has never been a propitious time in
+Russia to make that calendar reform since the reign of Peter the Great
+until now. And America may fairly be said to have brought from its dark
+hiding place the mustard seed which has been trying so long to
+germinate, and imparted to it a vivifying impulse.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_35"></a>
+<h2>The Mother's Song.</h2>
+
+<p>By CECILIA REYNOLDS ROBERTSON.</p>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Hush, oh, my baby, your father's a soldier,</p>
+<p class="l">He's off to the war, and we've nothing to eat.</p>
+<p class="l">And the glory is neither for you nor for me,</p>
+<p class="l">With the cockleburr crushing the wheat.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Little boy baby, look well on your mother;</p>
+
+<p class="l">Some day you may ask why she bore you at all;</p>
+<p class="l">For the trenches are foul with the blood and the wallow,</p>
+<p class="l">And the bayonet is sharp for your fall.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Rest, rosy limbs, and blue eyes and gold lashes&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">Made in the mold of the Saviour, they say!</p>
+<p class="l">Drink deep of my bosom, my starved, meagre bosom,</p>
+<p class="l">That&mdash;keeps you alive for the fray.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Sleep, oh, my man child, and smile in your sleeping,</p>
+<p class="l">But the gun has been fashioned to lay in your hand,</p>
+<p class="l">And your life blood flows smooth in your fair little body</p>
+<p class="l">The better to water and plenish the land!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+
+<a name="toc_36"></a>
+<h2>Pan-American Relations As Affected by the War</h2>
+
+<h2 class="sub">Consequences of the European Conflict on Future Commerce Between the
+United States and Latin America</h2>
+
+<p>By Huntington Wilson,</p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Formerly Assistant Secretary of State</span>.</p>
+
+<div>
+<h3>I.</h3>
+
+<p>A study of the effects of the war upon our relations with the other
+republics of this hemisphere involves political, commercial, financial
+and strategic elements of far-reaching scope and much complexity. The
+situation presents an opportunity. It offers a lesson even more vital
+than the opportunity. The political considerations are most relevant to
+the lesson; and the final text of the lesson will be the result of the
+war. The economic opportunity is already upon us, definite and clear. It
+will not wait. It must be grasped without delay and may therefore be
+first discussed.</p>
+
+<p>There is something repellent in counting our advantages under the shadow
+of so great a tragedy but we must try to be as practical as those who
+are fond of accusing us of materialism. Does any one think that the
+steam-roller of admirably organized and Government-fostered German
+competition would pause if we lay in the road; that if we received a
+check, Anglo-Saxon cousinship and fair play would always mitigate
+British competition; or that then not a single European merchant in
+South America would ever again use scorn and detraction against our
+goods, or encourage, through influence with the press, prejudice due to
+"Yankee peril" nonsense? In short, is it likely that all our
+competitors would suddenly love us just because we were in trouble? No,
+things are not as they should be and meanwhile must be dealt with as
+they are.</p>
+
+<p>There used to be apparently very little hope of our shaking the tree and
+gathering the golden fruit of foreign enterprise unless forced to it by
+the collapse, through dire hard times, of the wonderful home market
+which has made spoiled children of our manufacturers. Now comes this
+war. It forces upon us a wonderful, a unique opportunity to gain and
+hold our proper place in the finance, trade, and enterprise of Latin
+America. The richness of the field is often exaggerated, but its
+cultivation is certainly worth the effort of men of foresight.</p>
+
+<p>What are we going to do about it? This is the question; for if American
+business men do not do their part the ultimate effect of the war upon
+our economic interests in this part of the world will be unimportant. We
+must not be like the young gold miners who were looking exclusively for
+large nuggets with handles. We must go at it seriously and
+scientifically and solidly, not superficially, casually, and
+opportunistically. We must begin with the earnest intention of
+continuing our efforts for all time.</p>
+
+<p>An enthusiastic commercial spasm will be worth nothing. There have got
+to be real efforts, real hard work, the expenditure of money for future
+and not merely immediate profits, a cheerful readiness to discard old
+and cherished methods, a new adaptability, a new painstaking attention
+to details. There has got to be serious study of foreign countries and
+keen interest in our relations to them. Without all this, mailing
+catalogues, (usually in English,) banquets and speeches and
+organizations will take us nowhere.</p>
+
+<p>American business men are bestirring themselves. They know that we need
+ships to carry our goods advantageously, and banks for the favorable
+financing of our trade. They should be able to compel our Government's
+support where needful, as in a ship subsidy or a limited guarantee of
+reasonable profit to American investment in ships. In connection with
+our efforts at Caribbean commerce, as another instance, they should be
+able to get a flexible sliding scale tariff provision passed by
+Congress, so that, in dealing with the countries whose coffee or other
+special products we buy, we could induce them to give us for our exports
+reciprocal advantages over our competitors. Indeed, a kind of Caribbean
+tariff union might well be feasible and desirable.</p>
+
+<p>So long ago as last August the British Government sent all over the
+world for samples and specifications of German goods which their
+manufacturers might contrive to displace. We should take corresponding
+action in regard to the goods of our competitors. Our manufacturers
+should be reconciled to sending to find out what each market wants
+instead of asking a population to take or leave what we make. Our
+commercial campaign should include the effort to replace goods from one
+belligerent country formerly handled by local merchants from another
+belligerent country, such as British goods previously sold through the
+German houses which so abound in these countries.</p>
+
+<p>Good men from small countries without political significance in
+world-politics already make their influence felt as employes of foreign
+Governments and as merchants in foreign countries. The war may set free
+many more men and send them about the world to work for their own
+interests, for the country they most believe in, and perhaps ultimately
+for an adopted country. International commerce must have its courtiers,
+and the good will of all such men should also be reckoned with. They
+spread friendship or prejudice against us. Many of them are importers
+and will push our goods or some one else's according to the manner in
+which we deal with them.</p>
+
+<p>American manufacturers are doubtless weary of being told that they pack
+badly, that they are niggardly about credits, that they do not send
+enough or sufficiently qualified representatives, that they are careless
+of details, and so on. Still, before mentioning some further particular
+steps that should be taken, it is necessary to emphasize the fact that
+these same old faults are, and until corrected must remain, the chief
+detriments to our foreign trade.</p>
+
+<p>In some of the republics there is a real disposition to deal with us; in
+others there is a preference for Europe. Now, as to many goods, they
+must deal with us or go without, although I am informed that a German
+firm, for example, has got word to its clients in these countries that
+it is prepared to fill orders via Copenhagen. If we think that our
+competitors have gone entirely or permanently out of business we shall
+be ridiculously and sadly disappointed. We shall be on trial, and if our
+exporters make good they will find a conservative disposition to
+continue to buy from us.</p>
+
+<p>In the effort it is important to remember that there is much to live
+down in criticism of methods of the past. One Latin-American gentleman,
+an enthusiast for American commerce, exclaimed to me in despair: "Son
+hombres capazes de poner una hacha Collins con vidrios para ventanas,"
+which means: "they (the American exporters) are capable of packing a
+Collins hatchet with window glass." Others told me how leading firms
+always stamped their letters for domestic and not foreign postage. The
+office boy simply would not learn geography. Nobody minded paying the
+deficit, but through local red tape this seeming trifle sometimes caused
+two or even three weeks' delay in the delivery of important letters.</p>
+
+<p>Certain of our strongest firms have been calmly ignoring shipping
+directions. What did they care if the packages had to cross the Andes on
+mule back, and if mules could only carry packages of a certain size and
+weight? What did they care if the duty remission for materials on some
+Government contract, or the customs classification of a shipment,
+depended on adherence to specific directions? I could multiply examples
+of the most amazing casualness and careless disregard, of bad packing,
+of ungenerous credit, which have enraged the importer.</p>
+
+<p>A European merchant, many years established in a South American city,
+and knowing the community, has been selling pianos in this way: The
+manufacturer would quote him a price and deliver the piano, giving him
+long credit at an ordinary rate of interest. The merchant would finally
+sell the piano on the installment plan, receiving interest at a higher
+rate on the deferred payments, the merchant trusting the buyer, the
+manufacturer trusting the merchant, both thus making good profits, and
+the purchaser being accommodated. This man found the American
+manufacturer entirely unwilling to deal in this way.</p>
+
+<p>European houses on the spot, whether independent or financed by large
+home houses, give credits for as long, sometimes, as a year. They would
+not continue to do so if they lost by doing it. Often this fits the
+customs of the local domestic trade. In one country the local retailer
+is expected to be paid within eighteen months. Naturally, our exporters'
+demand for "cash down on receipt of documents," even when the customer
+is well vouched for, does not appeal to him.</p>
+
+<p>He prefers to get long credit from a European house, and pay interest
+for it, rather than to borrow from his bank at high interest or sink his
+own capital to pay for American goods, long before he gets them, their
+price plus the profit of a commission house. Indeed, he is generally
+dissatisfied with the methods of American export trade as now conducted,
+which is almost exclusively through commission houses. These, it seems,
+might become more efficient through organization and more aggressive and
+scientific methods.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, the export trade of certain of the big combinations
+is beginning to be pushed with commendable zeal and efficiency. Trade at
+large, to reach its greatest volume, must include the pushing of smaller
+lines of goods. These smaller lines, in the aggregate, would reach
+considerable sums, and it does not appear that there have hitherto
+existed efficient agencies for their marketing. To hold Latin-American
+trade we must equal our competitors in liberality of credits, in
+representation on the spot, and in other facilities.</p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt that more American merchants resident in the trade
+centres would give valuable impetus to our commerce. Even our commission
+houses operating on the spot are so few that in handling many lines
+there is the greatest danger of their sacrificing the building up of a
+steady trade to the opportunities of unduly heavy profits now and then,
+and so damaging our general commercial interests. Then we must send many
+commercial travelers.</p>
+
+<p>Just here, however, it cannot be too strongly emphasized that Americans
+sent to these countries to do business must above all be men of
+agreeable manners. In these countries many quite unworthy people have
+these: so a good man who lacks them is likely to be badly misjudged.
+They should have sympathetic personality and sufficient education,
+besides being men of sobriety and good character, and should be able to
+speak the language of the country.</p>
+
+<p>All this will be expensive, but non-competing firms might join in
+sending men, or competing firms might, it is hoped, be guaranteed
+against the terrors of the Sherman law in order to join in sending a
+corps of representatives upon some basis of division of the field or
+the profits. Combination is even more necessary abroad to put forth the
+nation's strength in world competition than it is for efficiency at
+home. These men would be students and salesmen, and perhaps future
+merchants who would settle in these countries and emulate the patriotic
+groups of resident foreigners who in so many places help to form an
+atmosphere favorable to their countries' interests.</p>
+
+<p>They would work to replace with our goods those now shut off by the war,
+but also to introduce dozens of lines of American products which are now
+comparatively hard to find in these markets. A number of strong firms
+might join to establish commercial houses or selling agencies in trade
+centres of certain groups of countries. Commission houses might do the
+same if they carried samples and instructed their clients in packing,
+credits, &amp;c., but in each case there should be American houses on the
+spot which would carry general lines and supply to the eye that visible
+evidence of the goods themselves which is such a valuable form of
+advertisement.</p>
+
+<p>In the establishment of American houses in these countries, as in many
+other respects, much may be learned from the Germans. They bring out
+carefully selected young men. These, if efficient, have sure promotion.
+The partners retire before old age to make room for those who work up.
+The inefficient are dropped. It is a little like the principle of a good
+foreign service.</p>
+
+<p>I think the most minute study should be given, first, to the nearer
+countries, say those north of the Equator, including the republics of
+the Caribbean. Each country must be separately studied. Primarily, there
+will be found a cry, sometimes desperate, for capital. Public works,
+concessionary and otherwise, have stopped for lack of funds from Europe.
+New developments in railroad building, mining, harbor works,
+plantations, are arrested. Where European credits have been customarily
+used to handle crops, there is distress, and no less so in cases in
+which such credit has previously been given by ostensibly American
+houses operating really with European capital.</p>
+
+<p>American capital may come to the rescue by advances upon good security
+through local banks. It can establish banks or buy controlling interests
+in existing banks, many of which pay their stockholders 15 per cent. or
+more. It can relieve the stagnation and make profitable investment by an
+active campaign for public and private contracts and for sound and fair
+concessions, not visionary or get-rich-too-quick schemes.</p>
+
+<p>Supposably, the repairing of the destruction brought by the war will
+make European capital scarce for some years, but an effort will
+doubtless be made to retain for it its former preponderance in these
+countries; and so it is important that, whatever the war's effects upon
+our own money markets, use should be made of such an opportunity as does
+not come more than once.</p>
+
+<p>To be sure, the scarcity of money in the United States makes this
+difficult, but the same worldwide money scarcity will secure an
+especially high rate of interest in Latin America, where even in normal
+times money can often be placed on excellent security in some of the
+countries, and at a rate very high indeed compared to that prevailing
+now in the United States. For safe investments with such a margin of
+profit, it is to be hoped that money, even if dear at home, will be
+forthcoming.</p>
+
+<p>Undoubtedly the purchasing power of these republics has been hard hit by
+the cutting off of credits and markets by the war, as their Governments
+have been hard hit through the falling off of revenues from import
+duties. Some of the Governments will require foreign loans. Capital, I
+repeat&mdash;and I mean really American capital&mdash;is the urgent need. We are
+not asked to make them a present of capital to buy our goods with, but
+if we do not help finance them and buy their products they will have
+nothing with which to buy our goods.</p>
+
+<p>The situation invites us to give capital and credit to take the place of
+the European supply which has failed. One need not fear that the returns
+will be uninviting, for Europe would hardly have been supplying credit
+and capital to Latin America as a mere matter of amiability. Thus our
+capital must regenerate Latin-American prosperity, while our bankers,
+merchants, and manufacturers are engaged in making solid, permanent
+arrangements, not opportunistic ones, to take possession of a great
+share in the present and still more in the growing future development
+and commerce of these countries. Capital, then, and credit are the first
+requisites.</p>
+
+<p>The war has had the effect of making the Latin-American countries
+realize for once the economic importance to them of the United States.
+The products of some, like the tin of Bolivia and the nitrates of Chile,
+have been going almost entirely to Europe. Several republics suffer the
+more acutely in proportion to their previous failure to cultivate
+financial and commercial relations with the United States.</p>
+
+<p>They now feel this and are compelled to a mood receptive to our
+advances. More, they are forced to seek new markets for their goods just
+as they are forced to buy some of ours. In this way there should come
+about new exports to the United States, and there should spring up there
+the corresponding new industries and habits of consumption, to the
+ultimate benefit of all the countries concerned.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, the United States is the only present economic hope of a
+number of the republics. It is to be hoped that our capitalists and
+business men will realize the responsibilities as well as the
+opportunities of profit in the rôle they are asked to play, and that
+their response to their new opportunities will be one of courage,
+thoroughness and intelligence, and one also of quiet patriotism.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>II.</h3>
+
+<h3 class="sub">POLITICAL POTENTIALITIES.</h3>
+
+<p>Turning from the opportunity to the lesson, from the commercial and
+economic aspects of this question to those that are political in the
+large sense, one's imagination is appalled at the potentialities of the
+yet unknown results of so vast an upheaval. Yet we must envisage some of
+these if we are to be prepared for their effect upon us. We must be
+ready for the impact of the resultant forces of these great dynamics. We
+must be ready everywhere, but nowhere more than in our relations with
+Latin America, in the zone of the Caribbean, and wherever the Monroe
+Doctrine as still interpreted gives us a varying degree of
+responsibility.</p>
+
+<p>The war's first effect upon our Latin-American relations is to compel
+through commercial and financial rapprochement a larger measure of
+material interdependence, more contact, and, we may hope, a substitution
+of knowledge for the former reciprocity of ignorance. All this makes for
+better social and intellectual relations, good understanding and
+friendship, and so for political relations much more substantial in the
+case of many of the republics than the rather flimsy Pan-Americanism
+celebrated in eloquent speeches and futile international conferences.</p>
+
+<p>There is little in Pan-Americanism of that kind. The "raza Latina" of
+eloquence is not itself homogeneous; still less so is the population of
+the whole hemisphere. And with Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and
+Santiago we have, of course, far less propinquity than we have with the
+capitals of Europe. But what we really can do is to build up, especially
+with the nearer republics, real ties of common interest and good
+neighborhood, and with the distant ones ties of commerce and esteem.</p>
+
+<p>The war may tend to cure certain rather self-centred countries of
+affecting the morbid view that the people of the United States are lying
+awake nights contriving to devour them, when, in fact, it would be hard
+to find in a crowded street in the United States one in a thousand of
+the passersby who knew more than the name, at most, of one of those very
+few countries referred to.</p>
+
+<p>Europe's preoccupation with the war temporarily deprives such a country
+and its few misguided prophets whose monomania is dread of that chimera,
+the "Colossus of the North," of the pastime of nestling up to Europe in
+the hope of annoying us. It postpones, too, the hope of the morbid ones
+that we shall come to war with a powerful enemy. Now, perhaps, even
+these will appreciate the remark of a diplomatist of a certain weak
+country in contact with European powers, who once said: "If we only had
+the United States for a neighbor! What I can't understand is that your
+neighbors do not realize their good luck." Turning from these
+exceptional phenomena, the very fact of the war leaves the United States
+in a general position of greater political prestige.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever the upshot of the European tragedy, its political and
+psychological consequences are likely to be great. If it result in new
+national divisions upon racial lines of more reality, who knows but that
+the awakened spirits of nationality will germinate fresh military
+ambitions? Or will the horrors of the war force political reforms and
+the search for assurance in more democratic institutions against any
+repetition of those horrors? And is popular government an assurance
+against useless war while men remain warlike even when not military?</p>
+
+<p>Except from the successful countries or from those where disaster has
+brought such sobering change that men can return to work heartened with
+new hope, when the war is over there is likely to be a heavy emigration
+of disgusted people. Possibly even victory will be so dear that men will
+emigrate from a country half prostrate in its triumph. Many will come as
+the Puritans came, and as the bulk of our own excellent Germanic element
+came, and will cast in their lot with a new nation. We shall get a good
+share, but doubtless some will go to the republics of the far South, and
+some to the highlands of the tropics and through the canal to the West
+Coast. If so, this will tend gradually toward increased production and
+purchasing power, as well as toward a leavening of social, political,
+and economic conditions of life.</p>
+
+<p>If the war were indecisive or left all the combatants more or less
+prostrated, peaceful immigration might give a big impulse to the
+gradual growing up of powerful States in the temperate zone of the
+extreme South. The situation there, and the evolution of our own power,
+make it perhaps even now fair to consider the question of regarding as
+optional in any given case the assertion by us of the Monroe Doctrine
+much below the equator, let us say, beyond which it may possibly be
+doubtful whether we have nowadays much reason for special interest.</p>
+
+<p>But, even so, our relations to South America and our obligations under
+the Monroe Doctrine, in spite of the blessed fortifications of the
+Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, leave us where it is tempting fate to be
+without a navy of the first magnitude, and a big merchant marine. We
+have seen what happened to Belgium and Luxemburg. We have seen how even
+some of the most enlightened nations can still make force their god.
+Nations learn slowly, and there are perhaps some new big ones coming on,
+like China.</p>
+
+<p>If the war is a fight to a finish, and the Allies triumph, we can
+imagine Russia, with its teeming millions of people, occupied for a
+while in the Near East; Japan consolidating her position in the Far
+East, an increasingly powerful neighbor to us in the Philippines, the
+Hawaiian Islands, and the Pacific Ocean; France still a great power; and
+England as a world power of uncomfortably ubiquitous strength, able to
+challenge the Monroe Doctrine at will.</p>
+
+<p>Or, let us suppose that Germany should triumph and that German
+emigration should swarm into the Caribbean countries, or into Brazil or
+some other country where there is already a large German colony&mdash;elated,
+triumphant Germans, not Germans disgusted by a disastrous war. Would
+Germany be likely to heed the Monroe Doctrine, or would it be only
+another "scrap of paper"?</p>
+
+<p>In the present stage of civilization the safety of America should not be
+left dependent upon the forbearance of any power that may emerge
+dangerously strong from the war or that may otherwise arise. The
+obligations and rights of our Latin-American relations, under the Monroe
+Doctrine and otherwise, like our security and our efficiency as a force
+for peace and good in the world, demand a big navy, a merchant marine,
+and the self-discipline and safeguard of adequate military preparedness.
+The need of these and of a diplomacy of intelligent self-interest,
+continuity, and intense nationalism is the lesson brought home to us by
+the European war in its effects upon our Latin-American relations as
+well as upon our general position as a great power.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_37"></a>
+
+<h2>An Easter Message</h2>
+
+<p>By BEATRICE BARRY.</p>
+
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Into what depths of misery thou art hurled,</p>
+<p class="l">Belgium, thou second Saviour of the World!</p>
+<p class="l">Thou who hast died</p>
+<p class="l">For all of Europe, lo, we bathe thy feet</p>
+<p class="l">So cruelly pierced, and find the service sweet,</p>
+
+<p class="l">Thou crucified.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">But though we mourn thy agony and loss,</p>
+<p class="l">And weep beneath the shadow of thy cross&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">We know the day</p>
+<p class="l">That brings the resurrection and the life</p>
+<p class="l">Shall dawn for thee when war and all its strife</p>
+<p class="l">Hath passed away.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Then, out of all her travail and her pain,</p>
+<p class="l">Belgium, though crushed to earth, shall rise again;</p>
+<p class="l">And on the sod</p>
+<p class="l">Whence sprang a race so strong, so free from guile,</p>
+<p class="l">Men shall behold, in just a little while,</p>
+<p class="l">The smile of God.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Land of the brave&mdash;soon, by God's grace, the free&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">Thy woe is transient; joy shall come to thee;</p>
+<p class="l">It cannot fail.</p>
+<p class="l">The darkest night gives way to rosy dawn,</p>
+<p class="l">And thou, perchance, shalt see on Easter morn,</p>
+<p class="l">The Holy Grail.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_38"></a>
+<h2>An Interview on the War With Henry James</h2>
+
+<p>By Preston Lockwood</p>
+
+<p>[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, March 21, 1915.]</p>
+
+
+<p>One of the compensations of the war, which we ought to take advantage
+of, is the chance given the general public to approach on the personal
+side some of the distinguished men who have not hitherto lived much in
+the glare of the footlights. Henry James has probably done this as
+little as any one; he has enjoyed for upward of forty years a reputation
+not confined to his own country, has published a long succession of
+novels, tales, and critical papers, and yet has apparently so delighted
+in reticence as well as in expression that he has passed his seventieth
+year without having responsibly "talked" for publication or figured for
+it otherwise than pen in hand.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the outbreak of the war Mr. James found himself, to his
+professed great surprise, Chairman of the American Volunteer Motor
+Ambulance Corps, now at work in France, and today, at the end of three
+months of bringing himself to the point, has granted me, as a
+representative of THE NEW YORK TIMES, an interview. What this departure
+from the habit of a lifetime means to him he expressed at the outset:</p>
+
+<p>"I can't put," Mr. James said, speaking with much consideration and
+asking that his punctuation as well as his words should be noted, "my
+devotion and sympathy for the cause of our corps more strongly than in
+permitting it thus to overcome my dread of the assault of the
+interviewer, whom I have deprecated, all these years, with all the force
+of my preference for saying myself and without superfluous aid, without
+interference in the guise of encouragement and cheer, anything I may
+think worth my saying. Nothing is worth my saying that I cannot help
+myself out with better, I hold, than even the most suggestive young
+gentleman with a notebook can help me. It may be fatuous of me, but,
+believing myself possessed of some means of expression, I feel as if I
+were sadly giving it away when, with the use of it urgent, I don't
+gratefully employ it, but appeal instead to the art of somebody else."</p>
+
+<p>It was impossible to be that "somebody else," or, in other words, the
+person privileged to talk with Mr. James, to sit in presence of his fine
+courtesy and earnestness, without understanding the sacrifice he was
+making, and making only because he had finally consented to believe that
+it would help the noble work of relief which a group of young Americans,
+mostly graduates of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, are carrying on along
+their stretch of the fighting line in Northern France.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. James frankly desired his remarks to bear only on the merits of the
+American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps. It enjoys today the fullest
+measure of his appreciation and attention; it appeals deeply to his
+benevolent instincts, and he gives it sympathy and support as one who
+has long believed, and believes more than ever, in spite of everything,
+at this international crisis, in the possible development of "closer
+communities and finer intimacies" between America and Great Britain,
+between the country of his birth and the country, as he puts it, of his
+"shameless frequentation."</p>
+
+<p>There are many people who are eloquent about the war, who are
+authorities on the part played in it by the motor ambulance and who take
+an interest in the good relations of Great Britain and the United
+States; but there is nobody who can tell us, as Mr. James can, about
+style and the structure of sentences, and all that appertains to the
+aspect and value of words. Now and then in what here follows he speaks
+familiarly of these things for the first time in his life, not by any
+means because he jumped at the chance, but because his native kindness,
+whether consciously or unconsciously, seemed so ready to humor the
+insisting inquirer.</p>
+
+<p>"It is very difficult," he said, seeking to diminish the tension so
+often felt by a journalist, even at the moment of a highly appreciated
+occasion, "to break into graceful license after so long a life of
+decorum; therefore you must excuse me if my egotism doesn't run very
+free or my complacency find quite the right turns."</p>
+
+<p>He had received me in the offices of the corps, businesslike rooms,
+modern for London, low-ceiled and sparely furnished. It was not by any
+means the sort of setting in which as a reader of Henry James I had
+expected to run to earth the author of "The Golden Bowl," but the place
+is, nevertheless, today, in the tension of war time, one of the few
+approaches to a social resort outside his Chelsea home where he can be
+counted on. Even that delightful Old World retreat, Lamb House, Rye, now
+claims little of his time.</p>
+
+<p>The interviewer spoke of the waterside Chelsea and Mr. James's long
+knowledge of it, but, sitting not overmuch at his ease and laying a
+friendly hand on the shoulder of his tormentor, he spoke, instead, of
+motor ambulances, making the point, in the interest of clearness, that
+the American Ambulance Corps of Neuilly, though an organization with
+which Richard Norton's corps is in the fullest sympathy, does not come
+within the scope of his remarks.</p>
+
+<p>"I find myself Chairman of our Corps Committee for no great reason that
+I can discover save my being the oldest American resident here
+interested in its work; at the same time that if I render a scrap of
+help by putting on record my joy even in the rather ineffectual
+connection so far as 'doing' anything is concerned, I needn't say how
+welcome you are to my testimony. What I mainly seem to grasp, I should
+say, is that in regard to testifying at all unlimitedly by the aid of
+the newspapers, I have to reckon with a certain awkwardness in our
+position. Here comes up, you see, the question of our reconciling a
+rather indispensable degree of reserve as to the detail of our activity
+with the general American demand for publicity at any price. There are
+ways in which the close presence of war challenges the whole claim for
+publicity; and I need hardly say that this general claim has been
+challenged, practically, by the present horrific complexity of things at
+the front, as neither the Allies themselves nor watching neutrals have
+ever seen it challenged before. The American public is, of course,
+little used to not being able to hear, and hear as an absolute right,
+about anything that the press may suggest that it ought to hear about;
+so that nothing may be said ever to happen anywhere that it doesn't
+count on having reported to it, hot and hot, as the phrase is, several
+times a day. We were the first American ambulance corps in the field,
+and we have a record of more than four months' continuous service with
+one of the French armies, but the rigor of the objection to our taking
+the world into our intimate confidence is not only shown by our still
+unbroken inability to report in lively installments, but receives also a
+sidelight from the fact that numerous like private corps maintained by
+donations on this side of the sea are working at the front without the
+least commemoration of their deeds&mdash;that is, without a word of
+journalistic notice.</p>
+
+<p>"I hope that by the time these possibly too futile remarks of mine come
+to such light as may await them Mr. Norton's report of our general case
+may have been published, and nothing would give the committee greater
+pleasure than that some such controlled statement on our behalf, best
+proceeding from the scene of action itself, should occasionally appear.
+The ideal would, of course, be that exactly the right man, at exactly
+the right moment, should report exactly the right facts, in exactly the
+right manner, and when that happy consummation becomes possible we shall
+doubtless revel in funds."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. James had expressed himself with such deliberation and hesitation
+that I was reminded of what I had heard of all the verbal alterations
+made by him in novels and tales long since published; to the point, we
+are perhaps incorrectly told of replacing a "she answered" by a "she
+indefinitely responded."</p>
+
+<p>I should, indeed, mention that on my venturing to put to Mr. James a
+question or two about his theory of such changes he replied that no
+theory could be stated, at any rate in the off-hand manner that I seemed
+to invite, without childish injustice to the various considerations by
+which a writer is moved. These determinant reasons differ with the
+context and the relations of parts to parts and to the total sense in a
+way of which no a priori account can be given.</p>
+
+<p>"I dare say I strike you," he went on, "as rather bewilderedly weighing
+my words; but I may perhaps explain my so doing very much as I the other
+day heard a more interesting fact explained. A distinguished English
+naval expert happened to say to me that the comparative non-production
+of airships in this country indicated, in addition to other causes, a
+possible limitation of the British genius in that direction, and then on
+my asking him why that class of craft shouldn't be within the compass of
+the greatest makers of sea-ships, replied, after brief reflection:
+'Because the airship is essentially a bad ship, and we English can't
+make a bad ship well enough.' Can you pardon," Mr. James asked, "my
+making an application of this to the question of one's amenability or
+plasticity to the interview? The airship of the interview is for me a
+bad ship, and I can't make a bad ship well enough."</p>
+
+<p>Catching Mr. James's words as they came was not very difficult; but
+there was that in the manner of his speech that cannot be put on paper,
+the delicate difference between the word recalled and the word allowed
+to stand, the earnestness of the massive face and alert eye, tempered by
+the genial "comment of the body," as R.L. Stevenson has it.</p>
+
+<p>Henry James does not look his seventy years. He has a finely shaped
+head, and a face, at once strong and serene, which the painter and the
+sculptor may well have liked to interpret. Indeed, in fine appreciation
+they have so wrought. Derwent Wood's admirable bust, purchased from last
+year's Royal Academy, shown by the Chantrey Fund, will be permanently
+placed in the Tate Gallery, and those who fortunately know Sargent's
+fine portrait, to be exhibited in the Sargent Room at the San Francisco
+Exhibition, will recall its having been slashed into last year by the
+militant suffragettes, though now happily restored to such effect that
+no trace of the outrage remains.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. James has a mobile mouth, a straight nose, a forehead which has
+thrust back the hair from the top of his commanding head, although it is
+thick at the sides over the ears, and repeats in its soft gray the color
+of his kindly eyes. Before taking in these physical facts one receives
+an impression of benignity and amenity not often conveyed, even by the
+most distinguished. And, taking advantage of this amiability, I asked if
+certain words just used should be followed by a dash, and even boldly
+added: "Are you not famous, Mr. James, for the use of dashes?"</p>
+
+<p>"Dash my fame!" he impatiently replied. "And remember, please, that
+dogmatizing about punctuation is exactly as foolish as dogmatizing about
+any other form of communication with the reader. All such forms depend
+on the kind of thing one is doing and the kind of effect one intends to
+produce. Dashes, it seems almost platitudinous to say, have their
+particular representative virtue, their quickening force, and, to put it
+roughly, strike both the familiar and the emphatic note, when those are
+the notes required, with a felicity beyond either the comma or the
+semicolon; though indeed a fine sense for the semicolon, like any sort
+of sense at all for the pluperfect tense and the subjunctive mood, on
+which the whole perspective in a sentence may depend, seems anything but
+common. Does nobody ever notice the calculated use by French writers of
+a short series of suggestive points in the current of their prose? I
+confess to a certain shame for my not employing frankly that shade of
+indication, a finer shade still than the dash.... But what on earth are
+we talking about?" And the Chairman of the Corps Committee pulled
+himself up in deprecation of our frivolity, which I recognized by
+acknowledging that we might indeed hear more about the work done and
+doing at the front by Richard Norton and his energetic and devoted
+co-workers. Then I plunged recklessly to draw my victim.</p>
+
+<p>"May not a large part of the spirit which animates these young men be a
+healthy love of adventure?" I asked.</p>
+
+<p>The question seemed to open up such depths that Mr. James considered a
+moment and began:</p>
+
+<p>"I, of course, don't personally know many of our active associates, who
+naturally waste very little time in London. But, since you ask me, I
+prefer to think of them as moved, first and foremost, not by the idea of
+the fun or the sport they may have, or of the good thing they may make
+of the job for themselves, but by that of the altogether exceptional
+chance opened to them of acting blessedly and savingly for others,
+though indeed if we come to that there is no such sport in the world as
+so acting when anything in the nature of risk or exposure is attached.
+The horrors, the miseries, the monstrosities they are in presence of are
+so great surely as not to leave much of any other attitude over when
+intelligent sympathy has done its best.</p>
+
+<p>"Personally I feel so strongly on everything that the war has brought
+into question for the Anglo-Saxon peoples that humorous detachment or
+any other thinness or tepidity of mind on the subject affects me as
+vulgar impiety, not to say as rank blasphemy; our whole race tension
+became for me a sublimely conscious thing from the moment Germany flung
+at us all her explanation of her pounce upon Belgium for massacre and
+ravage in the form of the most insolent, 'Because I choose to, damn you
+all!' recorded in history.</p>
+
+<p>"The pretension to smashing world rule by a single people, in virtue of
+a monopoly of every title, every gift and every right, ought perhaps to
+confound us more by its grotesqueness than to alarm us by its energy;
+but never do cherished possessions, whether of the hand or of the
+spirit, become so dear to us as when overshadowed by vociferous
+aggression. How can one help seeing that such aggression, if hideously
+successful in Europe, would, with as little loss of time as possible,
+proceed to apply itself to the American side of the world, and how can
+one, therefore, not feel that the Allies are fighting to the death for
+the soul and the purpose and the future that are in <span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">us</span>, for the
+defense of every ideal that has most guided our growth and that most
+assures our unity?</p>
+
+<p>"Of course, since you ask me, my many years of exhibited attachment to
+the conditions of French and of English life, with whatever fond play of
+reflection and reaction may have been involved in it, make it inevitable
+that these countries should peculiarly appeal to me at the hour of their
+peril, their need and their heroism, and I am glad to declare that,
+though I had supposed I knew what that attachment was, I find I have any
+number of things more to learn about it. English life, wound up to the
+heroic pitch, is at present most immediately before me, and I can
+scarcely tell you what a privilege I feel it to share the inspiration
+and see further revealed the character of this decent and dauntless
+people.</p>
+
+<p>"However, I am indeed as far as you may suppose from assuming that what
+you speak to me of as the 'political' bias is the only ground on which
+the work of our corps for the Allies should appeal to the American
+public. Political, I confess, has become for me in all this a loose and
+question-begging term, but if we must resign ourselves to it as
+explaining some people's indifference, let us use a much better one for
+inviting their confidence. It will do beautifully well if givers and
+workers and helpers are moved by intelligent human pity, and they are
+with us abundantly enough if they feel themselves simply roused by, and
+respond to, the most awful exhibition of physical and moral anguish the
+world has ever faced, and which it is the strange fate of our actual
+generations to see unrolled before them. We welcome any lapse of logic
+that may connect inward vagueness with outward zeal, if it be the zeal
+of subscribers, presenters or drivers of cars, or both at once,
+stretcher-bearers, lifters, healers, consolers, handy Anglo-French
+interpreters, (these extremely precious,) smoothers of the way; in
+short, after whatever fashion. We ask of nobody any waste of moral or of
+theoretic energy, nor any conviction of any sort, but that the job is
+inspiring and the honest, educated man a match for it.</p>
+
+<p>"If I seem to cast doubt on any very driving intelligence of the great
+issue as a source of sympathy with us, I think this is because I have
+been struck, whenever I have returned to my native land, by the
+indifference of Americans at large to the concerns and preoccupations of
+Europe. This indifference has again and again seemed to me quite beyond
+measure or description, though it may be in a degree suggested by the
+absence throughout the many-paged American newspaper of the least
+mention of a European circumstance unless some not-to-be-blinked war or
+revolution, or earthquake or other cataclysm has happened to apply the
+lash to curiosity. The most comprehensive journalistic formula that I
+have found myself, under that observation, reading into the general case
+is the principle that the first duty of the truly appealing sheet in a
+given community is to teach every individual reached by it&mdash;every man,
+woman and child&mdash;to count on appearing there, in their habit as they
+live, if they will only wait for their turn.</p>
+
+<p>"However," he continued, "my point is simply my plea for patience with
+our enterprise even at the times when we can't send home sensational
+figures. 'They also serve who only stand and wait,' and the essence of
+our utility, as of that of any ambulance corps, is just to be there, on
+any and every contingency, including the blessed contingency of a
+temporary drop in the supply of the wounded turned out and taken
+on&mdash;since such comparative intermissions occur. Ask our friends, I beg
+you, to rid themselves of the image of our working on schedule time or
+on guarantee of a maximum delivery; we are dependent on the humors of
+battle, on incalculable rushes and lapses, on violent outbreaks of
+energy which rage and pass and are expressly designed to bewilder. It is
+not for the poor wounded to oblige us by making us showy, but for us to
+let them count on our open arms and open lap as troubled children count
+on those of their mother. It is now to be said, moreover, that our
+opportunity of service threatens inordinately to grow; such things may
+any day begin to occur at the front as will make what we have up to now
+been able to do mere child's play, though some of our help has been
+rendered when casualties were occurring at the rate, say, of 5,000 in
+twenty minutes, which ought, on the whole, to satisfy us. In face of
+such enormous facts of destruction&mdash;"</p>
+
+<p>Here Mr. James broke off as if these facts were, in their horror, too
+many and too much for him. But after another moment he explained his
+pause.</p>
+
+<p>"One finds it in the midst of all this as hard to apply one's words as
+to endure one's thoughts. The war has used up words; they have weakened,
+they have deteriorated like motor car tires; they have, like millions of
+other things, been more overstrained and knocked about and voided of the
+happy semblance during the last six months than in all the long ages
+before, and we are now confronted with a depreciation of all our terms,
+or, otherwise speaking, with a loss of expression through increase of
+limpness, that may well make us wonder what ghosts will be left to
+walk."</p>
+
+<p>This sounded rather desperate, yet the incorrigible interviewer,
+conscious of the wane of his only chance, ventured to glance at the
+possibility of a word or two on the subject of Mr. James's present
+literary intentions. But the kindly hand here again was raised, and the
+mild voice became impatient.</p>
+
+<p>"Pardon my not touching on any such irrelevance. All I want is to invite
+the public, as unblushingly as possible, to take all the interest in us
+it can; which may be helped by knowing that our bankers are Messrs.
+Brown Brothers &amp; Co., 59 Wall Street, New York City, and that checks
+should be made payable to the American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps."</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_39"></a>
+<h2>A Talk With Belgium's Governor</h2>
+
+<p>By Edward Lyall Fox</p>
+
+<p>[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April 11, 1915.]</p>
+
+<p>Copyright, 1915, by the Wildman News Service.</p>
+
+
+<p>"It would have been a very grave mistake not to have invaded Belgium.
+It would have been an unforgivable military blunder. I justify the
+invading of Belgium on absolute military grounds. What other grounds are
+there worth while talking about when a nation is in a war for its
+existence?"</p>
+
+<p>It is the ruler of German Belgium speaking. The stern, serious-faced
+Governor General von Bissing, whom they call "Iron Fist," the man who
+crushes out sedition. Returning, I had just come up from the front
+around Lille, and almost the only clothes I had were those on my back;
+and the mud of the trenches still clung to my boots and puttees in
+yellow cakes. They were not the most proper clothes in which to meet
+King Albert's successor, but in field gray I had to go.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor General received me in a dainty Louis Quinze room done in
+rose and French gray, and filled incongruously with delicate chairs and
+heavy brocaded curtains, a background which instantly you felt precisely
+suited his Excellency. In the English newspapers, which, by the way, are
+not barred from Berlin cafés, I had read of his Excellency as the "Iron
+Fist," or the "Heavy Heel," and I rather expected to see a heavy,
+domineering man. Instead, a slender, stealthy man in the uniform of a
+General rose from behind a tapestry topped table, revealing, as he did,
+a slight stoop in his back, perhaps a trifle foppish. He held out a
+long-fingered hand.</p>
+
+<p>General von Bissing spoke no English. Somehow I imagined him to be one
+of those old German patriots who did not learn the language simply
+because it was English. Through Lieut. Herrmann I asked the Governor
+General what Germany was doing toward the reconstruction of Belgium. I
+told him America, when I had left, was under the impression that
+Belgium was a land utterly laid waste by the German armies. I frankly
+told him that in America the common belief was that the German military
+Government meant tyranny; what was Germany doing for Belgium?</p>
+
+<p>"I think," replied Governor General von Bissing, "that we are doing
+everything that can be done under the circumstances. Those farm lands
+which you saw, coming up from Lille to Brussels, were planted by German
+soldiers and in the Spring they will be harvested by our soldiers.
+Belgium has not been devastated, and its condition has been grievously
+misstated, as you have seen. You must remember that the armies have
+passed back and forth across it&mdash;German, Belgian, English, and
+French&mdash;but I think you have seen that only in the paths of these armies
+has the countryside suffered. Where engagements were not fought or shots
+fired, Belgium is as it was.</p>
+
+<p>"There has been no systematic devastation for the purpose of
+intimidating the people. You will learn this if you go all over Belgium.
+As for the cities, we are doing the best we can to encourage business.
+Of course, with things the way they are now, it is difficult. I can only
+ask you to go down one of the principal business streets here, the Rue
+de la Neuf, for instance, and price the articles that you find in the
+shops and compare them with the Berlin prices. The merchants of Brussels
+are not having to sacrifice their stock by cutting prices, and, equally
+important, there are people buying. I can unhesitatingly say that things
+are progressing favorably in Belgium."</p>
+
+<p>The conversation turned upon Belgian and English relations before this
+war. The Governor General mentioned documentary evidence found in the
+archives in Brussels, proving an understanding between these countries
+against Germany. He spoke briefly about the point that the subjects of
+King Albert had been betrayed into the hands of English financiers and
+then laconically said: "The people of Belgium are politically
+undisciplined children.</p>
+
+<p>"They are the victims of subtle propaganda that generally takes the form
+of articles in French and neutral newspapers," and General von Bissing
+looked me straight in the eyes, as though to emphasize that by neutral
+he meant the newspapers of the United States. "I can understand the
+French doing this," he said, "because they always use the Belgians and
+do not care what happens to them. It is beyond my comprehension, though,
+how the Government of any neutral country permits the publication of
+newspaper articles that can have but one effect, and that is to
+encourage revolt in a captured people. A country likes to call itself
+humanitarian, and yet it persists in allowing the publication of
+articles that only excite an ignorant, undisciplined people and lead
+them to acts of violence that must be wiped out by force," and the
+Governor General's mouth closed with a click.</p>
+
+<p>"Do you know that the people of Brussels, whenever a strong wind carries
+the booming of heavy guns miles in from the front, think that French and
+English are going to recapture the city? Any day that we can hear the
+guns faintly, we know that there is an undercurrent of nervous
+expectancy running through the whole city. It goes down alleys and
+avenues and fills the cafés. You can see Belgians standing together,
+whispering. Twice they actually set the date when King Albert would
+return.</p>
+
+<p>"This excitement and unrest, and the feeling of the English coming in,
+is fostered and encouraged by the articles in French and neutral
+newspapers that are smuggled in. I do not anticipate any uprising among
+the Belgians, although the thoughtless among them have encouraged it. An
+uprising is not a topic of worry in our councils. It could do us no
+harm. We would crush it out like that," and von Bissing snapped his thin
+fingers, "but if only for the sake of these misled and betrayed people,
+all seditious influences should cease."</p>
+
+<p>I asked the Governor General the attitude of officials of the Belgian
+Government who were being used by the Germans in directing affairs.</p>
+
+<p>"My predecessor, General von der Goltz," he replied, "informed me that
+the municipal officials in Brussels and most Belgian cities showed a
+good co-operative spirit from the start. The higher officials were
+divided, some refusing flatly to deal with the German administration. I
+do not blame these men, especially the railway officials, for I can see
+their viewpoint. In these days railway roads and troop trains were
+inseparable, and if those Belgian railway officials had helped us, they
+would have committed treason against their country. There was no need,
+though, for the Post Office officials to hold out, and only lately they
+have come around. Realizing, however, that without their department the
+country would be in chaos, the officials of the Department of Justice
+immediately co-operated with us. Today the Belgian Civil Courts try all
+ordinary misdemeanors and felonies. Belgian penal law still exists and
+is administered by Belgians. However, all other cases are tried by a
+military tribunal, the Feld Gericht."</p>
+
+<p>I asked General von Bissing if there was much need for this military
+tribunal. I shall not forget his reply.</p>
+
+<p>"We have a few serious cases," he said. "Occasionally there is a little
+sedition but for the most part it is only needle pricks. They are quiet
+now. They know why," and, slowly shaking his head, von Bissing, who is
+known as the sternest disciplinarian in the entire German Army, smiled.</p>
+
+<p>We talked about the situation in America.</p>
+
+<p>"The truth will come out," said von Bissing slowly. "Your country is
+renowned for fair play. You will be fair to Germany, I know. Your
+American Relief Commission is doing excellent work. It is in the highest
+degree necessary. At first the German Army had to use the food they
+could get by foraging in Belgium, for the country does not begin to
+produce the food it needs for its own consumption, and there were no
+great reserves that our troops could use. But the German Army is not
+using any of the Belgian food now."</p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image73.png"><img src="images/image73.png" width="285"
+alt="H.M. MOHAMMED V.&mdash;Sultan of Turkey.&mdash;(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)" /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">H.M. MOHAMMED V.&mdash;Sultan of Turkey.&mdash;<br/>
+<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)</span></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image74.png"><img src="images/image74.png" width="285"
+alt="H.M. VITTORIO EMANUELE III.&mdash;King of Italy." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">H.M. VITTORIO EMANUELE III.&mdash;King of Italy.</p>
+
+
+<p>I asked the Governor General if the Germans had not been very glad that
+America was sending over food.</p>
+
+<p>"It is most important," he said, "that America regularly sends
+provisions to Belgium. Your country should feel very proud of the good
+it has done here. I welcome the American Relief Committee; we are
+working in perfect harmony. Despite reports to the contrary, we never
+have had any misunderstanding. Through the American press, please thank
+your people for their kindness to Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>"But," he continued impressively, referring back to the justification of
+Germany's occupation and speaking with quiet force, "if we had not sent
+our troops into Belgium, the English would have landed their entire
+expeditionary army at Antwerp, and cut our line of communication. How do
+I know that? Simply because England would have been guilty of the
+grossest blunder if she had not done that, and the man who is in charge
+of England's Army has never been known as a blunderer."</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_40"></a>
+<h2>A Charge In The Dark</h2>
+
+<p>By O.C.A. CHILD.</p>
+
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Out of the trenches lively, lads!</p>
+<p class="l">Steady, steady there, number two!</p>
+<p class="l">Step like your feet were tiger's pads&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">Crawl when crawling's the thing to do!</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Column left, through the sunken road!</p>
+<p class="l">Keep in touch as you move by feel!</p>
+<p class="l">Empty rifles&mdash;no need to load&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">Night work's close work, stick to steel!</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Wait for shadows and watch the clouds,</p>
+<p class="l">When it's moonshine, down you go!</p>
+
+<p class="l">Quiet, quiet, as men in shrouds,</p>
+<p class="l">Cats a-prowl in the dark go slow.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Curse you, there, did you have to fall?</p>
+<p class="l">Damn your feet and your blind-bat eyes!</p>
+<p class="l">Caught in the open, caught&mdash;that's all!</p>
+<p class="l">Searchlights! slaughter&mdash;we meant surprise!</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Shrapnel fire a bit too low&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">Gets us though on the ricochet!</p>
+<p class="l">Open order and in we go,</p>
+<p class="l">Steel, cold steel, and we'll make 'em pay.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">God above, not there to win?</p>
+
+<p class="l">Left, while my men go on to die!</p>
+<p class="l">Take them in, Sergeant, take them in!</p>
+<p class="l">Go on, fellows, good luck&mdash;good-bye!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_41"></a>
+<h2>A New Poland</h2>
+
+<p>By Gustave Hervé</p>
+
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Gustave Hervé, author of the article
+    translated below, which appears in a recent number of his paper, La
+    Guerre Sociale&mdash;suppressed, it is reported, by the French
+    authorities&mdash;has been described as "the man who fights all
+    France." He is 44 years old, and has spent one-fourth of his life in
+    prison, on account of Socialistic articles against the French flag
+    and Government. He used to continue writing such articles from
+    prison and thus get his sentences lengthened.</p>
+
+    <p> Hervé has always opposed everything savoring of militarism and
+    conquest. From his article on Poland it will be seen that, although
+    he says nothing anti-French or antagonistic to the Allies in
+    general, he desires a Russian triumph over Germany not for his own
+    sake, but as a preliminary to a reconstruction of the Polish Nation
+    out of the lands wrested from Poland by Russia, Germany, and
+    Austria.</p> </div>
+
+<p>In spite of its vagueness, the Grand Duke Nicholas's proclamation
+justifies the most sanguine hopes. This has been recognized not only by
+all the Poles whom it has reached, those of Russian Poland, and the
+three million Polish refugees who live in America, but moreover, all the
+Allies have interpreted it as a genuine promise that Poland would be
+territorially and politically reconstructed.</p>
+
+<p>What would it be right to include in a reconstructed Poland, if the
+great principle of nationality is to be respected?</p>
+
+<p>First, such a Poland would naturally include all of the Russian Poland
+of today&mdash;by that I mean all the districts where Poles are in a large
+majority. This forms a preliminary nucleus of 12,000,000 inhabitants,
+among whom are about 2,000,000 Jews. This great proportion of Jews is
+accounted for by the fact that Poland is in the zone where Jews are
+allowed to live in Russia.</p>
+
+<p>Our new Poland would not comprise the ancient Lithuania&mdash;the districts
+of Wilno, Kovno, and Grodno&mdash;although Lithuania formerly was part of
+Poland and still has about one million Polish inhabitants who form the
+aristocracy and bourgeoisie. Lithuania, which is really the region of
+the Niemen, is peopled by Letts, who have their own language, resembling
+neither Polish nor Russian, and they likewise hope to obtain some day a
+measure of autonomy in the Russian Empire, with the right to use their
+language in schools, churches, and civil proceedings. One thing is
+certain: they would protest, and rightly, against actual incorporation
+into the new Poland.</p>
+
+<p>The 125,000 square kilometers and 12,000,000 inhabitants of Russian
+Poland, lying around Warsaw, would constitute the nucleus of
+reconstructed Poland.</p>
+
+<p>Must we add to this the 79,000 square kilometers and 8,000,000
+inhabitants of Galicia, which was Austria's share in the spoils of old
+Poland? Certainly, so far as western Galicia around Cracow is concerned,
+for this is a wholly Polish region, the Poles there numbering 2,500,000.</p>
+
+<p>As for eastern Galicia, of which the principal city is Lemberg, (Lvov in
+Polish,) the question is more delicate. Though Eastern Galicia has over
+1,500,000 Poles and 600,000 Jews, most of the population is Ruthenian.
+Now these Ruthenians, who are natives, subjugated in former times by the
+conquering Poles, and who still own much of the big estates, are related
+to the "Little Russians," the southerners of Russia, and speak a dialect
+which is to Russian what Provençal is to French.</p>
+
+<p>Besides, whereas the Poles are Catholics, the Ruthenians are Greek
+Orthodox Christians like the Russians, but differ from the latter in
+that they are connected with the Roman Church, and are thus schismatics
+in the eyes of the Russian priests.</p>
+
+<p>Should these Ruthenians be annexed to Russia along with the 1,500,000
+Poles and 500,000 Jews, among whom they have lived for centuries, they
+would scarcely look upon this as acceptable unless they were certain of
+having under Russian rule at least equal political liberty and respect
+for their dialect and religion as they have under Austrian rule.</p>
+
+<p>Should they be incorporated with the rest of Polish Galicia into the new
+Poland? It is hardly probable that they desire this, having enjoyed
+under Austria a considerable measure of autonomy as regards their
+language and schools. Would not the best solution be to make of Eastern
+Galicia an autonomous province of the reconstructed Poland, guaranteeing
+to it its local privileges?</p>
+
+<p>That leaves for consideration the portion of Poland now forming part of
+Prussia.</p>
+
+<p>There can be no question as to what should be done with the districts of
+Posen and Thorn. These are the parts of Poland stolen by Prussia, which
+the Prussians, a century and a quarter after the theft, have not
+succeeded in Germanizing.</p>
+
+<p>North of the Posen district is Western Prussia, whose principal city is
+Dantzic; that too is a Polish district, stolen in 1772. Since then
+Dantzic has been Germanized and there are numerous German officials and
+employes in the other towns of the region. All the rural districts and a
+part of the towns, however, have remained Polish in spite of attempts to
+Germanize them as brutal as those applied to Posnania. But, if united
+Poland should include Western Prussia, as she has the right to do&mdash;there
+being no rule against what is right&mdash;Eastern Prussia, including
+Königsberg, will be cut off from the rest of Germany.</p>
+
+<p>Now, Eastern Prussia, with the exception of the southern part about the
+Masurian Lakes, which has remained Polish, has been German from early
+mediaeval times. It is the home of the most reactionary junkers of all
+Prussia, a cradle of Prussian royalty and of the Hohenzollerns. Despite
+our hatred for these birds of prey, could we wish that the new Poland
+should absorb these 2,000,000 genuine Germans?</p>
+
+<p>If the region of Königsberg remains Prussian and the Masurian Lakes
+region is added to Poland, why not leave to Germany the strip of land
+along the coast, including Dantzic, in order that Eastern Prussia may
+thus be joined to Germany at one end?</p>
+
+<p>Another question: There is in Prussian Upper Silesia a district, that of
+Oppeln, rich in iron ore, which was severed in the Middle Ages from
+Poland, but which has remained mostly Polish and which adjoins Poland.
+If the majority of Polish residents there demand it, would it not be
+well to join it once more to Poland, which would become, by this
+addition, contiguous to the Czechs of Bohemia?</p>
+
+<p>To sum up:</p>
+
+<p>Without laying hands on the German district of Königsberg, united
+Poland, by absorbing all the territory at present held by Prussia, in
+which the majority of the inhabitants are Poles, will take from the
+latter 70,000 square kilometers and 5,700,000 inhabitants. With these,
+the new Poland would have 24,000,000 inhabitants, including Eastern
+Galicia.</p>
+
+<p>If Russia gave to this Poland in lieu of actual independence the most
+liberal autonomy and reconstructed a Polish kingdom under the suzerainty
+of the Czar&mdash;a Poland with its Diet, language, schools and army&mdash;would
+not the present war seem to us a genuine war of liberation and Nicholas
+II. a sort of Czar-liberator?</p>
+
+<p>And if resuscitated Poland, taught by misfortune, compassionate toward
+the persecuted and proscribed because she herself has been persecuted
+and proscribed, should try to cure herself of her anti-Semitism, which
+has saddened her best friends in France, would not you say that she
+indeed deserved to be resuscitated from among the dead?</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_42"></a>
+<h2>"With the Honors of War"</h2>
+
+<p>By Wythe Williams</p>
+
+<p>[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]</p>
+
+
+<p>It was just at the dawn of a March morning when I got off a train at
+Gerbéviller, the little "Martyr City" that hides its desolation as it
+hid its existence in the foothills of the Vosges.</p>
+
+<p>There was a dense fog. At 6 A.M. fog usually covers the valleys of the
+Meurthe and Moselle. From the station I could see only a building across
+the road. A gendarme demanded my credentials. I handed him the
+laisser-passer from the Quartier Général of the "First French Army,"
+which controls all coming and going, all activity in that region. The
+gendarme demanded to know the hour when I proposed to leave. I told him.
+He said it would be necessary to have the permit "viséd for departure"
+at the headquarters of the gendarmerie. He pointed to the hazy outlines
+of another building just distinguishable through the fog.</p>
+
+<p>This was proof that the town contained buildings&mdash;not just a building.
+The place was not entirely destroyed, as I had supposed. I went down the
+main street from the station, the fog enveloping me. I had letters to
+the town officials, but it was too early in the morning to present them.
+I would first get my own impressions of the wreck and the ruin. But I
+could see nothing on either hand as I stumbled along in the mud. So I
+commented to myself that this was not as bad as some places I had seen.
+I thought of the substantial station and the buildings across the
+road&mdash;untouched by war. I compared Gerbéviller with places where there
+is not even a station&mdash;where not one simple house remains as the result
+of "the day when the Germans came."</p>
+
+<p>The road was winding and steep, dipping down to the swift little stream
+that twists a turbulent passage through the town. The day was coming
+fast but the fog remained white and impenetrable. After a few minutes I
+began to see dark shapes on either side of the road. Tall, thin,
+irregular shapes, some high, some low, but with outlines all softened,
+toned down by the banks of white vapor.</p>
+
+<p>I started across the road to investigate and fell into a pile of jagged
+masonry on the sidewalk. Through the nearness of the fog I could see
+tumbled piles of bricks. The shapes still remained&mdash;spectres that seemed
+to move in the light wind from the valley. An odor that was not of the
+freshness of the morning assailed me. I climbed across the walk. No wall
+of buildings barred my path, but I mounted higher on the piles of brick
+and stones. A heavy black shape was now at my left hand. I looked up and
+in the shadow there was no fog. I could see a crumbled swaying side wall
+of a house that was. The odor I noticed was that caused by fire.
+Sticking from the wall I could see the charred wood joists that once
+supported the floor of the second story. Higher, the lifting fog
+permitted me to see the waving boughs of a tree that hung over the house
+that was, outlined against a clear sky. At my feet, sticking out of the
+pile of bricks and stones, was the twisted iron fragments that was once
+the frame of a child's bed. I climbed out into the sunshine.</p>
+
+<p>I was standing in the midst of a desolation and a silence that was
+profound. There was nothing there that lived, except a few fire-blacked
+trees that stuck up here and there in the shelter of broken walls. Now I
+understood the meaning of the spectral shapes. They were nothing but the
+broken walls of the other houses that were. They were all that remained
+of nine-tenths of Gerbéviller.</p>
+
+<p>I wandered along to where the street turned abruptly. There the ground
+pitched more sharply to the little river. There stood an entire half of
+a house unscathed by fire; it was one of those unexplainable freaks that
+often occur in great catastrophes. Even the window glass was intact.
+Smoke was coming from the chimney. I went to the opposite side and there
+stood an old woman looking out toward the river, brooding over the ruin
+stretching below her.</p>
+
+<p>"You are lucky," I said. "You still have your home."</p>
+
+<p>She threw out her hands and turned a toothless countenance toward me. I
+judged her to be well over seventy. It wasn't her home, she explained.
+Her home was "là-bas"&mdash;pointing vaguely in the distance. She had lived
+there fifty years&mdash;now it was burned. Her son's house for which he had
+saved thirty years to be able to call it his own, was also gone; but
+then her son was dead, so what did it matter? Yes, he was shot on the
+day the Germans came. He was ill, but they killed him. Oh, yes, she saw
+him killed. When the Germans went away she came to this house and built
+a fire in the stove. It was very cold.</p>
+
+<p>And why were the houses burned? No; it was not the result of
+bombardment. Gerbéviller was not bombarded until after the houses were
+burned. They were burned by the Germans systematically. They went from
+house to house with their torches and oil and pitch. They did not
+explain why they burned the houses, but it was because they were angry.</p>
+
+<p>The old woman paused a moment, and a faint flicker of a smile showed in
+the wrinkles about her eyes. I asked her to continue her story.</p>
+
+<p>"You said because they were angry," I prompted. The smile broadened. Oh,
+yes, they were very angry, she explained. They did not even make the
+excuse that the villagers fired upon them. They were just angry through
+and through. And it was all because of those seventy-five French
+chasseurs who held the bridge. Some one called to her from the house.
+She hobbled to the door. "Anyone can tell you about the seventy-five
+chasseurs," she said, disappearing within.</p>
+
+<p>I went on down the road and stood upon the bridge over the swift little
+river. It was a narrow little bridge only wide enough for one wagon to
+pass. Two roads from the town converged there, the one over which I had
+passed and another which formed a letter "V" at the juncture with the
+bridge. Across the river only one road led away from the bridge and it
+ran straight up a hill, when it turned suddenly into the broad national
+highway to Lunéville about five miles away.</p>
+
+<p>One house remained standing almost at the entrance to the bridge, at the
+end nearest the town. Its roof was gone, and its walls bore the marks of
+hundreds of bullets, but it was inhabited by a little old man of fifty,
+who came out to talk with me. He was the village carpenter. His house
+was burned, so he had taken refuge in the little house at the bridge.
+During the time the Germans were there he had been a prisoner, but they
+forgot him the morning the French army arrived. Everybody was in such a
+hurry, he explained.</p>
+
+<p>I asked him about the seventy-five chasseurs at the bridge. Ah, yes, we
+were then standing on the site of their barricade. He would tell me
+about it, for he had seen it all from his house half way up the hill.</p>
+
+<p>The chasseurs were first posted across the river on the road to
+Lunéville, and when the Germans approached, early in the morning, they
+fell back to the bridge, which they had barricaded the night before. It
+was the only way into Gerbéviller, so the chasseurs determined to fight.
+They had torn up the street and thrown great earthworks across one end
+of the bridge. Additional barricades were thrown up on the two
+converging streets, part way up the hill, behind which they had
+mitrailleuses which could sweep the road at the other end of the bridge.</p>
+
+<p>About a half mile to the south a narrow footbridge crossed the river,
+only wide enough for one man. It was a little rustic affair that ran
+through the grounds of the Château de Gerbéviller that faced the river
+only a few hundred yards below the main bridge. It was a very ancient
+château, built in the twelfth century and restored in the seventeenth
+century. It was a royal château of the Bourbons. In it once lived the
+great François de Montmorency, Duc de Luxembourg and Marshal of France.
+Now it belonged to the Marquise de Lamberty, a cousin of the King of
+Spain.</p>
+
+<p>I interrupted, for I wanted to hear about the chasseurs. I gave the
+little old man a cigarette. He seized it eagerly&mdash;so eagerly that I also
+handed him a cigar. He just sort of fondled that cigar for a moment and
+then placed it in an inside pocket. It was a very cheap and very bad
+French cigar, for I was in a part of the country that has never heard of
+Havanas, but to the little old man it was something precious. "I will
+keep it for Sunday," he said.</p>
+
+<p>I then got him back to the seventy-five chasseurs. It was just eight
+o'clock in the morning&mdash;a beautiful sunshiny morning&mdash;when the German
+column appeared around the bend in the road which we could see across
+the bridge, and which joined the highway from Lunéville. There were
+twelve thousand in that first column. One hundred and fifty thousand
+more came later. A band was playing "Deutschland über alles" and the men
+were singing. The closely packed front ranks of infantry broke into the
+goose step as they came in sight of the town. It was a wonderful sight;
+the sun glistened on their helmets; they marched as though on parade
+right down almost to the opposite end of the bridge.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the command to halt. For a moment there was a complete
+silence. The Germans, only a couple of hundred yards from the barricade,
+seemed slowly to consider the situation. The Captain of the chasseurs,
+from a shelter behind the very little house that is still standing&mdash;and
+where his men up the two roads could see him&mdash;softly waved his hand.</p>
+
+<p>Crack-crack-crack&mdash;crack-crack-crack-crack&mdash;crack-crack-crack! The
+bullets from the mitrailleuses whistled across the bridge into the front
+ranks of the "Deutchland über alles" singers, while the men behind the
+bridge barricade began a deadly rifle fire.</p>
+
+<p>Have you ever heard a mitrailleuse? It is just like a telegraph
+instrument, with its insistant clickety click-click-click, only it is a
+hundred times as loud. Indeed I have been told by French officers that
+it has sometimes been used as a telegraph instrument, so accurately can
+its operator reel out its hundred and sixty shots a minute.</p>
+
+<p>On that morning at the Gerbéviller barricade, however, it went faster
+than the telegraph. These men on the converging roads just shifted their
+range slightly and poured bullets into the next ranks of infantry and so
+on back along the line, until Germans were dropping by the dozen at the
+sides of the little straight road. Then the column broke ranks wildly
+and fled back into the shelter of the road from Lunéville.</p>
+
+<p>A half hour later a detachment of cavalry suddenly rounded the corner
+and charged straight for the barricade. The seventy-five were ready for
+them. Some of them got half way across the bridge and then tumbled into
+the river. Not one got back around the corner of the road to Lunéville.</p>
+
+<p>There was another half hour of quiet, and then from the Lunéville road a
+battery of artillery got into action. Their range was bad, so far as any
+achievement against the seventy-five was concerned, so they turned their
+attention to the château, which they could easily see from their
+position across the river. The first shell struck the majestic tower of
+the building and shattered it. The next smashed the roof, the third hit
+the chapel&mdash;and so continued the bombardment until flames broke out to
+complete the destruction.</p>
+
+<p>Of course the Germans could not know that the château was empty, that
+its owner was in Paris and both her sons fighting in the French Army.
+But they had secured the military advantage of demolishing one of the
+finest country houses in France, with its priceless tapestries, ancient
+marbles and heirlooms of the Bourbons. A howl of German glee was heard
+by the seventy-five chasseurs crouching behind their barricades. So
+pleased were the invaders with their achievement, that next they bravely
+swung out a battery into the road leading to the bridge, intending to
+shell the barricades. The Captain of chasseurs again waved his hand.
+Every man of the battery was killed before the guns were in position. It
+took an entire company of infantry&mdash;half of them being killed in the
+action&mdash;to haul those guns back into the Lunéville road, thus to clear
+the way for another advance.</p>
+
+<p>From then on until 1 o'clock in the afternoon there were three more
+infantry attacks, all failing as lamentably as the first. The
+seventy-five were holding off the 12,000. At the last attack they let
+the Germans advance to the entrance of the bridge. They invited them
+with taunts to "avancez." Then they poured in their deadly fire, and as
+the Germans broke and fled they permitted themselves a cheer. Up to this
+time not one chasseur was killed. Only four were wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after 1 o'clock the German artillery wasted a few more shells on
+the ruined château and the chasseurs could see a detachment crawling
+along the river bank in the direction of the narrow footbridge that
+crossed through the château park a half mile below. The Captain of the
+chasseurs sent one man with a mitrailleuse to hold the bridge. He posted
+himself in the shelter of a large tree at one end. In a few minutes
+about fifty Germans appeared. They advanced cautiously on the bridge.
+The chasseur let them get half way over before he raked them with his
+fire. The water below ran red with blood.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans retreated for help and made another attack an hour later
+with the same result. By 4 o'clock, when the lone chasseur's ammunition
+was exhausted, it is estimated that he had killed 175 Germans, who made
+five desperate rushes to take the position, which would have enabled
+them to make a flank attack on the seventy-four still holding the main
+bridge. When his ammunition was gone&mdash;which occurred at the same time as
+the ammunition at the main bridge was exhausted&mdash;this chasseur with the
+others succeeded in effecting a retreat to a main body of cavalry. If he
+still lives&mdash;this modern Horatius at the bridge&mdash;he remains an unnamed
+hero in the ranks of the French Army, unhonored except in the hearts of
+those few of his countrymen who know.</p>
+
+<p>During the late hours of the afternoon aeroplanes flew over the
+chasseurs' position, thus discovering to the Germans how really weak
+were the defenses of the town, how few its defenders. Besides, the
+ammunition was gone. But for eight hours&mdash;from 8 in the morning until 4
+in the afternoon&mdash;the seventy-five had held the 12,000. General Joffre
+has said in one of his reports that the defense of the bridge at
+Gerbéviller had an important bearing on the battle of the Marne, which
+was just beginning, for it gave Castelnau's Army of the East time to dig
+its trenches a few miles back of Gerbéviller before the Germans got
+through.</p>
+
+<p>Had that body of 12,000 succeeded earlier the 150,000 Germans that
+advanced the next day might have been able to fall on the French right
+flank during the most critical and decisive battle of the war. The total
+casualties of the chasseurs were three killed, three captured, and six
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p>The little old man and I had walked to the entrance of the château park
+before he finished his story. It was still too early for breakfast. I
+thanked him and told him to return to his work in the little house by
+the bridge. I wanted to explore the château at leisure.</p>
+
+<p>I entered the place&mdash;what was left of it. Most of the walls were
+standing. Walls built in the twelfth century do not break easily, even
+with modern artillery. But the modern roof and seventeenth century inner
+walls were all demolished. Not a single article of furniture or
+decoration remained. But the destruction showed some of the same
+freaks&mdash;similar to that little house left untouched by fire on the
+summit of the hill.</p>
+
+<p>For instance, the Bourbon coat of arms above the grand staircase was
+untouched, while the staircase itself was just splintered bits of
+marble. On another fragment of a wall there still hung a magnificent
+stag's antlers. Strewed about in the corners I saw fragments of vases
+that had been priceless. Even the remnants were valuable. In the ruined
+music room I found a piece of fresh, clean music, (an Alsatian waltz,)
+lying on the mantelpiece. I went out to the front of the building, where
+the great park sweeps down to the edge of the river. An old gardener in
+one of the side paths saw me. We immediately established cordial
+relations with a cigarette.</p>
+
+<p>He told me how, after the chasseurs retreated beyond the town, the
+Germans&mdash;reduced over a thousand of their original number by the
+activities of the day&mdash;swept over the barricades of the bridge and into
+the town. Yes, the old woman I had talked with was right about it. They
+were very angry. They were ferociously angry at being held eight hours
+at that bridge by a force so ridiculously small.</p>
+
+<p>The first civilians they met they killed, and then they began to fire
+the houses. One young man, half witted, came out of one of the houses
+near the bridge. They hanged him in the garden behind the house. Then
+they called his mother to see. A mob came piling into the château headed
+by four officers. All the furniture and valuables that were not
+destroyed they piled into a wagon and sent back to Lunéville. Of the
+gardener who was telling me the story they demanded the keys of the wine
+cellars. No; they did not injure him. They just held him by the arms
+while several dozen of the soldiers spat in his face.</p>
+
+<p>While the drunken crew were reeling about the place, one of them
+accidentally stumbled upon the secret underground passage leading to the
+famous grottoes. These grottoes and the underground connection from the
+château were built in the fifteenth century. They are a half mile away,
+situated only half above ground, the entrance looking out on a smooth
+lawn that extends to the edge of the river. Several giant trees, the
+trunks of which are covered with vines, semi-shelter the entrance, which
+is also obscured by climbing ivy. The interior was one of the treasures
+of France. The vaulted ceilings were done in wonderful mosaic. The walls
+decorated with marbles and rare sea shells. In every nook were marble
+pedestals and antique statuary, while the fountain in the centre,
+supplied from an underground stream, was of porphyry inlaid with mosaic.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans looked upon it with appreciative eyes and cultured minds.
+But it did not please them. They were still very angry. Its destruction
+was a necessity of war. It could not be destroyed by artillery because
+it was half underground and screened by the giant trees. But it could be
+destroyed by picks and axes. A squad of soldiers was detailed to the
+job. They did it thoroughly. The gardener took me there to see. Not a
+scrap of the mosaic remained. The fountain was smashed to bits. A
+headless Venus and a smashed and battered Adonis were lying prone upon
+the ground.</p>
+
+<p>The visitors to the château and environs afterward joined their comrades
+in firing the town. Night had come. Also across the bridge waited the
+hundred and fifty thousand reinforcements come from Lunéville. The five
+hundred of the two thousand inhabitants who remained were herded to the
+upper end of the town near the station. That portion was not to be
+destroyed because the German General would make his headquarters there.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants were to be given a treat. They were to witness the
+entrance of the hundred and fifty thousand&mdash;the power and might of
+Germany was to be exhibited to them. So while the flames leaped high
+from the burning city, reddening the sky for miles, while old men
+prayed, while women wept, while little children whimpered, the sound of
+martial music was heard down the street near the bridge. The infantry
+packed in close formation, the red light from the fire shining on their
+helmets, were doing the goose step up the main street to the
+station&mdash;the great German army had entered the city of Gerbéviller with
+the honors of war.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_43"></a>
+<h2>General Foch, the Man of Ypres</h2>
+
+<h2 class="sub">An Account of France's New Master of War</h2>
+
+<p>[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]</p>
+
+
+<p>"Find out the weak point of your enemy and deliver your blow there,"
+said the Commander of the Twentieth French Army Corps at Nancy at a
+staff banquet in 1913.</p>
+
+<p>"But suppose, General," said an artillery officer, "that the enemy has
+no weak point?"</p>
+
+<p>"If the enemy has no weak point," returned the commander, with a gleam
+of the eye and an aggressive tilt of the chin, "make one."</p>
+
+<p>The commander was Foch&mdash;Ferdinand Foch&mdash;who has suddenly flashed before
+the world as the greatest leader in the French Army after Joffre, and
+who in that remark at Nancy gave the index to the basic quality of his
+character as a General. General Foch is today in command of the northern
+armies of France, besides being the chief Lieutenant and confidant of
+Joffre. Joffre conceives; Foch, master tactician, executes. He finds the
+weak point; if there is no weak point, he creates or seeks to create
+one.</p>
+
+<p>When King George of England was at the front in France recently he
+conferred the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath&mdash;the highest military
+distinction in the form of an order within the gift of the British
+Crown&mdash;on two Frenchmen. Joffre was one. The other was Foch.</p>
+
+<p>"Foch? Foch? Who is Foch?" asked the British public, perplexed, when the
+newspapers printed the news of the granting of this signal honor.</p>
+
+<p>"Foch is the General who was at the head of the French military mission
+which followed our army manoeuvres three years ago," replied a few men
+who happened to have been intimately acquainted with those manoeuvres.</p>
+
+<p>"But what has that to do with the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath?"
+asked John Bull. And the manoeuvre experts not being able to reply, the
+English newspapers demanded from their correspondents in France an
+answer to the query, "Who is Foch? Why the Grand Cross?"</p>
+
+<p>And the main features of the answers to that query were these:</p>
+
+<p>Foch is the "greatest strategist in Europe and the humblest," in the
+words of Joffre.</p>
+
+<p>Foch is the hero of the Marne, the man who perceived on Sept. 9 that
+there must be a gap between the Prussian Guard and the Saxon Army, and
+who gathered enough artillery to crush the guard in the St. Gond marshes
+and forced both the Prussians and the Saxons, now separated, to retreat.</p>
+
+<p>Foch is the man of Ypres, the commander who was in general control of
+the successful fight made by the French and the British, aided by the
+Belgians, to prevent the Germans from breaking through to Calais.</p>
+
+<p>Foch, in short, is one of the military geniuses of the war, so record
+observers at the front. He is a General who has something of the
+Napoleonic in his composition; the dramatic in war is for him&mdash;secrecy
+and suddenness, gigantic and daring movements; fiery, yet coldly
+calculated attacks; vast strategic conceptions carried out by swift,
+unfaltering tactics. Foch has a tendency to the impetuous, but he is
+impetuous scientifically. He has, however, taken all in all, much more
+of the dash and nervousness and warmth of the Southern Latin than has
+Joffre&mdash;cool, cautious, taciturn Joffre. Yet both men are from the south
+of France. They were born within a few miles of one another, within
+three months of one another, Foch being born on Oct. 2, 1851, and Joffre
+on Jan. 12, 1852.</p>
+
+<p>Most writers who have dealt with Foch agree on this as one of his
+paramount characteristics&mdash;the Napoleonic mode of military thought.
+When Foch was director of the Ecole de Guerre, where he had much to do
+with shaping the military views of many of the men who are now
+commanding units of the French Armies, he was considered to be possessed
+of almost an obsession on the subject of Napoleon. He studied Napoleon's
+campaigns, and restudied them. He went back much further, however, in
+his choice of a master, and gave intense application to the campaigns of
+Caesar. Napoleon and Caesar&mdash;these were the minds from which the mind of
+the Marne and Ypres has learned some of its lessons of success.</p>
+
+<p>Here Foch invites comparison with another of the dominant figures of the
+war&mdash;General French. For French is described by his biographer as "a
+worshipper of Napoleon," regarding him as the world's greatest
+strategist, and in following out and studying Napoleon's campaigns
+French personally covered and studied much of the ground in Belgium over
+which he has been fighting. French is a year younger than Foch. They are
+old friends, as are French and Joffre, and Joffre and Foch.</p>
+
+<p>The inclination of Foch to something of the Napoleonic is shown beyond
+the realm of strategy and tactics. Foch is credited with knowing the
+French soldier, his heart, his mind, his capabilities, and the method of
+getting the most out of those capabilities, in a way reminiscent of the
+winner of Jena. And Foch knows not only the privates, but the officers.
+When he went to the front he visited each commander; the Colonels he
+called by name; the corps commanders, without exception, had attended
+his lectures at the Ecole de Guerre.</p>
+
+<p>As for the men, Foch makes it his business to get into personal contact
+with them, as Napoleon used to do. Foch does not hobnob with them, there
+is no joking or familiarity, but he goes into the trenches and the
+occupied villages and looks the men over informally, inspects food or
+equipment, makes a useful comment or two, drops a phrase that is worth
+repeating, and leaves behind him enthusiasm and respect. The Paris
+Figaro says that he has the gift of setting souls afire, of arousing
+that élan in the French fighter which made that fighter perform military
+miracles when the "sun of Austerlitz" was high. It has been declared by
+a French writer that Foch knows the human element in the French Army
+better than any other man living.</p>
+
+<p>With all his knowledge of men, his power of inspiring them, Foch is
+quiet, retiring, non-communicative, with no taste for meeting people in
+social intercourse. His life has been monotonous&mdash;work and work and
+work. He has the reputation of being a driver; he used to be
+particularly severe on shirkers in the war college, and such, no matter
+what their influence, had no chance of getting a diploma leading to an
+attractive staff position when Foch was Director. When he was in command
+at Nancy and elsewhere he used to work his staffs hard, and they had to
+share much of the monotony of work which has been chiefly Foch's life.
+He did not go in for society, merely making the formal calls required by
+the etiquette of garrison towns on the chief garrison hostesses, and
+giving dinners two or three times a year to his staff.</p>
+
+<p>Foch, indeed, with his quiet ways and his hard work and his studying of
+Napoleon and Caesar, was characterized by some of the officers of the
+army as a pedant, a theorist, and these held that Foch had small chance
+of doing anything important in such a practical realm as that of real
+war.</p>
+
+<p>Because of his Directorship of the Ecole de Guerre he was known to many
+officers, but as far as France at large was concerned his name was
+scarcely known at all last August. Yet officers knew him in other lands
+besides his own. His two great books, "Principles of War" and "Conduct
+of War," have been translated into English, German, and Italian, and are
+highly regarded by military men. He has been ranked by the
+Militär-Wochenblatt, organ of the German General Staff, as one of the
+few strategists of first class ability among the Allies.</p>
+
+<p>Foch is a slim man, with a great deal of nervous energy in his actions,
+being so quick and graceful in movement, indeed, that a recent English
+observer declares he carries himself more like a man of 40 than one of
+64. His gray blue eyes are particularly to be noticed, so keen are they.
+His speech is quick, precise, logical.</p>
+
+<p>So little has Foch been known to the French public that it has been
+stated time and again that he is an Alsatian. He is not, but comes of a
+Basque family which has lived for many generations in the territory
+which is now the Department of the Hautes-Pyrénées, directly on the
+border of Spain. Foch was born in the town of Tarbes in that department.
+Joffre was born in the Department Pyrénées-Orientales, on the Spanish
+border to the east. Foch's father, Napoleon Foch, was a Bonapartist and
+Secretary of the Prefecture at Tarbes under Napoleon III. One of his two
+brothers, a lawyer, is also called Napoleon. The other is a Jesuit
+priest. Foch and these brothers attended the local college, and then
+turned to their professions.</p>
+
+<p>In 1870 Foch served as a subaltern against the Germans, as did Joffre.
+After the war Foch began to win recognition as a man of brains, and at
+26 he was given a commission as artillery Captain. Later he became
+Professor of Tactics in the Ecole de Guerre, with the title of
+Commandant, where he remained for five years, and then returned to
+regimental work. It was when Foch reached the grade of Brigadier General
+that he went back to the War College, this time as Director, one of the
+most confidential positions in the War Department. From this post he
+went to the command of the Thirteenth Division, thence to the command of
+the Eighth Corps at Bourges, and thence to the command of the Twentieth
+Corps at Nancy.</p>
+
+<p>At the time that Foch was appointed Director of the Ecole de Guerre,
+Clemenceau was Premier, and upon the latter fell the task of choosing an
+officer for the important Directorship. There was keen competition for
+the position, many influential Generals desiring the appointment, and in
+consequence much wire-pulling went on. The story goes that Clemenceau,
+a man of action, became impatient of the intrigues for the post, and
+determined to make his own choice unhampered.</p>
+
+<p>According to the story, Clemenceau, after a conference one day upon
+routine business with Foch, asked the latter to dine. The Ecole de
+Guerre was not mentioned during the meal, the men chatting upon general
+topics. But as the coffee was being brought on, the Premier turned
+suddenly to the General and said, brusquely:</p>
+
+<p>"By the way, I've a good bit of news for you. You're nominated Director
+of the Ecole de Guerre."</p>
+
+<p>"Director of the Ecole de Guerre! But I'm not a candidate for the post."</p>
+
+<p>"That is possible. But you're appointed all the same, and I know you
+will do excellent work in the position."</p>
+
+<p>Foch thanked the Premier, but he still had some doubts, and added:</p>
+
+<p>"I fear you don't know all my family connections. I have a brother who
+is a Jesuit."</p>
+
+<p>"Jesuit be d&mdash;&mdash;-!" the Premier is reported to have roared in reply.
+"Oh, I beg your pardon, Mr. Director! You are the Director of the Ecole
+de Guerre. All the Jesuits in creation won't alter that&mdash;it is a fait
+accompli."</p>
+
+<p>Among the confidential bits of work worthy of note that Foch has done
+for the War Department is the report he made upon the larger guns of the
+French field artillery, which have done such execution in the present
+war. For many weeks Foch went around the great Creusot gun works in the
+blouse of a workman, testing, watching, experimenting, analyzing.</p>
+
+<p>Foch was one of the high officers in France who was not in the least
+surprised by the war and who had personally been holding himself in
+readiness for it for years. He felt, and often said, that a great war
+was inevitable; so much used he to dwell upon the certainty of war that
+some persons regarded him as an alarmist when he kept declaring that
+French officers should take every step within their power to get
+themselves and the troops ready for active service at an instant's
+notice. He also held that France as a nation should prepare to the
+utmost of her power for the assured conflict.</p>
+
+<p>In a recent issue of The London Times there was a description of Foch by
+a Times correspondent who had been at Foch's headquarters in the north
+of France. The correspondent's remarks are prefaced by the statement
+that in a late dispatch General French mentions General Foch as one of
+those whose help he has "once more gratefully to acknowledge." The
+correspondent writes in part:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>What Ernest Lavisse has clone for civilian
+    New France in his direction of the Ecole Normale General Foch has
+    done in a large measure for the officers of New France by his
+    teaching of strategy and tactics at the Ecole de Guerre. He left his
+    mark upon the whole teaching of general tactics.</p>
+
+    <p> I had the honor of being received recently by General Foch at
+    his headquarters in the north of France&mdash;a house built for very
+    different purposes many years ago, when Flemish civil architecture
+    was in its flower. The quiet atmosphere of Flemish ease and
+    burgomaster comfort has completely vanished. The building hums with
+    activity, as does the whole town. A fleet of motor cars is ready for
+    instant action. Officers and orderlies hurry constantly to and fro.
+    There is an occasional British uniform, a naval airman's armored
+    car, and above all the noise of this bustle, though lower in tone,
+    the sound of guns in the distance from Ypres.</p>
+
+    <p> The director of all this activity is General Foch. There in the
+    north he is putting his theories of war to the test with as much
+    success as he did at the outbreak of hostilities in Lorraine and
+    later in the centre during the battle of the Marne. Although born
+    with the brain of a mathematician, General Foch's ideas upon war are
+    by no means purely scientific. He refuses, indeed, to regard war,
+    and more especially modern war, as an exact science. The
+    developments of science have, indeed, but increased the mental and
+    moral effort required of each participant, and it is only in the
+    passions aroused in each man by the conflict of conception of life
+    that the combatant finds the strength of will to withstand the
+    horrors of modern warfare.</p>
+
+    <p> General Foch is a philosopher as well as a fighter. He is one of
+    the rare philosophers who have proved the accuracy of their ideas in
+    the fire of battle. A typical instance of this is given by "Miles"
+    in a recent number of the Correspondant. During the battle of the
+    Marne the Germans made repeated efforts to cut through the centre
+    where General Foch commanded between Sézanne and Mailly. On three
+    consecutive days General Foch was forced to retire. Every morning he
+    resumed the offensive, with the result that his obstinacy won the
+    day. He was able to profit by a false step by the enemy to take him
+    in the flank and defeat him.</p>
+
+    <p> General Foch's whole life and teaching were proved true in those
+    days. He has resolved the art of war into three fundamental
+    ideas&mdash;preparation, the formation of a mass, and the
+    multiplication of this mass in its use. In order to derive the full
+    benefit of the mass created it is necessary to have freedom of
+    action, and that is only obtained by intellectual discipline.
+    General Foch has written:</p>
+
+    <p> "Discipline for a leader does not mean the execution of orders
+    received in so far as they seem suitable, just reasonable, or even
+    possible. It means that you have entirely grasped the ideas of the
+    leader who has given the order and that you take every possible
+    means of satisfying him. Discipline does not mean silence,
+    abstention, only doing what appears to you possible without
+    compromising yourself; it is not the practice of the art of avoiding
+    responsibilities. On the contrary, it is action in the sense of
+    orders received."</p>
+
+    <p> Fifteen years ago at the Ecole de Guerre General Foch was fond
+    of quoting Joseph de Maistre's remark, "A battle lost is a battle
+    which one believes to have lost, for battles are not lost
+    materially," and of adding, "Battles are therefore lost morally, and
+    it is therefore morally that they are won." The aphorism can be
+    extended by this one: "A battle won is a battle in which one will
+    not admit one's self vanquished." As "Miles" remarks, "He did as he
+    had said."</p> </div>
+
+<p>Ernest Dimnet in The London Saturday Review has this to say in part
+about Foch and his two widely known books:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>During his two terms of service at the Ecole
+    de Guerre he produced two considerable works, "Principes de la
+    Guerre" and "De la Conduite de La Guerre," which give a high idea of
+    their author's character and talent. There is nothing in them that
+    ought to scare away the average reader. Their style has the
+    geometrical lucidity which is the polytechnician's birthright, but
+    in spite of the deliberate impersonality generally attached to that
+    style of writing, there emanates from it a curious quality which
+    gradually shows us the author as a living person.</p>
+
+    <p> We have the impression of a vast mental capacity turned to the
+    lifelong study of a fascinating subject and acquiring in it the
+    dignity of attitude and the naturalness which mastery inevitably
+    produces. War has been the constant meditation of this powerful
+    brain. In "La Conduite de la Guerre" this meditation is the minute
+    historical examination of the battles of the First Empire and 1870.
+    "Nothing can replace the experience of war," writes the author,
+    "except the history of war," and it is clear that he understands the
+    word "history" as all those who go to the past for a lesson in
+    greatness understand it.</p>
+
+    <p> "Les Principes de la Guerre" is more immediately technical, yet
+    it strikes one as being less a speculation than a visualizing of
+    what modern war was sure to be. If the reader did not feel that he
+    lacks the background which only the contemplation a million times
+    repeated of concrete details can create, he would be tempted to
+    marvel at the extraordinary simplicity of these views. But a good
+    judge who was very near the General until a wound removed him for a
+    while from the&mdash;to him&mdash;fascinating scene tells me that
+    this simplicity and directness&mdash;which marked the action of Foch
+    at the battle of the Marne as they formerly marked his
+    teaching&mdash;are the perfection to which only a few can
+    aspire.</p> </div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_44"></a>
+<h2>The Unremembered Dead</h2>
+
+<p>By ELLA A. FANNING.</p>
+
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>"For those who die in war, and have none to
+    pray for them."&mdash;Litany.</p> </div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">We lay a wreath of laurel on the sward,</p>
+<p class="l">Where rest our loved ones in a deep repose</p>
+<p class="l">Unvexed by dreams of any earthly care,</p>
+<p class="l">And, checking not our tears, we breathe a prayer,</p>
+<p class="l">Grateful for even the comfort which is ours&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">That we may kneel and sob our sorrow there,</p>
+<p class="l">And place the deathless leaf, the rarest flowers.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Though Winter's cruel fingers brown the sod,</p>
+<p class="l">It's dearer far than all the world beside!</p>
+<p class="l">Forms live again&mdash;we gaze in love and pride</p>
+<p class="l">On youthful faces prest close to our own.</p>
+<p class="l">Eyes smile to ours; we hear each tender tone,</p>
+<p class="l">Grief's smart is softened&mdash;less the sense of loss.</p>
+
+<p class="l">This grave we have, at least; we're not alone!</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">And they must know of our unchanging love&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">Our tender thought&mdash;our memory&mdash;our prayers!</p>
+<p class="l">And in our constancy, ah! each one shares</p>
+<p class="l">To whom death comes on distant battlefields,</p>
+<p class="l">When life's last breath not even the solace yields&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="l">"There's one who'll mourn for me&mdash;whose tears will flow!"&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">Not even a grave is theirs, unnamed, unwept!</p>
+<p class="l">God rest their souls&mdash;the dead we do not know!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_45"></a>
+
+<h2>Canada and Britain's War Union</h2>
+
+<p>By Edward W. Thomson, F.R.S.L., F.R.S.C.</p>
+
+<p>[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]</p>
+
+
+<p>Canada's political relation to Great Britain, and, indeed, to all other
+countries, has been essentially altered by Canada's quite voluntary
+engagement in the war. Were feudal terms not largely inapplicable, one
+might aver that the vassal has become the suzerain's ally, political
+equality connoted.</p>
+
+<p>But, indeed, Canadians were never vassals. They have ever been Britons,
+whatever their individual origins, retaining the liberties of their
+political birthright. While in a certain tutelage to their own monarchs'
+immediate Ministries, they have continually, slowly, consciously,
+expanded their freedom from such tutelage, substituting for it
+self-government or rule by their own representatives, without forsaking
+but rather enhancing their allegiance to the common Crown. This has long
+been the symbol of their self-government, even as it is to old country
+kinsmen the symbol of rule by themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The alteration manifested by Canada's active, voluntary engagement in
+the European war is the change from Canadians holding, as they formerly
+did, that Great Britain was bound to defend Canada, while Canadians were
+not bound to defend Great Britain outside Canada. The "dependency" has
+not been now dragged in; it acted as an independency; it recognized its
+participation with Great Britain in a common danger; it proceeded quite
+voluntarily, quite independently, to recruit, organize, dispatch, and
+maintain large forces for the common cause. Canada's course has become
+that of a partner in respect of acceptance of risks and of contribution
+to expenses.</p>
+
+<p>This partner has no formally specified share in gains, or in authority,
+or in future policy of the concern. Canada has no obvious, distinct,
+admitted way or voice as to the conduct of war or making of peace. She
+appears, with the other self-governing Dominions of the Crown, as an
+ally having no vote in settlements, none of the prerogatives of an ally.
+Hence some observers in Great Britain, in Canada, in other realms of the
+Crown contend that the old, expressed relations between Great Britain,
+Canada, and the other Dominions must inevitably be extensively changed
+formally as well as actually in consequence of the war.</p>
+
+<p>Some say imperial federation cannot but ensue. Others argue that formal
+independence must arrive if such federation come not speedily. Others
+contend for an Empire League of sister States. Nobody ventures to
+mention what was often talked publicly by Canadians from thirty to fifty
+years ago, and later by Goldwin Smith, viz., Canada's entrance to the
+United States as a new tier of sovereign States. The idea of severance
+from Great Britain has vanished. Discussion of the other alternatives is
+not inactive, but it is forced. It engages the quidnuncs. They are
+talkers who must say something for the delight of hearing themselves; or
+they are writers who live under the exigency of needing to get
+"something different" daily into print. They are mostly either "Jingoes"
+or Centralizationists, as contra to Nationalists or
+Decentralizationists, long-standing opponents.</p>
+
+<p>Each set perceives their notions liable to be profoundly affected by
+Canada's fighting in Europe. Each affects belief that their own
+political designs cannot but be thereby served; each is afflicted with
+qualms of doubt. They alike appreciate the factors that make for their
+opponent's cause. Both know the strength of popular attachment to Great
+Britain; both know the traditional and inbred loathing of the
+industrious masses for the horrible bloodshed and insensate waste of
+treasure in war. Both sets balance inwardly the chances that sentiments
+seemingly irreconcilable and about equally respectable may, after the
+war, urge Canadians either to draw politically closer to their
+world-scattered kin, or to cut ligaments that might pull them again and
+again, time without end, into the immemorial European shambles.</p>
+
+<p>But is the Canadian public excitedly interested in the discussion? Not
+at all. Spokesmen and penmen of the two contentious factions are
+victimized by their own perfervid imaginations. The electorate, the
+masses, are not so swayed. The Canadian people, essentially British no
+matter what their origins, are mainly, like all English-speaking
+democracies, of straight, primitive, uncomplicated emotions, and of
+essentially conservative mind. They "plug" along. The hour and the day
+hold their attention. It is given to the necessary private works of the
+moment, as to the necessary public conduct of the time.</p>
+
+<p>They did not, as a public, spin themselves any reasons or excuses for
+their hearty approval of Canada's engagement in the war. Her or their
+contributions of men and money to its fields of slaughter and waste
+appeared and appear to them natural, proper, inevitable. They applauded
+seriously the country's being "put in for it" by agreement of the two
+sets of party politicians, and without any direct consultation of the
+electorate in this, the most important departure Canada ever made,
+because prompt action seemed the only way, and time was lacking for
+debate about what seemed the next thing that had to be done. In fact,
+the Canadian people, regarded collectively, felt and acted in this case
+with as much ingenuousness as did those Tyrolese mountaineers, bred,
+according to Heine, to know nothing of politics save that they had an
+Emperor who wore a white coat and red breeches.</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>When the patriots climbed up to them, and
+    told them with oratory that they now had a Prince who wore a blue
+    coat and white breeches, they grasped their rifles, and kissed wife
+    and children, and went down the mountain and offered their lives in
+    defense of the white coat and the dear old red breeches.</p> </div>
+
+<p>But did they forsake their relish of and devotion to their customary,
+legendary Tyrolese liberties? No more will the Canadian masses, by
+reason of their hearty participation in the war, incline to yield jot or
+tittle of their usual, long-struggled-for, gradually acquired, valuable
+and valued British self-governing rights. Can the Jingoes or
+Centralizationists scare them backward? Or the Decentralizationists or
+Separatists hurry them forward? Won't they just continue to "plug along"
+as their forefathers did in the old country and in the new, gaining a
+bit more freedom to do well or ill at their own collective choice&mdash;that
+is, if the war result "as usual" in British security, according to
+confident British expectation.</p>
+
+<p>Such is the Canadian political situation. It has been essentially
+similar any time within living memory. The people approve in politics
+what they feel, instinctively, to be the profitable or the decent and
+reasonable necessary next thing to do. Which signifies that those
+controversialists are probably wrong who conceive that a result of the
+war, if it be a win for the Allies, will cause any great formal change
+in Canada's political relation to Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>The truly valuable change in such relations is already secured; it
+cannot but become more notably established by future discussion; it is
+and will be a change by reason of greatly increased influence on Great
+Britain by Canada and the other Dominions. And it appears highly
+probable that such inevitable change in influence or weight of the new
+countries is sufficient for all sentiments concerned, and for all useful
+purposes on behalf of which formal changes are advocated by doctrinaires
+and idealists.</p>
+
+<p>The British peoples have acquired by long practice in very various
+politics a way of making existing arrangements "do" with some slight
+patching. They are instinctively seized of the truth of Edmund Burke's
+maxim, "Innovation is not improvement." They have "muddled along" into
+precisely the institutions that suit any exigency, their sanest
+political philosophers recognizing that the exigency must always be
+most amenable to the most flexible system.</p>
+
+<p>It is because the existing arrangements between London and the several
+Dominion capitals don't suit logicians that they do suit experienced
+statesmen pretty well. Because these institutions can be patched as
+occasion may require, they are retained for patching on occasion.
+Because the loose, go-as-you-please organization of the so-called
+"empire" has revealed almost incredible unity of sentiment and purpose,
+practiced statesmen regard it as a prodigious success. They are mighty
+shy of affiliating with any of the well-meaning doctrinaires who have
+been explaining any time within the last century that the system is
+essentially incoherent and absurd and urgently needs profound change
+with doctrinaire improvements.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Robert Borden, for instance. Some days ago he most amiably gave me a
+little private talk on these matters, of course on the tacit
+understanding that he was not to be "interviewed" as for close reporting
+of his informal sentences. He was, by the way, apparently in robust
+health, as if, like Mr. Asquith, of a temperament to flourish under the
+heaviest responsibilities ever laid on a Prime Minister in his own
+country. No statesman could be of aspect and utterance less hurried, nor
+more pleasant, lucid, cautious, disposed to give a friendly caller large
+and accurate information briefly, while disclosing nothing at variance
+with or unfindable in his published speeches. Of some of them he
+repeated apposite slices; to others he referred for further
+enlightenment as to his views on imperial federation. Really he was
+neither secretive nor newly informative. The Premier of Canada at any
+time is governed, much as I have endeavored to show how the electors
+are, by that natural, instinctive course of the general loyal Canadian
+mind, which constitutes "the situation" and controls Governmental
+proceedings on behalf of the public.</p>
+
+<p>Well meaning persons who allege Sir Robert to have either favored or
+disfavored imperial federation have been inaccurate. Precisely what
+imperial federation may be nobody knows, for the simple and sufficient
+reason that nobody has ever sketched or elaborated a scheme in that
+regard which appeared or appears desirable as a change from the
+all-compelling situation. What has never been adopted as desirable
+cannot be termed practicable in statesmen's language. To declare an
+untried scheme impracticable might be an error of rashness.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of federating the empire has long attracted Sir Robert, with
+many other admirable Canadians and Britons, since it connotes or
+involves the concept of British Union for all worthy and necessary
+purposes, including maintenance of local autonomy or self-government,
+surely a most praiseworthy design. Discussion of that idea is unlikely
+to be harmful; it may be useful; something may come of it that may seem
+desirable and practicable to substantially all interests and people
+concerned. A consummation devoutly to be wished, but not to be rushed!
+One point, frequently specified in Sir Robert's public speeches, was
+stated as follows in a recent report, pamphleted for distribution by his
+own side:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>It is impossible to believe that the
+    existing status, so far as it concerns the control of foreign policy
+    and extra-imperial relations, can remain as it is today. All are
+    conscious of the complexity of the problem thus presented; and no
+    one need despair of a satisfactory solution, and no one can doubt
+    the profound influence which the tremendous events of the past few
+    months and of those in the immediate future must exercise upon one
+    of the most interesting and far-reaching questions ever presented
+    for the consideration of statesmen.</p> </div>
+
+<p>There Sir Robert was recommending no particular solution. A little
+earlier in the same speech he illustrated the deep sense of all
+experienced British statesmen that there never is or can be in the
+British system any final solution of any grave problem, the vital
+essence of the system being flux and change to suit ever-changing
+circumstance.</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>In so far as this empire may be said to
+    possess a Constitution, it is of modern growth and is still in the
+    stage of development. One can hardly conceive that it will ever
+    distinctly emerge from that state or attain a status in which
+    constitutional development is no longer to be anticipated. Indeed,
+    the genius of the British people and all our past history lead us to
+    believe the contrary. The steps in advance have been usually gradual
+    and always practical; and they have been taken on instinct rather
+    than upon any carefully considered theory.</p> </div>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image75.png"><img src="images/image75.png" width="280"
+alt="YUAN SHIH-KAI&mdash;President of the Chinese Republic.&mdash;(Photo
+by Rio V. De Sieux.)" /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">YUAN SHIH-KAI&mdash;President of the Chinese Republic.&mdash;<br/>
+<span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">(Photo by Rio V. De Sieux.)</span></p>
+
+<p style="text-align: center">
+<a href="images/image76.png"><img src="images/image76.png" width="280"
+alt="PRINCE VON BUELOW&mdash;German Ambassador to Italy." /></a></p>
+<p style="text-align: center">PRINCE VON BUELOW&mdash;German Ambassador to Italy.</p>
+
+
+<p>Which was admonition at once of the Centralizationists and their
+opponents, the Nationalists.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever alteration of existing British inter-arrangements may come
+after the war will be done on instinct in view of circumstances that
+cannot now be foreseen. Wherefore clamorers for this or that, their
+favorite scheme, are now inopportunists. Hence they are neglected by the
+public as unimpressive, futile wasters of breath or ink. Indeed Canada,
+Great Britain, the whole race of mankind are now swept on the crest of a
+huge wave of Fate. When it casts them ashore, recedes, leaves men to
+consider what may best be done for the future, then will have come the
+time to rearrange political fabrics, if need be. Then Sir Robert Borden
+will probably continue in his often clearly specified opinion that
+Canada, if remaining liable as now to be drawn into Great Britain's more
+perilous wars&mdash;a liability which must ever urge Canada to strong
+participation in order that the peril may be the sooner ended&mdash;ought to
+have a share in controlling Great Britain's foreign policy. Which
+sharing Mr. Asquith declared last year impracticable, in that sense
+inadmissible.</p>
+
+<p>Westminster must retain freedom to move, act, strike quickly. Her course
+toward Germany had to be decided last August within a few hours.
+Obviously her freedom, her power for promptitude would be hindered in
+proportion to need for such consultation with and approval by councilors
+of many distant countries as is presupposed by advocates of imperial
+federation. Why establish control by cumbersome, superfluous machinery
+when the war has made it clear as the sun at high noon that the
+essential desideratum, British Union, exists now? All the notable
+communities of the King's realms have demonstrated that they are in the
+mind, the condition of a voluntary empire. What more can be desired
+save by such as desire old country domination of all the concerned
+countries, and who really long for a formal and subservient Empire?</p>
+
+<p>Sir Richard Jebb, a deep student of the Empire problem, declared clearly
+last November the meaning of that general voluntary British war union
+which is a wonder of mankind, and in the course to teach a profound,
+general political lesson. He wrote:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>That the war will in any event change the
+    external relations is evident. But why, if we win, should it change
+    the political relations between the parts, except to the extent of
+    encouraging us to conserve and develop the existing system which has
+    given so signal an example of effective imperial unity in time of
+    need? Continually talking of imperial unity, we fail to recognize it
+    when we have got it. There is never going to be a moment when one
+    might say "Yesterday we were not united; today the Grand Act (of
+    Imperial Federation understood) has been signed; henceforth we are
+    united."</p>
+
+    <p> The cult of the Grand Act is a snare and a delusion. Whatever
+    may happen hereafter&mdash;even the Grand Act itself&mdash;posterity
+    is likely to look back upon August, 1914, as the moment when the
+    British Empire reached the zenith of its unity. Let us remember that
+    the existing system is not stationary, though its principle
+    (voluntary union) may be final. It has been developing steadily
+    since 1902.</p>
+
+    <p> The Australian fleet unit, the first of the Dominion navies,
+    which enables each to exert upon foreign policy the full weight of
+    its importance in the empire, was not begun until 1910. The
+    corollary, that any Dominion Minister appointed to reside in London
+    should have free and constant access to the British Prime Minister
+    and Foreign Secretary, was only conceded in January, 1912, and has
+    not yet been taken advantage of, even by Australia.</p>
+
+    <p> But the development is all true to principle. What principle?
+    Voluntary co-operation, as opposed to central compulsion. In war, as
+    in peace, each of the Britannic nations is free to do or not to do.
+    But we have invoked naval and military co-ordination, with results
+    which the Australian Navy has already exemplified (on the Emden,
+    &amp;c.)</p>
+
+    <p> Has this system of the free Commonwealth, as distinguished from
+    the German principle of a centralized empire organized primarily for
+    war, broken down under the supreme test, as so many of our prophets
+    predicted? On the contrary, it has alone saved South Africa to the
+    empire, besides eliciting unrestricted military aid from each part.
+    Why change it for something diametrically opposed to its spirit,
+    substituting compulsion for liberty, provinces for
+    nation-States?</p> </div>
+
+<p>Sir Richard Jebb's sentence, specifying the nature of the Australian
+influence on foreign policy, seems apt reply to Sir Robert Borden's
+oft-repeated specification that a share in control of foreign policy
+should accrue to the Dominions by reason of their participation in or
+liability to war. This liability really compels them to engage with all
+their strength, lest they comfort an enemy by abstention, or by
+confining their armaments to self-defense, which might and would be read
+as disapproval of Britain's course, if the war were one of magnitude
+endangering her. A system more powerfully requiring Great Britain to
+take heed that her quarrel be just, lest she be not thrice armed by
+approving children, can scarcely be imagined.</p>
+
+<p>On this matter I have had the pleasure and benefit, during the last
+twelve years, of talking with Sir Wilfrid Laurier often. In the quoted
+Jebb view he agreed closely when I saw him a few days ago. He remarked,
+with special regard to this article for THE NEW YORK TIMES, that his
+point of insistence at the Imperial Conferences of 1902, 1907, 1911, and
+on all proper occasions, has been that local autonomy&mdash;that is, complete
+self-government for each of the Dominions&mdash;is not only consistent with
+British unity but necessary thereto as promoting and conserving that
+unity.</p>
+
+<p>When Mr. Asquith's denial of the practicability of giving the Dominions
+a direct share in control of Great Britain's foreign policy is
+considered, the Jebb-Laurier view would appear one to which Sir Robert
+Borden, cautious statesman, must be led by recognition that potent
+influence on foreign policy cannot but come to Dominions energetically
+providing at once for their own defense and for their power to aid Great
+Britain all along the line.</p>
+
+<p>As to imperial federation, Sir Wilfrid remarked that he has ever been
+openly attracted by that aspiration toward permanent British union, on
+which advocacy of the vague project has ever been bottomed. He is, as he
+said to me, and as all his long series of political actions have
+manifested, British in heart and way of political thinking, as indeed
+substantially all his French-Canadian compatriots are. British
+liberality, not to say liberalism, has attached them to the British
+system as firmly as any community originating from the United Kingdom.
+It was a French-Canadian statesman who asserted, some fifty years ago,
+when many British-Canadians seemed tending toward union with the United
+States, "The last shot fired in Canada for British connection will be
+from a French-Canadian." That was before the civil war abolished
+slavery.</p>
+
+<p>But, even as the Britishism of Old Country liberals is strongly
+tinctured by devotion to ideals which Americans are wont to regard as
+theirs&mdash;ideals making for settled peace, industry, the uplift of the
+"common people," fair room and reward for those abilities which
+conspicuously serve the general welfare&mdash;so Sir Wilfrid and his
+compatriots acknowledge their Britishism to be acutely conscious of
+political kinship with the American people. The French-Canadian
+yearning, like that of many Canadians of British origin, is rather for
+English-speaking union&mdash;a union of at least thorough understanding and
+common designs with the American people&mdash;than for the narrower exclusive
+British union sought by Canadian imperial federationists.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Wilfrid said, in effect, (I do not profess to report his very
+words,) that federation of those British communities widely separated by
+geography, but alike in race, language, laws, principles, has always
+attracted him as a project of excellent intentions. It is at worst a
+noble dream. That dream has become less impracticable than it was
+formerly, he thinks, by reason of the essential diminution of the world,
+diminution of distances and of time by latter-day inventions.</p>
+
+<p>Against the idea of general representation in a central Parliament at
+London, Sir Wilfrid pointed out that Edmund Burke objected "opposuit
+natura"&mdash;nature forbade it. The wisest of political philosophers could
+not foresee the telegraph, wireless, steam, airships. These have made a
+useful central imperial Parliament at least conceivable. Could it be
+more useful than the advisory council, or Imperial Conference which has
+become quadrennial, and might possibly become annual? That is matter for
+discussion. Sir Wilfrid said that such is the political genius of the
+British race that he would be rash who alleged any design impracticable
+toward which the race may tend so generally as to put it under
+discussion for arrangement of details. Conservation of local
+self-government, prime essential to agreement for union on common
+purposes, might prove reconcilable with federated defense.</p>
+
+<p>But there is, to Sir Wilfrid's way of thinking, one large objection
+against now attempting imperial federation. Its agitators contemplate a
+scheme immense, yet not sufficiently inclusive. They do not contemplate
+English-speaking solidarity. They purpose leaving out the majority of
+English-speakers&mdash;the American people. In this they do not follow Cecil
+Rhodes, a chief propagandist of their main design. It is true that the
+idea of getting Americans to participate in any formal union with all
+the rest of their brethren by race and tongue seems now impractical. But
+time works wonders. Mr. Gladstone foresaw the United States a people of
+six hundred comfortable millions, living in union before the end of the
+next century. The hegemony of the English-speaking nations seems likely
+to be within attainment by that one of them which appears destined to
+become far the most powerful of all in numbers, in wealth, and in
+security of environment. Time may show to our successors in this world
+some effective method of establishing agreements amounting to that
+solidarity for English-speaking action which has been acclaimed as
+existent for English-speaking thinking by a mind so eminently reasonable
+as that of Lord Haldane.</p>
+
+<p>It would be hasty, thinks Sir Wilfrid, and it might be injurious for the
+British countries to move toward any sort of formal union ostensibly
+tending to set them collectively apart from the United States. Give
+great beneficent ideas time to develop. Britons can well afford to take
+their time, since the war has shown existent among them an almost
+perfect union of sentiment and purpose. And this, apparently, with the
+blessed effect of enhancing general American good-will to Britons. From
+so much good understanding more may ensue, Sir Wilfrid concluded.</p>
+
+<p>Such Canadians as hold Edmund Burke to have been a spokesman of
+consummate political wisdom are apt to regard the busy stir of
+doctrinaires, who scream for closer political junction of the British
+peoples, even as Burke regarded the hurry of some of the same kidney in
+his time. Resolute to bind the thirteen colonies forever to England,
+they proceeded to offend, outrage, and drive those colonies to
+independence. Be it remembered that these colonies had contributed so
+loyally, so liberally to England's armaments and wars that grateful
+London Parliaments had insisted on voting back to them the subsidies
+they had granted, holding the contributions too generous. To later
+proposals of foolish henchmen of George III., proposals that the
+colonies, since they had revealed themselves as strong and rich, should
+be dragged into some formal political subordination by which, as by
+latter-day Imperial Federation, they might be involuntarily mustered and
+taxed for imperial purposes, Burke said:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Our hold on the colonies is the close
+    affection which grows from common names, from kindred blood, from
+    similar privileges, and equal protection. These are the ties which,
+    though light as air, are strong as links of iron. Let the colonies
+    always keep the idea of their civil rights associated with your
+    Government; they will cling and grapple to you, and no force under
+    heaven will be of power to tear them from their allegiance....</p>
+
+    <p> As long as you have the wisdom to keep the sovereign authority
+    of this country as the sanctuary of liberty, the sacred temple
+    consecrated to our common faith, wherever the chosen race and sons
+    of England worship freedom, they will turn their faces toward you.
+    The more they multiply, the more friends you will have. The more
+    ardently they love liberty, the more perfect will be their
+    obedience. Slavery they can have anywhere. It is a weed that grows
+    on every soil. They may have it from Spain; they may have it from
+    Prussia; but until you become lost to all feeling of your true
+    interest and your natural dignity, freedom they can have from none
+    but you.</p>
+
+    <p> This is the commodity of price, of which you have the
+    monopoly.... Do not entertain so weak an imagination as that your
+    registers and your bonds, your affidavits and your sufferances, ...
+    your letters of office and your instructions and your suspending
+    clauses are the things that hold together the great contexture of
+    this mysterious whole. These things do not make your Government.
+    Dead instruments, passive tools as they are, it is the spirit of the
+    English communion that gives all their life and efficacy to them. It
+    is the spirit of the English Constitution which, infused through the
+    mighty mass, pervades, feeds, unites, invigorates, vivifies every
+    part of the empire, even to the minutest member.</p> </div>
+
+<p>And the doctrinaires of Centralization, vociferating their fad of
+Imperial Federation, would have that Constitution, in the moment of its
+supreme triumph for unity, cast away! Cast away for a new and written
+one by which Great Britain and all her children alike would chain
+themselves together! Well may practical statesmen view the doctrinaires
+with some disdain, not unmindful of Burke's immortal scorn of such
+formalists:</p>
+
+<p>"A sort of people who think that nothing exists but what is gross and
+material, and who, therefore, far from being qualified to be directors
+of the great movement of empire, are not fit to turn a wheel in the
+machine. To men truly initiated and rightly taught, those ruling and
+master principles which, in the opinion of such men as I have mentioned,
+have no substantial existence, are in truth everything and all in all.
+Magnanimity in politics is not seldom the truest wisdom; and a great
+empire and little minds go ill together."</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_46"></a>
+<h2>England.</h2>
+
+<p>By JOHN E. DOLSON.</p>
+
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Birth land of statesmen, bards, heroes, and sages;</p>
+<p class="l">Mother of nations&mdash;the homes of the free;</p>
+
+<p class="l">Builder of work that will last through the ages,</p>
+<p class="l">Hope for Humanity centres in thee.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Now that thy bugles their clear calls are shrilling,</p>
+<p class="l">Now that thy battle voice echoes worldwide,</p>
+<p class="l">O'er the long reaches of sea rush the willing</p>
+<p class="l">Sons of thy children to fight by thy side.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Eager to aid thee with treasure and tissue,</p>
+<p class="l">Other leal millions will come to thy call.</p>
+<p class="l">Civilization is staked on the issue&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">Woe to Mankind if thy lion should fall!</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Fall he will never, till English force slacken</p>
+<p class="l">In the great soul of thy dominant race,</p>
+
+<p class="l">Now, as of old, do the Destinies beckon</p>
+<p class="l">Thee to be highest in power and place.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Conflicts now raging will pass into story,</p>
+<p class="l">Nations may sink in defeat or disgrace;</p>
+<p class="l">Long be thy future resplendent with glory,</p>
+<p class="l">Long be thy triumphs the pride of our race!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_47"></a>
+<h2>American Aid of France</h2>
+
+<p>By Eugène Brieux</p>
+
+<p>[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]</p>
+
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>M. Eugène Brieux, the celebrated French poet
+    and playwright, who is in this country as the official
+    representative of the French Academy&mdash;the "Forty
+    Immortals"&mdash;has written a remarkable tribute to American aid of
+    France during the present war. The address, which is herewith
+    presented, was read by M. Brieux at the residence of Mrs. John Henry
+    Hammond of New York City recently before a gathering of two hundred
+    men and women who have been interested in the work of the American
+    Ambulance Hospital in Paris.</p> </div>
+
+<p>Miss Marie Van Vorst, who nursed the wounded at the American Ambulance
+in Paris, will speak to you of it as an eyewitness. From her you will
+receive direct news of your splendid work of humanity. While she was
+caring for wounded French, English, and German I was attached to another
+hospital at Chartres. It happens, therefore, that I have never seen the
+American Military Hospital created by you, but I am not in ignorance
+concerning it any more than any other Parisian, any more, indeed, than
+the majority of the French people. I know that the American Ambulance is
+the most remarkable hospital that the world has seen. I know that you,
+since the beginning of the war, have brought the aid of medical science
+to wounded men and that you have given not only money, but an
+institution, all ready, complete and of the most modern type, and, even
+more, that you have sent there your best surgeons and a small army of
+orderlies and nurses.</p>
+
+<p>I know that at first one could not find a place; that there was
+available only a building in course of construction, intended to be the
+Pasteur School at Neuilly. This building was far from completion; it
+lacked doors and there were no stairs. I know that in three weeks your
+generosity, your energy, and your quick intelligence has made of this
+uncertain shell a modern military hospital, with white walls, electric
+light, baths, rooms for administering anaesthetics, operating rooms,
+sterilizing plants, apparatus for X-rays, and a dental clinic. I know
+that automobiles, admirably adapted to the service, carried the wounded.
+And yet I do not know all. I know only by instinct of the devotion of
+your young girls, of your women, and of your young men, belonging often
+to prominent families, who served as stretcher bearers and orderlies.</p>
+
+<p>I am not ignorant of the fact that they count by the hundreds those who
+have been cured at the American Ambulance at Neuilly, nor of the further
+fact that the rate of mortality is extremely low, although they have
+sent you those most gravely injured. I know that it is all free; that
+there are no charges made for the expenses of administration; that for
+the service rendered by your people there is no claim, and that every
+cent of every dollar subscribed goes entirely and directly to the care
+of the wounded. I know also that the expenses at the hospital are $4,000
+a day, and that ever since the beginning your charity has met this
+demand.</p>
+
+<p>Such splendid effort has not been ignored or misunderstood. The
+President of the French Republic has cabled to President Wilson his
+appreciation and his gratitude; General Fevier, Inspector General of
+Hospitals of the French Army, has publicly expressed his admiration; the
+English physicians and public men have shared their sentiments.</p>
+
+<p>As to the people of Paris, as to the French nation, they have been
+touched to the depths of their being. And yet in France we have found
+all this quite natural. I shall tell you why. We have so high a regard
+for you that when you do anything well no one is surprised. I believe
+that if a wounded soldier arriving at your hospital exclaimed, "This is
+wonderful!" his comrade who had been ahead of him would answer in a tone
+of admonition: "That surprises you? You do not know then that it is done
+by the Americans, by the people from the United States?" In this refusal
+to be astonished in the face of remarkable achievements, when they come
+from you, there is a tribute, a praise of high quality which your
+feelings and your patriotism will know how to appreciate.</p>
+
+<p>I have said that all that comes from you which is good and great seems
+natural to us, and I have given you a reason; but there is another. In
+France we are accustomed to consider the Republic of the United States
+as an affectionate, distant sister. When one receives a gift from a
+stranger one is astonished and cries out his thanks, but when the gift
+comes from a brother or from some one who, on similar occasions, has
+never failed, the thanks are not so outspoken but more profound. One
+says: "Ah, it is you, my brother. I suffer. I expected you. I knew that
+you would come, for I should have gone to you had you needed me. I thank
+you."</p>
+
+<p>And, indeed, we are closely bound together, you and we. Without doubt,
+common interest and an absence of possible competition helps to that
+end, but there is something more which unites us&mdash;it is our kindred
+sentiments. It is this kinship which has created our attraction for each
+other and which has cemented it; it is our common ground of affections,
+of hatreds, of hopes; our ideals rest upon the same high plane. To
+mention but one point, one of you has said: "The United States and
+France are the only two nations which have fought for an ideal." And it
+is that which separates us, you and us, from a certain other nation, and
+which has served to bring us two close together.</p>
+
+<p>We love you and we are grateful for what you are doing for us. When the
+day came for my departure from France to represent here the French
+Academy I asked of Mr. Poincaré, who had visited the American Ambulance
+at Neuilly, if duty did not forbid me to go. "No," he said to me. "Go to
+the United States. Carry greetings to the great nation of America." And
+he gave to me, for your President, the letter with which you are
+familiar, where he expressed the admiration and the sympathy that he has
+for you.</p>
+
+<p>I have been traveling North and South in the Eastern part of the United
+States. I have had many opportunities to admire your power and the
+extent of your efforts. Today, in thinking of the American Ambulance
+Hospital in Paris, I admire your persistence in labor. You have
+established this hospital. That was good. But it costs a thousand
+dollars a day, and yet you keep on with the work. That is doubly good.
+Indeed, one can understand that you have not been willing, after having
+created this model hospital, that some day through lack of support its
+doors should close and the wounded you have taken in be turned over to
+others; certainly those first subscribers undertook a sort of moral
+obligation to themselves not to permit the work to fail. But, none the
+less, it is admirable that it should be so. To give once is something,
+but it is little if one compares the value of the first gift to those
+which follow.</p>
+
+<p>The first charity is easily understood. Suddenly war is at hand. Its
+horrors can be imagined and every one feels that he can in some measure
+lessen them, and he opens his purse. Then time passes, the war
+continues, and one becomes accustomed to the thoughts that were at first
+unbearable&mdash;it is so far away and so long. Others in this way were
+checked after their first impulse.</p>
+
+<p>But you, you have thought that, if it is good to establish a hospital,
+that alone was not enough, and that each day would bring new wounded to
+replace those who, cured, took up their guns again and returned to the
+field of battle. And since at the American Ambulance the wounded are
+cured quickly, the very excellence of your organization, the science of
+your surgeons, and the greatness of your sacrifices all bring upon you
+other and new sacrifices to be made.</p>
+
+<p>But the word "sacrifice" is badly chosen. You do not make sacrifices,
+for you are strong and you are good. When you decide upon some new
+generous act you have only to appeal to your national pride, which will
+never allow an American undertaking to fail. You have the knowledge of
+the good that you are doing, and that, for you, is sufficient. You know
+that, thanks to your generosity, suffering is relieved, and you know
+that, thanks to the science of your surgeons, this relief is not merely
+momentary, but that the wounded man who would have remained a cripple if
+he had been less ably cared for, will be, thanks to you, completely
+cured, and that, instead of dragging out a miserable existence, he will
+be able to live a normal life and support a family which will bless
+you. Such men will owe it all to the persistence of your generosity.</p>
+
+<p>I return always to that point, and it is essential. To give once is a
+common impulse, common to nearly all the world. It means freeing one's
+self from the suffering which good souls feel when they see others
+suffer. But to give again after having given is a proof of reflection,
+of an understanding of the meaning of life; it is to work intelligently;
+it is to insure the value of the first effort; it means the possession
+of goodness which is lasting and far-seeing. That is a rare virtue. You
+have it. And that is why I express a three-fold thanks, for the past,
+for the present, and for the future&mdash;thanks that come from the bottom of
+the heart of a Frenchman.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_48"></a>
+<h2>A Farewell.</h2>
+
+<p>By EDNA MEAD.</p>
+
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Look, Love! I lay my wistful hands in thine</p>
+<p class="l">A little while before you seek the dark,</p>
+<p class="l">Untraversed ways of War and its Reward,</p>
+<p class="l">I cannot bear to lift my gaze and mark</p>
+<p class="l">The gloried light of hopeful, high emprise</p>
+<p class="l">That, like a bird already poised for flight,</p>
+
+<p class="l">Has waked within your eyes.</p>
+<p class="l">For me no proud illusions point the road,</p>
+<p class="l">No fancied flowers strew the paths of strife:</p>
+<p class="l">War only wears a horrid, hydra face,</p>
+<p class="l">Mocking at strength and courage, youth and life.</p>
+<p class="l">If you were going forth to cross your sword</p>
+<p class="l">In fair and open, man-to-man affray,</p>
+<p class="l">One might be even reconciled and say,</p>
+<p class="l">"This is not murder; only passion bent</p>
+
+<p class="l">On pouring out its poison"&mdash;one could pray</p>
+<p class="l">That the day's end might see the madness done</p>
+<p class="l">And saner souls rise with the morrow's sun.</p>
+<p class="l">But this incarnate hell that yawns before</p>
+<p class="l">Your bright, brave soul keyed to the fighter's clench&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">This purgatory that men call the "trench"&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">This modern "Black Hole" of a modern war!</p>
+
+<p class="l">Yea, Love! yet naught I say can save you, so</p>
+<p class="l">I lay my heart in yours and let you go.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_49"></a>
+<h2>Stories of French Courage</h2>
+
+<p>By Edwin L. Shuman</p>
+
+<p>[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]</p>
+
+
+<p>There has just appeared in Paris a book called "La Guerre Vue d'Une
+Ambulance," which brings the war closer to the eye and heart than
+anything else I have read. It is written by Abbé Felix Klein, Chaplain
+of the American Ambulance Hospital at Neuilly, a suburb of Paris, and
+has the added merit of describing the noble work which American money
+and American Red Cross nurses are doing there for the French wounded.
+The abbé, by the way, has twice visited the United States in recent
+years, has many warm friends here, and has written several enthusiastic
+books about the "Land of the Strenuous Life."</p>
+
+<p>When the war broke out this large-hearted priest and busy author dropped
+all his literary and other plans to minister to the wounded soldiers
+brought to the war hospital established by Americans in the fine new
+building of the Lycée Pasteur, which was to have received its first
+medical students a few weeks later. There were 250 beds at first, and
+later 500, with more than a hundred American automobiles carrying the
+wounded to it, often direct from the front.</p>
+
+<p>Through all these months Abbé Klein has labored day and night among
+these sufferers, cheering some to recovery, easing the dying moments of
+others with spiritual solace, and, hardest of all, breaking the news of
+bereavement to parents.</p>
+
+<p>From day to day, through those terrible weeks of fighting on the Aisne
+and the Marne, with Paris itself in danger, the good abbé wrote brief
+records of his hopes and fears regarding his wounded friends, and set
+down in living words the more heroic or touching phases of their simple
+stories. Let me translate a few of them for the reader.</p>
+
+<p>Take, for instance, the case of Charles Marée, a blue-eyed, red-bearded
+hero of thirty years, an only son who had taken the place of his invalid
+father at the head of their factory, and who had responded to the first
+call to arms. During his months of suffering his parents were held in
+territory occupied by the enemy and could not be reached. The abbé goes
+on to tell his story:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Let us not be deceived by the calm smile on
+    his face. For six weeks Charles Marée has been undergoing an almost
+    continual martyrdom, his pelvis fractured, with all the consequences
+    one divines, weakened by hemorrhage, his back broken, capable only
+    of moving his head and arms.... He is one of our most fervent
+    Christians: I bring him the communion twice a week, and he never
+    complains of suffering. He is also one of our bravest soldiers; he
+    has received the military medal, and when I asked him how it came
+    about he told me the following in a firm tone and with his hand in
+    mine, for we are great friends:</p>
+
+    <p> "It was given to me the 8th of October. I had to fulfill a
+    mission that was a little difficult. It was at Mazingarbe, between
+    Béthune and Lens, and 9 o'clock in the evening. Two of the enemy's
+    armored auto-machine guns had just been discovered approaching our
+    lines. I was ordered to go and meet them with a Pugeot of
+    twenty-five or thirty horse power&mdash;I was automobilist in the
+    Thirtieth Dragoons.</p>
+
+    <p> "I left by the little road from Vermelles on which the two
+    hostile machines were reported to be approaching. After twenty
+    minutes I stopped, put out my lights, and waited. A quarter of an
+    hour of profound silence followed, and then I caught the sound of
+    the first mitrailleuse. With one spin of the wheel I threw my
+    machine across the middle of the road. That of the enemy struck us
+    squarely in the centre. The moment the shock was past I rose from my
+    seat with my revolver and killed the chauffeur and the
+    mechanician.</p>
+
+    <p> "But almost immediately the second machine gun arrived. The two
+    men on it comprehended what had happened. While one of them stopped
+    the machine, the other aimed at me under his seat and fired a
+    revolver ball that pierced both thighs; then they turned their
+    machine and retreated. My companion, happily, was not hurt, so he
+    could take me to Vermelles, where the ambulance service was. The
+    same evening they gave me the military medal, for which I had
+    already been proposed three times."</p> </div>
+
+<p>After three months of suffering, borne without complaint, this man died
+without having been able to get a word to his parents. The abbé had
+become deeply attached to him, and the whole hospital corps felt the
+loss of his courageous presence.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the horror of war is in these pages, as where the author says:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>The doctors worked till 3 o'clock this
+    morning. They had to amputate arms and legs affected with gangrene.
+    The operating room was a sea of blood.</p> </div>
+
+<p>Some of the pathos of war is here, and even a little of its humor, but
+most of all its courage. Both of the latter are mingled in the case of
+an English soldier who was brought in wounded from the field of
+Soissons.</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>"I fought until such a day, when I was
+    wounded."</p>
+
+    <p> "And since then?"</p>
+
+    <p> "Since then I have traveled."</p> </div>
+
+<p>An English infantry officer, a six-footer, brought to the hospital with
+his head bandaged in red rather than white, showed the abbé his cap and
+the bullet hole in it.</p>
+
+<p>"A narrow escape," said the abbé in English, and then learned that the
+escape was narrower than the wounded forehead indicated. Another bullet,
+without touching the officer, had pierced the sole of his shoe under his
+foot, and a third had perforated his coat between the body and the arm
+without breaking the skin.</p>
+
+<p>The author's attitude toward the Germans, always free from bitterness,
+is sufficiently indicated in such a paragraph as this:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>This afternoon I gave absolution and extreme
+    unction to an Irishman, who has not regained consciousness since he
+    was brought here. He had in his portfolio a letter addressed to his
+    mother. The nurse is going to add a word to say that he received the
+    last sacraments. A Christian hope will soften the frightful news.
+    Emperors of Austria and Germany, if you were present when the death
+    is announced in that poor Irish home, and in thousands, hundreds of
+    thousands of others, in England, in France, in Russia, in Servia, in
+    Belgium, in your own countries, in all Europe, and even in Africa
+    and Asia!... May God enlighten your consciences!</p> </div>
+
+<p>The French wounded in the hospital at Neuilly&mdash;during the period when
+the German right wing was being beaten back from Paris&mdash;frequently
+accused the German regulars of wanton cruelty, but testified to the
+humanity of the reservists. The author relates several episodes
+illustrating both points. Here are two:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>"The regulars are no good," said a brave
+    peasant reservist. "They struck me with the butts of their rifles on
+    my wound. They broke and threw away all that I had. The reserves
+    arrive, and it is different; they take care of me. My comrade,
+    wounded in the breast, was dying of thirst; he actually died of it a
+    little while afterward. I dragged myself up to go and seek water for
+    him; the young fellows aimed their guns at me. I was obliged to make
+    a half-turn and lie down again."</p> </div>
+
+<p>Another, who also begins by praising the German field officers, saw
+soldiers of the active army stripping perfectly nude one of our men who
+had a perforated lung, and whom they had made prisoner after his wound:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>"When they saw that they would have to
+    abandon him, they took away everything from him, even his shirt, and
+    it was done in pure wickedness, since they carried nothing
+    away."</p> </div>
+
+<p>One of the most amazing escapes is that of a soldier from Bordeaux, told
+partly in his own racy idiom, and fully vouched for by the author. After
+relating how he left the railway at Nanteuil and traversed a hamlet
+pillaged by the Germans he continues:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>We form ourselves into a skirmish line. The
+    shells come. The dirt flies: holes to bury an ox? One can see them
+    coming: zzz&mdash;boom! There is time to get out of the way.</p>
+
+    <p> Arrived at the edge of the woods, we separate as scouts. We are
+    ordered to advance. But, mind you, they already have our range. The
+    artillery makes things hum. My bugler, near me, is killed instantly;
+    he has not said a word, poor boy! I am wounded in the leg. It is
+    about two o'clock. As I cannot drag myself further, a comrade,
+    before leaving, hides me under three sheaves of straw with my head
+    under my knapsack. The shells have peppered it full of holes, that
+    poor sack. Without it&mdash;ten yards away a comrade, who had his
+    leg broken and a piece of shell in his arm, received seven or eight
+    more wounds.</p>
+
+    <p> I stayed there all day. In the evening the soldiers of the 101st
+    took me into the woods, where there were several French wounded and
+    a German Captain, wounded the evening before. He was suffering too,
+    poor wretch. About midnight the French soldiers came to seek those
+    who were transportable. They left only my comrade, myself and the
+    German Captain. There were other wounded further along, and we heard
+    their cries. It was dreary.</p> </div>
+
+<p>These wounded men passed two whole days there without help. On the third
+day the Germans arrived and the narrator gave himself up for lost. But
+the German Captain, with whom the Frenchmen had divided their food and
+drink, begged that they be cared for. Ultimately they were taken to the
+German camp and their wounds attended to. But in a few minutes the camp
+became the centre of a violent attack, and again it looked as if the
+last day of the wounded prisoners had come.</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly the Germans ran away and left everything. An hour later, when
+the firing ceased, they returned, carried away the wounded of both
+nationalities on stretchers, crowded about twenty-five of them into one
+wagon (the narrator's broken leg was not stretched out, and he
+suffered,) and all the way the wagon gave forth the odor of death. All
+day they rode without a bite to eat. At 1 o'clock at night they reached
+the village of Cuvergnon, where their wounds were well attended to. The
+following day the Germans departed without saying a word, but the
+villagers cared for the wounded, both friends and enemies, and in time
+the American automobiles carried them to Neuilly.</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>It is a paradise [added the wounded man.]
+    Now we are saved. But what things I have seen! I have seen an
+    officer with his brain hanging here, over his eye. And black
+    corpses, and bloated horses! The saddest time is the night. One
+    hears cries: "Help!" There are some who call their mothers. No one
+    answers.</p> </div>
+
+<p>All these recitals of soldiers are stamped with the red badge of
+courage. A priest serving as an Adjutant was superintending the digging
+of trenches close to the firing line on the Aisne. He had to expose
+himself for a space of three feet in going from one trench to another.
+In that instant a Mauser bullet struck him under the left eye, traversed
+the nostril, the top of the palate, the cheek bone and came out under
+the right ear. He felt the bullet only where it came out, but soon he
+fell, covered with blood and believed he was wounded to death. Then his
+courage returned, and he crawled into the trench. Comrades carried him
+to the ambulance at Ambleny, with bullets and "saucepans" raining about
+them from every direction. In time he was transferred to the American
+Hospital at Neuilly. "I'm only a little disfigured and condemned to
+liquids," he told his friend the abbé. "In a few weeks I shall be cured
+and will return to the front."</p>
+
+<p>Abbé Klein tells the curious story of a Zouave and his faithful dog. In
+one of the zigzag corridors connecting the trenches near Arras the man
+was terribly wounded by a shell that killed all his companions and left
+him three-quarters buried in the earth. With only the dead around him,
+he "felt himself going to discouragement," to use the author's mild
+phrase, when his dog, which had never left him since the beginning of
+the war, arrived and began showing every sign of distress and affection.
+The wounded man told the author:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>It is not true that he dug me out, but he
+    roused my courage. I commenced to free my arms, my head, the rest of
+    my body. Seeing this, he began scratching-with all his might around
+    me, and then caressed me, licking my wounds. The lower part of my
+    right leg was torn off, the left wounded in the calf, a piece of
+    shell in the back, two fingers cut off, and the right arm burned. I
+    dragged myself bleeding to the trench, where I waited an hour for
+    the litter carriers. They brought me to the ambulance post at
+    Roclincourt, where my foot was taken off, shoe and all; it hung only
+    by a tendon. From there I was carried on a stretcher to Anzin, then
+    in a carriage to another ambulance post, where they carved me some
+    more.... My dog was present at the first operation. An hour after my
+    departure he escaped and came to me at Anzin.</p> </div>
+
+<p>But when the Zouave was sent to Neuilly the two friends had to separate.
+At the railway station he begged to take his dog along, and told his
+story; but the field officer, touched though he was, could not take it
+upon himself to send a dog on a military train. The distress of both man
+and beast was so evident that more than one nurse had tears in her eyes
+as the train pulled out.</p>
+
+<p>They tried to pet the dog, dubbed him Tue-Boches, offered him dog
+delicacies of all sorts, but in vain. He refused all food and remained
+for two days "sad to death." Then some one went to the American
+Hospital, told how the dog had saved the Zouave, and the upshot of it
+was that the faithful animal, duly combed and passed through the
+disinfecting room, was admitted to the hospital and recovered his master
+and his appetite. But at last accounts his master was still very weak,
+and "in the short visit which the dog is allowed to make each day, he
+knows perfectly, after a tender and discreet good morning, how to hold
+himself very wisely at the foot of the bed, his eyes fixed upon his
+patient."</p>
+
+<p>Thanks to modern science, the cases of tetanus are few in this war, but
+there are many deaths from gangrene, because, with no truce for the
+removal of the wounded, so many lie for days before receiving medical
+aid. Abbé Klein tells of one Breton boy, as gentle a soul as his
+sister&mdash;"my little Breton," he always calls him, affectionately&mdash;and
+comments again and again upon the boy's patient courage amid sufferings
+that could have but one end. The infection spread in spite of all that
+science could do, and even amputation could not save him. At last he
+ceased to live, "like a poor little bird," as his French attendant,
+herself a mother with three boys in the army, said with tears.</p>
+
+<p>Saddest of all are the bereaved wives and mothers. The reader will find
+many of them in the good Chaplain's book, and they will bring the war
+closer than anything else. Sometimes they stand mute under the blow,
+looking on the dead face without a sound, and then dropping unconscious
+to the floor. Sometimes they cry wild things to heaven. The Chaplain's
+work in either case is not easy, and some of his most touching pages
+depict such scenes.</p>
+
+<p>There was a boy of twenty years, who was slowly but surely dying of
+gangrene. Let the abbé tell the end of the story:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>At 9 o'clock the parents arrive. Frightened
+    at first by the change, they are reassured to see that he is
+    suffering so little, and soon leave him, as they think, to rest.
+    When they return at 10, suddenly called, their child is dead. Their
+    grief is terrible. The father still masters himself, but the mother
+    utters cries. They are led to the chapel, while some one comes to
+    look for me. The poor woman, who was wandering about stamping and
+    wringing her hands, rushes to me and cries, no, it is not possible
+    that her son is dead, a child like that, so healthy, so beautiful,
+    so lovable; she wishes me to reassure her, to say it is as she says.
+    Before my silence and the tears that come to my eyes her groans
+    redouble, and nothing can calm her: "But what will become of us? We
+    had only him."</p>
+
+    <p> Nothing quiets her. My words of Christian hope have no more
+    effect than what the father tries to say to her. For a moment she
+    listens to my account of the poor boy's words of faith, of the
+    communion yesterday, of his prayer this morning. But soon she falls
+    back into her distraction, and I suggest to the husband that he try
+    to occupy her mind, to make a diversion of some kind; the more so, I
+    add, as I must leave to attend a burial. She hears this word: "I
+    don't want him to be taken from me. You are not going to bury him at
+    once!" I explain softly that no one is thinking of such a thing;
+    that on the contrary I am going to take her to those who will let
+    her see her boy. We go then to the office, and I hurry away to
+    commence the funeral of another.</p>
+
+    <p> I learn on my return that they have seen their son, such as
+    death has made him, and that on hearing the cries of the mother,
+    three other women, already agitated by the visit to their own
+    wounded and by the funeral preparations, have fallen in a faint.</p>
+
+    </div>
+
+<p>One day last Fall President Poincaré, accompanied by M. Viviani and
+General Gallieni, was received at the American Hospital by Mr. Herrick,
+the American Ambassador, and by the members of the Hospital Committee.
+Abbé Klein has words of praise not only for Mr. Herrick, but also for
+his predecessor, Mr. Bacon, and for his successor, Mr. Sharp. His
+admiration for the devoted American women who are serving as nurses in
+the hospital is expressed frequently in his pages. He says the labors of
+the American nurses and those of the French nurses complement each other
+admirably. Of the founding and maintenance of the hospital at Neuilly,
+he says:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>The resources are provided wholly by the
+    charity of Americans. From the beginning of the war the
+    administrative council of their Paris hospital took the initiative
+    in the movement. The American colony in France, almost unaided, gave
+    the half-million francs that was subscribed the first month. New
+    York and other cities of the United States followed their lead, and,
+    in spite of the financial crisis that grips there as elsewhere, one
+    may be sure that the funds will not be wanting. America has its Red
+    Cross, which, justly enough, aids the wounded of all nations; but,
+    among the belligerents, it has chosen to distinguish the compatriots
+    of Lafayette and Rochambeau; our field hospital is the witness of
+    their faithful gratitude. France will not forget.</p> </div>
+
+<p>Later the abbé recorded in his diary that the 500 beds would soon be
+filled, but added that the generous activity of the Americans would not
+end there. They would establish branch hospitals. Large sums had been
+placed at the disposal of the committee to found an "ambulance" in
+Belgium and another in France as near the front as prudence permitted.
+Toward the end of January he recorded the gift of $200,000 from Mrs.
+Harry Payne Whitney, and its use by the committee to establish an
+affiliated hospital at the College of Juilly, in the Department of
+Seine-et-Marne. He added that still other branches were about to be
+founded with American funds.</p>
+
+<p>Abbé Klein writes out of a full and sincere heart, whether as a priest,
+a patriot, or a man who loves his fellowmen; and, without seeking it, he
+writes as a master of phrase. His new book probably will soon be
+translated and published in the United States.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_50"></a>
+<h2>A Trooper's Soliloquy</h2>
+
+<p>By O.C.A. CHILD</p>
+
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">'Tis very peaceful by our place the now!</p>
+
+<p class="l">Aye, Mary's home from school&mdash;the little toad&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">And Jeck is likely bringing in the cow,</p>
+<p class="l">Away from pasture, down the hillside road.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">Now Nancy, I'll be bound, is brewing tea!</p>
+<p class="l">She's humming at her work the way she will,</p>
+
+<p class="l">And, happen so, she maybe thinks of me</p>
+<p class="l">And wishes she'd another cup to fill.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">'Tis very queer to sit here on this nag</p>
+<p class="l">And swing this bit o' blade within my hand&mdash;</p>
+<p class="l">To keep my eye upon that German flag</p>
+<p class="l">And wonder will they run or will they stand;</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">To watch their Uhlans forming up below,</p>
+<p class="l">And feel a queersome way that's like to fear;</p>
+<p class="l">To hope to God that I won't make a show,</p>
+<p class="l">And that my throat is not too dry to cheer;</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">To close my eyes a breath and say "God bless</p>
+
+<p class="l">And keep all safe at home, and aid us win,"</p>
+<p class="l">Then straighten as the bugle sounds "Right, Dress...."</p>
+<p class="l">Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! We're going in!</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="display">
+<a name="toc_51"></a>
+<h2>American Unfriendliness</h2>
+
+<p>By Maximilian Harden</p>
+
+<p>[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]</p>
+
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Maximilian Harden, author of the article of
+    which the following is a translation, is the widely known German
+    journalist and publicist who has been termed "the German George
+    Bernard Shaw." The article was published in the second February
+    number of Die Zukunft.</p> </div>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Japan and the United States are being wooed. Ever since the Western
+powers' hope of speedy decisive blows on the part of Russia have
+shriveled up, they would like to lure the Japanese Army, two to four
+hundred thousand men, to the Continent. What was scoffed at as a whim of
+Pinchon and Clemenceau now is unveiled as a yearning of those at the
+head of the Governments.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">The sentimental wish to see Germany's collapse completed by the
+activities of the allied European powers now ventures only shyly into
+the light of day. The ultimate wearing down of the German Army assures
+us of victory; but a speedy termination of the war under which the whole
+hemisphere suffers would be preferable. The Trans-Siberian Railway could
+bring the Japanese to Poland and East Prussia. The greatness of the
+expenditures therefor cannot frighten him who knows what tremendous sums
+each week of the war costs the Allies. Where it is a question of our
+life, of the existence of all free lands, every consideration must
+vanish. Public opinion desires an agreement with the Government of the
+Mikado.</span></p>
+
+<p>These sentences I found in the Temps. England will not apply the brakes.
+Mr. Winston Churchill, to be sure, lauds the care-free fortune of his
+fatherland, which even after Trafalgar, he says, did not command the
+seas as freely as today; but in his inmost heart even this "savior of
+Calais" does not cheat himself concerning the fact that it is a matter
+of life and death. In order not to succumb in such a conflict, England
+will sacrifice its prosperous comfort and the lordly pride of the white
+man just as willingly as it would, if necessary, Gibraltar and Egypt,
+(which might be within the reach of German armies in the Spring.)</p>
+
+<p>Will Japan follow the luring cry? Any price will be paid for it. What is
+Indo-China to the Frenchmen, whose immense colonial empire is exploited
+by strangers, if thereby they can purchase the bliss of no longer being
+"the victims of 1870"? And the yellow race that co-operated on Europe's
+soil in the most momentous decision of all history would live in
+splendor such as had never before been seen, and could keep China, the
+confused, reeling republic, for at least a generation in its
+guardianship.</p>
+
+<p>The land of the Stars and Stripes is only being asked to give its
+neutrality the color of good-will. It is, for the time being, unlikely
+that the United States would stand beside our opponents with army and
+navy, as has been urgently counseled by Mr. Roosevelt, (who received the
+honorary doctor's title in Berlin and as a private citizen reviewed a
+brigade drill at the Kaiser's side.) Nevertheless, experience warns us
+to be prepared for every change of weather, from the distant West, as
+well as the distant East, (and to guard ourselves alike against abuse
+and against flattery.)</p>
+
+<p>The sentiment of the Americans is unfriendly to us. In spite of Princes'
+travels, Fritz monuments, exchanges of professors, Kiel Week, and cable
+compliments? Yes, in spite of all that. We can't change it. And should
+avoid impetuous wooing.</p>
+
+<p>The missionaries of the Foreign Office brought along with them in trunks
+and bundles across the sea the prettiest eagerness; but in many cases
+they selected useless and in some cases even injurious methods.
+Lectures, pamphlets, defensive writings&mdash;the number of the defenders
+and the abundance of their implements and talk only nursed suspicion.
+Whatever could be done for the explanation of the German conduct was
+done by Germania's active children, who know the country and the people.</p>
+
+<p>The American business man never likes to climb mountains of paper. He
+has grown up in a different emotional zone, accustomed to a different
+standard of values than the Middle European. To feel his way into
+foreign points of view, finally to become, in ordinary daily relations,
+a psychologist, that will be one of the chief duties of the German of
+tomorrow. He may no longer demand that the stranger shall be like him;
+no longer denounce essential differences of temperament as a sin. The
+North American, among whose ancestors are Britons and Spaniards, Celts
+and Dutchmen, South Frenchmen and Low Germans, does not easily
+understand the Englishman, despite the common language; calls him surly,
+stiff, cold; charges him with selfishness and presumption, and has
+never, as a glance backward will show, shirked battle with him for great
+issues. For the most part, to be sure, it remains the scolding of
+relatives, who wish to tug at and tousel each other, not to murder each
+other.</p>
+
+<p>Only before the comrade of Japan did the brow of Jonathan wrinkle more
+deeply. But every Briton swore that his kinsman would bar the yellow
+man's way to Hawaii, California, and the Philippines, and put him in the
+fields of Asia only as a terror to the Russians or a scarecrow to the
+Germans. A doubt remained, nevertheless; and we missed the chance of a
+strong insurance against Japanese encroachment. Stroked caressingly
+yesterday and boxed ears today:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>Over there the dollar alone rules, and all
+    diplomacy is a pestilential swamp; decency is an infrequent guest,
+    with scorn grinning ever over its shoulder; the entrepreneur is a
+    rogue, the official a purchasable puppet, the lady a
+    cold-cream-covered lady-peacock.</p> </div>
+
+<p>The stubborn idealism, the cheerful ability of the American, his joy in
+giving, his achievements in and for art, science, culture&mdash;all that was
+scarcely noticed. Such a caricature could not be erased by compliments.</p>
+
+<p>Before Mr. Roosevelt bared his set of stallion's teeth (Hengstgebiss) to
+the Berliners, he had spoken cheerfully to Admirals Dewey and Beresford
+concerning the possibilities of a war of the Star-Spangled Banner
+against Germany. And gentler fellow-countrymen of the billboard man
+said:</p>
+
+    <div class="display"> <p>You're amazing. Yourselves devilishly greedy
+    for profits, yet you scoff at us because we go chasing after
+    business. You fetch heaps of money across the sea, and then turn up
+    your sublimely snuffing noses as if it stinks.</p> </div>
+
+<p>To reach an understanding would have been difficult even in times of
+peace. The American is unwilling to be either stiff or subservient. He
+does not wish to be accounted of less value as a merchant than the
+officer or official; wishes to do what he likes and to call the
+President an ox outright if he pleases. Leave him as he is; and do not
+continually hurt the empire and its swarms of emigrant children by the
+attempt to force strangers into the shell of your will and your opinion.</p>
+
+<p>Is it not possible that the American is analyzing the origin of the war
+in his own way? That he looks upon Belgium's fate with other eyes than
+the German? That he groans over "the army as an end in itself" and over
+"militarism"? That he does not understand us any quicker than the German
+Michel understands him? And that he puffs furiously when, after a long
+period of drought, the war, a European one, now spoils his trade?</p>
+
+<p>Only for months at the worst, Sam; then it will spring up again in
+splendor such as has never been seen before. No matter how the dice fall
+for us, the chief winnings are going to you. The cost of the war
+(expense without increment, devastation, loss of business) amounts to a
+hundred thousand million marks or more for old Europa; she will be
+loaded down with loans and taxes. Even to the gaze of the victor,
+customers will sink away that were yesterday capable of buying and
+paying. Extraordinary risks cannot be undertaken for many a year on our
+soil. But everybody will drift over to you&mdash;Ministers of Finance,
+artists, inventors, and those who scent profits. You will merely have to
+free yourselves from dross (and from the trust thought that cannot be
+stifled) and to weed out the tares of demagogy; then you will be the
+effective lords of the world and will travel to Europe like a great
+Nürnberg that teaches people subsequently to feel how once upon a time
+it felt to operate in the Narrows.</p>
+
+<p>The scope of your planning and of your accomplishment, the very rank
+luxuriance of your life, will be marveled at as a fairy wonder. We,
+victors and conquered and neutrals, will alike be confined by duty to
+austere simplicity of living. Your complaint is unfounded; only gird
+yourselves for a wee short time in patience. Whether the business deals
+which you grab in the wartime smell good or bad, we shall not now
+publicly investigate. If law and custom permit them, what do you care
+for alien heartache? If the statutes of international law prohibit them,
+the Governments must insure the effectiveness thereof. Scolding does
+not help. Until the battle has been fought out to the finish, until the
+book of its genesis has been exalted above every doubt, your opinion
+weighs as heavy as a little chicken's feather to us. Let writer and
+talker rave till they are exhausted&mdash;not a syllable yet in defense.</p>
+
+<p>We do not feel hurt, (haven't spare time for it;) indeed, we are glad
+that you gave ten millions each month for Belgium, that you intend to
+help care for Poland, that you are opening the savings banks of your
+children. But, seriously, we beg you not to howl if American ships are
+damaged by the attack of German submarines. England wishes to shut off
+our imports of foodstuffs and raw materials, and we wish to shut off
+England's. You do not attempt to land on our coast; keep away also from
+that of Britain. You were warned early. What is now to take place is
+commanded by merciless necessity; must be.</p>
+
+<p>And let no woeful cries, no threats, crowd into Germany's ears.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_52"></a>
+<h2>Endowed With A Noble Fire Of Blood</h2>
+
+<p>By A. Kouprine</p>
+
+<p>[From King Albert's Book.]</p>
+
+
+<p>Not applause, not admiration, but the deep, eternal gratitude of the
+whole civilized world is now due to the self-denying Belgian people and
+their noble young sovereign. They first threw themselves before the
+savage beast, foaming with pride, maddened with blood. They thought not
+of their own safety, nor of the prosperity of their houses, nor of the
+fate of the high culture of their country, nor of the vast numbers and
+cruelty of the enemy. They have saved not only their fatherland, but all
+Europe&mdash;the cradle of intellect, taste, science, creative art, and
+beauty&mdash;they have saved from the fury of the barbarians trampling, in
+their insolence, the best roses in the holy garden of God. Compared with
+their modest heroism the deed of Leonidas and his Spartans, who fought
+in the Pass of Thermopylae, falls into the shade. And the hearts of all
+the noble and the good beat in accord with their great hearts....</p>
+
+<p>No, never shall die or lose its power a people endowed with such a noble
+fire of blood, with such feelings that inspire it to confront
+bereavement, sorrow, sickness, wounds; to march as friends, hand in
+hand, adored King and simple cottager, man and woman, poor and rich,
+weak and strong, aristocrat and laborer. Salutation and humblest
+reverence to them!</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_53"></a>
+<h2>Chronology of the War</h2>
+
+<h2 class="sub">Showing Progress of Campaigns on All Fronts and Collateral Events from
+Feb. 28, 1915, Up To and Including March 31, 1915</h2>
+
+<p>[Continued from the March Number]</p>
+
+<div>
+<h3>CAMPAIGN IN EASTERN EUROPE</h3>
+
+<p>March 1&mdash;Two German army corps are defeated in struggle for Przasnysz;
+Germans bombard Ossowetz.</p>
+
+<p>March 2&mdash;Russians win Dukla Pass; 10,000 Germans taken prisoner at
+Przasnysz; Russians reinforced on both flanks in Poland; Austrians meet
+reverse near Stanislau; Austrians make progress in the Carpathians;
+Russians shell Czernowitz.</p>
+
+<p>March 3&mdash;Russians press forward from the Niemen and the Dniester;
+Austro-German army driven back in Galicia; Germans demolish two Ossowetz
+forts.</p>
+
+<p>March 4&mdash;Russians are pressing four armies through the mountain passes
+into Hungary; they have checked a new Bukowina drive on the part of the
+Austrians.</p>
+
+<p>March 5&mdash;Russians are taking the offensive from the Baltic Sea to the
+Rumanian frontier; German armies in the north have been split into
+isolated columns; Russians report the recapture of Stanislau and
+Czernowitz; snow is retarding the invasion of Hungary.</p>
+
+<p>March 6&mdash;Russian centre takes up attack; Russians are gaining in North
+Poland; Austrians give ground in East Galicia.</p>
+
+<p>March 7&mdash;Germans start another drive in region of Pilica River;
+Austrians retreat in Bukowina.</p>
+
+<p>March 8&mdash;Russians silence two batteries of German siege artillery at
+Ossowetz; Austrians gain ground in the Carpathians and Galicia; it is
+reported that German troops in Northern Poland and Galicia are
+exhausted.</p>
+
+<p>March 9&mdash;Germans are raising the siege of Ossowetz and are retreating in
+Northern Poland; Russians claim that the Austrian offensive in Eastern
+Galicia is a complete failure.</p>
+
+<p>March 10&mdash;Germans attempt to break through Russian line in Northern
+Poland; General Eichorn's army, retreating from the Niemen, is being
+harried by Russian cavalry and has been pierced at one point; Austrians
+have successes in the Carpathians and Western Galicia.</p>
+
+<p>March 11&mdash;One million men are engaged in a series of battles in Northern
+Poland, the front being eighty miles long.</p>
+
+<p>March 12&mdash;In the Carpathians the Russians capture the villages of Lupkow
+and Smolnik and the surrounding heights.</p>
+
+<p>March 13&mdash;Russians check German offensive against Przasnysz; fighting in
+progress along Orzyc River; Austrians repulse Russian attack near Cisna
+in the Carpathians.</p>
+
+<p>March 14&mdash;Russians check German advance in Mlawa region.</p>
+
+<p>March 15&mdash;Russians capture the chief eastern defense of Przemysl, three
+miles from the heart of the defense system, Austrian troops which held
+the position leaving many guns in the snow; the siege ring is now drawn
+tighter; battle is on in Bukowina; there is fighting among the ice
+fields of the Carpathians.</p>
+
+<p>March 16&mdash;Russians take vigorous offensive and drive back army that was
+marching on Przasnysz; 100,000 men have been buried in a triangle a few
+miles in area between Warsaw and Skierniewice; Germans are making use of
+fireworks at night to locate Russian guns; Austrian Archduke Frederick
+suggests to Emperor Francis Joseph the abandonment of the campaign
+against Serbia, all troops to be diverted to the Carpathians.</p>
+
+<p>March 17&mdash;Przemysl is in peril; Russians have recrossed the German
+frontier in two places; there is fighting on a 600-mile front; it is
+reported that the Austrian Army in East Galicia has been flanked; a
+battle is being fought in the snow for the possession of Tarnowice.</p>
+
+<p>March 18&mdash;Germans threaten severe reprisals on Russians for devastation
+in East Prussia; German offensive in much of Poland is reported to be
+broken.</p>
+
+<p>March 19&mdash;Memel, German port on the Baltic, is occupied by the Russians;
+Tilsit is menaced; Von Hindenburg starts a new offensive in Central
+Poland; the Germans have lost heavily along the Pilica; Austrians claim
+that they have halted the Russian advance in the Carpathians.</p>
+
+<p>March 20&mdash;Russians win battle in streets of Memel; battle line extends
+to Rumanian border; sortie by Przemysl garrison is driven back;
+statistics published in Petrograd show that 95 towns and 4,500 villages
+in Russian Poland have been devastated as result of German invasion;
+damage estimated at $500,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>March 21&mdash;Austrians renew operations against Serbia and are defeated in
+artillery duel near Belgrade; Russians are advancing on Tilsit; another
+Przemysl sortie is repelled.</p>
+
+<p>March 22&mdash;After a siege which began on Sept. 2, the longest siege in
+modern history, the great Galician fortress of Przemysl is surrendered
+to the Russians, who capture 9 Austrian Generals, 300 officers, and
+125,000 men, according to Russian statements; the strategic value of
+Przemysl is considered great, as it guarded the way to Cracow and to
+important Carpathian passes; Germans retake Memel; Russians are
+preparing for vigorous offensive in the Carpathians; Austrians are
+shelling the Montenegrin front.</p>
+
+<p>March 23&mdash;Demonstrations are held in Russia over fall of Przemysl;
+Germans say that the capture of the place cannot influence general
+situation.</p>
+
+<p>March 24&mdash;Battle is being fought in the Carpathians; Russians march on
+Hungary and pursue strong column that had been seeking to relieve
+Przemysl; Germans withdraw big guns from Ossowetz.</p>
+
+<p>March 25&mdash;Russians carry Austrian position on crest of Beskid Mountains
+in Lupkow Pass region and win victory in Bukowina; fighting in Southern
+Poland is resumed.</p>
+
+<p>March 26&mdash;It is reported that the Austro-German armies in the
+Carpathians are withdrawing into Hungary; Germans retreat in the north.</p>
+
+<p>March 27&mdash;Violent fighting in the Carpathians; Austrians make gains in
+Bukowina.</p>
+
+<p>March 28&mdash;Russians break into Hungary and carry on offensive operations
+against Uszok and Lupkow Passes.</p>
+
+<p>March 29&mdash;Austrians make gains at several points; Russians say that the
+Memel dash was a mere raid.</p>
+
+<p>March 30&mdash;Russians storm crests in the Carpathians; Austrians are in a
+big drive across Bukowina; 160,000 Germans are reported as being rushed
+to Austria.</p>
+
+<p>March 31&mdash;Russians are making their way down the southern slopes of the
+Carpathians into Hungary; German army corps reported trapped and cut to
+pieces in Northern Poland; Pola is preparing for a siege.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN EUROPE.</h3>
+
+<p>March 2&mdash;Germans are pouring reinforcements into Belgium; British gain
+ground near La Bassée.</p>
+
+<p>March 4&mdash;Hard fighting in the Vosges; Germans spray burning oil and
+chemicals upon French advancing in Malancourt woods.</p>
+
+<p>March 5&mdash;Germans checked at Rheims; report of Sir John French says
+situation is unchanged in Belgium; Germans are holding reserves in
+Alsace.</p>
+
+<p>March 9&mdash;Floods hamper campaign in Alsace; it is reported that Germans
+are shelling factories in France which they cannot capture.</p>
+
+<p>March 10&mdash;Germans declare that the French have failed in the Champagne
+district and have lost 45,000 men.</p>
+
+<p>March 11&mdash;After several days of severe fighting the British capture
+Neuve Chapelle, the German loss being estimated by British at 18,000;
+the British also have lost heavily, particularly in officers; British
+believe they will now be able to threaten seriously the German position
+at La Bassée; French War Office says operations in Champagne have aided
+Russians by preventing Germans from reinforcing eastern armies.</p>
+
+<p>March 12&mdash;British are pressing on toward Lille; they gain near
+Armentières, occupy Epinette, and advance toward La Bassée; Germans are
+intrenched in Aubers; the new drive is expected by Allies to prevent
+Germans in the west from sending reinforcements to the east.</p>
+
+<p>March 13&mdash;Sir John French reports further gains in Neuve Chapelle
+region.</p>
+
+<p>March 14&mdash;French occupy Vauquois, the key to a wide area of the Argonne;
+they capture trenches and occupy Embermenil; Belgians gain on the Yser;
+British repel German attack on Neuve Chapelle; it is announced that the
+French recently won a victory at Reichackerkopf in Alsace.</p>
+
+<p>March 15&mdash;French capture trenches north of Arras; Germans drive back
+British south of Ypres; Germans meet reverse at Neuve Chapelle; it is
+announced that the French recently won a victory at Combres; French and
+British are preparing for a general offensive; the first installment is
+given out from French official sources of a historical review of the
+war, from the French viewpoint, covering the first six months.</p>
+
+<p>March 16&mdash;Belgians cross the Yser; they drive Germans from trenches
+south of Nieuport; British retake St. Eloi; barbed wire fence, ten feet
+high, encompasses entire zone of German military operations in Alsace;
+British still hold Neuve Chapelle after several spirited attempts to
+retake it.</p>
+
+<p>March 17&mdash;Westende bombarded; Belgians carry two positions in Yser
+region.</p>
+
+<p>March 18&mdash;Belgian Army continues to advance on the Yser; French continue
+to hold the heights near Notre Dame de Lorette despite repeated shelling
+of their position; Germans are fortifying towns in Alsace.</p>
+
+<p>March 19&mdash;Belgians and Germans are fighting a battle in the underground
+passages of a monastery in front of Ramscappelle; official British
+report tells of new German repulse at St. Eloi.</p>
+
+<p>March 21&mdash;Germans take a hill in the Vosges.</p>
+
+<p>March 24&mdash;New battle begins along the Yser.</p>
+
+<p>March 26&mdash;Belgians make progress on road from Dixmude to Ypres.</p>
+
+<p>March 27&mdash;French capture summit of Hartmanns-Weilerkopf Mountain.</p>
+
+<p>March 29&mdash;French are pressing the Germans hard at various points in
+Champagne; as an offset, the Germans renew activity against Rheims with
+lively bombardments; sapping and mining operations are stated to be the
+only means of gaining ground in the Argonne.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>TURKISH AND EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN.</h3>
+
+<p>March 1&mdash;Turkish forces mass on Asiatic side of the Dardanelles under
+Essad Pasha, defender of Janina; Russians have completed the expulsion
+of Turks from Transcaucasus region and dominate the Black Sea.</p>
+
+<p>March 3&mdash;Russians, after three days' battle, stop reinforcements for
+Turks in the Caucasus.</p>
+
+<p>March 5&mdash;Turks abandon for the time the campaign against Egypt and
+recall troops.</p>
+
+<p>March 7&mdash;British drive Turks back from the Persian Gulf, with
+considerable losses on both sides; it is reported that the Germans
+killed 300 Turks in a conflict between these allies after the Egyptian
+retreat.</p>
+
+<p>March 9&mdash;Germans report that British were routed recently in Southern
+Mesopotamia.</p>
+
+<p>March 12&mdash;General d'Amaade, commander of the French forces in Morocco,
+has been put in command of a force which is to aid the allied fleets in
+operations against Constantinople.</p>
+
+<p>March 13&mdash;Turks are driven back in Armenia and Northwestern Persia.</p>
+
+<p>March 16&mdash;Russians rout Turks in Armenia and threaten Turks in the
+Caucasus.</p>
+
+<p>March 18&mdash;Turkish soldiers kill several civilians in the Urumiah
+district of Persia; Turks are massing large forces near Constantinople
+and on Asiatic side of the Dardanelles.</p>
+
+<p>March 19&mdash;Russians occupy Archawa.</p>
+
+<p>March 20&mdash;Turks reported to be four days' march from Suez Canal.</p>
+
+<p>March 23&mdash;Turkish force operating against town of Suez is routed.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>CAMPAIGN IN FAR EAST.</h3>
+
+<p>March 12&mdash;It is reported from Peking that nine Germans, among them the
+German Military Attaché at Peking, who is leading the party, escaped
+from Tsing-tao when it fell, and have made their way 1,000 miles into
+Manchuria, where they are trying to blow up tunnels along the
+Trans-Siberian railway; Russian troops are pursuing them.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>CAMPAIGN IN AFRICA.</h3>
+
+<p>March 21&mdash;Official announcement is made that General Botha, Commander in
+Chief of the Army of the Union of South Africa, has captured 200
+Germans and two field guns at Swakopmund, German Southwest Africa.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>NAVAL RECORD&mdash;GENERAL.</h3>
+
+<p>March 1&mdash;Norwegian steamer reports ramming a submarine off English
+coast.</p>
+
+<p>March 2&mdash;Bulgaria protests to Austria, Russia, and Serbia against mines
+in the Danube; diligent inquiry in England fails to produce any evidence
+supporting report that British superdreadnought Audacious, wrecked by
+mine or torpedo on Oct. 27, is about to be restored to the fighting
+line.</p>
+
+<p>March 3&mdash;Allied fleet silences three inner forts on the Asiatic side of
+the Dardanelles; Berlin report says British cruiser Zephyr was damaged.</p>
+
+<p>March 4&mdash;Attack on Dardanelles continues; French ships bombard Bulair
+forts and destroy Kavak Bridge; Field Marshal von der Goltz has asked
+for German artillery officers to aid in defending Dardanelles, but it is
+reported that Germans cannot spare any; German submarine U-8 is sunk by
+destroyers of the Dover flotilla; German submarine chases hospital ship
+St. Andrew.</p>
+
+<p>March 5&mdash;Allies report that six, possibly seven, German submarines have
+been sunk since beginning of the war; two Captains of British merchant
+ships claim prize for sinking German submarines; British Admiralty
+informs shipping interests that a new mine field has been laid in the
+North Sea; Germans report a French ammunition ship sunk at Ostend;
+Japanese report that the schooner Aysha, manned by part of the crew of
+the Emden, is still roving the Indian Ocean; there is despair in
+Constantinople as Dardanelles bombardment continues; Russian Black Sea
+fleet is steaming toward the Bosporus; allied fleet is bombarding
+Smyrna.</p>
+
+<p>March 6&mdash;British ships Queen Elizabeth and Prince George attack strong
+Dardanelles forts, they blow up one and damage two; allied landing party
+suffers loss; Asia Minor ports are being shelled; one-third of the
+Dardanelles reported clear of Turkish mines; concentration of Turkish
+fleet reported; Germans state that a submarine, reported by the Captain
+of British merchantman Thordis to have been sunk by his vessel, escaped;
+German Embassy at Washington expresses regret over torpedo attack on
+British hospital ship Asturias in February, stating that the attack,
+which did no harm, was due to mistake.</p>
+
+<p>March 7&mdash;Queen Elizabeth and other ships continue bombardment of
+Dardanelles forts.</p>
+
+<p>March 8&mdash;Allied fleet forces its way further into Dardanelles, British
+ships opening direct fire on main Turkish positions; more forts are
+silenced; most of the Allies' ships are hit, but little damage is done;
+effective fire at 21,000 yards against batteries on the Asiatic side;
+seaplanes are being much used for locating concealed guns; it is
+reported from Petrograd that when the allied fleets began the forcing of
+the Dardanelles a Russian ship was invited to head the column, and did
+so; ports on the Black Sea are destroyed by Russians; British Admiralty
+announces that prisoners from U-8 will be segregated under special
+restrictions, and they may be put on trial after the war because of
+German submarine methods; British collier Bengrove sunk in Bristol
+Channel by torpedo or mine.</p>
+
+<p>March 9&mdash;German submarines sink three British merchantmen, thirty-seven
+men going down with one ship; Military Governor of Smyrna says that
+British have bombarded unfortified villages; another British
+superdreadnought joins allied fleet at Dardanelles; French transports
+are on way with troops; Turks lose coal supply by Russian bombardment of
+Zunguldiak; report from Berlin that German submarine U-16 has sunk five
+merchantmen; British Admiralty states that German submarines, from Jan.
+21 to March 3, sank fifteen British steamships out of a total of 8,734
+vessels above 300 tons arriving at or departing from British ports in
+that period; more mines planted near Denmark.</p>
+
+<p>March 10&mdash;German auxiliary cruiser Prince Eitel Friedrich anchors at
+Newport News for repairs and supplies; she brings passengers and crews
+of eleven merchant ships sunk by her in a cruise of 30,000 miles,
+including crew of American sailing ship William P. Frye, bound from
+Seattle to Queenstown with wheat, sunk on Jan. 28, despite protests of
+the Frye's Captain; more Dardanelles forts are reduced; batteries on
+Eren-Keui Heights silenced; British sink German submarine U-12; British
+collier Beethoven sunk.</p>
+
+<p>March 11&mdash;President Wilson states that there will be "a most searching
+inquiry" into the sinking of the William P. Frye by the Prinz Eitel
+Friedrich, "and whatever action is taken will be based on the result of
+that inquiry"; Commander Thierichens of the Eitel defends sinking of the
+Frye, claiming her cargo was contraband; British warships are ordered to
+the entrance to the Capes of the Chesapeake to prevent escape of the
+Eitel; Eitel goes into drydock for repairs; more Dardanelles forts are
+damaged; mine sweeping is being conducted by the Allies at night; allied
+fleet before Smyrna gives Turkish commander twenty-four hours to
+surrender, otherwise bombardment will go on; it is reported from The
+Hague that twelve German submarines are missing; Germans talk of
+reprisals if British do not treat submarine crews as prisoners of war.</p>
+
+<p>March 12&mdash;Dardanus batteries on the Dardanelles are silenced; Germans
+are fortifying Constantinople; Allies' Consuls demand establishment of a
+neutral zone at Smyrna; British auxiliary cruiser Bayano sunk off coast
+of Scotland, probably by a submarine, with loss of 200; it is learned
+that British bark Conway Castle was sunk on Feb. 27 off the Chilean
+coast by the German cruiser Dresden; it is learned that French steamer
+Guadeloupe has been sunk off Brazil by the German auxiliary cruiser
+Kronprinz Wilhelm; it is reported from Berlin that Germans have sunk 111
+merchant steamships, with tonnage of 400,000, since war began; British
+cotton ship Indian Prince is reported sunk.</p>
+
+<p>March 13&mdash;England has lost 90 merchant ships and 47 fishing vessels,
+sunk or captured, since the war began; Vice Admiral Carden is stated to
+have predicted the forcing of the Dardanelles by Easter; fog delays
+Allies' operations in Dardanelles; five British warships wait for Eitel
+off Virginia Capes.</p>
+
+<p>March 14&mdash;Three British cruisers sink German cruiser Dresden near Juan
+Fernandez Island; no damage to British ships; French steamer Auguste
+Conseil sunk by German submarine; German submarine U-29 is reported to
+have sunk five British merchantmen in the last few days; citizen of
+Leipsic offers reward to crew of submarine that sinks a British
+transport.</p>
+
+<p>March 15&mdash;It is reported from Rio Janeiro that Kronprinz Wilhelm has
+sunk thirteen ships since she began her attack on Allies' commerce.</p>
+
+<p>March 16&mdash;Officers of the Dresden at Valparaiso say their ship was sunk
+in neutral waters; British say she was sunk ten miles off shore; German
+liner Macedonia, interned at Las Palmas, Canary Islands, slips out of
+port; British cruiser Amethyst is reported to have made a dash to the
+further end of the Dardanelles and back; a mine sweeper of the Allies is
+blown up; Vice Admiral Carden, "incapacitated by illness," in words of
+British Admiralty, is succeeded in chief command in the Dardanelles by
+Vice Admiral De Robeck; Germany protests to England against promised
+harsh treatment of submarine crews; British and French warships again
+appear off coast of Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>March 17&mdash;It is reported from Denmark that the German cruiser Karlsruhe
+has been sunk; it is reported from Spain that the Macedonia has been
+captured by a British cruiser; two British steamers are sunk and one is
+damaged by German submarines; German steamer Sierra Cordoba, which
+aided the Dresden, is detained by Peruvian authorities until end of the
+war; British lose three mine sweepers and one sailing vessel in the
+Dardanelles.</p>
+
+<p>March 18&mdash;British battleships Irresistible and Ocean and French
+battleship Bouvet are sunk by floating mines in the Dardanelles while
+bombarding forts; 600 men lost with the Bouvet, but almost all of the
+British escape; British battle-cruiser Inflexible and French battleship
+Gaulois are badly damaged by shells from the forts; most of the forts
+suffer severely from the fleet fire; French submarine is sunk in the
+Dardanelles; there is a lull in bombardment of Dardanelles and of
+Smyrna; German submarine sinks British steamer Glenartney in English
+Channel; Copenhagen report says a German sea Captain states that the
+Karlsruhe was sunk in December.</p>
+
+<p>March 19&mdash;Negotiations are being carried on, with American Embassy at
+Constantinople as intermediary, to try to avert shelling of Pera when
+allied fleet forces the Dardanelles; British steamers Hyndford and
+Bluejacket torpedoed in English Channel.</p>
+
+<p>March 20&mdash;One French and two British battleships are on their way to
+Dardanelles to take place of vessels sunk; new attack is planned by
+Allies, with Russia co-operating; Turks say that the ships sunk on March
+18 were torpedoed; Chilean seamen say Dresden was sunk in Chilean
+waters; Smyrna garrison is reinforced; dummy war fleet, composed of
+disguised merchantmen, is reported to be ready in England for use in
+strategy against the Germans.</p>
+
+<p>March 21&mdash;German submarine sinks British collier Cairntorr off Beachy
+Head.</p>
+
+<p>March 22&mdash;British steamer Concord is torpedoed by a German submarine,
+but is stated not to have been sunk.</p>
+
+<p>March 23&mdash;Dutch steamer is fired on by a German trawler; Turks send
+reinforcements to Dardanelles forts.</p>
+
+<p>March 24&mdash;German vessels shell Russian positions near Memel; allied
+fleet resumes bombardment of Dardanelles forts; Allies land troops on
+Gallipoli Peninsula to help in a general attack on the forts which is
+planned on arrival of more British and French ships; many Europeans are
+leaving Constantinople.</p>
+
+<p>March 27&mdash;U.S. battleship Alabama is ordered to proceed to Norfolk at
+once to guard American neutrality should Prinz Eitel Friedrich leave
+port.</p>
+
+<p>March 28&mdash;British African liner Falaba is torpedoed and sunk by German
+submarine in St. George's Channel; she carried 160 passengers and crew
+of 90, of which total 140 were saved; many were killed by the torpedo
+explosion; British steamer Aguila is sunk by German submarine U-28 off
+Pembrokeshire coast; she carried three passengers and crew of forty-two,
+all passengers and twenty-three of crew being lost; Russian Black Sea
+fleet attacks Bosporus forts; Dardanelles forts again bombarded; German
+Government, in official statement, says that Dresden was sunk in neutral
+Chilean waters.</p>
+
+<p>March 29&mdash;Dutch steamer Amstel is blown up by a mine; Russians renew
+Bosporus attack; allied fleet shells Dardanelles forts at long range;
+reinforced Russian fleet is showing activity in the Baltic; German
+Baltic fleet is out.</p>
+
+<p>March 31&mdash;London reports that three fleets and three armies will combine
+in attack on Dardanelles forts; the forts are again bombarded; British
+steamers Flaminian and Crown of Castile are sunk by German submarines;
+Prinz Eitel Friedrich coals under guard of American sailors and
+soldiers; Germans shell Libau.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>NAVAL RECORD&mdash;EMBARGO AND WAR ZONE.</h3>
+
+<p>March 1&mdash;Premier Asquith announces in the House of Commons the purpose
+of England and France to cut Germany off from all trade with the rest of
+the world; "the British and French Governments will, therefore, hold
+themselves free to detain and take into port ships carrying goods of
+presumed enemy destination, ownership, or origin"; officials in
+Washington think this attitude of the Allies disregards American rights.</p>
+
+<p>March 3&mdash;Germany alters relief ship rules; vessels may pass through the
+English Channel unmolested, but because of mines Germany cannot grant
+safe conduct for relief ships to and from England.</p>
+
+<p>March 4&mdash;Secretary Bryan makes public the text of German reply to
+American note suggesting modifications of war zone decree; Germany
+expresses willingness to make modifications if England will allow
+foodstuffs and raw materials to go to German civilians, and if England
+will make other modifications in her sea policy; German reply is
+forwarded to Ambassador Page to be submitted to the British Foreign
+Office for information of English Government; American State Department
+makes public part of a recent dispatch from Ambassador Gerard stating
+that German Government refuses to accept responsibility for routes
+followed by neutral steamers outside German waters; Henry van Dyke,
+American Minister at The Hague, advises the State Department that
+Germany is anxious to give every possible support to the work of
+American Relief Commission for Belgium, and will facilitate the passage
+of ships as much as possible.</p>
+
+<p>March 5&mdash;Holland-America Line steamer Noorderdijk, bound for New York,
+returns to Rotterdam badly disabled, it being reported that she was
+torpedoed in English Channel.</p>
+
+<p>March 6&mdash;Passenger service from Holland to England is to be extended.</p>
+
+<p>March 8&mdash;Germany includes in the war zone the waters surrounding the
+Orkney and Shetland Islands, but navigation on both sides of the Faroe
+Islands is not endangered.</p>
+
+<p>March 9&mdash;It is announced at Washington that identical notes of inquiry
+have been sent to the British and French Governments asking for
+particulars as to how embargo on shipments to and from Germany is to be
+enforced.</p>
+
+<p>March 18&mdash;Submarine blows up Swedish steamer Hanna, flying her own flag,
+off east coast of England; six of crew lost.</p>
+
+<p>March 15&mdash;Text made public of British Order in Council cutting off trade
+to and from Germany; British Government, replying to American note,
+refuses to permit foodstuffs to enter Germany for civilian population as
+suggested; British Government also replies to American note of inquiry
+as to particulars of embargo, Sir Edward Grey saying that object of
+Allies is, "succinctly stated, to establish a blockade to prevent
+vessels from carrying goods for or coming from Germany."</p>
+
+<p>March 17&mdash;Secretary Bryan makes public full text of six recent notes
+exchanged between the United States and the Allies and Germany regarding
+the embargo and the war zone; Allies contend German war methods compel
+the new means of reprisal.</p>
+
+<p>March 18&mdash;Denmark, Norway and Sweden make an identical representation to
+the Allies against the embargo decree on trade to and from Germany.</p>
+
+<p>March 20&mdash;Holland protests to Allies against embargo.</p>
+
+<p>March 21&mdash;German submarine U-28 seizes Dutch steamers Batavier V. and
+Zaanstroom and their cargoes.</p>
+
+<p>March 22&mdash;Holland asks explanation from Germany of seizure of Batavier
+V. and Zaanstroom.</p>
+
+<p>March 25&mdash;Submarine U-28 sinks Dutch steamer Medea.</p>
+
+<p>March 26&mdash;Dutch press is aroused over the sinking of the Medea; Ministry
+holds extraordinary council.</p>
+
+<p>March 27&mdash;Germany tells Holland that investigation into seizure of the
+Batavier V. and Zaanstroom has not been concluded.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>AERIAL RECORD.</h3>
+
+<p>March 2&mdash;It is learned that in a recent air raid German aviators killed
+two women and a child at La Panne, a bathing town on Belgian coast.</p>
+
+<p>March 3&mdash;German aviator bombards Warsaw.</p>
+
+<p>March 4&mdash;French bombard German powder magazine at Rottweil.</p>
+
+<p>March 5&mdash;Zeppelin raid over Calais fails; Pegoud receives French
+military medal for his services.</p>
+
+<p>March 7&mdash;French official statement shows that French airmen during the
+war have made 10,000 aerial reconnoissances, consuming 18,000 hours in
+the air, and have traveled more than 1,116,000 miles; Zeppelin reported
+captured by allied airmen near Bethune.</p>
+
+<p>March 9&mdash;British seaplanes drop bombs on Ostend; Lieut. von Hidelen, who
+dropped bombs on Paris in September, is at Toulon as a prisoner of war.</p>
+
+<p>March 12&mdash;German airmen bombard Ossowetz.</p>
+
+<p>March 14&mdash;Strassburg is threatened by a fire started by French airman's
+bomb; allied aeroplanes said to have wrecked Zeppelin near Tirlemont.</p>
+
+<p>March 17&mdash;German airman unsuccessfully aims five bombs at British
+coasting steamer Blonde in the North Sea.</p>
+
+<p>March 18&mdash;Bombs from Zeppelin kill seven in Calais.</p>
+
+<p>March 20&mdash;German airmen drop bombs near Deal, but all fall into the sea;
+one bomb narrowly misses American bark Manga Reva.</p>
+
+<p>March 21&mdash;Two Zeppelins drop bombs on Paris, but damage is slight; eight
+persons are injured; Zeppelin drops bombs on Calais, with slight damage,
+and is driven off by guns.</p>
+
+<p>March 22&mdash;Rotterdam reports that German aviators are aiming bombs
+indiscriminately at ships in the North Sea, one Taube dropping five
+bombs near a Belgian relief ship; airmen of Allies drop bombs on
+Mulheim, injuring three German soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>March 23&mdash;German aeroplane aims seven bombs at British steamer Pandion,
+all missing; Paris Temps says that authorities plan hereafter to fight
+Zeppelins by aeroplanes over Paris, something which had hitherto been
+avoided because of danger to Parisians.</p>
+
+<p>March 24&mdash;British airmen, in dash on Antwerp shipyards, destroy one
+German submarine and damage another; German aviators aim bombs and
+arrows at British freighter Teal, doing little damage.</p>
+
+<p>March 26&mdash;French drop bombs on Metz, killing three soldiers; little
+damage to property.</p>
+
+<p>March 27&mdash;German aviators drop bombs on Calais and Dunkirk; little
+damage.</p>
+
+<p>March 28&mdash;German aviator drops bombs on Calais; little damage.</p>
+
+<p>March 29&mdash;Germans state that during recent raid on Strassburg, bombs
+dropped by allied aviators killed two children and wounded seven others
+and one woman.</p>
+
+<p>March 30&mdash;Copenhagen reports that two Zeppelins have been badly damaged
+by a storm while manoeuvering for a raid on England; Turkish seaplane
+drops bombs on British warship outside Dardanelles.</p>
+
+<p>March 31&mdash;Thirty German soldiers are killed and sixty wounded near
+Thourout, Belgium, by bombs dropped by airmen of Allies; fifteen German
+aeroplanes drop 100 bombs at Ostrolenka, Russia; German aeroplane aims
+bomb at Dutch trawler in North Sea, but misses her.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>AUSTRIA.</h3>
+
+<p>March 1&mdash;Two Czech regiments revolt.</p>
+
+<p>March 2&mdash;It is learned that the troops executed 200 civilians in
+Stanislau.</p>
+
+<p>March 17&mdash;Conviction is stated to prevail in Vienna that war with Italy
+is inevitable in the near future; many Austrians are declared to be
+indignant that Germany is trying to force the nation to cede territory
+to Italy.</p>
+
+<p>March 18&mdash;Russian prisoners and Galician refugees are working on
+defensive fortifications in the Trentino, which are being prepared in
+event of war with Italy; heavy guns are being mounted in the mountain
+passes; fleet is again concentrated at Pola; Austria and Serbia agree to
+exchange interned men under 18 or over 50, and also women.</p>
+
+<p>March 22&mdash;Men up to 52 are now being trained for active service; men
+formerly rejected as unfit are being called to the colors.</p>
+
+<p>March 24&mdash;Five hundred thousand troops are massed in Southern Tyrol and
+the Trentino; many villages near the Italian frontier have been
+evacuated and many houses destroyed by dynamite, so as to afford better
+range for the big guns.</p>
+
+<p>March 26&mdash;Army contract frauds are discovered in Hungary; rich
+manufacturers jailed.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>BELGIUM.</h3>
+
+<p>March 2&mdash;Gen. von Bissing, German Governor General, says the tax
+recently ordered imposed on Belgians who do not return to their homes
+was suggested by Belgians themselves.</p>
+
+<p>March 8&mdash;Belgian Press Bureau announces that King Albert now has an army
+of 140,000 men, a larger force than that which began the war.</p>
+
+<p>March 9&mdash;As a result of new royal decrees calling refugee youths to the
+colors the number of recruits is increasing daily; a few days ago King
+Albert presented a number of recruits to two veteran regiments in a
+speech; Belgian officials are arrested by Germans on charge that they
+induced Belgian customs officials to go through Holland to join Belgian
+Army.</p>
+
+<p>March 17&mdash;Government issues protest against the German allegation that
+documents found in Brussels show that Belgium and England had a secret
+understanding before the war of such a nature as to constitute a
+violation of Belgium's neutrality; the Government declares that
+conversations which took place between Belgian and British military
+officers in 1906 and 1912 had reference only to the situation that would
+be created if Belgium's neutrality had already been violated by a third
+party; it is declared that the documents found by Germans, "provided no
+part of them is either garbled or suppressed," will prove the innocent
+nature of negotiations between Belgium and England.</p>
+
+<p>March 18&mdash;Firm of Henri Leten is fined $5,000 for violating order of
+German Governor General prohibiting payments to creditors in England.</p>
+
+<p>March 20&mdash;One million pigs owned by Germans are billeted on the civilian
+population of Belgium, the Belgians being required to feed and care for
+the animals.</p>
+
+<p>March 21&mdash;Germans are relaxing iron regulations to some extent in
+attempt to get the normal life of Belgium moving again.</p>
+
+<p>March 23&mdash;Seventeen Belgian men are shot in Ghent barracks after having
+been found guilty by German court-martial of espionage in the interests
+of the Allies.</p>
+
+<p>March 28&mdash;Belgian Legation at Washington issues official response to
+statement made by Herr von Jagow, the Imperial German Secretary of
+State, that "Belgium was dragged into the war by England"; response says
+that it was Germany, not England, that drew the nation into war.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>BULGARIA.</h3>
+
+<p>March 6&mdash;Mobilization is now completed of three divisions of troops near
+Tirnova.</p>
+
+<p>March 12&mdash;Heavy artillery is being transported to Janthe, near the Greek
+frontier.</p>
+
+<p>March 20&mdash;Three Bulgarian soldiers are killed and several Greek soldiers
+are wounded in a fight which followed an attempted movement by strong
+Bulgarian force into the region of Demir-Hissar, formerly Turkish
+territory, now Greek.</p>
+
+<p>March 26&mdash;Opposition leaders are demanding an interview with the King
+with a view of bringing about a change of policy favoring the
+Anglo-Franco-Russian alliance; Field Marshal von der Goltz is in Sofia.</p>
+
+<p>March 30&mdash;Bulgaria is holding up shipments of German artillery and large
+quantities of ammunition destined for Constantinople.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>CANADA.</h3>
+
+<p>March 5&mdash;Three transports arrive in England with 4,000 Canadian troops.</p>
+
+<p>March 14&mdash;Second contingent is now in camp in England; it is expected
+that these troops will soon go to the front.</p>
+
+<p>March 26&mdash;Publication of first account by Official Canadian Recorder
+with troops in the field of contingent's experiences; he states that
+there have been but few casualties so far; the infantry was held in
+reserve in the Neuve Chapelle fight, but the artillery was engaged.</p>
+
+<p>March 27&mdash;There is made public in Ottawa the address delivered by
+General Alderon, commanding the Canadian Division, just before the men
+first entered the trenches; he warns against taking needless risks and
+tells the men he expects them to win, when they meet the Germans with
+the bayonet, because of their physique.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>ENGLAND.</h3>
+
+<p>March 2&mdash;Order in Council promulgated providing for prize money for
+crews of British ships which capture or destroy enemy vessels to be
+distributed among officers and men at rate calculated at $25 for each
+person aboard the enemy vessel at beginning of engagement; British spy
+system has been so perfected that it is said in some respects to excel
+the German; Embassy in Washington denies that women or children are
+interned in civilian camps.</p>
+
+<p>March 4&mdash;Government appeals to aviators of British nationality in United
+States and Canada to join the Royal Flying Corps.</p>
+
+<p>March 8&mdash;Shipowner offers $2,000 apiece to next four merchant ships
+which sink German submarines.</p>
+
+<p>March 9&mdash;House of Commons authorizes Government to take over control of
+engineering trade of country in order to increase output of war
+munitions.</p>
+
+<p>March 14&mdash;John E. Redmond, leader of the Irish Nationalist Party,
+declares in speech that Ireland is now firmly united in England's cause,
+and that 250,000 Irishmen are fighting for Britain.</p>
+
+<p>March 15&mdash;Kitchener discusses the war situation in House of Lords, he
+expresses anxiety over supply of war materials and blames labor unions
+and dram shops in part for the slow output; he praises the Canadian and
+Indian troops and the French Army; passport rules for persons going to
+France are made more stringent.</p>
+
+<p>March 16&mdash;Heavy losses among officers cause anxiety; T.P. O'Connor says
+Irish are with the Allies; stringent passport rules are extended to
+persons going into Holland.</p>
+
+<p>March 19&mdash;In six days 511 officers have been lost in killed, wounded,
+and missing; newspapers hint at conscription.</p>
+
+<p>March 20&mdash;Officers lost since beginning of the war, in killed, wounded,
+and missing, now total 5,476, of which 1,783 have been killed.</p>
+
+<p>March 23&mdash;It is reported that a second German spy was shot in the Tower
+of London on March 5, that a third spy is under sentence, and that a
+fourth man, a suspect, is under arrest.</p>
+
+<p>March 24&mdash;Earl Percy is acting as Official Observer with the
+expeditionary force; warships are ordered not to get supplies from
+neutral nations in Western Hemisphere.</p>
+
+<p>March 26&mdash;Field Marshal French says that "the protraction of the war
+depends entirely upon the supply of men and munitions," and if this
+supply is unsatisfactory the war will be prolonged; German newspapers
+charge British atrocities at Neuve Chapelle; Colonial Premiers may meet
+for consultation before terms of peace are arranged.</p>
+
+<p>March 27&mdash;Storm of protest is aroused by suggestions of Dr. Lyttelton,
+Headmaster of Eton, that concessions should be made to Germany.</p>
+
+<p>March 28&mdash;Premier Asquith is attacked by the Unionist press for alleged
+lack of vigor in direction of the war.</p>
+
+<p>March 30&mdash;Three of the nine prison ships on which prisoners have been
+kept are vacated, and it is planned to empty the others by the end of
+April, prisoners being cared for on shore.</p>
+
+<p>March 31&mdash;King George announces that he is ready to give up use of
+liquor in the royal household as an example to the working classes, it
+being stated that slowness of output of munitions of war is partly due
+to drink; Lord Derby announces that Liverpool dock workers are to be
+organized into a battalion, enlisted under military law, as a means of
+preventing delays in making war supplies.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>FRANCE.</h3>
+
+<p>March 1&mdash;Official note issued in Paris states that there are 2,080,000
+Germans and Austrians on the Russian and Serbian front, and 1,800,000
+Germans on the French and Belgian front.</p>
+
+<p>March 5&mdash;War Minister introduces bill in Chamber of Deputies giving
+authorization to call to the colors the recruits of 1915 and to start
+training those of 1916.</p>
+
+<p>March 6&mdash;French Press Bureau estimates the total German losses since the
+beginning of the war, in killed, wounded, sick, and prisoners, at
+3,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>March 10&mdash;Foreign Office issues report on treatment of French civilian
+prisoners by the Germans, charging many instances of cruelty.</p>
+
+<p>March 11&mdash;Eight thousand German and Austrian houses have been
+sequestered to date; bill introduced into Chamber of Deputies provides
+for burning of soldiers' bodies as a precaution against possible
+epidemic of disease; Mi-Carême festivities omitted because of the war.</p>
+
+<p>March 12&mdash;Fine of $100,000, to be paid before March 20, is imposed on
+inhabitants of Lille, in hands of the Germans, because of a
+demonstration over a group of French prisoners of war brought into the
+city.</p>
+
+<p>March 14&mdash;Copenhagen report states that there has been a revolt in
+Lille.</p>
+
+<p>March 25&mdash;War Ministry denies General von Bernhardi's charge that France
+and England had an arrangement for violation of the neutrality of
+Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>March 28&mdash;A cannon is mentioned in the orders of the day for gallantry
+in action; General Joffre decorates thirty men for gallantry in action
+in the Champagne district.</p>
+
+<p>March 31&mdash;Intense indignation is expressed by the French press over
+sinking of British passenger steamer Falaba by German submarine.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>GERMANY.</h3>
+
+<p>March 5&mdash;Interned French civilians are sent to Switzerland for exchange
+for German civilians held by the French.</p>
+
+<p>March 6&mdash;Government asks the United States to care for German diplomatic
+interests in Constantinople if Allies occupy the Turkish capital; two
+British prisoners of war are punished for refusing to obey their own
+officers.</p>
+
+<p>March 7&mdash;Copenhagen reports that men up to 55 have been called out; it
+is stated that there are now 781,000 war prisoners interned in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>March 8&mdash;British charge that German dumdum bullets were found after a
+recent battle in Egypt.</p>
+
+<p>March 10&mdash;Reichstag is informed that the budget is $3,250,000,000&mdash;four
+times greater than any estimates ever before presented; a further war
+credit is asked of $2,500,000,000, to insure financing the war until the
+late Autumn; Landsturm classes of 1869-1873 are summoned to the colors
+in the Rhine provinces.</p>
+
+<p>March 15&mdash;Prussian losses to date (excluding Bavarian, Württemberg,
+Saxon, and naval losses) are 1,050,029 in killed, wounded, and missing.</p>
+
+<p>March 16&mdash;German committee is planning to send Americans to the United
+States as propagandists to lay German case before the American people;
+20,000 high school boys have volunteered for service.</p>
+
+<p>March 18&mdash;Copenhagen reports that Emperor William and General von
+Falkenhayn, Chief of the German General Staff, arrived today at the
+German Army Headquarters near Lille to participate in a council of war;
+Chief President of the Province of East Prussia states that 80,000
+houses have been entirely destroyed by the Russians and that 300,000
+refugees have left the province; German War Department states that for
+every German village burned by the Russians three Russian villages will
+be burned by the Germans.</p>
+
+<p>March 21&mdash;Archbishop of Cologne asks children for prayers and offerings,
+and suggests that they do without new clothes at confirmation.</p>
+
+<p>March 22&mdash;Lieut. Colonel Kaden urges teachers and parents to foster
+hatred of England.</p>
+
+<p>March 23&mdash;English women and children allowed to leave Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>March 30&mdash;It is reported that Emperor William is holding an important
+war council in Berlin with military chiefs.</p>
+
+<p>March 31&mdash;Much enthusiasm over sinking of British passenger steamer
+Falaba; official statistics of second war loan show that $2,265,000,000
+was subscribed, of which $17,750,000 came from 452,113 persons in sums
+of $50 or less; local option is permitted by German Federal Council.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>GREECE.</h3>
+
+<p>March 3&mdash;Crown Council meets at the palace in Athens under Presidency of
+the King; among the eminent statesmen present are five ex-Premiers;
+deliberations deal with question whether Greece should take part in the
+war; further conferences of the Council are planned, and Parliament has
+been summoned to meet, after the deliberations are finished.</p>
+
+<p>March 4&mdash;Crown Council meets again.</p>
+
+<p>March 10&mdash;M. Ghounaris completes formation of a new Cabinet; Ministerial
+statement declares that the observance of neutrality is imperative on
+Greece if she is to protect her national interests.</p>
+
+<p>March 14&mdash;M. Venizelos, former Premier, says that Greece will soon be
+forced by course of events to abandon neutrality and join with Allies in
+operations against Constantinople and Smyrna; by so doing, he says, the
+Government can quadruple the area of Greece.</p>
+
+<p>March 17&mdash;M. Venizelos is quoted by an Italian newspaper correspondent
+as saying that the Allies have twice asked Greece since the outbreak of
+the war to help Serbia, but attitude of Bulgaria prevented Greece from
+doing so; Venizelos resigned, according to this correspondent, because
+Crown Council overruled his plan to send 50,000 men to aid Allies.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>HOLLAND.</h3>
+
+<p>March 2&mdash;Semi-official circles deny persistent reports that country is
+to enter the war; American Minister van Dyke says that he sees no signs
+of any change in the attitude of Holland.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>ITALY.</h3>
+
+<p>March 2&mdash;Much Italian comment caused by introduction in Chamber of
+Deputies of bills against espionage, contraband, and publication in
+newspapers of news of military movements; Italy is hiring hulks of ships
+for grain storage.</p>
+
+<p>March 3&mdash;General Zupelli, Minister of War, speaks in Chamber of Deputies
+in favor of a bill authorizing a recall to the colors of reserve
+officers; Government asks Chamber for authorization to take control of
+every industry connected with the defense of the country, including
+wireless telegraphy and aviation.</p>
+
+<p>March 8&mdash;Premier Salandra hints at war at inauguration of new military
+harbor at Gaeta.</p>
+
+<p>March 10&mdash;Garibaldians in the French Foreign Legion are allowed by
+French Government to return to Italy in response to call of certain
+categories of reservists by Italian Government.</p>
+
+<p>March 11&mdash;Military preparations are being pushed with much vigor.</p>
+
+<p>March 12&mdash;Soldiers near Austro-Italian frontier are drilling daily; new
+cannon is being tested; fleet is in readiness under Duke of the Abruzzi;
+Prince von Buelow is reported to have failed in his efforts to satisfy
+Italian demands for Austrian territory as the price of continued
+neutrality; it is said that Italy was asked to be satisfied with the
+Trentino, while nothing was said as to Trieste.</p>
+
+<p>March 14&mdash;Rome reports that Emperor Francis Joseph, despite urgent
+solicitations of Emperor William, refuses to sanction any cession of
+territory to Italy and insists that von Buelow's negotiations with the
+Italian Government be stopped; Premier Salandra's personal organ, the
+Giornale d'Italia, says Italy must obtain territorial expansion;
+National League meets at Milan and demands, through intervention in the
+war, the liberation of all Italians from Austrian rule.</p>
+
+<p>March 15&mdash;Exchange of telegraphic money orders with Austria is
+suspended; the traveling Post Offices on trains bound for the Austrian
+frontier are also stopped; it is denied that Austria has refused to cede
+any territory whatever, but that what she is willing to cede is far too
+little from the Italian viewpoint.</p>
+
+<p>March 16&mdash;Report from Rome states that an authoritative outline of the
+territorial demands of Italy shows that she wishes a sweep of territory
+to the north and east which would extend her boundary around northern
+end of the Adriatic as far south as Fiume on the eastern coast; this
+would include Austrian naval base at Pola and the provinces of Trent and
+Trieste; von Buelow is said to have assured Italian Government that
+concessions will be made.</p>
+
+<p>March 18&mdash;Germans are leaving the Riviera.</p>
+
+<p>March 20&mdash;Identification cards for use in active service are distributed
+among soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>March 21&mdash;King signs the decree promulgating a national defense law,
+which will become operative tomorrow; the law gives the Government
+various powers necessary for efficient war preparations; Parliament
+adjourns until the middle of May, leaving military preparations in hands
+of the Government.</p>
+
+<p>March 22&mdash;Austrians and Germans are advised by their Consuls to leave
+Italy as quickly as possible.</p>
+
+<p>March 23&mdash;Crowds in streets of Venice clamor for war; Government orders
+seizure of twenty-nine freight cars with material destined for Krupp gun
+works in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>March 26&mdash;All is ready for general mobilization; seven complete classes
+are already under the colors; Austrian and German families are leaving.</p>
+
+<p>March 27&mdash;Italian Consul at Buenos Aires calls a meeting of agents of
+Italian steamship lines and warns them to be in readiness for possible
+transportation of 60,000 reservists.</p>
+
+<p>March 28&mdash;Report from Berne that Emperor William in person has persuaded
+Emperor Francis Joseph to cede the territory to Italy which the latter
+desires; it is also said that negotiations are being conducted with Rome
+directly and solely by Berlin.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>PERSIA.</h3>
+
+<p>March 18&mdash;India Office of British Government says that documents have
+reached London showing that German Consular officers and business men
+have been engaged in intrigues with the object of facilitating a Turkish
+invasion of Persia.</p>
+
+<p>March 20&mdash;Persian Government calls upon Russia to evacuate the Province
+of Azerbijan, Northwest Persia.</p>
+
+<p>March 25&mdash;Kurds and Turks are massacring Christians at Urumiah,
+Northwestern Persia; situation of American Presbyterian Mission there is
+described as desperate; Dr. Harry P. Packard, doctor of the American
+missionary station, risks his life to unfurl American flag and save
+Persian Christians at Geogtopa; 15,000 Christians are under protection
+of American Mission and 2,000 under protection of French Mission at
+Urumiah; it is learned that at Gulpashan, the last of 103 villages to be
+taken after resistance, the Kurds shot the male citizens in groups of
+five, while the younger women were taken as slaves; 20,000 Persian
+Christians are dead or missing, while 12,000 are refugees in the
+Caucasus; disease is raging among the refugees.</p>
+
+<p>March 26&mdash;Turks force their way into the compound of the American
+Mission at Urumiah, seize some Assyrian Christian refugees and kill
+them; Turks beat and insult American missionaries; American and British
+Consuls at Tabriz, near Urumiah, have joined in appeal to General
+commanding Russian forces at Tabriz to go to relief of American Mission
+at Urumiah, which is described as practically besieged by Turks and
+Kurds; United States State Department is active and asks Ambassador
+Morgenthau at Constantinople to urge the Turkish Government to send
+protection; Persian War Relief Committee cables funds to American Consul
+at Tabriz for relief at Urumiah.</p>
+
+<p>March 27&mdash;Turkish Grand Vizier issues orders that Christians in
+disturbed Persian regions be protected and uprisings be suppressed.</p>
+
+<p>March 28&mdash;Turkish regulars are due to arrive at Urumiah to protect
+Christians and suppress disorder; Turkish War Office says that "no acts
+of violence had been committed at Urumiah"; Grand Vizier states that
+reported atrocities are "grossly exaggerated."</p>
+
+<p>March 30&mdash;Turkish Government gives renewed assurances to Ambassador
+Morgenthau that protection will be given to Christians at Urumiah.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>RUMANIA.</h3>
+
+<p>March 6&mdash;Parliament passes a law empowering Government to proclaim a
+state of siege until the end of the war, if such a step is thought
+necessary; military representatives of the Government are seeking to
+place large orders for arms and ammunition with American firms.</p>
+
+<p>March 12&mdash;Prime Minister Jonesco is quoted in a newspaper interview as
+saying that he is sure the Allies will force the Dardanelles, the result
+of which will be that Rumania will join the war.</p>
+
+<p>March 15&mdash;Rumania's war preparations are causing uneasiness in
+Austria-Hungary.</p>
+
+<p>March 18&mdash;Government seizes a large quantity of shells in transit from
+Germany for Turkish troops.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>RUSSIA.</h3>
+
+<p>March 1&mdash;Paris Temps says that the Allies have reached an agreement by
+which Russia will have free passage through the Dardanelles.</p>
+
+<p>March 4&mdash;Village women capture and bind a detachment of German soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>March 24&mdash;Congress of Representatives of the Nobility, in annual session
+at Petrograd, passes resolutions stating that "the vital interests of
+Russia require full possession of Constantinople, and both shores of the
+Bosporus and the Dardanelles and the adjacent islands."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>TURKEY.</h3>
+
+<p>March 9&mdash;American missionaries, arriving in New York from Jerusalem, say
+that the fall of the Dardanelles will probably mean a massacre of Jews
+and Gentiles in the Holy Land.</p>
+
+<p>March 11&mdash;There is a panic in Constantinople and many foreigners are
+leaving.</p>
+
+<p>March 15&mdash;All Serbs and Montenegrins have been ordered to leave
+Constantinople within twenty-four hours.</p>
+
+<p>March 18&mdash;The rich are leaving Constantinople; Germans from the
+provinces are concentrating there.</p>
+
+<p>March 19&mdash;Appalling conditions prevail in Armenia, following massacres
+by Turks and Kurds.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>UNITED STATES.</h3>
+
+<p>March 1&mdash;Indictments are returned by the Federal Grand Jury in New York
+against the Hamburg-American Steamship Company and against officials of
+the line on the charge of conspiring against the United States by making
+out false clearance papers and false manifests in connection with
+voyages made by four steamships to supply German cruiser Karlsruhe and
+auxiliary cruiser Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse with coal and provisions;
+indictments are returned by the Federal Grand Jury in New York against
+Richard P. Stegler, a German, Gustave Cook and Richard Madden on the
+charge of conspiracy to defraud the Government in obtaining a passport.</p>
+
+<p>March 2&mdash;Three indictments charging the illegal transportation of
+dynamite in interstate commerce are returned by the Federal Grand Jury
+in Boston against Warner Horn, a German, who tried to destroy the
+international railway bridge at Vanceboro, Me., last month; extradition
+proceedings by Canada, officials state, will probably have to be halted
+until this indictment is disposed of.</p>
+
+<p>March 7&mdash;Horn is made a Federal prisoner in Maine.</p>
+
+<p>March 8&mdash;Carl Ruroede, who was arrested in January with four Germans to
+whom he had issued spurious American passports, pleads guilty in the
+Federal District Court to charge of conspiring to defraud the United
+States Government, and is sentenced to three years' imprisonment; the
+four Germans who bought passports are fined $200 each; the Department of
+Justice is still investigating in belief there are other conspirators.</p>
+
+<p>March 16&mdash;Stegler turns State's evidence and testifies against Cook and
+Madden in the Federal District Court.</p>
+
+<p>March 18&mdash;Cook and Madden are found guilty, the jury making a strong
+recommendation for mercy; before the United States Commissioner at
+Bangor, Me., Horn claims that his act was an act of war and contests
+right of the courts to try him.</p>
+
+<p>March 19&mdash;Stegler is sentenced to sixty days' imprisonment, and Cook and
+Madden to ten months; United States Commissioner at Bangor decides that
+Horn must stand trial in Boston.</p>
+
+<p>March 24&mdash;Major General Hughes, Minister of Militia and Defense for
+Canada, states in the Canadian Parliament that two dozen Americans with
+the first Canadian contingent have fallen in battle, and that "hundreds
+more are in the Canadian regiments fighting bravely."</p>
+
+<p>March 25&mdash;Horn is taken to Boston from Portland, after two unsuccessful
+attempts to obtain a writ of habeas corpus.</p>
+
+<p>March 31&mdash;Leon C. Thrasher of Hardwick, Mass., an American by birth,
+was among the passengers lost on the Falaba; American Embassy in London
+and the State Department are investigating; the Thrasher family appeals
+to Washington for information about his death; Raymond Swoboda,
+American, a passenger on the French liner Touraine, which was imperiled
+by fire at sea on March 6, has been arrested in Paris charged with
+causing the fire.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<h3>RELIEF WORK.</h3>
+
+<p>March 1&mdash;Herbert C. Hoover, Chairman of the American Belgian Relief
+Committee, issues statement in London that the Germans have scrupulously
+kept their promise, given in December, not to make further requisitions
+of foodstuffs in the occupied zone of Belgium for use by the German
+Army; he says the Germans have never interfered with foodstuffs imported
+by the commission and that all these foodstuffs have gone to the Belgian
+civil population; Mr. Hoover further states that "every Belgian is today
+on a ration from this commission"; every State in the Union contributes
+to the fund for the Easter Argosy, the ship which it is planned the
+children of the United States will send with a cargo to Belgium in the
+name of Princess Marie José, the little daughter of the King and Queen
+of the Belgians; plans are made for the sending of two ships with
+cargoes supplied by the people of the State of New York.</p>
+
+<p>March 2&mdash;American Red Cross sends large shipments of supplies to Serbia
+and Germany; four American Red Cross nurses sail for Germany; Serbian
+Agricultural Relief Committee asks for farming implements.</p>
+
+<p>March 5&mdash;Mississippi, Ohio, and Nebraska form organizations to send
+relief ships; American Red Cross is sending large consignments of
+supplies to the American Relief Clearing House in Paris.</p>
+
+<p>March 8&mdash;Report from London states that it has just become known in
+Budapest that Countess Széchényi, formerly Miss Gladys Vanderbilt,
+contracted smallpox while nursing in a Budapest military hospital and
+has been dangerously ill for a fortnight; a hospital, exclusively for
+the care of wounded soldiers whose cases require delicate surgical
+operations, is ready for work at Compiègne under the direction of Dr.
+Alexis Carrel of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.</p>
+
+<p>March 9&mdash;In gratitude for American help, the municipal authorities of
+Louvain inform the American Commission for Relief in Belgium that, when
+Louvain is rebuilt, squares or streets will be named Washington, Wilson,
+and American Nation.</p>
+
+<p>March 11&mdash;American Red Cross announces plan to send two units for
+service with the Belgian Army.</p>
+
+<p>March 12&mdash;Philadelphians give $15,000 for establishment of a
+Philadelphia ward in the American Ambulance Hospital in Paris; other
+wards bear the names of New York, Providence, New Haven, and Buffalo.</p>
+
+<p>March 14&mdash;Letter to the British Red Cross from Sir Thomas Lipton says
+that typhus is threatening Serbia.</p>
+
+<p>March 16&mdash;Mrs. John Hays Hammond, National Chairman of the War
+Children's Christmas Fund, has received letters from Princess Mary of
+England, and the Russian Ambassador to the United States, writing in
+behalf of the Empress of Russia, expressing thanks for the Christmas
+supplies sent from the United States.</p>
+
+<p>March 17&mdash;Mme. Vandervelde, wife of the Belgian Minister of State, has
+collected nearly $300,000 in the United States for Belgian relief, and
+plans to sail for Europe in a few days.</p>
+
+<p>March 20&mdash;Serbian Legation in London sends appeal to United States for
+aid for Serbia from the Archbishop of Belgrade.</p>
+
+<p>March 22&mdash;General Kamoroff, as special emissary of the Czar, visits the
+American Hospital in Petrograd and thanks the Americans for their help
+in caring for Russian wounded.</p>
+
+<p>March 23&mdash;Contributions for the Easter Argosy reach $125,000; letter to
+Belgian Relief Committee brings the thanks of King Albert for American
+help; American Red Cross sends twenty-seven tons of supplies to Belgian
+Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>March 24&mdash;General Joffre cables thanks to the Lafayette Fund, which is
+sending comfort kits to the French soldiers in the trenches.</p>
+
+<p>March 25&mdash;American Commission for Relief in Belgium announces that
+arrangements have been completed for feeding 2,500,000 French in the
+north of France, behind the German lines; for the past month the
+commission has fed more than 500,000 French; it is planned that the
+Easter Argosy will sail on May 1.</p>
+
+<p>March 26&mdash;Financial report issued in London by the American Commission
+for Relief in Belgium states that foodstuffs of a total value of
+$20,000,000 have been delivered to Belgium since the commission began
+work, and $19,000,000 worth of foodstuffs is in transit or stored for
+future shipments; $8,500,000 has been provided by benevolent
+contributions, and the remaining $30,500,000 through banking
+arrangements set up by the commission; of the benevolent contributions
+the United States has provided $4,700,000; United Kingdom, $1,200,000;
+Canada, $900,000; Australasia, $900,000; clothing which has been
+distributed is estimated to have been worth an additional $1,000,000; it
+is announced that Queen Alexandra, as President of the English Red Cross
+Society, has written an autograph note to Mrs. Whitelaw Reid in London
+expressing gratitude for the aid given by the American Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>March 30&mdash;The cash collected by the Belgian Relief Fund, New York, now
+totals $1,004,000, said to be the largest amount ever raised in the
+United States for relief of distress in a foreign country.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" />
+
+<div>
+<a name="toc_54"></a>
+<h2>The Day</h2>
+
+<p>By HENRY CHAPPELL.</p>
+
+
+    <div class="display"> <p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">[The author of this poem is Mr. Henry
+    Chappell, a railway porter at Bath, England. Mr. Chappell is known
+    to his comrades as the "Bath Railway Poet."]</span></p> </div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">You boasted the Day, and you toasted the Day,</p>
+<p class="l">And now the Day has come.</p>
+<p class="l">Blasphemer, braggart and coward all,</p>
+<p class="l">Little you reck of the numbing ball,</p>
+<p class="l">The blasting shell, or the "white arm's" fall,</p>
+<p class="l">As they speed poor humans home.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">You spied for the Day, you lied for the Day,</p>
+<p class="l">And woke the Day's red spleen,</p>
+<p class="l">Monster, who asked God's aid Divine,</p>
+<p class="l">Then strewed His seas with the ghastly mine;</p>
+<p class="l">Not all the waters of all the Rhine</p>
+<p class="l">Can wash thy foul hands clean.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">You dreamed for the Day, you schemed for the Day;</p>
+<p class="l">Watch how the Day will go.</p>
+<p class="l">Slayer of age and youth and prime</p>
+<p class="l">(Defenseless slain for never a crime)</p>
+<p class="l">Thou art steeped in blood as a hog in slime,</p>
+<p class="l">False friend and cowardly foe.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">You have sown for the Day, you have grown for the Day;</p>
+
+<p class="l">Yours is the Harvest red.</p>
+<p class="l">Can you hear the groans and the awful cries?</p>
+<p class="l">Can you see the heap of slain that lies,</p>
+<p class="l">And sightless turned to the flame-split skies</p>
+<p class="l">The glassy eyes of the dead?</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">You have wronged for the Day, you have longed for the Day</p>
+<p class="l">That lit the awful flame.</p>
+
+<p class="l">'Tis nothing to you that hill and plain</p>
+<p class="l">Yield sheaves of dead men amid the grain;</p>
+<p class="l">That widows mourn for their loved ones slain,</p>
+<p class="l">And mothers curse thy name.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="lg">
+<p class="l">But after the Day there's a price to pay</p>
+<p class="l">For the sleepers under the sod,</p>
+<p class="l">And Him you have mocked for many a day&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="l">Listen, and hear what He has to say:</p>
+<p class="l"><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">"Vengeance is mine, I will repay."</span></p>
+<p class="l">What can you say to God?</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="hi" style="font-style: italic;">Reprinted from The London Daily Express (Copyright).</span></p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY; THE EUROPEAN WAR, VOL 2, NO. 2, MAY, 1915***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 15479-h.txt or 15479-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
+<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/7/15479">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/4/7/15479</a></p>
+<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.</p>
+
+<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.</p>
+
+
+
+<pre>
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+<a href="https://gutenberg.org/license">https://gutenberg.org/license)</a>.
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">https://www.gutenberg.org</a>
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year.
+
+<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/">https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/</a>
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL">https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL</a>
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
+</pre>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image01.png b/15479-h/images/image01.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5758daa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image01.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image02a.png b/15479-h/images/image02a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d1e253
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image02a.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image03.png b/15479-h/images/image03.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d21063d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image03.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image04.png b/15479-h/images/image04.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae1b10e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image04.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image05.png b/15479-h/images/image05.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d703211
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image05.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image06.png b/15479-h/images/image06.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee4f044
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image06.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image07a.png b/15479-h/images/image07a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec0dc41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image07a.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image08a.png b/15479-h/images/image08a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7c8780
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image08a.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image09.png b/15479-h/images/image09.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2341833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image09.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image10.png b/15479-h/images/image10.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b4b338
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image10.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image11.png b/15479-h/images/image11.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aac9890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image11.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image12a.png b/15479-h/images/image12a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5203fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image12a.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image13a.png b/15479-h/images/image13a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4cd625c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image13a.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image14.png b/15479-h/images/image14.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62af08d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image14.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image15.png b/15479-h/images/image15.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0682c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image15.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image16a.png b/15479-h/images/image16a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65e33c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image16a.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image17a.png b/15479-h/images/image17a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f2f0ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image17a.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image18.png b/15479-h/images/image18.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..00826f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image18.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image19.png b/15479-h/images/image19.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e41f40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image19.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image20.png b/15479-h/images/image20.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2aee210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image20.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image21.png b/15479-h/images/image21.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60514f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image21.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image22.png b/15479-h/images/image22.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de52c85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image22.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image23.png b/15479-h/images/image23.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e765d18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image23.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image24.png b/15479-h/images/image24.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4bd637c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image24.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image25.png b/15479-h/images/image25.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1845c8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image25.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image26.png b/15479-h/images/image26.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f767eb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image26.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image27.png b/15479-h/images/image27.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4fdddfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image27.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image28.png b/15479-h/images/image28.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe8b959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image28.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image29.png b/15479-h/images/image29.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..879c803
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image29.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image30.png b/15479-h/images/image30.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31bb0e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image30.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image31.png b/15479-h/images/image31.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f276623
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image31.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image32.png b/15479-h/images/image32.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8cb2f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image32.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image33.png b/15479-h/images/image33.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f388c9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image33.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image34.png b/15479-h/images/image34.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d2efa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image34.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image35.png b/15479-h/images/image35.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37bdf27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image35.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image36.png b/15479-h/images/image36.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c207edd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image36.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image37.png b/15479-h/images/image37.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b4a7d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image37.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image38.png b/15479-h/images/image38.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edcfd43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image38.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image39.png b/15479-h/images/image39.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8648d46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image39.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image40.png b/15479-h/images/image40.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69b9d60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image40.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image41a.png b/15479-h/images/image41a.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63a07ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image41a.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image42.png b/15479-h/images/image42.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f532ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image42.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image43.png b/15479-h/images/image43.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2a81e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image43.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image44.png b/15479-h/images/image44.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..169e6a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image44.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image45.png b/15479-h/images/image45.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7628f5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image45.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image46.png b/15479-h/images/image46.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c33b8d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image46.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image47.png b/15479-h/images/image47.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..297cecb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image47.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image48.png b/15479-h/images/image48.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a95523
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image48.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image49.png b/15479-h/images/image49.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e36efc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image49.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image50.png b/15479-h/images/image50.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50b563c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image50.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image51.png b/15479-h/images/image51.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c48eaa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image51.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image52.png b/15479-h/images/image52.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..535c495
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image52.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image53.png b/15479-h/images/image53.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..464f030
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image53.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image54.png b/15479-h/images/image54.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c89012b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image54.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image55.png b/15479-h/images/image55.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f9aedc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image55.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image56.png b/15479-h/images/image56.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09f9d2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image56.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image57.png b/15479-h/images/image57.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d307545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image57.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image58.png b/15479-h/images/image58.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b425019
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image58.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image59.png b/15479-h/images/image59.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3bfd083
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image59.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image60.png b/15479-h/images/image60.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7720970
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image60.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image61.png b/15479-h/images/image61.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f8e4be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image61.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image62.png b/15479-h/images/image62.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8ae5e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image62.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image63.png b/15479-h/images/image63.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8039a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image63.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image64.png b/15479-h/images/image64.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c96d85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image64.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image65.png b/15479-h/images/image65.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b2cfc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image65.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image66.png b/15479-h/images/image66.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8dca63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image66.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image67.png b/15479-h/images/image67.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08a0b09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image67.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image68.png b/15479-h/images/image68.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61c42bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image68.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image69.png b/15479-h/images/image69.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d5556d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image69.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image70.png b/15479-h/images/image70.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c776c6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image70.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image71.png b/15479-h/images/image71.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34f8326
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image71.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image72.png b/15479-h/images/image72.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..429c6df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image72.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image73.png b/15479-h/images/image73.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f28286
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image73.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image74.png b/15479-h/images/image74.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43efa90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image74.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image75.png b/15479-h/images/image75.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdea990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image75.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/image76.png b/15479-h/images/image76.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..520dd14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/image76.png
diff --git a/15479-h/images/masthead.jpg b/15479-h/images/masthead.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f5ff053
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/masthead.jpg
diff --git a/15479-h/images/nyt_logo.png b/15479-h/images/nyt_logo.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bafb31a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/15479-h/images/nyt_logo.png
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ba3e25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #15479 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15479)
diff --git a/old/15479-8.txt b/old/15479-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e72399d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/15479-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13299 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, New York Times Current History; The European
+War, Vol 2, No. 2, May, 1915, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: New York Times Current History; The European War, Vol 2, No. 2, May, 1915
+       April-September, 1915
+
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 27, 2005  [eBook #15479]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY;
+THE EUROPEAN WAR, VOL 2, NO. 2, MAY, 1915***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Linda Cantoni, Joshua Hutchinson,
+and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 15479-h.htm or 15479-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/7/15479/15479-h/15479-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/7/15479/15479-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+The New York Times
+
+CURRENT HISTORY
+
+A Monthly Magazine
+
+THE EUROPEAN WAR, VOLUME II
+
+April, 1915-September, 1915
+
+With Index
+
+Number II, May, 1915
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: (logo) THE N.Y. TIMES]
+
+
+
+New York
+The New York Times Company
+
+1915
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+NUMBER II. MAY, 1915.
+
+                                                                  Page
+
+GENERAL SIR JOHN FRENCH'S OWN STORY (With Map)                     205
+  The Costly Victory of Neuve Chapelle
+
+ROBERTS OF KANDAHAR (Poem)                                         210
+  By Sidney Low
+
+THE SURRENDER OF PRZEMYSL (With Maps)                              211
+  How Galicia's Strong Fortress Yielded to the Russian Siege
+
+THE JESTERS (Poem)                                                 217
+  By Marion Couthouy Smith
+
+LORD KITCHENER ADVERTISES FOR RECRUITS                             218
+
+BATTLE OF THE DARDANELLES (With Map)                               219
+  The Disaster that Befell the Allies' Fleet
+
+OFFICIAL STORY OF TWO SEA FIGHTS (With Maps)                       223
+
+BETWEEN MIDNIGHT AND MORNING (Poem)                                231
+  By Sir Owen Seaman
+
+THE GREATEST OF CAMPAIGNS (With Map)                               232
+  The French Official Account Concluded
+
+SONNET ON THE BELGIAN EXPATRIATION                                 250
+  By Thomas Hardy
+
+WAR CORRESPONDENCE (With Map)                                      251
+
+THE SPIRIT OF MANKIND                                              258
+  By Woodrow Wilson
+
+"WHAT THE GERMANS SAY ABOUT THEIR OWN METHODS OF WARFARE"          259
+  (With Facsimile Letters)
+  By Professor Bedier of the College de France
+
+THE RECRUIT (Poem)                                                 274
+  By Hortense Flexner
+
+AMERICAN REPLY TO BRITAIN'S BLOCKADE ORDER                         275
+  By William J. Bryan
+
+GERMANY'S CONDITIONS OF PEACE                                      279
+  By Dr. Bernhard Dernburg
+
+THE ALLIES' CONDITIONS OF PEACE                                    282
+  By Sir Edward Grey
+
+SOUTH AFRICA'S ROMANTIC BLUE PAPER (With Map)                      284
+
+THE BELLS OF BERLIN (Poem)                                         289
+  From _Punch_ of London
+
+WARFARE AND BRITISH LABOR                                          290
+  By Earl Kitchener
+
+SAVIORS OF EUROPE                                                  292
+  By Rene Bazin
+
+BRITAIN'S PERIL OF STRIKES AND DRINK                               293
+  By Lloyd George
+
+ITALY'S EVOLUTION AS REFLECTED BY HER PRESS                        301
+
+SOME RUSES DE GUERRE (Poem)                                        304
+  By A.M. Wakeman
+
+THE EUROPEAN WAR AS SEEN BY CARTOONISTS                            305
+
+FACSIMILE OF A BELGIAN BREAD-CHECK                                 329
+
+TO A GERMAN APOLOGIST (Poem)                                       329
+  By Beatrice Barry
+
+AMERICA'S NEUTRALITY                                               330
+  By Count Albert Apponyi
+
+NEUTRAL SPIRIT OF THE SWISS                                        335
+  An Interview with President Motta
+
+TO KING AND PEOPLE (Poem)                                          336
+  By Walter Sichel
+
+A SWISS VIEW OF GERMANY                                            337
+  By Maurice Millioud
+
+THE LAND OF MAETERLINCK                                            344
+  By Alfred Sutro
+
+AMERICA AND PROHIBITION RUSSIA                                     345
+  By Isabel F. Hapgood
+
+THE MOTHER'S SONG (Poem)                                           350
+  By Cecilia Reynolds Robertson
+
+PAN-AMERICAN RELATIONS AS AFFECTED BY THE WAR                      351
+  By Huntington Wilson
+
+AN EASTER MESSAGE (Poem)                                           357
+  By Beatrice Barry
+
+AN INTERVIEW ON THE WAR WITH HENRY JAMES                           358
+  By Preston Lockwood
+
+A TALK WITH BELGIUM'S GOVERNOR                                     363
+  By Edward Lyall Fox
+
+A CHARGE IN THE DARK (Poem)                                        365
+  By O.C.A. Child
+
+A NEW POLAND                                                       366
+  By Gustave Hervé
+
+"WITH THE HONORS OF WAR"                                           368
+  By Wythe Williams
+
+GENERAL FOCH, THE MAN OF YPRES                                     373
+
+THE UNREMEMBERED DEAD (Poem)                                       377
+  By Ella A. Fanning
+
+CANADA AND BRITAIN'S WAR UNION                                     378
+  By Edward W. Thomson
+
+ENGLAND (Poem)                                                     384
+  By John E. Dolson
+
+AMERICAN AID OF FRANCE                                             385
+  By Eugène Brieux
+
+A FAREWELL (Poem)                                                  387
+  By Edna Mead
+
+STORIES OF FRENCH COURAGE                                          388
+  By Edwin L. Shuman
+
+A TROOPER'S SOLILOQUY (Poem)                                       392
+  By O.C.A. Child
+
+AMERICAN UNFRIENDLINESS                                            393
+  By Maximilian Harden
+
+ENDOWED WITH A NOBLE FIRE OF BLOOD                                 395
+  By A. Kouprine
+
+CHRONOLOGY OF THE WAR                                              396
+
+THE DAY (Poem)                                                     408
+  By Henry Chappell
+
+[Illustration: COMMANDER THIERICHENS
+
+Commander of the German commerce-raider Prinz Eitel Friedrich, which
+sank the American sailing ship William P. Frye.]
+
+[Illustration: THE GRAND DUCHESS OF LUXEMBURG
+
+Whose little State was first occupied by the German forces.
+
+(Photo from George Grantham Bain.)]
+
+
+
+
+The New York Times
+
+CURRENT HISTORY
+
+A MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+THE EUROPEAN WAR
+
+MAY, 1915
+
+
+
+
+General Sir John French's Own Story
+
+The Costly Victory of Neuve Chapelle
+
+
+_LONDON, April 14.--Field Marshal Sir John French, commander of the
+British expeditionary forces on the Continent, reports the British
+losses in the three days' fighting at Neuve Chapelle last month, as
+follows: Killed, 190 officers, 2,337 men; wounded, 359 officers, 8,174
+other ranks; missing, 23 officers, 1,728 men; total casualties, 12,811.
+The report continues:_
+
+The enemy left several thousand dead on the field, and we have positive
+information that upward of 12,000 wounded were removed by trains. Thirty
+officers and 1,657 of other ranks were captured.
+
+_The British commander's dispatch concerning the battle is long, and
+says, among other things:_
+
+Considerable delay occurred after the capture of Neuve Chapelle, and the
+infantry was greatly disorganized. I am of the opinion that this delay
+would not have occurred had the clearly expressed order of the general
+officer commanding the First Army been more carefully observed.
+
+_Field Marshal Sir John French's report, which covers the battles of
+Neuve Chapelle and St. Eloi under date of April 5, was published in the
+official Gazette today. The Commander in Chief writes:_
+
+The event of chief interest and importance which has taken place is the
+victory achieved over the enemy in the battle of Neuve Chapelle, which
+was fought on March 10, 11, and 12.
+
+The main attack was delivered by the troops of the First Army under
+command of General Sir Douglas Haig, supported by a large force of heavy
+artillery, a division of cavalry, and some infantry of the General
+Reserve. Secondary and holding attacks and demonstrations were made
+along the front of the Second Army, under direction of its commander,
+Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien.
+
+While the success attained was due to the magnificent bearing and
+indomitable courage displayed by the troops of the Fourth and Indian
+Corps, I consider that the able and skillful dispositions which were
+made by the general officer commanding the First Army contributed
+largely to the defeat of the enemy and to the capture of his position.
+The energy and vigor with which General Sir Douglas Haig handled his
+command show him to be a leader of great ability and power.
+
+Another action of considerable importance was brought about by a
+surprise attack made by the Germans on March 14 against the
+Twenty-seventh Division holding the trenches east of St. Eloi. A large
+force of artillery was concentrated in this area under the cover of a
+mist and a heavy volume of fire was suddenly brought to bear on the
+trenches.
+
+At 5 o'clock in the afternoon this artillery attack was accompanied by
+two mine explosions, and in the confusion caused by these and by the
+suddenness of the attack the position of St. Eloi was captured and held
+for some hours by the enemy.
+
+Well-directed and vigorous counter-attacks, in which the troops of the
+Fifth Army Corps showed great bravery and determination, restored the
+situation by the evening of the 15th.
+
+_The dispatch describes further operations, saying:_
+
+On Feb. 6 a brilliant action by the troops of the First Corps materially
+improved our position in the area south of La Bassée Canal. During the
+previous night parties of the Irish Guards and the Third Battalion of
+the Coldstream Guards had succeeded in gaining ground from which a
+converging fire could be directed on the flanks and rear of certain
+brick stacks occupied by the Germans, which had been for some time a
+source of considerable annoyance. At 2 P.M. the affair commenced with a
+severe bombardment of the brick stacks and the enemy's trenches.
+
+A brisk attack by the Third Battalion of the Coldstream Guards and Irish
+Guards from our trenches west of the brick stacks followed and was
+supported by the fire from the flanking position which had been seized
+the previous night by the same regiments.
+
+The attack succeeded, the brick stacks were occupied without difficulty,
+and a line was established north and south through a point about forty
+yards east of the brick stacks.
+
+The casualties suffered by the Fifth Corps throughout the period under
+review, and particularly during the month of February, have been
+heavier than those on other parts of the line. I regret this, but do not
+think, taking all circumstances into consideration, that they were
+unduly numerous. The position then occupied by the Fifth Corps had
+always been a very vulnerable part of our line. The ground was marshy,
+and trenches were most difficult to construct and maintain. The
+Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Divisions of the Fifth Corps had no
+previous experience in European warfare, and a number of the units
+composing the corps had only recently returned from service in tropical
+climates. In consequence, the hardships of a rigorous Winter campaign
+fell with greater weight upon these divisions than upon any other in the
+command.
+
+Chiefly owing to these causes the Fifth Corps, up to the beginning of
+March, was constantly engaged in counter-attacks to retake trenches and
+ground which had been lost. In their difficult and arduous task,
+however, the troops displayed the utmost gallantry and devotion, and it
+is most creditable to the skill and energy of their leaders that I am
+able to report how well they have surmounted all their difficulties and
+that the ground first taken over by them is still intact and held with
+little greater loss than is incurred by the troops in all other parts of
+the line.
+
+_Describing an attack on the German trenches near St. Eloi on Feb. 28 by
+Princess Patricia's Regiment, of the Canadian contingent, under command
+of Lieut. C.E. Crabbe, the Commander in Chief says:_
+
+The services performed by this distinguished corps have continued to be
+very valuable since I had occasion to refer to them in my last dispatch.
+They have been most ably organized and trained and were commanded by
+Lieut. Colonel F.D. Farquhar, D.S.O., who I deeply regret to say was
+killed while superintending some trench work on March 20. His loss will
+be deeply felt.
+
+_Emphasizing the co-operation of the British and French forces and the
+new rôle in warfare assumed by the cavalry, the Commander in Chief
+writes:_
+
+During the month of February I arranged with General Foch to render the
+Ninth French Corps, holding the trenches to my left, some much-needed
+rest by sending the three divisions of the British Cavalry Corps to hold
+a portion of the French trenches, each division for a period of ten days
+alternately.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the field of the Battle of Neuve Chapelle and
+its position in the Allied line.]
+
+It was very gratifying to me to note once again in this campaign the
+eager readiness which the cavalry displayed to undertake a rôle which
+does not properly belong to them in order to support and assist their
+French comrades. In carrying out this work the leader, officers, and men
+displayed the same skill and energy which I have had reason to comment
+upon in former dispatches.
+
+_Referring to Neuve Chapelle and the considerations leading up to this,
+the Field Marshal says:_
+
+About the end of February many vital considerations induced me to
+believe that a vigorous offensive movement by the troops under my
+command should be planned and carried out at the earliest possible
+moment. Among the more important reasons which convinced me of this
+necessity were the general aspect of the allied situation throughout
+Europe, and particularly the marked success of the Russian Army in
+repelling the violent onslaughts of Marshal von Hindenburg; the apparent
+weakening of the enemy on my front, and the necessity for assisting our
+Russian allies to the utmost by holding as many hostile troops as
+possible in the western theatre; the efforts to this end which were
+being made by the French forces at Arras and in Champagne, and--perhaps
+the most weighty consideration of all--the need of fostering the
+offensive spirit in the troops under my command after the trying and
+possibly enervating experiences which they had gone through of a severe
+Winter in the trenches.
+
+In a former dispatch I commented upon the difficulties and drawbacks
+which the Winter weather in this climate imposes upon a vigorous
+offensive. Early in March these difficulties became greatly lessened by
+the drying up of the country and by spells of brighter weather.
+
+I do not propose in this dispatch to enter at length into the
+considerations which actuated me in deciding upon the plan, time, and
+place of my attack. As mentioned above, the main attack was carried out
+by units of the First Army, supported by troops of the Second Army and
+the general reserve. The object of the main attack was to be the capture
+of the village of Neuve Chapelle and the enemy's position at that point,
+and the establishment of our line as far forward as possible to the east
+of that place.
+
+The object, nature, and scope of the attack and the instructions for the
+conduct of the operations were communicated by me to Sir Douglas Haig
+in a secret memorandum, dated Feb. 19.
+
+_After describing the main topographical features of the battlefield and
+showing how the Germans had established a strong post with numerous
+machine guns among the big houses, behind walls and in orchards which
+flanked the approaches to the village, Sir John proceeds:_
+
+The battle opened at 7:30 o'clock the morning of the 10th of March by a
+powerful bombardment of the enemy's position in Neuve Chapelle. The
+artillery bombardment had been well prepared and was most effective,
+except on the extreme northern portion of the front of attack.
+
+At 8:05 o'clock the Twenty-third and Twenty-fifth Brigades of the Eighth
+Division assaulted the German trenches on the northwest of the village.
+At the same hour the Garhwal Brigade of the Meerut (British India)
+Division, which occupied a position to the south of Neuve Chapelle,
+assaulted the German trenches in its front. The Garhwal Brigade and the
+Twenty-fifth Brigade carried the enemy's lines of intrenchment, where
+the wire entanglements had been almost entirely swept away by our
+shrapnel fire.
+
+The Twenty-third Brigade, however, on the northeast, was held up by wire
+entanglements which were not sufficiently cut. At 8:05 o'clock the
+artillery was turned on Neuve Chapelle, and at 8:35 o'clock the advance
+of the infantry was continued. The Twenty-fifth and the Garhwal Brigades
+pushed on eastward and northeastward, respectively, and succeeded in
+getting a foothold in the village. The Twenty-third Brigade was still
+held up in front of the enemy's wire entanglements, and could not
+progress. Heavy losses were suffered, especially in the Middlesex
+Regiment and the Scottish Rifles.
+
+The progress, however, of the Twenty-fifth Brigade into Neuve Chapelle
+immediately to the south of the Twenty-third Brigade had the effect of
+turning the southern flank of the enemy's defenses in front of the
+Twenty-third Brigade. This fact, combined with powerful artillery
+support, enabled the Twenty-third Brigade to get forward between 10 and
+11 A.M., and by 11 o'clock the whole of the village of Neuve Chapelle
+and the roads leading northward and southwestward from the eastern end
+of that village were in our hands.
+
+During this time our artillery completely cut off the village and
+surrounding country from any German reinforcements which could be thrown
+into the fight to restore the situation, by means of a curtain of
+shrapnel fire. Prisoners subsequently reported that all attempts at
+reinforcing the front line were checked. Steps were at once taken to
+consolidate the positions won.
+
+Considerable delay occurred after the capture of the Neuve Chapelle
+position. The infantry was greatly disorganized by the violent nature of
+the attack and by its passage through the enemy's trenches and the
+buildings of the village. It was necessary to get the units to some
+extent together before pushing on. The telephonic communication being
+cut by the enemy's fire rendered communication between the front and the
+rear most difficult. The fact of the left of the Twenty-third Brigade
+having been held up had kept back the Eighth Division and had involved a
+portion of the Twenty-fifth Brigade in fighting to the north, out of its
+proper direction of advance. All this required adjustment. An orchard
+held by the enemy north of Neuve Chapelle also threatened the flank of
+an advance toward the Aubers Bridge.
+
+I am of the opinion that this delay would not have occurred had the
+clearly expressed order of the general officer commanding the First Army
+been carefully observed.
+
+The difficulties above enumerated might have been overcome earlier in
+the day if the general officer commanding the Fourth Corps had been able
+to bring his reserve brigades more speedily into action. As it was, a
+further advance did not commence before 3:30 o'clock. The Twenty-first
+Brigade was able to form up in the open on the left without a shot being
+fired at it, thus showing that, at the time, the enemy's resistance had
+been paralyzed.
+
+The brigade pushed forward in the direction of Moulin-du-Pietre. At
+first it made good progress, but was subsequently held up by machine gun
+fire from houses and from a defended work in the line of the German
+intrenchments opposite the right of the Twenty-second Brigade.
+
+Further to the south the Twenty-fourth Brigade, which had been directed
+on Pietre, was similarly held up by machine guns in houses and trenches.
+At the road junction, 600 yards to the northwest of Pietre, the
+Twenty-fifth Brigade, on the right of the Twenty-fourth, was also held
+up by machine guns from a bridge held by the Germans over the River Les
+Layes, which is situated to the northwest of the Bois du Biez.
+
+While two brigades of the Meerut Division were establishing themselves
+on a new line the Dehra Dun Brigade, supported by the Jullunder Brigade
+of the Lahore Division, moved to the attack of the Bois du Biez, but
+were held up on the line of the River Les Layes by a German post at the
+bridge, which enfiladed them and brought them to a standstill.
+
+The defended bridge over the Les Layes and its neighborhood immediately
+assumed considerable importance. While the artillery fire was brought to
+bear, as far as circumstances would permit, on this point, General Sir
+Douglas Haig directed the First Corps to dispatch one or more battalions
+of the First Brigade in support of the troops attacking the bridge.
+Three battalions were thus sent to Richebourg St. Vaast.
+
+Darkness coming on and the enemy having brought up reinforcements, no
+further progress could be made, and the Indian Corps and the Fourth
+Corps proceeded to consolidate the position they had gained.
+
+While the operations, which I have thus briefly reported, were going on,
+the First Corps, in accordance with orders, delivered an attack in the
+morning from Givenchy simultaneously with that against Neuve Chapelle,
+but as the enemy's wire was insufficiently cut very little progress
+could be made, and the troops at this point did little more than hold
+fast to the Germans in front of them.
+
+On the following day, March 11, the attack was renewed by the Fourth and
+Indian Corps, but it was soon seen that further advance would be
+impossible until the artillery had dealt effectively with the various
+houses and defended localities which had held the troops up along the
+entire front.
+
+Efforts were made to direct the artillery fire accordingly, but, owing
+to the weather conditions, which did not permit of aerial observations,
+and the fact that nearly all the telephone communications between the
+artillery observers and their batteries had been cut, it was impossible
+to do so with sufficient accuracy. When our troops, who were pressing
+forward, occupied a house there, it was not possible to stop our
+artillery fire, and the infantry had to be withdrawn.
+
+As most of the objects for which the operations had been undertaken had
+been attained, and as there were reasons why I considered it inadvisable
+to continue the attack at that time, I directed General Sir Douglas Haig
+on the night of the 12th to hold and consolidate the ground which had
+been gained by the Fourth and Indian Corps, and suspend further
+offensive operations for the present.
+
+The losses during these three days' fighting were, I regret to say, very
+severe, numbering 190 officers and 2,337 of other ranks killed, 359
+officers and 8,174 of other ranks wounded, and 23 officers and 1,720 of
+other ranks missing. But the results attained were, in my opinion, wide
+and far-reaching.
+
+_Referring to the severity of the casualties in action, the Commander in
+Chief writes:_
+
+I can well understand how deeply these casualties are felt by the nation
+at large, but each daily report shows clearly that they are endured on
+at least an equal scale by all the combatants engaged throughout Europe,
+friends and foe alike.
+
+In war as it is today, between civilized nations armed to the teeth with
+the present deadly rifle and machine gun, heavy casualties are
+absolutely unavoidable. For the slightest undue exposure the heaviest
+toll is exacted. The power of defense conferred by modern weapons is the
+main cause for the long duration of the battles of the present day, and
+it is this fact which mainly accounts for such loss and waste of life.
+Both one and the other can, however, be shortened and lessened if
+attacks can be supported by a most efficient and powerful force of
+artillery available; but an almost unlimited supply of ammunition is
+necessary, and a most liberal discretionary power as to its use must be
+given to artillery commanders. I am confident that this is the only
+means by which great results can be obtained with a minimum of loss.
+
+
+
+
+ROBERTS OF KANDAHAR.
+
+SIDNEY LOW, in The London Times.
+
+
+    Through the long years of peril and of strife,
+    He faced Death oft, and Death forbore to slay,
+    Reserving for its sacrificial Day,
+    The garnered treasure of his full-crowned life;
+    So saved him till the furrowed soil was rife,
+    With the rich tillage of our noblest dead;
+    Then reaped the offering of his honored head,
+    In that red field of harvest, where he died,
+    With the embattled legions at his side.
+
+
+
+
+The Surrender of Przemysl
+
+How Galicia's Strong Fortress Yielded to the Russian Siege
+
+
+     The Austrian fortress of Przemysl fell on March 22, 1915,
+     after an investment and siege which lasted, with one short
+     interruption, for nearly four months. This important event was
+     celebrated by a Te Deum of thanksgiving in the presence of the
+     Czar and the General Staff. The importance to the Russians of
+     the capitulation of Przemysl is suggested by the fact that
+     about 120,000 prisoners were reported taken when the Austrians
+     yielded. Until this was effected the Russians could not
+     venture upon a serious invasion of Hungary, and the investing
+     troops who were then freed were more numerous than the
+     defenders.
+
+[By the Correspondent of The London Times.]
+
+PETROGRAD, March 22.
+
+The Minister of War has informed me that he has just received a telegram
+from the Grand Duke Nicholas announcing the fall of Przemysl.
+
+The fall of Przemysl marks the most important event of the Russian
+campaign this year. It finally and irrevocably consolidates the position
+of the Russians in Galicia. The Austro-German armies are deprived of the
+incentive hitherto held out to them of relieving the isolated remnant of
+their former dominion. The besieging army will be freed for other
+purposes. From information previously published the garrison aggregated
+about 25,000 men, hence the investing forces, which must always be at
+least four times as great as the garrison, represent not less than
+100,000 men. From all the information lately received from both Russian
+and neutral sources, the position of the Austro-German armies in the
+Carpathians has become distinctly critical. The reinforcements for the
+gallant troops of General Brusiloff, General Radko Dmitrieff, and other
+commanders are bound to exercise an enormous influence on the future
+course of the campaign in the Carpathians.
+
+All honor and credit are given by the Russians to the garrison of
+Przemysl and General Kusmanek. Russian officers ever had the highest
+opinion of the personality of the commandant. I heard from those who
+fought under General Radko Dmitrieff in the early stages of the Galician
+campaign that when our troops, after sweeping away the resistance at
+Lwow and Jaroslau, loudly knocked at the doors of the fortress of
+Przemysl, they met with a stern rebuff. In reply to the summons of the
+Russians to surrender the keys the commandant wrote a curt and dignified
+note remarking that he considered it beyond his own dignity or the
+dignity of the Russian General to discuss the surrender of the fortress
+before it had exhausted all its powers of resistance. During the second
+invasion of Poland by the Austro-German armies the enemy's lines swept
+up to and just beyond Przemysl, interrupting the investment of the
+fortress. The wave of the Austrian invasion began to subside at the end
+of the first week in November. Only then could we begin the siege of the
+mighty fortress, which proved successful after the lapse of four months.
+
+The first Russian attempt to storm Przemysl without previous
+bombardment, which followed immediately upon the commandant's refusal to
+surrender, resulted in very great loss of life to no purpose. Thereafter
+it was decided to abstain from further attempts to take the fortress
+until our siege guns could be placed and a preliminary bombardment could
+sufficiently facilitate the task of the besiegers. Meanwhile, although
+the fortress and town were duly invested, our lines were somewhat remote
+from the outlying forts, and the peasants of adjacent villages were, it
+is said, able to pass freely to and from the town of Przemysl--a fact
+which would enable the inhabitants to obtain supplies. From all
+accounts neither the garrison nor the inhabitants were reduced to very
+great straits for food. The announcement made at the time of the first
+investment of the fortress that provisions and supplies would easily
+last till May was, however, obviously exaggerated.
+
+I understand that heavy siege guns were ready to be conveyed to Przemysl
+at the end of January, but that the Russian military authorities decided
+to postpone their departure in view of the determined attempts made by
+the Austro-German forces to pierce the Russian lines in the Carpathians
+in order to relieve the fortress, which, if successful, might have
+endangered the safety of the siege material. Owing to this fact the
+bombardment of Przemysl began only about a fortnight ago, when the
+Austro-German offensive had so far weakened as to satisfy the Russian
+authorities that there was no further danger from this quarter.
+
+The concluding stages of the siege have been related in the dispatches
+from the Field Headquarters during the past week. The capture of the
+dominating heights in the eastern sector followed close upon the first
+bombardment. The final desperate sortie led by General Kusmanek at the
+head of the Twenty-third Division of the Honved precipitated the end.
+The remnants of the garrison were unable to man the works extending to a
+thirty-mile periphery.
+
+The loss of the western approaches left General Kusmanek no alternative
+but to surrender. He had exhausted his ammunition and used up his
+effectives. His messages for help were either intercepted or unanswered.
+The assailants broke down the last resistance. The most important
+strategical point in the whole of Galicia is now in Russian hands.
+
+
+TE DEUM AT HEADQUARTERS.
+
+PETROGRAD, March 22.
+
+_The following official communiqué was issued from the Main Headquarters
+this morning:_
+
+The fortress of Przemysl has surrendered to our troops.
+
+At the Headquarters of the Commander in Chief a Te Deum of thanksgiving
+was celebrated in the presence of the Czar, the Grand Duke Nicholas,
+Commander in Chief, and all the staff.
+
+_The following communiqué from the Great Headquarters is issued here
+today:_
+
+Northern Front.--From the Niemen to the Vistula and on the left bank of
+the latter river there has been no important change. Our troops
+advancing from Tauroggen captured, after a struggle, Laugszargen, (near
+the frontier of East Prussia,) where they took prisoners and seized an
+ammunition depot and engineers' stores.
+
+The Carpathians.--There has been furious fighting on the roads to
+Bartfeld (in Hungary) in the valleys of the Ondawa and Laborcz.
+
+Near the Lupkow Pass and on the left bank of the Upper San our troops
+have advanced successfully, forcing the way with rifle fire and with the
+bayonet. In the course of the day we took 2,500 prisoners, including
+fifty officers and four machine guns.
+
+In the direction of Munkacz the Germans, in close formation, attacked
+our positions at Rossokhatch, Oravtchik, and Kosziowa, but were
+everywhere driven back by our fire and by our counter-attacks with
+severe losses. In Galicia there has been a snowstorm.
+
+Przemysl.--On the night of the 21st there was a fierce artillery fire
+round Przemysl. Portions of the garrison who once more tried to effect a
+sortie toward the northeast toward Oikowic were driven back within the
+circle of forts with heavy losses.
+
+_Note.--This portion of the communiqué was evidently drafted before the
+fall of Przemysl took place, and the communiqué proceeds:_
+
+In recognition of the joyous event of the fall of Przemysl the Czar has
+conferred upon the Grand Duke Nicholas the Second Class of the Order of
+St. George and the Third Class of the same order on General Ivanoff, the
+commander of the besieging army.
+
+[Illustration: Map of the Siege of Przemysl. The small triangles
+indicate outlying fortified hills with their height in feet.]
+
+
+COLLECTING THE ARMS.
+
+_By Hamilton Fyfe, Correspondent of The London Daily Mail._
+
+PETROGRAD, March 23.
+
+Advance detachments of Russian troops entered Przemysl last night. The
+business of collecting the arms is proceeding. I believe the officers
+will be allowed to keep their swords.
+
+Great surprise has been caused here by a statement that the number of
+troops captured exceeds three army corps. Possibly on account of the
+snowstorm no further telegram has been received from the Grand Duke
+Nicholas, and no details of the fall of the garrison have yet been
+officially announced. I have, however, received the definite assurance
+of a very high authority that the force which has surrendered includes
+nine Generals, over 2,000 officers, and 130,000 men. In spite of the
+authority of my informant, I am still inclined to await confirmation of
+these figures.
+
+The leading military organ, the Russki Invalid, says that the garrison
+was known to number 60,000 men and that it had been swelled to some
+extent by the additional forces drafted in before the investment began.
+The Retch estimates the total at 80,000, and a semi-official
+announcement also places the strength of the garrison at that figure,
+excluding artillery and also the men belonging to the auxiliary and
+technical services.
+
+There is an equal difference of opinion regarding the number of guns
+taken. The estimates vary from 1,000 to 2,000. What is known for certain
+is that the fortress contained 600 big guns of the newest type and a
+number of small, older pieces.
+
+The characteristic spirit in which Russia is waging war is shown by the
+service of thanksgiving to God which was held immediately the news of
+the fall of the fortress reached the Grand Duke's headquarters. The Czar
+was there to join with the staff in offering humble gratitude to the
+Almighty for the great victory accorded to the Russian arms.
+
+The first crowds which gathered here yesterday to rejoice over the great
+news moved with one consent to the Kazan Cathedral, where they sang the
+national hymn and crossed themselves reverently before the holy,
+wonder-working picture of Kazan, the Mother of God. In spite of the
+heaviest snowstorm of the Winter, which made the streets impassable and
+stopped the tramway cars, the Nevski Prospekt rang all the afternoon and
+evening with the sound of voices raised in patriotic song.
+
+Przemysl is admitted to be the first spectacular success of the war on
+the side of the Allies. It is not surprising that the nation is proud
+and delighted, yet so generous is the Russian mind that there mingle
+with its triumph admiration and sympathy for the garrison which was
+compelled to surrender after a long, brave resistance. Popular
+imagination has been thrilled by the story of the last desperate sortie,
+which will take a high place in the history of modern war.
+
+When toward the end of the week the hope of relief, which had so long
+buoyed up the defenders, was with heavy, resolved hearts abandoned,
+General Kousmanek resolved to try to save at all events some portion of
+his best troops by sending them to fight a way out. From the ranks,
+thinned terribly by casualties and also by typhus and other diseases
+caused through hunger and the unhealthy state of the town, he selected
+20,000 men and served out to them five days' reduced rations, which were
+all he had left. He also supplied them with new boots in order to give
+them as good a chance as possible to join their comrades in the
+Carpathians, whose summits could be seen from Przemysl in the shining,
+warm Spring sunshine.
+
+It was a hopeless enterprise, pitifully futile. It is true that the
+Austrian armies sent to relieve the city were only a few days' march
+distant, but even if the 20,000 had cut a way through the investing
+force they would have found another Russian army between them and their
+fellow-countrymen. General Kousmanek, before they started, addressed
+them. In a rousing speech he said:
+
+     Soldiers, for nearly half a year, in spite of cold and hunger,
+     you have defended the fortress intrusted to you. The eyes of
+     the world are fixed on you. Millions at home are waiting with
+     painful eagerness to hear the news of your success. The honor
+     of the army and our fatherland requires us to make a
+     superhuman effort. Around us lies the iron ring of the enemy.
+     Burst a way through it and join your comrades who have been
+     fighting so bravely for you and are now so near.
+
+     I have given you the last of our supplies of food. I charge
+     you to go forward and sweep the foe aside. After our many
+     gallant and glorious fights we must not fall into the hands of
+     the Russians like sheep; we must and will break through.
+
+In case this appeal to the men's fighting spirit were ineffective
+threats were also used to the troops, who were warned by their officers
+that any who returned to the fortress would be treated as cowards and
+traitors. After the General's speech the men were told to rest for a few
+hours. At 4 in the morning they paraded and at 5 the battle began. For
+nine hours the Austrians hurled themselves against the iron ring, until
+early in the afternoon, when, broken and battered, the remains of the
+twenty thousand began to straggle back to the town. Exhausted and
+disheartened, the garrison was incapable of further effort.
+
+In order to prevent useless slaughter General Kousmanek sent officers
+with a flag of truce to inquire about the terms of surrender. These were
+arranged very quickly.
+
+In spite of the local value of the victory, and the vastness of the
+captures of material as well as of men, it must not be thought, as many
+are inclined to think here, that the Novoe Vremya exaggerates
+dangerously when it compares the effect likely to be produced with that
+of the fall of Metz and Port Arthur.
+
+It certainly brings the end of the Austrians' participation in the war
+more clearly in sight. But the Austrians will fight for some time yet.
+What it actually does is to free a large Russian force for the
+operations against Cracow or to assist in the invasion of Hungary.
+
+What is the strength of this force it would be imprudent to divulge, but
+I can say that it certainly amounts to not less than an "army,"
+(anything from 80,000 to 200,000 men.) Those who are anxious to arrive
+at a closer figure can calculate by the fact that the Russians had a
+forty-mile front around Przemysl which was strong enough to repulse
+attacks at all points. Another very useful consequence is that all the
+Galician railway system is now in Russian hands. It makes the transport
+of troops much easier.
+
+One further reflection was suggested to me last night by a very
+distinguished and influential Russian soldier, holding office under the
+Government. "The method which prevailed at Przemysl was as follows:
+Instead of rushing against the place and losing heavily, we waited and
+husbanded our forces until the garrison was unable to hold out any
+longer. That is the method adopted by the Allies. It must in the course
+of time force Germany to surrender also.
+
+"Up to now we have held our own against her furious sorties. Soon we
+shall begin to draw more closely our investing lines. Only one end was
+possible to Przemysl. The fate of Germany is equally sure."
+
+Now all eyes are fixed on the Dardanelles. The phrase on every lip is:
+"When the fall of Constantinople follows, then Prussia must begin to see
+that the case is hopeless." But we must not deceive ourselves, for even
+when her allies are defeated Prussia will still be hard to beat.
+Przemysl must not cause us to slacken our effort in any direction or in
+the slightest degree.
+
+
+WHAT THE RUSSIANS FOUND
+
+Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.
+
+_LONDON, April 3.--The London Times under date Przemysl, March 30,
+publishes a dispatch from Stanley Washburn, its special correspondent
+with the Russian armies, who, by courtesy of the Russian high command,
+is the first foreigner to visit the great Galician fortress since its
+fall. He says:_
+
+Przemysl is a story of an impregnable fortress two or three times
+over-garrisoned with patient, haggard soldiers starving in trenches, and
+sleek, faultlessly dressed officers living off the fat of the land in
+fashionable hotels and restaurants.
+
+The siege started with a total population within the lines of investment
+of approximately 200,000. Experts estimate that the fortress could have
+been held with 50,000 or 60,000 men against any forces the Russians
+could bring against it. It is probable that such supplies as there were
+were uneconomically expended, with the result that when the push came
+the situation was at once acute, and the suffering of all classes save
+the officers became general. First the cavalry and transport horses were
+consumed. Then everything available. Cats were sold at 8 shillings, and
+fair-sized dogs at a sovereign.
+
+While the garrison became thin and half starved, the mode of life of the
+officers in the town remained unchanged. The Café Sieber was constantly
+well filled with dilettante officers who gossipped and played cards and
+billiards and led the life to which they were accustomed in Vienna.
+Apparently very few shared any of the hardships of their men or made any
+effort to relieve their condition. At the Hotel Royal until the last,
+the officers had their three meals a day, with fresh meat, cigars,
+cigarettes, wines, and every luxury, while, as a witness has informed
+me, their own orderlies and servants begged for a slice of bread.
+
+There can be no question that ultimate surrender was due to the fact
+that the garrison was on the verge of starvation, while the officers'
+diet was merely threatened with curtailment. Witnesses state that
+private soldiers were seen actually to fall in the streets from lack of
+nourishment. The officers are reported to have retained their private
+thoroughbred riding horses until the day before the surrender, when
+2,000 of them were killed to prevent them from falling into the hands of
+the Russians. A Russian officer of high rank informed me that when he
+entered the town hundreds of these bodies of beautiful thoroughbred
+horses were to be seen with half-crazed Austrian and Hungarian soldiers
+tearing into the bodies with their faces and hands smeared with red
+blood as they devoured the raw flesh.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the scene of action between Przemysl and
+Cracow and the Carpathian Passes.]
+
+The Russians were utterly amazed at the casual reception which they
+received. The Austrian officers showed not the slightest sign of being
+disconcerted or humiliated at the collapse of their fortress.
+
+The first Russian effort was at once to relieve the condition of the
+garrison and civilians. Owing to the destruction of the bridge this was
+delayed, but soon with remarkable efficiency distribution depots were
+opened everywhere and the most pressing needs were somewhat relieved.
+
+The entire conduct of the siege on the part of the garrison seems wholly
+without explanation. The Austrians had throughout plenty of ammunition,
+and they certainly grossly outnumbered the Russians; yet they made but
+one recent effort to break out, which occurred three days before the
+surrender.
+
+Civilians inform me that they gladly welcome the Russians and that the
+first troops who entered were greeted with cheers, while the garrison
+was frankly pleased that the siege was over and their troubles at an
+end.
+
+As an example of overofficering it may be stated that General Kusmanek
+had seventy-five officers on his staff, while General Artamonov, the
+acting Russian Governor, had but four on his immediate staff.
+
+The removal of the prisoners is proceeding with great efficiency. They
+are going out at the rate of about 10,000 a day. The docility of the
+captives is indicated by the fact that the Russian guards attached to
+the prisoners' columns number about one for every hundred prisoners.
+They are all strung out for miles between the fortress and Lemberg. The
+prisoners are so eager to get out and to see the last of the war that
+they follow the instructions of their captors like children.
+
+All the civilians as well as prisoners I have talked with are unanimous
+in their praise of the Russian officers and soldiers, who have shown
+nothing but kindness and delicacy of feeling since their entrance into
+the fortress. This consideration strikes me as being utterly wasted on
+the captured officers, who treat the situation superciliously and are
+quite complacent in their relations with the Russians.
+
+
+
+
+THE JESTERS.
+
+By MARION COUTHOUY SMITH.
+
+
+    Ev'n he, the master of the songs of life,
+      May speak at times with less than certain sound--
+      "He jests at scars who never felt a wound."
+    So runs his word! Yet on the verge of strife,
+    They jest not who have never known the knife;
+      They tremble who in the waiting ranks are found,
+      While those scarred deep on many a battle-ground
+    Sing to the throbbing of the drum and fife.
+    They laugh who know the open, fearless breast,
+      The thrust, the steel-point, and the spreading stain;
+    Whose flesh is hardened to the searing test,
+      Whose souls are tempered to a high disdain.
+    Theirs is the lifted brow, the gallant jest,
+      The long last breath, that holds a victor-strain.
+
+
+
+
+Lord Kitchener Advertises for Recruits
+
+
+[Illustration: _This map shows the comparative distances from London of
+Ostend and of some English towns. London is in the exact center of the
+map._
+
+If the German Army were in Manchester.
+
+If the German Army were in Manchester, every fit man in the country
+would enlist without a moment's delay.
+
+Do you realise that the German Army is now at Ostend, only 125 miles
+away--or 40 miles nearer to London than is Manchester?
+
+How much nearer must the Germans come before _you_ do something to stop
+them?
+
+The German Army must be beaten in Belgium. The time to do it is _now_.
+
+Will you help? Yes? Then enlist _TODAY_.
+
+_God Save the King._
+
+(Facsimile of an advertisement that appeared in The London Times, March
+17, 1915.)]
+
+
+
+
+Battle of the Dardanelles
+
+The Disaster That Befell the Allies' Fleet
+
+
+AS THE TURKS SAW IT.
+
+_BERLIN, March 22, (via London, 11:33 A.M.)--The correspondent at
+Constantinople of the Wolff Bureau telegraphed today a description of
+the fighting at the Dardanelles on Thursday, March 18, in which the
+French battleship Bouvet and two British battleships were sent to the
+bottom. An abridgment of the correspondent's story follows:_
+
+The efforts of the Allies to force the Strait of the Dardanelles reached
+their climax in an artillery duel on Thursday, March 18, which lasted
+seven hours. The entire atmosphere around the Turkish forts was darkened
+by clouds of smoke from exploding shells and quantities of earth thrown
+into the air by the projectiles of the French and British warships. The
+earth trembled for miles around.
+
+The Allies entered the strait at 11:30 in the morning, and shelled the
+town of Chank Kale. Four French and five British warships took part in
+the beginning. This engagement reached its climax at 1:30, when the fire
+of the Allies was concentrated upon Fort Hamidieh and the adjacent
+fortified positions.
+
+The attack of modern marine artillery upon strong land forts presented
+an interesting as well as a terrifying spectacle. At times the forts
+were completely enveloped in smoke. At 2 o'clock the Allies changed
+their tactics and concentrated their fire upon individual batteries, but
+it was evident that they found difficulty in getting the range. Many of
+the shells fell short, casting up pillars of water, or went over the
+forts to explode in the town.
+
+At 3:15, when the bombardment was at its hottest, the French battleship
+Bouvet was seen to be sinking at the stern. A moment later her bows
+swung clear of the water, and she was seen going down. Cheers from the
+Turkish garrisons and forts greeted this sight. Torpedo boats and other
+craft of the Allies hurried to the rescue, but they were successful in
+saving only a few men. Besides having been struck by a mine, the Bouvet
+was severely damaged above the water line by shell fire. One projectile
+struck her forward deck. A mast also was shot away and hung overboard.
+It could be seen that the Bouvet when she sank was endeavoring to gain
+the mouth of the strait. This, however, was difficult, owing,
+apparently, to the fact that her machinery had been damaged.
+
+Shortly after the sinking of the Bouvet a British ship was struck on the
+deck squarely amidship and compelled to withdraw from the fight. Then
+another British vessel was badly damaged, and at 3:45 was seen to retire
+under a terrific fire from the Turkish battery. This vessel ran in
+toward the shore. For a full hour the Allies tried to protect her with
+their guns, but it was apparent that she was destined for destruction.
+Eight effective hits showed the hopelessness of the situation for this
+vessel. She then withdrew toward the mouth of the Dardanelles, which she
+reached in a few minutes under a hail of shells. The forts continued
+firing until the Allies were out of range.
+
+This was the first day when the warships attacking the Dardanelles kept
+within range of the Turkish guns for any considerable length of time.
+The result for them was terrible, owing to the excellent marksmanship
+from the Turkish batteries. The Allies fired on this day 2,000 shells
+without silencing one shore battery. The result has inspired the Turks
+with confidence, and they are looking forward to further engagements
+with calm assurance.
+
+
+ELIMINATION OF MINES.
+
+_The London Times naval correspondent writes, in its issue of March 20:_
+
+The further attack upon the inner forts at the Dardanelles, which was
+resumed by the allied squadrons on Thursday, has resulted,
+unfortunately, but not altogether unexpectedly, in some loss of ships
+and gallant lives.
+
+The clear and candid dispatch in which the operations are described
+attributes the loss of the ships to floating mines, which were probably
+released to drift down with the current in such large numbers that the
+usual method of evading these machines was unavailable. This danger, it
+is said, will require special treatment. Presumably the area having been
+swept clear of anchored mines, it was not considered necessary to take
+other precautions than such as were concerned with the movement of the
+battleships themselves.
+
+The satisfactory feature of the operations is that the ships maintained
+their superiority over the forts, and succeeded in silencing them after
+a few hours' bombardment. The sinking of the battleships occurred later
+in the afternoon, and it would seem at a time when a portion of the
+naval force was making a further advance to cover the mine-sweeping
+operations. There is nothing in the dispatch which indicates anything
+but the eventual success of the work, nor that the defenses have proved
+more formidable than was anticipated. The danger from floating mines may
+have been somewhat underestimated, but it is one that can be met and is
+most unlikely to form a decisive factor.
+
+Manifestly the Turks, with their German advisers, have done their utmost
+to repair, by means of howitzers and field guns, the destruction of the
+fixed defenses; but it is not likely that any temporary expedients will
+prove more than troublesome to the passage of the fleet. The
+determination of the Allies to make a satisfactory ending of the
+operations is shown by the immediate dispatch of reinforcing ships, and
+by the fact that ample naval and military forces are available on the
+spot.
+
+Every one will regret that illness has obliged Vice Admiral Carden to
+relinquish the chief command, but this is now in the very capable hands
+of Vice Admiral Robeck.
+
+
+BRITISH OFFICIAL REPORT.
+
+[From The London Times, March 20, 1915.]
+
+_After ten days of mine-sweeping inside the Dardanelles the British and
+French fleets made a general attack on the fortresses at the Narrows on
+Thursday. After about three hours' bombardment all the forts ceased
+firing._
+
+_Three battleships were lost in these operations by striking mines--the
+French Bouvet, and the Irresistible and the Ocean. The British crews
+were practically all saved, but nearly the whole of the men on the
+Bouvet perished._
+
+_The Secretary of the Admiralty issued the following statement last
+night:_
+
+Mine-sweeping having been in progress during the last ten days inside
+the strait, a general attack was delivered by the British and French
+fleets yesterday morning upon the fortresses at the Narrows of the
+Dardanelles.
+
+At 10:45 A.M. Queen Elizabeth, Inflexible, Agamemnon, and Lord Nelson
+bombarded Forts J, L, T, U, and V; while Triumph and Prince George fired
+at Batteries F, E, and H. A heavy fire was opened on the ships from
+howitzers and field guns.
+
+At 12:22 the French squadron, consisting of the Suffren, Gaulois,
+Charlemagne, and Bouvet, advanced up the Dardanelles to engage the forts
+at closer range. Forts J, U, F, and E replied strongly. Their fire was
+silenced by the ten battleships inside the strait, all the ships being
+hit several times during this part of the action.
+
+By 1:25 P.M. all forts had ceased firing.
+
+Vengeance, Irresistible, Albion, Ocean, Swiftsure, and Majestic then
+advanced to relieve the six old battleships inside the strait.
+
+As the French squadron, which had engaged the forts in the most
+brilliant fashion was passing out, Bouvet was blown up by a drifting
+mine and sank in thirty-six fathoms north Erenkeui Village in less than
+three minutes.
+
+At 2:36 P.M., the relief battleships renewed the attack on the forts,
+which again opened fire. The attack on the forts was maintained while
+the operations of the mine-sweepers continued. At 4:09 Irresistible
+quitted the line, listing heavily; and at 5:50 she sank, having probably
+struck a drifting mine. At 6:05, Ocean, also having struck a mine, both
+vessels sank in deep water, practically the whole of the crews having
+been removed safely under a hot fire.
+
+[Illustration: QUEEN MARY
+
+Wife of George V., King of Great Britain and Ireland.
+
+_(Photo from Underwood & Underwood.)_]
+
+[Illustration: THE RIGHT HON. DAVID LLOYD GEORGE
+
+The radical Chancellor of the British Exchequer, upon whom has devolved
+the task of financing the great war.
+
+_(Photo by A. & R. Annan & Sons.)_]
+
+The Gaulois was damaged by gun fire.
+
+Inflexible had her forward control position hit by a heavy shell, and
+requires repair.
+
+The bombardment of the forts and the mine-sweeping operations terminated
+when darkness fell. The damage to the forts effected by the prolonged
+direct fire of the very powerful forces employed cannot yet be
+estimated, and a further report will follow.
+
+The losses of ships were caused by mines drifting with the current which
+were encountered in areas hitherto swept clear, and this danger will
+require special treatment.
+
+The British casualties in personnel are not heavy, considering the scale
+of the operations; but practically the whole of the crew of the Bouvet
+were lost with the ship, an internal explosion having apparently
+supervened on the explosion of the mine.
+
+The Queen and Implacable, which were dispatched from England to replace
+ships' casualties in anticipation of this operation, are due to arrive
+immediately, thus bringing the British fleet up to its original
+strength.
+
+The operations are continuing, ample naval and military forces being
+available on the spot.
+
+On the 16th inst., Vice Admiral Carden, who has been incapacitated by
+illness, was succeeded in the chief command by Rear Admiral John Michael
+de Robeck, with acting rank of Vice Admiral.
+
+
+THE SCENE IN THE STRAIT.
+
+_The London Times publishes this story of an eyewitness:_
+
+TENEDOS, (Aegina,) March 18.
+
+This is not so much an account of the five hours' heavy engagement
+between the Turkish forts and the allied ships which has been fought
+actually within the Dardanelles today as an impression of the
+bombardment as seen at a distance of fifteen miles or so from the top of
+a high, steep hill called Mount St. Elias, at the northern end of
+Tenedos.
+
+Over the ridge of Kum Kale you plainly see, like a great blue lake, the
+first reach of the Dardanelles up to the narrow neck between Chanak and
+Kilid Bahr. It was up and down in this stretch of water that the largest
+vessels of the allied fleet steamed today for over four hours, hurling,
+with sheets of orange flame from their heavy guns, a constant succession
+of shells on the forts that guard the Narrows at Chanak, while the
+Turkish batteries, with a frequency that lessened as the day went on,
+flashed back at them in reply, with the difference that, while the
+effects of the Allies' shells were continually manifest in the columns
+of smoke and dust that were signs of the damage they had wrought, a
+great number of the enemy's shots fell in the sea hundreds of yards from
+the bombarding ships, sending torrents of water towering harmlessly into
+the air.
+
+Not that the successes of the day have been won without cost. I saw
+several ships, French and British, struck by shells that raised volumes
+of white smoke, and one of the French squadron is toiling slowly home at
+this moment down by the head and with a list to port, while, so far as
+one could make out with a glass, several boatloads of men were being
+taken off her.
+
+The ships left their stations between the Turkish and Asiatic coasts and
+Tenedos early this morning and by 11 they were steaming in line up the
+Dardanelles.
+
+It was 11:45 when the first notable hit was made by an English ship. I
+could see eight vessels, apparently all battleships, lying in line from
+the entrance up the strait. The ship furthest up appeared to be the
+Queen Elizabeth, and I think it was she that fired the shot which
+exploded the powder magazine at Chanak. A great balloon of white smoke
+sprang up in the midst of the magazine which leaped out from a fierce,
+red flame, and reached a great height. When the flame had disappeared
+the dense smoke continued to grow till it must have been a column
+hundreds of feet high.
+
+[Illustration: [map of the Dardanelles]]
+
+In the five minutes that followed this shot three more shells from the
+Queen Elizabeth fell practically on the same spot, and two minutes later
+yet another by the side of the smoking ruins.
+
+There were now eight battleships, all pre-dreadnoughts, left at Tenedos,
+and at noon six of them started off in line a-head toward the strait.
+The English ships already within were passing further up and went out of
+sight.
+
+The bombarding ships were steaming constantly up and down, turning at
+each end of the stretch, which is about a couple of miles long.
+
+A long thin veil of black smoke was drifting slowly westward from the
+fighting. At about 1:30 Erenkeui Village, standing high on the Asiatic
+side, received a couple of shells. At 1:45 a division of eight
+destroyers in line steamed into the entrance of the strait, and a little
+later the last two battleships from Tenedos joined, the Dublin
+patrolling outside. An hour later the most striking effect was produced
+by a shell falling on a fort at Kilid Bahr, which evidently exploded
+another magazine. A huge mass of heavy jet-black smoke gradually rose
+till it towered high above the cliffs on the European and Asiatic sides.
+It ballooned slowly out like a gigantic genie rising from a fisherman's
+bottle.
+
+By now the action was slackening, and at 3:45 five ships were slowly
+steaming homeward from the entrance. At 4:30 there were still eight
+vessels in the strait, but the forts had practically ceased to fire. The
+action was over for the day.
+
+The result had been the apparent silencing of several Turkish batteries,
+and those terrific explosions at the forts at Chanak and Kilid Bahr, the
+ultimate effect of which remains to be seen when the attack is renewed
+tonight. For Chanak is burning.
+
+
+
+
+Official Story of Two Sea Fights
+
+[From The London Times, March 3, 1915.]
+
+
+_Admiralty, March 3, 1915._
+
+_The following dispatch has been received from Vice Admiral Sir David
+Beatty, K.C.B., M.V.O., D.S.O., commanding the First Battle Cruiser
+Squadron, reporting the action in the North Sea on Sunday, the 24th of
+January, 1915:_
+
+H.M.S. Princess Royal,
+Feb. 2, 1915.
+
+Sir: I have the honor to report that at daybreak on Jan. 24, 1915, the
+following vessels were patrolling in company:
+
+The battle cruisers Lion, Capt. Alfred E.M. Chatfield, C.V.O., flying my
+flag; Princess Royal, Capt. Osmond de B. Brock, Aide de Camp; Tiger,
+Capt. Henry B. Pelly, M.V.O.; New Zealand, Capt. Lionel Halsey, C.M.G.,
+Aide de Camp, flying the flag of Rear Admiral Sir Archibald Moore,
+K.C.B., C.V.O., and Indomitable, Capt. Francis W. Kennedy.
+
+The light cruisers Southampton, flying the broad pennant of Commodore
+William E. Goodenough, M.V.O.; Nottingham, Capt. Charles B. Miller;
+Birmingham, Capt. Arthur A.M. Duff, and Lowestoft, Capt. Theobald W.B.
+Kennedy, were disposed on my port beam.
+
+Commodore (T) Reginald Y. Tyrwhitt, C.B., in Arethusa, Aurora, Capt.
+Wilmot S. Nicholson; Undaunted, Capt. Francis G. St. John, M.V.O.;
+Arethusa and the destroyer flotillas were ahead.
+
+At 7:25 A.M. the flash of guns was observed south-southeast. Shortly
+afterward a report reached me from Aurora that she was engaged with
+enemy's ships. I immediately altered course to south-southeast,
+increased to 22 knots, and ordered the light cruisers and flotillas to
+chase south-southeast to get in touch and report movements of enemy.
+
+This order was acted upon with great promptitude, indeed my wishes had
+already been forestalled by the respective senior officers, and reports
+almost immediately followed from Southampton, Arethusa, and Aurora as to
+the position and composition of the enemy, which consisted of three
+battle cruisers and Blücher, six light cruisers, and a number of
+destroyers, steering northwest. The enemy had altered course to
+southeast. From now onward the light cruisers maintained touch with the
+enemy, and kept me fully informed as to their movements.
+
+The battle cruisers worked up to full speed, steering to the southward.
+The wind at the time was northeast, light, with extreme visibility. At
+7:30 A.M. the enemy were sighted on the port bow steaming fast, steering
+approximately southeast, distant 14 miles.
+
+Owing to the prompt reports received we had attained our position on the
+quarter of the enemy, and so altered course to southeast parallel to
+them, and settled down to a long stern chase, gradually increasing our
+speed until we reached 28.5 knots. Great credit is due to the engineer
+staffs of New Zealand and Indomitable--these ships greatly exceeded
+their normal speed.
+
+At 8:52 A.M., as we had closed to within 20,000 yards of the rear ship,
+the battle cruisers manoeuvred to keep on a line of bearing so that guns
+would bear, and Lion fired a single shot, which fell short. The enemy at
+this time were in single line ahead, with light cruisers ahead and a
+large number of destroyers on their starboard beam.
+
+Single shots were fired at intervals to test the range, and at 9:09 A.M.
+Lion made her first hit on the Blücher, No. 4 in the line. The Tiger
+opened fire at 9:20 A.M. on the rear ship, the Lion shifted to No. 3 in
+the line, at 18,000 yards, this ship being hit by several salvos. The
+enemy returned our fire at 9:14 A.M. Princess Royal, on coming into
+range, opened fire on Blücher, the range of the leading ship being
+17,500 yards, at 9:35 A.M. New Zealand was within range of Blücher,
+which had dropped somewhat astern, and opened fire on her. Princess
+Royal shifted to the third ship in the line, inflicting considerable
+damage on her.
+
+Our flotilla cruisers and destroyers had gradually dropped from a
+position broad on our beam to our port quarter, so as not to foul our
+range with their smoke; but the enemy's destroyers threatening attack,
+the Meteor and M Division passed ahead of us, Capt. the Hon. H. Meade,
+D.S.O., handling this division with conspicuous ability.
+
+About 9:45 A.M. the situation was as follows: Blücher, the fourth in
+their line, already showed signs of having suffered severely from gun
+fire; their leading ship and No. 3 were also on fire, Lion was engaging
+No. 1, Princess Royal No. 3, New Zealand No. 4, while the Tiger, which
+was second in our line, fired first at their No. 1, and when interfered
+with by smoke, at their No. 4.
+
+The enemy's destroyers emitted vast columns of smoke to screen their
+battle cruisers, and under cover of this the latter now appeared to have
+altered course to the northward to increase their distance, and
+certainly the rear ships hauled out on the port quarter of their leader,
+thereby increasing their distance from our line. The battle cruisers,
+therefore, were ordered to form a line of bearing north-northwest, and
+proceed at their utmost speed.
+
+Their destroyers then showed evident signs of an attempt to attack. Lion
+and Tiger opened fire on them, and caused them to retire and resume
+their original course.
+
+The light cruisers maintained an excellent position on the port quarter
+of the enemy's line, enabling them to observe and keep touch, or attack
+any vessel that might fall out of the line.
+
+At 10:48 A.M. the Blücher, which had dropped considerably astern of
+enemy's line, hauled out to port, steering north with a heavy list, on
+fire, and apparently in a defeated condition. I consequently ordered
+Indomitable to attack enemy breaking northward.
+
+At 10:54 A.M. submarines were reported on the starboard bow, and I
+personally observed the wash of a periscope two points on our starboard
+bow. I immediately turned to port.
+
+At 11:03 A.M. an injury to the Lion being reported as incapable of
+immediate repair, I directed Lion to shape course northwest. At 11:20
+A.M. I called the Attack alongside, shifting my flag to her at about
+11:35 A.M. I proceeded at utmost speed to rejoin the squadron, and met
+them at noon retiring north-northwest.
+
+I boarded and hoisted my flag on Princess Royal at about 12:20 P.M.,
+when Capt. Brock acquainted me of what had occurred since the Lion fell
+out of the line, namely, that Blücher had been sunk and that the enemy
+battle cruisers had continued their course to the eastward in a
+considerably damaged condition. He also informed me that a Zeppelin and
+a seaplane had endeavored to drop bombs on the vessels which went to the
+rescue of the survivors of Blücher.
+
+The good seamanship of Lieut. Commander Cyril Callaghan, H.M.S. Attack,
+in placing his vessel alongside the Lion and subsequently the Princess
+Royal, enabled the transfer of flag to be made in the shortest possible
+time.
+
+At 2 P.M. I closed Lion and received a report that the starboard engine
+was giving trouble owing to priming, and at 3:38 P.M. I ordered
+Indomitable to take her in tow, which was accomplished by 5 P.M.
+
+The greatest credit is due to the Captains of Indomitable and Lion for
+the seaman-like manner in which the Lion was taken in tow under
+difficult circumstances.
+
+The excellent steaming of the ships engaged in the operation was a
+conspicuous feature.
+
+I attach an appendix giving the names of various officers and men who
+specially distinguished themselves.
+
+Where all did well it is difficult to single out officers and men for
+special mention, and as Lion and Tiger were the only ships hit by the
+enemy, the majority of these I mention belong to those ships.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir,
+
+Your obedient servant,
+
+(Signed) DAVID BEATTY,
+Vice Admiral.
+
+
+OFFICERS.
+
+Commander Charles A. Fountaine, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Lieut. Commander Evan C. Bunbury, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Lieut. Frederick T. Peters, H.M.S. Meteor.
+
+Lieut. Charles M.R. Schwerdt, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Engineer Commander Donald P. Green, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Engineer Commander James L. Sands, H.M.S. Southampton.
+
+Engineer Commander Thomas H. Turner, H.M.S. New Zealand.
+
+Engineer Lieut. Commander George Preece, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Engineer Lieut. Albert Knothe, H.M.S. Indomitable.
+
+Surgeon Probationer James A. Stirling, R.N.V.R., H.M.S. Meteor.
+
+Mr. Joseph H. Burton, Gunner (T), H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Chief Carpenter Frederick E. Dailey, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+
+PETTY OFFICERS AND MEN.
+
+Py. Or. J.W. Kemmett, O.N. 186,788, Lion.
+
+A.B.H. Davis, O.N. 184,526, Tiger.
+
+A.B.H.F. Griffin, O.N.J. 14,160, Princess Royal.
+
+A.B.P.S. Livingstone, O.N. 234,328, Lion.
+
+A.B.H. Robison, O.N. 209,112, Tiger.
+
+A.B.G.H. le Seilleur, O.N. 156,802, Lion.
+
+Boy, 1st CL., F.G.H. Bamford, O.N.J. 26,598, Tiger.
+
+Boy, 1st CL., J.F. Rogers, O.N.J. 28,329, Tiger.
+
+Ch. Ee. R. Artr., 1st CL., E.R. Hughes, O.N. 268,999, Indomitable.
+
+Ch. Ee. R. Artr., 2d CL, W.B. Dand, O.N. 270,648, New Zealand.
+
+Ch. Ee. A. Artr. W. Gillespie, O.N. 270,080, Meteor.
+
+Mechn. A.J. Cannon, O.N. 175,440, Lion.
+
+Mechn. E.C. Ephgrave, O.N. 288,231, Lion.
+
+Ch. Stkr. P. Callaghan, O.N. 278,953, Lion.
+
+Ch. Stkr. A.W. Ferris, O.N. 175,824, Lion.
+
+Ch. Stkr. J.E. James, O.N. 174,232, New Zealand.
+
+Ch. Stkr. W.E. James, O.N. 294,406, Indomitable.
+
+Ch. Stkr. J. Keating, R.F.R., O.N. 165,732, Meteor.
+
+Stkr. Py. Or. M. Flood, R.F.R., O.N. 153,418, Meteor.
+
+Stkr. Py. Or. T.W. Hardy, O.N. 292,542, Indomitable.
+
+Stkr. Py. Or. A.J. Sims, O.N. 276,502, New Zealand.
+
+Stkr. Py. Or. S. Westaway, R.F.R., O.N. 300,938, Meteor.
+
+Actg. Ldg. Skr. J. Blackburn, O.N.K. 4,844, Tiger.
+
+Stkr., 1st Cl., A.H. Bennet, O.N.K. 10,700, Tiger.
+
+Stkr., 2d Cl., H. Turner, O.N.K. 22,720, Tiger.
+
+Ldg. Carpenter's Crew, E.O. Bradley, O.N. 346,621, Lion.
+
+Ldg. Carpenter's Crew, E. Currie, O.N. 344,851, Lion.
+
+Sick Berth Attendant C.S. Hutchinson, O.N.M. 3,882, Tiger.
+
+Ch. Writer S.G. White, O.N. 340,597, Tiger.
+
+Third Writer H.C. Green, O.N.M. 8,266, Tiger.
+
+Officers' Steward, 3d Cl., F.W. Kearley, O.N.L. 2,716, Tiger.
+
+
+HONORS AWARDED.
+
+Lord Chamberlain's Office,
+St. James's Palace,
+March 3, 1915.
+
+The King has been graciously pleased to give orders for the following
+appointment to the Most Honorable Order of the Bath, in recognition of
+the services of the undermentioned officer mentioned in the foregoing
+dispatch:
+
+To be an Additional Member of the Military Division of the Third Class
+or Companion.
+
+Capt. Osmond de Beauvoir Brock, A.D.C., Royal Navy.
+
+Admiralty, S.W.,
+March 3, 1915.
+
+The King has been graciously pleased to give orders for the following
+appointment to the Distinguished Service Order, and for the award of the
+Distinguished Service Cross, to the undermentioned officers in
+recognition of their services mentioned in the foregoing dispatch:
+
+To be Companion of the Distinguished Service Order.
+
+Lieut. Frederic Thornton Peters, Royal Navy.
+
+To receive the Distinguished Service Cross.
+
+Surg. Probationer James Alexander Stirling, R.N.V.R.
+
+Gunner (T) Joseph H. Burton.
+
+Chief Carpenter Frederick E. Dailey.
+
+The following promotion has been made:
+
+Commander Charles Andrew Fountaine to be a Captain in his Majesty's
+fleet, to date March 3, 1915.
+
+The following awards have also been made:
+
+To receive the Distinguished Service Medal.
+
+P.O. J.W. Kemmett, O.N. 186,788.
+A.B. H. Davis, O.N. 184,526.
+A.B. H.F. Griffin, O.N.J. 14,160.
+A.B. P.S. Livingstone, O.N. 234,328.
+A.B. H. Robison, O.N. 209,112.
+A.B. G.H. le Seilleur, O.N. 156,802.
+Boy, 1st Cl., F.G.H. Bamford, O.N.J. 26,598.
+Boy, 1st Cl., J.F. Rogers, O.N.J. 28,329.
+Ch. E.R. Art., 1st Cl., E.R. Hughes, O.N. 268,999.
+Ch. E.R. Art., 2d Cl., W.B. Dand, O.N. 270,648.
+Ch. E.R. Art., W. Gillespie, O.N. 270,080.
+Mechn. A.J. Cannon, O.N. 175,440.
+Mechn. E.C. Ephgrave, O.N. 288,231.
+Ch. Stkr. P. Callaghan, O.N. 278,953.
+Ch. Stkr. A.W. Ferris, O.N. 175,824.
+Ch. Stkr. J.E. James, O.N. 174,232.
+Ch. Stkr. W.E. James, O.N. 294,406.
+Ch. Stkr. J. Keating, R.F.R., O.N. 165,732.
+Stkr. P.O. M. Flood, R.F.R., O.N. 153,418.
+Stkr. P.O. T.W. Hardy, O.N. 292,542.
+Stkr. P.O. A.J. Sims, O.N. 276,502.
+Stkr. P.O. S. Westaway, R.F.R., O.N. 300,938.
+Actg. Ldg. Stkr. J. Blackburn, O.N.K. 4,844.
+Stkr., 1st Cl., A.H. Bennet, O.N.K. 10,700.
+Stkr., 2d Cl., H. Turner, O.N.K. 22,720.
+Ldg. Carpenter's Crew, E.O. Bradley, O.N. 346,621.
+Ldg. Carpenter's Crew, E. Currie, O.N. 344,851.
+Sick Berth Attendant C.S. Hutchinson, O.N.M. 3,882.
+Ch. Writer S.G. White, O.N. 340,597.
+Third Writer H.C. Green, O.N.M. 8,266.
+Officers' Steward, 3d Cl., F.W. Kearley, O.N.L. 2,716.
+
+
+BATTLE OF THE FALKLANDS
+
+_Admiralty, March 3, 1915._
+
+_The following dispatch has been received from Vice Admiral Sir F.C.
+Doveton-Sturdee, K.C.B., C.V.O., C.M.G., reporting the action off the
+Falkland Islands on Tuesday, the 8th of December, 1914:_
+
+INVINCIBLE, at Sea,
+Dec. 19, 1914.
+
+Sir: I have the honor to forward a report on the action which took place
+on Dec. 8, 1914, against a German squadron off the Falkland Islands.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir,
+
+Your obedient servant,
+
+F.C.D. STURDEE,
+Vice Admiral, Commander in Chief.
+The Secretary, Admiralty.
+
+(A)--PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS.
+
+The squadron, consisting of H.M. ships Invincible, flying my flag, Flag
+Capt. Percy T.M. Beamish; Inflexible, Capt. Richard F. Phillimore;
+Carnarvon, flying the flag of Rear Admiral Archibald P. Soddart, Flag
+Capt. Harry L.d'E. Skipwith; Cornwall, Capt. Walter M. Ellerton; Kent,
+Capt. John D. Allen; Glasgow, Capt. John Loce; Bristol, Capt. Basil H.
+Fanshawe, and Macedonia, Capt. Bertram S. Evans, arrived at Port
+Stanley, Falkland Islands, at 10:30 A.M. on Monday, Dec. 7, 1914.
+Coaling was commenced at once, in order that the ships should be ready
+to resume the search for the enemy's squadron the next evening, Dec. 8.
+
+At 8 A.M. on Tuesday, Dec. 8, a signal was received from the signal
+station on shore:
+
+"A four-funnel and two-funnel man-of-war in sight from Sapper Hill,
+steering northward."
+
+[Illustration: THE BATTLE OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS FROM THE OFFICIAL
+REPORT OF ADMIRAL STURDEE.
+
+The numbers given on the plan show the corresponding positions of
+vessels at various times. All ships bearing the same number were
+simultaneously in the positions charted.]
+
+At this time the positions of the various ships of the squadron were as
+follows:
+
+Macedonia: At anchor as lookout ship.
+
+Kent (guard ship): At anchor in Port William.
+
+Invincible and Inflexible: In Port William.
+
+Carnarvon: In Port William.
+
+Cornwall: In Port William.
+
+Glasgow: In Port Stanley.
+
+Bristol: In Port Stanley.
+
+The Kent was at once ordered to weigh, and a general signal was made to
+raise steam for full speed.
+
+At 8:20 A.M. the signal station reported another column of smoke in
+sight to the southward, and at 8:45 A.M. the Kent passed down the harbor
+and took up a station at the entrance.
+
+The Canopus, Capt. Heathcoat S. Grant, reported at 8:47 A.M. that the
+first two ships were eight miles off, and that the smoke reported at
+8:20 A.M. appeared to be the smoke of two ships about twenty miles off.
+
+At 8:50 A.M. the signal station reported a further column of smoke in
+sight to the southward.
+
+The Macedonia was ordered to weigh anchor on the inner side of the other
+ships, and await orders.
+
+At 9:20 A.M. the two leading ships of the enemy, (Gneisenau and
+Nürnberg,) with guns trained on the wireless station, came within range
+of the Canopus, which opened fire at them across the low land at a range
+of 11,000 yards. The enemy at once hoisted their colors and turned away.
+At this time the masts and smoke of the enemy were visible from the
+upper bridge of the Invincible at a range of approximately 17,000 yards
+across the low land to the south of Port William.
+
+A few minutes later the two cruisers altered course to port, as though
+to close the Kent at the entrance to the harbor, but about this time it
+seems that the Invincible and Inflexible were seen over the land, as the
+enemy at once altered course and increased speed to join their
+consorts.
+
+The Glasgow weighed and proceeded at 9:40 A.M. with orders to join the
+Kent and observe the enemy's movements.
+
+At 9:45 A.M. the squadron--less the Bristol--weighed, and proceeded out
+of harbor in the following order: Carnarvon, Inflexible, Invincible, and
+Cornwall. On passing Cape Pembroke Light the five ships of the enemy
+appeared clearly in sight to the southeast, hull down. The visibility
+was at its maximum, the sea was calm, with a bright sun, a clear sky,
+and a light breeze from the northwest.
+
+At 10:20 A.M. the signal for a general chase was made. The battle
+cruisers quickly passed ahead of the Carnarvon and overtook the Kent.
+The Glasgow was ordered to keep two miles from the Invincible, and the
+Inflexible was stationed on the starboard quarter of the flagship. Speed
+was eased to twenty knots at 11:15 A.M., to enable the other cruisers to
+get into station.
+
+At this time the enemy's funnels and bridges showed just above the
+horizon.
+
+Information was received from the Bristol at 11:27 A.M. that three enemy
+ships had appeared off Port Pleasant, probably colliers or transports.
+The Bristol was therefore directed to take the Macedonia under orders
+and destroy transports.
+
+The enemy were still maintaining their distance, and I decided, at 12:20
+P.M., to attack with the two battle cruisers and the Glasgow.
+
+At 12:47 P.M. the signal to "Open fire and engage the enemy" was made.
+
+The Inflexible opened fire at 12:55 P.M. from her fore turret at the
+right-hand ship of the enemy, a light cruiser; a few minutes later the
+Invincible opened fire at the same ship.
+
+The deliberate fire from a range of 16,500 to 15,000 yards at the
+right-hand light cruiser, which was dropping astern, became too
+threatening, and when a shell fell close alongside her at 1:20 P.M. she
+(the Leipzig) turned away, with the Nürnberg and Dresden, to the
+southwest.
+
+These light cruisers were at once followed by the Kent, Glasgow, and
+Cornwall, in accordance with my instructions.
+
+The action finally developed into three separate encounters, besides the
+subsidiary one dealing with the threatened landing.
+
+(B.)--ACTION WITH THE ARMORED CRUISERS.
+
+The fire of the battle cruisers was directed on the Scharnhorst and
+Gneisenau. The effect of this was quickly seen when, at 1:25 P.M., with
+the Scharnhorst leading, they turned about seven points to port in
+succession into line ahead and opened fire at 1:30 P.M. Shortly
+afterward speed was eased to twenty-four knots and the battle cruisers
+were ordered to turn together, bringing them into line ahead, with the
+Invincible leading.
+
+The range was about 13,500 yards at the final turn, and increased until
+at 2 P.M. it had reached 16,450 yards.
+
+The enemy then (2:10 P.M.) turned away about ten points to starboard,
+and a second chase ensued until at 2:45 P.M. the battle cruisers again
+opened fire; this caused the enemy, at 2:53 P.M., to turn into line
+ahead to port and open fire at 2:55 P.M.
+
+The Scharnhorst caught fire forward, but not seriously, and her fire
+slackened perceptibly; the Gneisenau was badly hit by the Inflexible.
+
+At 3:30 P.M. the Scharnhorst led around about ten points to starboard;
+just previously her fire had slackened perceptibly, and one shell had
+shot away her third funnel; some guns were not firing, and it would
+appear that the turn was dictated by a desire to bring her starboard
+guns into action. The effect of the fire on the Scharnhorst became more
+and more apparent in consequence of smoke from fires, and also escaping
+steam. At times a shell would cause a large hole to appear in her side,
+through which could be seen a dull red glow of flame. At 4:04 P.M. the
+Scharnhorst, whose flag remained flying to the last, suddenly listed
+heavily to port, and within a minute it became clear that she was a
+doomed ship, for the list increased very rapidly until she lay on her
+beam ends, and at 4:17 P.M. she disappeared.
+
+The Gneisenau passed on the far side of her late flagship, and continued
+a determined but ineffectual effort to fight the two battle cruisers.
+
+At 5:08 P.M. the forward funnel was knocked over and remained resting
+against the second funnel. She was evidently in serious straits, and her
+fire slackened very much.
+
+At 5:15 P.M. one of the Gneisenau's shells struck the Invincible; this
+was her last effective effort.
+
+At 5:30 P.M. she turned toward the flagship with a heavy list to
+starboard, and appeared stopped, with steam pouring from her escape
+pipes and smoke from shell and fires rising everywhere. About this time
+I ordered the signal "Cease fire!" but before it was hoisted the
+Gneisenau opened fire again, and continued to fire from time to time
+with a single gun.
+
+At 5:40 P.M. the three ships closed in on the Gneisenau, and at this
+time the flag flying at her fore truck was apparently hauled down, but
+the flag at the peak continued flying.
+
+At 5:50 P.M. "Cease fire!" was made.
+
+At 6 P.M. the Gneisenau heeled over very suddenly, showing the men
+gathered on her decks and then walking on her side as she lay for a
+minute on her beam ends before sinking.
+
+The prisoners of war from the Gneisenau report that by the time the
+ammunition was expended some 600 men had been killed and wounded. The
+surviving officers and men were all ordered on deck and told to provide
+themselves with hammocks and any articles that could support them in the
+water.
+
+When the ship capsized and sank there were probably some 200 unwounded
+survivors in the water, but, owing to the shock of the cold water, many
+were drowned within sight of the boats and ship.
+
+Every effort was made to save life as quickly as possible, both by boats
+and from the ships; lifebuoys were thrown and ropes lowered, but only a
+portion could be rescued. The Invincible alone rescued 108 men,
+fourteen of whom were found to be dead after being brought on board.
+These men were buried at sea the following day with full military
+honors.
+
+(C)--ACTION WITH THE LIGHT CRUISERS.
+
+At about 1 P.M., when the Scharnhorst and Gneisenau turned to port to
+engage the Invincible and Inflexible, the enemy's light cruisers turned
+to starboard to escape; the Dresden was leading and the Nürnberg and
+Leipzig followed on each quarter.
+
+In accordance with my instructions, the Glasgow, Kent, and Cornwall at
+once went in chase of these ships; the Carnarvon, whose speed was
+insufficient to overtake them, closed the battle cruisers.
+
+The Glasgow drew well ahead of the Cornwall and Kent, and at 3 P.M.
+shots were exchanged with the Leipzig at 12,000 yards. The Glasgow's
+object was to endeavor to outrange the Leipzig with her 6-inch guns and
+thus cause her to alter course and give the Cornwall and Kent a chance
+of coming into action.
+
+At 4:17 P.M. the Cornwall opened fire, also on the Leipzig.
+
+At 7:17 P.M. the Leipzig was on fire fore and aft, and the Cornwall and
+Glasgow ceased fire.
+
+The Leipzig turned over on her port side and disappeared at 9 P.M. Seven
+officers and eleven men were saved.
+
+At 3:36 P.M. the Cornwall ordered the Kent to engage the Nürnberg, the
+nearest cruiser to her.
+
+Owing to the excellent and strenuous efforts of the engine room
+department, the Kent was able to get within range of the Nürnberg at 5
+P.M. At 6:35 P.M. the Nürnberg was on fire forward and ceased firing.
+The Kent also ceased firing and closed to 3,300 yards; as the colors
+were still observed to be flying on the Nürnberg, the Kent opened fire
+again. Fire was finally stopped five minutes later on the colors being
+hauled down, and every preparation was made to save life. The Nürnberg
+sank at 7:27 P.M., and, as she sank, a group of men were waving a German
+ensign attached to a staff. Twelve men were rescued, but only seven
+survived.
+
+The Kent had four killed and twelve wounded, mostly caused by one shell.
+
+During the time the three cruisers were engaged with the Nürnberg and
+Leipzig, the Dresden, which was beyond her consorts, effected her escape
+owing to her superior speed. The Glasgow was the only cruiser with
+sufficient speed to have had any chance of success. However, she was
+fully employed in engaging the Leipzig for over an hour before either
+the Cornwall or Kent could come up and get within range. During this
+time the Dresden was able to increase her distance and get out of sight.
+
+The weather changed after 4 P.M., and the visibility was much reduced;
+further, the sky was overcast and cloudy, thus assisting the Dresden to
+get away unobserved.
+
+(D)--ACTION WITH THE ENEMY'S TRANSPORTS.
+
+A report was received at 11:27 A.M. from H.M.S. Bristol that three ships
+of the enemy, probably transports or colliers, had appeared off Port
+Pleasant. The Bristol was ordered to take the Macedonia under his orders
+and destroy the transports.
+
+H.M.S. Macedonia reports that only two ships, steamships Baden and Santa
+Isabel, were present; both ships were sunk after the removal of the
+crews.
+
+I have pleasure in reporting that the officers and men under my orders
+carried out their duties with admirable efficiency and coolness, and
+great credit is due to the engineer officers of all the ships, several
+of which exceeded their normal full speed.
+
+The names of the following are specially mentioned:
+
+OFFICERS.
+
+Commander Richard Herbert Denny Townsend, H.M.S. Invincible.
+
+Commander Arthur Edward Frederick Bedford, H.M.S. Kent.
+
+Lieut. Commander Wilfred Arthur Thompson, H.M.S. Glasgow.
+
+Lieut. Commander Hubert Edward Danreuther, First and Gunnery Lieutenant,
+H.M.S. Invincible.
+
+Engineer Commander George Edward Andrew, H.M.S. Kent.
+
+Engineer Commander Edward John Weeks, H.M.S. Invincible.
+
+Paymaster Cyril Sheldon Johnson, H.M.S. Invincible.
+
+Carpenter Thomas Andrew Walls, H.M.S. Invincible.
+
+Carpenter William Henry Venning, H.M.S. Kent.
+
+Carpenter George Henry Egford, H.M.S. Cornwall.
+
+PETTY OFFICERS AND MEN.
+
+Ch. P.O. D. Leighton, O.N. 124,288, Kent.
+
+P.O., 2d Cl., M.J. Walton, (R.F.R., A. 1,756,) O.N. 118,358, Kent.
+
+Ldg. Smn. F.S. Martin, O.N. 233,301, Invincible, Gnr's. Mate, Gunlayer,
+1st Cl.
+
+Sigmn. F. Glover, O.N. 225,731, Cornwall.
+
+Ch. E.R. Art., 2d Cl., J.G. Hill, O.N. 269,646, Cornwall.
+
+Actg. Ch. E.R. Art., 2d Cl., R. Snowdon, O.N. 270,654, Inflexible.
+
+E.R. Art., 1st Cl., G.H.F. McCarten, O.N. 270,023, Invincible.
+
+Stkr. P.O. G.S. Brewer, O.N. 150,950, Kent.
+
+Stkr. P.O. W.A. Townsend, O.N. 301,650, Cornwall.
+
+Stkr., 1st Cl., J. Smith, O.N. SS 111,915, Cornwall.
+
+Shpwrt., 1st Cl., A.N.E. England, O.N. 341,971, Glasgow.
+
+Shpwrt., 2d Cl., A.C.H. Dymott, O.N.M. 8,047, Kent.
+
+Portsmouth R.F.R.B. 3,307 Sergt. Charles Mayes, H.M.S. Kent.
+
+F.C.D. STURDEE.
+
+
+
+
+BETWEEN MIDNIGHT AND MORNING.
+
+By SIR OWEN SEAMAN.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+    You that have faith to look with fearless eyes
+      Beyond the tragedy of a world at strife,
+    And trust that out of night and death shall rise
+        The dawn of ampler life;
+
+    Rejoice, whatever anguish rend your heart,
+      That God has given you, for a priceless dower,
+    To live in these great times and have your part
+        In Freedom's crowning hour.
+
+    That you may tell your sons who see the light
+      High in the heavens, their heritage to take--
+    "I saw the powers of darkness put to flight!
+        I saw the morning break!"
+
+
+
+
+The Greatest of Campaigns
+
+The French Official Account Concluded
+
+
+     The second and succeeding installments--the first installment
+     appeared in CURRENT HISTORY for April--of the official French
+     historical review of the operations in the western theatre of
+     war from the beginning until the end of January, 1915--the
+     first six months--are described in the subjoined
+     correspondence of The Associated Press.
+
+_LONDON, March 18, (Correspondence of The Associated Press.)--The
+Associated Press has received the second installment of the historical
+review emanating from French official sources of the operations in the
+Western theatre of war, from its beginning up to the end of January. It
+should be understood that the narrative is made purely from the French
+standpoint. The additional installment of the document dealing with the
+victory of the Marne, Sept. 6th to 15th, is as follows:_
+
+If one examines on the map the respective positions of the German and
+French armies on Sept. 6 as previously described, it will be seen that
+by his inflection toward Meaux and Coulommiers General von Kluck was
+exposing his right to the offensive action of our left. This is the
+starting point of the victory of the Marne.
+
+On the evening of Sept. 5 our left army had reached the front
+Penchard-Saint-Souflet-Ver. On the 6th and 7th it continued its
+attacks vigorously with the Ourcq as objective. On the evening of
+the 7th it was some kilometers from the Ourcq, on the front
+Chambry-Marcilly-Lisieux-Acy-en-Multien. On the 8th, the Germans, who
+had in great haste reinforced their right by bringing their Second
+and Fourth Army Corps back to the north, obtained some successes by
+attacks of extreme violence. They occupied Betz, Thury-en-Valois, and
+Nanteuil-le-Haudouin. But in spite of this pressure our troops held
+their ground well. In a brilliant action they took three standards, and,
+being reinforced, prepared a new attack for the 10th. At the moment that
+this attack was about to begin the enemy was already in retreat toward
+the north. The attack became a pursuit, and on the 12th we established
+ourselves on the Aisne.
+
+
+LEFT OF KLUCK'S ARMY THREATENED.
+
+Why did the German forces which were confronting us and on the evening
+before attacking so furiously retreat on the morning of the 10th?
+Because in bringing back on the 6th several army corps from the south to
+the north to face our left the enemy had exposed his left to the attacks
+of the British Army, which had immediately faced around toward the
+north, and to those of our armies which were prolonging the English
+lines to the right. This is what the French command had sought to bring
+about. This is what happened on Sept. 8 and allowed the development and
+rehabilitation which it was to effect.
+
+On the 6th the British Army had set out from the line Rozcy-Lagny and
+had that evening reached the southward bank of the Grand Morin. On the
+7th and 8th it continued its march, and on the 9th had debouched to the
+north of the Marne below Chateau-Thiery, taking in flank the German
+forces which on that day were opposing, on the Ourcq, our left army.
+Then it was that these forces began to retreat, while the British Army,
+going in pursuit and capturing seven guns and many prisoners, reached
+the Aisne between Soissons and Longueval.
+
+The rôle of the French Army, which was operating to the right of the
+British Army, was threefold. It had to support the British attacking on
+its left. It had on its right to support our centre, which from Sept. 7
+had been subjected to a German attack of great violence. Finally, its
+mission was to throw back the three active army corps and the reserve
+corps which faced it.
+
+On the 7th it made a leap forward, and on the following days reached and
+crossed the Marne, seizing, after desperate fighting, guns, howitzers,
+mitrailleuses, and 1,300,000 cartridges. On the 12th it established
+itself on the north edge of the Montagne-de-Reime in contact with our
+centre, which for its part had just forced the enemy to retreat in
+haste.
+
+
+THE ACTION OF FERE-CHAMPENOISE.
+
+Our centre consisted of a new army created on Aug. 29 and of one of
+those which at the beginning of the campaign had been engaged in Belgian
+Luxemburg. The first had retreated on Aug. 29 to Sept. 5 from the Aisne
+to the north of the Marne and occupied the general front Sézanne-Mailly.
+
+The second, more to the east, had drawn back to the south of the line
+Humbauville-Chateau-Beauchamp-Bignicourt-Blesmes-Maurupt-le-Montoy.
+
+The enemy, in view of his right being arrested and the defeat of his
+enveloping movement, made a desperate effort from the 7th to the 10th to
+pierce our centre to the west and to the east of Fére-Champenoise. On
+the 8th he succeeded in forcing back the right of our new army, which
+retired as far as Gouragançon. On the 9th, at 6 o'clock in the morning,
+there was a further retreat to the south of that village, while on the
+left the other army corps also had to go back to the line
+Allemant-Connantre.
+
+Despite this retreat the General commanding the army ordered a general
+offensive for the same day. With the Morocco Division, whose behavior
+was heroic, he met a furious assault of the Germans on his left toward
+the marshes of Saint Gond. Then with the division which had just
+victoriously overcome the attacks of the enemy to the north of Sézanne,
+and with the whole of his left army corps, he made a flanking attack in
+the evening of the 9th upon the German forces, and notably the guard,
+which had thrown back his right army corps. The enemy, taken by
+surprise by this bold manoeuvre, did not resist, and beat a hasty
+retreat.
+
+On the 11th we crossed the Marne between Tours-sur-Marne and Sarry,
+driving the Germans in front of us in disorder. On the 12th we were in
+contact with the enemy to the north of the Camp de Chalons. Our other
+army of the centre, acting on the right of the one just referred to, had
+been intrusted with the mission during the 7th, 8th, and 9th of
+disengaging its neighbor, and it was only on the 10th that, being
+reinforced by an army corps from the east, it was able to make its
+action effectively felt. On the 11th the Germans retired. But,
+perceiving their danger, they fought desperately, with enormous
+expenditure of projectiles, behind strong intrenchments. On the 12th the
+result had none the less been attained, and our two centre armies were
+solidly established on the ground gained.
+
+
+THE OPERATIONS OF THE RIGHT.
+
+To the right of these two armies were three others. They had orders to
+cover themselves to the north and to debouch toward the west on the
+flank of the enemy, which was operating to the west of the Argonne. But
+a wide interval in which the Germans were in force separated them from
+our centre. The attack took place, nevertheless, with very brilliant
+success for our artillery, which destroyed eleven batteries of the
+Sixteenth German Army Corps.
+
+On the 10th inst. the Eighth and Fifteenth German Army Corps
+counter-attacked, but were repulsed. On the 11th our progress continued
+with new successes, and on the 12th we were able to face round toward
+the north in expectation of the near and inevitable retreat of the
+enemy, which, in fact, took place from the 13th.
+
+The withdrawal of the mass of the German force involved also that of the
+left. From the 12th onward the forces of the enemy operating between
+Nancy and the Vosges retreated in a hurry before our two armies of the
+East, which immediately occupied the positions that the enemy had
+evacuated. The offensive of our right had thus prepared and
+consolidated in the most useful way the result secured by our left and
+our centre.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the successive stages of the Battle of the
+Marne.]
+
+Such was this seven days' battle, in which more than two millions of men
+were engaged. Each army gained ground step by step, opening the road to
+its neighbor, supported at once by it, taking in flank the adversary
+which the day before it had attacked in front, the efforts of one
+articulating closely with those of the other, a perfect unity of
+intention and method animating the supreme command.
+
+To give this victory all its meaning it is necessary to add that it was
+gained by troops which for two weeks had been retreating, and which,
+when the order for the offensive was given, were found to be as ardent
+as on the first day. It has also to be said that these troops had to
+meet the whole German army, and that from the time they marched forward
+they never again fell back. Under their pressure the German retreat at
+certain times had the appearance of a rout.
+
+In spite of the fatigue of our men, in spite of the power of the German
+heavy artillery, we took colors, guns, mitrailleuses, shells, more than
+a million cartridges, and thousands of prisoners. A German corps lost
+almost the whole of its artillery, which, from information brought by
+our airmen, was destroyed by our guns.
+
+
+"THE RUSH TO THE SEA."
+
+_LONDON, March 18.--The third installment of the historical review of
+the war, emanating from French official sources and purely from the
+French viewpoint, has been received by The Associated Press. The French
+narrative contains a long chapter on the siege war from the Oise to the
+Vosges, which lasted from Sept. 13 to Nov. 30. Most of the incidents in
+this prolonged and severe warfare have been recorded in the daily
+bulletins. The operations were of secondary importance, and were
+conducted on both sides with the same idea of wearing down the troops
+and the artillery of the opposing forces with the view of influencing
+the decisive result in the great theatre of war in the north. The next
+chapter deals with "the rush to the sea," Sept. 13 to Oct. 23, and is as
+follows:_
+
+GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE ACTION.
+
+As early as Sept. 11 the Commander in Chief had directed our left army
+to have as important forces as possible on the right bank of the Oise.
+On Sept. 17 he made that instruction more precise by ordering "a mass to
+be constituted on the left wing of our disposition, capable of coping
+with the outflanking movement of the enemy." Everything led us to expect
+that flanking movement, for the Germans are lacking in invention.
+Indeed, their effort at that time tended to a renewal of their manoeuvre
+of August. In the parallel race the opponents were bound in the end to
+be stopped only by the sea; that is what happened about Oct. 20.
+
+The Germans had an advantage over us, which is obvious from a glance at
+the map--the concentric form of their front, which shortened the length
+of their transports. In spite of this initial inferiority we arrived in
+time. From the middle of September to the last week in October fighting
+went on continually to the north of the Oise, but all the time we were
+fighting we were slipping northward. On the German side this movement
+brought into line more than eighteen new army corps, (twelve active army
+corps, six reserve corps, four cavalry corps.) On our side it ended in
+the constitution of three fresh armies on our left and in the transport
+into the same district of the British Army and the Belgian Army from
+Antwerp.
+
+For the conception and realization of this fresh and extended
+disposition the French command, in the first place, had to reduce to a
+minimum the needs for effectives of our armies to the east of the Oise,
+and afterwards to utilize to the utmost our means of transport. It
+succeeded in this, and when, at the end of October, the battle of
+Flanders opened, when the Germans, having completed the concentration of
+their forces, attempted with fierce energy to turn or to pierce our
+left, they flung themselves upon a resistance which inflicted upon them
+a complete defeat.
+
+
+DEPLOYMENT OF A FIRST ARMY.
+
+The movement began on our side only with the resources of the army which
+had held the left of our front during the battle of the Marne,
+reinforced on Sept. 15 by one army corps.
+
+This reinforcement, not being sufficient to hold the enemy's offensive,
+(district of Vaudelincourt-Mouchy-Uaugy,) a fresh army was transported
+more to the left, with the task "of acting against the German right wing
+in order to disengage its neighbor, ... while preserving a flanking
+direction in its march in relation to the fresh units that the enemy
+might be able to put into line."
+
+To cover the detrainments of this fresh army in the district
+Clermont-Beauvais-Boix a cavalry corps and four territorial divisions
+were ordered to establish themselves on both banks of the Somme. In the
+wooded hills, however, which extend between the Oise and Lassigny the
+enemy displayed increasing activity. Nevertheless, the order still
+further to broaden the movement toward the left was maintained, while
+the territorial divisions were to move toward Bethune and Aubigny. The
+march to the sea went on.
+
+From the 21st to the 26th all our forces were engaged in the district
+Lassigny-Roye-Peronne, with alternations of reverse and success. It was
+the first act of the great struggle which was to spread as it went on.
+On the 26th the whole of the Sixth German Army was deployed against us.
+We retained all our positions, but we could do no more; consequently
+there was still the risk that the enemy, by means of a fresh afflux of
+forces, might succeed in turning us.
+
+Once more reinforcements, two army corps, were directed no longer on
+Beauvais, but toward Amiens. The front was then again to extend. A fresh
+army was constituted more to the north.
+
+
+DEPLOYMENT OF THE SECOND ARMY.
+
+From Sept. 30 onward we could not but observe that the enemy, already
+strongly posted on the plateau of Thiepval, was continually slipping
+his forces from south to north, and everywhere confronting us with
+remarkable energy.
+
+Accordingly, on Oct. 1 two cavalry corps were directed to make a leap
+forward and, operating on both banks of the Scarpe, to put themselves in
+touch with the garrison of Dunkirk, which, on its side, had pushed
+forward as far as Douai. But on Oct. 2 and 3 the bulk of our fresh army
+was very strongly attacked in the district of Arras and Lens.
+Confronting it were two corps of cavalry, the guards, four active army
+corps, and two reserve corps. A fresh French army corps was immediately
+transported and detrained in the Lille district.
+
+But once more the attacks became more pressing, and on Oct. 4 it was a
+question whether, in view of the enemy's activity both west of the Oise
+and south of the Somme, and also further to the north, a retreat would
+not have to be made. General Joffre resolutely put this hypothesis aside
+and ordered the offensive to be resumed with the reinforcements that had
+arrived. It was, however, clear that, despite the efforts of all, our
+front, extended to the sea as it was by a mere ribbon of troops, did not
+possess the solidity to enable it to resist with complete safety a
+German attack, the violence of which could well be foreseen.
+
+In the Arras district the position was fairly good. But between the Oise
+and Arras we were holding our own only with difficulty. Finally, to the
+north, on the Lille-Estaires-Merville-Hazebrouck-Cassel front, our
+cavalry and our territorials had their work cut out against eight
+divisions of German cavalry, with very strong infantry supports. It was
+at this moment that the transport of the British Army to the northern
+theatre of operations began.
+
+[Illustration: VICE ADMIRAL H.R.H. THE DUKE OF THE ABRUZZI
+
+Cousin of the King of Italy, Commander of the dreadnought squadron of
+the Italian Navy.
+
+_(Photo (c) by Pach Bros., N.Y.)_]
+
+[Illustration: H.M. FERDINAND I.
+
+Tsar of the Bulgars.
+
+_(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)_]
+
+
+THE TRANSPORT OF THE BRITISH ARMY.
+
+Field Marshal French had, as early as the end of September, expressed
+the wish to see his army resume its initial place on the left of the
+allied armies. He explained this wish on the ground of the greater
+facility of which his communications would have the advantage in this
+new position, and also of the impending arrival of two divisions of
+infantry from home and of two infantry divisions and a cavalry division
+from India, which would be able to deploy more easily on that terrain.
+In spite of the difficulties which such a removal involved, owing to the
+intensive use of the railways by our own units, General Joffre decided
+at the beginning of October to meet the Field Marshal's wishes and to
+have the British Army removed from the Aisne.
+
+It was clearly specified that on the northern terrain the British Army
+should co-operate to the same end as ourselves, the stopping of the
+German right. In other terms, the British Army was to prolong the front
+of the general disposition without a break, attacking as soon as
+possible, and at the same time seeking touch with the Belgian Army.
+
+But the detraining took longer than had been expected, and it was not
+possible to attack the Germans during the time when they had only
+cavalry in the Lille district and further to the north.
+
+
+THE ARRIVAL OF THE BELGIAN ARMY.
+
+There remained the Belgian Army. On leaving Antwerp on Oct. 9 the
+Belgian Army, which was covered by 8,000 British bluejackets and 6,000
+French bluejackets, at first intended to retire as far as to the north
+of Calais, but afterwards determined to make a stand in Belgian
+territory. Unfortunately, the condition of the Belgian troops, exhausted
+by a struggle of more than three months, did not allow any immediate
+hopes to be based upon them. This situation weighed on our plans and
+delayed their execution.
+
+On the 16th we made progress to the east of Ypres. On the 18th our
+cavalry even reached Roulers and Cortemark. But it was now evident that,
+in view of the continual reinforcing of the German right, our left was
+not capable of maintaining the advantages obtained during the previous
+few days. To attain our end and make our front inviolable a fresh effort
+was necessary. That effort was immediately made by the dispatch to the
+north of the Lys of considerable French forces, which formed the French
+Army of Belgium.
+
+
+THE FRENCH ARMY OF BELGIUM.
+
+The French Army of Belgium consisted, to begin with, of two territorial
+divisions, four divisions of cavalry, and a naval brigade. Directly
+after its constitution it was strengthened by elements from other points
+on the front whose arrival extended from Oct. 27 to Nov. 11. These
+reinforcements were equivalent altogether in value to five army corps, a
+division of cavalry, a territorial division, and sixteen regiments of
+cavalry, plus sixty pieces of heavy artillery.
+
+Thus was completed the strategic manoeuvre defined by the instructions
+of the General in Chief on Sept. 11 and developed during the five
+following weeks with the ampleness we have just seen. The movements of
+troops carried out during this period were methodically combined with
+the pursuit of operations, both defensive and offensive, from the Oise
+to the North Sea.
+
+On Oct. 22 our left, bounded six weeks earlier by the Noyon district,
+rested on Nieuport, thanks to the successive deployment of five fresh
+armies--three French armies, the British Army, and the Belgian Army.
+
+Thus the co-ordination decided upon by the General in Chief attained its
+end. The barrier was established. It remained to maintain it against the
+enemy's offensive. That was the object and the result of the battle of
+Flanders, Oct. 22 to Nov. 15.
+
+
+OPERATIONS IN FLANDERS.
+
+_The fourth installment of the French review takes up the operations in
+Flanders, as follows:_
+
+The German attack in Flanders was conducted strategically and tactically
+with remarkable energy. The complete and indisputable defeat in which it
+resulted is therefore significant.
+
+The forces of which the enemy disposed for this operation between the
+sea and the Lys comprised:
+
+(1) The entire Fourth Army commanded by the Duke of Württemberg,
+consisting of one naval division, one division of Ersatz Reserve, (men
+who had received no training before the war,) which was liberated by the
+fall of Antwerp; the Twenty-second, Twenty-third, Twenty-sixth and
+Twenty-seventh Reserve Corps, and the Forty-eighth Division belonging to
+the Twenty-fourth Reserve Corps.
+
+(2) A portion of another army under General von Fabeck, consisting of
+the Fifteenth Corps, two Bavarian corps and three (unspecified)
+divisions.
+
+(3) Part of the Sixth Army under the command of the Crown Prince of
+Bavaria. This army, more than a third of which took part in the battle
+of Flanders, comprised the Nineteenth Army Corps, portions of the
+Thirteenth Corps and the Eighteenth Reserve Corps, the Seventh and
+Fourteenth Corps, the First Bavarian Reserve Corps, the Guards, and the
+Fourth Army Corps.
+
+(4) Four highly mobile cavalry corps prepared and supported the action
+of the troops enumerated above. Everything possible had been done to
+fortify the "morale" of the troops. At the beginning of October the
+Crown Prince of Bavaria in a proclamation had exhorted his soldiers "to
+make the decisive effort against the French left wing," and "to settle
+thus the fate of the great battle which has lasted for weeks."
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the swaying battle line from Belfort to the
+North Sea and the intrenched line on April 15, 1915.]
+
+On Oct. 28, Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria declared in an army order that
+his troops "had just been fighting under very difficult conditions,"
+and he added: "It is our business now not to let the struggle with our
+most detested enemy drag on longer.... The decisive blow is still to be
+struck." On Oct. 30, General von Deimling, commanding the Fifteenth Army
+Corps (belonging to General von Fabeck's command,) issued an order
+declaring that "the thrust against Ypres will be of decisive
+importance." It should be noted also that the Emperor proceeded in
+person to Thielt and Courtrai to exalt by his presence the ardor of his
+troops. Finally, at the close of October, the entire German press
+incessantly proclaimed the importance of the "Battle of Calais." It is
+superfluous to add that events in Poland explain in a large measure the
+passionate resolve of the German General Staff to obtain a decision in
+the Western theatre of operations at all costs. This decision would be
+obtained if our left were pierced or driven in. To reach Calais, that
+is, to break our left; to carry Ypres, that is, to cut it in half;
+through both points to menace the communications and supplies of the
+British expeditionary corps, perhaps even to threaten Britain in her
+island--such was the German plan in the Battle of Flanders. It was a
+plan that could not be executed.
+
+
+CHECK OF GERMAN ATTACK.
+
+The enemy, who had at his disposal a considerable quantity of heavy
+artillery, directed his efforts at first upon the coast and the country
+to the north of Dixmude. His objective was manifestly the capture of
+Dunkirk, then of Calais and Boulogne, and this objective he pursued
+until Nov. 1.
+
+On Oct. 23 the Belgians along the railway line from Nieuport to Dixmude
+were strengthened by a French division. Dixmude was occupied by our
+marines (fusiliers marins). During the subsequent day our forces along
+the railway developed a significant resistance against an enemy superior
+in number and backed by heavy artillery. On the 29th the inundations
+effected between the canal and the railway line spread along our front.
+On the 30th we recaptured Ramscapelle, the only point on the railway
+which Belgians had lost. On the 1st and 2d of November the enemy
+bombarded Furnes, but began to show signs of weariness. On the 2d he
+evacuated the ground between the Yser and the railway, abandoning
+cannon, dead and wounded. On the 3d our troops were able to re-enter the
+Dixmude district. The success achieved by the enemy at Dixmude at this
+juncture was without fruit. They succeeded in taking the town. They
+could not debouch from it. The coastal attack had thus proved a total
+failure. Since then it has never been renewed. The Battle of Calais, so
+noisily announced by the German press, amounted to a decided reverse for
+the Germans.
+
+
+GERMAN DEFEAT AT YPRES.
+
+The enemy had now begun an attack more important than its predecessor,
+in view of the numbers engaged in it. This attack was intended as a
+renewal to the south of the effort which had just been shattered in the
+north. Instead of turning our flank on the coast, it was now sought to
+drive in the right of our northern army under the shock of powerful
+masses. This was the Battle of Ypres.
+
+In order to understand this long, desperate, and furious battle, we must
+hark back a few days in point of time. At the moment when our cavalry
+reached Roulers and Cortemark (Oct. 28) our territorial divisions from
+Dunkirk, under General Biden, had occupied and organized a defensive
+position at Ypres. It was a point d'appui, enabling us to prepare and
+maintain our connections with the Belgian Army. From Oct. 23 two British
+and French army corps were in occupation of this position, which was to
+be the base of their forward march in the direction of Roulers-Menin.
+The delays already explained and the strength of the forces brought up
+by the enemy soon brought to a standstill our progress along the line
+Poelcapelle, Paschendaele, Zandvorde, and Gheluvelt. But in spite of the
+stoppage here, Ypres was solidly covered, and the connections of all the
+allied forces were established. Against the line thus formed the German
+attack was hurled from Oct. 25 to Nov. 13, to the north, the east, and
+the south of Ypres. From Oct. 26 on the attacks were renewed daily with
+extraordinary violence, obliging us to employ our reinforcements at the
+most threatened points as soon as they came up. Thus, on Oct. 31, we
+were obliged to send supports to the British cavalry, then to the two
+British corps between which the cavalry formed the connecting link, and
+finally to intercalate between these two corps a force equivalent to two
+army corps. Between Oct. 30 and Nov. 6 Ypres was several times in
+danger. The British lost Zandvorde, Gheluvelt, Messines, and Wytschaete.
+The front of the Allies, thus contracted, was all the more difficult to
+defend; but defended it was without a recoil.
+
+
+REINFORCEMENTS ARRIVE.
+
+The arrival of three French divisions in our line enabled us to resume
+from the 4th to the 8th a vigorous offensive. On the 10th and 11th this
+offensive, brought up against fresh and sharper German attacks, was
+checked. Before it could be renewed the arrival of fresh reinforcements
+had to be awaited, which were dispatched to the north on Nov. 12. By the
+14th our troops had again begun to progress, barring the road to Ypres
+against the German attacks, and inflicting on the enemy, who advanced in
+massed formation, losses which were especially terrible in consequence
+of the fact that the French and British artillery had crowded nearly 300
+guns on to these few kilometers of front.
+
+Thus the main mass of the Germans sustained the same defeat as the
+detachments operating further to the north along the coast. The support
+which, according to the idea of the German General Staff, the attack on
+Ypres was to render to the coastal attack, was as futile as that attack
+itself had been.
+
+During the second half of November the enemy, exhausted and having lost
+in the Battle of Ypres alone more than 150,000 men, did not attempt to
+renew his effort, but confined himself to an intermittent cannonade.
+We, on the contrary, achieved appreciable progress to the north and
+south of Ypres, and insured definitely by a powerful defensive
+organization of the position the inviolability of our front.
+
+[The compiler of the report here adds a footnote saying that the bodies
+of more than 40,000 Germans were found on the battlefield during these
+three weeks of battle. The report next proceeds to summarize the
+character and results of the operations since the Battle of
+Flanders--that is, during the period Nov. 30-Feb. 1.]
+
+Since the former date the French supreme command had not thought it
+advisable to embark upon important offensive operations. It has confined
+itself to local attacks, the main object of which was to hold in front
+of us as large a number of German corps as possible, and thus to hinder
+the withdrawal of the troops which to our knowledge the German General
+Staff was anxious to dispatch to Russia.
+
+
+FEW SENT TO THE EAST.
+
+As a matter of fact, the numbers transported to the eastern front have
+been very moderate. Of the fifty-two army corps which faced us on the
+western front, Germany has only been able to take four and one-half
+corps for the eastern front. On the other hand, climatic conditions--the
+rain, mud, and mist--were such as to diminish the effectiveness of
+offensive operations and to add to the costliness of any undertaken,
+which was another reason for postponing them. Still another reason lies
+in the fact that from now on the allied forces can count upon a steadily
+expanding growth, equally in point of numbers and units as of material,
+while the German forces have attained the maximum of their power, and
+can only diminish now both in numbers and in value. These conditions
+explain the character of the siege warfare which the operations have
+assumed during the period under review.
+
+[Illustration: Map illustrating the Battle of Flanders, the Battle of
+Ypres, and the terrain of the frustrated German efforts to reach Dunkirk
+and Calais.]
+
+Meanwhile, it is by no means the case that the siege warfare has had the
+same results for the Germans as for us. From Nov. 15 to Feb. 1, our
+opponents, in spite of very numerous attacks, did not succeed in taking
+anything from us, except a few hundred metres of ground to the north of
+Soissons. We, on the contrary, have obtained numerous and appreciable
+results.
+
+[The French writer here proceeds to strike a balance of gains and losses
+between the allied and the German forces in France during the Winter
+campaign. The result he sums up as follows:]
+
+1. A general progress of our troops; very marked at certain points.
+
+2. A general falling back of the enemy, except to the northeast of
+Soissons.
+
+To complete the balance it must be added that:
+
+1. The German offensive in Poland was checked a month ago.
+
+2. The Russian offensive continues in Galicia and the Carpathians.
+
+3. A large part of the Turkish Caucasian army has been annihilated.
+
+4. Germany has exhausted her resources of officers, (there are now on an
+average twelve officers to a regiment,) and henceforth will only be able
+to develop her resources in men to the detriment of the existing units.
+
+5. The allied armies, on the contrary, possess the power of reinforcing
+themselves in a very considerable degree.
+
+It may, therefore, be declared that in order to obtain complete success
+it is sufficient for France and her allies to know how to wait and to
+prepare victory with indefatigable patience.
+
+The German offensive is broken.
+
+The German defensive will be broken in its turn.
+
+[It is evident from the report that the numbered German army corps are
+Prussian corps unless otherwise specified.]
+
+
+THE FRENCH ARMY AS IT IS.
+
+_LONDON, March 18, (Correspondence of The Associated Press.)--All of
+Part II., of the historical review of the war, emanating from French
+official sources, and purely from the French viewpoint, has been
+received by The Associated Press. Part II, deals with the conditions in
+the French Army, furnishing a most interesting chapter on this subject
+under the title, "The French Army as it Is."_
+
+_The compiler of the report, beginning this part of his review on Feb.
+1, says that the condition of the French Army is excellent and
+appreciably superior to what it was at the beginning of the war from the
+three points of view of numbers, quality, and equipment. Continuing, he
+says:_
+
+In the higher command important changes have been made. It has, in fact,
+been rejuvenated by the promotion of young commanders of proved quality
+to high rank. All the old Generals, who at the beginning of August were
+at the head of large commands, have been gradually eliminated, some as
+the result of the physical strain of war and others by appointment to
+territorial commands. This rejuvenation of the higher ranks of the army
+has been carried out in a far-reaching manner, and it may be said that
+it has embraced all the grades of the military hierarchy from commanders
+of brigades to commanders of armies. The result has been to lower the
+average age of general officers by ten years. Today more than
+three-fourths of the officers commanding armies and army corps are less
+than 60 years of age. Some are considerably younger. A number of the
+army corps commanders are from 46 to 54 years of age, and the brigade
+commanders are usually under 50. There are, in fact, at the front
+extremely few general officers over 60, and these are men who are in
+full possession of their physical and intellectual powers.
+
+
+MANY COLONELS PROMOTED.
+
+This rejuvenation of the high command was facilitated by a number of
+circumstances, notable among which were the strengthening of the higher
+regimental ranks carried out during the three years preceding the war,
+as a result of which at the outset of the campaign each infantry
+regiment had two Lieutenant Colonels, and each cavalry and artillery
+regiment a Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel, and also the system of
+promotion for the duration of the war. Many officers who began the war
+as Colonels now command brigades. Some are even at the head of divisions
+or army corps. Ability proved on the field of battle is now immediately
+recognized and utilized, and in this way it has been possible to provide
+in the most favorable manner for the vacancies created by the changes in
+command which were considered necessary in the first weeks of the war.
+
+The higher grades of the French Army are inspired by a remarkable unity
+in the matter of military theory, and by a solidarity of spirit which
+has found striking expression in the course of the numerous moves of
+army corps from one part of the theatre of operations to another, which
+have been carried out since the beginning of the war.
+
+The cavalry after six months of war still possesses an excess of
+officers. There are on an average thirty-six officers to a regiment
+instead of the thirty-one considered to be the necessary minimum. The
+artillery, which has suffered relatively little, has also an excess of
+officers, and is further able to count upon a large number of Captains
+and other officers, who before the war were employed in the arsenals or
+in technical research. Finally the reserve artillery officers have
+nearly all proved to be excellent battery commanders.
+
+The losses in the junior commissioned ranks have naturally been highest
+in the infantry. There is, however, nothing like a want of officers in
+this arm. Many Captains and Lieutenants who have been wounded by
+machine-gun fire (such wounds are usually slight and quickly healed,)
+have been able to return speedily to the front. The reserve officers
+have in general done remarkably well, and in many cases have shown quite
+exceptional aptitude for the rank of company commanders. The
+non-commissioned officers promoted to sub-Lieutenancies make excellent
+section leaders, and even show themselves very clever and energetic
+company commanders in the field.
+
+It must be remembered also that thanks to the intellectual and physical
+development of the generation now serving with the colors; and thanks,
+above all, to the warlike qualities of the race, and the democratic
+spirit of our army, we have been able to draw upon the lower grades and
+even upon the rank and file for officers. Many men who began the war on
+Aug. 2 as privates, now wear the officers' epaulettes. The elasticity of
+our regulations regarding promotion in war time, the absence of the
+spirit of caste, and the friendly welcome extended by all officers to
+those of their military inferiors who have shown under fire their
+fitness to command, have enabled us to meet all requirements.
+
+The state of our infantry on Jan. 15 was very satisfactory and much
+superior to that of the German infantry. On an average each of our
+regiments has forty-eight officers, including eighteen regular officers,
+fifteen reserve officers, and fifteen non-commissioned officers. In each
+regiment six of the twelve companies are commanded by Captains who are
+regular officers, three by Captains of the reserve and three by
+Lieutenants. Each company has at least three officers. The state of the
+army as regards the commissioned ranks from the highest to the lowest is
+declared to be exceptionally brilliant. The army is led by young,
+well-trained, and daring chiefs, and the lower commissioned ranks have
+acquired the art of war by experience.
+
+
+2,500,000 FRENCH AT FRONT.
+
+Including all ranks, France now has more than 2,500,000 men at the
+front, and every unit is, or was on Jan. 15, at war strength. The
+infantry companies are at least 200 strong. In many regiments the
+companies have a strength of 250 or more.
+
+In other arms, which have suffered less than the infantry, the units are
+all up to, or above, regulation strength.
+
+This fact constitutes one of the most important advantages of the French
+Army over the Germans. While Germany has created a great number of new
+units, army corps or divisions, which absorbed at a blow all of her
+available resources in officers and men, the French supreme command has
+avoided the formation of new units, except in limited number, and has
+only admitted exceptions to this rule when it was able to count with
+certainty on being able to provide amply for both the present and future
+requirements of the new units, as regards all ranks, without encroaching
+upon the reserves needed for the existing units.
+
+At the same time, thanks to the depots in the interior of the country,
+the effectives at the front have been maintained at full strength. The
+sources of supply for this purpose were the remainder of the eleven
+classes of the reserves, the younger classes of the territorial army,
+and the new class of 1914. A large number of the men wounded in the
+earlier engagements of the war have been able to return to the front.
+They have been incorporated in the new drafts, providing these with a
+useful stiffening of war-tried men.
+
+With regard to the supplies of men upon which the army can draw to
+repair the wastage at the front, we learn that there are practically
+half as many men in the depots as at the front, in other words about
+1,250,000. Further supplies of men are provided by the class of 1915 and
+the revision of the various categories of men of military age previously
+exempted on grounds of health or for other reasons from the duty of
+bearing arms. As a result of this measure nearly half a million men have
+been claimed for the army, almost all of whom, after rigorous physical
+tests, have been declared fit for military service.
+
+
+DRILLED BY CONVALESCENTS.
+
+In the depots in which the new soldiers are being trained the services
+of many officers and non-commissioned officers discharged as
+convalescents after being wounded are utilized in order to give a
+practical turn to the instruction. There are still many voluntary
+enlistments, and with all these resources of men the army can count upon
+reinforcements soon to be available which will considerably augment its
+offensive power.
+
+The quality of the troops has improved perceptibly since the beginning
+of the war. The men have become hardened and used to war, and their
+health--largely owing to the excellence of the commissariat--is
+extremely satisfactory. In spite of the severity of the Winter hardly
+any cases of disease of the respiratory organs have occurred, and the
+sanitary returns of the army show an appreciable improvement on those of
+the preceding Winter.
+
+With regard to the reserves, experience has verified the dictum of the
+Serbian and Bulgarian Generals in the war of 1913, namely, that "two
+months in the field are necessary in order to get at the full value of
+reserves." Our infantry is now accustomed to the rapid and thorough
+"organization" of the defensive. In August it neither liked nor had the
+habit of using the spade. Today those who see our trenches are
+astounded. They are veritable improvised fortresses, proof against the
+77-millimeter gun and often against artillery of higher calibre. During
+the last five months not a single encounter can be cited in which our
+infantry did not have the advantage over the German infantry. All the
+enemy's attacks have been repulsed, except to the north of Soissons,
+where their success was due to the flooded state of the Aisne and the
+carrying away of our bridges. Our attacks, on the other hand, have
+yielded important results, and have been carried out with plenty of
+spirit, although without the imprudence which cost us such heavy losses
+in August.
+
+The cavalry has made remarkable progress. Throughout October this branch
+was called on to eke out the inadequate numbers of the infantry, and
+showed itself perfectly adapted to the necessities of fighting on foot.
+Several regiments of cavalry have been used as infantry, and, armed with
+rifles, have rendered the most valuable services.
+
+The artillery has displayed a superiority in the use of its admirable
+material, which is recognized by the Germans themselves.
+
+
+_LONDON, March 27, (Correspondence of The Associated Press.)--Further
+installments of the French official review of the condition of the
+French Army after six months of war have been obtained by The Associated
+Press. The sixth installment deals with material, artillery, transport,
+and supplies, and the seventh takes up the situation of the German Army
+and makes an analysis of the German forces in the field and available
+for service._
+
+_The first chapter of the seventh installment, headed "The German
+Effort," opens with a statement as to the German forces at the beginning
+of the campaign. The writer says:_
+
+The military effort of Germany at the outset of the campaign exceeded
+all anticipations. Her design was to crush the French Army in a few
+weeks under a tremendous mass of troops. Nothing was neglected to bring
+that mass together.
+
+The number of German army corps in time of peace is twenty-five. When
+war began the German General Staff put in the field on the two theatres
+of operations: 1, as fighting troops, (active, reserve, Ersatz or
+Landwehr,) sixty-one army corps; 2, as troops to guard communications
+and territory, formations of the Landsturm.
+
+In October six and a half new army corps made their appearance, plus a
+division of sailors--in all seven corps. From the end of November to the
+end of December there was only an insignificant increase, consisting of
+the division of sailors. In January, 1915, the number of fighting
+formations put into line by the German Army was therefore sixty-nine
+army corps, divided as follows:
+
+Active corps, twenty-five and a half; reserve corps, twenty-one and a
+half; Ersatz brigades, six and a half; reserve corps of new formation,
+seven and a half, and corps of Landwehr, eight and a half.
+
+
+GERMANY'S GREAT INITIAL EFFORT.
+
+The immense effort thus made by Germany explains itself very well, if,
+having regard to the position of Germany at the opening of the war, one
+considers that of the Allies. Germany desired to take advantage of the
+circumstances which enabled her to make a simultaneous mobilization of
+all her forces--a mobilization which the three allied armies could not
+carry out so rapidly. Germany wished with the mass of troops to crush
+first of all the adversary who appeared to her the most dangerous. This
+effort, broken for the first time on the Marne, attained its maximum at
+the moment of the battle of Flanders, in which more than fifty army
+corps out of sixty-nine were pitted against the French, British, and
+Belgian Armies.
+
+Here also the method followed by Germany is easily comprehensible. At
+the end of October the Russian danger was beginning to become pressing,
+and it was necessary to win a decisive victory in the western theatre of
+the war. It was imperative to give international opinion the impression
+that Germany remained in that quarter mistress of operations. Finally,
+it behooved her by this victory to gain the freedom to transport a large
+number of army corps to Poland. We have seen that the battle of
+Flanders, instead of being a success for Germany, was a marked defeat.
+This defeat was fraught with results, and it dominates the present
+position of the German Army. The plans above described of the German
+mobilization, which had their justification in view of a prompt victory,
+were calculated to become extremely perilous from the moment that that
+victory failed to be gained.
+
+
+INITIATIVE LOST BY GERMANY.
+
+From that moment, in fact, Germany lost the initiative and the direction
+of the war. And, furthermore, she was condemned to suffer the
+counter-effects of the enormous and precipitate effort which she had
+made in vain. From the point of view of her effectiveness and her
+regimental cadres, (basic organization,) she had undergone a wastage
+which her adversaries, on the other hand, had been able to save
+themselves. She had, in the words of the proverb, put all her eggs in
+one basket, and in spite of her large population she could no longer,
+owing to the immediate and sterile abuse which she had made of her
+resources, pretend to regain the superiority of numbers.
+
+She was reduced to facing as best she could on both war fronts the
+unceasingly increasing forces of the Allies. She had attained the
+maximum of tension and had secured a minimum of results. She had thus
+landed herself in a difficulty which will henceforward go on increasing
+and which is made clear when the wastage which her army has suffered is
+closely studied.
+
+
+WASTAGE OF GERMAN EFFECTIVES.
+
+_Chapter II. of this section of the review bears the headline "Wastage
+of German Effectives."_
+
+The wastage of effectives is easy to establish, it says. We have for the
+purpose two sources--the official lists of losses published by the
+German General Staff and the notebooks, letters, and archives of
+soldiers and officers killed and taken prisoners. These different
+documents show that by the middle of January the German losses on the
+two fronts were 1,800,000 men.
+
+These figures are certainly less than the reality, because, for one
+thing, the sick are not comprised, and, for another, the losses in the
+last battle in Poland are not included. Let us accept them, however; let
+us accept also that out of these 1,800,000 men 500,000--this is the
+normal proportion--have been able to rejoin after being cured. Thus the
+final loss for five months of the campaign has been 1,300,000 men, or
+260,000 men per month. These figures agree exactly with what can be
+ascertained when the variations of effectives in certain regiments are
+examined.
+
+It is certain that the majority of the German regiments have had to be
+completely renewed. What, then, is the situation created by these
+enormous losses?
+
+_This question is answered by a statement headed "German troops
+available for 1915."_
+
+The total of German formations known at the beginning of January, says
+the review, represented in round numbers 4,000,000 men. According to the
+official reports on German recruiting, the entire resources of Germany
+in men amount to 9,000,000. But from these 9,000,000 have to be deducted
+men employed on railways, in the police, and in certain administrations
+and industries--altogether 500,000 men. The total resources available
+for the war were therefore 8,500,000. Out of these about one-half, say
+4,000,000, are now at the front. The definitive losses represent at
+least 1,300,000 men. The available resources amounted, then, at the
+beginning of January, to 3,200,000 men.
+
+
+GERMANY'S RESERVES UNTRAINED.
+
+Of what are these resources composed? Chiefly of men who were untrained
+in time of peace, the trained reservists having almost all left the
+depots for the front. It has, moreover, to be noted that out of these
+3,200,000 men there are, according to the statistics, 800,000 who are
+more than 39 years of age, and therefore of only mediocre military
+value. Thus there remain 2,400,000. Finally, the category of the
+untrained in peace comprises, according to the estimates of German
+military authorities themselves, one-quarter of inefficients.
+
+The really valuable resources capable of campaigning are therefore just
+2,000,000. These men, comprising the 1915, 1916, and 1917 classes,
+called out in anticipation, constitute--and this point cannot be too
+strongly insisted upon--the total of available resources for the
+operations during the twelve months of 1915. As to what the military
+value of these troops will be, considering the haste with which they
+have been trained, the formidable losses sustained in the battle of
+Flanders by the newly formed corps show very clearly. Their military
+value will be limited.
+
+
+GERMAN LOSSES 260,000 A MONTH.
+
+When it is remembered that, according to the German documents
+themselves, the definite loss each month is 260,000 men, it is manifest
+that the available resources for the year 1915 will not suffice to fill
+the gaps of a war of ten months.
+
+It is then superabundantly established that in the matter of effectives
+Germany has reached the maximum of possible effort. If with the men at
+present available she creates, as it is certain that she is preparing to
+do at this moment, fresh formations, she will be preventing herself, if
+the war lasts another ten months, as is admissible, from being able to
+complete afresh her old formations. If she creates no new formations,
+she will have in 1915 exactly what is necessary and no more to complete
+the existing units afresh.
+
+Bearing in mind the ways of the German General Staff, one may suppose
+that, disregarding the eventual impossibility of recompleting, it is
+still addressing itself to creating new formations. The weakness to
+which Germany will expose herself in the matter of effectives has just
+been set forth, and it is easy to show that this weakness will be still
+further aggravated by the wastage in the regimental orders.
+
+
+PRAISES FRENCH "SEVENTY-FIVES."
+
+_In the sixth installment, beginning with the field gun, the famous
+"seventy-fives," the compiler of the report, after rehearsing the
+splendid qualities of this weapon--its power, its rapidity of action,
+and its precision--points out that it possesses a degree of strength and
+endurance which makes it an implement of war of the first order._
+
+It may be stated without hesitation [says the review] that our
+"seventy-five" guns are in as perfect condition today as they were on
+the first day of the war, although the use made of them has exceeded all
+calculations. The consumption of projectiles was, in fact, so enormous
+as to cause for a moment an ammunition crisis, which, however, was
+completely overcome several weeks ago.
+
+The methodical and complete exploitation of all the resources of the
+country, organized since the beginning of the war, has enabled us to
+accumulate a considerable stock of fresh munitions, and an increasing
+rate of production is henceforth assured. We are thus sure of being able
+to provide without particular effort for all the needs of the campaign,
+present and future, however long the war may last, and it is this
+certainty which has enabled us to supply projectiles to several of the
+allied armies, among others, to the Serbian and Belgian armies. From
+the statements of German prisoners we have learned that the
+effectiveness of our new projectiles is superior to that of the old
+ones.
+
+
+FRENCH HEAVY GUNS SUPERIOR.
+
+Our heavy artillery was in process of reorganization when the war broke
+out, with the result that we were indisputably in a position of
+inferiority in respect of this arm during the first battles. But today
+the rôles have been changed and our adversaries themselves acknowledge
+the superiority of our heavy artillery.
+
+The change has been brought about in various ways, partly by the intense
+activity of the cannon foundries in new production, partly by the
+employment at the front of the enormous reserves of artillery preserved
+in the fortresses. The very large number of heavy guns at the front
+represents only a part of the total number available for use. There is
+an abundant stock of projectiles for the heavy artillery, which, as in
+the case of the field gun ammunition, is daily growing in importance.
+The same is true of the reserves of powder and other explosives and of
+all materials needed for the manufacture of shells.
+
+With regard to small arms, hand grenades, bombs, and all the devices for
+lifetaking which the trench warfare at short distance has brought into
+use, the position of the French troops is in every way favorable.
+
+_There follows a passage on the development of the machine gun in this
+kind of warfare._
+
+Owing to the extended use of this weapon, the number supplied to the
+various units has been appreciably increased, says the review. Not only
+is each unit in possession of its full regulation complement of machine
+guns, but the number of these guns attached to each unit has been
+increased since Feb. 1 by one-third.
+
+_The report next passes to the transport service, which, it says, has
+worked with remarkable precision since the beginning of the war. This
+section of the review closes by referring to food supplies for the army,
+which are described as abundant._
+
+
+_LONDON, March 27, (Correspondence of The Associated Press.)--The eighth
+installment of the French official review of the war, previous chapters
+of which have been published, takes up the German losses of officers,
+the wastage of guns and projectiles, and "the moral wastage of the
+German Army."_
+
+_The chapter on losses of officers begins with the statement that the
+condition of the cadres, or basic organizations, in the German Army is
+bad. The proportion of officers, and notably of officers by profession,
+has been enormously reduced, it says; and a report made in December
+showed that in a total of 124 companies, active or reserve, there were
+only 49 officers of the active army. The active regiments have at the
+present time, according to the review, an average of 12 professional
+officers; the reserve regiments, 9 to 10; the reserve regiments of new
+formation, 6 to 7; and it is to be remembered that these officers have
+to be drawn upon afresh for the creation of new units._
+
+"If Germany creates new army corps, and if the war lasts ten months," it
+continues, "she will reduce almost to nothing the number of professional
+officers in each regiment, a number which already is very insufficient."
+
+
+FRENCH CONDITIONS IN CONTRAST.
+
+_The French report points out that on the other hand, all the French
+regiments have been constantly kept at a minimum figure of eighteen
+professional officers per regiment. At the same time it admits that the
+commanders of German corps, commanders of active battalions, and the
+officers attached to the commanders of army corps are officers by
+profession._
+
+_The French report then addresses itself to the wastage of material.
+Discussing the wastage of guns, it says:_
+
+It is easy to ascertain the German losses in artillery. On Dec. 28 the
+Sixty-sixth Regiment of Artillery entrained at Courtrai for Germany
+twenty-two guns, of which eighteen were used up. This figure is
+extremely high for a single regiment.
+
+The same facts have been ascertained as regards heavy artillery. On
+Dec. 21 and 22 seventy-seven guns of heavy artillery, which were no
+longer serviceable, were sent to Cologne. These movements, which are not
+isolated facts, show how ill the German artillery has resisted the
+ordeal of the campaign.
+
+Other proofs, moreover, are decisive. For some weeks we have noted the
+very peculiar aspect of the marking on the bands of a great number of
+shells of the 77 gun. When these markings are compared with those of
+shells fired three months ago it is plain beyond all question that the
+tubes are worn and that many of them require to be replaced. This loss
+in guns is aggravated by the necessity which has arisen of drawing upon
+the original army corps for the guns assigned to the recently formed
+corps or those in course of formation. Several regiments of field
+artillery have, in fact, had to give up two batteries.
+
+
+WEARING OUT OF MATERIAL.
+
+These two phenomena--wearing out of material and drafts upon
+batteries--will inevitably result either in the reduction of batteries
+from six to four guns, a reduction of the number of batteries in the
+army corps, or the partial substitution for 77 guns of 9-centimeter
+cannon of the old pattern, the presence of which has been many times
+perceived at the front.
+
+Furthermore, the German artillery lacks and has lacked for a very long
+time munitions. It has been obliged to reduce its consumption of shells
+in a notable degree. No doubt is possible in this respect. The
+statements of prisoners since the battle of the Marne, and still more
+since the battle of the Yser, make it clear that the number of shots
+allowed to the batteries for each action is strictly limited. We have
+found on officers killed or taken prisoner the actual orders prescribing
+positively a strict economy of munitions.
+
+For the last three months, too, we notice that the quality of the
+projectiles is mediocre. Many of them do not burst. On Jan. 7, in the
+course of a bombardment of Laventie, scarcely any of the German shells
+burst. The proportion of non-bursts was estimated at two-fifths by the
+British on Dec. 14, two-thirds by ourselves in the same month. On Jan. 3
+at Bourg-et-Comin, and at other places since then, shrapnel fell the
+explosion of which scarcely broke the envelope and the bullets were
+projected without any force. About the same time our Fourteenth Army
+Corps was fired at with shrapnel loaded with fragments of glass, and on
+several points of our front shell casings of very bad quality have been
+found, denoting hasty manufacture and the use of materials taken at
+hazard.
+
+From numerous indications it appears that the Germans are beginning to
+run short of their 1898 pattern rifle. A certain number of the last
+reinforcements (January) are armed with carbines or rifles of a poor
+sort without bayonets. Others have not even rifles. Prisoners taken at
+Woevre had old-pattern weapons.
+
+The upshot of these observations is that Germany, despite her large
+stores at the beginning, and the great resources of her industrial
+production, presents manifest signs of wear, and that the official
+optimism which she displays does not correspond with the reality of the
+facts.
+
+
+MORAL WASTAGE.
+
+_Under the caption "Moral Wastage of the German Army," the review
+continues:_
+
+The material losses of the German Army have corresponded with a moral
+wastage which it is interesting and possible to follow, both from the
+interrogation of prisoners and the pocketbooks and letters seized upon
+them or on the killed.
+
+At the beginning of the war the entire German Army, as was natural, was
+animated by an unshakable faith in the military superiority of the
+empire. It lived on the recollections of 1870, and on those of the long
+years of peace, during which all the powers which had to do with Germany
+displayed toward her a spirit of conciliation and patience which might
+pass for weakness.
+
+The first prisoners we took in August showed themselves wholly
+indifferent to the reverses of the German Army. They were sincerely and
+profoundly convinced that, if the German Army retired, it was in virtue
+of a preconceived plan, and that our successes would lead to nothing.
+The events at the end of August were calculated to strengthen this
+contention in the minds of the German soldiers.
+
+The strategic retreat of the French Army, the facility with which the
+German armies were able to advance from Aug. 25 to Sept. 5, gave our
+adversaries a feeling of absolute and final superiority, which
+manifested itself at that time by all the statements gleaned and all the
+documents seized.
+
+At the moment of the battle of the Marne the first impression was one of
+failure of comprehension and of stupor. A great number of German
+soldiers, notably those who fell into our hands during the first days of
+that battle, believed fully, as at the end of August, that the retreat
+they were ordered to make was only a means of luring us into a trap.
+German military opinion was suddenly converted when the soldiers saw
+that this retreat continued, and that it was being carried out in
+disorder, under conditions which left no doubt as to its cause and its
+extent.
+
+This time it was really a defeat, and a defeat aggravated by the absence
+of regular supplies and by the physical and moral depression which was
+the result. The severity of the losses sustained, the overpowering
+effects of the French artillery, began from this moment to be noted in
+the German pocketbooks with veritable terror. Hope revived, however, at
+the end of some weeks, and there is to be found in the letters of
+soldiers and officers the announcement of "a great movement" which is
+being prepared, and which is to lead the German armies anew as far as
+Paris.
+
+
+LOSSES IN "BATTLE OF CALAIS."
+
+This is the great "battle of Calais," which, contrary to the
+anticipations of the enemy, was in reality fought to the east of the
+Yser. The losses of the Germans, which during those ten days exceeded
+150,000 men, and may perhaps have reached 200,000, produced a terrifying
+impression on the troops. From that moment prisoners no longer declared
+themselves sure of success. For a certain time they had been consoled
+by the announcement of the capture of Warsaw. This pretended success
+having proved to be fictitious, incredulity became general.
+
+During the last two months the most intelligent of the prisoners have
+all admitted that no one could any longer say on which side victory
+would rest. If we think of the absolute confidence with which the German
+people had been sustained, this avowal is of great importance.
+
+Letters seized on a dead officer speak of the imminence of a military
+and economic hemming-in of Germany. They discuss the possibility of
+Germany finding herself after the war with "empty hands and pockets
+turned inside out." There is no longer any question of imposing the
+conqueror's law upon adversaries at his mercy, but of fighting with the
+energy of despair to secure an honorable peace. An officer of the
+General Staff who was made prisoner on Jan. 18 said: "Perhaps this
+struggle of despair has already begun."
+
+_There follows a chapter bearing the title, "The System of Lies," in
+which the review describes the methods by which it is alleged the German
+Government "made a sustained effort to create in the army an artificial
+state of mind based entirely upon lies and a scientific system of
+fables."_
+
+
+
+
+SONNET ON THE BELGIAN EXPATRIATION.
+
+By THOMAS HARDY.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+    I dreamt that people from the Land of Chimes
+      Arrived one Autumn morning with their bells,
+      To hoist them on the towers and citadels
+    Of my own country, that the musical rhymes
+
+    Rung by them into space at measured times
+      Amid the market's daily stir and stress,
+      And the night's empty starlit silentness,
+    Might solace souls of this and kindred climes.
+
+    Then I awoke; and, lo, before me stood
+    The visioned ones, but pale and full of fear;
+    From Bruges they came, and Antwerp, and Ostend,
+
+    No carillons in their train. Vicissitude
+    Had left these tinkling to the invaders' ear,
+    And ravaged street, and smoldering gable-end.
+
+
+
+
+War Correspondence
+
+A Month of German Submarine War
+
+By Vice Admiral Kirchhoff of the German Navy
+
+
+     Under the heading, "A Month of U-Boat War," Vice Admiral
+     Kirchhoff of the German Navy discusses the German submarine
+     warfare against merchant shipping in its first month. The
+     article, appearing in the Hamburger Framdenblatt of March 19,
+     1915, is reproduced:
+
+On March 18 a month had passed since the beginning of our sharp
+procedure against our worst foe. We can in every way be satisfied with
+the results achieved in the meantime! In spite of all "steps" taken
+before and thereafter, the English have everywhere had important losses
+to show at sea--some 200 ships lost since the beginning of the war,
+according to the latest statements of the Allies--so that even they
+themselves no longer dare to talk about the "German bluff."
+
+On the new and greater "war zone" established by us, our submarines have
+known how to work bravely, and have been able, for instance, to operate
+successfully on a single morning on the east coast, in the Channel, and
+in the Irish Sea. We have heard of many losses of our opponents, and on
+the other hand of the subjugation of only two of our brave U-boats.
+Ceaselessly they are active on the coasts of Albion; shipping is
+paralyzed at some points; steamship companies--including also many
+neutral ones--have suspended their sailings; in short, our threat of a
+more acute condition of war "with all means at hand" has been fully
+fulfilled.
+
+The "peaceful shipping," too, has taken notice of it and adjusted itself
+according to our instructions. The official objections of neutrals have
+died away without effect; throughout the world we have already been
+given right; the shipping circles of the neutral States are in great
+part holding entirely back. The empty threats that floated over to us
+from across the Channel, that the captured crews of German submarines
+will be treated differently than other prisoners--yes, as plain pirates
+and sea robbers--those are nothing but an insignificant ebullition of
+British "moral insanity." They are a part of the hypocritical cant
+without which, somehow, Great Britain cannot get along. If Great Britain
+should act in accordance with it, however, then we shall know what we,
+for our part, have to do!
+
+German and probably English mines, too, have helped our submarines in
+clearing up among the English mercantile and war fleet. Many merchant
+ships warned long in advance have been compelled to believe in the
+warning, and with them frequently a great part of their crews--"without
+any warning whatever," as our opponents like to say.
+
+All measures of defense, yes, even more significant, all measures of
+deception and boastful "ruses de guerre," and even all attempts to hush
+up the news of German accomplishments and whenever possible to suppress
+it completely--all these efforts have been futile. Our results surpass
+the expectations that had been cherished. Who knows how many
+accomplishments other than those which have been published may also have
+been achieved? Foreign newspapers report a large number of steamships
+overdue. From overseas likewise we receive favorable reports about the
+sinking of enemy ships. But the best is the news that our submarines
+have succeeded in sinking two English auxiliary cruisers and perhaps
+also one or two larger English transport ships with several thousand men
+on board.
+
+The last announcement has filled us all with greatest satisfaction.
+This, our latest method of warfare, is "truly humane"; it leads more
+speedily to the goal than anything else, so that the number of victims
+will in the end be smaller after all. It brings peace to all of us
+sooner than the empty paper protests and crying to Heaven about violence
+and international law, law of the sea, and laws of humanity could do.
+In the innocent exalted island kingdom many a fellow is already
+striking; why should not even the recruit strike, who is also beginning
+to get a glimmer of the truth that there are no props in the ocean
+waves?
+
+The more opponents come before the bows of our ships and are sunk, the
+better! Down with them to the bottom of the sea; that alone will help!
+Let us hope that we shall soon receive more such cheerful news.
+
+
+
+
+Three Weeks of the War in Champagne
+
+By a British Observer
+
+
+_The following article, issued by the British Press Bureau, London,
+March 18, 1915, is from a British observer with the French forces in the
+field who has the permission of General Joffre to send communications
+home from time to time, giving descriptions of the work, &c., of the
+French Army which will be of interest to the British reader._
+
+I propose to give some account of the operations which have been in
+progress for the last three weeks in Champagne. Every day since Feb. 15
+the official communiqués find something to say about a district which
+lies midway between Rheims and Verdun. The three places which are always
+mentioned, which form the points of reference, are Perthes-lez-Hurlus,
+Le Mesnil-lez-Hurlus, and Beauséjour Farm. The distance between the
+first and the last is three and one-half miles; the front on which the
+fighting has taken place is about five miles; and the French have been
+attacking at one point or another in this front every day for the last
+three weeks. It is, therefore, an operation of a different kind to those
+which we have seen during the Winter months. Those were local efforts,
+lasting a day or two, designed to keep the enemy busy and prevent him
+from withdrawing troops elsewhere; this is a sustained effort, made with
+the object of keeping a constant pressure on his first line of defense,
+of affecting his use of the railway from Bazancourt to Challerange, a
+few miles to the north, and of wearing down his reserves of men and
+ammunition. It may be said that Feb. 15 marks the opening of the 1915
+campaign, and that this first phase will find an important place when
+the history of the war comes to be written.
+
+We must first know something of the nature of the country, which is
+entirely different to that in which the British Army is fighting. It is
+one vast plain, undulating, the hills at most 200 feet higher than the
+valleys, gentle slopes everywhere. The soil is rather chalky, poor,
+barely worth cultivating; after heavy rain the whole plain becomes a sea
+of shallow mud; and it dries equally quickly. The only features are the
+pine woods, which have been planted by hundreds. From the point of view
+of profit, this would not appear to have been a success; either the soil
+is too poor, or else it is unsuitable to the maritime pine; for the
+trees are rarely more than 25 feet high. As each rise is topped, a new
+stretch of plain, a new set of small woods appear, just like that which
+has been left behind.
+
+[Illustration: ELEUTHERIOS K. VENIZELOS
+
+The great Greek statesman who recently resigned as Prime Minister.
+
+_(Photo from Medom Photo Service.)_]
+
+[Illustration: LORD HARDINGE OF PENSHURST
+
+Who, as Viceroy, rules England's Indian Empire during the critical
+period of the war.]
+
+The villages are few and small, most of them are in ruins after the
+fighting in September; and the troops live almost entirely in colonies
+of little huts of wood or straw, about four feet high, dotted about in
+the woods, in the valleys, wherever a little water and shelter is
+obtainable. Lack of villages means lack of roads; this has been one of
+the great difficulties to be faced; but, at the same time, the movement
+of wagons across country is possible to a far greater extent than in
+Flanders, although it is often necessary to use eight or ten horses to
+get a gun or wagon to the point desired.
+
+From the military point of view the country is eminently suitable for
+troops, with its possibilities of concealment, of producing sudden
+surprises with cavalry, and of manoeuvre generally. It is, in fact, the
+training ground of the great military centre of Châlons; and French
+troops have doubtless been exercised over this ground in every branch of
+military operation, except that in which they are engaged at the present
+moment.
+
+What commander, training his men over this ground, could have imagined
+that the area from Perthes-lez-Hurlus to Beauséjour Farm would become
+two fortress lines, developed and improved for four months; or that he
+would have to carry out an attack modeled on the same system as that
+employed in the last great siege undertaken by French troops, that of
+Sebastopol in 1855? Yet this is what is being done. Every day an attack
+is made on a trench, on the edge of one of the little woods or to gain
+ground in one of them; every day the ground gained has to be transformed
+so as to give protection to its new occupants and means of access to
+their supports; every night, and on many days, the enemy's
+counter-attacks have to be repulsed.
+
+Each attack has to be prepared by a violent and accurate artillery fire;
+it may be said that a trench has to be morally captured by gun fire
+before it can be actually seized by the infantry. Once in the new
+trench, the men have to work with their intrenching tools, without
+exposing themselves, and wait for a counter-attack, doing what damage
+they can to the enemy with hand grenades and machine guns. Thus the
+amount of rifle fire is very small; it is a war of explosives and
+bayonets.
+
+Looking at the battle at a distance of about 2,000 yards from the
+enemy's line, the stillness of what one sees is in marked contrast to
+the turmoil of shells passing overhead. The only movement is the cloud
+of smoke and earth that marks the burst of a shell. Here and there long
+white lines are visible, when a trench has brought the chalky subsoil up
+to the top, but the number of trenches seen is very small compared to
+the number that exist, for one cannot see into the valleys, and the top
+of the ground is an unhealthy place to choose for seating a trench. The
+woods are pointed out, with the names given them by the soldiers, but it
+needs fieldglasses to see the few stumps that remain in those where the
+artillery has done its work. And then a telephone message arrives,
+saying that the enemy are threatening a counter-attack at a certain
+point, and three minutes later there is a redoubled whistling of shells.
+At first one cannot see the result of this fire--the guns are searching
+the low ground where the enemy's reserves are preparing for the
+movement, but a little later the ground in front of the threatened
+trench becomes alive with shell bursts, for the searching has given
+place to the building up of a wall of fire through which it is
+impossible for the foe to pass without enormous loss.
+
+The attached map may enable us to look more closely at what has been
+achieved. The lowest dotted line, numbered 15, is the line of the French
+trenches on Feb. 15. They were then close up to the front of the German
+line with its network of barbed wire, its machine-gun emplacements,
+often of concrete, and its underground chambers for sheltering men from
+the shells. Each successive dotted line shows the line held by the
+French on the evening of the date written in the dotted line. Thus the
+total gain of ground, that between the most southerly and the most
+northerly dotted lines, varies between 200 yards, where the lines are
+close together northeast of Perthes, and 1,400 yards, half way between
+Le Mesnil and Beauséjour Farm. But the whole of this space has been a
+series of trenches and fortified woods, each of which has had to be
+attacked separately.
+
+[Illustration: Map of the French Operations in the Champagne
+
+Some of the severest fighting on the western battle front took place in
+this little section of about four miles of trenches, lying between
+Rheimes and Verdun. For a whole month from Feb. 15, the attacks were
+kept up by the French forces almost continuously, and the sketch gives
+the graphic result of changes for three weeks of that time. Ostensibly
+the purpose of the French was to pierce the German line and cut the
+railway a few miles to the rear. Incidentally, the French aimed to keep
+their opponents busy, and thus prevent any reinforcements being sent to
+von Hindenburg in the east.
+
+The total gain of ground--that between the most southerly and most
+northerly dotted lines--varies from 200 yards northeast of Perthes to
+1,400 yards, half way between Le Mesnil and Beauséjour Farm. But the
+whole of this space has been a series of trenches and fortified woods,
+each of which had to be attacked separately.
+
+The letters (A to G) in the sketch indicate the points of the severest
+fighting. A (the "little fort") was taken and lost three times before
+the French finally held it. B saw some of the stiffest encounters, the
+Germans attacking the hill nearly every day after the French captured
+it, and even the Prussian Guard being put in. The woods at C, D, and E
+were centres of terrific combats, in which trenching and mining were
+continuous tasks. The redoubt at F was captured only after large losses
+on both sides. At the extreme west is still another wood, (G.) which the
+French attacked three times before they were successful in getting a
+foothold there.]
+
+Some of the points where the fighting has been heaviest are shown in
+letters on the map. A is the "little fort," a redoubt on an open spur,
+holding perhaps 500 men. This was first attacked in January; it was
+partly taken, but the French in the end retained only the southern
+corner, where they remained for something like a fortnight. On Feb. 16
+it was again taken in part, and lost the same day. On the 17th the same
+thing happened. On the 23d they once more got into the work; in the
+evening they repulsed five separate counter-attacks; then a sixth
+succeeded in turning them out. On the 27th they took all except a bit of
+trench in the northern face, and two days later they made that good, as
+well as a trench about fifty yards to the north of the work.
+
+B is a small hill, marked 196. The capture of this, with its two lines
+of trenches, was one of the most brilliant pieces of work done. Since
+this date, the 26th, the enemy have continued to counter-attack nearly
+every day. It was here that the Prussian Guard was put in; but they have
+failed to get it back, and their losses have been very high. The
+prisoners stated that one regiment had its Colonel and all the superior
+officers killed or wounded. C is a wood, called the "Yellow Burnt Wood."
+It is still in the hands of the Germans, a regular nest of machine guns,
+which command the ground not only to the front but also down valleys to
+the east and west. The French are just in the southwest corner.
+
+At D there are two woods; the southern we will call No. 3, the northern
+No. 4. On the 16th our allies got a trench just south of No. 3; they got
+into the wood on the 18th, and fought backward and forward in the wood
+that day and all the 19th and 20th; by the evening of the 20th they had
+almost reached the northern edge. On the 21st a stronger counter-attack
+than usual was repulsed, and in pursuing the retiring enemy they
+secured the northern edge. On the 22d there was more fighting in No. 3,
+but in the end the French managed to make their way into No. 4 as far as
+a trench which runs along a crest midway through the wood. The next six
+days saw continuous fighting in No. 4, sometimes near the northern end,
+sometimes at the crest in the middle, and occasionally back near the
+southern end. The French now hold the northern edge, and have pushed
+troops into the "Square" wood just north of the line of the 25th.
+
+At E again there are two small woods; these were both captured on the
+26th, but the trenches in the northern one had been mined, and the
+French had no sooner seized them than they were blown up. At F there was
+another small redoubt; part of this was taken on the 19th from the east,
+but the work was not finally captured till the 27th, when 240 corpses
+were found in it. On the extreme west, at G, is a wood which has twice
+been unsuccessfully attacked. On the first occasion troops got into the
+wood, but a severe snowstorm prevented the artillery from continuing to
+assist them, and they were driven out. The second was an attempt to
+surprise the enemy at 2 A.M. on the 25th; this also failed. A third
+attack was made on March 7 and was successful; the French line now runs
+through the wood.
+
+The above will serve to show the tenacity which is required for an
+operation of this kind. Up to the present the French have made steady
+and continuous progress, and their success may be best judged from the
+fact that they have not been forced back on any day behind the line they
+held in the morning, despite innumerable counter-attacks. And this is
+not merely a question of ground, but one of increasing moral
+superiority, for it is in the unsuccessful counter-attacks that losses
+are heavy, and these and the sense of failure affect the morale of an
+army sooner or later.
+
+Will the French push through the line? Will a hole be made, or is the
+enemy like a badger, who digs himself in rather faster than you can dig
+him out? I cannot tell; it would indeed be an astonishing measure of
+success for a first attempt, and the enemy may require a great deal more
+hammering at many points before he has definitely had enough at any one
+point. But these operations have brought the day closer, and turn our
+thoughts to the time when we shall be able to move forward, and one
+finds the cavalrymen wondering whether perhaps they, too, will get their
+chance.
+
+
+
+
+The Germans Concrete Trenches
+
+By F.H. Gailor, American Rhodes Scholar of New College, Oxford
+
+[From The London Daily Mail, March 24, 1915.]
+
+
+At the kind invitation of General Longchamps, German Military Governor
+of the Province of Namur, I spent two days with him going along the
+country in and behind the firing line in Northern France from near
+Rheims to the small village of Monthois, near Vouziers, on the Aisne.
+
+About five miles out of Monthois we came to the artillery positions of
+the Germans. We could see the flashes of the guns long before we reached
+the hills where they were placed, but when we came up and dismounted the
+position was most cleverly concealed by a higher hill in front and the
+heavy woods which served as a screen for the artillery. I noticed many
+holes where the French shells had burst, and the valley to the north
+looked as if some one had been experimenting with a well digger. One
+21-centimeter shell had cut a swath about 100 yards long out of the
+woods on the hill where we dismounted. The trees were twisted from their
+stumps as if a small cyclone had passed, and one could realize the
+damage the shells could do merely by the displaced air.
+
+We went on forward into the valley on foot and stopped about two hundred
+yards in front and to the left of where the German guns were firing.
+There, although of course we could not see the French position, we could
+hear and see their shells as they exploded. They were firing short, one
+of the officers told me, because they thought the Germans were on the
+forward hill. He could see one of the French aeroplanes directing their
+fire, but I could not make it out. We stayed there listening to the
+shells and watching the few movements of German batteries that were
+taking place. A party of officers hidden by the trees were taking
+observations and telephoning the results of the German fire and, no
+doubt, of the French fire in the German trenches. There was no
+excitement; but for the noise the whole scene reminded me of some kind
+of construction work, such as building a railroad.
+
+After about an hour, when nothing had happened, one began to realize
+that even such excitement may become monotonous and be taken as a matter
+of course. One of the officers told me that the Germans had been there
+since the beginning of October and that even the trenches were in the
+same position as when they first came.
+
+Certainly the trenches seem permanent enough for spending many Winters.
+A number of them have now been built of concrete, especially in that
+swampy part near the Aisne where they strike water about three feet
+underground. The difficulty is in draining out the water when it rains.
+
+Some of the trenches have two stories, and at the back of many of them
+are subterranean rest houses built of concrete and connected with the
+trenches by passages. The rooms are about seven feet high and ten feet
+square, and above the ground all evidence of the work is concealed by
+green boughs and shrubbery so that they may escape the attention of the
+enemy's aeroplanes.
+
+With the noise and the fatigue, the men say it is impossible to sleep
+naturally, but they become so used to the firing and so weary that they
+become oblivious of everything even when shells are falling within a
+dozen yards of them. They stay in the trenches five days and then get
+five days' rest. In talking to the men one feels the influence on them
+of a curious sort of fatalism--they have been lucky so far and will come
+through all right. One sees and feels everywhere the spirit of a great
+game. The strain of football a thousand times magnified. The joy of
+winning and boyish pleasure in getting ahead of the other fellows side
+by side with the stronger passions of hatred and anger and the sight of
+agony and death.
+
+We talked to some of the little groups of men along the road who were
+going back to their five days in the trenches. Of course all large units
+are split up so as not to attract attention. They were all the same, all
+sure of winning, and all bearded, muddy, and determined. I could not
+help thinking of American football players at the end of the first half.
+These men seemed all the same. I have no recollection of a single
+individual. The "system" and its work has made a type not only of
+clothes but of face. Their answers to the usual questions were all the
+same, and one felt in talking to them that their opinions were
+machine-made. Three points stood out--Germany is right and will win;
+England is wrong and will knuckle under; we hate England because we are
+alike in religion, custom, and opinion, and it is the war of kindred
+races. Everywhere one met the arguments and stories of unfairness and
+cruelty in fighting that have appeared in the English papers, but with
+the names reversed. English soldiers had surrendered and then fired; had
+shot from beneath a Red Cross flag or had killed prisoners. The stories
+were simple and as hackneyed as most of those current in England.
+
+The concrete rest houses were interesting. Most of them have furniture
+made from trees "to amuse us and pass the time." Both officers and men
+use the same type of house, though discipline forbids that the same
+house be used by both officers and men. The light in these houses is bad
+and the ventilation not all that it should be, but they are extremely
+careful about sanitation, and everywhere one smells disinfectants and
+sees evidence of scrupulous guarding against disease. Oil and candles
+are scarce and the "pocket electric" that all the men and officers carry
+does not last long enough for much reading. There are always telephone
+connections, but in most cases visits are impossible save by way of the
+underground passages and the trenches.
+
+One officer described the life as entirely normal; another said, in
+speaking of a Louis XV. couch which had been borrowed from a near-by
+château and was the pride of a regiment, "Oh! we are cave-dwellers, but
+we have some of the luxuries of at least the nineteenth century."
+
+The Major Commandant at Rethel showed me a letter from a friend
+demanding "some easy chairs and a piano for his trench house," and the
+Major said, "I hear they have music up on the Yser, but the French are
+too close to us here!"
+
+All that I saw of the German Red Cross leads me to believe that it is
+adequate and efficient. At Rethel we saw a Red Cross train of thirty-two
+cars perfectly equipped. The cars are made specially with open
+corridors, so that stretchers or rubber-wheeled trucks may be rolled
+from one car to another. The berths are in two tiers, much like an
+American sleeping car, and each car when full holds twenty-eight men.
+There is an operating car fully equipped for the most delicate and
+dangerous cases; in fact, when we saw the train at Rethel it had stopped
+on its way to Germany for an operation on a man's brain.
+
+
+
+
+The Spirits of Mankind
+
+By Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States
+
+
+     The conviction that great spiritual forces will assert
+     themselves at the end of the European war to enlighten the
+     judgment and steady the spirits of mankind was expressed by
+     President Wilson in an address of welcome delivered at the
+     Maryland annual conference of the Methodist Protestant Church
+     at Washington on April 8, 1915. The text of his address
+     appears below.
+
+These are days of great perplexity, when a great cloud of trouble hangs
+and broods over the greater part of the world. It seems as if great,
+blind, material forces had been released which had for long been held in
+leash and restraint. And yet underneath that you can see the strong
+impulses of great ideals.
+
+It would be impossible for men to go through what men are going through
+on the battlefields of Europe and struggle through the present dark
+night of their terrible struggle if it were not that they saw, or
+thought that they saw, the broadening of light where the morning should
+come up and believed that they were standing each on his side of the
+contest for some eternal principle for right.
+
+Then all about them, all about us, there sits the silent, waiting
+tribunal which is going to utter the ultimate judgment upon this
+struggle, the great tribunal of the opinion of the world; and I fancy I
+see, I hope that I see, I pray that it may be that I do truly see, great
+spiritual forces lying waiting for the outcome of this thing to assert
+themselves, and are asserting themselves even now to enlighten our
+judgment and steady our spirits.
+
+No man is wise enough to pronounce judgment, but we can all hold our
+spirits in readiness to accept the truth when it dawns on us and is
+revealed to us in the outcome of this titanic struggle.
+
+It is of infinite benefit that in assemblages like this and in every
+sort of assemblage we should constantly go back to the sources of our
+moral inspiration and question ourselves as to what principle it is that
+we are acting on. Whither are we bound? What do we wish to see triumph?
+And if we wish to see certain things triumph, why do we wish to see them
+triumph? What is there in them that is for the lasting benefit of
+mankind?
+
+For we are not in this world to amuse ourselves with its affairs. We are
+here to push the whole sluggish mass forward in some particular
+direction, and unless you know the direction in which you want to go
+your force is of no avail. Do you love righteousness? is what each one
+of us ought to ask himself. And if you love righteousness are you ready
+to translate righteousness into action and be ashamed and afraid before
+no man?
+
+It seems to me, therefore, that it is worth suggesting to you that you
+are not sitting here merely to transact the business and express the
+ideals of a great church as represented in the State of Maryland, but
+you are here also as part of the assize of humanity, to remind
+yourselves of the things that are permanent and eternal, which if we do
+not translate into action we have failed in the fundamental things of
+our lives.
+
+You will see that it is only in such general terms that one can speak in
+the midst of a confused world, because, as I have already said, no man
+has the key to this confusion. No man can see the outcome, but every man
+can keep his own spirit prepared to contribute to the net result when
+the outcome displays itself.
+
+
+
+
+"What the Germans Say About Their Own Methods of Warfare"
+
+By Joseph Bedier, Professor in the College de France
+
+[From an article in the Revue de Paris for January, 1915.]
+
+
+I purpose to show that the German armies cannot altogether escape the
+reproach of violating on occasion the law of nations. I shall establish
+this by French methods, through the use of documents of sound value.
+
+My texts are genuine, well vouched for, and I have taken pains to
+subject them to a critical examination, as scrupulous and minute as
+heretofore in times of peace I expended in weighing the authority of
+some ancient chronicle, or in scrutinizing the authenticity of some
+charter. Perhaps this care was born of professional habit, or due to a
+natural craving for exactness, but in either case it is a voucher for
+the work, which is meant for all comers--for the passer-by, for the
+indifferent, and even for my country's foes. My wish is that the veriest
+looker-on, idly turning these pages, may be confronted only with
+documents whose authenticity will be self-evident, if he is willing to
+see, and whose ignominious tale will reach his heart, if ye have a
+heart.
+
+I have, moreover, sought for documents not only incontestably genuine
+but of unquestioned authority. Accusation is easy, while proof is
+difficult. No belligerent has ever been troubled to find mountains of
+testimony, true or false, against his enemy; but were this evidence
+gathered by the most exalted magistrates, under the most solemn judicial
+sanction, it must unfortunately long remain useless; until the accused
+has full opportunity to controvert it, every one is free to treat it as
+false or, at the best, as controvertible. For this reason I shall avoid
+resting the case upon Belgian or French statements, though I know them
+to be true. My purpose has been to bring forward such testimony that no
+man living, be he even a German, should be privileged to cast a doubt
+upon it. German crimes will be established by German documents.
+
+These will be taken mainly from the "War Diaries," which Article 75 of
+the German Army Regulations for Field Service enjoins upon soldiers to
+keep during their marches, and which were seized by the French upon the
+persons of their prisoners, as military papers, as authorized by Article
+4 of The Hague Convention of 1907. The number of these is daily
+increasing, and I trust that some day, for the edification of all, the
+complete collection may be lodged in the Germanic section of manuscripts
+in the National Library. Meantime, the Marquis de Dampierre,
+paleographer and archivist, graduate of the Ecole des Chartes, is
+preparing, and will shortly publish, a volume in which the greater part
+of these notebooks will be minutely described, transcribed, and
+clarified. Personally, I have only examined about forty of them, but
+they will answer my purpose, by presenting relevant extracts, furnishing
+the name, rank, and regiment of the author, with indications of time and
+place. Classification is difficult, mainly because ten lines of a single
+text not infrequently furnish evidence of a variety of offenses. I must
+take them almost at random, grouping them under such analogies or
+association of ideas or images as they may offer.
+
+
+I.
+
+The first notebook at hand is that of a soldier of the Prussian Guard,
+the Gefreiter Paul Spielmann, (of Company I, First Brigade of the
+Infantry Guard.) He tells the story of an unexpected night alarm on the
+1st of September in a village near Blamont. The bugle sounds, and the
+Guard, startled from sleep, begins the massacre, (Figs. 1 and 2:)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 1.]
+
+     The inhabitants fled through the village. It was horrible. The
+     walls of houses are bespattered with blood and the faces of
+     the dead are hideous to look upon. They were buried at once,
+     some sixty of them. Among them many old women, old men, and
+     one woman pregnant--the whole a dreadful sight. Three children
+     huddled together--all dead. Altar and arches of the church
+     shattered. Telephone communication with the enemy was found
+     there. This morning, Sept. 2, all the survivors were driven
+     out; I saw four little boys carrying on two poles a cradle
+     with a child some five or six months old. The whole makes a
+     fearful sight. Blow upon blow! Thunderbolt on thunderbolt!
+     Everything given over to plunder. I saw a mother with her two
+     little ones--one of them had a great wound in the head and an
+     eye put out.
+
+Deserved repression, remarks this soldier: "They had telephone
+communication with the enemy." And yet, we may recall that by Article
+30 of The Hague Convention of 1907, signed on behalf of H.M. the Emperor
+of Germany, "no collective penalty, pecuniary or other, shall be
+proclaimed against a population, by reason of individual acts for which
+the population is not responsible _in solido_." What tribunal during
+that dreadful night took the pains to establish this joint
+participation?
+
+[Illustration: Figure 2.]
+
+
+II.
+
+The unsigned notebook of a soldier of the Thirty-second Reserve Infantry
+(Fourth Reserve Corps) has this entry:
+
+     Creil, Sept. 3.--The iron bridge was blown up. For this we set
+     the streets on fire, and shot the civilians.
+
+Yet it must be obvious that only the regular troops of the French
+Engineer Corps could have blown up the iron bridge at Creil; the
+civilians had no hand in it. As an excuse for these massacres, when any
+excuse is offered, the notebooks usually note that "civilians" or
+"francs-tireurs" had fired on the troops. But the "scrap of paper" which
+Germany subscribed--the Convention of 1907--provides in its first
+article "the laws, the rights, and the duties are not applicable solely
+to the army, but also to militia and bodies of volunteers" under certain
+conditions, of which the main one is that they shall "openly bear arms;"
+while Article 2 stipulates that "the population of an unoccupied
+territory, which on the approach of the enemy spontaneously takes up
+arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to organize
+as provided in Article I, shall be considered as a belligerent, if they
+bear arms openly and observe the laws and customs of war."
+
+[Illustration: Figure 3.]
+
+In the light of this text, the bearing of the barbarous recitals which
+follow may be properly estimated:
+
+     (a) Notebook of Private Hassemer, (Eighth Corps, Sept. 3,
+     1914, at Sommepy, Marne.)--Dreadful butchery. Village burned
+     to the ground; the French thrown into the burning houses,
+     civilians and all burned together.
+
+     (b) Notebook of Lieut. Kietzmann, (Second Company, First
+     Battalion, Forty-ninth Infantry,) under date of Aug. 18, 1914,
+     (Fig. 3.)--A short distance above Diest is the village of
+     Schaffen. About fifty civilians were concealed in the church
+     tower, and from there fired on our troops with a
+     _mitrailleuse_. All the civilians were shot.
+
+     [It may here be noted, for the sake of precision, that the
+     First Report of the Belgian Commission of Inquiry, Antwerp,
+     Aug. 28, Page 3, identifies some of the "civilians" killed at
+     Schaffen on the 18th of August; among them, "the wife of
+     François Luyckz, 45 years of age, with her daughter _aged 12,
+     who were discovered in a sewer and shot_"; and "the daughter
+     of Jean Ooyen, 9 years of age, who was shot"; and "André
+     Willem, sacristain, who was bound to a tree and _burned
+     alive_."]
+
+     (c) Notebook of a Saxon officer, unnamed, (178th Regiment,
+     Twelfth Army Corps, First Saxon Corps,) Aug. 26.--The
+     exquisite village of Gué-d'Hossus (Ardennes) was given to the
+     flames, although to my mind it was guiltless. I am told that a
+     cyclist fell from his machine, and in his fall his gun was
+     discharged; at once the firing was begun in his direction, and
+     thereupon all the male inhabitants were simply thrown into the
+     flames. It is to be hoped that like atrocities will not be
+     repeated.
+
+This Saxon officer had, nevertheless, already witnessed like
+"atrocities." The preceding day, Aug. 25, at Villers-en-Fagne, (Belgian
+Ardennes,) "where we found grenadiers of the guard, killed and wounded,"
+he had seen "the curé and other inhabitants shot"; and three days
+previous, Aug. 23, at the village of Bouvignes, north of Dinant, he had
+witnessed what he thus describes:
+
+     Through a breach made in the rear we get access into the
+     residence of a well-to-do inhabitant and occupy the house.
+     Passing through a number of apartments, we reach a door where
+     we find the corpse of the owner. Further on in the interior
+     our men have wrecked everything like vandals. Everything has
+     been searched. Outside, throughout the country, the spectacle
+     of the inhabitants who have been shot defies any description.
+     They have been shot at such short range that they are almost
+     decapitated. Every house has been ransacked to the furthest
+     corners, and the inhabitants dragged from their hiding places.
+     The men shot; the women and children locked into a convent,
+     from which shots were fired. And, for this reason, the convent
+     is about to be set fire to; it may, however be ransomed if it
+     surrenders the guilty ones and pays a ransom of 15,000 francs.
+
+We shall see as we proceed how these notebooks complement one another.
+
+     (d) Notebook of the Private Philipp, (from Kamenz, Saxony,
+     First Company, First Battalion, 178th Regiment.) On the day
+     indicated above--Aug. 23--a private of the same regiment was
+     the witness of a scene similar to that just described;
+     perhaps, the same scene, but the point of view is
+     different.--At 10 o'clock in the evening the First Battalion
+     of the 178th came down into the burning village to the north
+     of Dinant--a saddening spectacle--to make one shiver. At the
+     entrance to the village lay the bodies of some fifty citizens,
+     shot for having fired upon our troops from ambush. In the
+     course of the night many others were shot down in like manner,
+     so that we counted more than two hundred. Women and children,
+     holding their lamps, were compelled to assist at this horrible
+     spectacle. We then sat down midst the corpses to eat our rice,
+     as we had eaten nothing since morning. (Fig. 4.)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 4.]
+
+Here is a military picture fully outlined, and worthy to compete in the
+Academy of Fine Arts of Dresden. But one passage of the text is somewhat
+obscure and might embarrass the artist--"Women and children, holding
+their lamps, were compelled to assist at this horrible spectacle." What
+spectacle?--the shooting, or the counting of the corpses? To get some
+certainty on this historic point, the artist should question that noble
+soldier--the Colonel of the 178th.
+
+His work of that night, however, was in accord with the spirit of his
+companions in arms, and of his chiefs. We may assure ourselves of this
+by consulting the Sixth Report of the Belgian Commission of Inquiry
+upon, the violation of the rules of the law of nations (Havre, Nov. 10,
+1914) and the ignoble proclamations placarded by the Germans throughout
+Belgium. I will content myself with three short extracts.
+
+Extract from a proclamation of General von Bülow, placarded at Liège,
+Aug. 22, 1914:
+
+     The inhabitants of the city of Andenne, after having protested
+     their peaceful intentions, were guilty of a treacherous
+     surprise upon our troops. It was with my consent that the
+     General in Chief set fire to the whole locality, and that
+     about one hundred persons were shot.
+
+(The Belgian report controverts the accusation against the inhabitants
+of Andenne of having taken hostile measures against the German troops,
+and adds: "As a matter of fact, more than two hundred persons were
+shot"--almost everything was ravaged. For a distance of at least three
+leagues the houses were destroyed by fire.)
+
+Extract from a proclamation of Major Dieckmann, placarded at Grivegnée,
+Sept. 8, 1914:
+
+     Any one not responding instantly to the command "raise your
+     arms" is subject to the penalty of death.
+
+Extract from proclamation of Marshal Baron von der Goltz, placarded at
+Brussels, Oct. 5, 1914:
+
+     Hereafter the localities nearest the place where similar acts
+     (destruction of railways or telegraphic lines) were
+     done--whether or not they were _accomplices in the act_--will
+     be punished without mercy. To this end hostages have been
+     taken from all the localities adjacent to railways menaced by
+     similar attacks, and upon the first attempt to destroy the
+     railways, telegraphic or telephone lines, they will at once be
+     shot.
+
+
+III.
+
+I copy from the first page of an unsigned notebook, (Fig. 5:)
+
+     Langeviller, Aug. 22.--Village destroyed by the Eleventh
+     Battalion of Pioneers. Three women hanged to trees; the first
+     dead I have seen.
+
+Who can these three women be?--criminals undoubtedly--guilty of having
+fired upon German troops, unless, indeed, they may have been "in
+communication by telephone" with the enemy; and the Eleventh Pioneers
+unquestionably meted out to them just punishment. But, at all events,
+they expiated their guilt, and the Eleventh Pioneers has passed on. The
+crime these women committed is unknown to the troops which are to
+follow. Among these new troops will there be found no chief, no
+Christian, to order the ropes cut and allow these dangling bodies to
+rest on the earth?
+
+[Illustration: Figure 5.]
+
+No, the regiment passes under the gibbets and their flags brush against
+the hanging corpses; they pass on, Colonel and officers--gentlemen
+all--Kulturträger. And they do this knowingly; these corpses must hang
+there as an example, not for the other women of the village, for these
+doubtless already understand, but as an example to the regiment and to
+the other regiments that will follow, and who must be attuned to war,
+who must be taught their stern duty to kill women when occasion offers.
+The teaching will be effective, unquestionably. Shall we look for proof
+of it? The young soldier, who tells us above that these corpses were the
+first dead he had ever seen, adds a week later, on the tenth and last
+page of his notebook, the following, (Fig. 6:)
+
+     In this way we destroyed eight dwellings and their
+     inhabitants. In one of the houses we bayoneted two men, with
+     their wives and a young girl 18 years old. The young: one
+     almost unmanned me, her look was so innocent! But we could not
+     master the excited troop, for at such times they are no longer
+     men--they are beasts.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 6.]
+
+Let me add a few texts which will attest that these assassinations of
+women and children are customary tasks set to German soldiers:
+
+(a) The writer in a notebook, unsigned, reports that at Orchies (Nord)
+"a woman was shot for not having obeyed the command to halt!" whereupon
+he adds, "the whole locality was set on fire." (Fig. 7.)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 7.]
+
+(b) The officer of the 178th Saxon Regiment, mentioned above, reports
+that in the vicinity of Lisognes (Belgian Ardennes) "the Chasseur of
+Marburg, having placed three women in line, killed them all with one
+shot."
+
+(c) A few lines more, taken from the notebook of the Reservist Schlauter
+(Third Battery, Fourth Regiment, Field Artillery of the Guard,) (Fig.
+8:)
+
+     Aug. 25, (in Belgium.)--We shot 300 of the inhabitants of the
+     town. Those that survived the salvo were requisitioned as
+     grave diggers. You should have seen the women at that time!
+     But it was impossible to do otherwise. In our march upon Wilot
+     things went better; the inhabitants who wished to leave were
+     allowed to do so. But whoever fired was shot. Upon our leaving
+     Owele the rifles rang out, and with that, flames, women, and
+     all the rest.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 8.]
+
+
+IV.
+
+Frequently when a German troop want to carry a position, they place
+before them civilians--men, women, and children--and find shelter behind
+these ramparts of living flesh. As such a stratagem is essentially
+playing upon the nobility of heart of the adversary, and saying to him
+"you won't fire upon these unfortunates, I know it, and I hold you at my
+mercy, unarmed, because you are not as craven as I am," as it implies a
+homage to the enemy and the self-degradation of the one employing it, it
+is almost inconceivable that soldiers should resort to it; it represents
+a new invention in the long story of human vileness, which even the
+dreadful Penitentiels of the Middle Ages had not discovered. In reading
+the stories from French, Belgian, and English sources, attributing such
+practices to the Germans, it has made me doubt, if not the truthfulness,
+at least the detailed exactness of the stories. It seemed to me that the
+tales must be of crimes by men who would be disavowed, individual
+lapses, which do not dishonor the nation, because the nation on
+ascertaining them would repudiate them. But how can we doubt that the
+German Nation has, on the contrary, accepted these acts as exploits
+worthy of herself, that in them she recognizes her own aptitudes, and
+finds pleasure in the contemplation; how, I ask, can we doubt this in
+reading the following narrative signed by a Bavarian officer, Lieut. A.
+Eberlein, spread out in the columns of one of the best known periodicals
+of Germany, the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, in its issue of Wednesday,
+Oct. 7, 1914, Page 22, Lieut. Eberlein relates there the occupation of
+Saint-Dié at the end of August. He entered the town at the head of a
+column, and while waiting for reinforcements was compelled to barricade
+himself in a house, (Fig. 9:)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 9.]
+
+     We arrested three civilians, and a bright idea struck me. We
+     furnished them with chairs and made them seat themselves in
+     the middle of the street. There were supplications on one
+     part, and some blows with the stocks of our guns on the other.
+     One, little by little, gets terribly hardened. Finally, there
+     they were sitting in the street. How many anguished prayers
+     they may have muttered, I cannot say, but during the whole
+     time their hands were joined in nervous contraction. I am
+     sorry for them, but the stratagem was of immediate effect. The
+     enfilading directed from the houses diminished at once; we
+     were able then to take possession of the house opposite, and
+     thus became masters of the principal street. From that moment
+     every one that showed his face in the street was shot. And the
+     artillery meanwhile kept up vigorous work, so that at about 7
+     o'clock in the evening, when the brigade advanced to rescue
+     us, I could report "Saint-Dié has been emptied of all
+     enemies."
+
+     As I learned later, the ---- Regiment of Reserves, which came
+     into Saint-Dié further north, had experiences entirely similar
+     to our own. The four civilians whom they had placed on chairs
+     in the middle of the street were killed by French bullets. I
+     saw them myself stretched out in the street near the hospital.
+
+
+V.
+
+Article 28 of The Hague Convention of 1907, subscribed to by Germany,
+uses this language: "The sacking of any town or locality, even when
+taken by assault, is prohibited." And Article 47 runs: "[in occupied
+territory] pillage is forbidden."
+
+We shall see how the German armies interpret these articles.
+
+Private Handschuhmacher (Eleventh Battalion of Chasseurs Reserves)
+writes in his notebook:
+
+     Aug. 8, 1914, Gouvy, (Belgium.)--There, the Belgians having
+     fired on some German soldiers, we started at once pillaging
+     the merchandise warehouse. Several cases--eggs, shirts, and
+     everything that could be eaten was carried off. The safe was
+     forced and the gold distributed among the men. As to the
+     securities, they were torn up.
+
+This happened as early as the fourth day of the war, and it helps us to
+understand a technical article on the operations of the military
+treasury (Der Zahlmeister im Felde) in the Berliner Tageblatt of the
+26th of November, 1914, in which an economic phenomenon of rather
+unusual import is recited as a simple incident: "Experience has
+demonstrated that very much more money is forwarded by postal orders
+from the theatre of operations to the interior of the country than vice
+versa."
+
+As, in accordance with the continual practice of the German armies,
+pillaging is only a prelude to incendiarism, the sub-officer Hermann
+Levith (160th Regiment of Infantry, Eighth Corps) writes:
+
+     The enemy occupied the village of Bievre and the edge of the
+     wood behind it. The Third Company advanced in first line. We
+     carried the village, and then pillaged and burned almost all
+     the houses.
+
+And Private Schiller (133d Infantry, Nineteenth Corps) writes:
+
+     Our first fight was at Haybes (Belgium) on the 24th of August.
+     The Second Battalion entered the village, ransacked the
+     houses, pillaged them, and burned those from which shots had
+     been fired.
+
+And Private Sebastian Reishaupt (Third Bavarian Infantry, First Bavarian
+Corps) writes:
+
+     The first village we burned was Parux, (Meurthe-et-Moselle.)
+     After this the dance began, throughout the villages, one after
+     the other; over the fields and pastures we went on our
+     bicycles up to the ditches at the edge of the road, and there
+     sat down to eat our cherries.
+
+They emulate each other in their thefts; they steal anything that comes
+to hand and keep records of the thefts--"Schnaps, Wein, Marmelade,
+Zigarren," writes this private soldier; and the elegant officer of the
+178th Saxon Regiment, who was at first indignant at the "vandalismus" of
+his men, further on admits that he himself, on the 1st of September, at
+Rethel, stole "from a house near the Hôtel Moderne a superb waterproof
+and a photographic apparatus for Felix." All steal, without distinction
+or grade, or of arms, or of cause, and even in the ambulances the
+doctors steal. Take this example from the notebook of the soldier
+Johannes Thode (Fourth Reserve Regiment of Ersatz):
+
+     At Brussels, Oct. 5, 1914.--An automobile arrived at the
+     hospital laden with war booty--one piano, two sewing machines,
+     many albums, and all sorts of other things.
+
+"Two sewing machines" as "war booty." From whom were these stolen?
+Beyond a doubt from two humble Belgian women. And for whom were they
+stolen?
+
+
+VI.
+
+I must admit that, out of the forty notebooks, or thereabout, that I
+have handled, there are six or seven that do not relate any exactions,
+either from hypocritical reticence or because there are some regiments
+which do not make war in this vile fashion. And there are as many as
+three notebooks whose writers, in relating these ignoble things, express
+astonishment, indignation, and sorrow. I will not give the names of
+these, because they deserve our regard, and I wish to spare them the
+risk of being some day blamed or punished by their own.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 10.]
+
+The first, the Private X., who belongs to the Sixty-fifth Infantry,
+Regiment of Landwehr, says of certain of his companions in arms, (Fig.
+10:)
+
+     They do not behave as soldiers, but rather as highwaymen,
+     bandits, and brigands, and are a dishonor to our regiment and
+     to our army.
+
+Another, Lieut. Y., of the Seventy-seventh Infantry of Reserves, says:
+
+     No discipline, ... the Pioneers are well nigh worthless; as to
+     the artillery, it is a band of robbers.
+
+The third, Private Z., of the Twelfth Infantry of Reserves, First Corps,
+writes, (Fig. 11:)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 11.]
+
+     Unfortunately, I am forced to make note of a fact which should
+     not have occurred, but there are to be found, even in our own
+     army, creatures who are no longer men, but hogs, to whom
+     nothing is sacred. One of these broke into a sacristy; it was
+     locked, and where the Blessed Sacrament was kept. A
+     Protestant, out of respect, had refused to sleep there. This
+     man used it as a deposit for his excrements. How is it
+     possible there should be such creatures? Last night one of the
+     men of the Landwehr, more than thirty-five years of age,
+     married, tried to rape the daughter of the inhabitant where
+     he had taken up his quarters--a mere girl--and when the father
+     intervened he pressed his bayonet against his breast.
+
+Beyond these three, who are still worthy of the name of soldiers, the
+other thirty are all alike, and the same soul (if we can talk of souls
+among such as these) animates them low and frantic. I say they are all
+about alike, but there are shades of difference. There are some who,
+like subtle jurists, make distinctions, blaming here and approving
+there--"Dort war ein Exempel am Platze." Others laugh and say "Krieg ist
+Krieg," or sometimes they add in French, to emphasize their derision,
+"Ja, Ja, c'est la guerre," and some among them, when their ugly business
+is done, turn to their book of canticles and sing psalms, such as the
+Saxon Lieut. Reislang, who relates how one day he left his drinking bout
+to _assist at the "Gottesdienst"_, but having eaten too much and drunken
+too much, had to quit the holy place in haste; and the Private Moritz
+Grosse of the 177th Infantry, who, after depicting the sacking of
+Saint-Vieth, (Aug. 22,) the sacking of Dinant, (Aug. 23,) writes this
+phrase:
+
+     Throwing of incendiary grenades into the houses, and in the
+     evening a military chorus--"Now let all give thanks to God."
+     (Fig. 12.)
+
+They're all of a like tenor. Now, if we consider that I could exchange
+the preceding texts with others quite similar, quite as cynical, and
+taken at random, for instance--from the notebook of the Reservist
+Lautenschlager of the First Battalion, Sixty-sixth Regiment of Infantry,
+or the notebook of the Private Eduard Holl of the Eighth Corps, or the
+notebook of the sub-officer Reinhold Koehn of the Second Battalion of
+Pomeranian Pioneers, or that of the sub-officer Otto Brandt of the
+Second Section of Reserve Ambulances, or of the Reservist Martin Müller
+of the 100th Saxon Reserve, or of Lieut. Karl Zimmer of the Fifty-fifth
+Infantry, or that of the Private Erich Pressler of the 100th Grenadiers,
+First Saxon Corps, &c., and if we will note that, among the exactions
+reported above, there are very few that are the work of isolated brutes,
+(such as, unfortunately, may be found even in the most noble armies,)
+but that, on the contrary, the crimes represented here are collective
+actions in obedience to service orders, and such as rest upon and
+dishonor not only the individual but the entire troop, the officers, and
+the nation; and if we will further note that these thirty notebooks
+taken at random--Bavarian, Saxon, Pomeranian, Brandeburger, or from the
+provinces of Baden and the Rhine--must of necessity represent hundreds
+and thousands of others quite similar, as we may judge from the
+frightful monotony of their recitals; if we consider all this, we must,
+I think, be forced to admit that these atrocities are nothing less than
+the practical application of a methodically organized system.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 12.]
+
+
+VII.
+
+H.M. the Emperor of Germany, by ratifying The Hague Convention of 1907,
+covenanted (Article 24) that "it is forbidden (c) to kill or wound an
+enemy who, having laid down his arms, or being without means of defense,
+has surrendered unconditionally. (d) To declare that no quarter shall be
+given."
+
+Have the German armies respected these covenants? Throughout Belgian and
+French reports depositions such as the following abound. This is taken
+from a French Captain of the 288th Infantry:
+
+     On the 22d, in the evening, I learned that in the woods, about
+     one hundred and fifty meters north of the square formed by the
+     intersection of the great Calonne trench with the road from
+     Vaux-les-Palameis to Saint-Rémy, there were corpses of French
+     soldiers shot by the Germans. I went to the spot and found the
+     bodies of about thirty soldiers within a small space, most of
+     them prone, but several still kneeling, and _all having a
+     precisely similar wound_--a bullet through the ear. One only,
+     seriously wounded in his lower parts, could still speak, and
+     told me that the Germans before leaving had ordered them to
+     lie down and that then had them shot through the head; that
+     he, already wounded had secured indulgence by stating that he
+     was the father of three small children. The skulls of these
+     unfortunates were scattered; the guns, broken at the stock,
+     were scattered here and there; and the blood had besprinkled
+     the bushes to such an extent that in coming out of the woods
+     my cape was spattered with it; it was a veritable shambles.
+
+I quote this testimony, not to base any accusations upon it, but simply
+to give precision to our indictment. I will not lay stress upon it as
+evidence, for I wish to keep to the rule which I have laid down--to have
+records of nothing but German sources of information.
+
+I will quote here the text of an order of the day addressed by General
+Stenger, in command of the Fifty-eighth German Brigade, on the 26th of
+August, to the troops under his orders:
+
+     From this day forward no further prisoners will be taken. All
+     prisoners will be massacred. The wounded, whether in arms or
+     not in arms, shall be massacred. Even the prisoners already
+     gathered in convoys will be massacred. No living enemy must
+     remain behind us.
+
+     Signed--First Lieutenant in Command of the Company, Stoy;
+     Colonel Commanding the Regiment, Neubauer; General in Command
+     of the Brigade, Stenger.
+
+
+About thirty soldiers of Stenger's Brigade (112th and 142d Regiments of
+Baden Infantry) were questioned. I have read their depositions, taken
+under oath and signed with their own names; all confirming the fact that
+this order of the day was given to them on the 26th of August. In one
+place by the Major Mosebach, in another by Lieut. Curtius, &c. Most of
+these witnesses said that they were ignorant whether the order was
+carried out, but three among them testified that it was carried out
+under their own eyes in the Forest of Thiaville, where ten or twelve
+wounded French, already made prisoners by a battalion, were done away
+with; two others of the witnesses saw the order carried out along the
+road of Thiaville, where several wounded, found in the ditches by the
+company as it marched past, were killed.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 13.]
+
+Of course, I cannot here produce the original autograph of General
+Stenger, nor am I here called upon to furnish the names of the German
+prisoners who gave this testimony. But I shall have no trouble to
+establish entirely similar crimes on the faith of German autographs.
+
+For instance, we find in the notebook of Private Albert Delfosse (111th
+Infantry of Reserves, Fourteenth Reserve Corps,) (Fig. 13:)
+
+     In the woods (near Saint-Rémy, 4th or 5th of September)--Found
+     a very fine cow and a calf killed; and again the corpses of
+     Frenchmen horribly mutilated.
+
+Must we understand that these bodies were mutilated by loyal weapons,
+torn perhaps by shells? This may be, but it would be a charitable
+interpretation, which is belied by this newspaper heading, (Figs. 14 and
+15:)
+
+     JAUERSCHES TAGEBLATT Amtlicher Anzeiger Für Stadt und Kreis
+     Jauer Jauer, Sonntag, Den 18, Oktober, 1914. Nr. 245. 106,
+     Jahrgang.
+
+This is a heading of a newspaper picked up in a German trench. Jauer is
+a city of Silesia, about fifty kilometers west of Breslau, where two
+battalions of the 154th Regiment of Saxon Infantry are garrisoned. One
+Sunday morning, Oct. 18, doubtless at the hour when the
+inhabitants--women and children--were wending their way to church, there
+was distributed throughout the quiet little town, and through the
+hamlets and villages of the district, the issue of this local paper with
+the following inscription: "A day of honor for our regiment, Sept. 24,
+1914," as the title of an article of some two hundred lines, sent from
+the front by a member of the regiment--the sub-officer Klemt of the
+First Company, 154th Infantry Regiment.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL VON KUSMANEK
+
+Whose stubborn defense of Przemysl made it one of the most notable
+sieges of history.
+
+_(Photo from Underwood & Underwood.)_]
+
+[Illustration: CAPT.-LIEUT. OTTO WEDDIGEN
+
+Whose submarine exploits have done more damage to England's navy than
+all Germany's gunners.
+
+_(Photo from The Photo News.)_]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 14.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 15.]
+
+The sub-officer Klemt relates how, on the 24th of September, his
+regiment having left Hannonville in the morning, accompanied by Austrian
+batteries, suddenly came up against a double fire of infantry and
+artillery. Their losses were terrible, and yet the enemy was still
+invisible. Finally, says this officer, it was found that the bullets
+came from above, from trees which the French soldiers had climbed.
+From this point let me quote verbatim, (Fig. 16:)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 16.]
+
+     They're brought down from the trees like squirrels, to get a
+     hot reception with bayoneted stock; they'll need no more
+     doctors' care. We are not fighting loyal enemies, but
+     treacherous brigands. [Note--It is scarcely necessary to point
+     out that it is no more "treacherous," but quite as lawful, to
+     fire from the branches of a tree as from a window, or from a
+     trench, and that, on the contrary, it is rather more
+     venturesome and more courageous, as the sequel of this story
+     will show.] We crossed the clearing at a bound. The foe is
+     hidden here and there among the bushes, and now we are upon
+     them. No quarter will be given. We fire standing, at will;
+     very few fire kneeling; nobody dreams of shelter. We finally
+     reach a slight depression in the ground, and there the red
+     trousers are lying in masses, here and there--dead or wounded.
+     We club or stab the wounded, for we know that these rascals,
+     as soon as we are gone by, will fire from behind. We find one
+     Frenchman lying at full length upon his face, but he is
+     counterfeiting death. A kick from a robust fusilier gives him
+     notice that we are there. Turning over he asks for quarter,
+     but he gets the reply--"Oh! is that the way, blackguard, that
+     your tools work?" and he is pinned to the ground. On one side
+     of me I hear curious cracklings. They're the blows which a
+     soldier of the 154th is vigorously showering upon the bald
+     pate of a Frenchman with the stock of his gun; he very wisely
+     chose for this work a French gun, for fear of breaking his
+     own. Some men of particularly sensitive soul grant the French
+     wounded the grace to finish them with a bullet, but others
+     scatter here and there, wherever they can, their clubbings and
+     stabbings. Our adversaries have fought bravely. They were
+     élite troops that we had before us. They had allowed us to
+     come within thirty, and even within ten, meters--too close.
+     Their arms and knapsacks thrown down in heaps showed that they
+     wanted to fly, but upon the appearance of our "gray phantoms"
+     terror paralyzed them, and, on the narrow path in which they
+     crowded, the German bullets brought them the order to halt!
+     There they are at the very entrance of their leafy hiding
+     places, lying down moaning and asking for quarter, but whether
+     their wounds are light or grievous, the brave fusiliers saved
+     their country the expensive care which would have to be given
+     to such a number of enemies.
+
+Now the recital continues very ornate, very literary, and the writer
+relates how his Imperial Highness Prince Oscar of Prussia, being advised
+of the exploits (perhaps, indeed, other exploits than these) of the
+154th and of the Regiment of Grenadiers, which forms the Brigade with
+the 154th, declared them both worthy of the name of "King's Brigade,"
+and the recital closes with this phrase: "When night came on, with a
+prayer of thankfulness on our lips we fell asleep to await the coming
+day." Then adding, by way of postscript, a little phrase "Heimkehr vom
+Kampf." He carries the notebook--prose and verse together--to his
+Lieutenant, who countersigns it: "Certified as correct, De Niem,
+Lieutenant Commanding the Company," and then he sends his paper to his
+town of Jauer, where he is quite confident that he will find some
+newspaper publisher to accept it, printers to set it up, and a whole
+population to enjoy it. Now, let me ask any reader--whatever be his
+country--if he can imagine it possible for such a tale to be spread
+abroad in any paper in his language, in his native town, for the
+edification of his wife and his children. In what other country than in
+Germany is such a thing conceivable? Not in France, at all events. Now,
+if my readers want another document to show how customary it is in the
+German Army to mutilate the wounded, well, I will borrow one from the
+notebook of Private Paul Glöde of the Ninth Battalion of Pioneers, Ninth
+Corps, (Figs. 17 and 18:)
+
+     Aug. 12, 1914, in Belgium.--One can get an idea of the fury of
+     our soldiers in seeing the destroyed villages. Not one house
+     left untouched. Everything eatable is requisitioned by the
+     unofficered soldiers. Several heaps of men and women put to
+     execution. Young pigs are running about looking for their
+     mothers. Dogs chained, without food or drink. And the
+     houses about them on fire. But the just anger of our soldiers
+     is accompanied also by pure vandalism. In the villages,
+     already emptied of their inhabitants, the houses are set on
+     fire. I feel sorry for this population. If they have made use
+     of disloyal weapons, after all, they are only defending their
+     own country. The atrocities which these non-combatants are
+     still committing are revenged after a savage fashion.
+     _Mutilations of the wounded are the order of the day._
+
+This was written as early as the 12th of August--the tenth day after the
+invasion of innocent Belgium--and these wounded creatures that were
+tortured had done nothing more than defend their land against
+Germany--their native land--which Germany had sworn, not only to respect
+but, if need be, to defend. And yet, in many countries pharisees reading
+these lines will go forward tranquilly to their churches, or their
+temples, or their banking houses, or their foreign offices, saying: "In
+what do these things concern us?" "Ja, ja, this is war." Yes, it is war,
+but war such as was never made by the soldiers of Marceau, such as never
+will be made by the soldiers of Joffre, such as never has been made and
+never will be made by France--"Mother of Arts, of Arms, and of Laws."
+Yes, it is war, but war such as Attila would not have carried on if he
+had subscribed to certain stipulations; for, in subscribing them, he
+would have awakened to the notion, which _alone_ distinguishes the
+civilized man from the barbarian, distinguishes a nation from a
+horde--respect for the word once given. Yes, it is war, but war the
+theory of which could only be made up by such pedant megalomaniacs as
+the Julius von Hartmanns, the Bernhardis, and the Treitschkes; the
+theory which accords to the elect people the right to uproot from the
+laws and customs of war what centuries of humanity, of Christianity, and
+chivalry have at great pains injected into it; the theory of systematic
+and organized ferocity; today exposed to public reprobation, not only as
+an odious thing, but no less silly and absurd. For have we not reached
+the ridiculous when the incendiaries of Louvain, and Malines, and
+Rheims, the assassins of women and children, and of the wounded, already
+find it necessary to repudiate their actions, at least in words, and to
+impose upon the servility of their ninety-three Kulturträger such
+denials as this: "It is not true that we are making war in contempt of
+the law of nations, nor that our soldiers are committing acts of
+cruelty, or of insubordination, or indiscipline.... We will carry this
+conflict through to the end as a civilized people, and we answer for
+this upon our good name and upon our honor!" Why this humble and pitiful
+repudiation? Perhaps because their theory of war rested upon the
+postulate of their invincibility, and that, in the first shiver of their
+defeat upon the Marne, it collapsed, and now their repudiation quickly
+follows--in dread of the _lex talionis_.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 17.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 18. [Continuation of Figure 17.]]
+
+I will stop here. I leave the conclusion to the allied armies, already
+in sight of victory.
+
+     NOTE.--General Stenger's order of the day, mentioned on page
+     [Transcriber's Note: blank in original], was communicated
+     orally by various officers in various units of the brigade.
+     Consequently, the form in which we have received it may
+     possibly be incomplete or altered. In face of any doubt, the
+     French Government has ordered an inquiry to be made into the
+     prisoners' camps. Not one of the prisoners to whom our
+     magistrates presented the order of the day in the
+     above-mentioned form found a word to alter. They one and all
+     declared that this was the order of the day which had been
+     orally given in the ranks, repeated from man to man; many
+     added the names of the officers who had communicated the order
+     to them; some related in what a vile way it had been carried
+     out under their eyes. All the evidence of these German
+     soldiers was collected in a legal manner, under the sanction
+     of an oath, and it is after reading their depositions that I
+     wrote the order of the day.
+
+     The text of all this evidence was transmitted to all the
+     French Embassies and Legations in foreign countries on the
+     24th of October, 1914. Every neutral wishing to clear his
+     conscience is at liberty to obtain it from the representatives
+     of the French Republic, who will certainly respond willingly.
+
+
+
+
+THE RECRUIT.
+
+By HORTENSE FLEXNER.
+
+
+    He had a woodland look--half-startled, gay--
+      As if his eyes, light-thirsty, had not learned
+    To wake accustomed on earth's joyous day,
+      A child, whose merriment and wonder burned
+    In harmless flame, even his uniform
+      Was but a lie to hide his wind-wild grace,
+    Whose limbs were rounded youth, too supple, warm,
+      To hold the measure of the street-made pace.
+    Music and marching--colors in the sky--
+      The crowded station, then the train--farewell!
+    For all he had the glance, exultant, shy,
+      That seemed to marvel, "More to see--to tell!"
+    Yet with his breathing moved, hid by his coat,
+    A numbered, metal disk, strapped round his throat!
+
+
+
+
+American Reply to Britain's Blockade Order
+
+By William J. Bryan, American Secretary of State
+
+
+_With the publication on April 6, 1915, of its note in reply to the
+British Government's Order in Council, proclaiming a virtual blockade
+against commerce to and from Germany--printed in the April, 1915, number
+of_ THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY_--the American Government rested
+its case. The text of the note to Great Britain follows:_
+
+WASHINGTON, March 30, 1915.
+
+The Secretary of State to the American Ambassador at London:
+
+You are instructed to deliver the following to his Majesty's Government
+in reply to your Nos. 1,795 and 1,798 of March 15: The Government of the
+United States has given careful consideration to the subjects treated in
+the British notes of March 13 and March 15, and to the British Order in
+Council of the latter date.
+
+These communications contain matters of grave importance to neutral
+nations. They appear to menace their rights of trade and intercourse,
+not only with belligerents but also with one another. They call for
+frank comment in order that misunderstandings may be avoided. The
+Government of the United States deems it its duty, therefore, speaking
+in the sincerest spirit of friendship, to make its own view and position
+with regard to them unmistakably clear.
+
+The Order in Council of the 15th of March would constitute, were its
+provisions to be actually carried into effect as they stand, a practical
+assertion of unlimited belligerent rights over neutral commerce within
+the whole European area and an almost unqualified denial of the
+sovereign rights of the nations now at peace.
+
+This Government takes it for granted that there can be no question what
+those rights are. A nation's sovereignty over its own ships and
+citizens under its own flag on the high seas in time of peace is, of
+course, unlimited, and that sovereignty suffers no diminution in time of
+war, except in so far as the practice and consent of civilized nations
+has limited it by the recognition of certain now clearly determined
+rights which it is conceded may be exercised by nations which are at
+war.
+
+A belligerent nation has been conceded the right of visit and search,
+and the right of capture and condemnation, if upon examination a neutral
+vessel is found to be engaged in unneutral service or to be carrying
+contraband of war intended for the enemy's Government or armed forces.
+
+It has been conceded the right to establish and maintain a blockade of
+an enemy's ports and coasts and to capture and condemn any vessel taken
+in trying to break the blockade. It is even conceded the right to detain
+and take to its own ports for judicial examination all vessels which it
+suspects for substantial reasons to be engaged in unneutral or
+contraband service and to condemn them if the suspicion is sustained.
+But such rights, long clearly defined both in doctrine and practice,
+have hitherto been held to be the only permissible exceptions to the
+principle of universal equality of sovereignty on the high seas as
+between belligerents and nations not engaged in war.
+
+It is confidently assumed that his Majesty's Government will not deny
+that it is a rule sanctioned by general practice that, even though a
+blockade should exist and the doctrine of contraband as to unblockaded
+territory be rigidly enforced, innocent shipments may be freely
+transported to and from the United States through neutral countries to
+belligerent territory, without being subject to the penalties of
+contraband traffic or breach of blockade, much less to detention,
+requisition, or confiscation.
+
+Moreover, the rules of the Declaration of Paris of 1856--among them that
+free ships make free goods--will hardly at this day be disputed by the
+signatories of that solemn agreement.
+
+His Majesty's Government, like the Government of the United States, have
+often and explicitly held that these rights represent the best usage of
+warfare in the dealings of belligerents with neutrals at sea. In this
+connection I desire to direct attention to the opinion of the Chief
+Justice of the United States in the case of the Peterhof, which arose
+out of the civil war, and to the fact that that opinion was unanimously
+sustained in the award of the Arbitration Commission of 1871, to which
+the case was presented at the request of Great Britain. From that time
+to the Declaration of London of 1909, adopted with modifications by the
+Order in Council of the 23d of October last, these rights have not been
+seriously questioned by the British Government. And no claim on the part
+of Great Britain of any justification for interfering with the clear
+rights of the United States and its citizens as neutrals could be
+admitted. To admit it would be to assume an attitude of unneutrality
+toward the present enemies of Great Britain, which would be obviously
+inconsistent with the solemn obligations of this Government in the
+present circumstances. And for Great Britain to make such a claim would
+be for her to abandon and set at nought the principles for which she has
+consistently and earnestly contended in other times and circumstances.
+
+The note of his Majesty's principal Secretary of State for Foreign
+Affairs, which accompanies the Order in Council, and which bears the
+same date, notifies the Government of the United States of the
+establishment of a blockade which is, if defined by the terms of the
+Order in Council, to include all the coasts and ports of Germany and
+every port of possible access to enemy territory. But the novel and
+quite unprecedented feature of that blockade, if we are to assume it to
+be properly so defined, is that it embraces many neutral ports and
+coasts, bars access to them, and subjects all neutral ships seeking to
+approach them to the same suspicion that would attach to them were they
+bound for the ports of the enemies of Great Britain, and to unusual
+risks and penalties.
+
+It is manifest that such limitations, risks, and liabilities placed upon
+the ships of a neutral power on the seas, beyond the right of visit and
+search and the right to prevent the shipment of contraband already
+referred to, are a distinct invasion of the sovereign rights of the
+nation whose ships, trade, or commerce is interfered with.
+
+The Government of the United States is, of course, not oblivious to the
+great changes which have occurred in the conditions and means of naval
+warfare since the rules hitherto governing legal blockade were
+formulated. It might be ready to admit that the old form of "close"
+blockade, with its cordon of ships in the immediate offing of the
+blockaded ports, is no longer practicable in the face of an enemy
+possessing the means and opportunity to make an effective defense by the
+use of submarines, mines, and air craft; but it can hardly be maintained
+that, whatever form of effective blockade may be made use of, it is
+impossible to conform at least to the spirit and principles of the
+established rules of war.
+
+If the necessities of the case should seem to render it imperative that
+the cordon of blockading vessels be extended across the approaches to
+any neighboring neutral port or country, it would seem clear that it
+would still be easily practicable to comply with the well-recognized and
+reasonable prohibition of international law against the blockading of
+neutral ports, by according free admission and exit to all lawful
+traffic with neutral ports through the blockading cordon.
+
+This traffic would, of course, include all outward-bound traffic from
+the neutral country and all inward-bound traffic to the neutral country,
+except contraband in transit to the enemy. Such procedure need not
+conflict in any respect with the rights of the belligerent maintaining
+the blockade, since the right would remain with the blockading vessels
+to visit and search all ships either entering or leaving the neutral
+territory which they were in fact, but not of right, investing.
+
+The Government of the United States notes that in the Order in Council
+his Majesty's Government give as their reason for entering upon a course
+of action, which they are aware is without precedent in modern warfare,
+the necessity they conceive themselves to have been placed under to
+retaliate upon their enemies for measures of a similar nature, which the
+latter have announced it their intention to adopt, and which they have
+to some extent adopted, but the Government of the United States,
+recalling the principles upon which his Majesty's Government have
+hitherto been scrupulous to act, interprets this as merely a reason for
+certain extraordinary activities on the part of his Majesty's naval
+forces and not as an excuse for or prelude to any unlawful action.
+
+If the course pursued by the present enemies of Great Britain should
+prove to be in fact tainted by illegality and disregard of the
+principles of war sanctioned by enlightened nations, it cannot be
+supposed, and this Government does not for a moment suppose, that his
+Majesty's Government would wish the same taint to attach to their own
+actions or would cite such illegal acts as in any sense or degree a
+justification for similar practices on their part in so far as they
+affect neutral rights.
+
+It is thus that the Government of the United States interprets the
+language of the note of his Majesty's principal Secretary of State for
+Foreign Affairs, which accompanies the copy of the Order in Council,
+which was handed to the Ambassador of the United States by the
+Government in London and by him transmitted to Washington.
+
+This Government notes with gratification that "wide discretion is
+afforded to the prize court in dealing with the trade of neutrals in
+such a manner as may in the circumstances be deemed just, and that full
+provision is made to facilitate claims by persons interested in any
+goods placed in the custody of the Marshal of the prize court under the
+order." That "the effect of the Order in Council is to confer certain
+powers upon the executive officers of his Majesty's Government," and
+that "the extent to which these powers will be actually exercised and
+the degree of severity with which the measure of blockade authorized
+will be put into operation are matters which will depend on the
+administrative orders issued by the Government and the decisions of the
+authorities especially charged with the duty of dealing with individual
+ships and cargoes, according to the merits of each case."
+
+This Government further notes with equal satisfaction the declaration of
+the British Government that "the instructions to be issued by his
+Majesty's Government to the fleet and to the customs officials and
+executive committees concerned will impress upon them the duty of acting
+with the utmost dispatch consistent with the object in view, and of
+showing in every case such consideration for neutrals as may be
+compatible with that object, which is succinctly stated, to establish a
+blockade to prevent vessels from carrying goods for or coming from
+Germany."
+
+In view of these assurances formally given to this Government, it is
+confidently expected that the extensive powers conferred by the Order in
+Council on the executive officers of the Crown will be restricted by
+orders issued by the Government, directing the exercise of their
+discretionary powers in such a manner as to modify in practical
+application those provisions of the Order in Council, which, if strictly
+enforced, would violate neutral rights and interrupt legitimate trade.
+Relying on the faithful performance of these voluntary assurances by his
+Majesty's Government, the United States takes it for granted that the
+approach of American merchantmen to neutral ports situated upon the long
+line of coast affected by the Order in Council will not be interfered
+with when it is known that they do not carry goods which are contraband
+of war or goods destined to or proceeding from ports within the
+belligerent territory affected.
+
+The Government of the United States assumes with the greater confidence
+that his Majesty's Government will thus adjust their practice to the
+recognized rules of international law because it is manifest that the
+British Government have adopted an extraordinary method of "stopping
+cargoes destined for or coming from the enemy's territory," which, owing
+to the existence of unusual conditions in modern warfare at sea, it will
+be difficult to restrict to the limits which have been heretofore
+required by the law of nations. Though the area of operations is
+confined to "European waters, including the Mediterranean," so great an
+area of the high seas is covered and the cordon of ships is so distant
+from the territory affected that neutral vessels must necessarily pass
+through the blockading force in order to reach important neutral ports
+which Great Britain as a belligerent has not the legal right to blockade
+and which, therefore, it is presumed she has no intention of claiming to
+blockade.
+
+The Scandinavian and Danish ports, for example, are open to American
+trade. They are also free, so far as the actual enforcement of the Order
+in Council is concerned, to carry on trade with German Baltic ports,
+although it is an essential element of blockade that it bear with equal
+severity upon all neutrals.
+
+This Government, therefore, infers that the commanders of his Majesty's
+ships of war, engaged in maintaining the so-called blockade, will be
+instructed to avoid an enforcement of the proposed measures of
+non-intercourse in such a way as to impose restrictions upon neutral
+trade more burdensome than those which have been regarded as inevitable,
+when the ports of a belligerent are actually blockaded by the ships of
+its enemy.
+
+The possibilities of serious interruption of American trade under the
+Order in Council are so many, and the methods proposed are so unusual,
+and seem liable to constitute so great an impediment and embarrassment
+to neutral commerce, that the Government of the United States, if the
+Order in Council is strictly enforced, apprehends many interferences
+with its legitimate trade which will impose upon his Majesty's
+Government heavy responsibilities for acts of the British authorities
+clearly subversive of the rights of neutral nations on the high seas. It
+is, therefore, expected that the Majesty's Government, having considered
+these possibilities, will take the steps necessary to avoid them, and,
+in the event that they should unhappily occur, will be prepared to make
+full reparation for every act which, under the rules of international
+law, constitutes a violation of neutral rights.
+
+As stated in its communication of Oct. 22, 1914, "this Government will
+insist that the rights and duties of the United States and its citizens
+in the present war be defined by the existing rules of international law
+and the treaties of the United States irrespective of the provisions of
+the Declaration of London, and that this Government reserves to itself
+the right to enter a protest or demand in each case, in which those
+rights and duties so defined are violated or their free exercise
+interfered with by the authorities of the British Government."
+
+In conclusion you will reiterate to his Majesty's Government that this
+statement of the view of the Government of the United States is made in
+the most friendly spirit, and in accordance with the uniform candor
+which has characterized the relations of the two Governments in the
+past, and which has been in large measure the foundation of the peace
+and amity existing between the two nationals without interruption for a
+century.
+
+BRYAN.
+
+
+
+
+Germany's Conditions of Peace
+
+The First Authoritative German Presentation of the Idea
+
+By Dr. Bernhard Dernburg, Late German Colonial Secretary of State
+
+
+_That Germany would be willing to make peace on the basis of a free
+neutral sea, guaranteed by the powers, was indicated in a letter written
+by Dr. Bernhard Dernburg, ex-Colonial Secretary of Germany, and read at
+a pro-German mass meeting held in Portland, Me., on April 17, 1915.
+After an explanatory note Dr. Dernburg divided into numbered clauses his
+letter, as follows:_
+
+(1) Whatever peace is concluded should be of a permanent nature; no
+perfunctory patching up should be permitted. The horror of all the
+civilized nations of the Old World slaughtering one another, every one
+convinced of the perfect righteousness of their own cause--a recurrence,
+if it could not be avoided absolutely, should be made most remote, so as
+to take the weight from our minds that all this young blood of the best
+manhood of Europe might be spilled in vain.
+
+(2) For this purpose it must be borne in mind that the world has changed
+considerably since the last big conflagration, and that all the
+countries striving for humanity and civilization are now one big family,
+with interests, spiritual as well as commercial, interlocking to a
+degree that no disturbance of any part of the civilized globe can exist
+without seriously affecting the rest. A disturbance in one quarter must
+make quite innocent bystanders involuntary victims, to the serious
+detriment of spiritual peace and commercial pursuits.
+
+The great highway on which thoughts and things travel are the high seas.
+I can with full authority disclaim any ambition by my country as to
+world dominion. She is much too modest, on the one hand, and too
+experienced, on the other hand, not to know that such a state will never
+be tolerated by the rest. Events have shown that world dominion can
+only be practiced by dominion of the high seas. The aim of Germany is to
+have the seas, as well as the narrows, kept permanently open for the
+free use of all nations in times of war as well as in times of peace.
+The sea is nobody's property and must be free to everybody. The seas are
+the lungs from which humanity draws a fresh breath of enterprise, and
+they must not be stopped up.
+
+I, personally, would go so far as to neutralize all the seas and narrows
+permanently by a common and effective agreement guaranteed by all the
+powers, so that any infringement on that score would meet with the most
+severe punishment that can be meted out to any transgressor.
+
+(3) A free sea is useless except combined with the freedom of cable and
+mail communications with all countries, whether belligerent or not. I
+should like to see all the cables jointly owned by the interested
+nations and a world mail system over sea established by common consent.
+But, more than this, an open sea demands an open policy. This means
+that, while every nation must have the right, for commercial and fiscal
+purposes, to impose whatever duties it thinks fit, these duties must be
+equal for all exports and imports for whatever destination and from
+whatever source. It would be tantamount to world empire, in fact, if a
+country owning a large part of the globe could make discriminating
+duties between the motherland and dominions or colonies as against other
+nations.
+
+This has been of late the British practice. German colonies have always
+been open to every comer, including the motherland, on equal terms. Such
+equality of treatment should be the established practice for all the
+future. The only alternative to an open sea and free intercourse policy
+would be a Chinese wall around each country. If there is no free
+intercourse every country must become self-sufficient. Germany has
+proved that it can be done. But this policy would mean very high customs
+barriers, discrimination, unbounded egotism, and a world bristling in
+arms. While the free sea policy stands for the true aims of
+international relations, namely, in exchange of goods, which must
+benefit either party, to be mutually satisfactory, it will engender
+friendly feeling among all the peoples, advance civilization, and
+thereby have a sure tendency toward disarmament.
+
+(4) Germany has been taxed with disregarding treaty obligations, tearing
+up a scrap of paper--a solemn engagement of international character
+regarding Belgium. I have the less reason to enter into this matter
+since--if it was a breach of international law at all--it has been
+followed up by all other belligerents by destroying other parts of that
+code so essential to the welfare of the community of nations. Two German
+men-of-war have been destroyed in neutral waters. The protests that the
+Government of this country had to make against Great Britain's treatment
+of international sea law and the rights of the neutrals are too numerous
+to be recounted. Chinese neutrality has been violated in the grossest
+way.
+
+In disregard of all conventions, China is now being subjected to demands
+incompatible with the rights of self-respecting nations. Egypt and
+Cyprus have been annexed by Great Britain, disregarding all treaties.
+Germany's diplomatic representatives have been driven from China,
+Morocco, and Egypt--all countries sovereign at the time. The Declaration
+of London, which had been set up by the Government of the United States
+as the governing document, had to be dropped as such. There is
+practically no part of international law that could stand the test.
+Justice toward neutrals compels that international law should be
+re-established in a codified form, with sufficient guarantees so as to
+save, as far as possible, all the neutrals from possible implication in
+a war in which they do not take part.
+
+(5) Germany does not strive for territorial aggrandizement in Europe;
+she does not believe in conquering and subjugating unwilling
+nations--this on account of a spirit of justice and her knowledge of
+history. No such attempts have ever been permanently successful.
+
+Belgium commands the main outlet of Western German trade, is the natural
+foreland of the empire, and has been conquered with untold sacrifice of
+blood and treasure. It offers to German trade the only outlet to an open
+sea and it has been politically established, maintained, and defended by
+England in order to keep these natural advantages from Germany.
+
+The love for small peoples that England heralds now will never stand
+investigation, as shown by the destruction of the small Boer republics.
+So Belgium cannot be given up. However, these considerations could be
+disregarded if all the other German demands, especially a guaranteed
+free sea, were fully complied with and the natural commercial
+relationship of Belgium to Germany was considered in a just and workable
+form. In this case Germany will not fail when the times come to help in
+rebuilding the country; in fact, she is doing so now.
+
+(6) Germany is a country smaller in size than California, but populated
+thirty-five times as thickly as that State. She loves and fosters family
+life, and sees her future in the raising of large families of healthy
+children under the home roof and under the national flag. German parents
+have no desire to expatriate every year a considerable number of their
+children. This implies that her industrial development, which would
+alone give occupation to the yearly increase of pretty nearly a million
+people, should go on unhampered.
+
+The activity of her people should have an outlet in the development of
+such foreign parts as need or wish for development. Great Britain has
+shown very little foresight in constantly opposing such efforts,
+playing Morocco into the hands of France, a nation that remained
+stationary for forty-four years, with little more than half of the
+population of Germany, and with a system equally undermining religion
+and morality in keeping families small for the sake of worldly comforts.
+
+England, furthermore, constantly obstructed the German endeavor to
+reclaim for the benefit of all of the world the granary in Mesopotamia.
+A permanent peace will mean that this German activity must get a wide
+scope without infringement upon the rights of others. Germany should be
+encouraged to continue her activities in Africa and Asia Minor, which
+can only result in permanent benefit to all the world. Americans have a
+saying "that it will never do good to sit on a safety valve."
+
+There is nothing in the program of my country which would not be
+beneficial to the rest of the world, especially the United States. That
+this is so the events of the last months have conclusively shown, and a
+better appreciation of what Germany really stands for has recently
+taken place. So, if I plead the cause of my country, I am not pleading
+as a German alone, but as a citizen of a country who wishes to be a
+useful and true member of the universality of nations, contributing by
+humanitarian aims and by the enhancement of personal freedom to the
+happiness of even the lowliest members of the great world community.
+
+I am proud to say that I cannot only give this assurance, but produce
+facts, and I beg to refer to the modern system of social reforms which
+Germany inaugurated and carries through at an expense which is every
+year larger by half than the expense of the military system.
+
+The brunt of this war has not been borne by the men who fight, but by
+the women who suffer, and it will be one of the proudest and most
+coveted achievements that Germany will gain in rewarding in a dignified
+and permanently beneficial way the enormous sacrifices of womanhood, to
+alleviate to the extent of the possible the hardships and sorrows that
+this war has brought upon them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+The Allies' Conditions of Peace
+
+By Sir Edward Grey
+
+
+     Sir Edward Grey, presiding at a lecture on the war by Mr.
+     Buchan, delivered March 22, 1915, reviewed the origin and
+     causes of the conflict. Germany, he said, refused every
+     suggestion made to her for settling the dispute by means of a
+     conference. On her must rest for all time the appalling
+     responsibility for having plunged Europe into this war. One
+     essential condition of peace must be the restoration to
+     Belgium of her independence and reparation to her for the
+     cruel wrong done to her. England claims for herself and her
+     allies claim for themselves, and together will secure for
+     Europe, the right of independent sovereignty for the different
+     nations, the right to pursue a national existence in the light
+     of general liberty.
+
+The occasion of our meeting this afternoon is to hear a lecture from my
+friend Mr. Buchan on the strategy of the war, and he is sure to make it
+informing and interesting. His friends know him as a man of fine public
+spirit and patriotism, in whom a crisis such as this in his country's
+history arouses the noblest feelings. I am sorry that an engagement
+makes it necessary for me to return soon to the Foreign Office, and
+therefore it will be a great disappointment to me not to hear the whole
+of the lecture. I take the opportunity to make my apology now, and also
+to make one or two remarks on the origin and issues of the war. While we
+are engaged in considering the particular methods by which the war may
+be prosecuted to a successful conclusion do not let us lose sight even
+for a moment of the character and origin of this war and of the main
+issues for which we are fighting. Hundreds of millions of money have
+been spent, hundreds of thousands of lives have been lost, and millions
+have been maimed and wounded in Europe during the last few months. And
+all this might have been avoided by the simple method of a conference or
+a joint discussion between the powers concerned which might have been
+held in London, at The Hague, or wherever and in whatever form Germany
+would have consented to have it. It would have been far easier to have
+settled by conference the dispute between Austria-Hungary and Serbia,
+which Germany made the occasion for this war, than it was to get
+successfully through the Balkan crisis of two years ago. Germany knew
+from her experience of the conference in London which settled the Balkan
+crisis that she could count upon our good will for peace in any
+conference of the powers. We had sought no diplomatic triumph in the
+Balkan Conference; we did not give ourselves to any intrigue; we pursued
+impartially and honorably the end of peace, and we were ready last July
+to do the same again.
+
+In recent years we have given Germany every assurance that no aggression
+upon her would receive any support from us. We withheld from her one
+thing--we would not give an unconditional promise to stand aside,
+however aggressive Germany herself might be to her neighbors. Last July,
+before the outbreak of the war, France was ready to accept a conference;
+Italy was ready to accept a conference; Russia was ready to accept a
+conference; and we know now that after the British proposal for a
+conference was made, the Emperor of Russia himself proposed to the
+German Emperor that the dispute should be referred to The Hague. Germany
+refused every suggestion made to her for settling the dispute in this
+way. On her rests now, and must rest for all time, the appalling
+responsibility for having plunged Europe into this war and for having
+involved herself and the greater part of the Continent in the
+consequences of it.
+
+We know now that the German Government had prepared for war as only
+people who plan can prepare. This is the fourth time within living
+memory that Prussia had made war in Europe. In the Schleswig-Holstein
+war, in the war against Austria in 1866, in the war against France in
+1870, as we now know from all the documents that have been revealed, it
+was Prussia who planned and prepared these wars. The same thing has
+occurred again, and we are determined that it shall be the last time
+that war shall be made in this way.
+
+We had assured Belgium that never would we violate her neutrality so
+long as it was respected by others. I had given this pledge to Belgium
+long before the war. On the eve of the war we asked France and Germany
+to give the same pledge. France at once did so. Germany declined to give
+it. When, after that, Germany invaded Belgium we were bound to oppose
+Germany with all our strength, and if we had not done so at the first
+moment, is there any one who now believes that when Germany attacked the
+Belgians, when she shot down combatants and non-combatants in a way that
+violated all the rules of war of recent times and the laws of humanity
+of all time--is there any one who thinks it possible now that we could
+have sat still and looked on without eternal disgrace?
+
+Now what is the issue for which we are fighting? In due time the terms
+of peace will be put forward by our Allies in concert with us--in
+accordance with the alliance that exists between us--and published to
+the world. One essential condition must be the restoration to Belgium of
+her independence, national life, and free possession of her territory,
+and reparation to her as far as reparation is possible for the cruel
+wrong done to her. That is part of the great issue for which we, with
+our allies, are contending, and the great part of the issue is this--We
+wish the nations of Europe to be free to live their independent lives,
+working out their own form of government for themselves, and their own
+national developments, whether they be great nations or small States, in
+full liberty. This is our ideal. The German ideal--we have had it poured
+out by German professors and publicists since the war began--is that of
+the Germans as a superior people, to whom all things are lawful in the
+securing of their own power, against whom resistance of any sort is
+unlawful--a people establishing a domination over the nations of the
+Continent, imposing a peace which is not to be liberty for every nation,
+but subservience to Germany. I would rather perish or leave the
+Continent altogether than live on it under such conditions.
+
+After this war we and the other nations of Europe must be free to live,
+not menaced continually by talk of "supreme war lords," and "shining
+armor," and the sword continually "rattled in the scabbard," and heaven
+continually invoked as the accomplice of Germany, and not having our
+policy dictated and our national destinies and activities controlled by
+the military caste of Prussia. We claim for ourselves and our allies
+claim for themselves, and together we will secure for Europe, the right
+of independent sovereignty for the different nations, the right to
+pursue a national existence, not in the shadow of Prussian hegemony and
+supremacy, but in the light of equal liberty.
+
+All honor for ever be given from us whom age and circumstances have kept
+at home to those who have voluntarily come forward to risk their lives,
+and give their lives on the field of battle on land and on sea. They
+have their reward in enduring fame and honor. And all honor be from us
+to the brave armies and navies of our Allies, who have exhibited such
+splendid courage and noble patriotism. The admiration they have aroused,
+and their comradeship in arms, will be an ennobling and enduring memory
+between us, cementing friendships and perpetuating national good will.
+For all of us who are serving the State at home or in whatever capacity,
+whether officials, or employers, or wage earners, doing our utmost to
+carry on the national life in this time of stress, there is the
+knowledge that there can be no nobler opportunity than that of serving
+one's country when its existence is at stake, and when the cause is just
+and right; and never was there a time in our national history when the
+crisis was so great and so imperative, or the cause more just and right.
+
+
+
+
+South Africa's Romantic Blue Paper
+
+Recording the Vision of "Oom Niklaas," the Boer Seer of Lichtenburg
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April 18, 1915.]
+
+
+The South African "Blue Paper" is out. It is unique. However widely and
+however eagerly the official documents of the other countries involved
+in the present war may have been read, they could not be called romantic
+in any sense of the word.
+
+The "Blue Paper" issued by the Union of South Africa presents a distinct
+contrast. In the third paragraph of the very first page of this weighty
+document, which deals with the recent rebellion, is the following
+unusual sentence:
+
+     It is not surprising, then, that in the ferment aroused by the
+     gigantic struggle in Europe, which seemed to be shaking the
+     world to its foundations, young men began to see visions and
+     old men to dream dreams of what the outcome might be for South
+     Africa.
+
+And this is followed by a still stranger passage:
+
+     The times were not without their signs. There was a seer in
+     Lichtenburg who had visions of strange import. Years ago and
+     long before any one in this country had dreamed of war he
+     beheld a great fight of bulls, six or seven of them, engaged
+     in bloody combat; a gray bull had emerged victorious from the
+     contest.
+
+     The bulls signified the great nations of Europe, and the gray
+     bull was Germany. Thousands had discussed this strange vision
+     and had remembered its prophetic character when, later, war
+     actually broke out. The vision seemed ominous. Germany was
+     predestined to triumph.
+
+The seer is Niklaas van Rensburg, and he runs through this Government
+report like a scarlet thread through gray homespun. It is around his
+influence that the uprising of Sept. 15 is built. It is under his roof
+that all manner of lurid conspiracies are hatched. Not only do his words
+carry with the crowds that gather before his house to hear his prophecy,
+but his warnings shape the actions of some of the Transvaal Generals.
+The Government report will not go so far as to brand "Oom Niklaas" as a
+hoax. Says the preface:
+
+     It is desired to point out that the narrative of events has
+     been compiled in as objective a manner as possible, and that
+     it contains no statement which is not borne out by evidence in
+     possession of the Government.
+
+Evidently, to denounce visions of gray bulls as hocus-pocus would be to
+describe a puzzling situation much too subjectively, since the
+Government has apparently no evidence that these are not genuine
+prophecy. The best the Government can do is to call them "extraordinary
+and apparently quite authentic."
+
+But the extraordinary part of it is that an illiterate old soothsayer
+should be considered important enough to be included in an official
+report.
+
+His most famous and most influential prophecy, the one that will go down
+in the history of South Africa, was that which concerned General de la
+Rey and the fatal number 15.
+
+The prophecy which came back to the minds of van Rensburg's followers
+when war broke out was one concerning General de la Rey, the intrepid
+soldier who had commanded the Lichtenburg burghers in the Boer war and
+since become President of the Western Transvaal Farmers' Association.
+Van Rensburg had always admired General de la Rey. He had frequently
+hinted to his circle that great things were in store for him. One of his
+visions had been well known to General de la Rey and his friends for
+some years. The report says:
+
+     The seer had beheld the number 15 on a dark cloud from which
+     blood issued, and then General de la Rey returning home
+     without his hat. Immediately afterward came a carriage covered
+     with flowers.
+
+
+[Illustration: H.M. CONSTANTINE I.
+
+King of Greece.
+
+_(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)_]
+
+[Illustration: JOHN REDMOND
+
+The great Irish leader, who says that Ireland has now taken her proper
+place in the British Empire.
+
+_(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)_]
+
+This was several years ago. But the people did not forget the prophecy,
+and when war broke out in Europe the Western Transvaal--in the
+Lichtenburg-Wolmaransstad area, where van Rensburg's influence was
+strongest--was immediately aflame. The Government does not seek to
+minimize the importance of this influence:
+
+     When the war at last broke out, the effect in Lichtenburg was
+     instantaneous. The prophecies of van Rensburg were eagerly
+     recalled, and it was remembered that he had foretold a day on
+     which the independence of the Transvaal would be restored.
+
+     Certain individuals could be seen daily cleaning their rifles
+     and cartridges in order to be ready for the day. Within a week
+     of the declaration of war between England and Germany the
+     district was further profoundly stirred by the news (now
+     become generally known) that a great meeting of local burghers
+     was to be held at Treurfontein on the 15th of August, and that
+     certain local officers were commandeering their burghers to
+     come to this meeting armed and fully equipped for active
+     service.
+
+The outbreak of the war in Europe suddenly brought the Lichtenburger's
+prophecy down to earth and crystallized the dream. The commandants were
+evidently as convinced that independence was at hand as the crowd.
+
+     Careful inquiries by other local officers brought to light the
+     following facts:
+
+     Veld Kornet, I.E. Claassen, and Commandant F.G.A. Wolmarans of
+     Ward Onder Hartsrivier had been commandeering their own
+     burghers as well as their political friends since the first
+     week of August to come to the meeting which was to be held at
+     Treurfontein on the 15th. The instructions given to these men
+     were that they were to come with rifle, horse, saddle and
+     bridle, and as much ammunitions and provisions as they could
+     manage to bring.
+
+     The meeting was to be addressed by General de la Rey, and it
+     was generally believed that the assembled burghers would march
+     on Potchefstroom immediately after the meeting.
+
+None doubted the truth of the seer's prophecy now. The Western Transvaal
+took it for its guide with implicit confidence.
+
+     The strange vision of the number 15, which had long been
+     common knowledge, was now discussed with intense interest. The
+     15, it was said, signified the 15th of August, the day of the
+     meeting. That would be the day which had been so long
+     expected--the day of liberation.
+
+     Van Rensburg was now the oracle. His prophecies with regard to
+     the great war had been signally fulfilled. Germany was at
+     grips with England, and her triumph was looked upon as
+     inevitable.
+
+     The day had arrived to strike a blow for their lost
+     independence. Van Rensburg assured his following that the
+     Union Government was "finished." Not a shot would be fired.
+     The revolution would be complete and bloodless.
+
+     Between the 10th and the 15th the plotters in Lichtenburg were
+     actively preparing for the day. There is evidence that German
+     secret agents were working in concert with them. When doubters
+     asked how they could be so certain that the 15 signified a day
+     of the month--and of the month of August in particular--they
+     were scornfully if illogically told that "in God's time a
+     month sooner or later made no difference."
+
+Of course, General de la Rey was the storm centre. He had been mentioned
+in the same vision with the number 15 and it was taken for granted that
+he would play the chief rôle in the Treurfontein meeting. De la Rey was
+the unquestioned ruler of the Western Transvaal. The report states:
+
+     He possessed an unrivaled influence and was looked up to as
+     the uncrowned king of the West. His attitude at the meeting
+     would sway the mass of his adherents and decide the question
+     of peace or war.
+
+Accordingly, General Louis Botha, Premier of the South African Union,
+summoned General de la Rey to Pretoria some days before the meeting, and
+persuaded him to use his best efforts to allay excitement.
+
+On the 15th the meeting was held. The situation was a tense one. Not one
+of the burghers present doubted the outcome. Yet General de la Rey
+exhorted them to remain cool and calm. He urged them to await the turn
+of events in Europe. After his address a "strange and unusual silence"
+was observed, says the "Blue Paper."
+
+     A resolution was passed unanimously expressing complete
+     confidence in the Government to act in the best interests of
+     South Africa in the present world crisis. The burghers
+     appeared to have taken their leader's advice to heart, as they
+     dispersed quietly to their homes.
+
+All danger of a rebellious movement had apparently been averted.
+
+The only difficulty was that the prophecy of "Oom Niklaas" was still
+standing. The fact that the uprising had failed did not seem in the
+least to invalidate the vision. If the mysterious number did not mean
+Aug. 15, then perhaps it did mean Sept. 15.
+
+Accordingly, preparations were laid for a rebellion for the latter date.
+The plot was engineered by Lieut. Colonel Solomon G. Maritz and General
+Christian Frederick Beyers. Maritz is a brilliant though unlettered
+Colonel who won distinction in the Boer war, while Beyers was the
+Commandant General of the South African Union forces. Beyers is dead
+now; Maritz and some of the prominent men associated in the conspiracy
+are in prison awaiting trial.
+
+Beyers and Maritz did not trust entirely to the prophecy of the seer of
+Lichtenburg. Maritz had already obtained a guarantee from the
+authorities in German West Africa, with whom he had been in
+communication for some time, that in the event of Germany's victory the
+Free State and the Transvaal would be given their freedom. He had
+organized the back-veldt Boers into readiness to go over into German
+West Africa at a moment's notice. In the Free State, General de Wet was
+ready to aid the rebellion, and the Western Transvaal, already excited,
+could easily be swung into line.
+
+The regiments of the west were to concentrate at Potchefstroom early in
+September for their annual training. At that time the members of the
+Government, among them General de la Rey, who is a member of the
+Legislative Assembly, would be in Cape Town for the session of the
+Parliament.
+
+Everything made the 15th of September look like an auspicious date for
+the conspirators and those who believed in van Rensburg. But General de
+la Rey still remained the storm centre. He was the factor which upset
+all plans. He was the most difficult obstacle. A large personality, his
+influence could never be discounted. If he could be induced to join the
+conspiracy the cause was as good as won. Should he oppose the movement
+it was lost, for neither Beyers nor Major Kemp, a leader in his district
+in West Transvaal, could hope to do anything against General de la Rey
+in the west.
+
+General de la Rey believed in the Lichtenburg prophet. A strong man, of
+extraordinary force and intelligence, the whole course of his plans
+might be altered by a new vision from van Rensburg. Beyers knew this,
+says the report, and saw the way by which he should win the General to
+the conspiracy.
+
+     There is evidence to prove that General Beyers set himself
+     systematically to work in General de la Rey's mind in order to
+     induce him to join the conspiracy.
+
+     General de la Rey was known to hold strong religious views,
+     which colored his whole outlook. The seer, van Rensburg, who
+     was always full of religious talk, had in this way acquired a
+     considerable amount of influence over General de la Rey.
+
+     There is the best of evidence (General Beyers's own statement)
+     for the belief that he himself did not scruple to work on
+     General de la Rey's mind through his religious feelings.
+
+Just how Beyers accomplished this has not yet been revealed, but there
+was material enough to his hand. The news from Europe was disquieting.
+The German drive to Paris seemed irresistible. It looked as if in a week
+or two Germany would have the Allies at her mercy.
+
+The prophet saw visions in which 40,000 German soldiers were marching up
+and down the streets of London. He predicted significantly that the new
+South African State would have at its head "a man who feared God." The
+Government of Premier Botha and General Smuts, the Minister of Finance
+and Defense, was "finished." He had seen the English leaving the
+Transvaal and moving down toward Natal. When they had gone far away, a
+vulture flew from among them and returned to the Boers and settled down
+among them. That was Botha. As for Smuts, he would flee desperately to
+England and would never be seen in South Africa again. Through it all
+ran the strange number 15.
+
+This was excellent material for the conspirators. But the problem was to
+get General de la Rey away from the Parliament session at Cape Town and
+into the Potchefstroom camp at the psychological moment. Beyers sent a
+series of urgent telegrams to Cape Town hinting at important business.
+He emphasized the need for General de la Rey's immediate presence in
+Potchefstroom. He had evidently not yet broached the conspiracy to the
+General, but hoped only to get him to the camp at the critical moment
+when his presence would prove the deciding factor.
+
+[Illustration: [map of South Africa]]
+
+Everything in Potchefstroom was in readiness. The Active Citizen Force
+concentrated here--about 1,600 men--was to start the uprising. The
+movement was to be promptly seconded throughout the Western Transvaal.
+The "Vierkleur" was to be hoisted, and a march made on Pretoria, men and
+horses being commandeered on the way. This was to take place on Tuesday,
+the 15th. There was an attempt to line up the prophet to add to the
+theatric effect, says the report.
+
+     On the night of the 14th the "Prophet" himself was specially
+     sent for by motor car to be personally present on the 15th to
+     witness the consummation of his prophecy. The conspirators
+     hoped to profit by the impression he would undoubtedly make on
+     those who still hesitated.
+
+     Unfortunately for them, however, the seer refused to leave his
+     home, saying that "it was not yet clear to him that that was
+     his path."
+
+The signal for the revolt was to be the arrival of General Beyers and
+General de la Rey in the Potchefstroom camp. The latter was returning
+from Cape Town via Kimberley, and was due to arrive in Potchefstroom on
+the 15th. But for some reason he chose to come back through the Free
+State, and by the 15th was only at Johannesburg.
+
+This upset plans. Beyers had to act quickly. He had his chauffeur
+overhaul his motor car, equip it with new tubes and covers, in readiness
+for "a long journey." In a short time the car was on its way to bring
+General de la Rey from Johannesburg to Pretoria, where Beyers would meet
+him.
+
+There was no time to be lost. It was too late to stage the rebellion for
+the 15th, but Beyers arranged for it to be at 4 o'clock on the morning
+of Wednesday, the 16th.
+
+General de la Rey arrived in Pretoria. General Beyers met him and asked
+him to go immediately with him to Potchefstroom.
+
+The car came within sight of Johannesburg. A police cordon had been
+thrown around the town for the purpose of capturing three desperadoes,
+known as the "Foster gang," who were trying to escape in a motor car.
+The police were instructed to stop all motors and to examine in
+particular any car containing three men.
+
+Beyers's car held three men. It was racing at high speed. It was, of
+course, challenged by the police and ordered to stop. But Beyers knew
+nothing of the "Foster gang" and the reason for the police cordon. Keyed
+up to the highest pitch of nervous tension, his immediate conclusion was
+that his plot had been discovered and that the police were after him. He
+believed he was trapped.
+
+Meanwhile, Major Kemp at Potchefstroom grew more and more anxious as the
+hours slipped by. Midnight came, and no news of the two Generals. About
+3 o'clock in the morning, says the report, an officer sharing the tent
+of a Lieutenant Colonel by the name of Kock, who was Kemp's confidant,
+was awakened by the entrance of a man. It proved to be Major Kemp. He
+leaned over Kock's bed and whispered something in his ear.
+
+Kock, in a profoundly startled voice, exclaimed, "Oh, God!"
+
+Kemp left immediately, and Kock then whispered to his friend: "General
+de la Rey is dood geskiet," (General de la Rey has been shot dead.)
+
+The effect of this news on South Africa can be imagined. The whole
+country was aflame. This was what the number 15 meant. The General had
+indeed "returned home without his hat, followed by a carriage full of
+flowers."
+
+Report ran through every town that General de la Rey had been
+deliberately assassinated by the Government. As a matter of fact, the
+report states that the shooting was purely accidental, done by the
+police under the belief that this motor car which would not halt at
+their command contained the "Foster gang." Beyers exhibited the
+motor-car everywhere, arousing sentiment to the highest pitch.
+
+The rest was easy. The rank and file, at least, now believed firmly in
+the prophet. He had always said that General Botha would offer no
+resistance, that the revolution would be bloodless, and thousands went
+over to the cause led by Maritz and Beyers in this belief. But it was
+not until Oct. 12 that martial law was proclaimed in South Africa. The
+rebellion had begun.
+
+
+
+
+THE BELLS OF BERLIN
+
+[From Punch of London.]
+
+
+     _(Which are said to be rung by order occasionally to announce
+     some supposed German victory.)_
+
+    The Bells of Berlin, how they hearten the Hun
+      _(Oh, dingle dong dangle ding dongle ding dee;)_
+    No matter what devil's own work has been done
+    They chime a loud chant of approval, each one,
+    Till the people feel sure of their place in the sun
+      _(Oh, dangle ding dongle dong dingle ding dee.)_
+
+    If Hindenburg hustles an enemy squad
+      _(Oh, dingle dong dangle ding dongle ding dee,)_
+    The bells all announce that the alien sod
+    Is damp with the death of some thousand men odd,
+    Till the populace smiles with a gratified nod
+      _(Oh, dangle ding dongle dong dingle ding dee.)_
+
+    If Tirpitz behaves like a brute on the brine
+      _(Oh, dingle dong dangle ding dongle ding dee,)_
+    The bells with a clash and a clamor combine
+    To hint that the Hated One's on the decline,
+    And the city gulps down the good tidings like wine,
+      _(Oh, dangle ding dongle dong dingle ding dee.)_
+
+    The Bells of Berlin, are they cracked through and through
+      _(Oh, dingle dong dangle ding dongle ding dee,)_
+    Or deaf to the discord like Germany, too?
+    For whether their changes be many or few,
+    The worst of them is that they never ring true,
+      _(Oh, dangle ding dongle dong dingle ding dee.)_
+
+
+
+
+Warfare and British Labor
+
+By Earl Kitchener, England's Secretary of State for War
+
+
+     In his speech delivered in the House of Lords on March 15,
+     1915, Earl Kitchener calls upon the whole nation to work, not
+     only in supplying the manhood of the country to serve in the
+     ranks, but in supplying the necessary arms, ammunition, and
+     equipment for successful operations in various parts of the
+     world.
+
+For many weeks only trench fighting has been possible owing to the
+climatic conditions and waterlogged state of the ground. During this
+period of apparent inaction, it must not be forgotten that our troops
+have had to exercise the utmost individual vigilance and resource, and,
+owing to the proximity of the enemy's lines, a great strain has been
+imposed upon them. Prolonged warfare of this sort might be expected to
+affect the morale of an army, but the traditional qualities of patience,
+good temper, and determination have maintained our men, though highly
+tried, in a condition ready to act with all the initiative and courage
+required when the moment for an advance arrived. The recently published
+accounts of the fighting in France have enabled us to appreciate how
+successfully our troops have taken the offensive. The German troops,
+notwithstanding their carefully prepared and strongly intrenched
+positions, have been driven back for a considerable distance and the
+villages of Neuve Chapelle and L'Epinette have been captured and held by
+our army, with heavy losses to the enemy.
+
+In these operations our Indian troops took a prominent part and
+displayed fine fighting qualities. I will in this connection read a
+telegram I have received from Sir John French:
+
+     Please transmit following message to Viceroy India: I am glad
+     to be able to inform your Excellency that the Indian troops
+     under General Sir James Willcocks fought with great gallantry
+     and marked success in the capture of Neuve Chapelle and
+     subsequent fighting which took place on the 10th, 11th, 12th
+     and 13th of this month. The fighting was very severe and the
+     losses heavy, but nothing daunted them. Their tenacity,
+     courage and endurance were admirable and worthy of the best
+     traditions of the soldiers of India.
+
+I should like also to mention that the Canadian Division showed their
+mettle and have received the warm commendation of Sir John French for
+the high spirit and bravery with which they have performed their part.
+Our casualties during the three days' fighting, though probably severe,
+are not nearly so heavy as those suffered by the enemy, from whom a
+large number of prisoners have been taken.
+
+Since I last spoke in this House substantial reinforcements have been
+sent to France. They include the Canadian Division, the North Midland
+Division, and the Second London Division, besides other units. These are
+the first complete divisions of the Territorial Force to go to France,
+where I am sure they will do credit to themselves and sustain the high
+reputation which the Territorials have already won for themselves there.
+The health of the troops has been remarkably good, and their freedom
+from enteric fever and from the usual diseases incidental to field
+operations is a striking testimony to the value of inoculation and to
+the advice and skill of the Royal Army Medical Corps and its auxiliary
+organizations.
+
+The French army, except for a slight withdrawal at Soissons, owing to
+their reinforcements being cut off by the swollen state of the Aisne
+River, have made further important progress at various points on the
+long line they hold, especially in Champagne. Association with both our
+allies in the western theatre has only deepened our admiration of their
+resolute tenacity and fighting qualities.
+
+In the Eastern theatre the violent German attacks on Warsaw have failed
+in their purpose, and a considerable concentration of German troops to
+attack the Russian positions in East Prussia, after causing a
+retirement, are now either well held or are being driven back. In the
+Caucasus fresh defeats have been inflicted by the Russians on the Turks,
+and the latter have also been repulsed by our forces in Egypt when they
+attempted to attack the Suez Canal. The operations now proceeding
+against the Dardanelles show the great power of the allied fleets, and,
+although at the present stage I can say no more than what is given in
+the public press on the subject, your Lordships may rest assured that
+the matter is well in hand.
+
+The work of supplying and equipping new armies depends largely on our
+ability to obtain the war material required. Our demands on the
+industries concerned with the manufacture of munitions of war in this
+country have naturally been very great, and have necessitated that they
+and other ancillary trades should work at the highest possible pressure.
+The armament firms have promptly responded to our appeal, and have
+undertaken orders of vast magnitude. The great majority also of the
+employees have loyally risen to the occasion, and have worked, and are
+working, overtime and on night shifts in all the various workshops and
+factories in the country.
+
+Notwithstanding these efforts to meet our requirements, we have
+unfortunately found that the output is not only not equal to our
+necessities, but does not fulfill our expectations, for a very large
+number of our orders have not been completed by the dates on which they
+were promised. The progress in equipping our new armies, and also in
+supplying the necessary war material for our forces in the field, has
+been seriously hampered by the failure to obtain sufficient labor, and
+by delays in the production of the necessary plant, largely due to the
+enormous demands not only of ourselves, but of our allies.
+
+While the workmen generally, as I have said, have worked loyally and
+well, there have, I regret to say, been instances where absence,
+irregular timekeeping, and slack work have led to a marked diminution
+in the output of our factories. In some cases the temptations of drink
+account for this failure to work up to the high standard expected. It
+has been brought to my notice on more than one occasion that the
+restrictions of trade unions have undoubtedly added to our difficulties,
+not so much in obtaining sufficient labor, as in making the best use of
+that labor. I am confident, however, that the seriousness of the
+position as regards our supplies has only to be mentioned, and all
+concerned will agree to waive for the period of the war any of those
+restrictions which prevent in the very slightest degree our utilizing
+all the labor available to the fullest extent that is possible.
+
+I cannot too earnestly point out that, unless the whole nation works
+with us and for us, not only in supplying the manhood of the country to
+serve in our ranks, but also in supplying the necessary arms,
+ammunition, and equipment, successful operations in the various parts of
+the world in which we are engaged will be very seriously hampered and
+delayed. I have heard rumors that the workmen in some factories have an
+idea that the war is going so well that there is no necessity for them
+to work their hardest. I can only say that the supply of war material at
+the present moment and for the next two or three months is causing me
+very serious anxiety, and I wish all those engaged in the manufacture
+and supply of these stores to realize that it is absolutely essential
+not only that the arrears in the deliveries of our munitions of war
+should be wiped off, but that the output of every round of ammunition is
+of the utmost importance, and has a large influence on our operations in
+the field.
+
+The bill which my noble friend is about to place before the House as an
+amendment to the Defense of the Realm act is calculated to rectify this
+state of things as far as it is possible, and, in my opinion, it is
+imperatively necessary. In such a large manufacturing country as our own
+the enormous output of what we require to place our troops in the field
+thoroughly equipped and found with ammunition is undoubtedly possible,
+but this output can only be obtained by a careful and deliberate
+organization for developing the resources of the country so as to enable
+each competent workman to utilize in the most useful manner possible all
+his ability and energy in the common object which we all have in view,
+which is the successful prosecution and victorious termination of this
+war. [Cheers.] I feel sure that there is no business or manufacturing
+firm in this country that will object for one moment to any delay or
+loss caused in the product of their particular industry when they feel
+that they and their men are taking part with us in maintaining the
+soldiers in the field with those necessaries without which they cannot
+fight.
+
+As I have said, the regular armament firms have taken on enormous
+contracts vastly in excess of their ordinary engagements in normal times
+of peace. We have also spread orders both in the form of direct
+contracts and subcontracts over a large number of subsidiary firms not
+accustomed in peace time to this class of manufacture. It will, I am
+sure, be readily understood that, when new plant is available for the
+production of war material, those firms that are not now so engaged
+should release from their own work the labor necessary to keep the
+machinery fully occupied on the production for which it is being laid
+down, as well as to supply sufficient labor to keep working at full
+power the whole of the machinery which we now have.
+
+I hope that this result will be attained under the provisions of the
+bill now about to be placed before you. Labor may very rightly ask that
+their patriotic work should not be used to inflate the profits of the
+directors and shareholders of the various great industrial and armament
+firms, and we are therefore arranging a system under which the important
+armament firms will come under Government control, and we hope that
+workmen who work regularly by keeping good time shall reap some of the
+benefits which the war automatically confers on these great companies.
+
+I feel strongly that the men working long hours in the shops by day and
+by night, week in and week out, are doing their duty for their King and
+country in a like manner with those who have joined the army for active
+service in the field. [Cheers.] They are thus taking their part in the
+war and displaying the patriotism that has been so manifestly shown by
+the nation in all ranks, and I am glad to be able to state that his
+Majesty has approved that where service in this great work of supplying
+the munitions of war has been thoroughly, loyally and continuously
+rendered, the award of a medal will be granted on the successful
+termination of the war. [Cheers.]
+
+
+
+
+SAVIORS OF EUROPE
+
+By Rene Bazin
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+I believe that King Albert and Belgium, in sacrificing themselves as
+they have done for right, have saved Europe.
+
+I believe that in order to act with such decision it was essential to
+have a King, that is to say, a leader responsible to history, of an old
+and proved stock.
+
+I believe that for such action a Christian nation was essential, a
+nation capable of understanding, of accepting, and of enduring the
+ordeal.
+
+I believe that the first duty of the Allies will be to restore the
+Kingdom of Belgium, and that the example shown by the King and his
+people will be exalted in all civilized countries as long as the world
+reads history.
+
+
+
+
+Britain's Peril of Strikes and Drink
+
+By David Lloyd George, Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+
+
+     The gravity of labor disputes in the present time of national
+     danger was dealt with by Mr. Lloyd George in a speech to his
+     constituents at Bangor on Feb. 28, 1915, special reference
+     being made to the Clyde strike. He declared that compulsory
+     arbitration in war time was imperative, as it was "intolerable
+     that the lives of Britons should be imperiled for a matter of
+     a farthing an hour." This was essentially an engineers' war,
+     for equipment was even more needed than men. Mr. Lloyd George
+     went on to comment on the adverse effect of drinking upon
+     production, and added: "We have great powers to deal with
+     drink, and we shall use them."
+
+I have promised for some time to address a meeting at Bangor. I have
+been unable to do so because Ministers of the Crown have been working
+time and overtime, and I am sorry to say that we are not even able to
+make the best of the day of rest, the urgency is so great, the pressure
+is so severe. I had something to say today, otherwise I should not have
+been here, and I had something to say that required stating at once.
+This is the only day I had to spare. It is no fault of mine. It is
+because we are entirely absorbed in the terrible task which has been
+cast upon our shoulders. I happened to have met on Friday morning,
+before I decided to come down here, one of the most eminent Scottish
+divines, a great and old friend of mine, Dr. Whyte of Edinburgh. We were
+discussing what I have got to say today. I remarked to him, "I have only
+one day on which to say it, and as that is Sunday afternoon I am very
+much afraid my constituents won't listen to me." He replied, "If they
+won't have you, come to Scotland, and we will give you the best Sunday
+afternoon meeting you ever had." But I thought I would try Wales first.
+[Cheers.] He told me that in the Shorter Catechism you are allowed to do
+works of charity and necessity, and those who tell me that this is not
+work of necessity do not know the need, the dire need, of their country
+at this hour. At this moment there are Welshmen in the trenches of
+France facing cannon and death; the hammering of forges today is
+ringing down the church bells from one end of Europe to the other. When
+I know these things are going on now on Sunday as well as the week days
+I am not the hypocrite to say, "I will save my own soul by not talking
+about them on Sundays." [Cheers.]
+
+Do we understand the necessity? Do we realize it? Belgium, once
+comfortably well-to-do, is now waste and weeping, and her children are
+living on the bread of charity sent them by neighbors far and near. And
+France--the German Army, like a wild beast, has fastened its claws deep
+into her soil, and every effort to drag them out rends and tears the
+living flesh of that beautiful land. The beast of prey has not leaped to
+our shores--not a hair of Britain's head has been touched by him. Why?
+Because of the vigilant watchdog that patrols the deep for us; and that
+is my complaint against the British Navy. It does not enable us to
+realize that Britain at the present moment is waging the most serious
+war it has ever been engaged in. We do not understand it. A few weeks
+ago I visited France. We had a conference of the Ministers of Finance of
+Russia, France, Great Britain, and Belgium. Paris is a changed city. Her
+gayety, her vivacity, is gone. You can see in the faces of every man
+there, and of every woman, that they know their country is in the grip
+of grim tragedy. They are resolved to overcome it, confident that they
+will overcome it, but only through a long agony.
+
+No visitor to our shores would realize that we are engaged in exactly
+the same conflict, and that on the stricken fields of the Continent and
+along the broads and the narrows of the seas that encircle our islands
+is now being determined, not merely the fate of the British Empire, but
+the destiny of the human race for generations to come. [Cheers.] We are
+conducting a war as if there was no war. I have never been doubtful
+about the result of the war, [cheers,] and I will give you my reasons by
+and by. Nor have I been doubtful, I am sorry to say, about the length of
+the war and its seriousness. In all wars nations are apt to minimize
+their dangers and the duration. Men, after all, see the power of their
+own country; they cannot visualize the power of the enemy. I have been
+accounted as a pessimist among my friends in thinking the war would not
+be over before Christmas. I have always been convinced that the result
+is inevitably a triumph for this country. I have also been convinced
+that that result will not be secured without a prolonged struggle. I
+will tell you why. I shall do so not in order to indulge in vain and
+idle surmises as to the duration of the war, but in order to bring home
+to my countrymen what they are confronted with, so as to insure that
+they will leave nothing which is at their command undone in order, not
+merely to secure a triumph, but to secure it at the speediest possible
+moment. It is in their power to do so. It is also in their power, by
+neglect, by sloth, by heedlessness, to prolong their country's agony,
+and maybe to endanger at least the completeness of its triumphs. This is
+what I have come to talk to you about this afternoon, for it is a work
+of urgent necessity in the cause of human freedom, and I make no apology
+for discussing on a Sunday the best means of insuring human liberty.
+[Cheers.]
+
+I will give you first of all my reasons for coming to the conclusion
+that after this struggle victory must wait on our banners if we properly
+utilize our resources and opportunities. The natural resources of the
+allied countries are overwhelmingly greater than those of their enemies.
+In the man capable of bearing arms, in the financial and economic
+resources of these countries, in their accessibility to the markets of
+the world through the command of the sea for the purpose of obtaining
+material and munitions--all these are preponderatingly in favor of the
+allied countries. But there is a greater reason than all these. Beyond
+all is the moral strength of our cause, and that counts in a struggle
+which involves sacrifices, suffering, and privation for all those
+engaged in it. A nation cannot endure to the end that has on its soul
+the crimes of Belgium. [Loud cheers.] The allied powers have at their
+disposal more than twice the number of men which their enemies can
+command. You may ask me why are not those overwhelming forces put into
+the field at once and this terrible war brought to a triumphant
+conclusion at the earliest possible moment. In the answer to that
+question lies the cause of the war. The reason why Germany declared war
+is in the answer to that question.
+
+In the old days when a nation's liberty was menaced by an aggressor a
+man took from the chimney corner his bow and arrow or his spear, or a
+sword which had been left to him by an ancestry of warriors, went to the
+gathering ground of his tribe, and the nation was fully equipped for
+war. That is not the case now. Now you fight with complicated, highly
+finished weapons, apart altogether from the huge artillery. Every rifle
+which a man handles is a complicated and ingenious piece of mechanism,
+and it takes time. The German arsenals were full of the machinery of
+horror and destruction. The Russian arsenals were not, and that is the
+reason for the war. Had Russia projected war, she also would have filled
+her arsenals, but she desired above everything peace. ["Hear, hear!"] I
+am not sure that Russia has ever been responsible for a war of
+aggression against any of her European neighbors. Certainly this is not
+one of them. She wanted peace, she needed peace, she meant peace, and
+she would have had peace had she been left alone. She was at the
+beginning of a great industrial development, and she wanted peace in
+order to bring it to its full fructification. She had repeatedly stood
+insolences at the hands of Germany up to the point of humiliation, all
+for peace, and anything for peace.
+
+Whatever any one may say about her internal Government, Russia was
+essentially a peaceable nation. The men at the head of her affairs were
+imbued with the spirit of peace. The head of her army, the Grand Duke
+Nicholas, [cheers,] is about the best friend of peace in Europe. Never
+was a nation so bent on preserving peace as Russia was. It is true
+Germany six or seven years ago had threatened to march her legions
+across the Vistula and trample down Russia in the mud, and Russia,
+fearing a repetition of the same threat, was putting herself in a
+position of defense. But she was not preparing for any aggression, and
+Germany said, "This won't do. We don't like people who can defend
+themselves. We are fully prepared. Russia is not. This is the time to
+plant our dagger of tempered steel in her heart before her breastplates
+are forged." That is why we are at war. [Cheers.] Germany hurried her
+preparations, made ready for war. She made a quarrel with the same cool
+calculation as she had made a new gun. She hurled her warriors across
+the frontier. Why? Because she wanted to attack somebody, a country that
+could not defend herself. It was the purest piece of brigandage in
+history. [Cheers.] All the same there remains the fact that Russia was
+taken at a disadvantage, and is, therefore, unable to utilize beyond a
+fraction the enormous resources which she possesses to protect her soil
+against the invader. France was not expecting war, and she, therefore,
+was taken unawares.
+
+What about Britain? We never contemplated any war of aggression against
+any of our neighbors, and therefore we never raised an army adequate to
+such sinister purposes. During the last thirty years the two great
+political parties in the State have been responsible for the policy of
+this country at home and abroad. For about the same period we have each
+been governing this country. For about fifteen years neither one party
+nor the other ever proposed to raise an army in this country that would
+enable us to confront on land a great Continental power. What does that
+mean? We never meant to invade any Continental country. [Cheers.] That
+is the proof of it. If we had we would have started our great armies
+years ago. We had a great navy, purely for protection, purely for the
+defense of our shores, and we had an army which was just enough to deal
+with any small raid that happened to get through the meshes of our navy,
+and perhaps to police the empire. That was all, no more. But now we have
+to assist neighbors becoming the victims of a power with millions of
+warriors at its command, and we have to improvise a great army, and
+gallantly have our men flocked to the standard. [Cheers.] We have raised
+the largest voluntary army that has been enrolled in any country or any
+century--the largest voluntary army, and it is going to be larger.
+[Cheers.]
+
+I saw a very fine sample of that army this morning at Llandudno. I
+attended a service there, and I think it was about the most thrilling
+religious service I have ever been privileged to attend. There were men
+there of every class, every position, every calling, every condition of
+life. The peasant had left his plow, the workman had left his lathe and
+his loom, the clerk had left his desk, the trader and the business man
+had left their counting houses, the shepherd had left his sunlit hills,
+and the miner the darkness of the earth, the rich proprietor had left
+his palace, and the man earning his daily bread had quitted his humble
+cottage. There were men there of diverse and varied faiths who
+worshipped at different shrines--men who were in array against each
+other months ago in bitter conflict, and I saw them march with one step
+under one flag to fight for the same cause, and I saw them worship the
+same God. What has brought them together? The love of their native land,
+resentment for a cruel wrong inflicted upon the weak and defenseless.
+More than that, what brought them together was that instinct which comes
+to humanity at critical times when the moment has arrived to cross
+rivers of blood in order to rescue humanity from the grip of some
+strangling despotism. [Cheers.] They have done nobly. That is what has
+brought them together, but we want more, [cheers,] and I have no doubt
+we will get more.
+
+If this country had produced an army which was equal in proportion to
+its population to the number of men under arms in France and in Germany
+at the present moment there would be three millions and a half in this
+country and 1,200,000 in the Colonies. [Cheers.] That is what I mean
+when I say our resources are quite adequate to the task. It is not our
+fight merely--it is the fight of humanity. [Cheers.] The allied
+countries between them could raise armies of over twenty millions of
+men. Our enemies can put in the field barely half that number.
+
+Much as I should like to talk about the need for more men, that is not
+the point of my special appeal today. We stand more in need of equipment
+than we do of men. This is an engineers' war, [cheers,] and it will be
+won or lost owing to the efforts or shortcomings of engineers. I have
+something to say about that, for it involves sacrifices for all of us.
+Unless we are able to equip our armies our predominance in men will
+avail us nothing. We need men, but we need arms more than men, and delay
+in producing them is full of peril for this country. You may say that I
+am saying things that ought to be kept from the enemy. I am not a
+believer in giving any information which is useful to him. You may
+depend on it he knows, but I do not believe in withholding from our own
+public information which they ought to possess, because unless you tell
+them you cannot invite their co-operation. The nation that cannot bear
+the truth is not fit for war, and may our young men be volunteers, while
+the unflinching pride of those they have left behind them in their deed
+of sacrifice ought to satisfy the most apprehensive that we are not a
+timid race, who cannot face unpleasant facts! The last thing in the
+world John Bull wants is to be mollycoddled. The people must be told
+exactly what the position is, and then we can ask them to help. We must
+appeal for the co-operation of employers, workmen, and the general
+public; the three must act and endure together, or we delay and maybe
+imperil victory. We ought to requisition the aid of every man who can
+handle metal. It means that the needs of the community in many respects
+will suffer acutely vexatious, and perhaps injurious, delay; but I feel
+sure that the public are prepared to put up with all this discomfort,
+loss, and privation if thereby their country marches triumphantly out of
+this great struggle. [Cheers.] We have every reason for confidence; we
+have none for complacency. Hope is the mainspring of efficiency;
+complacency is its rust.
+
+We laugh at things in Germany that ought to terrify us. We say, "Look at
+the way they are making their bread--out of potatoes, ha, ha!" Aye, that
+potato-bread spirit is something which is more to dread than to mock at.
+I fear that more than I do even von Hindenburg's strategy, efficient as
+it may be. That is the spirit in which a country should meet a great
+emergency, and instead of mocking at it we ought to emulate it. I
+believe we are just as imbued with the spirit as Germany is, but we want
+it evoked. [Cheers.] The average Briton is too shy to be a hero until he
+is asked. The British temper is one of never wasting heroism on needless
+display, but there is plenty of it for the need. There is nothing
+Britishers would not give up for the honor of their country or for the
+cause of freedom. Indulgences, comforts, even the necessities of life
+they would willingly surrender. Why, there are two millions of them at
+this hour who have willingly tendered their lives for their country.
+What more could they do? If the absorption of all our engineering
+resources is demanded, no British citizen will grudge his share of
+inconvenience.
+
+But what about those more immediately concerned in that kind of work?
+Here I am approaching something which is very difficult to talk
+about--I mean the employers and workmen. I must speak out quite plainly;
+nothing else is of the slightest use. For one reason or another we are
+not getting all the assistance we have the right to expect from our
+workers. Disputes, industrial disputes, are inevitable; and when you
+have a good deal of stress and strain, men's nerves are not at their
+best. I think I can say I always preserve my temper in these days--I
+hope my wife won't give me away--[laughter]--and I have no doubt that
+the spirit of unrest creeps into the relations between employer and
+workmen. Some differences of opinion are quite inevitable, but we cannot
+afford them now; and, above all, we cannot resort to the usual method of
+settling them.
+
+I suppose I have settled more labor disputes than any man in this hall,
+and, although those who only know me slightly may be surprised to hear
+me say it, the thing that you need most is patience. If I were to give a
+motto to a man who is going to a conference between employers and
+workmen I would say: "Take your time; don't hurry. It will come around
+with patience and tact and temper." But you know we cannot afford those
+leisurely methods now. Time is victory, [cheers,] and while employers
+and workmen on the Clyde have been spending time in disputing over a
+fraction, and when a week-end, ten days, and a fortnight of work which
+is absolutely necessary for the defense of the country has been set
+aside, I say here solemnly that it is intolerable that the life of
+Britain should be imperiled for the matter of a farthing an hour.
+
+Who is to blame? That is not the question, but--How it is to be stopped?
+Employers will say, "Are we always to give way?" Workmen say, "Employers
+are making their fortunes out of an emergency of the country; why are
+not we to have a share of the plunder?" ["Hear, hear!" and laughter.]
+There is one gentleman here who holds that view. [Laughter.] I hope he
+is not an engineer. [Renewed laughter.] "We work harder than ever," say
+the workmen. All I can say is, if they do they are entitled to their
+share. But that is not the point--who is right? Who is wrong? They are
+both right and they are both wrong. The whole point is that these
+questions ought to be settled without throwing away the chances of
+humanity in its greatest struggle. [Cheers.] There is a good deal to be
+said for and there is a vast amount to be said against compulsory
+arbitration, but during the war the Government ought to have power to
+settle all these differences, and the work should go on. The workman
+ought to get more. Very well, let the Government find it out and give it
+to him. If he ought not, then he ought not to throw up his tools. The
+country cannot afford it. It is disaster, and I do not believe the
+moment this comes home to workmen and employers they will refuse to
+comply with the urgent demand of the Government. There must be no delay.
+
+There is another aspect of the question which it is difficult and
+dangerous to tackle. There are all sorts of regulations for restricting
+output. I will say nothing about the merits of this question. There are
+reasons why they have been built up. The conditions of employment and
+payment are mostly to blame for those restrictions. The workmen had to
+fight for them for their own protection, but in a period of war there is
+a suspension of ordinary law. Output is everything in this war.
+
+This war is not going to be fought mainly on the battlefields of Belgium
+and Poland. It is going to be fought in the workshops of France and
+Great Britain; and it must be fought there under war conditions. There
+must be plenty of safeguards and the workman must get his equivalent,
+but I do hope he will help us to get as much out of those workshops as
+he can, for the life of the nation depends on it. Our enemies realize
+that, and employers and workmen in Germany are straining their utmost.
+France, fortunately, also realizes it, and in that land of free
+institutions, with a Socialist Prime Minister, a Socialist Secretary of
+State for War, and a Socialist Minister of Marine, the employers and
+workmen are subordinating everything to the protection of their
+beautiful land.
+
+I have something more to say about this, and it is unpleasant. I would
+wish that it were not I, but somebody else that should say it. Most of
+our workmen are putting every ounce of strength into this urgent work
+for their country, loyally and patriotically. But that is not true of
+all. There are some, I am sorry to say, who shirk their duty in this
+great emergency. I hear of workmen in armaments works who refuse to work
+a full week's work for the nation's need. What is the reason? They are a
+minority. The vast majority belong to a class we can depend upon. The
+others are a minority. But, you must remember, a small minority of
+workmen can throw a whole works out of gear. What is the reason?
+Sometimes it is one thing, sometimes it is another, but let us be
+perfectly candid. It is mostly the lure of the drink. They refuse to
+work full time, and when they return their strength and efficiency are
+impaired by the way in which they have spent their leisure. Drink is
+doing us more damage in the war than all the German submarines put
+together.
+
+What has Russia done? [Cheers.] Russia, knowing her deficiency, knowing
+how unprepared she was, said, "I must pull myself together. I am not
+going to be trampled upon, unready as I am. I will use all my
+resources." What is the first thing she does? She stops the drink.
+[Cheers.] I was talking to M. Bark, the Russian Minister of Finance, a
+singularly able man, and I asked, "What has been the result?" He said,
+"The productivity of labor, the amount of work which is put out by the
+workmen, has gone up between 30 and 50 per cent." [Cheers.] I said, "How
+do they stand it without their liquor?" and he replied, "Stand it? I
+have lost revenue over it up to £65,000,000 a year, and we certainly
+cannot afford it, but if I proposed to put it back there would be a
+revolution in Russia." That is what the Minister of Finance told me. He
+told me that it is entirely attributable to the act of the Czar himself.
+It was a bold and courageous step--one of the most heroic things in the
+war. [Cheers.] One afternoon we had to postpone our conference in Paris,
+and the French Minister of Finance said, "I have got to go to the
+Chamber of Deputies, because I am proposing a bill to abolish absinthe."
+[Cheers.] Absinthe plays the same part in France that whisky plays in
+this country. It is really the worst form of drink used; not only among
+workmen, but among other classes as well. Its ravages are terrible, and
+they abolished it by a majority of something like 10 to 1 that
+afternoon. [Cheers.]
+
+That is how those great countries are facing their responsibilities. We
+do not propose anything so drastic as that--we are essentially moderate
+men. [Laughter.] But we are armed with full powers for the defense of
+the realm. We are approaching it, I do not mind telling you, for the
+moment, not from the point of view of people who have been considering
+this as a social problem--we are approaching it purely from the point of
+view of these works. We have got great powers to deal with drink, and we
+mean to use them. [Cheers.] We shall use them in a spirit of moderation,
+we shall use them discreetly, we shall use them wisely, but we shall use
+them fearlessly, [cheers,] and I have no doubt that, as the country's
+needs demand it, the country will support our action and will allow no
+indulgence of that kind to interfere with its prospects in this terrible
+war which has been thrust upon us.
+
+There are three things I want you to bear in mind. The first is--and I
+want to get this into the minds of every one--that we are at war; the
+second, that it is the greatest war that has ever been fought by this or
+any other country, and the other, that the destinies of your country and
+the future of the human race for generations to come depend upon the
+outcome of this war. What does it mean were Germany to win? It means
+world power for the worst elements in Germany, not for Germany. The
+Germans are an intelligent race; they are undoubtedly a cultivated race;
+they are a race of men who have been responsible for great ideas in this
+world. But this would mean the dominance of the worst elements among
+them. If you think I am exaggerating just you read for the moment
+extracts from the articles in the newspapers which are in the ascendency
+now in Germany about the settlement which they expect after this war. I
+am sorry to say I am stating nothing but the bare, brutal truth. I do
+not say that the Kaiser will sit on the throne of England if he should
+win. I do not say that he will impose his laws and his language on this
+country as did William the Conqueror. I do not say that you will hear
+the tramp, the noisy tramp of the goose step in the cities of the
+Empire. [Laughter.] I do not say that Death's Head Hussars will be
+patrolling our highways. I do not say that a visitor, let us say, to
+Aberdaron, will have to ask a Pomeranian policeman the best way to
+Hell's Mouth. [Loud laughter.] That is not what I mean. What I mean is
+that if Germany were triumphant in this war it would practically be the
+dictator of the international policy of the world. Its spirit would be
+in the ascendant. Its doctrines would be in the ascendant; by the sheer
+power of its will it would bend the minds of men in its own fashion.
+Germanism in its later and worst form would be the inspiriting thought
+and philosophy of the hour.
+
+Do you remember what happened to France after 1870? The German armies
+left France, but all the same for years after that, and while France was
+building up her army, she stood in cowering terror of this monster. Even
+after her great army was built France was oppressed with a constant
+anxiety as to what might happen. Germany dismissed her Ministers. Had it
+not been for the intervention of Queen Victoria in 1874 the French Army
+would never have been allowed to be reconstructed, and France would
+simply have been the humble slave of Germany to this hour. What a
+condition for a country! And now France is fighting not so much to
+recover her lost provinces, she is fighting to recover her self-respect
+and her national independence; she is fighting to shake off this
+nightmare that has been on her soul for over a generation, [cheers,] a
+France with Germany constantly meddling, bullying, and interfering. And
+that is what would happen if Russia were trampled upon, France broken,
+Britain disarmed. We should be left without any means to defend
+ourselves. We might have a navy that would enable us, perhaps, to resent
+insult from Nicaragua, [laughter,] we might have just enough troops,
+perhaps, to confront the Mad Mullah--I mean the African specimen. [Loud
+laughter.]
+
+Where would the chivalrous country be to step in to protect us as we
+protected France in 1874? America? If countries like Russia and France,
+with their huge armies, and the most powerful navy in the world could
+not face this terrible military machine, if it breaks that combination,
+how can America step in? It would be more than America can do to defend
+her own interests on her own continent if Germany is triumphant. They
+are more unready than we were. Ah! but what manner of Germany would we
+be subordinate to? There has been a struggle going on in Germany for
+over thirty years between its best and its worst elements. It is like
+that great struggle which is depicted, I think, in one of Wagner's great
+operas between the good and the evil spirit for the possession of the
+man's soul. That great struggle has been going on in Germany for thirty
+or forty years. At each successive general election the better elements
+seemed to be getting the upper hand, and I do not mind saying I was one
+of those who believed they were going to win. I thought they were going
+to snatch the soul of Germany--it is worth saving, it is a great,
+powerful soul--I thought they were going to save it. So a dead military
+caste said, "We will have none of this," and they plunged Europe into
+seas of blood. Hope was again shattered. Those worst elements will
+emerge triumphant out of this war if Germany wins.
+
+What does that mean? We shall be vassals, not to the best Germany, not
+to the Germany of sweet songs and inspiring, noble thoughts--not to the
+Germany of science consecrated to the service of man, not to the Germany
+of a virile philosophy that helped to break the shackles of
+superstition in Europe--not to that Germany, but to a Germany that
+talked through the raucous voice of Krupp's artillery, a Germany that
+has harnessed science to the chariot of destruction and of death, the
+Germany of a philosophy of force, violence, and brutality, a Germany
+that would quench every spark of freedom either in its own land or in
+any other country in rivers of blood. I make no apology on a day
+consecrated to the greatest sacrifice for coming here to preach a holy
+war against that. [Great cheering.]
+
+Concluding this speech in Welsh, Mr. Lloyd George said: "War is a time
+of sacrifice and of service. Some can render one service, some another,
+some here and some there. Some can render great assistance, others but
+little. There is not one who cannot help in some measure, whether it be
+only by enduring cheerfully his share of the discomfort. In the old
+Welsh legend there is a story of a man who was given a series of what
+appeared to be impossible tasks to perform ere he could reach the
+desires of his heart. Among other things he had to do was to recover
+every grain of seed that had been sown in a large field and bring it all
+in without one missing by sunset. He came to an anthill and won all the
+hearts and enlisted the sympathies of the industrious little people.
+They spread over the field, and before sundown the seed was all in
+except one, and as the sun was setting over the western skies a lame ant
+hobbled along with that grain also. Some of us have youth and vigor and
+suppleness of limb; some of us are crippled with years or infirmities,
+and we are at best but little ants. But we can all limp along with some
+share of our country's burden, and thus help her in this terrible hour
+to win the desire of her heart." [Loud cheers.]
+
+Mr. Lloyd George and his party returned after the meeting to Llandudno,
+where today he will inspect the First Brigade of the Welsh Army Corps.
+
+
+BRITAIN'S MUNITIONS COMMITTEE
+
+_LONDON, April 14.--The Times says this morning:_
+
+An important step has at last been taken by the Government toward the
+solution of the supreme problem of the moment--the organization of the
+national output of munitions of war. A strong committee has been
+appointed, with full power to deal with the question. It is to be
+representative of not merely one department but of the Treasury,
+Admiralty, War Office, and Board of Trade; in short, of the whole
+Government, with all its resources and authority.
+
+The Chancellor of the Exchequer is to be Chairman, and the first meeting
+will be held today.
+
+The work before the committee is nothing less than the organization of
+the whole resources of the nation for the production of materials of
+war. Hitherto, in spite of many warnings and some half-hearted attempts
+at organization, there has been no central, co-ordinated authority.
+
+It is an open secret that it was during Lloyd George's visit to France
+at the beginning of the year that he first appreciated the scientific
+organization of labor which our Allies had already achieved. Not content
+with utilizing and extending the existing armament plant, the French
+have long since diverted several temporarily irrelevant industries to
+the main business of waging war.
+
+_With reference to the drink problem The Times says:_
+
+While the Government is apparently considering the expropriation of all
+the licensed houses in the kingdom, this far-reaching proposal has not
+at present gone beyond the stage of inquiry and consultation, and it is
+tolerably certain that it will go no farther unless it is assured of no
+serious opposition in the country.
+
+The Parliamentary Opposition, the leaders of which have been consulted
+in a general way, are believed to stand by the principle which they
+followed since the war began, namely: They are not prepared to quarrel
+with any measure which the Government regards as necessary for the
+active prosecution of the war so long as no injustice is done to
+established interests.
+
+
+
+
+Italy's Evolution as Reflected in Her Press
+
+
+     Italy has reached her present position through the development
+     of a policy the steps of which have been brightly illuminated
+     by the press of the Peninsula. The most important of these
+     steps may be designated as follows:
+
+     First, the declaration of the Government to the German
+     Ambassador at Rome on Aug. 1, 1914, that it did not regard the
+     conflict begun by Austria-Hungary and Germany as a defensive
+     war and hence not binding on it as a member of the Triple
+     Alliance, and its subsequent declarations of "neutrality," of
+     "armed neutrality," and of "a neutrality which is likely to be
+     broken if the interests of the country demanded it."
+
+     Second, Premier Salandra's speech of Dec. 3 for "armed, alert
+     neutrality," and the declaration in Parliament on Dec. 5 by
+     Signor Giolitti showing that the declaration of Aug. 1 was
+     merely a repetition of one conveyed to Austria in the Summer
+     of 1913, when Austria had suggested that she aid Bulgaria in
+     subduing Serbia.
+
+     Third, the arrival in Rome in December of the former German
+     Imperial Chancellor, Prince von Bülow, as Extraordinary
+     Ambassador to the Quirinal, for the purpose of keeping Italy
+     neutral, and, when this seemed doubtful, to negotiate between
+     Italy and Austria what territorial compensation the latter
+     would render the former in order to perpetuate the neutrality
+     of the Peninsula.
+
+     Aside from the influence of these official acts, which invited
+     press comments, the Italian papers have paid keen attention to
+     the conduct of the war, concerning which the Government could
+     not, on account of its neutrality, offer an opinion. Among
+     such incidents of conduct have been the British declaration of
+     a protectorate over Egypt and the bombardment of the
+     Dardanelles by the Franco-British fleet.
+
+     In order to weigh the full significance of the comments of the
+     Italian papers on these subjects a word may be said concerning
+     the status of the journals themselves:
+
+     The most conspicuous is the Idea Nazionale, a paper of Rome
+     practically dedicated to intervention. Then comes the
+     conservative and solid Corriere della Sera of Milan, whose
+     Rome correspondent, Signor Torre, has peculiar facilities for
+     learning the intentions of the Ministry. Both the Tribuna and
+     the Giornale d'Italia are considered Government organs, but,
+     while the former rarely comments with authority except on
+     accomplished facts, the latter, although often voicing the
+     unofficial and personal opinions of Premier Salandra, who is
+     known to be privately in favor of intervention, also voices
+     the sentiment of former Premier Giolitti, who is known to be
+     for continued neutrality. The Stampa of Turin is a Giolitti
+     organ.
+
+     The Osservatore Romano is the well-known Vatican organ, which
+     naturally supports Austria, a Catholic country, where such
+     support does not conflict too pointedly with the sentiments of
+     Catholics in neutral countries. Other clerical papers with
+     strong pro-German opinions and with German industrial backing
+     are the Corriere d'Italia and the Popolo Romano. The
+     Messaggero of Rome and the Secolo of Milan, influenced by
+     important British and French interests, are for intervention
+     at all costs. The Avanti is the Socialist organ.
+
+
+CAUSES OF ITALY'S NEUTRALITY.
+
+_From the Corriere della Sera, Aug. 2, 1914:_
+
+Italy's decision to remain neutral is based on three causes:
+
+1. The terms of the Triple Alliance call for Italy's participation in
+war only if Germany or Austria-Hungary is attacked by another power. The
+present war is not a defensive war, but one brought on by
+Austria-Hungary and Germany.
+
+2. The spirit of the alliance demands that no warlike action be taken
+involving the three countries without full mutual discussion and
+agreement. Italy was not even consulted by Austria-Hungary and the
+course of events was brought to her knowledge only by news agency
+reports.
+
+3. When Italy went to war with Turkey, Austria prevented her from acting
+with a free hand in the Adriatic and the Aegean, thereby prolonging the
+war at an enormous cost in men and money to Italy. Italy would be
+justified in acting in precisely the same manner now toward
+Austria-Hungary.
+
+_From Secolo, Sept. 3, 1914:_
+
+During the last few days we have assisted at a deplorable example of our
+Latin impressionability. The first German victories have made Italians
+waver, and Germany is taking advantage of the popular nervousness, and
+is working on public opinion in countless ways. Italy is invaded by
+Germans, who assert that Germany will issue victorious, and that her
+commercial and industrial activity will not be arrested. We are
+inundated with German letters, telegrams, newspapers, and private
+communications from German commercial houses, all asserting that Germany
+will win, and that Italy should keep neutral, to be on the winning side.
+
+We are not of that opinion. We cannot lose sight of England. Germany
+knows that England represents her great final danger, hence the
+bitterness with which she speaks of England in all the above
+communications. England is not playing a game of bluff. She is not
+impotent by land, as Germany says, and may give Germany a mortal blow by
+sea. The war may possibly end in a titanic duel between England and
+Germany. In this case England will go through with the struggle calmly
+and grimly, smiling at difficulties and disregarding losses.
+
+_From the Corriere d'Italia, Sept. 17, 1914:_
+
+We do not know what Italy will do tomorrow, but we are of opinion that,
+in face of all eventualities, it is the elementary duty of patriotism
+not to trouble the calm expectancy of public opinion and not to mar the
+task of the Government, already difficult enough.
+
+_From the Messaggero, Sept. 18, 1914:_
+
+The Italian Nation is beginning to ask itself whether it ought to remain
+until the conclusion of peace in an attitude of resignation. It is
+necessary for us with clear vision to take our place in the fighting
+line. While the destinies of a new Europe are being decided on the
+battlefields of Champagne, Belgium, Galicia, and Hungary the Government
+is assuming a grave responsibility before the country in deciding to be
+disinterested in the struggle. The keen popular awakening which is
+manifested in demonstrations, meetings, and public discussions shows
+that growing preoccupation and varied uneasiness will not cease so long
+as the fate of the country is not decided at the right time by men who
+by temperament are best fitted to be interpreters of the soul and the
+interests of the nation.
+
+_From the Corriere della Sera, Oct. 4, 1914:_
+
+Many who now invoke a war of liberation complained at the beginning of
+August that Italy had not helped her allies. The declaration of
+neutrality then seemed the greatest act of wisdom performed by Italy for
+many years. Now, however, we must think of the future. Let us remember
+that the powers will only support our wishes when they have need of us.
+Gratitude and sympathy are mere phrases when the map of Europe is being
+redrawn. If Italy desire to safeguard her interests in the Adriatic she
+cannot postpone her decision till the last moment. Italy is isolated;
+the Triple Alliance treaty cannot defend her even if it be still in
+force. Italy and Austria, as Count Nigra and Prince Bülow said, must be
+allies or enemies. Can they remain allies after what has happened?
+
+
+ITALY'S ARMED, ALERT NEUTRALITY.
+
+_From the Idea Nazionale, Dec. 3, 1914:_
+
+The day on which Italy will undertake to realize those aspirations she
+will find full and unconditional support. Great Britain is favorable to
+Italy gaining supremacy in the Adriatic, which is so necessary to her
+existence. If Great Britain needs Italy's support in Africa it will be
+only a matter of one or two army corps, and such an expedition, while
+having a great moral and political importance, would not diminish
+Italian military power in Europe.
+
+_From the Avanti, Dec. 4, 1914:_
+
+Premier Salandra's speech was Jesuitical. It contents the Jingoes by
+certain dubious phrases, while discontenting the Clerical and
+Conservative neutrals.
+
+_From the Corriere d'Italia, Dec. 4, 1914:_
+
+This much-applauded word, "aspirations," was not (in Signor Salandra's
+speech) meant to refer to any particular belligerent, and the Cabinet
+consequently has no program.
+
+_From the Stampa, Dec. 5, 1914:_
+
+Austria, before the war, disclaimed any intention of occupying Serbia,
+and her declaration cannot be disregarded by Italy, whose relations with
+Austria have been always conditional on the maintenance of the Balkan
+status quo, which Austria now threatens to alter. The Italian Government
+cannot ignore this condition, especially as during the Libyan war
+Austria menaced Italy, unless she desisted from bombarding the Albanian
+coast. Thus the Serbian situation may constitute a new factor.
+
+_From the Corriere della Sera, Jan. 31, 1915:_
+
+Italy's true policy is to come to a friendly agreement with the Slavs,
+which will guarantee their mutual interests. Italy wants a national
+settlement in the Balkan Peninsula, independent of the great powers. In
+no circumstances can Italy bind her lot to Austria-Hungary's policy.
+
+
+BRITISH PROTECTORATE OVER EGYPT.
+
+_From the Idea Nazionale, Dec. 19, 1914:_
+
+The British Government's act merely sanctions a situation already
+existing in fact since 1882. In our governing circle it is not thought
+that the change of régime in Egypt will occasion, at least for the time
+being, any great modifications in public law in relation to the
+international statutes regulating the position of foreigners in Egypt.
+
+_From the Tribuna, Dec. 20, 1914:_
+
+The Mediterranean agreement, in which Italy, too, has taken part,
+implicitly recognized the actual status England had acquired in Egypt.
+Now the war has demonstrated the judicial incongruity of a Turkish
+province in which and for which the English had to carry out warlike
+operations against Turkey. The protectorate already existed in
+substance, and Great Britain might now even have proclaimed annexation.
+
+_From the Giornale d'Italia, Dec. 19, 1914:_
+
+Great Britain had for some months been preparing this event, which
+legally regulates a situation which has existed in fact. The present
+situation has been brought about without any disturbance, like
+everything that England does, in silence, neatly and without disturbing
+any one. Nobody can be astonished at Great Britain's declaration of a
+protectorate over Egypt.
+
+
+THE DARDANELLES.
+
+_From the Giornale d'Italia, March 7, 1915:_
+
+It will be extremely difficult for Italy longer to remain neutral. The
+attack by the allied fleet on the Dardanelles has brought up three great
+problems affecting Italian interests. The first of these problems is the
+new rule to allow Russia access to the Mediterranean through the
+Dardanelles; the second concerns the equilibrium of the Balkans, and the
+third the partition of Asiatic Turkey, which affects the equilibrium of
+the Eastern Mediterranean. It is impossible for Italy to keep out of the
+solution of such problems unless she be satisfied to see not only the
+powers of the Triple Entente settle these affairs according to their
+interests, but also the small but audacious and resolute nation, Greece.
+
+_From the Messaggero, March 17, 1915:_
+
+The cession of the Trentino would be valueless if it implied the
+abandonment of Italian aspirations in Venetia Giulia, (land west of the
+Julian Alps,) in the Adriatic, and in Asia Minor, and submission to
+German policy. We cannot obtain by neutrality the territory we want,
+nor, if we renew the Triple Alliance, can we make an agreement with
+Great Britain for our security in the Mediterranean.
+
+
+VON BUELOW'S WORK AND PLEA FOR INTERVENTION.
+
+_From the Corriere della Sera, Feb. 8, 1915:_
+
+Happily our aspirations in the Adriatic, our interests in the Central
+Mediterranean and in Northern Africa coincide admirably with the policy
+which it is easiest for us to pursue. Unless we profit with the utmost
+prudence, with the greatest circumspection, by the present rare
+opportunity which history offers us to set the finishing touches to our
+unification, to render our land and sea frontiers immeasurably more
+secure than they are, to harmonize our foreign with our domestic policy,
+we shall experience after the close of the war the darkest and most
+difficult days of our existence. The crisis through which we are passing
+is the gravest we have yet encountered. Let us make it a crisis of
+growth, not a symptom of irreparable senile decay.
+
+_From the Stampa, March 15, 1915:_
+
+There is surely no possibility of an Austro-Italian war without German
+intervention. If Italy attacks Austria, Germany will attack Italy; nor
+will Austria make concessions, for Austria, like Turkey, never changes
+her system, even when wrong.
+
+_From the Giornale d'Italia, March 19, 1915:_
+
+Italy either can obtain peacefully immediate and certain satisfaction of
+her sacred aspirations, together with the protection of her great and
+complex interests, or she can have recourse to the supreme test of arms.
+It is absurd to think that Italy, after seven months of preparation,
+when she is in an especially advantageous diplomatic and military
+position, will be satisfied with the Biblical mess of pottage or
+less--mere promises.
+
+However negotiations go the great national interests must be protected
+at any costs. This is the firm will of the country and the duty of the
+Government. For fifty years Italy has made great sacrifices to be an
+element of peace in Europe. The equilibrium and peace of the Continent
+were broken through the fault of others against Italy's desire and
+without consulting her. Others have the responsibility for the present
+terrible crisis, but Italy would be unworthy if she did not issue with
+honor and advantage from the conflict. Greece, Rumania, and Bulgaria are
+awaiting Italy's move and will follow suit. Thus Italian influence is
+great at this moment, which must be seized, as it is in her power to
+contribute to the formation of a new international combination.
+
+
+
+
+SOME RUSES DE GUERRE.
+
+By A.M. WAKEMAN.
+
+
+(Respectfully submitted to the British Government.)
+
+    Great Churchill's plan to fool the foe is simple and unique--
+    You only take a neutral flag and hoist it at your peak.
+    Thereby a ship with funnels four looks just like one with two,
+    Because the pattern has been changed on her Red, White, and Blue.
+
+    Now, cannot you improve on this, and so protect your towns,
+    As well as all your gallant ships at anchor in the Downs?
+    Old London, with the Stars and Stripes, might well pass for New York;
+    And Baltimore for Maryland instead of County Cork.
+
+    To mouth of Thames (N-O-R-E) just add four letters more,
+    Then hoist the Danish ensign, and, behold, 'tis Elsinore!
+    And Paris will be Washington if, on the Eiffel Tower,
+    They raise the flag of U.S.A., (a well-known neutral power.)
+
+    Your sailors might wear Leghorn hats, and out upon the blue,
+    They'd look like sons of Italy, (at present neutral, too;)
+    And, if upon your King the Hun would try to work some ill,
+    With pickelhaube on his head he'd pass for Uncle Bill.
+
+
+
+
+THE EUROPEAN WAR AS SEEN BY CARTOONISTS
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+The Fatal Moment In America
+
+[Illustration: _--From Simplicissimus, Munich._
+
+"Citizens of America, protect your existence and your honor by the force
+of arms!"
+
+"Sorry, but just now we happen to be sold out!"]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+Top Dog
+
+[Illustration: _--From The Bystander, London._]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+England's "Splendid Isolation"
+
+[Illustration: _--From Simplicissimus, Munich._]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+The Sultan "Over the Water"
+
+[Illustration: _--From Punch, London._
+
+MEHMED V. (to Constantinople): "I don't want to leave you, but I think I
+ought to go."]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+Churchill's Flag Swindle
+
+[Illustration: _--From Simplicissimus, Munich._
+
+"Really I don't care to go out any more in these disgraceful rags!"
+
+"Cheer up, Mrs. Britannia, just steal something better!"]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+May God Punish England!
+
+[Illustration: [Reproduction of a cover design of a widely advertised
+issue of "Simplicissimus," the German comic weekly published in Munich.
+The legend at the top reads, "May God Punish England!"]]
+
+
+[Italian Cartoon]
+
+Speeches of the Kaiser in 1915
+
+[Illustration: _--From L'Asino, Rome._
+
+JANUARY: "I alone will defeat the world."
+
+MARCH: "Naturally, with God's help."
+
+JUNE: "All goes badly--the fault is not mine."
+
+DECEMBER: "The fault is his."]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+Our Embarrassing Cousin
+
+[Illustration: _--From The Bystander, London._
+
+JONATHAN: "In spite 'f my noo-trality, John, d'ye notice how
+'ffectionate I am?--how I sympathise with yer?"
+
+JOHN BULL: "M--m'yes, that's all right, but I should like it better just
+now if you'd leave my hands a bit freer to fight those rascals as they
+deserve!"]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+John Bull at the Costumer's
+
+[Illustration: _--From Simplicissimus, Munich._
+
+"What costume shall I choose so that none will recognize me?"
+
+"Why don't you go as a gentleman?"]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+William o' the Wisp
+
+[Illustration: _--From Punch, London._]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+American Neutrality
+
+[Illustration: _--From Meggendorfer-Blaetter, Munich._]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+What the War Office Has to Put Up With
+
+[Illustration: _--From Punch, London._
+
+Demonstration of a device for catching bombs from airships.]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+Va Banque!
+
+[Illustration: _--From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._
+
+The Monte Carlo habitue's last play.]
+
+
+[Italian Cartoon]
+
+The Final Earthquake--In Germany
+
+[Illustration: _--From L'Asino, Rome._
+
+By the grace of God and the will of the nation.
+
+[The falling columns are marked "feudalism" and "militarism."]]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+From the English Eating-House
+
+[Illustration: _--From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._
+
+England utilizes the refuse of her domestic establishment as cannon
+fodder.]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+The Bread-Winner
+
+[Illustration: _--From Punch, London._]
+
+
+[Italian Cartoon]
+
+Italy's Neutrality
+
+[Illustration: _--From L'Asino, Rome._
+
+Every day the dance becomes more difficult.
+
+(The dancer is the German Ambassador, von Buelow.)]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+Busy Packing
+
+[Illustration: _--From The Bystander, London._
+
+SULTAN MEHMED: "'Am I there'?!! I should rather think I am!! We're being
+'moved,' you know. And the hammering outside is something too awful!!"
+
+His ISLAMIC MAJESTY HADJI GUILLIOUN: "Kismet, my boy, Kismet! Besides, I
+feel sure you'll be awfully pleased with Asia Minor--so quiet!--we
+Mussulmans always feel so at home there, too!"
+
+(The English preface their telephone conversations with "Are you there?"
+instead of "Hello!")]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+In the Cause of Culture
+
+[Illustration: _--From Simplicissimus, Munich._
+
+"Papa has gone away to Europe to protect the nice Englishmen from the
+savages. If you are very good, perhaps he will bring you back a nice
+German beefsteak."]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+Queen Elizabeth in the Dardanelles
+
+[Illustration: _--From Punch, London._
+
+(The reference is to the huge British dreadnought that bears the name of
+England's famous queen.)]
+
+
+[French Cartoon]
+
+The "Sick Man" At Home
+
+[Illustration: _--From Le Rire, Paris._
+
+The camel with two humps.
+
+(The original title was "_Le Chameau à deux Boches_." In French slang a
+German is a _bosche_.)]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+"The Cripple-Entente"
+
+[Illustration: _--From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._
+
+As it must finally be.]
+
+
+[French Cartoon]
+
+Beware of the John-Bull-Dog!
+
+[Illustration: _--From Le Rire, Paris._
+
+"Go lie down, contemptible little England!"
+
+"What I get my teeth into I hang onto!"]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+The Great Question
+
+[Illustration: _--From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._
+
+"If I remain neutral, will you remain neutral?"
+
+"If you were neutral, would he be neutral?"
+
+"If he is neutral then we will remain neutral."
+
+"If we remain neutral, will they remain neutral?"
+
+"And you also, neutral?"
+
+"Shall you remain neutral?"]
+
+
+
+
+Facsimile of a Belgian Bread-Check
+
+
+[Illustration: The card is in French and Flemish. The face reads: "No.
+6,715. Gratis. City of Brussels, Department of Public Supplies.
+Committee No. 1. Street ----. Card issued to the family ----, living at
+----, for the daily delivery of ---- portions. To be presented at
+----Street. N.B.--Victuals will be delivered only to the father or
+mother of a family." The reverse side bears stamps showing the dates on
+which rations were issued to the holder. The original is somewhat larger
+than this reproduction.]
+
+
+
+
+TO A GERMAN APOLOGIST
+
+By BEATRICE BARRY.
+
+
+    You may seek and find if you will, perchance,
+    Excuses for your attack on France,
+    And perhaps 'twill not be so hard to show
+    Why England finds you her deadly foe;
+    There are reasons old and reasons new
+    For feelings hard 'twixt the Russ and you,
+    But talk as you may till the Judgment Day,
+    You cannot ever explain away--
+    Belgium.
+
+    You have used both speech and the printed word
+    To have your side of the story heard,
+    We have listened long, we have listened well
+    To everything that you had to tell,
+    We would fain be fair, but it seems as though
+    You _can't_ explain what we wish to know,
+    And when lesser points have been cleared away,
+    You are sure to fail us when we say--
+    "Belgium!"
+
+    You may rant and talk about British gold,
+    And opinions that are bought and sold,
+    But facts, no matter how hard to face,
+    Are facts, and the horrors taking place
+    In that little land, pledged to honor's creed,
+    Make your cause a luckless one to plead.
+    There are two sides? True. But when both are heard,
+    Our sad hearts echo a single word--
+    "Belgium!"
+
+    We are not misled by the savage tales
+    An invading army never fails
+    To have told of it. There are false and true,
+    And we want to render you your due.
+    But our hearts go out to that ravished land
+    Where a few grim heroes make their stand,
+    And our ears hear faintly, from overseas,
+    The wailing cry of those refugees--
+    _"Belgium--Belgium--Belgium!"_
+
+
+
+
+America's Neutrality
+
+By Count Albert Apponyi
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, March 28, 1915.]
+
+
+     The letter which follows was sent by Count Albert Apponyi to
+     Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, and was written in the latter part
+     of last month in Budapest. Count Apponyi, who is one of the
+     most distinguished of contemporary European statesmen, was
+     President of the Hungarian Parliament from 1872 to 1904. He
+     was formerly Minister of Public Instruction, Privy Councillor,
+     Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, and
+     Member of the Interparliamentary Union.
+
+I have been greatly interested in your account of American neutrality
+in the present European crisis. I must confess that I had seen it in a
+somewhat different light before and that some of the facts under our
+notice still appear to me as hardly concordant with the magnificent
+attitude of impartiality, nay, not even with the international duties of
+neutrality, which intellectual and official America professes to keep.
+
+We cannot explain to ourselves that a neutral power should suffer the
+selling of arms and ammunition by its citizens to one of the belligerent
+parties, when no such selling to the other party is practically
+feasible; we cannot understand why America should meekly submit to the
+dictates of England, declaring all foodstuffs and manufacturing
+materials contraband of war, with not even a show of right and with the
+clear and openly proclaimed intention of starving Germany and
+Austria-Hungary; why, on the other hand, America should use an almost
+threatening language against Germany, and against Germany alone, when
+the latter country announces reprisals against the English trade, which,
+under given circumstances, can be considered only as acts of legitimate
+self-defense against an enemy who chooses to wage war not on our
+soldiers only, but on our women and children, too.
+
+With all the respect we feel for the United States, we cannot find this
+attitude of their Government either fair or dignified. I offer these
+remarks in no spirit of uncalled-for criticism, but because I see how
+much the moral authority of the United States and their splendid
+situation as the providential peace makers of some future--alas! still
+far off--day has been impaired by the aforementioned proceedings. We
+cannot help considering them as so many acts of ill-disguised hostility
+against ourselves and of compliance with our foes. How can you expect,
+then, to have your good offices accepted with confidence by both
+belligerent parties when the times are ripe for them? It seems like the
+throwing away of a magnificent opportunity, and I think that those who,
+like yourself, cherish for your country the noble ambition of being some
+day the restorer of peace, should exert themselves to prevent practices
+which, if continued, would disable her to play any such part.
+
+In your letter you strike the keynote of what I cannot help considering
+the partiality of Americans for the Entente powers. It is the idea that
+"in the western area of conflict, at least, there is an armed clash
+between the representatives of dynastic institutions and bureaucratic
+rule on the one hand with those of representative government and liberal
+institutions on the other." I can understand that it impresses some
+people that way, but I beg to enter a protest against this
+interpretation of the conflict.
+
+Liberal or less liberal institutions have nothing to do with it in the
+west; the progress of democracy in Germany will not be stopped by her
+victory, it will rather be promoted by it, because the masses are
+conscious of bearing the burden of war and of being the main force of
+its vigorous prosecution, and they are enlightened and strong enough to
+insist on a proper reward. Rights cannot be denied to those who
+fulfilled duties involving self-sacrifice of the sublimest kind with
+unflinching devotion. No practical interest of democracy then is
+involved in the conflict of the western powers.
+
+As to their representing liberal institutions in a higher or lower
+degree, I am perfectly willing to admit England's superior claims in
+that respect, but I am not at all inclined to recognize such superiority
+in modern France, republic though she calls herself. The omnipresence
+and omnipotence of an obtruding bureaucratic officialism is just what it
+has been under the old monarchy; religious oppression has only changed
+sides, but it still flourishes as before. In former times the Roman
+Catholic religion was considered as a State religion and in her name
+were dissent and Freemasonry oppressed; today atheism is the official
+creed, and on its behalf are Catholic believers oppressed.
+
+Separation of Church and State, honestly planned and loyally fulfilled
+in America has been perverted in modern France into a network of
+vexations and unfair measures against the Church and her faithful
+servants; the same term is used and this misleads you to cover widely
+different meanings. In a word, it is a perfect mistake to consider
+modern France as the "sweet land of liberty" which America is. A German
+citizen, with less show of political rights, enjoys more personal
+freedom than is granted to a French one, if he happens to differ from
+the ruling mentality.
+
+So stand things in the western area of conflict. But how about the east?
+You are kind enough to admit in your letter that "from this (the
+aforementioned) standpoint of course the appearance of Russia among the
+allies is an anomaly and must be explained on other grounds." Anomaly is
+a rather tame word to characterize the meaning of this appearance of
+Russia. I should hardly designate it by this term.
+
+She does not "appear among the allies." She is the leading power among
+them; it is her war, as Mr. Tsvolski, the Russian Ambassador to Paris,
+very properly remarked: "C'est ma guerre." She planned it, she gave
+Austria-Hungary no chance to live on peaceful terms with her neighbors,
+she forced it upon us, she drew France into it by offering her a bait
+which that poor country could not resist, she created the situation
+which England considered as her best opportunity for crushing Germany. I
+must repeat it over and over again: it is in its origin a Russian war,
+with a clearly outlined Russian program of conquest.
+
+Here, then, you have a real clash between two principles; not shades of
+principles as these may subsist between Germany and her western foes,
+but principles in all their essential features; not between different
+tints of gray, but between black and white, between affirmation and
+negation; affirmation of the principle of human dignity, liberty,
+safety, and negation of the same; western evolution and eastern
+reaction.
+
+I wonder why those prominent Americans who are so deeply impressed by
+the comparatively slight shades of liberalism differentiating Germany
+from England and France are not struck by the absolute contrast existing
+between Muscovitism and western civilized rule as represented by
+Austria-Hungary and Germany; that they overlook the outstanding fact
+that while in the western area the conflict has nothing whatever to do
+with the principles embodied in the home policy of the belligerents, in
+the east, on the other hand, these principles will in truth be affected
+by the results of war, since a Russian victory, followed by a Russian
+conquest, would mean the retrogression of western institutions and the
+corresponding expansion of eastern ones over a large area and large
+numbers of men.
+
+It is the consciousness of fighting in this war which has been forced
+upon us, against the direst calamity threatening our kind and on behalf
+of the most precious conquests of progress and civilization, which
+enhances our moral force so as to make it unconquerable. The hope which
+I expressed in my first letter, that Serbia's doom would soon be
+fulfilled, has been prostrated by the mistakes of an over-confident
+Commander in Chief; but that means postponement only and does not alter
+the prospects of war in their essentials.
+
+Good progress is achieved in the campaign against Russia; a chapter of
+it may be brought to a happy close before long. The spirit of the
+country shows no symptom of weakening; it is really wonderful what a
+firm resolve pervades our whole people, though every man between twenty
+and forty-two stands in the field, and though the losses are frightful.
+Economically we hold out easily; the expenses of war are defrayed by
+inner loans, which give unexpected results; every bit of arable land is
+tilled as in time of peace, the old, the women and the half-grown youths
+doing the work of their absent supporters, neighbors assisting each
+other in a spirit of brotherhood truly admirable. In cases of urgent
+need we have the prisoners of war, whose number increased to nearly
+300,000 (in Austria-Hungary alone) and to whom it is a real boon to find
+employment in the sort of work they are accustomed to.
+
+The manufacturing interest, of course, suffers severe losses; but the
+number of the unemployed is rather less than usual, since a greater part
+of the "hands" is absorbed by the army. In a word, though the sufferings
+of war are keenly felt, they are less severe than had been expected, and
+there is not the smallest indication of a break-down. The area of
+Germany, Austria, and Hungary taken as a whole is self-supporting with
+regard to foodstuffs. The English scheme of starving us is quite as
+silly as it is abominable. England can, of course, inflict severe losses
+on our manufacturers by closing the seas against their imports and
+exports; but this is not a matter of life and death, such as the first
+reprisals of Germany, if successful, may prove to England.
+
+Generally speaking, it seems likely that England will be caught in the
+net of her own intrigue. She did not scruple to enlist the services of
+Japan against her white enemies, but this act of treachery will be
+revenged upon herself. The latest proceedings of Japan against China can
+have one meaning only--the wholesale expulsion of the white man from
+Eastern Asia. The Japs do not care one straw who wins in Europe; they
+seized upon their own opportunity for their own purposes. England only
+gets her deserts; but how do Americans feel about it? Can America be
+absolved from a certain amount of responsibility for what may soon prove
+imminent danger to herself? Has not her partiality for England given
+encouragement to methods of warfare unprecedented in the history of
+civilized nations and fruitful of evil consequences to neutral nations?
+
+To us, in our continental position, all this means much less than it
+means to you. It does not endanger our prospects. We feel comparatively
+stronger every day. Our losses, though enormous, are only one-half of
+those of the Entente armies, according to the Geneva Red Cross Bureau's
+calculation. The astounding number of unwounded prisoners of war which
+Russia loses at every encounter, and even in spaces of time between two
+encounters, shows that the moral force of her army is slowly giving way,
+while the vigor of our troops is constantly increasing. After six months
+of severe fighting our military position is certainly stronger than the
+position of the Entente powers, though the latter represent a population
+of 250,000,000, (English colonies and Japan not included,) against the
+140,000,000 of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey. Who can doubt on
+which side superior moral power fights? Who can doubt, therefore, what
+the ultimate result promises to be?
+
+If it takes more time to bring matters to a decision--and a decision
+must be obtained at any price, if there is to follow a period of
+permanent peace--part, at least, of the responsibility for the horrors
+of the protracted war, for the slaughter of many hundred thousands more
+of human beings, rests on America. But for the American transports of
+guns and ammunition, the power of Russia would give way in a shorter
+time, considering her enormous losses in that respect and her inability
+to supplement them from her own workshops.
+
+It is very edifying that American pacifists are exerting themselves
+against the current of militarism which appears to spread in their
+country; but wouldn't it be better still, more to the purpose and
+certainly practically more urgent, to insist upon a truly neutral
+attitude of the great republic, to protest against her feeding the war
+by providing one belligerent side with its implements? Do American
+pacifists really fail to see that their country by such proceedings
+disables herself from being the peacemaker of the future? Do they think
+it immaterial from the standpoint of her moral power, as well as of her
+material interests, how central Europe, a mass of 120,000,000, think of
+her, feel about her?
+
+I hope my readers will not find fault with me for using such plain
+language. My well-known enthusiastic regard for the great American
+commonwealth makes it unnecessary that I should protest against the
+charge of meaning disrespect or anything else whatever but a sincere
+desire to state with absolute sincerity how we feel about these matters,
+in what light they appear to us. I think America must know this, because
+it is part of the general situation she has to reckon with when shaping
+her policies. I fervently hope these policies will remain in concordance
+with the great principles on which the commonwealth is built and with
+the teaching embodied in that farewell address which is read once a year
+in Congress and in which the greatest American emphatically warns his
+countrymen from becoming entangled in the conflicts of European nations.
+
+A few words more about the future of Europe may be said on this
+occasion. I have read with the keenest interest your own and Mr.
+Carnegie's statements concerning a future organization of Europe on the
+pattern of the United States. My personal views concerning this
+magnificent idea have been expressed in anticipation in my America
+lectures of the year 1911. Allow me to quote my own words:
+
+     Analogies are often misleading, the most obvious ones
+     especially so. Nothing seems more obvious than to draw
+     conclusions from the existing union of American States to a
+     possible union of European nations; but no fancied analogy is
+     to be applied with greater caution than this one. The American
+     Union's origin was the common struggle of several English
+     colonies, now States, for their emancipation; unity of purpose
+     was the main principle of their growth, union its natural
+     result.
+
+     Europe, on the other hand, is, in her origin and in her
+     present state, a compound of conflicting interests and
+     struggling potentialities. Mutual antagonism remained the
+     principle of growth embodied in the several national lives.
+     The juridical formula of this system is the principle of
+     national sovereignty in its most uncompromising interpretation
+     and most limitless conception. As such it is the natural
+     result of a historical growth mainly filled with antagonism;
+     in the consciousness of (European) nations it lives as
+     synonymous with national honor, as something above doubt and
+     discussion.
+
+Let me add to this the following remarks:
+
+1. Any sort of union among the nations of Europe appears impossible if
+it is meant to include Russia. Russia represents eastern mentality,
+which implies an unadmissible spirit of aggression and of conquest. It
+seems to be a law of nature on the old Continent that eastern nations
+should wish to expand to the west as long as they are powerful. Not to
+mention the great migration of nations which gave birth to mediaeval
+organizations, you may follow this law in the history of the Tartars, of
+the Turks, and of Russia herself. The spirit of aggressiveness vanishes
+only when decay sets in, which is still far from being the case of
+Russia, or when a nation is gradually converted to Occidental mentality,
+which, I hope, will some day be her happy lot. But till then, and that
+may mean a century or two, any sort of union including Russia would mean
+a herd of sheep including a wolf.
+
+2. What I hope then, for the present, as the most desirable result of
+the war, is a thorough understanding between the nations of the Western
+European Continent, construction of a powerful political block,
+corresponding to the area of western mentality, in close connection with
+America; such a block would discourage aggression from the east; it
+would urge Russia on the path of reform and home improvement. England
+would be welcome to join it, on condition of renouncing those
+pretensions to monopolizing the seas which are as constant a menace to
+peace as Russian aggressiveness is. So we should have, if not "the
+United States of Europe," which at present lies beyond the boundary
+lines of possibilities, a strong peace union of the homogeneous western
+nations. Alas! this result can be reached only by destroying the present
+unnatural connections, which mean the continuance of war till a crushing
+decision is obtained.
+
+3. The American colonies of England did not think of union as of a peace
+scheme; they had been compelled into it by war, by the necessity of
+self-defense. It is only such an overpowering motive which has force
+enough to blot out petty rivalries and minor antagonisms. If union
+between States belonging to the same race and not divided either by
+history or by serious conflicting interests could be effected only under
+the pressure of a common peril, we must infer "a minori ad majus" that
+such a powerful incentive will be more necessary still to persuade into
+union nations of different races, each cherishing memories of mutual
+collisions and actually aware of not unimportant clashing interests.
+
+The menace of aggression from the east has been brought home to us by
+the present war; gradually it will be understood even by those
+Occidentals who at present unhappily lend their support to that
+aggression. On this perception of the higher common interests of
+self-defense do I build the possibilities of a western coalition. But a
+time may come when Russia will be compelled to join it and to complete
+thereby the union of the whole of Europe; it may come sooner than the
+conversion of Russia to western ideas could be effected by natural
+evolution; it may come through the yellow peril, the menace of which has
+been brought nearer to us by the accursed policy of England.
+
+Let Japan organize the dormant forces of China, as it seems bent upon
+doing, and the same law of eastern aggressiveness which is at the bottom
+of the present war will push the yellow mass toward Europe. Russia, as
+comparatively western, will have to bear their first onset; for this she
+will require Occidental assistance, and in the turmoil of that direful
+conflict--or, let us hope, in order to avoid it--she will readily give
+up all designs against her western neighbors, and she may become really
+western by the necessities which impel her to lean on the west.
+
+But this may or may not happen. What I see before me as a tangible
+possibility is the great western block. It is the only principle of
+reconstruction after war that contains a guarantee of a permanent peace;
+it is the one, therefore, which the pacifists of all nations should
+strive for, once they get rid of the passing mentality of conflict that
+now obscures the judgment of the best among us.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+Neutral Spirit of the Swiss
+
+An Interview With President Motta of the Swiss Confederation
+
+[From The London Times, Jan. 30, 1915.]
+
+
+BERNE, Jan. 20.
+
+The President of the Swiss Confederation is the symbol of a democracy so
+perfect that the man in the street is not quite sure who the President
+is. He knows that he is one of a council of seven, and that he is
+elected for one year, and that is all. In the Federal Palace, the Berne
+Westminster and Downing Street, the anonymity is almost as complete.
+Officers pass and repass in the corridors--one of the signs, like the
+waiting military motor cars at the door, of mobilization--but this does
+not change the spirit, simple and civilian, of the interior.
+
+M. Motta, Chief of State for this year, is a man of early middle life.
+He is the best type of Swiss, a lawyer by profession, whose limpid
+French seems to express culture as well as candor. Nor could one doubt
+for a moment the sincerity of his speech. Speaking on the Swiss position
+in the war, M. Motta was anxious to remove the impression that it was
+colored, dominated by the existence of the German-speaking cantons, more
+numerous than the French. "Of course," he said, "we have our private
+sympathies, which incline us one way or the other, and there is the
+language tie--though here we are greatly attached to our Bernese
+patois--but I would have you believe the Swiss are essentially just and
+impartial, they look at the war objectively.
+
+"We have good-will toward all the nations. Need I say that we respect
+and esteem England? Have you not found that you are well received? There
+is no antagonistic feeling against any one. Our neutrality is imposed
+upon us by our position, a neutrality that is threefold in its effects,
+for it is political, financial, and economic. Italy, France, Germany,
+Austria, are our neighbors; we send them goods, and we receive supplies
+from them in return."
+
+We then talked of the army, of that wonderful little army which, at this
+moment, is watching the snowy passes of the Alps. Two years ago it is
+said to have impressed the Kaiser on manoeuvres; perhaps for that reason
+he has refrained to pass that way. Outside, in the slippery streets,
+over which the red-capped children passed with shouts of glee, I had
+seen something of the preparations; the men, steel-like and stolid,
+marching by, the officers, stiff and martial-looking, saluting right and
+left under the quaint arcades of this charming city. Colored photographs
+of corps commanders adorned the windows and seemed to find a ready sale.
+These things pointed in the same direction. Switzerland, posted on her
+crests, was watching the issue of the terrific struggle in the plains.
+
+"We must defend our neutrality," the President said, "our 600 years of
+freedom. There is not a single man in the country who thinks
+differently. I am an Italian-Swiss, one of the least numerous of our
+nationalities, but there is only one voice here as elsewhere--only one
+voice from Ticino to Geneva. That we shall defend our neutrality is
+proved by the great expenditure on our army; otherwise, it would be the
+height of folly."
+
+The President spoke of army expenditure, of the simple army system, of
+the reorganization which had been carried out some years before.
+Switzerland was spending £20,000 a day, a large sum for a small country.
+Since the day when the general mobilization had been decreed--some
+classes have now been liberated--Switzerland had spent £4,500,000. It
+was a lot of money.
+
+The army, of course, was a militia; some few officers were professional
+soldiers, others were drawn from a civil career and were doctors,
+lawyers, engineers, and merchants. In 1907 the country had consented to
+lengthen the periods of training in what are quaintly called the
+"recruits' schools" and "rehearsal schools." In the former category the
+men do sixty-five days' training a year, in the latter forty-five.
+
+"I assure you," continued M. Motta, "whatever sympathy the German-Swiss
+may feel toward Germany, the French-Swiss toward France, or the Italian
+toward Italy, it is nothing like as warm and as intimate as that which
+each Swiss feels toward his fellow-Swiss."
+
+This was the national note which dominated everything. At first there
+was a little difficulty in the councils of the nation. Some showed a
+tendency to lose their balance, but that phase had passed, and each day,
+I gathered, purely Swiss interests were coming uppermost.
+
+"And the press, M. le President?"
+
+M. Motta admitted that some writers had been excessive in their
+language and had been lacking in good taste; but, on the whole, he
+thought the newspapers had impartially printed news from both sides, and
+he cited a list of leading organs--Switzerland is amazingly full of
+papers--which had been conspicuous for their moderation.
+
+And then there was the question of contraband. Orders were very precise
+on the subject; the Cabinet had limitless power since the opening of the
+war; if there was any smuggling it was infinitesimal, and, as to
+foodstuffs, Switzerland regretted she could not import more for her own
+needs. The Government had established a monopoly and forbidden
+re-exportation, but supplies were not up to the normal. The route by the
+Rhine was closed.
+
+Finally came the phrase, concluding the conversation: "Whoever violates
+our neutrality will force us to become the allies of his enemy." There
+could be nothing more categorical.
+
+
+
+
+TO KING AND PEOPLE.
+
+By WALTER SICHEL.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+     _All the great things have been done by the little
+     peoples._--DISRAELI.
+
+    Sire, King of men, disdainer of the mean,
+      Belgium's inspirer, well thou stand'st for all
+    She bodes to generations yet unseen,
+      Freedom and fealty--Kingship's coronal.
+
+    Nation of miracles, how swift you start
+      To super-stature of heroic deeds
+    So brave, so silent beats your bleeding heart
+      That ours, e'en in the flush of welcome, bleeds.
+
+    No sound of wailing. Look, above, afar,
+      Throbs in the darkness with triumphant ray
+    A little yet an all-commanding star,
+      The morning star that heralds forth the day.
+
+
+
+
+A Swiss View of Germany
+
+By Maurice Millioud
+
+
+     M. Maurice Millioud, an eminent member of the Faculty of the
+     University of Lausanne, Switzerland, has written an article of
+     marked breadth and penetration in which he presents a quite
+     novel view of the forces which, in combination, have brought
+     Germany to its actual position. These forces are political,
+     social, and economic; beneath and through them works the
+     subtle impulsion of a national conception of right and might
+     which the author sums up as the "ideology of caste." Want of
+     space forbids the publication of the entire article. We give
+     its most significant parts with such summary of those portions
+     which it was necessary to omit as, we trust, will enable our
+     readers to follow the general argument.
+
+Humanitarians the most deeply buried in dreams yield with stupefaction
+to the evidence of fact. European war was possible, since here it is,
+and even a world war, for all continents are represented in the mêlée.
+Millions of men on the one side or the other are ranged along battle
+fronts of from 500 to 1,000 kilometers. We are witnessing a displacement
+of human masses to which there is nothing comparable except the
+formidable convulsions of geologic ages.
+
+The world then was in formation. Will a new Europe, a new society, a new
+humanity, take form from the prodigious shock by which our imagination
+is confounded?
+
+We can at least seek to understand what we cannot hinder.
+
+This war was not a matter of blind fate, but had been foreseen for a
+long time. What are the forces that have set the nations in movement? I
+do not seek to establish responsibility. Whosoever it may be, those who
+have let loose the conflict have behind them peoples of one mind. That,
+perhaps, is the most surprising feature in an epoch when economic,
+social, and moral interests are so interwoven from one end of the earth
+to the other that the conqueror himself must suffer cruelly from the
+ruin of the conquered.
+
+The Governments have determined the day and the hour. They could not
+have done it in opposition to the manifest will of the nations. Public
+sentiment has seconded them. What is it then which rouses man from his
+repose, impels him to desert his gains, his home, the security of a
+regular life, and sends him in eager search for bloody adventures?
+
+This problem involves different solutions because it embraces a number
+of cases. Between the Russians, the French, the English, the Germans
+there is a similarity of will, but not, it seems, an analogy of
+sentiment. I shall undertake to analyze the case of Germany. It has
+peculiar interest on account of its importance, of its definiteness, of
+the comparisons to which it leads, and the reflections which it
+suggests. Numerous facts easy to verify and in part recent permit us to
+throw some light upon it and offer us a guarantee against hazardous
+conjectures.
+
+_Defining a caste as "a group of men bound to each other by solidarity
+of functions in society," such as the Brahmins of India and the feudal
+nobility, Prof. Millioud says that he will use the terms as equivalent
+or nearly equivalent to a "directing class." Quoting the article from
+Vorwaerts which led to the suspension of that Socialist organ and which
+"admits by implication that responsibility for the war falls on
+Germany," he proceeds to examine the origins of the influence of the war
+party and the interests it served._
+
+Here we must have recourse to history. In Germany the dominant class is
+composed in part of an aristocracy by birth and of bourgeois
+capitalists, more or less of them ennobled. The interior policy of
+Germany since 1871 and even since 1866 is explained by the relations,
+sometimes kindly, sometimes hostile, of these two categories of persons,
+by the opposition or the conjunction of these two influences, and not
+by a struggle of the dominant class against the socialistic mass. That
+struggle, which is in France and is becoming in England a fact of
+essential gravity, has been in Germany only a phenomenon of secondary
+importance. It has determined neither the profound evolution of the
+national life nor the chief decisions of the Government.
+
+In Germany, as is known, the abolition of the ancien régime did not take
+place brusquely as in France. After the revolution and the French
+occupation, the noble caste recovered all its privileges. It has lost
+them little by little, but not yet entirely. Even the liquidation of the
+property of the feudal régime was not completed until toward 1850.
+Napoleon made some sad cuts in the little sovereignties, but from 1813
+to 1815 the princely families did their utmost to recover their
+independence. The greater part were mediatized, but their tenacity
+offered a serious obstacle up to 1871 to the establishment of German
+unity.
+
+That unity was accomplished in despite of them, by sword and fire, as
+Bismarck said, that is to say, by the wars of 1866 and 1870. Care was
+taken, however, not to abase them more than was strictly necessary, for
+it was intended to maintain the hierarchy. What was wanted was a
+monarchical unity, made from above down, and not a democratic unity
+brought about by popular impulsion.
+
+On the other hand, the smaller nobles formed, after 1820, a vast
+association for the defense of their rights, the Adelskette. Moreover,
+they could not be sacrificed, in the first place, because they had
+rendered invaluable services in the wars of independence, they had
+arisen as one man, and they had ruined themselves in sacrifices for the
+national cause, they had organized the people and led it to victory,
+finally because they served to restrain the high nobility whose
+domination was feared. They sustained the throne against the princes,
+the higher nobility against the democracy, the lesser nobility against
+the higher, the two forming an intermediary class between the monarch
+and the nation. That was the social conception which prevailed with
+those who were working to realize the unity of Germany, so that the
+nobility, lesser or higher, in default of its privileges retained its
+functions.
+
+Treitschke, in his last lessons, about 1890, called it "a political
+class." For the bourgeois, he said, wealth, instruction, letters, arts.
+Their part is fine enough. The nobility is apt at governing. That is its
+special distinction. For a long time, in fact, the nobility has filled
+alone or almost alone the great administrative, governmental, and
+military posts.
+
+Bismarck was the finished type, the representative par excellence of
+this class of men. He had their intellectual and moral qualities carried
+to the highest degree of superiority. But he underwent evolution after
+1871, and his caste with him, under the pressure of general
+circumstances.
+
+Bismarck was a Junker, a Prussian rustic, monarchist, particularist,
+agrarian and militarist. Each of his qualities is an attribute of a
+mentality of caste, a very curious one, not lacking in grandeur, but
+very narrow and not always adequate to the conduct of affairs.
+
+Monarchist means anti-Parliamentarian. The fine scorn of rhetoric and
+even of public discussion, a conviction that democracy will not lead to
+anything beyond a display of mediocrity, that is one of the salient
+features of his mind. Patriotism conceived as an attachment to personal
+relations, as the service of one man, the subject, to another man, the
+King, and not the service of an anonymous person, the functionary, to an
+abstraction, the State, the republic, this was formerly designated by
+the word faithful, (féal,) which has disappeared from our vocabulary
+because it is without meaning in our present moral state.
+
+The Junker is particularist, at least he was. The political and
+administrative centralization which the Jacobins achieved in France
+inspires him with horror. For him it is disorder. He sees in it nothing
+but a dust heap of individuals crushed beneath a formula. Even today,
+when the German accuses France of anarchy, that is what he means. He
+figures to himself the nation as a vast hierarchy of liberties, an
+autonomy of States within the empire, of provinces within the State, of
+communes within the province, of proprietors within the commune.
+Equality is equality of rank, of worth, of wealth, of force, but
+impersonal equality before the law is for him an unnatural thing, an
+invention of the professors which at heart he despises.
+
+He is agrarian and militarist, that is to say, conservative and enamored
+of force. In 1830 four-fifths of the population lived by agriculture and
+the landlord governed his peasants patriarchally. He kept the
+conservatist spirit of a rustic, a very lively sense of authority and
+the military instinct. He had scant liking for distant enterprises or
+adventures. He was at once religious, warlike, and realist, knowing how
+to nurse his ambitions and to confine his view to what was within reach.
+
+Bismarck for a long time was the decided opponent of naval armaments and
+colonial policy, in short, of imperialism. Even his projects for social
+reform--insurance against sickness, against old age--which have been
+accepted as concessions to modern ideas, were due entirely to his
+monarchical and patriarchal conception of the State. He copied the
+ancient decrees of Colbert as to naval personnel. He would have gone as
+far as assurance against non-employment. In the dominion of the King, he
+said, no one should die of hunger.
+
+The Junker made a force of Prussia; he made Prussia itself. It was due
+to him that she passed after 1815 from the form of a Polizeistaat to the
+form of Kulturstaat, the latter only an expansion of the former. In
+place of a watchful, regulating, and vexatious State she became an
+organized State, the instructor of youth, the protector of religion, the
+source of inspiration for agricultural reforms, and all great commercial
+and industrial enterprises. This State was not an emanation from the
+national will, but the creator of a nation, the living and moving
+self-incarnation of the Hegelian "idea," that is to say, the Divine
+thought.
+
+Of all the German aristocracy the noble of Pomerania or Brandenburg, the
+Prussian Junker, represented this social type most definitely. In the
+south the liberal tendencies--to be exact, the memories of the French
+Revolution--persisted far into the nineteenth century. But it is well
+known that German unity was accomplished by military force and against
+liberalism.
+
+After 1871, and even after Sadowa, the problem of interior policy which
+presented itself was that of the "Prussianization" of Germany. At one
+time it seemed that Bismarck was on the point of succeeding in it. What
+was that national liberal party upon which he depended for so long? It
+was the old liberal party, with advanced tendencies tainted with
+democratic liberalism and even with cosmopolitanism, keeping up its
+relations with the intellectuals, the university men, who made so much
+noise with pen and voice about 1848 and later. They dreamed of the unity
+of Germany in the democratic liberty and moral hegemony of their nation,
+having become in Europe the sobered heir of the French Revolution.
+
+Under the influence of Bismarck they sacrificed to their dream of unity,
+to their national dream, their liberal dream, and they secured for the
+Chancellor the support of the upper bourgeoisie.
+
+It was indeed the Prussianization of Germany, but in that spirit and in
+that system contemporary German militarism would never have fructified.
+It was contrary to the characteristic tendencies of a monarchical State
+supported by a conservative caste, which was also particularist,
+military, and agricultural. A State of this kind tends to become a
+closed State.
+
+What then happened? An event of capital importance which everybody
+knows, but of which we only now begin to see the consequences. It was
+the radical transformation of Germany from an agricultural to an
+industrial nation. In its origin this phenomenon dates from before the
+nineteenth century. By 1848 it had become perceptible. Since 1866, and
+especially since 1871, it has dominated the entire social evolution of
+the empire. Here, in fact, is the revolution. It partakes of the
+character of a tragedy, it has overturned the conditions of life
+throughout the entire German territory.
+
+At the close of the War of Independence, four out of five Germans lived
+on the land, two out of three were engaged in agriculture. By 1895 the
+agricultural population was only 35.7 per cent. That, supported by
+industry and commerce, kept continually increasing. In 1895 it was 50.6
+per cent.
+
+This progress of industry and trade indicates the rise of a new class of
+the population, that of the capitalists. It seemed at first that their
+arrival would result in a dispossession of the nobility. For example,
+under the ancien régime the bourgeois could not acquire the property of
+the nobles. Toward 1880, for Eastern Prussia only, 7,086 estates of
+11,065 belonged to non-nobles. They could have been acquired only with
+money. Capital was supplanting birth. Today even, in Prussia, five
+members of the Ministry, a little more than one-third, are bourgeois not
+enjoying the particle von.
+
+The new dominant class encroached upon the ancient in two ways, by
+depriving it of its clientele and by acquiring a considerable weight in
+the State. "The weight of a social class" is the totality of its means
+of action, which it possesses on account of its numbers, its personal
+influence, its wealth, and the importance of the interests which it
+represents. The clientele of the agrarian nobility was essentially the
+peasants, who have continually diminished in number, the attraction of
+industrial and commercial employments having caused a great migration to
+the interior, to the factories, and the cities.
+
+For many years this phenomenon has been disclosed by statistics and
+pointed out by economists and sociologists, but no remedy has been
+found. Today, although emigration abroad has much moderated, Germany has
+not labor for its tillage. It is obliged to import farm hands and even
+cereals. It no longer produces foodstuffs sufficient for its own
+support.
+
+Moreover, the peasant who remains upon the soil is freed
+from the landlord, and agricultural production has become
+specialized--industrialized. There is the case, for instance, of that
+peasant woman who declared that she had not the time to wash her linen
+and who sent it to the steam laundry at Karlsruhe. Here is not merely an
+economic transformation, but a moral evolution. The agriculturist who no
+longer produces in order to consume but in order to sell, and who must
+live from the product of his sales, tries to produce as much as
+possible. He hires foreign labor to get from it all that he can. The
+impersonal relations of employer and employed replace the patriarchal
+traditions. Thus the land owner finds himself caught in the mechanism of
+the capitalistic system.
+
+As to the "weight" of the new class, it increased prodigiously during
+the years following the war of 1870, thanks to the millions which the
+empire could invest in its industries and which allowed it to endow its
+commerce and its merchant marine, to complete the network of its roads,
+canals, and railways.
+
+The law of concentration of capital was verified on this occasion in a
+striking manner. In the famous years 1871 to 1874, which the Germans
+call the Gründejahre, the foundation years, gigantic industrial and
+commercial enterprises took a spring which seemed irresistible. A
+Director of the Deutsche Bank, of the Dresdener Bank, the President of a
+company for transatlantic commerce, such as the Hamburg-American Line,
+or of the committee of great electric establishments, enjoyed an
+influence in the councils of the State far greater than that of a Baron,
+a Count, or a little mediatized Prince.
+
+What was the aristocracy of birth going to do about it? Struggle
+desperately? It took that tack at first. Bismarck ranged himself in its
+support for some time. He was himself an agrarian. But he was not long
+in installing paper mills on his estates at Varzin. It is said that the
+Emperor himself possesses porcelain factories. A part of the nobility
+for a long time tried to adapt itself to the new method of production.
+It took to it awkwardly and often ended in ruin.
+
+Freytag has described this phenomenon at its beginnings in a romance
+which is a chef d'oeuvre. A part of the nobility yielded, fell into the
+hands of the financiers, the money lenders, the managers of agricultural
+enterprises, sold their lands, and took refuge in the great civil,
+administrative and military posts. The remainder resisted as well as
+they could. There was antagonism between their interests and those of
+the capitalists, between the religious and particularist tendencies on
+one hand and free thought and cosmopolitanism on the other. The
+agrarians demanded tariff duties on agricultural products to raise the
+price of their foodstuffs. The industrials wanted a low cost of living
+in order to avoid the rise of wages and to compete with better advantage
+for foreign markets.
+
+Bismarck was the target for vehement opposition when he inclined toward
+the party of the traders and the industrials in his colonial and tariff
+policy. This evolution came about 1879. For a while the great Chancellor
+was looked upon almost as a traitor.
+
+Nevertheless, his view was just. Balancing the forces on the one hand by
+those on the other, ceding protective duties first to one side and then
+to the other, offsetting the advantages which he offered to one side by
+the prerogatives which he accorded to the other, he finally succeeded in
+reconciling them.
+
+From this reconciliation of the two dominant classes has resulted the
+extraordinary power of Germany. The bourgeois parties have from time to
+time grumbled over the military appropriations, but they have always
+voted them. And militarism, which is the support of the aristocracy, has
+been placed at the service of capitalistic ambition. By the prestige of
+force, awakening hopes here and inspiring fears there, more than once by
+the help of manoeuvres of intimidation, it has become an instrument of
+economic conquest.
+
+Other combinations, other reciprocal interlacings, have taken place
+which have given an exceptional and unique character to contemporary
+Germany. It is a case of social psychology of extreme interest. To
+describe it would require long detail. The combination of the
+aristocratic and military tendency with the industrial and plutocratic
+tendency, the tendency of the police spirit, the regularizing spirit of
+the Kulturstaat with the individual initiative of the capitalist
+_entrepreneur_, methodical habits of administration with the love of
+risk characteristic of the speculator, all this constitutes imperialism,
+German imperialism, distinct from every other, because to a definite
+object, economic conquest, it adds another, less precise, in which the
+moral satisfaction dear to aristocracy, the pleasure of dominating, the
+love of displaying force, the tendency to prove one's own superiority to
+one's self, play a large part.
+
+Economic conquest has become a necessity for Germany. Transformed into
+an industrial State, it no longer produces its own food. Since 1885 its
+imports have exceeded its exports by 1,353,000,000 marks. Whence did
+Germany derive these 1,300,000,000 marks which were needed, good year
+and bad, to meet its balance of trade? It owes them to its maritime
+commerce and the revenue of its capital invested abroad. Its maritime
+commerce then must augment and must triumph over all competition. At
+every cost it must open for itself outlets for its industrial products
+in order to buy foodstuffs which it does not produce sufficiently. If
+not, famine.
+
+Let us see now how the complicated play of all these social forces and
+the effect of this economic situation have been embodied in formulas,
+what has been its intellectual expression.
+
+This is no idle question, for men have always claimed to be guided by
+ideas, and generally they are, but they rarely know where their ideas
+come from or in what they consist. Without intellectual expression
+imperialism would not have extended to all the classes of society. The
+passion of economic conquest did not prevail throughout the whole of
+Germany. The bourgeois in the Liberal provinces, the corps of officers,
+the corps of teachers, the clergy were refractory to it. This direct
+form of imperialism does not seduce them. Not everybody can see his
+country and the universe through the eyes of an oligarch of high
+finance. A doctrine works with power when it appeals to instincts, when
+it awakens collective emotions, diverse enough in themselves, and joins
+them to each other with an appearance of logical deduction. It is not
+indispensable, but it is useful that it should borrow the language of
+the day. In the mediaeval epoch this language was religious. Beginning
+with the seventeenth century it was metaphysical. In our own time it is
+a scientific language set off by Greek words.
+
+If the German philosophies of the second half of the nineteenth century
+are considered, there are not many of them that pass beyond the limit of
+the school. They are honest, scholarly productions elaborated by men who
+have read much, of whom some, like Wundt, are eminent specialists, but
+who have not conquered either their subjects or their readers. One feels
+that they are not of their century.
+
+It is not from them, it is not from Eucken, the pleasant popularizer, it
+is not from Windelbund or Ostwald that the cultivated public sought the
+direction for its thought. To satisfy the need of general ideas which
+was everywhere felt, associations were formed, churches with or without
+God, of which a very important one was the "Monistenbund," in which
+Haeckel exploited his materialism transformed into a sort of biological
+pantheism.
+
+But it was outside of the associations and outside of the school that
+the flame of creative genius burned brightly. The man of the last
+generation was Nietzsche. That his thought has been perverted by his
+interpreters there is no doubt. They have taken this eagle who gazed
+unblinded at the sun and exhibited him to the young people in all sorts
+of philosophic rôles for the benefit of the industrial and military
+coalition. Nietzsche depicted in lines of fire the resurrection of
+heroism, his vision of the superman was that of an ardent soul, steeled
+by sufferings, meditating a tragic conception of life with serenity,
+and in his solitary individualism surmounting the infirmity of man and
+his own by the insistent will to eternal ascension.
+
+He was made the apostle of brute force, a sort of Messiah of the
+"struggle for life." Moreover, he was soon put one side and Gobineau was
+revived. He also, who if he did not have genius had wit, would have been
+surprised and hardly flattered perhaps by the rôle which they made him
+play. The dolichocephalic (long-skulled) blonde whom he celebrated was
+not exactly the one whom we are now judging by his works, but at least
+he proclaimed the superiority of the German race.
+
+His doctrine was the centre around which were gathered a complete
+ensemble of dogmas and of very diverse theories, whose connected thread
+it is not easy to discover when it is searched for logically, but
+appears quite distinctly when not reason, but reasons, are demanded. The
+reasons are found in the need of justifying in theory the economic and
+military imperialism, born as we have seen from conditions of fact and
+from very practical motives.
+
+I do not pretend that it was calculated, nor that the optimates made
+express requisition of the naturalists, economists, and historians and
+sociologists and moralists to provide an imperialistic philosophy for
+the use of adult and normal dolichocephalous blondes. But there
+certainly was a coincidence. It may have been due to the influence of
+what is called a _milieu ambiant_, that of the commercial and military
+party. The authors of the doctrine lived in a special atmosphere. Their
+intellect was there formed--or deformed--their work consisted in
+gathering facts, inventing reasonings, elaborating formulas, so as to
+subject natural science, history and morality to the service of that
+keen will for hegemony which was in Germany the common characteristic
+and was the connecting link between the ancient and the new directing
+class.
+
+To convince one that this is so, it is enough to arrange the works of
+the pan-Germanists in a series passing from the simplest to the most
+complicated. The dates are of no importance. We might put at one of the
+extremes the works of the Prussian General, von Bernhardi, and at the
+other the gigantic lucubration of a famous pan-German zealot, a
+neophite, a convert, almost a deserter, Mr. Houston Stewart Chamberlain.
+
+_Prof. Millioud examines at some length and acutely the tendencies and
+teachings of von Bernhardi, now familiar to American readers, sums up
+the work of the philosophers of minor rank and turns to Mr.
+Chamberlain._
+
+With Mr. Chamberlain the thesis of vital competition, the morality of
+force, the judgment of history against little nations, the civilizing
+mission imposed upon greater Germany by its very greatness, by its
+economic, scientific and artistic superiority, everything tends to the
+glorification of the German, to his duty to govern the whole world which
+he feels so imperatively and which he accepts with such a noble
+simplicity. His work is not easily summarized, not only because it
+counts 1,379 pages and two appendices, but because all is in everything,
+and everything in the universe is also in Mr. Chamberlain's book. And
+the German has made everything. Not indeed the world; that he has only
+remade and is about to remake. But he has a way of remaking so creative
+that one might say that without him the Creator Himself would be a bit
+embarrassed. He has gathered to himself alone the heritage of Greece and
+Rome as far as it was worth anything. From the year 1200 to the year
+1800 he founded, ripened, and saved a new civilization several times
+over. The mother of our sciences and our arts, Italy, is Germanic; the
+great architecture of the Middle Ages is Germanic; the true
+interpretation of Christianity, the true conception of art, the true
+social economy, the love of nature, the sense of individuality, the
+exploration of the world and of the soul, the great reawakenings of
+conscience, all the great flashes of thought are Germanic; everything is
+Germanic, except you and me, perhaps; so much the worse for me and so
+much the worse for you. After this book, the success of which has been
+prodigious, it would truly seem that there is nothing more to say.
+Germanic thought has appropriated the universe to itself. It only
+remained for the German sword to complete the work. It is drawn!
+
+I have tried to describe the modifications, or rather the successive
+additions, by which the elementary themes disclosing economic,
+political, and military appetites in the directing class have been
+disguised as theories of biology, history, political economy, sociology,
+and morality. It would take another study or another article to show how
+science was perverted to such ends. The severity of methods, rigor in
+the determination of facts, precision in reasoning, prudence in
+generalization, serene impartiality and objectivity in verification, in
+a word the scientific spirit, cannot be bent to so many pleasant
+compromises without sacrificing a great part of its dignity and its
+title to respect.
+
+This has been a singular and melancholy event for those of us who have
+been raised in respect for German science and in admiration for its
+methods, as well as for its discoveries. Certainly, from Liebig to
+Roentgen and to Behring, from Kant to Wundt, Germany has counted many
+distinguished pioneers. In the matter of fecund originality, however,
+and creative inspiration, Italy and France have always equaled, if not
+surpassed, her. She has had no Marconi, no Pasteur or Poincaré, no
+Carrel.
+
+What we have received from her so long that it has become almost a
+matter of instinct is less dazzling flashes than an equal and constant
+light. And the savants, the university men who bring to us
+anthropological romances, history stuffed with legends and personal
+prejudices, sociology constructed in contempt of the facts!
+
+In these later days we have seen all these joining under the guidance of
+their most illustrious members to address the civilized nations in an
+appeal in which by virtue of their quality as savants they undertook to
+pronounce upon facts which they don't understand, to deny those which
+they cannot help understanding, and solemnly to declare that it is not
+true that Germany has violated the neutrality of the territory of
+Belgium. For proof of this, nothing but their word of honor. Do they
+take us for those young gentlemen who said to Monge, "Professor, give us
+your word of honor that this theorem is true and we will excuse you from
+the demonstration of it"?
+
+Fully to explain the rôle of the intellectual savants and university men
+in the formation of the ideology of caste which prevails among the
+Germans it would be necessary to recite the history of instruction in
+Germany, not such as Davis and Paulson have written it, but such as it
+actually is under the influence of institutions and programmes--I mean
+the moral history of instruction.
+
+The great Frederick was wont to cry, "I commence by taking; afterward I
+shall always have pedants enough to establish my rights." Pedants or
+not, the members of the teaching corps of every grade in Germany are a
+wheel of the State, their mission is to form not men, but Germans, to
+inculcate the national idea. Their views have penetrated even to the
+common people.
+
+Germany receives a double education--that of the school and that of the
+barracks. The spirit of these two institutions is the same, and their
+influence, which has been exercised since 1848 in opposition to
+humanitarian and internationalist ideas, has encountered no serious
+obstacles, for it went readily with certain old instincts which it was
+not difficult to reawaken and which general circumstances favored.
+
+"Latrocinia nullam habent infamiam," said Caesar, speaking of the
+Germans. Pillage brings no shame. This desire of gain, this positive and
+realistic tendency is one of the motives which the brusque and
+prodigious economic expansion of Germany has promoted in the most
+efficient manner.
+
+This total assimilation of a people of 70,000,000 of souls by an
+aristocratic, almost a feudal, directing class, a combination of
+plutocrats and militarists, is in reality a most curious phenomenon,
+more than curious, in a sense grandiose, and in any case full of
+suggestions and menaces.
+
+Surrender of body and soul, confidence almost religious, enthusiastic
+faith, the directing class has conquered everything within in order to
+conquer everything without. Now it stakes everything upon the cast of
+the dice. I have not undertaken to decide whether it is just or not. The
+event will determine whether it is genius or madness.
+
+
+
+
+THE LAND OF MAETERLINCK
+
+By Alfred Sutro
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+I have translated many books of Maeterlinck's; I have wandered with him
+among the canals of Bruges and the fragrant gardens of Ghent; I have
+seen the places where he dreamed of Pelléas and Mélisande, and the hives
+of the bees he loved. Through him I learned to know Belgium, today all
+the world knows. Her cities are laid waste now and her people scattered,
+but her people will return and rebuild the cities, and the enemy will be
+dust. The day will come when the war will be far distant, a thing of the
+past, remote, forgotten, but never, while men endure or heroism counts,
+will it be forgotten what the Belgians did for Liberty's sake and for
+the sake of Albert, their King.
+
+
+
+
+America and Prohibition Russia
+
+Two Mustard Seeds of Reform Carried From This Land to the Steppes
+
+By Isabel F. Hapgood
+
+
+When Russia recently abolished the sale of liquor, first in the shops
+run as a Government monopoly, and, after a brief experience of the
+beneficent results, in the restaurants and clubs as well, an astonished
+and admiring world recognized the measure as one of the greatest events
+in the moral history of a nation. It takes rank with the reforms of
+Peter the Great. It almost casts into the shade the emancipation of the
+serfs.
+
+There has always existed in Russia a strong party which severely
+disapproved of Peter precisely because he forced "Western" ideas upon
+them. Their idea has always been that Russia would have developed a far
+higher degree of genuine culture and far more precious spiritual
+qualities had she been left to the promptings of her own genius and its
+"healthy, natural" development. And there are, indubitably, persons
+scattered through the vast Russian Empire who entertain parallel
+opinions with regard to the total prohibition of liquor just effected,
+and with regard to the projected change in the calendar now assumed to
+be imminent. I trust that I shall not increase their numbers to
+dangerous proportions if I call attention to the fact that these reforms
+have also, like Peter the Great's ideas, been imported from the
+West--from the Far West, the United States. I am sure my
+fellow-countrymen will be gratified to learn the truth, and I cheerfully
+accept the risk, and assume that Russia will, in all probability, remain
+ignorant of my interference!
+
+It is true that we do not have actual, effective prohibition anywhere
+here in America, and that we do not seem to be within measurable
+distance of such an achievement; that Russia has distanced us again in
+this, just as she distanced us by emancipating her serfs, without a
+war, before we emancipated our slaves, with the aid of a war. But we
+have supplied the scriptural mustard seed in the case of prohibition in
+Russia, and have either furnished the seed for the change in the
+calendar, or, at any rate, have provided elements that have hastened its
+growth to a very remarkable degree.
+
+Mustard seed No. 1 was carried over from the United States in the Autumn
+of 1887 and sown on the good ground of the late Count Tolstoy, and other
+noble men, whence--as results show--it spread abroad with a swiftness
+suggestive rather of the proverbial weed than of the fair flower its
+blossoming has shown it to be.
+
+In the Autumn of 1886 Dr. Peter Semyonovitch Alexyeeff of Moscow,
+accompanied by his wife, sailed for Canada and the United States for the
+purpose of inspecting the hospitals, prisons, and elementary schools;
+and they came for the Winter because some parts of Canada during that
+season possess a climate similar to that of Central Russia, while in
+other parts the climates are identical. In fact, Canada is the only
+country in the world where the climatic conditions are at all analogous.
+The construction of new hospitals, the adaptation of already existing
+buildings for hospital use, the internal arrangement, and the perfection
+of their internal machinery had long been matters of deep interest to
+Dr. Alexyeeff.
+
+Germany and France, with climates so different from that of Russia,
+could not furnish him with the information available in North America,
+where, in his opinion, the habits and conditions of existence--such
+important factors in matters connected with hospitals and invalids--also
+differ less from those of Russia than do the general surroundings in the
+countries of the Continent. After visiting the principal cities of
+Canada and the United States from Quebec to Vancouver, and from Boston
+to Washington, (some of them more than once,) Dr. Alexyeeff arrived at
+the conclusion that the hospitals of the United States were better built
+and much better administered than those of London, Paris, Berlin, and
+Vienna.
+
+Naturally, no one could spend nine months in investigating hospitals and
+prisons in this country without coming in contact with the liquor
+problem. Moreover, Dr. Alexyeeff was a wideawake man, who took an
+interest not only in all matters connected with his profession, but in
+very many outside of it. He was, also, a man of very lofty character.
+His wife once wrote me concerning him somewhat as follows: "He walks,
+habitually, on such moral heights, in such a rarefied spiritual
+atmosphere, that I, the daughter of an English clergyman, reared
+accordingly, and myself (as you know) deeply in sympathy with it, find
+difficulty in following him." Obviously, he was precisely the man to
+appreciate the temperance movement, and to carry it to its logical
+conclusion. In the preface to a volume, "About America," which he
+published in Moscow in 1888, he writes:
+
+     Neither the wonders of wild nature in the Rocky Mountains nor
+     the menacing might and grandeur of Niagara produce such an
+     impression on a Russian as the success of the fight with
+     drunkenness--the temperance movement--and the successful
+     development, in all classes of society, of morality and the
+     strict application of practical morals.
+
+He did not confine himself to this brief, general statement. He wrote in
+praise of temperance, of prohibition, for learned Russian societies.
+Then he wrote a book entitled "Concerning Drunkenness." The Censor's
+permit to publish is dated March 29, (April 10,) 1887. It was published
+by the management of the magazine, Russkaya Mysl, (Russian Thought,)
+which may indicate that it had first appeared in that monthly as a
+series of articles, though I have not been able to verify the fact. The
+book may have been published promptly, or at least the article from the
+medical magazine may have been published in the cheap form (costing two
+or three cents) used by the semi-commercial, semi-philanthropic firm
+"Posrednik," which may be rendered "Middleman" or "Mediator," designed
+for the dissemination of good and useful reading among the masses.
+
+At any rate, "Concerning Drunkenness" appeared at the price of one ruble
+(about fifty cents) in 1891, prefaced by a dissertation by Count
+Tolstoy, "Why Do People Stupefy Themselves?" specially written for this
+occasion, as Dr. Alexyeeff told me. (It has been translated under the
+title of "Alcohol and Tobacco," London, and published without any
+indication that Dr. Alexyeeff inspired it.)
+
+In 1896 a second edition, revised and enlarged, was published, also in
+Moscow; and to this the author added a list of helpful publications and
+a summary bibliography, which included books issued in various foreign
+countries, ranging in number from 705 for Great Britain and Colonies,
+142 for the United States, 247 for Germany, 124 for ten other countries
+combined, (up to 1885 in all these cases,) to ten for Russia. Of these
+ten, four are in Latin, four in German, one is in Swedish and one in
+Russian--the latter, evidently, an article republished from The Medical
+News. On the whole, a list practically non-existent, so far as Russia
+was concerned!
+
+Dr. Alexyeeff had discovered a field of endeavor as virgin as the
+unplowed steppe. Only scientists desperately hard up for an unusual
+topic for a strictly academic discussion and recklessly willing to risk
+incurring universal unpopularity would have dreamed of unearthing those
+volumes. He promptly aroused Count Tolstoy's interest in the subject of
+temperance, which in this case signified prohibition, since the Count in
+his preface to Dr. Alexyeeff's book (dated July 10-22, 1890,) treated
+liquor on the same basis as tobacco, which he had totally abjured at
+least two years previously. With Tolstoy, to become convinced that a
+reform was desirable was, as all the world knows, to become an ardent
+propagandist of that reform. Thanks to the efforts of Dr. Alexyeeff,
+seconded by those of Tolstoy, temperance began to attract attention in
+Russia, temperance societies were formed, and have been steadily
+increasing ever since in numbers and activity.
+
+Eventually Mr. Tchelisheff arrived on the scene with his splendid vital
+force and practical solutions of the financial and other problems (or
+suggestions for them) that arise from prohibition, (especially when a
+Government monopoly and revenue are concerned,) which he most
+strenuously advocated when Mayor of Samara, as representative in the
+Duma--everywhere, in fact, where he could obtain a hearing, willing or
+unwilling, up to the Emperor Nicholas himself. And the Emperor showed
+that he was equal to the magnificent opportunity, and joined hands with
+the former peasant in aiding his country.
+
+In an interview published by THE TIMES a while ago Mr. Tchelisheff
+mentions that his attention was first drawn to the subject of the evils
+of drunkenness by a book which he saw a muzhik reading. Judging from the
+point at which he inserts that mention into his outline sketch of his
+career (previous to the great famine which he--erroneously--assigns to
+the "end of the '80s," but which came in 1891) his interest was aroused
+precisely at the time when Dr. Alexyeeff's first utterances may be
+assumed to have seen the light of print. At any rate, it is an admitted
+fact that Dr. Alexyeeff carried to Russia and to Tolstoy from the United
+States the idea and inspiration which has borne such wonderful fruit in
+the abolition of the liquor traffic "forever," as the Imperial ukase
+runs.
+
+Mr. Tchelisheff is a noteworthy figure in history accordingly, but Dr.
+Alexyeeff should not be forgotten. When I made his acquaintance at Count
+Tolstoy's, in Moscow, he had just requested (and obtained) a detail of
+service in Tchita, Trans-Baikal Province, Siberia, as physician to the
+political exiles there, thinking the region would repay study from many
+points of view, in his leisure hours. The preface to the first edition
+of his book "Concerning Drunkenness" is dated "July, 1899, Tchita," and
+from Tchita I received my copy from him. In that preface he states the
+scope of his book in a way which confirms my conviction that Mr.
+Tchelisheff was first stirred to interest, and in the end aroused to
+action, by the United States, via Dr. Alexyeeff. He writes:
+
+     The battle which in all ages has been waged against
+     drunkenness has been confined hitherto almost exclusively to
+     the realms of medicine and ethics; the social part of the
+     question is only just beginning to be worked out, and has
+     hardly as yet won the rights of citizenship, and down to our
+     own day there have been no serious legal measures adopted for
+     the battle with drunkenness.
+
+Therefore, he omits the legal aspects of the matter in his book and
+confines himself to an attempt at popularizing the information scattered
+in divers individual books, "borrowing everything which can lead to the
+ultimate goal--the extermination of the evil caused by the use of
+spirituous drinks." He continues:
+
+     Public opinion has nowhere as yet, even in the lands where
+     considerable success has attended the war on drunkenness,
+     ripened sufficiently a desire to give, even incompletely, a
+     summary of the information about that battle, and make my
+     fellow-countrymen acquainted with a matter still little known
+     in Russia, so I am prompted to write what follows.
+
+The second edition of this book, with the surprising list of Russian
+treatises on drunkenness to which I have already alluded, is dated
+"June, 1895, Riga," where he lived after his return from Siberia, as an
+official of the Government medical service, until his death in August,
+1913. During the stay in Tchita of the Alexyeeffs, the present Emperor
+(then the heir,) passed through it, on his way home (from the trip to
+India and Japan which came so near terminating fatally in the latter
+country) after having officially opened work upon the construction of
+the Trans-Siberian Railway, on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. A formal
+reception and ceremonies were organized in Tchita; and I allude to the
+matter because of a curious detail mentioned in a letter to me by Mrs.
+Alexyeeff. Foreigners have very queer ideas, she said, as to the
+position and treatment of the political exiles in Siberia; some of the
+Tchita exiles served as heads of the committees for welcoming the heir,
+and he shook hands with them and treated them exactly as he treated the
+Governor General of the Province.
+
+Whether it was his admiration for the American temperance movement which
+influenced Dr. Alexyeeff's views on everything American, I cannot say.
+But, assuredly, not many foreign visitors have pronounced upon our
+country such a panegyric as is contained in the preface to his "Across
+America." He writes:
+
+     Conscientious fulfillment of every duty, industry, energy, and
+     moral purity are the typical qualities of the genuine
+     American. It is difficult to form any idea of the wide
+     development of philanthropy, the significance of religion, and
+     the practical application to life of ethical principles, the
+     application of moral obligations in business, the upright,
+     God-fearing life of the Americans, unless one has lived among
+     them. They have neither prostitution, foundling hospitals, nor
+     hospitals for venereal diseases. A European is not accustomed
+     to see empty prisons and hospitals in densely settled
+     localities--to come upon cities where there is nothing for the
+     police, the Judges, and the doctors to do he finds startling.
+     They have attained the height where priests, pastors,
+     preachers, and teachers are rarely obliged to contend with
+     indifference....
+
+     After a trip to America it would be difficult to return an
+     atheist--you are more likely to come back in a religious frame
+     of mind.... Idleness and luxury are not among the
+     distinguishing characteristics of the descendants of the
+     Puritans.... In the light, transparent atmosphere of the
+     States, simplicity, the cheerful, alert spirit infects the
+     foreigner, makes him a more frank, trustful, optimistic
+     warrior for the truth, and causes him to forget what it means
+     to be downcast in spirit, or what spleen and hypochondria are.
+
+Until he died, in Siberia, in Russia, everywhere, Dr. Alexyeeff worked
+for temperance. He was enthusiastic about it when I saw him and his wife
+in England, in 1907.
+
+Mr. Tchelisheff having been aroused to interest, theoretically, by
+America, via Dr. Alexyeeff, as is fairly proven, it was only natural
+that he should proceed to make the personal observations on the
+practical, social side of drunkenness which he mentions in his Times
+interview. He noticed, during the great famine of 1891, that it was the
+drunkards who had squandered their grain and pawned their possessions
+to the keepers of the dramshops who robbed other men's granaries and
+houses, burned, rioted, and murdered; while the men who did not drink
+had plenty of food and grain to hold out. We are informed from Russia
+that even during its still brief reign prohibition has resulted in
+remarkable improvement in health, living conditions, and bank accounts.
+
+Mr. Tchelisheff is, as I have said, a noteworthy figure in history. He
+would be a remarkable figure in any land; but for those who are not
+acquainted with Russia, the rise of a man born a peasant, educated
+solely by his own efforts on stray newspapers and books which fell in
+his way in his schoolless village, and absolutely lacking in money or
+influence, ("svyazi"--connections, is the Russian version of "pull,") to
+the position of multi-millionaire and co-worker with the Emperor, is
+amazing almost beyond belief. In reality, it is as simple as the rise of
+an American newsboy, of an Edison or a Carnegie to a position of power
+in the United States. Fate, circumstances, as well as their own
+personality are the factors in all these cases; and in every similar
+case.
+
+Moreover, there is in Russia no eternally impassable barrier of caste,
+but there is a genuine democracy which is not easy to define, but is
+very easily felt. For instance, the title of "Prince," (to which, unlike
+that of "Count" or "Baron"--conferrable--one must be born, runs the
+rule, with exceptions for such national heroes as Suvaroff,) counts for
+nothing or approximately that, unless its owner possesses, in addition,
+the wealth, character, learning or other characteristics which would
+render him a man of mark without it.
+
+There are other interesting instances of peasants who have risen high in
+Russia, and Mr. Tchelisheff is their worthy successor. The founder of
+the great silversmiths' firm of Ovtchinnikoff was a serf. His successors
+have made it their rule, "out of gratitude to God," to maintain and
+educate a certain number of poor boys, who, when their intellectual and
+technical training is completed, are free to remain with the firm as
+valued artists or to go forth independently. When the Emperor Alexander
+II. celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of his accession to the
+throne, all the Sovereigns of Europe sent him magnificent presents.
+These are assembled in his library, at the Winter Palace, Petrograd; and
+in the centre--accorded that place by the Russians with equal good
+feeling, good taste, and justice--is a large group in solid silver,
+representing a huge mass of rock upon whose pinnacles stand figures
+representing the different parts of the empire--Little Russia, Siberia,
+and so forth. The inscription reads: "To the Tzar-Liberator from the
+Liberated Serf." It was made by the Ovtchinnikoffs and presented by
+another ex-serf, who had become a millionaire railway magnate.
+
+Mustard Seed No. 2 from America to Russia falls into a somewhat
+different category. It more nearly resembles one of those grains of
+antique wheat found in a tomb and sprouting vigorously when finally
+planted in congenial, helpful soil. I trust that my comparison may not
+be regarded as disrespectful. One could not, willingly, be disrespectful
+to the calendar, any more than to the thermometer!
+
+Russia, by adhering to the Julian Calendar and refusing to adopt the
+Gregorian, has now fallen thirteen days behind the rest of the world. It
+falls behind about a day for every century. There are several reasons
+why Russia has not, up to now, remedied the serious inconvenience caused
+by this conflict of dates. One is--the Gregorian Calendar is Roman
+Catholic, and named after a Pope. It is, also, inaccurate. Worst of all,
+the rectification might--almost infallibly would, under ordinary
+circumstances--cause trouble at the outset, especially in one
+incalculably important direction.
+
+Russian scientists long ago worked out a new calendar far more accurate
+than the Gregorian for thousands of years, and when the change is made
+that calendar will be adopted. The fundamental difficulty lies in the
+fact that all the people whose saints' days must inevitably be skipped
+for the first year in the process of rectification will inevitably feel
+that they are being robbed of their guardian angels, that they are
+"orphans"--a mournful word greatly beloved of the Russian masses under
+multiform circumstances, both material and spiritual--and orphaned in a
+peculiarly distressing and irrevocable way. They might even feel when
+their saints' days came around quite correctly the next year that some
+spurious adventurer--Angel of Darkness--was being foisted upon them.
+
+Fanatics and professional mischief-makers would certainly seize with
+avidity upon such a godsend of a chance, unparalleled since the days of
+Peter the Great's father, when the Patriarch Nikon had the errors of the
+copyists in the Scriptures and church service books corrected. But the
+present war has fused all parties, united all hearts in patriotism,
+loyalty to, and confidence in their Emperor and created a fervid
+inclination amounting to enthusiasm to accept even the most drastic
+reforms he may make cheerfully, unquestionably, as for the good of the
+fatherland.
+
+On the matter of the calendar reform America has for many years past
+been exerting a steadily increasing influence. During the past twenty
+years the steady flow of immigrants from Russia and other countries
+belonging to the Orthodox Catholic Church of the East, (Greco-Russian,)
+has increased to a great volume, and it seems destined to attain still
+greater proportions when the war is over. These people are obliged to
+work and keep holiday by the Gregorian calendar and to worship by the
+Julian. This entails hardships.
+
+For example, a devout Russian who has been forced to remain idle on our
+Christmas and New Year's Days must sacrifice his pay--sometimes risk or
+lose his job--if he wishes to observe the feasts of his own church. A
+reform of the calendar would be hailed with joy by innumerable such
+immigrants, who have been over here long enough to consider calmly the
+practical aspects of a temporary dislocation of saints' days. The
+ecclesiastical authorities in this country have frequently protested,
+in print, both here and in Russia, and I have been informed that the
+Holy Synod has been appealed to, more than once, to induce it to cast
+its influence into the balance with that of the scientists and the
+governmental authorities, who have been discussing the matter for years
+past, and hesitating over the probable consequences of action--a case of
+peasant joining hands with the rulers of Russia, once more like Mr.
+Tchelisheff and the Emperor Nicholas--or the people of the United States
+and the President--to secure a needed reform!
+
+And these same peasant-immigrants in America have, without the shadow of
+a doubt, already written back to their relatives and friends in the old
+country--and very frequently--about the difficulties of the antiquated
+Julian calendar, and these, in turn, can disseminate common sense about
+the change in a way which the Government, aided by the Holy Synod and
+the explanations of home-staying parish priests, unaided, could never
+effect. When the fitting time arrives, perhaps the Russian Government
+will avail itself of just this argument, among others--the welfare of
+friends in distant America. There has never been a propitious time in
+Russia to make that calendar reform since the reign of Peter the Great
+until now. And America may fairly be said to have brought from its dark
+hiding place the mustard seed which has been trying so long to
+germinate, and imparted to it a vivifying impulse.
+
+
+
+
+THE MOTHER'S SONG.
+
+By CECILIA REYNOLDS ROBERTSON.
+
+
+    Hush, oh, my baby, your father's a soldier,
+      He's off to the war, and we've nothing to eat.
+    And the glory is neither for you nor for me,
+      With the cockleburr crushing the wheat.
+
+    Little boy baby, look well on your mother;
+      Some day you may ask why she bore you at all;
+    For the trenches are foul with the blood and the wallow,
+      And the bayonet is sharp for your fall.
+
+    Rest, rosy limbs, and blue eyes and gold lashes--
+      Made in the mold of the Saviour, they say!
+    Drink deep of my bosom, my starved, meagre bosom,
+      That--keeps you alive for the fray.
+
+    Sleep, oh, my man child, and smile in your sleeping,
+      But the gun has been fashioned to lay in your hand,
+    And your life blood flows smooth in your fair little body
+      The better to water and plenish the land!
+
+
+
+
+Pan-American Relations As Affected by the War
+
+Consequences of the European Conflict on Future Commerce Between the
+United States and Latin America
+
+By Huntington Wilson,
+
+_Formerly Assistant Secretary of State_.
+
+
+I.
+
+A study of the effects of the war upon our relations with the other
+republics of this hemisphere involves political, commercial, financial
+and strategic elements of far-reaching scope and much complexity. The
+situation presents an opportunity. It offers a lesson even more vital
+than the opportunity. The political considerations are most relevant to
+the lesson; and the final text of the lesson will be the result of the
+war. The economic opportunity is already upon us, definite and clear. It
+will not wait. It must be grasped without delay and may therefore be
+first discussed.
+
+There is something repellent in counting our advantages under the shadow
+of so great a tragedy but we must try to be as practical as those who
+are fond of accusing us of materialism. Does any one think that the
+steam-roller of admirably organized and Government-fostered German
+competition would pause if we lay in the road; that if we received a
+check, Anglo-Saxon cousinship and fair play would always mitigate
+British competition; or that then not a single European merchant in
+South America would ever again use scorn and detraction against our
+goods, or encourage, through influence with the press, prejudice due to
+"Yankee peril" nonsense? In short, is it likely that all our
+competitors would suddenly love us just because we were in trouble? No,
+things are not as they should be and meanwhile must be dealt with as
+they are.
+
+There used to be apparently very little hope of our shaking the tree and
+gathering the golden fruit of foreign enterprise unless forced to it by
+the collapse, through dire hard times, of the wonderful home market
+which has made spoiled children of our manufacturers. Now comes this
+war. It forces upon us a wonderful, a unique opportunity to gain and
+hold our proper place in the finance, trade, and enterprise of Latin
+America. The richness of the field is often exaggerated, but its
+cultivation is certainly worth the effort of men of foresight.
+
+What are we going to do about it? This is the question; for if American
+business men do not do their part the ultimate effect of the war upon
+our economic interests in this part of the world will be unimportant. We
+must not be like the young gold miners who were looking exclusively for
+large nuggets with handles. We must go at it seriously and
+scientifically and solidly, not superficially, casually, and
+opportunistically. We must begin with the earnest intention of
+continuing our efforts for all time.
+
+An enthusiastic commercial spasm will be worth nothing. There have got
+to be real efforts, real hard work, the expenditure of money for future
+and not merely immediate profits, a cheerful readiness to discard old
+and cherished methods, a new adaptability, a new painstaking attention
+to details. There has got to be serious study of foreign countries and
+keen interest in our relations to them. Without all this, mailing
+catalogues, (usually in English,) banquets and speeches and
+organizations will take us nowhere.
+
+American business men are bestirring themselves. They know that we need
+ships to carry our goods advantageously, and banks for the favorable
+financing of our trade. They should be able to compel our Government's
+support where needful, as in a ship subsidy or a limited guarantee of
+reasonable profit to American investment in ships. In connection with
+our efforts at Caribbean commerce, as another instance, they should be
+able to get a flexible sliding scale tariff provision passed by
+Congress, so that, in dealing with the countries whose coffee or other
+special products we buy, we could induce them to give us for our exports
+reciprocal advantages over our competitors. Indeed, a kind of Caribbean
+tariff union might well be feasible and desirable.
+
+So long ago as last August the British Government sent all over the
+world for samples and specifications of German goods which their
+manufacturers might contrive to displace. We should take corresponding
+action in regard to the goods of our competitors. Our manufacturers
+should be reconciled to sending to find out what each market wants
+instead of asking a population to take or leave what we make. Our
+commercial campaign should include the effort to replace goods from one
+belligerent country formerly handled by local merchants from another
+belligerent country, such as British goods previously sold through the
+German houses which so abound in these countries.
+
+Good men from small countries without political significance in
+world-politics already make their influence felt as employes of foreign
+Governments and as merchants in foreign countries. The war may set free
+many more men and send them about the world to work for their own
+interests, for the country they most believe in, and perhaps ultimately
+for an adopted country. International commerce must have its courtiers,
+and the good will of all such men should also be reckoned with. They
+spread friendship or prejudice against us. Many of them are importers
+and will push our goods or some one else's according to the manner in
+which we deal with them.
+
+American manufacturers are doubtless weary of being told that they pack
+badly, that they are niggardly about credits, that they do not send
+enough or sufficiently qualified representatives, that they are careless
+of details, and so on. Still, before mentioning some further particular
+steps that should be taken, it is necessary to emphasize the fact that
+these same old faults are, and until corrected must remain, the chief
+detriments to our foreign trade.
+
+In some of the republics there is a real disposition to deal with us; in
+others there is a preference for Europe. Now, as to many goods, they
+must deal with us or go without, although I am informed that a German
+firm, for example, has got word to its clients in these countries that
+it is prepared to fill orders via Copenhagen. If we think that our
+competitors have gone entirely or permanently out of business we shall
+be ridiculously and sadly disappointed. We shall be on trial, and if our
+exporters make good they will find a conservative disposition to
+continue to buy from us.
+
+In the effort it is important to remember that there is much to live
+down in criticism of methods of the past. One Latin-American gentleman,
+an enthusiast for American commerce, exclaimed to me in despair: "Son
+hombres capazes de poner una hacha Collins con vidrios para ventanas,"
+which means: "they (the American exporters) are capable of packing a
+Collins hatchet with window glass." Others told me how leading firms
+always stamped their letters for domestic and not foreign postage. The
+office boy simply would not learn geography. Nobody minded paying the
+deficit, but through local red tape this seeming trifle sometimes caused
+two or even three weeks' delay in the delivery of important letters.
+
+Certain of our strongest firms have been calmly ignoring shipping
+directions. What did they care if the packages had to cross the Andes on
+mule back, and if mules could only carry packages of a certain size and
+weight? What did they care if the duty remission for materials on some
+Government contract, or the customs classification of a shipment,
+depended on adherence to specific directions? I could multiply examples
+of the most amazing casualness and careless disregard, of bad packing,
+of ungenerous credit, which have enraged the importer.
+
+A European merchant, many years established in a South American city,
+and knowing the community, has been selling pianos in this way: The
+manufacturer would quote him a price and deliver the piano, giving him
+long credit at an ordinary rate of interest. The merchant would finally
+sell the piano on the installment plan, receiving interest at a higher
+rate on the deferred payments, the merchant trusting the buyer, the
+manufacturer trusting the merchant, both thus making good profits, and
+the purchaser being accommodated. This man found the American
+manufacturer entirely unwilling to deal in this way.
+
+European houses on the spot, whether independent or financed by large
+home houses, give credits for as long, sometimes, as a year. They would
+not continue to do so if they lost by doing it. Often this fits the
+customs of the local domestic trade. In one country the local retailer
+is expected to be paid within eighteen months. Naturally, our exporters'
+demand for "cash down on receipt of documents," even when the customer
+is well vouched for, does not appeal to him.
+
+He prefers to get long credit from a European house, and pay interest
+for it, rather than to borrow from his bank at high interest or sink his
+own capital to pay for American goods, long before he gets them, their
+price plus the profit of a commission house. Indeed, he is generally
+dissatisfied with the methods of American export trade as now conducted,
+which is almost exclusively through commission houses. These, it seems,
+might become more efficient through organization and more aggressive and
+scientific methods.
+
+On the other hand, the export trade of certain of the big combinations
+is beginning to be pushed with commendable zeal and efficiency. Trade at
+large, to reach its greatest volume, must include the pushing of smaller
+lines of goods. These smaller lines, in the aggregate, would reach
+considerable sums, and it does not appear that there have hitherto
+existed efficient agencies for their marketing. To hold Latin-American
+trade we must equal our competitors in liberality of credits, in
+representation on the spot, and in other facilities.
+
+There is no doubt that more American merchants resident in the trade
+centres would give valuable impetus to our commerce. Even our commission
+houses operating on the spot are so few that in handling many lines
+there is the greatest danger of their sacrificing the building up of a
+steady trade to the opportunities of unduly heavy profits now and then,
+and so damaging our general commercial interests. Then we must send many
+commercial travelers.
+
+Just here, however, it cannot be too strongly emphasized that Americans
+sent to these countries to do business must above all be men of
+agreeable manners. In these countries many quite unworthy people have
+these: so a good man who lacks them is likely to be badly misjudged.
+They should have sympathetic personality and sufficient education,
+besides being men of sobriety and good character, and should be able to
+speak the language of the country.
+
+All this will be expensive, but non-competing firms might join in
+sending men, or competing firms might, it is hoped, be guaranteed
+against the terrors of the Sherman law in order to join in sending a
+corps of representatives upon some basis of division of the field or
+the profits. Combination is even more necessary abroad to put forth the
+nation's strength in world competition than it is for efficiency at
+home. These men would be students and salesmen, and perhaps future
+merchants who would settle in these countries and emulate the patriotic
+groups of resident foreigners who in so many places help to form an
+atmosphere favorable to their countries' interests.
+
+They would work to replace with our goods those now shut off by the war,
+but also to introduce dozens of lines of American products which are now
+comparatively hard to find in these markets. A number of strong firms
+might join to establish commercial houses or selling agencies in trade
+centres of certain groups of countries. Commission houses might do the
+same if they carried samples and instructed their clients in packing,
+credits, &c., but in each case there should be American houses on the
+spot which would carry general lines and supply to the eye that visible
+evidence of the goods themselves which is such a valuable form of
+advertisement.
+
+In the establishment of American houses in these countries, as in many
+other respects, much may be learned from the Germans. They bring out
+carefully selected young men. These, if efficient, have sure promotion.
+The partners retire before old age to make room for those who work up.
+The inefficient are dropped. It is a little like the principle of a good
+foreign service.
+
+I think the most minute study should be given, first, to the nearer
+countries, say those north of the Equator, including the republics of
+the Caribbean. Each country must be separately studied. Primarily, there
+will be found a cry, sometimes desperate, for capital. Public works,
+concessionary and otherwise, have stopped for lack of funds from Europe.
+New developments in railroad building, mining, harbor works,
+plantations, are arrested. Where European credits have been customarily
+used to handle crops, there is distress, and no less so in cases in
+which such credit has previously been given by ostensibly American
+houses operating really with European capital.
+
+American capital may come to the rescue by advances upon good security
+through local banks. It can establish banks or buy controlling interests
+in existing banks, many of which pay their stockholders 15 per cent. or
+more. It can relieve the stagnation and make profitable investment by an
+active campaign for public and private contracts and for sound and fair
+concessions, not visionary or get-rich-too-quick schemes.
+
+Supposably, the repairing of the destruction brought by the war will
+make European capital scarce for some years, but an effort will
+doubtless be made to retain for it its former preponderance in these
+countries; and so it is important that, whatever the war's effects upon
+our own money markets, use should be made of such an opportunity as does
+not come more than once.
+
+To be sure, the scarcity of money in the United States makes this
+difficult, but the same worldwide money scarcity will secure an
+especially high rate of interest in Latin America, where even in normal
+times money can often be placed on excellent security in some of the
+countries, and at a rate very high indeed compared to that prevailing
+now in the United States. For safe investments with such a margin of
+profit, it is to be hoped that money, even if dear at home, will be
+forthcoming.
+
+Undoubtedly the purchasing power of these republics has been hard hit by
+the cutting off of credits and markets by the war, as their Governments
+have been hard hit through the falling off of revenues from import
+duties. Some of the Governments will require foreign loans. Capital, I
+repeat--and I mean really American capital--is the urgent need. We are
+not asked to make them a present of capital to buy our goods with, but
+if we do not help finance them and buy their products they will have
+nothing with which to buy our goods.
+
+The situation invites us to give capital and credit to take the place of
+the European supply which has failed. One need not fear that the returns
+will be uninviting, for Europe would hardly have been supplying credit
+and capital to Latin America as a mere matter of amiability. Thus our
+capital must regenerate Latin-American prosperity, while our bankers,
+merchants, and manufacturers are engaged in making solid, permanent
+arrangements, not opportunistic ones, to take possession of a great
+share in the present and still more in the growing future development
+and commerce of these countries. Capital, then, and credit are the first
+requisites.
+
+The war has had the effect of making the Latin-American countries
+realize for once the economic importance to them of the United States.
+The products of some, like the tin of Bolivia and the nitrates of Chile,
+have been going almost entirely to Europe. Several republics suffer the
+more acutely in proportion to their previous failure to cultivate
+financial and commercial relations with the United States.
+
+They now feel this and are compelled to a mood receptive to our
+advances. More, they are forced to seek new markets for their goods just
+as they are forced to buy some of ours. In this way there should come
+about new exports to the United States, and there should spring up there
+the corresponding new industries and habits of consumption, to the
+ultimate benefit of all the countries concerned.
+
+Meanwhile, the United States is the only present economic hope of a
+number of the republics. It is to be hoped that our capitalists and
+business men will realize the responsibilities as well as the
+opportunities of profit in the rôle they are asked to play, and that
+their response to their new opportunities will be one of courage,
+thoroughness and intelligence, and one also of quiet patriotism.
+
+
+II.
+
+POLITICAL POTENTIALITIES.
+
+Turning from the opportunity to the lesson, from the commercial and
+economic aspects of this question to those that are political in the
+large sense, one's imagination is appalled at the potentialities of the
+yet unknown results of so vast an upheaval. Yet we must envisage some of
+these if we are to be prepared for their effect upon us. We must be
+ready for the impact of the resultant forces of these great dynamics. We
+must be ready everywhere, but nowhere more than in our relations with
+Latin America, in the zone of the Caribbean, and wherever the Monroe
+Doctrine as still interpreted gives us a varying degree of
+responsibility.
+
+The war's first effect upon our Latin-American relations is to compel
+through commercial and financial rapprochement a larger measure of
+material interdependence, more contact, and, we may hope, a substitution
+of knowledge for the former reciprocity of ignorance. All this makes for
+better social and intellectual relations, good understanding and
+friendship, and so for political relations much more substantial in the
+case of many of the republics than the rather flimsy Pan-Americanism
+celebrated in eloquent speeches and futile international conferences.
+
+There is little in Pan-Americanism of that kind. The "raza Latina" of
+eloquence is not itself homogeneous; still less so is the population of
+the whole hemisphere. And with Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and
+Santiago we have, of course, far less propinquity than we have with the
+capitals of Europe. But what we really can do is to build up, especially
+with the nearer republics, real ties of common interest and good
+neighborhood, and with the distant ones ties of commerce and esteem.
+
+The war may tend to cure certain rather self-centred countries of
+affecting the morbid view that the people of the United States are lying
+awake nights contriving to devour them, when, in fact, it would be hard
+to find in a crowded street in the United States one in a thousand of
+the passersby who knew more than the name, at most, of one of those very
+few countries referred to.
+
+Europe's preoccupation with the war temporarily deprives such a country
+and its few misguided prophets whose monomania is dread of that chimera,
+the "Colossus of the North," of the pastime of nestling up to Europe in
+the hope of annoying us. It postpones, too, the hope of the morbid ones
+that we shall come to war with a powerful enemy. Now, perhaps, even
+these will appreciate the remark of a diplomatist of a certain weak
+country in contact with European powers, who once said: "If we only had
+the United States for a neighbor! What I can't understand is that your
+neighbors do not realize their good luck." Turning from these
+exceptional phenomena, the very fact of the war leaves the United States
+in a general position of greater political prestige.
+
+Whatever the upshot of the European tragedy, its political and
+psychological consequences are likely to be great. If it result in new
+national divisions upon racial lines of more reality, who knows but that
+the awakened spirits of nationality will germinate fresh military
+ambitions? Or will the horrors of the war force political reforms and
+the search for assurance in more democratic institutions against any
+repetition of those horrors? And is popular government an assurance
+against useless war while men remain warlike even when not military?
+
+Except from the successful countries or from those where disaster has
+brought such sobering change that men can return to work heartened with
+new hope, when the war is over there is likely to be a heavy emigration
+of disgusted people. Possibly even victory will be so dear that men will
+emigrate from a country half prostrate in its triumph. Many will come as
+the Puritans came, and as the bulk of our own excellent Germanic element
+came, and will cast in their lot with a new nation. We shall get a good
+share, but doubtless some will go to the republics of the far South, and
+some to the highlands of the tropics and through the canal to the West
+Coast. If so, this will tend gradually toward increased production and
+purchasing power, as well as toward a leavening of social, political,
+and economic conditions of life.
+
+If the war were indecisive or left all the combatants more or less
+prostrated, peaceful immigration might give a big impulse to the
+gradual growing up of powerful States in the temperate zone of the
+extreme South. The situation there, and the evolution of our own power,
+make it perhaps even now fair to consider the question of regarding as
+optional in any given case the assertion by us of the Monroe Doctrine
+much below the equator, let us say, beyond which it may possibly be
+doubtful whether we have nowadays much reason for special interest.
+
+But, even so, our relations to South America and our obligations under
+the Monroe Doctrine, in spite of the blessed fortifications of the
+Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, leave us where it is tempting fate to be
+without a navy of the first magnitude, and a big merchant marine. We
+have seen what happened to Belgium and Luxemburg. We have seen how even
+some of the most enlightened nations can still make force their god.
+Nations learn slowly, and there are perhaps some new big ones coming on,
+like China.
+
+If the war is a fight to a finish, and the Allies triumph, we can
+imagine Russia, with its teeming millions of people, occupied for a
+while in the Near East; Japan consolidating her position in the Far
+East, an increasingly powerful neighbor to us in the Philippines, the
+Hawaiian Islands, and the Pacific Ocean; France still a great power; and
+England as a world power of uncomfortably ubiquitous strength, able to
+challenge the Monroe Doctrine at will.
+
+Or, let us suppose that Germany should triumph and that German
+emigration should swarm into the Caribbean countries, or into Brazil or
+some other country where there is already a large German colony--elated,
+triumphant Germans, not Germans disgusted by a disastrous war. Would
+Germany be likely to heed the Monroe Doctrine, or would it be only
+another "scrap of paper"?
+
+In the present stage of civilization the safety of America should not be
+left dependent upon the forbearance of any power that may emerge
+dangerously strong from the war or that may otherwise arise. The
+obligations and rights of our Latin-American relations, under the Monroe
+Doctrine and otherwise, like our security and our efficiency as a force
+for peace and good in the world, demand a big navy, a merchant marine,
+and the self-discipline and safeguard of adequate military preparedness.
+The need of these and of a diplomacy of intelligent self-interest,
+continuity, and intense nationalism is the lesson brought home to us by
+the European war in its effects upon our Latin-American relations as
+well as upon our general position as a great power.
+
+
+
+
+AN EASTER MESSAGE
+
+By BEATRICE BARRY.
+
+
+    Into what depths of misery thou art hurled,
+    Belgium, thou second Saviour of the World!
+      Thou who hast died
+    For all of Europe, lo, we bathe thy feet
+    So cruelly pierced, and find the service sweet,
+      Thou crucified.
+
+    But though we mourn thy agony and loss,
+    And weep beneath the shadow of thy cross--
+      We know the day
+    That brings the resurrection and the life
+    Shall dawn for thee when war and all its strife
+      Hath passed away.
+
+    Then, out of all her travail and her pain,
+    Belgium, though crushed to earth, shall rise again;
+      And on the sod
+    Whence sprang a race so strong, so free from guile,
+    Men shall behold, in just a little while,
+      The smile of God.
+
+    Land of the brave--soon, by God's grace, the free--
+    Thy woe is transient; joy shall come to thee;
+      It cannot fail.
+    The darkest night gives way to rosy dawn,
+    And thou, perchance, shalt see on Easter morn,
+      The Holy Grail.
+
+
+
+
+An Interview on the War With Henry James
+
+By Preston Lockwood
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, March 21, 1915.]
+
+
+One of the compensations of the war, which we ought to take advantage
+of, is the chance given the general public to approach on the personal
+side some of the distinguished men who have not hitherto lived much in
+the glare of the footlights. Henry James has probably done this as
+little as any one; he has enjoyed for upward of forty years a reputation
+not confined to his own country, has published a long succession of
+novels, tales, and critical papers, and yet has apparently so delighted
+in reticence as well as in expression that he has passed his seventieth
+year without having responsibly "talked" for publication or figured for
+it otherwise than pen in hand.
+
+Shortly after the outbreak of the war Mr. James found himself, to his
+professed great surprise, Chairman of the American Volunteer Motor
+Ambulance Corps, now at work in France, and today, at the end of three
+months of bringing himself to the point, has granted me, as a
+representative of THE NEW YORK TIMES, an interview. What this departure
+from the habit of a lifetime means to him he expressed at the outset:
+
+"I can't put," Mr. James said, speaking with much consideration and
+asking that his punctuation as well as his words should be noted, "my
+devotion and sympathy for the cause of our corps more strongly than in
+permitting it thus to overcome my dread of the assault of the
+interviewer, whom I have deprecated, all these years, with all the force
+of my preference for saying myself and without superfluous aid, without
+interference in the guise of encouragement and cheer, anything I may
+think worth my saying. Nothing is worth my saying that I cannot help
+myself out with better, I hold, than even the most suggestive young
+gentleman with a notebook can help me. It may be fatuous of me, but,
+believing myself possessed of some means of expression, I feel as if I
+were sadly giving it away when, with the use of it urgent, I don't
+gratefully employ it, but appeal instead to the art of somebody else."
+
+It was impossible to be that "somebody else," or, in other words, the
+person privileged to talk with Mr. James, to sit in presence of his fine
+courtesy and earnestness, without understanding the sacrifice he was
+making, and making only because he had finally consented to believe that
+it would help the noble work of relief which a group of young Americans,
+mostly graduates of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, are carrying on along
+their stretch of the fighting line in Northern France.
+
+Mr. James frankly desired his remarks to bear only on the merits of the
+American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps. It enjoys today the fullest
+measure of his appreciation and attention; it appeals deeply to his
+benevolent instincts, and he gives it sympathy and support as one who
+has long believed, and believes more than ever, in spite of everything,
+at this international crisis, in the possible development of "closer
+communities and finer intimacies" between America and Great Britain,
+between the country of his birth and the country, as he puts it, of his
+"shameless frequentation."
+
+There are many people who are eloquent about the war, who are
+authorities on the part played in it by the motor ambulance and who take
+an interest in the good relations of Great Britain and the United
+States; but there is nobody who can tell us, as Mr. James can, about
+style and the structure of sentences, and all that appertains to the
+aspect and value of words. Now and then in what here follows he speaks
+familiarly of these things for the first time in his life, not by any
+means because he jumped at the chance, but because his native kindness,
+whether consciously or unconsciously, seemed so ready to humor the
+insisting inquirer.
+
+"It is very difficult," he said, seeking to diminish the tension so
+often felt by a journalist, even at the moment of a highly appreciated
+occasion, "to break into graceful license after so long a life of
+decorum; therefore you must excuse me if my egotism doesn't run very
+free or my complacency find quite the right turns."
+
+He had received me in the offices of the corps, businesslike rooms,
+modern for London, low-ceiled and sparely furnished. It was not by any
+means the sort of setting in which as a reader of Henry James I had
+expected to run to earth the author of "The Golden Bowl," but the place
+is, nevertheless, today, in the tension of war time, one of the few
+approaches to a social resort outside his Chelsea home where he can be
+counted on. Even that delightful Old World retreat, Lamb House, Rye, now
+claims little of his time.
+
+The interviewer spoke of the waterside Chelsea and Mr. James's long
+knowledge of it, but, sitting not overmuch at his ease and laying a
+friendly hand on the shoulder of his tormentor, he spoke, instead, of
+motor ambulances, making the point, in the interest of clearness, that
+the American Ambulance Corps of Neuilly, though an organization with
+which Richard Norton's corps is in the fullest sympathy, does not come
+within the scope of his remarks.
+
+"I find myself Chairman of our Corps Committee for no great reason that
+I can discover save my being the oldest American resident here
+interested in its work; at the same time that if I render a scrap of
+help by putting on record my joy even in the rather ineffectual
+connection so far as 'doing' anything is concerned, I needn't say how
+welcome you are to my testimony. What I mainly seem to grasp, I should
+say, is that in regard to testifying at all unlimitedly by the aid of
+the newspapers, I have to reckon with a certain awkwardness in our
+position. Here comes up, you see, the question of our reconciling a
+rather indispensable degree of reserve as to the detail of our activity
+with the general American demand for publicity at any price. There are
+ways in which the close presence of war challenges the whole claim for
+publicity; and I need hardly say that this general claim has been
+challenged, practically, by the present horrific complexity of things at
+the front, as neither the Allies themselves nor watching neutrals have
+ever seen it challenged before. The American public is, of course,
+little used to not being able to hear, and hear as an absolute right,
+about anything that the press may suggest that it ought to hear about;
+so that nothing may be said ever to happen anywhere that it doesn't
+count on having reported to it, hot and hot, as the phrase is, several
+times a day. We were the first American ambulance corps in the field,
+and we have a record of more than four months' continuous service with
+one of the French armies, but the rigor of the objection to our taking
+the world into our intimate confidence is not only shown by our still
+unbroken inability to report in lively installments, but receives also a
+sidelight from the fact that numerous like private corps maintained by
+donations on this side of the sea are working at the front without the
+least commemoration of their deeds--that is, without a word of
+journalistic notice.
+
+"I hope that by the time these possibly too futile remarks of mine come
+to such light as may await them Mr. Norton's report of our general case
+may have been published, and nothing would give the committee greater
+pleasure than that some such controlled statement on our behalf, best
+proceeding from the scene of action itself, should occasionally appear.
+The ideal would, of course, be that exactly the right man, at exactly
+the right moment, should report exactly the right facts, in exactly the
+right manner, and when that happy consummation becomes possible we shall
+doubtless revel in funds."
+
+Mr. James had expressed himself with such deliberation and hesitation
+that I was reminded of what I had heard of all the verbal alterations
+made by him in novels and tales long since published; to the point, we
+are perhaps incorrectly told of replacing a "she answered" by a "she
+indefinitely responded."
+
+I should, indeed, mention that on my venturing to put to Mr. James a
+question or two about his theory of such changes he replied that no
+theory could be stated, at any rate in the off-hand manner that I seemed
+to invite, without childish injustice to the various considerations by
+which a writer is moved. These determinant reasons differ with the
+context and the relations of parts to parts and to the total sense in a
+way of which no a priori account can be given.
+
+"I dare say I strike you," he went on, "as rather bewilderedly weighing
+my words; but I may perhaps explain my so doing very much as I the other
+day heard a more interesting fact explained. A distinguished English
+naval expert happened to say to me that the comparative non-production
+of airships in this country indicated, in addition to other causes, a
+possible limitation of the British genius in that direction, and then on
+my asking him why that class of craft shouldn't be within the compass of
+the greatest makers of sea-ships, replied, after brief reflection:
+'Because the airship is essentially a bad ship, and we English can't
+make a bad ship well enough.' Can you pardon," Mr. James asked, "my
+making an application of this to the question of one's amenability or
+plasticity to the interview? The airship of the interview is for me a
+bad ship, and I can't make a bad ship well enough."
+
+Catching Mr. James's words as they came was not very difficult; but
+there was that in the manner of his speech that cannot be put on paper,
+the delicate difference between the word recalled and the word allowed
+to stand, the earnestness of the massive face and alert eye, tempered by
+the genial "comment of the body," as R.L. Stevenson has it.
+
+Henry James does not look his seventy years. He has a finely shaped
+head, and a face, at once strong and serene, which the painter and the
+sculptor may well have liked to interpret. Indeed, in fine appreciation
+they have so wrought. Derwent Wood's admirable bust, purchased from last
+year's Royal Academy, shown by the Chantrey Fund, will be permanently
+placed in the Tate Gallery, and those who fortunately know Sargent's
+fine portrait, to be exhibited in the Sargent Room at the San Francisco
+Exhibition, will recall its having been slashed into last year by the
+militant suffragettes, though now happily restored to such effect that
+no trace of the outrage remains.
+
+Mr. James has a mobile mouth, a straight nose, a forehead which has
+thrust back the hair from the top of his commanding head, although it is
+thick at the sides over the ears, and repeats in its soft gray the color
+of his kindly eyes. Before taking in these physical facts one receives
+an impression of benignity and amenity not often conveyed, even by the
+most distinguished. And, taking advantage of this amiability, I asked if
+certain words just used should be followed by a dash, and even boldly
+added: "Are you not famous, Mr. James, for the use of dashes?"
+
+"Dash my fame!" he impatiently replied. "And remember, please, that
+dogmatizing about punctuation is exactly as foolish as dogmatizing about
+any other form of communication with the reader. All such forms depend
+on the kind of thing one is doing and the kind of effect one intends to
+produce. Dashes, it seems almost platitudinous to say, have their
+particular representative virtue, their quickening force, and, to put it
+roughly, strike both the familiar and the emphatic note, when those are
+the notes required, with a felicity beyond either the comma or the
+semicolon; though indeed a fine sense for the semicolon, like any sort
+of sense at all for the pluperfect tense and the subjunctive mood, on
+which the whole perspective in a sentence may depend, seems anything but
+common. Does nobody ever notice the calculated use by French writers of
+a short series of suggestive points in the current of their prose? I
+confess to a certain shame for my not employing frankly that shade of
+indication, a finer shade still than the dash.... But what on earth are
+we talking about?" And the Chairman of the Corps Committee pulled
+himself up in deprecation of our frivolity, which I recognized by
+acknowledging that we might indeed hear more about the work done and
+doing at the front by Richard Norton and his energetic and devoted
+co-workers. Then I plunged recklessly to draw my victim.
+
+"May not a large part of the spirit which animates these young men be a
+healthy love of adventure?" I asked.
+
+The question seemed to open up such depths that Mr. James considered a
+moment and began:
+
+"I, of course, don't personally know many of our active associates, who
+naturally waste very little time in London. But, since you ask me, I
+prefer to think of them as moved, first and foremost, not by the idea of
+the fun or the sport they may have, or of the good thing they may make
+of the job for themselves, but by that of the altogether exceptional
+chance opened to them of acting blessedly and savingly for others,
+though indeed if we come to that there is no such sport in the world as
+so acting when anything in the nature of risk or exposure is attached.
+The horrors, the miseries, the monstrosities they are in presence of are
+so great surely as not to leave much of any other attitude over when
+intelligent sympathy has done its best.
+
+"Personally I feel so strongly on everything that the war has brought
+into question for the Anglo-Saxon peoples that humorous detachment or
+any other thinness or tepidity of mind on the subject affects me as
+vulgar impiety, not to say as rank blasphemy; our whole race tension
+became for me a sublimely conscious thing from the moment Germany flung
+at us all her explanation of her pounce upon Belgium for massacre and
+ravage in the form of the most insolent, 'Because I choose to, damn you
+all!' recorded in history.
+
+"The pretension to smashing world rule by a single people, in virtue of
+a monopoly of every title, every gift and every right, ought perhaps to
+confound us more by its grotesqueness than to alarm us by its energy;
+but never do cherished possessions, whether of the hand or of the
+spirit, become so dear to us as when overshadowed by vociferous
+aggression. How can one help seeing that such aggression, if hideously
+successful in Europe, would, with as little loss of time as possible,
+proceed to apply itself to the American side of the world, and how can
+one, therefore, not feel that the Allies are fighting to the death for
+the soul and the purpose and the future that are in _us_, for the
+defense of every ideal that has most guided our growth and that most
+assures our unity?
+
+"Of course, since you ask me, my many years of exhibited attachment to
+the conditions of French and of English life, with whatever fond play of
+reflection and reaction may have been involved in it, make it inevitable
+that these countries should peculiarly appeal to me at the hour of their
+peril, their need and their heroism, and I am glad to declare that,
+though I had supposed I knew what that attachment was, I find I have any
+number of things more to learn about it. English life, wound up to the
+heroic pitch, is at present most immediately before me, and I can
+scarcely tell you what a privilege I feel it to share the inspiration
+and see further revealed the character of this decent and dauntless
+people.
+
+"However, I am indeed as far as you may suppose from assuming that what
+you speak to me of as the 'political' bias is the only ground on which
+the work of our corps for the Allies should appeal to the American
+public. Political, I confess, has become for me in all this a loose and
+question-begging term, but if we must resign ourselves to it as
+explaining some people's indifference, let us use a much better one for
+inviting their confidence. It will do beautifully well if givers and
+workers and helpers are moved by intelligent human pity, and they are
+with us abundantly enough if they feel themselves simply roused by, and
+respond to, the most awful exhibition of physical and moral anguish the
+world has ever faced, and which it is the strange fate of our actual
+generations to see unrolled before them. We welcome any lapse of logic
+that may connect inward vagueness with outward zeal, if it be the zeal
+of subscribers, presenters or drivers of cars, or both at once,
+stretcher-bearers, lifters, healers, consolers, handy Anglo-French
+interpreters, (these extremely precious,) smoothers of the way; in
+short, after whatever fashion. We ask of nobody any waste of moral or of
+theoretic energy, nor any conviction of any sort, but that the job is
+inspiring and the honest, educated man a match for it.
+
+"If I seem to cast doubt on any very driving intelligence of the great
+issue as a source of sympathy with us, I think this is because I have
+been struck, whenever I have returned to my native land, by the
+indifference of Americans at large to the concerns and preoccupations of
+Europe. This indifference has again and again seemed to me quite beyond
+measure or description, though it may be in a degree suggested by the
+absence throughout the many-paged American newspaper of the least
+mention of a European circumstance unless some not-to-be-blinked war or
+revolution, or earthquake or other cataclysm has happened to apply the
+lash to curiosity. The most comprehensive journalistic formula that I
+have found myself, under that observation, reading into the general case
+is the principle that the first duty of the truly appealing sheet in a
+given community is to teach every individual reached by it--every man,
+woman and child--to count on appearing there, in their habit as they
+live, if they will only wait for their turn.
+
+"However," he continued, "my point is simply my plea for patience with
+our enterprise even at the times when we can't send home sensational
+figures. 'They also serve who only stand and wait,' and the essence of
+our utility, as of that of any ambulance corps, is just to be there, on
+any and every contingency, including the blessed contingency of a
+temporary drop in the supply of the wounded turned out and taken
+on--since such comparative intermissions occur. Ask our friends, I beg
+you, to rid themselves of the image of our working on schedule time or
+on guarantee of a maximum delivery; we are dependent on the humors of
+battle, on incalculable rushes and lapses, on violent outbreaks of
+energy which rage and pass and are expressly designed to bewilder. It is
+not for the poor wounded to oblige us by making us showy, but for us to
+let them count on our open arms and open lap as troubled children count
+on those of their mother. It is now to be said, moreover, that our
+opportunity of service threatens inordinately to grow; such things may
+any day begin to occur at the front as will make what we have up to now
+been able to do mere child's play, though some of our help has been
+rendered when casualties were occurring at the rate, say, of 5,000 in
+twenty minutes, which ought, on the whole, to satisfy us. In face of
+such enormous facts of destruction--"
+
+Here Mr. James broke off as if these facts were, in their horror, too
+many and too much for him. But after another moment he explained his
+pause.
+
+"One finds it in the midst of all this as hard to apply one's words as
+to endure one's thoughts. The war has used up words; they have weakened,
+they have deteriorated like motor car tires; they have, like millions of
+other things, been more overstrained and knocked about and voided of the
+happy semblance during the last six months than in all the long ages
+before, and we are now confronted with a depreciation of all our terms,
+or, otherwise speaking, with a loss of expression through increase of
+limpness, that may well make us wonder what ghosts will be left to
+walk."
+
+This sounded rather desperate, yet the incorrigible interviewer,
+conscious of the wane of his only chance, ventured to glance at the
+possibility of a word or two on the subject of Mr. James's present
+literary intentions. But the kindly hand here again was raised, and the
+mild voice became impatient.
+
+"Pardon my not touching on any such irrelevance. All I want is to invite
+the public, as unblushingly as possible, to take all the interest in us
+it can; which may be helped by knowing that our bankers are Messrs.
+Brown Brothers & Co., 59 Wall Street, New York City, and that checks
+should be made payable to the American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps."
+
+
+
+
+A Talk With Belgium's Governor
+
+By Edward Lyall Fox
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April 11, 1915.]
+
+Copyright, 1915, by the Wildman News Service.
+
+
+"It would have been a very grave mistake not to have invaded Belgium.
+It would have been an unforgivable military blunder. I justify the
+invading of Belgium on absolute military grounds. What other grounds are
+there worth while talking about when a nation is in a war for its
+existence?"
+
+It is the ruler of German Belgium speaking. The stern, serious-faced
+Governor General von Bissing, whom they call "Iron Fist," the man who
+crushes out sedition. Returning, I had just come up from the front
+around Lille, and almost the only clothes I had were those on my back;
+and the mud of the trenches still clung to my boots and puttees in
+yellow cakes. They were not the most proper clothes in which to meet
+King Albert's successor, but in field gray I had to go.
+
+The Governor General received me in a dainty Louis Quinze room done in
+rose and French gray, and filled incongruously with delicate chairs and
+heavy brocaded curtains, a background which instantly you felt precisely
+suited his Excellency. In the English newspapers, which, by the way, are
+not barred from Berlin cafés, I had read of his Excellency as the "Iron
+Fist," or the "Heavy Heel," and I rather expected to see a heavy,
+domineering man. Instead, a slender, stealthy man in the uniform of a
+General rose from behind a tapestry topped table, revealing, as he did,
+a slight stoop in his back, perhaps a trifle foppish. He held out a
+long-fingered hand.
+
+General von Bissing spoke no English. Somehow I imagined him to be one
+of those old German patriots who did not learn the language simply
+because it was English. Through Lieut. Herrmann I asked the Governor
+General what Germany was doing toward the reconstruction of Belgium. I
+told him America, when I had left, was under the impression that
+Belgium was a land utterly laid waste by the German armies. I frankly
+told him that in America the common belief was that the German military
+Government meant tyranny; what was Germany doing for Belgium?
+
+"I think," replied Governor General von Bissing, "that we are doing
+everything that can be done under the circumstances. Those farm lands
+which you saw, coming up from Lille to Brussels, were planted by German
+soldiers and in the Spring they will be harvested by our soldiers.
+Belgium has not been devastated, and its condition has been grievously
+misstated, as you have seen. You must remember that the armies have
+passed back and forth across it--German, Belgian, English, and
+French--but I think you have seen that only in the paths of these armies
+has the countryside suffered. Where engagements were not fought or shots
+fired, Belgium is as it was.
+
+"There has been no systematic devastation for the purpose of
+intimidating the people. You will learn this if you go all over Belgium.
+As for the cities, we are doing the best we can to encourage business.
+Of course, with things the way they are now, it is difficult. I can only
+ask you to go down one of the principal business streets here, the Rue
+de la Neuf, for instance, and price the articles that you find in the
+shops and compare them with the Berlin prices. The merchants of Brussels
+are not having to sacrifice their stock by cutting prices, and, equally
+important, there are people buying. I can unhesitatingly say that things
+are progressing favorably in Belgium."
+
+The conversation turned upon Belgian and English relations before this
+war. The Governor General mentioned documentary evidence found in the
+archives in Brussels, proving an understanding between these countries
+against Germany. He spoke briefly about the point that the subjects of
+King Albert had been betrayed into the hands of English financiers and
+then laconically said: "The people of Belgium are politically
+undisciplined children.
+
+"They are the victims of subtle propaganda that generally takes the form
+of articles in French and neutral newspapers," and General von Bissing
+looked me straight in the eyes, as though to emphasize that by neutral
+he meant the newspapers of the United States. "I can understand the
+French doing this," he said, "because they always use the Belgians and
+do not care what happens to them. It is beyond my comprehension, though,
+how the Government of any neutral country permits the publication of
+newspaper articles that can have but one effect, and that is to
+encourage revolt in a captured people. A country likes to call itself
+humanitarian, and yet it persists in allowing the publication of
+articles that only excite an ignorant, undisciplined people and lead
+them to acts of violence that must be wiped out by force," and the
+Governor General's mouth closed with a click.
+
+"Do you know that the people of Brussels, whenever a strong wind carries
+the booming of heavy guns miles in from the front, think that French and
+English are going to recapture the city? Any day that we can hear the
+guns faintly, we know that there is an undercurrent of nervous
+expectancy running through the whole city. It goes down alleys and
+avenues and fills the cafés. You can see Belgians standing together,
+whispering. Twice they actually set the date when King Albert would
+return.
+
+"This excitement and unrest, and the feeling of the English coming in,
+is fostered and encouraged by the articles in French and neutral
+newspapers that are smuggled in. I do not anticipate any uprising among
+the Belgians, although the thoughtless among them have encouraged it. An
+uprising is not a topic of worry in our councils. It could do us no
+harm. We would crush it out like that," and von Bissing snapped his thin
+fingers, "but if only for the sake of these misled and betrayed people,
+all seditious influences should cease."
+
+I asked the Governor General the attitude of officials of the Belgian
+Government who were being used by the Germans in directing affairs.
+
+"My predecessor, General von der Goltz," he replied, "informed me that
+the municipal officials in Brussels and most Belgian cities showed a
+good co-operative spirit from the start. The higher officials were
+divided, some refusing flatly to deal with the German administration. I
+do not blame these men, especially the railway officials, for I can see
+their viewpoint. In these days railway roads and troop trains were
+inseparable, and if those Belgian railway officials had helped us, they
+would have committed treason against their country. There was no need,
+though, for the Post Office officials to hold out, and only lately they
+have come around. Realizing, however, that without their department the
+country would be in chaos, the officials of the Department of Justice
+immediately co-operated with us. Today the Belgian Civil Courts try all
+ordinary misdemeanors and felonies. Belgian penal law still exists and
+is administered by Belgians. However, all other cases are tried by a
+military tribunal, the Feld Gericht."
+
+I asked General von Bissing if there was much need for this military
+tribunal. I shall not forget his reply.
+
+"We have a few serious cases," he said. "Occasionally there is a little
+sedition but for the most part it is only needle pricks. They are quiet
+now. They know why," and, slowly shaking his head, von Bissing, who is
+known as the sternest disciplinarian in the entire German Army, smiled.
+
+We talked about the situation in America.
+
+"The truth will come out," said von Bissing slowly. "Your country is
+renowned for fair play. You will be fair to Germany, I know. Your
+American Relief Commission is doing excellent work. It is in the highest
+degree necessary. At first the German Army had to use the food they
+could get by foraging in Belgium, for the country does not begin to
+produce the food it needs for its own consumption, and there were no
+great reserves that our troops could use. But the German Army is not
+using any of the Belgian food now."
+
+[Illustration: H.M. MOHAMMED V.
+
+Sultan of Turkey.
+
+_(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)_]
+
+[Illustration: H.M. VITTORIO EMANUELE III.
+
+King of Italy.]
+
+I asked the Governor General if the Germans had not been very glad that
+America was sending over food.
+
+"It is most important," he said, "that America regularly sends
+provisions to Belgium. Your country should feel very proud of the good
+it has done here. I welcome the American Relief Committee; we are
+working in perfect harmony. Despite reports to the contrary, we never
+have had any misunderstanding. Through the American press, please thank
+your people for their kindness to Belgium.
+
+"But," he continued impressively, referring back to the justification of
+Germany's occupation and speaking with quiet force, "if we had not sent
+our troops into Belgium, the English would have landed their entire
+expeditionary army at Antwerp, and cut our line of communication. How do
+I know that? Simply because England would have been guilty of the
+grossest blunder if she had not done that, and the man who is in charge
+of England's Army has never been known as a blunderer."
+
+
+
+
+A CHARGE IN THE DARK
+
+By O.C.A. CHILD.
+
+
+    Out of the trenches lively, lads!
+      Steady, steady there, number two!
+    Step like your feet were tiger's pads--
+      Crawl when crawling's the thing to do!
+
+    Column left, through the sunken road!
+      Keep in touch as you move by feel!
+    Empty rifles--no need to load--
+      Night work's close work, stick to steel!
+
+    Wait for shadows and watch the clouds,
+      When it's moonshine, down you go!
+    Quiet, quiet, as men in shrouds,
+      Cats a-prowl in the dark go slow.
+
+    Curse you, there, did you have to fall?
+      Damn your feet and your blind-bat eyes!
+    Caught in the open, caught--that's all!
+      Searchlights! slaughter--we meant surprise!
+
+    Shrapnel fire a bit too low--
+      Gets us though on the ricochet!
+    Open order and in we go,
+      Steel, cold steel, and we'll make 'em pay.
+
+    God above, not there to win?
+      Left, while my men go on to die!
+    Take them in, Sergeant, take them in!
+      Go on, fellows, good luck--good-bye!
+
+
+
+
+A New Poland
+
+By Gustave Hervé
+
+
+     Gustave Hervé, author of the article translated below, which
+     appears in a recent number of his paper, La Guerre
+     Sociale--suppressed, it is reported, by the French
+     authorities--has been described as "the man who fights all
+     France." He is 44 years old, and has spent one-fourth of his
+     life in prison, on account of Socialistic articles against the
+     French flag and Government. He used to continue writing such
+     articles from prison and thus get his sentences lengthened.
+
+     Hervé has always opposed everything savoring of militarism and
+     conquest. From his article on Poland it will be seen that,
+     although he says nothing anti-French or antagonistic to the
+     Allies in general, he desires a Russian triumph over Germany
+     not for his own sake, but as a preliminary to a reconstruction
+     of the Polish Nation out of the lands wrested from Poland by
+     Russia, Germany, and Austria.
+
+In spite of its vagueness, the Grand Duke Nicholas's proclamation
+justifies the most sanguine hopes. This has been recognized not only by
+all the Poles whom it has reached, those of Russian Poland, and the
+three million Polish refugees who live in America, but moreover, all the
+Allies have interpreted it as a genuine promise that Poland would be
+territorially and politically reconstructed.
+
+What would it be right to include in a reconstructed Poland, if the
+great principle of nationality is to be respected?
+
+First, such a Poland would naturally include all of the Russian Poland
+of today--by that I mean all the districts where Poles are in a large
+majority. This forms a preliminary nucleus of 12,000,000 inhabitants,
+among whom are about 2,000,000 Jews. This great proportion of Jews is
+accounted for by the fact that Poland is in the zone where Jews are
+allowed to live in Russia.
+
+Our new Poland would not comprise the ancient Lithuania--the districts
+of Wilno, Kovno, and Grodno--although Lithuania formerly was part of
+Poland and still has about one million Polish inhabitants who form the
+aristocracy and bourgeoisie. Lithuania, which is really the region of
+the Niemen, is peopled by Letts, who have their own language, resembling
+neither Polish nor Russian, and they likewise hope to obtain some day a
+measure of autonomy in the Russian Empire, with the right to use their
+language in schools, churches, and civil proceedings. One thing is
+certain: they would protest, and rightly, against actual incorporation
+into the new Poland.
+
+The 125,000 square kilometers and 12,000,000 inhabitants of Russian
+Poland, lying around Warsaw, would constitute the nucleus of
+reconstructed Poland.
+
+Must we add to this the 79,000 square kilometers and 8,000,000
+inhabitants of Galicia, which was Austria's share in the spoils of old
+Poland? Certainly, so far as western Galicia around Cracow is concerned,
+for this is a wholly Polish region, the Poles there numbering 2,500,000.
+
+As for eastern Galicia, of which the principal city is Lemberg, (Lvov in
+Polish,) the question is more delicate. Though Eastern Galicia has over
+1,500,000 Poles and 600,000 Jews, most of the population is Ruthenian.
+Now these Ruthenians, who are natives, subjugated in former times by the
+conquering Poles, and who still own much of the big estates, are related
+to the "Little Russians," the southerners of Russia, and speak a dialect
+which is to Russian what Provençal is to French.
+
+Besides, whereas the Poles are Catholics, the Ruthenians are Greek
+Orthodox Christians like the Russians, but differ from the latter in
+that they are connected with the Roman Church, and are thus schismatics
+in the eyes of the Russian priests.
+
+Should these Ruthenians be annexed to Russia along with the 1,500,000
+Poles and 500,000 Jews, among whom they have lived for centuries, they
+would scarcely look upon this as acceptable unless they were certain of
+having under Russian rule at least equal political liberty and respect
+for their dialect and religion as they have under Austrian rule.
+
+Should they be incorporated with the rest of Polish Galicia into the new
+Poland? It is hardly probable that they desire this, having enjoyed
+under Austria a considerable measure of autonomy as regards their
+language and schools. Would not the best solution be to make of Eastern
+Galicia an autonomous province of the reconstructed Poland, guaranteeing
+to it its local privileges?
+
+That leaves for consideration the portion of Poland now forming part of
+Prussia.
+
+There can be no question as to what should be done with the districts of
+Posen and Thorn. These are the parts of Poland stolen by Prussia, which
+the Prussians, a century and a quarter after the theft, have not
+succeeded in Germanizing.
+
+North of the Posen district is Western Prussia, whose principal city is
+Dantzic; that too is a Polish district, stolen in 1772. Since then
+Dantzic has been Germanized and there are numerous German officials and
+employes in the other towns of the region. All the rural districts and a
+part of the towns, however, have remained Polish in spite of attempts to
+Germanize them as brutal as those applied to Posnania. But, if united
+Poland should include Western Prussia, as she has the right to do--there
+being no rule against what is right--Eastern Prussia, including
+Königsberg, will be cut off from the rest of Germany.
+
+Now, Eastern Prussia, with the exception of the southern part about the
+Masurian Lakes, which has remained Polish, has been German from early
+mediaeval times. It is the home of the most reactionary junkers of all
+Prussia, a cradle of Prussian royalty and of the Hohenzollerns. Despite
+our hatred for these birds of prey, could we wish that the new Poland
+should absorb these 2,000,000 genuine Germans?
+
+If the region of Königsberg remains Prussian and the Masurian Lakes
+region is added to Poland, why not leave to Germany the strip of land
+along the coast, including Dantzic, in order that Eastern Prussia may
+thus be joined to Germany at one end?
+
+Another question: There is in Prussian Upper Silesia a district, that of
+Oppeln, rich in iron ore, which was severed in the Middle Ages from
+Poland, but which has remained mostly Polish and which adjoins Poland.
+If the majority of Polish residents there demand it, would it not be
+well to join it once more to Poland, which would become, by this
+addition, contiguous to the Czechs of Bohemia?
+
+To sum up:
+
+Without laying hands on the German district of Königsberg, united
+Poland, by absorbing all the territory at present held by Prussia, in
+which the majority of the inhabitants are Poles, will take from the
+latter 70,000 square kilometers and 5,700,000 inhabitants. With these,
+the new Poland would have 24,000,000 inhabitants, including Eastern
+Galicia.
+
+If Russia gave to this Poland in lieu of actual independence the most
+liberal autonomy and reconstructed a Polish kingdom under the suzerainty
+of the Czar--a Poland with its Diet, language, schools and army--would
+not the present war seem to us a genuine war of liberation and Nicholas
+II. a sort of Czar-liberator?
+
+And if resuscitated Poland, taught by misfortune, compassionate toward
+the persecuted and proscribed because she herself has been persecuted
+and proscribed, should try to cure herself of her anti-Semitism, which
+has saddened her best friends in France, would not you say that she
+indeed deserved to be resuscitated from among the dead?
+
+
+
+
+"With the Honors of War"
+
+By Wythe Williams
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+It was just at the dawn of a March morning when I got off a train at
+Gerbéviller, the little "Martyr City" that hides its desolation as it
+hid its existence in the foothills of the Vosges.
+
+There was a dense fog. At 6 A.M. fog usually covers the valleys of the
+Meurthe and Moselle. From the station I could see only a building across
+the road. A gendarme demanded my credentials. I handed him the
+laisser-passer from the Quartier Général of the "First French Army,"
+which controls all coming and going, all activity in that region. The
+gendarme demanded to know the hour when I proposed to leave. I told him.
+He said it would be necessary to have the permit "viséd for departure"
+at the headquarters of the gendarmerie. He pointed to the hazy outlines
+of another building just distinguishable through the fog.
+
+This was proof that the town contained buildings--not just a building.
+The place was not entirely destroyed, as I had supposed. I went down the
+main street from the station, the fog enveloping me. I had letters to
+the town officials, but it was too early in the morning to present them.
+I would first get my own impressions of the wreck and the ruin. But I
+could see nothing on either hand as I stumbled along in the mud. So I
+commented to myself that this was not as bad as some places I had seen.
+I thought of the substantial station and the buildings across the
+road--untouched by war. I compared Gerbéviller with places where there
+is not even a station--where not one simple house remains as the result
+of "the day when the Germans came."
+
+The road was winding and steep, dipping down to the swift little stream
+that twists a turbulent passage through the town. The day was coming
+fast but the fog remained white and impenetrable. After a few minutes I
+began to see dark shapes on either side of the road. Tall, thin,
+irregular shapes, some high, some low, but with outlines all softened,
+toned down by the banks of white vapor.
+
+I started across the road to investigate and fell into a pile of jagged
+masonry on the sidewalk. Through the nearness of the fog I could see
+tumbled piles of bricks. The shapes still remained--spectres that seemed
+to move in the light wind from the valley. An odor that was not of the
+freshness of the morning assailed me. I climbed across the walk. No wall
+of buildings barred my path, but I mounted higher on the piles of brick
+and stones. A heavy black shape was now at my left hand. I looked up and
+in the shadow there was no fog. I could see a crumbled swaying side wall
+of a house that was. The odor I noticed was that caused by fire.
+Sticking from the wall I could see the charred wood joists that once
+supported the floor of the second story. Higher, the lifting fog
+permitted me to see the waving boughs of a tree that hung over the house
+that was, outlined against a clear sky. At my feet, sticking out of the
+pile of bricks and stones, was the twisted iron fragments that was once
+the frame of a child's bed. I climbed out into the sunshine.
+
+I was standing in the midst of a desolation and a silence that was
+profound. There was nothing there that lived, except a few fire-blacked
+trees that stuck up here and there in the shelter of broken walls. Now I
+understood the meaning of the spectral shapes. They were nothing but the
+broken walls of the other houses that were. They were all that remained
+of nine-tenths of Gerbéviller.
+
+I wandered along to where the street turned abruptly. There the ground
+pitched more sharply to the little river. There stood an entire half of
+a house unscathed by fire; it was one of those unexplainable freaks that
+often occur in great catastrophes. Even the window glass was intact.
+Smoke was coming from the chimney. I went to the opposite side and there
+stood an old woman looking out toward the river, brooding over the ruin
+stretching below her.
+
+"You are lucky," I said. "You still have your home."
+
+She threw out her hands and turned a toothless countenance toward me. I
+judged her to be well over seventy. It wasn't her home, she explained.
+Her home was "là-bas"--pointing vaguely in the distance. She had lived
+there fifty years--now it was burned. Her son's house for which he had
+saved thirty years to be able to call it his own, was also gone; but
+then her son was dead, so what did it matter? Yes, he was shot on the
+day the Germans came. He was ill, but they killed him. Oh, yes, she saw
+him killed. When the Germans went away she came to this house and built
+a fire in the stove. It was very cold.
+
+And why were the houses burned? No; it was not the result of
+bombardment. Gerbéviller was not bombarded until after the houses were
+burned. They were burned by the Germans systematically. They went from
+house to house with their torches and oil and pitch. They did not
+explain why they burned the houses, but it was because they were angry.
+
+The old woman paused a moment, and a faint flicker of a smile showed in
+the wrinkles about her eyes. I asked her to continue her story.
+
+"You said because they were angry," I prompted. The smile broadened. Oh,
+yes, they were very angry, she explained. They did not even make the
+excuse that the villagers fired upon them. They were just angry through
+and through. And it was all because of those seventy-five French
+chasseurs who held the bridge. Some one called to her from the house.
+She hobbled to the door. "Anyone can tell you about the seventy-five
+chasseurs," she said, disappearing within.
+
+I went on down the road and stood upon the bridge over the swift little
+river. It was a narrow little bridge only wide enough for one wagon to
+pass. Two roads from the town converged there, the one over which I had
+passed and another which formed a letter "V" at the juncture with the
+bridge. Across the river only one road led away from the bridge and it
+ran straight up a hill, when it turned suddenly into the broad national
+highway to Lunéville about five miles away.
+
+One house remained standing almost at the entrance to the bridge, at the
+end nearest the town. Its roof was gone, and its walls bore the marks of
+hundreds of bullets, but it was inhabited by a little old man of fifty,
+who came out to talk with me. He was the village carpenter. His house
+was burned, so he had taken refuge in the little house at the bridge.
+During the time the Germans were there he had been a prisoner, but they
+forgot him the morning the French army arrived. Everybody was in such a
+hurry, he explained.
+
+I asked him about the seventy-five chasseurs at the bridge. Ah, yes, we
+were then standing on the site of their barricade. He would tell me
+about it, for he had seen it all from his house half way up the hill.
+
+The chasseurs were first posted across the river on the road to
+Lunéville, and when the Germans approached, early in the morning, they
+fell back to the bridge, which they had barricaded the night before. It
+was the only way into Gerbéviller, so the chasseurs determined to fight.
+They had torn up the street and thrown great earthworks across one end
+of the bridge. Additional barricades were thrown up on the two
+converging streets, part way up the hill, behind which they had
+mitrailleuses which could sweep the road at the other end of the bridge.
+
+About a half mile to the south a narrow footbridge crossed the river,
+only wide enough for one man. It was a little rustic affair that ran
+through the grounds of the Château de Gerbéviller that faced the river
+only a few hundred yards below the main bridge. It was a very ancient
+château, built in the twelfth century and restored in the seventeenth
+century. It was a royal château of the Bourbons. In it once lived the
+great François de Montmorency, Duc de Luxembourg and Marshal of France.
+Now it belonged to the Marquise de Lamberty, a cousin of the King of
+Spain.
+
+I interrupted, for I wanted to hear about the chasseurs. I gave the
+little old man a cigarette. He seized it eagerly--so eagerly that I also
+handed him a cigar. He just sort of fondled that cigar for a moment and
+then placed it in an inside pocket. It was a very cheap and very bad
+French cigar, for I was in a part of the country that has never heard of
+Havanas, but to the little old man it was something precious. "I will
+keep it for Sunday," he said.
+
+I then got him back to the seventy-five chasseurs. It was just eight
+o'clock in the morning--a beautiful sunshiny morning--when the German
+column appeared around the bend in the road which we could see across
+the bridge, and which joined the highway from Lunéville. There were
+twelve thousand in that first column. One hundred and fifty thousand
+more came later. A band was playing "Deutschland über alles" and the men
+were singing. The closely packed front ranks of infantry broke into the
+goose step as they came in sight of the town. It was a wonderful sight;
+the sun glistened on their helmets; they marched as though on parade
+right down almost to the opposite end of the bridge.
+
+Then came the command to halt. For a moment there was a complete
+silence. The Germans, only a couple of hundred yards from the barricade,
+seemed slowly to consider the situation. The Captain of the chasseurs,
+from a shelter behind the very little house that is still standing--and
+where his men up the two roads could see him--softly waved his hand.
+
+Crack-crack-crack--crack-crack-crack-crack--crack-crack-crack! The
+bullets from the mitrailleuses whistled across the bridge into the front
+ranks of the "Deutchland über alles" singers, while the men behind the
+bridge barricade began a deadly rifle fire.
+
+Have you ever heard a mitrailleuse? It is just like a telegraph
+instrument, with its insistant clickety click-click-click, only it is a
+hundred times as loud. Indeed I have been told by French officers that
+it has sometimes been used as a telegraph instrument, so accurately can
+its operator reel out its hundred and sixty shots a minute.
+
+On that morning at the Gerbéviller barricade, however, it went faster
+than the telegraph. These men on the converging roads just shifted their
+range slightly and poured bullets into the next ranks of infantry and so
+on back along the line, until Germans were dropping by the dozen at the
+sides of the little straight road. Then the column broke ranks wildly
+and fled back into the shelter of the road from Lunéville.
+
+A half hour later a detachment of cavalry suddenly rounded the corner
+and charged straight for the barricade. The seventy-five were ready for
+them. Some of them got half way across the bridge and then tumbled into
+the river. Not one got back around the corner of the road to Lunéville.
+
+There was another half hour of quiet, and then from the Lunéville road a
+battery of artillery got into action. Their range was bad, so far as any
+achievement against the seventy-five was concerned, so they turned their
+attention to the château, which they could easily see from their
+position across the river. The first shell struck the majestic tower of
+the building and shattered it. The next smashed the roof, the third hit
+the chapel--and so continued the bombardment until flames broke out to
+complete the destruction.
+
+Of course the Germans could not know that the château was empty, that
+its owner was in Paris and both her sons fighting in the French Army.
+But they had secured the military advantage of demolishing one of the
+finest country houses in France, with its priceless tapestries, ancient
+marbles and heirlooms of the Bourbons. A howl of German glee was heard
+by the seventy-five chasseurs crouching behind their barricades. So
+pleased were the invaders with their achievement, that next they bravely
+swung out a battery into the road leading to the bridge, intending to
+shell the barricades. The Captain of chasseurs again waved his hand.
+Every man of the battery was killed before the guns were in position. It
+took an entire company of infantry--half of them being killed in the
+action--to haul those guns back into the Lunéville road, thus to clear
+the way for another advance.
+
+From then on until 1 o'clock in the afternoon there were three more
+infantry attacks, all failing as lamentably as the first. The
+seventy-five were holding off the 12,000. At the last attack they let
+the Germans advance to the entrance of the bridge. They invited them
+with taunts to "avancez." Then they poured in their deadly fire, and as
+the Germans broke and fled they permitted themselves a cheer. Up to this
+time not one chasseur was killed. Only four were wounded.
+
+Shortly after 1 o'clock the German artillery wasted a few more shells on
+the ruined château and the chasseurs could see a detachment crawling
+along the river bank in the direction of the narrow footbridge that
+crossed through the château park a half mile below. The Captain of the
+chasseurs sent one man with a mitrailleuse to hold the bridge. He posted
+himself in the shelter of a large tree at one end. In a few minutes
+about fifty Germans appeared. They advanced cautiously on the bridge.
+The chasseur let them get half way over before he raked them with his
+fire. The water below ran red with blood.
+
+The Germans retreated for help and made another attack an hour later
+with the same result. By 4 o'clock, when the lone chasseur's ammunition
+was exhausted, it is estimated that he had killed 175 Germans, who made
+five desperate rushes to take the position, which would have enabled
+them to make a flank attack on the seventy-four still holding the main
+bridge. When his ammunition was gone--which occurred at the same time as
+the ammunition at the main bridge was exhausted--this chasseur with the
+others succeeded in effecting a retreat to a main body of cavalry. If he
+still lives--this modern Horatius at the bridge--he remains an unnamed
+hero in the ranks of the French Army, unhonored except in the hearts of
+those few of his countrymen who know.
+
+During the late hours of the afternoon aeroplanes flew over the
+chasseurs' position, thus discovering to the Germans how really weak
+were the defenses of the town, how few its defenders. Besides, the
+ammunition was gone. But for eight hours--from 8 in the morning until 4
+in the afternoon--the seventy-five had held the 12,000. General Joffre
+has said in one of his reports that the defense of the bridge at
+Gerbéviller had an important bearing on the battle of the Marne, which
+was just beginning, for it gave Castelnau's Army of the East time to dig
+its trenches a few miles back of Gerbéviller before the Germans got
+through.
+
+Had that body of 12,000 succeeded earlier the 150,000 Germans that
+advanced the next day might have been able to fall on the French right
+flank during the most critical and decisive battle of the war. The total
+casualties of the chasseurs were three killed, three captured, and six
+wounded.
+
+The little old man and I had walked to the entrance of the château park
+before he finished his story. It was still too early for breakfast. I
+thanked him and told him to return to his work in the little house by
+the bridge. I wanted to explore the château at leisure.
+
+I entered the place--what was left of it. Most of the walls were
+standing. Walls built in the twelfth century do not break easily, even
+with modern artillery. But the modern roof and seventeenth century inner
+walls were all demolished. Not a single article of furniture or
+decoration remained. But the destruction showed some of the same
+freaks--similar to that little house left untouched by fire on the
+summit of the hill.
+
+For instance, the Bourbon coat of arms above the grand staircase was
+untouched, while the staircase itself was just splintered bits of
+marble. On another fragment of a wall there still hung a magnificent
+stag's antlers. Strewed about in the corners I saw fragments of vases
+that had been priceless. Even the remnants were valuable. In the ruined
+music room I found a piece of fresh, clean music, (an Alsatian waltz,)
+lying on the mantelpiece. I went out to the front of the building, where
+the great park sweeps down to the edge of the river. An old gardener in
+one of the side paths saw me. We immediately established cordial
+relations with a cigarette.
+
+He told me how, after the chasseurs retreated beyond the town, the
+Germans--reduced over a thousand of their original number by the
+activities of the day--swept over the barricades of the bridge and into
+the town. Yes, the old woman I had talked with was right about it. They
+were very angry. They were ferociously angry at being held eight hours
+at that bridge by a force so ridiculously small.
+
+The first civilians they met they killed, and then they began to fire
+the houses. One young man, half witted, came out of one of the houses
+near the bridge. They hanged him in the garden behind the house. Then
+they called his mother to see. A mob came piling into the château headed
+by four officers. All the furniture and valuables that were not
+destroyed they piled into a wagon and sent back to Lunéville. Of the
+gardener who was telling me the story they demanded the keys of the wine
+cellars. No; they did not injure him. They just held him by the arms
+while several dozen of the soldiers spat in his face.
+
+While the drunken crew were reeling about the place, one of them
+accidentally stumbled upon the secret underground passage leading to the
+famous grottoes. These grottoes and the underground connection from the
+château were built in the fifteenth century. They are a half mile away,
+situated only half above ground, the entrance looking out on a smooth
+lawn that extends to the edge of the river. Several giant trees, the
+trunks of which are covered with vines, semi-shelter the entrance, which
+is also obscured by climbing ivy. The interior was one of the treasures
+of France. The vaulted ceilings were done in wonderful mosaic. The walls
+decorated with marbles and rare sea shells. In every nook were marble
+pedestals and antique statuary, while the fountain in the centre,
+supplied from an underground stream, was of porphyry inlaid with mosaic.
+
+The Germans looked upon it with appreciative eyes and cultured minds.
+But it did not please them. They were still very angry. Its destruction
+was a necessity of war. It could not be destroyed by artillery because
+it was half underground and screened by the giant trees. But it could be
+destroyed by picks and axes. A squad of soldiers was detailed to the
+job. They did it thoroughly. The gardener took me there to see. Not a
+scrap of the mosaic remained. The fountain was smashed to bits. A
+headless Venus and a smashed and battered Adonis were lying prone upon
+the ground.
+
+The visitors to the château and environs afterward joined their comrades
+in firing the town. Night had come. Also across the bridge waited the
+hundred and fifty thousand reinforcements come from Lunéville. The five
+hundred of the two thousand inhabitants who remained were herded to the
+upper end of the town near the station. That portion was not to be
+destroyed because the German General would make his headquarters there.
+
+The inhabitants were to be given a treat. They were to witness the
+entrance of the hundred and fifty thousand--the power and might of
+Germany was to be exhibited to them. So while the flames leaped high
+from the burning city, reddening the sky for miles, while old men
+prayed, while women wept, while little children whimpered, the sound of
+martial music was heard down the street near the bridge. The infantry
+packed in close formation, the red light from the fire shining on their
+helmets, were doing the goose step up the main street to the
+station--the great German army had entered the city of Gerbéviller with
+the honors of war.
+
+
+
+
+General Foch, the Man of Ypres
+
+An Account of France's New Master of War
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+"Find out the weak point of your enemy and deliver your blow there,"
+said the Commander of the Twentieth French Army Corps at Nancy at a
+staff banquet in 1913.
+
+"But suppose, General," said an artillery officer, "that the enemy has
+no weak point?"
+
+"If the enemy has no weak point," returned the commander, with a gleam
+of the eye and an aggressive tilt of the chin, "make one."
+
+The commander was Foch--Ferdinand Foch--who has suddenly flashed before
+the world as the greatest leader in the French Army after Joffre, and
+who in that remark at Nancy gave the index to the basic quality of his
+character as a General. General Foch is today in command of the northern
+armies of France, besides being the chief Lieutenant and confidant of
+Joffre. Joffre conceives; Foch, master tactician, executes. He finds the
+weak point; if there is no weak point, he creates or seeks to create
+one.
+
+When King George of England was at the front in France recently he
+conferred the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath--the highest military
+distinction in the form of an order within the gift of the British
+Crown--on two Frenchmen. Joffre was one. The other was Foch.
+
+"Foch? Foch? Who is Foch?" asked the British public, perplexed, when the
+newspapers printed the news of the granting of this signal honor.
+
+"Foch is the General who was at the head of the French military mission
+which followed our army manoeuvres three years ago," replied a few men
+who happened to have been intimately acquainted with those manoeuvres.
+
+"But what has that to do with the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath?"
+asked John Bull. And the manoeuvre experts not being able to reply, the
+English newspapers demanded from their correspondents in France an
+answer to the query, "Who is Foch? Why the Grand Cross?"
+
+And the main features of the answers to that query were these:
+
+Foch is the "greatest strategist in Europe and the humblest," in the
+words of Joffre.
+
+Foch is the hero of the Marne, the man who perceived on Sept. 9 that
+there must be a gap between the Prussian Guard and the Saxon Army, and
+who gathered enough artillery to crush the guard in the St. Gond marshes
+and forced both the Prussians and the Saxons, now separated, to retreat.
+
+Foch is the man of Ypres, the commander who was in general control of
+the successful fight made by the French and the British, aided by the
+Belgians, to prevent the Germans from breaking through to Calais.
+
+Foch, in short, is one of the military geniuses of the war, so record
+observers at the front. He is a General who has something of the
+Napoleonic in his composition; the dramatic in war is for him--secrecy
+and suddenness, gigantic and daring movements; fiery, yet coldly
+calculated attacks; vast strategic conceptions carried out by swift,
+unfaltering tactics. Foch has a tendency to the impetuous, but he is
+impetuous scientifically. He has, however, taken all in all, much more
+of the dash and nervousness and warmth of the Southern Latin than has
+Joffre--cool, cautious, taciturn Joffre. Yet both men are from the south
+of France. They were born within a few miles of one another, within
+three months of one another, Foch being born on Oct. 2, 1851, and Joffre
+on Jan. 12, 1852.
+
+Most writers who have dealt with Foch agree on this as one of his
+paramount characteristics--the Napoleonic mode of military thought.
+When Foch was director of the Ecole de Guerre, where he had much to do
+with shaping the military views of many of the men who are now
+commanding units of the French Armies, he was considered to be possessed
+of almost an obsession on the subject of Napoleon. He studied Napoleon's
+campaigns, and restudied them. He went back much further, however, in
+his choice of a master, and gave intense application to the campaigns of
+Caesar. Napoleon and Caesar--these were the minds from which the mind of
+the Marne and Ypres has learned some of its lessons of success.
+
+Here Foch invites comparison with another of the dominant figures of the
+war--General French. For French is described by his biographer as "a
+worshipper of Napoleon," regarding him as the world's greatest
+strategist, and in following out and studying Napoleon's campaigns
+French personally covered and studied much of the ground in Belgium over
+which he has been fighting. French is a year younger than Foch. They are
+old friends, as are French and Joffre, and Joffre and Foch.
+
+The inclination of Foch to something of the Napoleonic is shown beyond
+the realm of strategy and tactics. Foch is credited with knowing the
+French soldier, his heart, his mind, his capabilities, and the method of
+getting the most out of those capabilities, in a way reminiscent of the
+winner of Jena. And Foch knows not only the privates, but the officers.
+When he went to the front he visited each commander; the Colonels he
+called by name; the corps commanders, without exception, had attended
+his lectures at the Ecole de Guerre.
+
+As for the men, Foch makes it his business to get into personal contact
+with them, as Napoleon used to do. Foch does not hobnob with them, there
+is no joking or familiarity, but he goes into the trenches and the
+occupied villages and looks the men over informally, inspects food or
+equipment, makes a useful comment or two, drops a phrase that is worth
+repeating, and leaves behind him enthusiasm and respect. The Paris
+Figaro says that he has the gift of setting souls afire, of arousing
+that élan in the French fighter which made that fighter perform military
+miracles when the "sun of Austerlitz" was high. It has been declared by
+a French writer that Foch knows the human element in the French Army
+better than any other man living.
+
+With all his knowledge of men, his power of inspiring them, Foch is
+quiet, retiring, non-communicative, with no taste for meeting people in
+social intercourse. His life has been monotonous--work and work and
+work. He has the reputation of being a driver; he used to be
+particularly severe on shirkers in the war college, and such, no matter
+what their influence, had no chance of getting a diploma leading to an
+attractive staff position when Foch was Director. When he was in command
+at Nancy and elsewhere he used to work his staffs hard, and they had to
+share much of the monotony of work which has been chiefly Foch's life.
+He did not go in for society, merely making the formal calls required by
+the etiquette of garrison towns on the chief garrison hostesses, and
+giving dinners two or three times a year to his staff.
+
+Foch, indeed, with his quiet ways and his hard work and his studying of
+Napoleon and Caesar, was characterized by some of the officers of the
+army as a pedant, a theorist, and these held that Foch had small chance
+of doing anything important in such a practical realm as that of real
+war.
+
+Because of his Directorship of the Ecole de Guerre he was known to many
+officers, but as far as France at large was concerned his name was
+scarcely known at all last August. Yet officers knew him in other lands
+besides his own. His two great books, "Principles of War" and "Conduct
+of War," have been translated into English, German, and Italian, and are
+highly regarded by military men. He has been ranked by the
+Militär-Wochenblatt, organ of the German General Staff, as one of the
+few strategists of first class ability among the Allies.
+
+Foch is a slim man, with a great deal of nervous energy in his actions,
+being so quick and graceful in movement, indeed, that a recent English
+observer declares he carries himself more like a man of 40 than one of
+64. His gray blue eyes are particularly to be noticed, so keen are they.
+His speech is quick, precise, logical.
+
+So little has Foch been known to the French public that it has been
+stated time and again that he is an Alsatian. He is not, but comes of a
+Basque family which has lived for many generations in the territory
+which is now the Department of the Hautes-Pyrénées, directly on the
+border of Spain. Foch was born in the town of Tarbes in that department.
+Joffre was born in the Department Pyrénées-Orientales, on the Spanish
+border to the east. Foch's father, Napoleon Foch, was a Bonapartist and
+Secretary of the Prefecture at Tarbes under Napoleon III. One of his two
+brothers, a lawyer, is also called Napoleon. The other is a Jesuit
+priest. Foch and these brothers attended the local college, and then
+turned to their professions.
+
+In 1870 Foch served as a subaltern against the Germans, as did Joffre.
+After the war Foch began to win recognition as a man of brains, and at
+26 he was given a commission as artillery Captain. Later he became
+Professor of Tactics in the Ecole de Guerre, with the title of
+Commandant, where he remained for five years, and then returned to
+regimental work. It was when Foch reached the grade of Brigadier General
+that he went back to the War College, this time as Director, one of the
+most confidential positions in the War Department. From this post he
+went to the command of the Thirteenth Division, thence to the command of
+the Eighth Corps at Bourges, and thence to the command of the Twentieth
+Corps at Nancy.
+
+At the time that Foch was appointed Director of the Ecole de Guerre,
+Clemenceau was Premier, and upon the latter fell the task of choosing an
+officer for the important Directorship. There was keen competition for
+the position, many influential Generals desiring the appointment, and in
+consequence much wire-pulling went on. The story goes that Clemenceau,
+a man of action, became impatient of the intrigues for the post, and
+determined to make his own choice unhampered.
+
+According to the story, Clemenceau, after a conference one day upon
+routine business with Foch, asked the latter to dine. The Ecole de
+Guerre was not mentioned during the meal, the men chatting upon general
+topics. But as the coffee was being brought on, the Premier turned
+suddenly to the General and said, brusquely:
+
+"By the way, I've a good bit of news for you. You're nominated Director
+of the Ecole de Guerre."
+
+"Director of the Ecole de Guerre! But I'm not a candidate for the post."
+
+"That is possible. But you're appointed all the same, and I know you
+will do excellent work in the position."
+
+Foch thanked the Premier, but he still had some doubts, and added:
+
+"I fear you don't know all my family connections. I have a brother who
+is a Jesuit."
+
+"Jesuit be d-----!" the Premier is reported to have roared in reply.
+"Oh, I beg your pardon, Mr. Director! You are the Director of the Ecole
+de Guerre. All the Jesuits in creation won't alter that--it is a fait
+accompli."
+
+Among the confidential bits of work worthy of note that Foch has done
+for the War Department is the report he made upon the larger guns of the
+French field artillery, which have done such execution in the present
+war. For many weeks Foch went around the great Creusot gun works in the
+blouse of a workman, testing, watching, experimenting, analyzing.
+
+Foch was one of the high officers in France who was not in the least
+surprised by the war and who had personally been holding himself in
+readiness for it for years. He felt, and often said, that a great war
+was inevitable; so much used he to dwell upon the certainty of war that
+some persons regarded him as an alarmist when he kept declaring that
+French officers should take every step within their power to get
+themselves and the troops ready for active service at an instant's
+notice. He also held that France as a nation should prepare to the
+utmost of her power for the assured conflict.
+
+In a recent issue of The London Times there was a description of Foch by
+a Times correspondent who had been at Foch's headquarters in the north
+of France. The correspondent's remarks are prefaced by the statement
+that in a late dispatch General French mentions General Foch as one of
+those whose help he has "once more gratefully to acknowledge." The
+correspondent writes in part:
+
+     What Ernest Lavisse has clone for civilian New France in his
+     direction of the Ecole Normale General Foch has done in a
+     large measure for the officers of New France by his teaching
+     of strategy and tactics at the Ecole de Guerre. He left his
+     mark upon the whole teaching of general tactics.
+
+     I had the honor of being received recently by General Foch at
+     his headquarters in the north of France--a house built for
+     very different purposes many years ago, when Flemish civil
+     architecture was in its flower. The quiet atmosphere of
+     Flemish ease and burgomaster comfort has completely vanished.
+     The building hums with activity, as does the whole town. A
+     fleet of motor cars is ready for instant action. Officers and
+     orderlies hurry constantly to and fro. There is an occasional
+     British uniform, a naval airman's armored car, and above all
+     the noise of this bustle, though lower in tone, the sound of
+     guns in the distance from Ypres.
+
+     The director of all this activity is General Foch. There in
+     the north he is putting his theories of war to the test with
+     as much success as he did at the outbreak of hostilities in
+     Lorraine and later in the centre during the battle of the
+     Marne. Although born with the brain of a mathematician,
+     General Foch's ideas upon war are by no means purely
+     scientific. He refuses, indeed, to regard war, and more
+     especially modern war, as an exact science. The developments
+     of science have, indeed, but increased the mental and moral
+     effort required of each participant, and it is only in the
+     passions aroused in each man by the conflict of conception of
+     life that the combatant finds the strength of will to
+     withstand the horrors of modern warfare.
+
+     General Foch is a philosopher as well as a fighter. He is one
+     of the rare philosophers who have proved the accuracy of their
+     ideas in the fire of battle. A typical instance of this is
+     given by "Miles" in a recent number of the Correspondant.
+     During the battle of the Marne the Germans made repeated
+     efforts to cut through the centre where General Foch commanded
+     between Sézanne and Mailly. On three consecutive days General
+     Foch was forced to retire. Every morning he resumed the
+     offensive, with the result that his obstinacy won the day. He
+     was able to profit by a false step by the enemy to take him in
+     the flank and defeat him.
+
+     General Foch's whole life and teaching were proved true in
+     those days. He has resolved the art of war into three
+     fundamental ideas--preparation, the formation of a mass, and
+     the multiplication of this mass in its use. In order to derive
+     the full benefit of the mass created it is necessary to have
+     freedom of action, and that is only obtained by intellectual
+     discipline. General Foch has written:
+
+     "Discipline for a leader does not mean the execution of orders
+     received in so far as they seem suitable, just reasonable, or
+     even possible. It means that you have entirely grasped the
+     ideas of the leader who has given the order and that you take
+     every possible means of satisfying him. Discipline does not
+     mean silence, abstention, only doing what appears to you
+     possible without compromising yourself; it is not the practice
+     of the art of avoiding responsibilities. On the contrary, it
+     is action in the sense of orders received."
+
+     Fifteen years ago at the Ecole de Guerre General Foch was fond
+     of quoting Joseph de Maistre's remark, "A battle lost is a
+     battle which one believes to have lost, for battles are not
+     lost materially," and of adding, "Battles are therefore lost
+     morally, and it is therefore morally that they are won." The
+     aphorism can be extended by this one: "A battle won is a
+     battle in which one will not admit one's self vanquished." As
+     "Miles" remarks, "He did as he had said."
+
+Ernest Dimnet in The London Saturday Review has this to say in part
+about Foch and his two widely known books:
+
+     During his two terms of service at the Ecole de Guerre he
+     produced two considerable works, "Principes de la Guerre" and
+     "De la Conduite de La Guerre," which give a high idea of their
+     author's character and talent. There is nothing in them that
+     ought to scare away the average reader. Their style has the
+     geometrical lucidity which is the polytechnician's birthright,
+     but in spite of the deliberate impersonality generally
+     attached to that style of writing, there emanates from it a
+     curious quality which gradually shows us the author as a
+     living person.
+
+     We have the impression of a vast mental capacity turned to the
+     lifelong study of a fascinating subject and acquiring in it
+     the dignity of attitude and the naturalness which mastery
+     inevitably produces. War has been the constant meditation of
+     this powerful brain. In "La Conduite de la Guerre" this
+     meditation is the minute historical examination of the battles
+     of the First Empire and 1870. "Nothing can replace the
+     experience of war," writes the author, "except the history of
+     war," and it is clear that he understands the word "history"
+     as all those who go to the past for a lesson in greatness
+     understand it.
+
+     "Les Principes de la Guerre" is more immediately technical,
+     yet it strikes one as being less a speculation than a
+     visualizing of what modern war was sure to be. If the reader
+     did not feel that he lacks the background which only the
+     contemplation a million times repeated of concrete details can
+     create, he would be tempted to marvel at the extraordinary
+     simplicity of these views. But a good judge who was very near
+     the General until a wound removed him for a while from the--to
+     him--fascinating scene tells me that this simplicity and
+     directness--which marked the action of Foch at the battle of
+     the Marne as they formerly marked his teaching--are the
+     perfection to which only a few can aspire.
+
+
+
+
+THE UNREMEMBERED DEAD
+
+By ELLA A. FANNING.
+
+
+     "For those who die in war, and have none to pray for
+     them."--Litany.
+
+    We lay a wreath of laurel on the sward,
+    Where rest our loved ones in a deep repose
+    Unvexed by dreams of any earthly care,
+    And, checking not our tears, we breathe a prayer,
+    Grateful for even the comfort which is ours--
+    That we may kneel and sob our sorrow there,
+    And place the deathless leaf, the rarest flowers.
+
+    Though Winter's cruel fingers brown the sod,
+    It's dearer far than all the world beside!
+    Forms live again--we gaze in love and pride
+    On youthful faces prest close to our own.
+    Eyes smile to ours; we hear each tender tone,
+    Grief's smart is softened--less the sense of loss.
+    This grave we have, at least; we're not alone!
+
+    And they must know of our unchanging love--
+    Our tender thought--our memory--our prayers!
+    And in our constancy, ah! each one shares
+    To whom death comes on distant battlefields,
+    When life's last breath not even the solace yields--
+    "There's one who'll mourn for me--whose tears will flow!"--
+    Not even a grave is theirs, unnamed, unwept!
+    God rest their souls--the dead we do not know!
+
+
+
+
+Canada and Britain's War Union
+
+By Edward W. Thomson, F.R.S.L., F.R.S.C.
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+Canada's political relation to Great Britain, and, indeed, to all other
+countries, has been essentially altered by Canada's quite voluntary
+engagement in the war. Were feudal terms not largely inapplicable, one
+might aver that the vassal has become the suzerain's ally, political
+equality connoted.
+
+But, indeed, Canadians were never vassals. They have ever been Britons,
+whatever their individual origins, retaining the liberties of their
+political birthright. While in a certain tutelage to their own monarchs'
+immediate Ministries, they have continually, slowly, consciously,
+expanded their freedom from such tutelage, substituting for it
+self-government or rule by their own representatives, without forsaking
+but rather enhancing their allegiance to the common Crown. This has long
+been the symbol of their self-government, even as it is to old country
+kinsmen the symbol of rule by themselves.
+
+The alteration manifested by Canada's active, voluntary engagement in
+the European war is the change from Canadians holding, as they formerly
+did, that Great Britain was bound to defend Canada, while Canadians were
+not bound to defend Great Britain outside Canada. The "dependency" has
+not been now dragged in; it acted as an independency; it recognized its
+participation with Great Britain in a common danger; it proceeded quite
+voluntarily, quite independently, to recruit, organize, dispatch, and
+maintain large forces for the common cause. Canada's course has become
+that of a partner in respect of acceptance of risks and of contribution
+to expenses.
+
+This partner has no formally specified share in gains, or in authority,
+or in future policy of the concern. Canada has no obvious, distinct,
+admitted way or voice as to the conduct of war or making of peace. She
+appears, with the other self-governing Dominions of the Crown, as an
+ally having no vote in settlements, none of the prerogatives of an ally.
+Hence some observers in Great Britain, in Canada, in other realms of the
+Crown contend that the old, expressed relations between Great Britain,
+Canada, and the other Dominions must inevitably be extensively changed
+formally as well as actually in consequence of the war.
+
+Some say imperial federation cannot but ensue. Others argue that formal
+independence must arrive if such federation come not speedily. Others
+contend for an Empire League of sister States. Nobody ventures to
+mention what was often talked publicly by Canadians from thirty to fifty
+years ago, and later by Goldwin Smith, viz., Canada's entrance to the
+United States as a new tier of sovereign States. The idea of severance
+from Great Britain has vanished. Discussion of the other alternatives is
+not inactive, but it is forced. It engages the quidnuncs. They are
+talkers who must say something for the delight of hearing themselves;
+or they are writers who live under the exigency of needing to get
+"something different" daily into print. They are mostly either
+"Jingoes" or Centralizationists, as contra to Nationalists or
+Decentralizationists, long-standing opponents.
+
+Each set perceives their notions liable to be profoundly affected by
+Canada's fighting in Europe. Each affects belief that their own
+political designs cannot but be thereby served; each is afflicted with
+qualms of doubt. They alike appreciate the factors that make for their
+opponent's cause. Both know the strength of popular attachment to Great
+Britain; both know the traditional and inbred loathing of the
+industrious masses for the horrible bloodshed and insensate waste of
+treasure in war. Both sets balance inwardly the chances that sentiments
+seemingly irreconcilable and about equally respectable may, after the
+war, urge Canadians either to draw politically closer to their
+world-scattered kin, or to cut ligaments that might pull them again and
+again, time without end, into the immemorial European shambles.
+
+But is the Canadian public excitedly interested in the discussion? Not
+at all. Spokesmen and penmen of the two contentious factions are
+victimized by their own perfervid imaginations. The electorate, the
+masses, are not so swayed. The Canadian people, essentially British no
+matter what their origins, are mainly, like all English-speaking
+democracies, of straight, primitive, uncomplicated emotions, and of
+essentially conservative mind. They "plug" along. The hour and the day
+hold their attention. It is given to the necessary private works of the
+moment, as to the necessary public conduct of the time.
+
+They did not, as a public, spin themselves any reasons or excuses for
+their hearty approval of Canada's engagement in the war. Her or their
+contributions of men and money to its fields of slaughter and waste
+appeared and appear to them natural, proper, inevitable. They applauded
+seriously the country's being "put in for it" by agreement of the two
+sets of party politicians, and without any direct consultation of the
+electorate in this, the most important departure Canada ever made,
+because prompt action seemed the only way, and time was lacking for
+debate about what seemed the next thing that had to be done. In fact,
+the Canadian people, regarded collectively, felt and acted in this case
+with as much ingenuousness as did those Tyrolese mountaineers, bred,
+according to Heine, to know nothing of politics save that they had an
+Emperor who wore a white coat and red breeches.
+
+     When the patriots climbed up to them, and told them with
+     oratory that they now had a Prince who wore a blue coat and
+     white breeches, they grasped their rifles, and kissed wife and
+     children, and went down the mountain and offered their lives
+     in defense of the white coat and the dear old red breeches.
+
+But did they forsake their relish of and devotion to their customary,
+legendary Tyrolese liberties? No more will the Canadian masses, by
+reason of their hearty participation in the war, incline to yield jot or
+tittle of their usual, long-struggled-for, gradually acquired, valuable
+and valued British self-governing rights. Can the Jingoes or
+Centralizationists scare them backward? Or the Decentralizationists or
+Separatists hurry them forward? Won't they just continue to "plug along"
+as their forefathers did in the old country and in the new, gaining a
+bit more freedom to do well or ill at their own collective choice--that
+is, if the war result "as usual" in British security, according to
+confident British expectation.
+
+Such is the Canadian political situation. It has been essentially
+similar any time within living memory. The people approve in politics
+what they feel, instinctively, to be the profitable or the decent and
+reasonable necessary next thing to do. Which signifies that those
+controversialists are probably wrong who conceive that a result of the
+war, if it be a win for the Allies, will cause any great formal change
+in Canada's political relation to Great Britain.
+
+The truly valuable change in such relations is already secured; it
+cannot but become more notably established by future discussion; it is
+and will be a change by reason of greatly increased influence on Great
+Britain by Canada and the other Dominions. And it appears highly
+probable that such inevitable change in influence or weight of the new
+countries is sufficient for all sentiments concerned, and for all useful
+purposes on behalf of which formal changes are advocated by doctrinaires
+and idealists.
+
+The British peoples have acquired by long practice in very various
+politics a way of making existing arrangements "do" with some slight
+patching. They are instinctively seized of the truth of Edmund Burke's
+maxim, "Innovation is not improvement." They have "muddled along" into
+precisely the institutions that suit any exigency, their sanest
+political philosophers recognizing that the exigency must always be
+most amenable to the most flexible system.
+
+It is because the existing arrangements between London and the several
+Dominion capitals don't suit logicians that they do suit experienced
+statesmen pretty well. Because these institutions can be patched as
+occasion may require, they are retained for patching on occasion.
+Because the loose, go-as-you-please organization of the so-called
+"empire" has revealed almost incredible unity of sentiment and purpose,
+practiced statesmen regard it as a prodigious success. They are mighty
+shy of affiliating with any of the well-meaning doctrinaires who have
+been explaining any time within the last century that the system is
+essentially incoherent and absurd and urgently needs profound change
+with doctrinaire improvements.
+
+Sir Robert Borden, for instance. Some days ago he most amiably gave me a
+little private talk on these matters, of course on the tacit
+understanding that he was not to be "interviewed" as for close reporting
+of his informal sentences. He was, by the way, apparently in robust
+health, as if, like Mr. Asquith, of a temperament to flourish under the
+heaviest responsibilities ever laid on a Prime Minister in his own
+country. No statesman could be of aspect and utterance less hurried, nor
+more pleasant, lucid, cautious, disposed to give a friendly caller large
+and accurate information briefly, while disclosing nothing at variance
+with or unfindable in his published speeches. Of some of them he
+repeated apposite slices; to others he referred for further
+enlightenment as to his views on imperial federation. Really he was
+neither secretive nor newly informative. The Premier of Canada at any
+time is governed, much as I have endeavored to show how the electors
+are, by that natural, instinctive course of the general loyal Canadian
+mind, which constitutes "the situation" and controls Governmental
+proceedings on behalf of the public.
+
+Well meaning persons who allege Sir Robert to have either favored or
+disfavored imperial federation have been inaccurate. Precisely what
+imperial federation may be nobody knows, for the simple and sufficient
+reason that nobody has ever sketched or elaborated a scheme in that
+regard which appeared or appears desirable as a change from the
+all-compelling situation. What has never been adopted as desirable
+cannot be termed practicable in statesmen's language. To declare an
+untried scheme impracticable might be an error of rashness.
+
+The idea of federating the empire has long attracted Sir Robert, with
+many other admirable Canadians and Britons, since it connotes or
+involves the concept of British Union for all worthy and necessary
+purposes, including maintenance of local autonomy or self-government,
+surely a most praiseworthy design. Discussion of that idea is unlikely
+to be harmful; it may be useful; something may come of it that may seem
+desirable and practicable to substantially all interests and people
+concerned. A consummation devoutly to be wished, but not to be rushed!
+One point, frequently specified in Sir Robert's public speeches, was
+stated as follows in a recent report, pamphleted for distribution by his
+own side:
+
+     It is impossible to believe that the existing status, so far
+     as it concerns the control of foreign policy and
+     extra-imperial relations, can remain as it is today. All are
+     conscious of the complexity of the problem thus presented; and
+     no one need despair of a satisfactory solution, and no one can
+     doubt the profound influence which the tremendous events of
+     the past few months and of those in the immediate future must
+     exercise upon one of the most interesting and far-reaching
+     questions ever presented for the consideration of statesmen.
+
+There Sir Robert was recommending no particular solution. A little
+earlier in the same speech he illustrated the deep sense of all
+experienced British statesmen that there never is or can be in the
+British system any final solution of any grave problem, the vital
+essence of the system being flux and change to suit ever-changing
+circumstance.
+
+     In so far as this empire may be said to possess a
+     Constitution, it is of modern growth and is still in the stage
+     of development. One can hardly conceive that it will ever
+     distinctly emerge from that state or attain a status in
+     which constitutional development is no longer to be
+     anticipated. Indeed, the genius of the British people and all
+     our past history lead us to believe the contrary. The steps in
+     advance have been usually gradual and always practical; and
+     they have been taken on instinct rather than upon any
+     carefully considered theory.
+
+[Illustration: YUAN SHIH-KAI
+
+President of the Chinese Republic.
+
+_(Photo by Rio V. De Sieux.)_]
+
+[Illustration: PRINCE VON BUELOW
+
+German Ambassador to Italy.]
+
+Which was admonition at once of the Centralizationists and their
+opponents, the Nationalists.
+
+Whatever alteration of existing British inter-arrangements may come
+after the war will be done on instinct in view of circumstances that
+cannot now be foreseen. Wherefore clamorers for this or that, their
+favorite scheme, are now inopportunists. Hence they are neglected by the
+public as unimpressive, futile wasters of breath or ink. Indeed Canada,
+Great Britain, the whole race of mankind are now swept on the crest of a
+huge wave of Fate. When it casts them ashore, recedes, leaves men to
+consider what may best be done for the future, then will have come the
+time to rearrange political fabrics, if need be. Then Sir Robert Borden
+will probably continue in his often clearly specified opinion that
+Canada, if remaining liable as now to be drawn into Great Britain's more
+perilous wars--a liability which must ever urge Canada to strong
+participation in order that the peril may be the sooner ended--ought to
+have a share in controlling Great Britain's foreign policy. Which
+sharing Mr. Asquith declared last year impracticable, in that sense
+inadmissible.
+
+Westminster must retain freedom to move, act, strike quickly. Her course
+toward Germany had to be decided last August within a few hours.
+Obviously her freedom, her power for promptitude would be hindered in
+proportion to need for such consultation with and approval by councilors
+of many distant countries as is presupposed by advocates of imperial
+federation. Why establish control by cumbersome, superfluous machinery
+when the war has made it clear as the sun at high noon that the
+essential desideratum, British Union, exists now? All the notable
+communities of the King's realms have demonstrated that they are in the
+mind, the condition of a voluntary empire. What more can be desired
+save by such as desire old country domination of all the concerned
+countries, and who really long for a formal and subservient Empire?
+
+Sir Richard Jebb, a deep student of the Empire problem, declared clearly
+last November the meaning of that general voluntary British war union
+which is a wonder of mankind, and in the course to teach a profound,
+general political lesson. He wrote:
+
+     That the war will in any event change the external relations
+     is evident. But why, if we win, should it change the political
+     relations between the parts, except to the extent of
+     encouraging us to conserve and develop the existing system
+     which has given so signal an example of effective imperial
+     unity in time of need? Continually talking of imperial unity,
+     we fail to recognize it when we have got it. There is never
+     going to be a moment when one might say "Yesterday we were not
+     united; today the Grand Act (of Imperial Federation
+     understood) has been signed; henceforth we are united."
+
+     The cult of the Grand Act is a snare and a delusion. Whatever
+     may happen hereafter--even the Grand Act itself--posterity is
+     likely to look back upon August, 1914, as the moment when the
+     British Empire reached the zenith of its unity. Let us
+     remember that the existing system is not stationary, though
+     its principle (voluntary union) may be final. It has been
+     developing steadily since 1902.
+
+     The Australian fleet unit, the first of the Dominion navies,
+     which enables each to exert upon foreign policy the full
+     weight of its importance in the empire, was not begun until
+     1910. The corollary, that any Dominion Minister appointed to
+     reside in London should have free and constant access to the
+     British Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary, was only
+     conceded in January, 1912, and has not yet been taken
+     advantage of, even by Australia.
+
+     But the development is all true to principle. What principle?
+     Voluntary co-operation, as opposed to central compulsion. In
+     war, as in peace, each of the Britannic nations is free to do
+     or not to do. But we have invoked naval and military
+     co-ordination, with results which the Australian Navy has
+     already exemplified (on the Emden, &c.)
+
+     Has this system of the free Commonwealth, as distinguished
+     from the German principle of a centralized empire organized
+     primarily for war, broken down under the supreme test, as so
+     many of our prophets predicted? On the contrary, it has alone
+     saved South Africa to the empire, besides eliciting
+     unrestricted military aid from each part. Why change it for
+     something diametrically opposed to its spirit, substituting
+     compulsion for liberty, provinces for nation-States?
+
+Sir Richard Jebb's sentence, specifying the nature of the Australian
+influence on foreign policy, seems apt reply to Sir Robert Borden's
+oft-repeated specification that a share in control of foreign policy
+should accrue to the Dominions by reason of their participation in or
+liability to war. This liability really compels them to engage with all
+their strength, lest they comfort an enemy by abstention, or by
+confining their armaments to self-defense, which might and would be read
+as disapproval of Britain's course, if the war were one of magnitude
+endangering her. A system more powerfully requiring Great Britain to
+take heed that her quarrel be just, lest she be not thrice armed by
+approving children, can scarcely be imagined.
+
+On this matter I have had the pleasure and benefit, during the last
+twelve years, of talking with Sir Wilfrid Laurier often. In the quoted
+Jebb view he agreed closely when I saw him a few days ago. He remarked,
+with special regard to this article for THE NEW YORK TIMES, that his
+point of insistence at the Imperial Conferences of 1902, 1907, 1911, and
+on all proper occasions, has been that local autonomy--that is, complete
+self-government for each of the Dominions--is not only consistent with
+British unity but necessary thereto as promoting and conserving that
+unity.
+
+When Mr. Asquith's denial of the practicability of giving the Dominions
+a direct share in control of Great Britain's foreign policy is
+considered, the Jebb-Laurier view would appear one to which Sir Robert
+Borden, cautious statesman, must be led by recognition that potent
+influence on foreign policy cannot but come to Dominions energetically
+providing at once for their own defense and for their power to aid Great
+Britain all along the line.
+
+As to imperial federation, Sir Wilfrid remarked that he has ever been
+openly attracted by that aspiration toward permanent British union, on
+which advocacy of the vague project has ever been bottomed. He is, as he
+said to me, and as all his long series of political actions have
+manifested, British in heart and way of political thinking, as indeed
+substantially all his French-Canadian compatriots are. British
+liberality, not to say liberalism, has attached them to the British
+system as firmly as any community originating from the United Kingdom.
+It was a French-Canadian statesman who asserted, some fifty years ago,
+when many British-Canadians seemed tending toward union with the United
+States, "The last shot fired in Canada for British connection will be
+from a French-Canadian." That was before the civil war abolished
+slavery.
+
+But, even as the Britishism of Old Country liberals is strongly
+tinctured by devotion to ideals which Americans are wont to regard as
+theirs--ideals making for settled peace, industry, the uplift of the
+"common people," fair room and reward for those abilities which
+conspicuously serve the general welfare--so Sir Wilfrid and his
+compatriots acknowledge their Britishism to be acutely conscious of
+political kinship with the American people. The French-Canadian
+yearning, like that of many Canadians of British origin, is rather for
+English-speaking union--a union of at least thorough understanding and
+common designs with the American people--than for the narrower exclusive
+British union sought by Canadian imperial federationists.
+
+Sir Wilfrid said, in effect, (I do not profess to report his very
+words,) that federation of those British communities widely separated by
+geography, but alike in race, language, laws, principles, has always
+attracted him as a project of excellent intentions. It is at worst a
+noble dream. That dream has become less impracticable than it was
+formerly, he thinks, by reason of the essential diminution of the world,
+diminution of distances and of time by latter-day inventions.
+
+Against the idea of general representation in a central Parliament at
+London, Sir Wilfrid pointed out that Edmund Burke objected "opposuit
+natura"--nature forbade it. The wisest of political philosophers could
+not foresee the telegraph, wireless, steam, airships. These have made a
+useful central imperial Parliament at least conceivable. Could it be
+more useful than the advisory council, or Imperial Conference which has
+become quadrennial, and might possibly become annual? That is matter for
+discussion. Sir Wilfrid said that such is the political genius of the
+British race that he would be rash who alleged any design impracticable
+toward which the race may tend so generally as to put it under
+discussion for arrangement of details. Conservation of local
+self-government, prime essential to agreement for union on common
+purposes, might prove reconcilable with federated defense.
+
+But there is, to Sir Wilfrid's way of thinking, one large objection
+against now attempting imperial federation. Its agitators contemplate a
+scheme immense, yet not sufficiently inclusive. They do not contemplate
+English-speaking solidarity. They purpose leaving out the majority of
+English-speakers--the American people. In this they do not follow Cecil
+Rhodes, a chief propagandist of their main design. It is true that the
+idea of getting Americans to participate in any formal union with all
+the rest of their brethren by race and tongue seems now impractical. But
+time works wonders. Mr. Gladstone foresaw the United States a people of
+six hundred comfortable millions, living in union before the end of the
+next century. The hegemony of the English-speaking nations seems likely
+to be within attainment by that one of them which appears destined to
+become far the most powerful of all in numbers, in wealth, and in
+security of environment. Time may show to our successors in this world
+some effective method of establishing agreements amounting to that
+solidarity for English-speaking action which has been acclaimed as
+existent for English-speaking thinking by a mind so eminently reasonable
+as that of Lord Haldane.
+
+It would be hasty, thinks Sir Wilfrid, and it might be injurious for the
+British countries to move toward any sort of formal union ostensibly
+tending to set them collectively apart from the United States. Give
+great beneficent ideas time to develop. Britons can well afford to take
+their time, since the war has shown existent among them an almost
+perfect union of sentiment and purpose. And this, apparently, with the
+blessed effect of enhancing general American good-will to Britons. From
+so much good understanding more may ensue, Sir Wilfrid concluded.
+
+Such Canadians as hold Edmund Burke to have been a spokesman of
+consummate political wisdom are apt to regard the busy stir of
+doctrinaires, who scream for closer political junction of the British
+peoples, even as Burke regarded the hurry of some of the same kidney in
+his time. Resolute to bind the thirteen colonies forever to England,
+they proceeded to offend, outrage, and drive those colonies to
+independence. Be it remembered that these colonies had contributed so
+loyally, so liberally to England's armaments and wars that grateful
+London Parliaments had insisted on voting back to them the subsidies
+they had granted, holding the contributions too generous. To later
+proposals of foolish henchmen of George III., proposals that the
+colonies, since they had revealed themselves as strong and rich, should
+be dragged into some formal political subordination by which, as by
+latter-day Imperial Federation, they might be involuntarily mustered and
+taxed for imperial purposes, Burke said:
+
+     Our hold on the colonies is the close affection which grows
+     from common names, from kindred blood, from similar
+     privileges, and equal protection. These are the ties which,
+     though light as air, are strong as links of iron. Let the
+     colonies always keep the idea of their civil rights associated
+     with your Government; they will cling and grapple to you, and
+     no force under heaven will be of power to tear them from their
+     allegiance....
+
+     As long as you have the wisdom to keep the sovereign authority
+     of this country as the sanctuary of liberty, the sacred temple
+     consecrated to our common faith, wherever the chosen race and
+     sons of England worship freedom, they will turn their faces
+     toward you. The more they multiply, the more friends you will
+     have. The more ardently they love liberty, the more perfect
+     will be their obedience. Slavery they can have anywhere. It is
+     a weed that grows on every soil. They may have it from Spain;
+     they may have it from Prussia; but until you become lost to
+     all feeling of your true interest and your natural dignity,
+     freedom they can have from none but you.
+
+     This is the commodity of price, of which you have the
+     monopoly.... Do not entertain so weak an imagination as that
+     your registers and your bonds, your affidavits and your
+     sufferances, ... your letters of office and your instructions
+     and your suspending clauses are the things that hold together
+     the great contexture of this mysterious whole. These things do
+     not make your Government. Dead instruments, passive tools as
+     they are, it is the spirit of the English communion that gives
+     all their life and efficacy to them. It is the spirit of the
+     English Constitution which, infused through the mighty mass,
+     pervades, feeds, unites, invigorates, vivifies every part of
+     the empire, even to the minutest member.
+
+And the doctrinaires of Centralization, vociferating their fad of
+Imperial Federation, would have that Constitution, in the moment of its
+supreme triumph for unity, cast away! Cast away for a new and written
+one by which Great Britain and all her children alike would chain
+themselves together! Well may practical statesmen view the doctrinaires
+with some disdain, not unmindful of Burke's immortal scorn of such
+formalists:
+
+"A sort of people who think that nothing exists but what is gross and
+material, and who, therefore, far from being qualified to be directors
+of the great movement of empire, are not fit to turn a wheel in the
+machine. To men truly initiated and rightly taught, those ruling and
+master principles which, in the opinion of such men as I have mentioned,
+have no substantial existence, are in truth everything and all in all.
+Magnanimity in politics is not seldom the truest wisdom; and a great
+empire and little minds go ill together."
+
+
+
+
+ENGLAND.
+
+By JOHN E. DOLSON.
+
+
+    Birth land of statesmen, bards, heroes, and sages;
+      Mother of nations--the homes of the free;
+    Builder of work that will last through the ages,
+      Hope for Humanity centres in thee.
+
+    Now that thy bugles their clear calls are shrilling,
+      Now that thy battle voice echoes worldwide,
+    O'er the long reaches of sea rush the willing
+      Sons of thy children to fight by thy side.
+
+    Eager to aid thee with treasure and tissue,
+      Other leal millions will come to thy call.
+    Civilization is staked on the issue--
+      Woe to Mankind if thy lion should fall!
+
+    Fall he will never, till English force slacken
+      In the great soul of thy dominant race,
+    Now, as of old, do the Destinies beckon
+      Thee to be highest in power and place.
+
+    Conflicts now raging will pass into story,
+      Nations may sink in defeat or disgrace;
+    Long be thy future resplendent with glory,
+      Long be thy triumphs the pride of our race!
+
+
+
+
+American Aid of France
+
+By Eugène Brieux
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+     M. Eugène Brieux, the celebrated French poet and playwright,
+     who is in this country as the official representative of the
+     French Academy--the "Forty Immortals"--has written a
+     remarkable tribute to American aid of France during the
+     present war. The address, which is herewith presented, was
+     read by M. Brieux at the residence of Mrs. John Henry Hammond
+     of New York City recently before a gathering of two hundred
+     men and women who have been interested in the work of the
+     American Ambulance Hospital in Paris.
+
+Miss Marie Van Vorst, who nursed the wounded at the American Ambulance
+in Paris, will speak to you of it as an eyewitness. From her you will
+receive direct news of your splendid work of humanity. While she was
+caring for wounded French, English, and German I was attached to another
+hospital at Chartres. It happens, therefore, that I have never seen the
+American Military Hospital created by you, but I am not in ignorance
+concerning it any more than any other Parisian, any more, indeed, than
+the majority of the French people. I know that the American Ambulance is
+the most remarkable hospital that the world has seen. I know that you,
+since the beginning of the war, have brought the aid of medical science
+to wounded men and that you have given not only money, but an
+institution, all ready, complete and of the most modern type, and, even
+more, that you have sent there your best surgeons and a small army of
+orderlies and nurses.
+
+I know that at first one could not find a place; that there was
+available only a building in course of construction, intended to be the
+Pasteur School at Neuilly. This building was far from completion; it
+lacked doors and there were no stairs. I know that in three weeks your
+generosity, your energy, and your quick intelligence has made of this
+uncertain shell a modern military hospital, with white walls, electric
+light, baths, rooms for administering anaesthetics, operating rooms,
+sterilizing plants, apparatus for X-rays, and a dental clinic. I know
+that automobiles, admirably adapted to the service, carried the wounded.
+And yet I do not know all. I know only by instinct of the devotion of
+your young girls, of your women, and of your young men, belonging often
+to prominent families, who served as stretcher bearers and orderlies.
+
+I am not ignorant of the fact that they count by the hundreds those who
+have been cured at the American Ambulance at Neuilly, nor of the further
+fact that the rate of mortality is extremely low, although they have
+sent you those most gravely injured. I know that it is all free; that
+there are no charges made for the expenses of administration; that for
+the service rendered by your people there is no claim, and that every
+cent of every dollar subscribed goes entirely and directly to the care
+of the wounded. I know also that the expenses at the hospital are $4,000
+a day, and that ever since the beginning your charity has met this
+demand.
+
+Such splendid effort has not been ignored or misunderstood. The
+President of the French Republic has cabled to President Wilson his
+appreciation and his gratitude; General Fevier, Inspector General of
+Hospitals of the French Army, has publicly expressed his admiration; the
+English physicians and public men have shared their sentiments.
+
+As to the people of Paris, as to the French nation, they have been
+touched to the depths of their being. And yet in France we have found
+all this quite natural. I shall tell you why. We have so high a regard
+for you that when you do anything well no one is surprised. I believe
+that if a wounded soldier arriving at your hospital exclaimed, "This is
+wonderful!" his comrade who had been ahead of him would answer in a tone
+of admonition: "That surprises you? You do not know then that it is done
+by the Americans, by the people from the United States?" In this refusal
+to be astonished in the face of remarkable achievements, when they come
+from you, there is a tribute, a praise of high quality which your
+feelings and your patriotism will know how to appreciate.
+
+I have said that all that comes from you which is good and great seems
+natural to us, and I have given you a reason; but there is another. In
+France we are accustomed to consider the Republic of the United States
+as an affectionate, distant sister. When one receives a gift from a
+stranger one is astonished and cries out his thanks, but when the gift
+comes from a brother or from some one who, on similar occasions, has
+never failed, the thanks are not so outspoken but more profound. One
+says: "Ah, it is you, my brother. I suffer. I expected you. I knew that
+you would come, for I should have gone to you had you needed me. I thank
+you."
+
+And, indeed, we are closely bound together, you and we. Without doubt,
+common interest and an absence of possible competition helps to that
+end, but there is something more which unites us--it is our kindred
+sentiments. It is this kinship which has created our attraction for each
+other and which has cemented it; it is our common ground of affections,
+of hatreds, of hopes; our ideals rest upon the same high plane. To
+mention but one point, one of you has said: "The United States and
+France are the only two nations which have fought for an ideal." And it
+is that which separates us, you and us, from a certain other nation, and
+which has served to bring us two close together.
+
+We love you and we are grateful for what you are doing for us. When the
+day came for my departure from France to represent here the French
+Academy I asked of Mr. Poincaré, who had visited the American Ambulance
+at Neuilly, if duty did not forbid me to go. "No," he said to me. "Go to
+the United States. Carry greetings to the great nation of America." And
+he gave to me, for your President, the letter with which you are
+familiar, where he expressed the admiration and the sympathy that he has
+for you.
+
+I have been traveling North and South in the Eastern part of the United
+States. I have had many opportunities to admire your power and the
+extent of your efforts. Today, in thinking of the American Ambulance
+Hospital in Paris, I admire your persistence in labor. You have
+established this hospital. That was good. But it costs a thousand
+dollars a day, and yet you keep on with the work. That is doubly good.
+Indeed, one can understand that you have not been willing, after having
+created this model hospital, that some day through lack of support its
+doors should close and the wounded you have taken in be turned over to
+others; certainly those first subscribers undertook a sort of moral
+obligation to themselves not to permit the work to fail. But, none the
+less, it is admirable that it should be so. To give once is something,
+but it is little if one compares the value of the first gift to those
+which follow.
+
+The first charity is easily understood. Suddenly war is at hand. Its
+horrors can be imagined and every one feels that he can in some measure
+lessen them, and he opens his purse. Then time passes, the war
+continues, and one becomes accustomed to the thoughts that were at first
+unbearable--it is so far away and so long. Others in this way were
+checked after their first impulse.
+
+But you, you have thought that, if it is good to establish a hospital,
+that alone was not enough, and that each day would bring new wounded to
+replace those who, cured, took up their guns again and returned to the
+field of battle. And since at the American Ambulance the wounded are
+cured quickly, the very excellence of your organization, the science of
+your surgeons, and the greatness of your sacrifices all bring upon you
+other and new sacrifices to be made.
+
+But the word "sacrifice" is badly chosen. You do not make sacrifices,
+for you are strong and you are good. When you decide upon some new
+generous act you have only to appeal to your national pride, which will
+never allow an American undertaking to fail. You have the knowledge of
+the good that you are doing, and that, for you, is sufficient. You know
+that, thanks to your generosity, suffering is relieved, and you know
+that, thanks to the science of your surgeons, this relief is not merely
+momentary, but that the wounded man who would have remained a cripple if
+he had been less ably cared for, will be, thanks to you, completely
+cured, and that, instead of dragging out a miserable existence, he will
+be able to live a normal life and support a family which will bless
+you. Such men will owe it all to the persistence of your generosity.
+
+I return always to that point, and it is essential. To give once is a
+common impulse, common to nearly all the world. It means freeing one's
+self from the suffering which good souls feel when they see others
+suffer. But to give again after having given is a proof of reflection,
+of an understanding of the meaning of life; it is to work intelligently;
+it is to insure the value of the first effort; it means the possession
+of goodness which is lasting and far-seeing. That is a rare virtue. You
+have it. And that is why I express a three-fold thanks, for the past,
+for the present, and for the future--thanks that come from the bottom of
+the heart of a Frenchman.
+
+
+
+
+A FAREWELL.
+
+By EDNA MEAD.
+
+
+    Look, Love! I lay my wistful hands in thine
+      A little while before you seek the dark,
+    Untraversed ways of War and its Reward,
+      I cannot bear to lift my gaze and mark
+      The gloried light of hopeful, high emprise
+    That, like a bird already poised for flight,
+      Has waked within your eyes.
+    For me no proud illusions point the road,
+      No fancied flowers strew the paths of strife:
+    War only wears a horrid, hydra face,
+      Mocking at strength and courage, youth and life.
+    If you were going forth to cross your sword
+      In fair and open, man-to-man affray,
+      One might be even reconciled and say,
+    "This is not murder; only passion bent
+      On pouring out its poison"--one could pray
+    That the day's end might see the madness done
+    And saner souls rise with the morrow's sun.
+      But this incarnate hell that yawns before
+    Your bright, brave soul keyed to the fighter's clench--
+    This purgatory that men call the "trench"--
+      This modern "Black Hole" of a modern war!
+    Yea, Love! yet naught I say can save you, so
+    I lay my heart in yours and let you go.
+
+
+
+
+Stories of French Courage
+
+By Edwin L. Shuman
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+There has just appeared in Paris a book called "La Guerre Vue d'Une
+Ambulance," which brings the war closer to the eye and heart than
+anything else I have read. It is written by Abbé Felix Klein, Chaplain
+of the American Ambulance Hospital at Neuilly, a suburb of Paris, and
+has the added merit of describing the noble work which American money
+and American Red Cross nurses are doing there for the French wounded.
+The abbé, by the way, has twice visited the United States in recent
+years, has many warm friends here, and has written several enthusiastic
+books about the "Land of the Strenuous Life."
+
+When the war broke out this large-hearted priest and busy author dropped
+all his literary and other plans to minister to the wounded soldiers
+brought to the war hospital established by Americans in the fine new
+building of the Lycée Pasteur, which was to have received its first
+medical students a few weeks later. There were 250 beds at first, and
+later 500, with more than a hundred American automobiles carrying the
+wounded to it, often direct from the front.
+
+Through all these months Abbé Klein has labored day and night among
+these sufferers, cheering some to recovery, easing the dying moments of
+others with spiritual solace, and, hardest of all, breaking the news of
+bereavement to parents.
+
+From day to day, through those terrible weeks of fighting on the Aisne
+and the Marne, with Paris itself in danger, the good abbé wrote brief
+records of his hopes and fears regarding his wounded friends, and set
+down in living words the more heroic or touching phases of their simple
+stories. Let me translate a few of them for the reader.
+
+Take, for instance, the case of Charles Marée, a blue-eyed, red-bearded
+hero of thirty years, an only son who had taken the place of his invalid
+father at the head of their factory, and who had responded to the first
+call to arms. During his months of suffering his parents were held in
+territory occupied by the enemy and could not be reached. The abbé goes
+on to tell his story:
+
+     Let us not be deceived by the calm smile on his face. For six
+     weeks Charles Marée has been undergoing an almost continual
+     martyrdom, his pelvis fractured, with all the consequences one
+     divines, weakened by hemorrhage, his back broken, capable only
+     of moving his head and arms.... He is one of our most fervent
+     Christians: I bring him the communion twice a week, and he
+     never complains of suffering. He is also one of our bravest
+     soldiers; he has received the military medal, and when I asked
+     him how it came about he told me the following in a firm tone
+     and with his hand in mine, for we are great friends:
+
+     "It was given to me the 8th of October. I had to fulfill a
+     mission that was a little difficult. It was at Mazingarbe,
+     between Béthune and Lens, and 9 o'clock in the evening. Two of
+     the enemy's armored auto-machine guns had just been discovered
+     approaching our lines. I was ordered to go and meet them with
+     a Pugeot of twenty-five or thirty horse power--I was
+     automobilist in the Thirtieth Dragoons.
+
+     "I left by the little road from Vermelles on which the two
+     hostile machines were reported to be approaching. After twenty
+     minutes I stopped, put out my lights, and waited. A quarter of
+     an hour of profound silence followed, and then I caught the
+     sound of the first mitrailleuse. With one spin of the wheel I
+     threw my machine across the middle of the road. That of the
+     enemy struck us squarely in the centre. The moment the shock
+     was past I rose from my seat with my revolver and killed the
+     chauffeur and the mechanician.
+
+     "But almost immediately the second machine gun arrived. The
+     two men on it comprehended what had happened. While one of
+     them stopped the machine, the other aimed at me under his seat
+     and fired a revolver ball that pierced both thighs; then they
+     turned their machine and retreated. My companion, happily, was
+     not hurt, so he could take me to Vermelles, where the
+     ambulance service was. The same evening they gave me the
+     military medal, for which I had already been proposed three
+     times."
+
+After three months of suffering, borne without complaint, this man died
+without having been able to get a word to his parents. The abbé had
+become deeply attached to him, and the whole hospital corps felt the
+loss of his courageous presence.
+
+Some of the horror of war is in these pages, as where the author says:
+
+     The doctors worked till 3 o'clock this morning. They had to
+     amputate arms and legs affected with gangrene. The operating
+     room was a sea of blood.
+
+Some of the pathos of war is here, and even a little of its humor, but
+most of all its courage. Both of the latter are mingled in the case of
+an English soldier who was brought in wounded from the field of
+Soissons.
+
+     "I fought until such a day, when I was wounded."
+
+     "And since then?"
+
+     "Since then I have traveled."
+
+An English infantry officer, a six-footer, brought to the hospital with
+his head bandaged in red rather than white, showed the abbé his cap and
+the bullet hole in it.
+
+"A narrow escape," said the abbé in English, and then learned that the
+escape was narrower than the wounded forehead indicated. Another bullet,
+without touching the officer, had pierced the sole of his shoe under his
+foot, and a third had perforated his coat between the body and the arm
+without breaking the skin.
+
+The author's attitude toward the Germans, always free from bitterness,
+is sufficiently indicated in such a paragraph as this:
+
+     This afternoon I gave absolution and extreme unction to an
+     Irishman, who has not regained consciousness since he was
+     brought here. He had in his portfolio a letter addressed to
+     his mother. The nurse is going to add a word to say that he
+     received the last sacraments. A Christian hope will soften the
+     frightful news. Emperors of Austria and Germany, if you were
+     present when the death is announced in that poor Irish home,
+     and in thousands, hundreds of thousands of others, in England,
+     in France, in Russia, in Servia, in Belgium, in your own
+     countries, in all Europe, and even in Africa and Asia!... May
+     God enlighten your consciences!
+
+The French wounded in the hospital at Neuilly--during the period when
+the German right wing was being beaten back from Paris--frequently
+accused the German regulars of wanton cruelty, but testified to the
+humanity of the reservists. The author relates several episodes
+illustrating both points. Here are two:
+
+     "The regulars are no good," said a brave peasant reservist.
+     "They struck me with the butts of their rifles on my wound.
+     They broke and threw away all that I had. The reserves arrive,
+     and it is different; they take care of me. My comrade, wounded
+     in the breast, was dying of thirst; he actually died of it a
+     little while afterward. I dragged myself up to go and seek
+     water for him; the young fellows aimed their guns at me. I was
+     obliged to make a half-turn and lie down again."
+
+Another, who also begins by praising the German field officers, saw
+soldiers of the active army stripping perfectly nude one of our men who
+had a perforated lung, and whom they had made prisoner after his wound:
+
+     "When they saw that they would have to abandon him, they took
+     away everything from him, even his shirt, and it was done in
+     pure wickedness, since they carried nothing away."
+
+One of the most amazing escapes is that of a soldier from Bordeaux, told
+partly in his own racy idiom, and fully vouched for by the author. After
+relating how he left the railway at Nanteuil and traversed a hamlet
+pillaged by the Germans he continues:
+
+     We form ourselves into a skirmish line. The shells come. The
+     dirt flies: holes to bury an ox? One can see them coming:
+     zzz--boom! There is time to get out of the way.
+
+     Arrived at the edge of the woods, we separate as scouts. We
+     are ordered to advance. But, mind you, they already have our
+     range. The artillery makes things hum. My bugler, near me, is
+     killed instantly; he has not said a word, poor boy! I am
+     wounded in the leg. It is about two o'clock. As I cannot drag
+     myself further, a comrade, before leaving, hides me under
+     three sheaves of straw with my head under my knapsack. The
+     shells have peppered it full of holes, that poor sack. Without
+     it--ten yards away a comrade, who had his leg broken and a
+     piece of shell in his arm, received seven or eight more
+     wounds.
+
+     I stayed there all day. In the evening the soldiers of the
+     101st took me into the woods, where there were several French
+     wounded and a German Captain, wounded the evening before. He
+     was suffering too, poor wretch. About midnight the French
+     soldiers came to seek those who were transportable. They left
+     only my comrade, myself and the German Captain. There were
+     other wounded further along, and we heard their cries. It was
+     dreary.
+
+These wounded men passed two whole days there without help. On the third
+day the Germans arrived and the narrator gave himself up for lost. But
+the German Captain, with whom the Frenchmen had divided their food and
+drink, begged that they be cared for. Ultimately they were taken to the
+German camp and their wounds attended to. But in a few minutes the camp
+became the centre of a violent attack, and again it looked as if the
+last day of the wounded prisoners had come.
+
+Suddenly the Germans ran away and left everything. An hour later, when
+the firing ceased, they returned, carried away the wounded of both
+nationalities on stretchers, crowded about twenty-five of them into one
+wagon (the narrator's broken leg was not stretched out, and he
+suffered,) and all the way the wagon gave forth the odor of death. All
+day they rode without a bite to eat. At 1 o'clock at night they reached
+the village of Cuvergnon, where their wounds were well attended to. The
+following day the Germans departed without saying a word, but the
+villagers cared for the wounded, both friends and enemies, and in time
+the American automobiles carried them to Neuilly.
+
+     It is a paradise [added the wounded man.] Now we are saved.
+     But what things I have seen! I have seen an officer with his
+     brain hanging here, over his eye. And black corpses, and
+     bloated horses! The saddest time is the night. One hears
+     cries: "Help!" There are some who call their mothers. No one
+     answers.
+
+All these recitals of soldiers are stamped with the red badge of
+courage. A priest serving as an Adjutant was superintending the digging
+of trenches close to the firing line on the Aisne. He had to expose
+himself for a space of three feet in going from one trench to another.
+In that instant a Mauser bullet struck him under the left eye, traversed
+the nostril, the top of the palate, the cheek bone and came out under
+the right ear. He felt the bullet only where it came out, but soon he
+fell, covered with blood and believed he was wounded to death. Then his
+courage returned, and he crawled into the trench. Comrades carried him
+to the ambulance at Ambleny, with bullets and "saucepans" raining about
+them from every direction. In time he was transferred to the American
+Hospital at Neuilly. "I'm only a little disfigured and condemned to
+liquids," he told his friend the abbé. "In a few weeks I shall be cured
+and will return to the front."
+
+Abbé Klein tells the curious story of a Zouave and his faithful dog. In
+one of the zigzag corridors connecting the trenches near Arras the man
+was terribly wounded by a shell that killed all his companions and left
+him three-quarters buried in the earth. With only the dead around him,
+he "felt himself going to discouragement," to use the author's mild
+phrase, when his dog, which had never left him since the beginning of
+the war, arrived and began showing every sign of distress and affection.
+The wounded man told the author:
+
+     It is not true that he dug me out, but he roused my courage. I
+     commenced to free my arms, my head, the rest of my body.
+     Seeing this, he began scratching-with all his might around me,
+     and then caressed me, licking my wounds. The lower part of my
+     right leg was torn off, the left wounded in the calf, a piece
+     of shell in the back, two fingers cut off, and the right arm
+     burned. I dragged myself bleeding to the trench, where I
+     waited an hour for the litter carriers. They brought me to the
+     ambulance post at Roclincourt, where my foot was taken off,
+     shoe and all; it hung only by a tendon. From there I was
+     carried on a stretcher to Anzin, then in a carriage to another
+     ambulance post, where they carved me some more.... My dog was
+     present at the first operation. An hour after my departure he
+     escaped and came to me at Anzin.
+
+But when the Zouave was sent to Neuilly the two friends had to separate.
+At the railway station he begged to take his dog along, and told his
+story; but the field officer, touched though he was, could not take it
+upon himself to send a dog on a military train. The distress of both man
+and beast was so evident that more than one nurse had tears in her eyes
+as the train pulled out.
+
+They tried to pet the dog, dubbed him Tue-Boches, offered him dog
+delicacies of all sorts, but in vain. He refused all food and remained
+for two days "sad to death." Then some one went to the American
+Hospital, told how the dog had saved the Zouave, and the upshot of it
+was that the faithful animal, duly combed and passed through the
+disinfecting room, was admitted to the hospital and recovered his master
+and his appetite. But at last accounts his master was still very weak,
+and "in the short visit which the dog is allowed to make each day, he
+knows perfectly, after a tender and discreet good morning, how to hold
+himself very wisely at the foot of the bed, his eyes fixed upon his
+patient."
+
+Thanks to modern science, the cases of tetanus are few in this war, but
+there are many deaths from gangrene, because, with no truce for the
+removal of the wounded, so many lie for days before receiving medical
+aid. Abbé Klein tells of one Breton boy, as gentle a soul as his
+sister--"my little Breton," he always calls him, affectionately--and
+comments again and again upon the boy's patient courage amid sufferings
+that could have but one end. The infection spread in spite of all that
+science could do, and even amputation could not save him. At last he
+ceased to live, "like a poor little bird," as his French attendant,
+herself a mother with three boys in the army, said with tears.
+
+Saddest of all are the bereaved wives and mothers. The reader will find
+many of them in the good Chaplain's book, and they will bring the war
+closer than anything else. Sometimes they stand mute under the blow,
+looking on the dead face without a sound, and then dropping unconscious
+to the floor. Sometimes they cry wild things to heaven. The Chaplain's
+work in either case is not easy, and some of his most touching pages
+depict such scenes.
+
+There was a boy of twenty years, who was slowly but surely dying of
+gangrene. Let the abbé tell the end of the story:
+
+     At 9 o'clock the parents arrive. Frightened at first by the
+     change, they are reassured to see that he is suffering so
+     little, and soon leave him, as they think, to rest. When they
+     return at 10, suddenly called, their child is dead. Their
+     grief is terrible. The father still masters himself, but the
+     mother utters cries. They are led to the chapel, while some
+     one comes to look for me. The poor woman, who was wandering
+     about stamping and wringing her hands, rushes to me and cries,
+     no, it is not possible that her son is dead, a child like
+     that, so healthy, so beautiful, so lovable; she wishes me to
+     reassure her, to say it is as she says. Before my silence and
+     the tears that come to my eyes her groans redouble, and
+     nothing can calm her: "But what will become of us? We had only
+     him."
+
+     Nothing quiets her. My words of Christian hope have no more
+     effect than what the father tries to say to her. For a moment
+     she listens to my account of the poor boy's words of faith, of
+     the communion yesterday, of his prayer this morning. But soon
+     she falls back into her distraction, and I suggest to the
+     husband that he try to occupy her mind, to make a diversion of
+     some kind; the more so, I add, as I must leave to attend a
+     burial. She hears this word: "I don't want him to be taken
+     from me. You are not going to bury him at once!" I explain
+     softly that no one is thinking of such a thing; that on the
+     contrary I am going to take her to those who will let her see
+     her boy. We go then to the office, and I hurry away to
+     commence the funeral of another.
+
+     I learn on my return that they have seen their son, such as
+     death has made him, and that on hearing the cries of the
+     mother, three other women, already agitated by the visit to
+     their own wounded and by the funeral preparations, have fallen
+     in a faint.
+
+One day last Fall President Poincaré, accompanied by M. Viviani and
+General Gallieni, was received at the American Hospital by Mr. Herrick,
+the American Ambassador, and by the members of the Hospital Committee.
+Abbé Klein has words of praise not only for Mr. Herrick, but also for
+his predecessor, Mr. Bacon, and for his successor, Mr. Sharp. His
+admiration for the devoted American women who are serving as nurses in
+the hospital is expressed frequently in his pages. He says the labors of
+the American nurses and those of the French nurses complement each other
+admirably. Of the founding and maintenance of the hospital at Neuilly,
+he says:
+
+     The resources are provided wholly by the charity of Americans.
+     From the beginning of the war the administrative council of
+     their Paris hospital took the initiative in the movement. The
+     American colony in France, almost unaided, gave the
+     half-million francs that was subscribed the first month. New
+     York and other cities of the United States followed their
+     lead, and, in spite of the financial crisis that grips there
+     as elsewhere, one may be sure that the funds will not be
+     wanting. America has its Red Cross, which, justly enough, aids
+     the wounded of all nations; but, among the belligerents, it
+     has chosen to distinguish the compatriots of Lafayette and
+     Rochambeau; our field hospital is the witness of their
+     faithful gratitude. France will not forget.
+
+Later the abbé recorded in his diary that the 500 beds would soon be
+filled, but added that the generous activity of the Americans would not
+end there. They would establish branch hospitals. Large sums had been
+placed at the disposal of the committee to found an "ambulance" in
+Belgium and another in France as near the front as prudence permitted.
+Toward the end of January he recorded the gift of $200,000 from Mrs.
+Harry Payne Whitney, and its use by the committee to establish an
+affiliated hospital at the College of Juilly, in the Department of
+Seine-et-Marne. He added that still other branches were about to be
+founded with American funds.
+
+Abbé Klein writes out of a full and sincere heart, whether as a priest,
+a patriot, or a man who loves his fellowmen; and, without seeking it, he
+writes as a master of phrase. His new book probably will soon be
+translated and published in the United States.
+
+
+
+
+A TROOPER'S SOLILOQUY
+
+By O.C.A. CHILD
+
+
+    'Tis very peaceful by our place the now!
+      Aye, Mary's home from school--the little toad--
+    And Jeck is likely bringing in the cow,
+      Away from pasture, down the hillside road.
+
+    Now Nancy, I'll be bound, is brewing tea!
+      She's humming at her work the way she will,
+    And, happen so, she maybe thinks of me
+      And wishes she'd another cup to fill.
+
+    'Tis very queer to sit here on this nag
+      And swing this bit o' blade within my hand--
+    To keep my eye upon that German flag
+      And wonder will they run or will they stand;
+
+    To watch their Uhlans forming up below,
+      And feel a queersome way that's like to fear;
+    To hope to God that I won't make a show,
+      And that my throat is not too dry to cheer;
+
+    To close my eyes a breath and say "God bless
+      And keep all safe at home, and aid us win,"
+    Then straighten as the bugle sounds "Right, Dress...."
+      Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! We're going in!
+
+
+
+
+American Unfriendliness
+
+By Maximilian Harden
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+     Maximilian Harden, author of the article of which the
+     following is a translation, is the widely known German
+     journalist and publicist who has been termed "the German
+     George Bernard Shaw." The article was published in the second
+     February number of Die Zukunft.
+
+_Japan and the United States are being wooed. Ever since the Western
+powers' hope of speedy decisive blows on the part of Russia have
+shriveled up, they would like to lure the Japanese Army, two to four
+hundred thousand men, to the Continent. What was scoffed at as a whim of
+Pinchon and Clemenceau now is unveiled as a yearning of those at the
+head of the Governments._
+
+_The sentimental wish to see Germany's collapse completed by the
+activities of the allied European powers now ventures only shyly into
+the light of day. The ultimate wearing down of the German Army assures
+us of victory; but a speedy termination of the war under which the whole
+hemisphere suffers would be preferable. The Trans-Siberian Railway could
+bring the Japanese to Poland and East Prussia. The greatness of the
+expenditures therefor cannot frighten him who knows what tremendous sums
+each week of the war costs the Allies. Where it is a question of our
+life, of the existence of all free lands, every consideration must
+vanish. Public opinion desires an agreement with the Government of the
+Mikado._
+
+These sentences I found in the Temps. England will not apply the brakes.
+Mr. Winston Churchill, to be sure, lauds the care-free fortune of his
+fatherland, which even after Trafalgar, he says, did not command the
+seas as freely as today; but in his inmost heart even this "savior of
+Calais" does not cheat himself concerning the fact that it is a matter
+of life and death. In order not to succumb in such a conflict, England
+will sacrifice its prosperous comfort and the lordly pride of the white
+man just as willingly as it would, if necessary, Gibraltar and Egypt,
+(which might be within the reach of German armies in the Spring.)
+
+Will Japan follow the luring cry? Any price will be paid for it. What is
+Indo-China to the Frenchmen, whose immense colonial empire is exploited
+by strangers, if thereby they can purchase the bliss of no longer being
+"the victims of 1870"? And the yellow race that co-operated on Europe's
+soil in the most momentous decision of all history would live in
+splendor such as had never before been seen, and could keep China, the
+confused, reeling republic, for at least a generation in its
+guardianship.
+
+The land of the Stars and Stripes is only being asked to give its
+neutrality the color of good-will. It is, for the time being, unlikely
+that the United States would stand beside our opponents with army and
+navy, as has been urgently counseled by Mr. Roosevelt, (who received the
+honorary doctor's title in Berlin and as a private citizen reviewed a
+brigade drill at the Kaiser's side.) Nevertheless, experience warns us
+to be prepared for every change of weather, from the distant West, as
+well as the distant East, (and to guard ourselves alike against abuse
+and against flattery.)
+
+The sentiment of the Americans is unfriendly to us. In spite of Princes'
+travels, Fritz monuments, exchanges of professors, Kiel Week, and cable
+compliments? Yes, in spite of all that. We can't change it. And should
+avoid impetuous wooing.
+
+The missionaries of the Foreign Office brought along with them in trunks
+and bundles across the sea the prettiest eagerness; but in many cases
+they selected useless and in some cases even injurious methods.
+Lectures, pamphlets, defensive writings--the number of the defenders
+and the abundance of their implements and talk only nursed suspicion.
+Whatever could be done for the explanation of the German conduct was
+done by Germania's active children, who know the country and the people.
+
+The American business man never likes to climb mountains of paper. He
+has grown up in a different emotional zone, accustomed to a different
+standard of values than the Middle European. To feel his way into
+foreign points of view, finally to become, in ordinary daily relations,
+a psychologist, that will be one of the chief duties of the German of
+tomorrow. He may no longer demand that the stranger shall be like him;
+no longer denounce essential differences of temperament as a sin. The
+North American, among whose ancestors are Britons and Spaniards, Celts
+and Dutchmen, South Frenchmen and Low Germans, does not easily
+understand the Englishman, despite the common language; calls him surly,
+stiff, cold; charges him with selfishness and presumption, and has
+never, as a glance backward will show, shirked battle with him for great
+issues. For the most part, to be sure, it remains the scolding of
+relatives, who wish to tug at and tousel each other, not to murder each
+other.
+
+Only before the comrade of Japan did the brow of Jonathan wrinkle more
+deeply. But every Briton swore that his kinsman would bar the yellow
+man's way to Hawaii, California, and the Philippines, and put him in the
+fields of Asia only as a terror to the Russians or a scarecrow to the
+Germans. A doubt remained, nevertheless; and we missed the chance of a
+strong insurance against Japanese encroachment. Stroked caressingly
+yesterday and boxed ears today:
+
+     Over there the dollar alone rules, and all diplomacy is a
+     pestilential swamp; decency is an infrequent guest, with scorn
+     grinning ever over its shoulder; the entrepreneur is a rogue,
+     the official a purchasable puppet, the lady a
+     cold-cream-covered lady-peacock.
+
+The stubborn idealism, the cheerful ability of the American, his joy in
+giving, his achievements in and for art, science, culture--all that was
+scarcely noticed. Such a caricature could not be erased by compliments.
+
+Before Mr. Roosevelt bared his set of stallion's teeth (Hengstgebiss) to
+the Berliners, he had spoken cheerfully to Admirals Dewey and Beresford
+concerning the possibilities of a war of the Star-Spangled Banner
+against Germany. And gentler fellow-countrymen of the billboard man
+said:
+
+     You're amazing. Yourselves devilishly greedy for profits, yet
+     you scoff at us because we go chasing after business. You
+     fetch heaps of money across the sea, and then turn up your
+     sublimely snuffing noses as if it stinks.
+
+To reach an understanding would have been difficult even in times of
+peace. The American is unwilling to be either stiff or subservient. He
+does not wish to be accounted of less value as a merchant than the
+officer or official; wishes to do what he likes and to call the
+President an ox outright if he pleases. Leave him as he is; and do not
+continually hurt the empire and its swarms of emigrant children by the
+attempt to force strangers into the shell of your will and your opinion.
+
+Is it not possible that the American is analyzing the origin of the war
+in his own way? That he looks upon Belgium's fate with other eyes than
+the German? That he groans over "the army as an end in itself" and over
+"militarism"? That he does not understand us any quicker than the German
+Michel understands him? And that he puffs furiously when, after a long
+period of drought, the war, a European one, now spoils his trade?
+
+Only for months at the worst, Sam; then it will spring up again in
+splendor such as has never been seen before. No matter how the dice fall
+for us, the chief winnings are going to you. The cost of the war
+(expense without increment, devastation, loss of business) amounts to a
+hundred thousand million marks or more for old Europa; she will be
+loaded down with loans and taxes. Even to the gaze of the victor,
+customers will sink away that were yesterday capable of buying and
+paying. Extraordinary risks cannot be undertaken for many a year on our
+soil. But everybody will drift over to you--Ministers of Finance,
+artists, inventors, and those who scent profits. You will merely have to
+free yourselves from dross (and from the trust thought that cannot be
+stifled) and to weed out the tares of demagogy; then you will be the
+effective lords of the world and will travel to Europe like a great
+Nürnberg that teaches people subsequently to feel how once upon a time
+it felt to operate in the Narrows.
+
+The scope of your planning and of your accomplishment, the very rank
+luxuriance of your life, will be marveled at as a fairy wonder. We,
+victors and conquered and neutrals, will alike be confined by duty to
+austere simplicity of living. Your complaint is unfounded; only gird
+yourselves for a wee short time in patience. Whether the business deals
+which you grab in the wartime smell good or bad, we shall not now
+publicly investigate. If law and custom permit them, what do you care
+for alien heartache? If the statutes of international law prohibit them,
+the Governments must insure the effectiveness thereof. Scolding does
+not help. Until the battle has been fought out to the finish, until the
+book of its genesis has been exalted above every doubt, your opinion
+weighs as heavy as a little chicken's feather to us. Let writer and
+talker rave till they are exhausted--not a syllable yet in defense.
+
+We do not feel hurt, (haven't spare time for it;) indeed, we are glad
+that you gave ten millions each month for Belgium, that you intend to
+help care for Poland, that you are opening the savings banks of your
+children. But, seriously, we beg you not to howl if American ships are
+damaged by the attack of German submarines. England wishes to shut off
+our imports of foodstuffs and raw materials, and we wish to shut off
+England's. You do not attempt to land on our coast; keep away also from
+that of Britain. You were warned early. What is now to take place is
+commanded by merciless necessity; must be.
+
+And let no woeful cries, no threats, crowd into Germany's ears.
+
+
+
+
+ENDOWED WITH A NOBLE FIRE OF BLOOD
+
+By A. Kouprine
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+Not applause, not admiration, but the deep, eternal gratitude of the
+whole civilized world is now due to the self-denying Belgian people and
+their noble young sovereign. They first threw themselves before the
+savage beast, foaming with pride, maddened with blood. They thought not
+of their own safety, nor of the prosperity of their houses, nor of the
+fate of the high culture of their country, nor of the vast numbers and
+cruelty of the enemy. They have saved not only their fatherland, but all
+Europe--the cradle of intellect, taste, science, creative art, and
+beauty--they have saved from the fury of the barbarians trampling, in
+their insolence, the best roses in the holy garden of God. Compared with
+their modest heroism the deed of Leonidas and his Spartans, who fought
+in the Pass of Thermopylae, falls into the shade. And the hearts of all
+the noble and the good beat in accord with their great hearts....
+
+No, never shall die or lose its power a people endowed with such a noble
+fire of blood, with such feelings that inspire it to confront
+bereavement, sorrow, sickness, wounds; to march as friends, hand in
+hand, adored King and simple cottager, man and woman, poor and rich,
+weak and strong, aristocrat and laborer. Salutation and humblest
+reverence to them!
+
+
+
+
+Chronology of the War
+
+Showing Progress of Campaigns on All Fronts and Collateral Events from
+Feb. 28, 1915, Up To and Including March 31, 1915
+
+[Continued from the March Number]
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN EASTERN EUROPE
+
+March 1--Two German army corps are defeated in struggle for Przasnysz;
+Germans bombard Ossowetz.
+
+March 2--Russians win Dukla Pass; 10,000 Germans taken prisoner at
+Przasnysz; Russians reinforced on both flanks in Poland; Austrians meet
+reverse near Stanislau; Austrians make progress in the Carpathians;
+Russians shell Czernowitz.
+
+March 3--Russians press forward from the Niemen and the Dniester;
+Austro-German army driven back in Galicia; Germans demolish two Ossowetz
+forts.
+
+March 4--Russians are pressing four armies through the mountain passes
+into Hungary; they have checked a new Bukowina drive on the part of the
+Austrians.
+
+March 5--Russians are taking the offensive from the Baltic Sea to the
+Rumanian frontier; German armies in the north have been split into
+isolated columns; Russians report the recapture of Stanislau and
+Czernowitz; snow is retarding the invasion of Hungary.
+
+March 6--Russian centre takes up attack; Russians are gaining in North
+Poland; Austrians give ground in East Galicia.
+
+March 7--Germans start another drive in region of Pilica River;
+Austrians retreat in Bukowina.
+
+March 8--Russians silence two batteries of German siege artillery at
+Ossowetz; Austrians gain ground in the Carpathians and Galicia; it is
+reported that German troops in Northern Poland and Galicia are
+exhausted.
+
+March 9--Germans are raising the siege of Ossowetz and are retreating in
+Northern Poland; Russians claim that the Austrian offensive in Eastern
+Galicia is a complete failure.
+
+March 10--Germans attempt to break through Russian line in Northern
+Poland; General Eichorn's army, retreating from the Niemen, is being
+harried by Russian cavalry and has been pierced at one point; Austrians
+have successes in the Carpathians and Western Galicia.
+
+March 11--One million men are engaged in a series of battles in Northern
+Poland, the front being eighty miles long.
+
+March 12--In the Carpathians the Russians capture the villages of Lupkow
+and Smolnik and the surrounding heights.
+
+March 13--Russians check German offensive against Przasnysz; fighting in
+progress along Orzyc River; Austrians repulse Russian attack near Cisna
+in the Carpathians.
+
+March 14--Russians check German advance in Mlawa region.
+
+March 15--Russians capture the chief eastern defense of Przemysl, three
+miles from the heart of the defense system, Austrian troops which held
+the position leaving many guns in the snow; the siege ring is now drawn
+tighter; battle is on in Bukowina; there is fighting among the ice
+fields of the Carpathians.
+
+March 16--Russians take vigorous offensive and drive back army that was
+marching on Przasnysz; 100,000 men have been buried in a triangle a few
+miles in area between Warsaw and Skierniewice; Germans are making use of
+fireworks at night to locate Russian guns; Austrian Archduke Frederick
+suggests to Emperor Francis Joseph the abandonment of the campaign
+against Serbia, all troops to be diverted to the Carpathians.
+
+March 17--Przemysl is in peril; Russians have recrossed the German
+frontier in two places; there is fighting on a 600-mile front; it is
+reported that the Austrian Army in East Galicia has been flanked; a
+battle is being fought in the snow for the possession of Tarnowice.
+
+March 18--Germans threaten severe reprisals on Russians for devastation
+in East Prussia; German offensive in much of Poland is reported to be
+broken.
+
+March 19--Memel, German port on the Baltic, is occupied by the Russians;
+Tilsit is menaced; Von Hindenburg starts a new offensive in Central
+Poland; the Germans have lost heavily along the Pilica; Austrians claim
+that they have halted the Russian advance in the Carpathians.
+
+March 20--Russians win battle in streets of Memel; battle line extends
+to Rumanian border; sortie by Przemysl garrison is driven back;
+statistics published in Petrograd show that 95 towns and 4,500 villages
+in Russian Poland have been devastated as result of German invasion;
+damage estimated at $500,000,000.
+
+March 21--Austrians renew operations against Serbia and are defeated in
+artillery duel near Belgrade; Russians are advancing on Tilsit; another
+Przemysl sortie is repelled.
+
+March 22--After a siege which began on Sept. 2, the longest siege in
+modern history, the great Galician fortress of Przemysl is surrendered
+to the Russians, who capture 9 Austrian Generals, 300 officers, and
+125,000 men, according to Russian statements; the strategic value of
+Przemysl is considered great, as it guarded the way to Cracow and to
+important Carpathian passes; Germans retake Memel; Russians are
+preparing for vigorous offensive in the Carpathians; Austrians are
+shelling the Montenegrin front.
+
+March 23--Demonstrations are held in Russia over fall of Przemysl;
+Germans say that the capture of the place cannot influence general
+situation.
+
+March 24--Battle is being fought in the Carpathians; Russians march on
+Hungary and pursue strong column that had been seeking to relieve
+Przemysl; Germans withdraw big guns from Ossowetz.
+
+March 25--Russians carry Austrian position on crest of Beskid Mountains
+in Lupkow Pass region and win victory in Bukowina; fighting in Southern
+Poland is resumed.
+
+March 26--It is reported that the Austro-German armies in the
+Carpathians are withdrawing into Hungary; Germans retreat in the north.
+
+March 27--Violent fighting in the Carpathians; Austrians make gains in
+Bukowina.
+
+March 28--Russians break into Hungary and carry on offensive operations
+against Uszok and Lupkow Passes.
+
+March 29--Austrians make gains at several points; Russians say that the
+Memel dash was a mere raid.
+
+March 30--Russians storm crests in the Carpathians; Austrians are in a
+big drive across Bukowina; 160,000 Germans are reported as being rushed
+to Austria.
+
+March 31--Russians are making their way down the southern slopes of the
+Carpathians into Hungary; German army corps reported trapped and cut to
+pieces in Northern Poland; Pola is preparing for a siege.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN EUROPE.
+
+March 2--Germans are pouring reinforcements into Belgium; British gain
+ground near La Bassée.
+
+March 4--Hard fighting in the Vosges; Germans spray burning oil and
+chemicals upon French advancing in Malancourt woods.
+
+March 5--Germans checked at Rheims; report of Sir John French says
+situation is unchanged in Belgium; Germans are holding reserves in
+Alsace.
+
+March 9--Floods hamper campaign in Alsace; it is reported that Germans
+are shelling factories in France which they cannot capture.
+
+March 10--Germans declare that the French have failed in the Champagne
+district and have lost 45,000 men.
+
+March 11--After several days of severe fighting the British capture
+Neuve Chapelle, the German loss being estimated by British at 18,000;
+the British also have lost heavily, particularly in officers; British
+believe they will now be able to threaten seriously the German position
+at La Bassée; French War Office says operations in Champagne have aided
+Russians by preventing Germans from reinforcing eastern armies.
+
+March 12--British are pressing on toward Lille; they gain near
+Armentières, occupy Epinette, and advance toward La Bassée; Germans are
+intrenched in Aubers; the new drive is expected by Allies to prevent
+Germans in the west from sending reinforcements to the east.
+
+March 13--Sir John French reports further gains in Neuve Chapelle
+region.
+
+March 14--French occupy Vauquois, the key to a wide area of the Argonne;
+they capture trenches and occupy Embermenil; Belgians gain on the Yser;
+British repel German attack on Neuve Chapelle; it is announced that the
+French recently won a victory at Reichackerkopf in Alsace.
+
+March 15--French capture trenches north of Arras; Germans drive back
+British south of Ypres; Germans meet reverse at Neuve Chapelle; it is
+announced that the French recently won a victory at Combres; French and
+British are preparing for a general offensive; the first installment is
+given out from French official sources of a historical review of the
+war, from the French viewpoint, covering the first six months.
+
+March 16--Belgians cross the Yser; they drive Germans from trenches
+south of Nieuport; British retake St. Eloi; barbed wire fence, ten feet
+high, encompasses entire zone of German military operations in Alsace;
+British still hold Neuve Chapelle after several spirited attempts to
+retake it.
+
+March 17--Westende bombarded; Belgians carry two positions in Yser
+region.
+
+March 18--Belgian Army continues to advance on the Yser; French continue
+to hold the heights near Notre Dame de Lorette despite repeated shelling
+of their position; Germans are fortifying towns in Alsace.
+
+March 19--Belgians and Germans are fighting a battle in the underground
+passages of a monastery in front of Ramscappelle; official British
+report tells of new German repulse at St. Eloi.
+
+March 21--Germans take a hill in the Vosges.
+
+March 24--New battle begins along the Yser.
+
+March 26--Belgians make progress on road from Dixmude to Ypres.
+
+March 27--French capture summit of Hartmanns-Weilerkopf Mountain.
+
+March 29--French are pressing the Germans hard at various points in
+Champagne; as an offset, the Germans renew activity against Rheims with
+lively bombardments; sapping and mining operations are stated to be the
+only means of gaining ground in the Argonne.
+
+
+TURKISH AND EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN.
+
+March 1--Turkish forces mass on Asiatic side of the Dardanelles under
+Essad Pasha, defender of Janina; Russians have completed the expulsion
+of Turks from Transcaucasus region and dominate the Black Sea.
+
+March 3--Russians, after three days' battle, stop reinforcements for
+Turks in the Caucasus.
+
+March 5--Turks abandon for the time the campaign against Egypt and
+recall troops.
+
+March 7--British drive Turks back from the Persian Gulf, with
+considerable losses on both sides; it is reported that the Germans
+killed 300 Turks in a conflict between these allies after the Egyptian
+retreat.
+
+March 9--Germans report that British were routed recently in Southern
+Mesopotamia.
+
+March 12--General d'Amaade, commander of the French forces in Morocco,
+has been put in command of a force which is to aid the allied fleets in
+operations against Constantinople.
+
+March 13--Turks are driven back in Armenia and Northwestern Persia.
+
+March 16--Russians rout Turks in Armenia and threaten Turks in the
+Caucasus.
+
+March 18--Turkish soldiers kill several civilians in the Urumiah
+district of Persia; Turks are massing large forces near Constantinople
+and on Asiatic side of the Dardanelles.
+
+March 19--Russians occupy Archawa.
+
+March 20--Turks reported to be four days' march from Suez Canal.
+
+March 23--Turkish force operating against town of Suez is routed.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN FAR EAST.
+
+March 12--It is reported from Peking that nine Germans, among them the
+German Military Attaché at Peking, who is leading the party, escaped
+from Tsing-tao when it fell, and have made their way 1,000 miles into
+Manchuria, where they are trying to blow up tunnels along the
+Trans-Siberian railway; Russian troops are pursuing them.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN AFRICA.
+
+March 21--Official announcement is made that General Botha, Commander in
+Chief of the Army of the Union of South Africa, has captured 200
+Germans and two field guns at Swakopmund, German Southwest Africa.
+
+
+NAVAL RECORD--GENERAL.
+
+March 1--Norwegian steamer reports ramming a submarine off English
+coast.
+
+March 2--Bulgaria protests to Austria, Russia, and Serbia against mines
+in the Danube; diligent inquiry in England fails to produce any evidence
+supporting report that British superdreadnought Audacious, wrecked by
+mine or torpedo on Oct. 27, is about to be restored to the fighting
+line.
+
+March 3--Allied fleet silences three inner forts on the Asiatic side of
+the Dardanelles; Berlin report says British cruiser Zephyr was damaged.
+
+March 4--Attack on Dardanelles continues; French ships bombard Bulair
+forts and destroy Kavak Bridge; Field Marshal von der Goltz has asked
+for German artillery officers to aid in defending Dardanelles, but it is
+reported that Germans cannot spare any; German submarine U-8 is sunk by
+destroyers of the Dover flotilla; German submarine chases hospital ship
+St. Andrew.
+
+March 5--Allies report that six, possibly seven, German submarines have
+been sunk since beginning of the war; two Captains of British merchant
+ships claim prize for sinking German submarines; British Admiralty
+informs shipping interests that a new mine field has been laid in the
+North Sea; Germans report a French ammunition ship sunk at Ostend;
+Japanese report that the schooner Aysha, manned by part of the crew of
+the Emden, is still roving the Indian Ocean; there is despair in
+Constantinople as Dardanelles bombardment continues; Russian Black Sea
+fleet is steaming toward the Bosporus; allied fleet is bombarding
+Smyrna.
+
+March 6--British ships Queen Elizabeth and Prince George attack strong
+Dardanelles forts, they blow up one and damage two; allied landing party
+suffers loss; Asia Minor ports are being shelled; one-third of the
+Dardanelles reported clear of Turkish mines; concentration of Turkish
+fleet reported; Germans state that a submarine, reported by the Captain
+of British merchantman Thordis to have been sunk by his vessel, escaped;
+German Embassy at Washington expresses regret over torpedo attack on
+British hospital ship Asturias in February, stating that the attack,
+which did no harm, was due to mistake.
+
+March 7--Queen Elizabeth and other ships continue bombardment of
+Dardanelles forts.
+
+March 8--Allied fleet forces its way further into Dardanelles, British
+ships opening direct fire on main Turkish positions; more forts are
+silenced; most of the Allies' ships are hit, but little damage is done;
+effective fire at 21,000 yards against batteries on the Asiatic side;
+seaplanes are being much used for locating concealed guns; it is
+reported from Petrograd that when the allied fleets began the forcing of
+the Dardanelles a Russian ship was invited to head the column, and did
+so; ports on the Black Sea are destroyed by Russians; British Admiralty
+announces that prisoners from U-8 will be segregated under special
+restrictions, and they may be put on trial after the war because of
+German submarine methods; British collier Bengrove sunk in Bristol
+Channel by torpedo or mine.
+
+March 9--German submarines sink three British merchantmen, thirty-seven
+men going down with one ship; Military Governor of Smyrna says that
+British have bombarded unfortified villages; another British
+superdreadnought joins allied fleet at Dardanelles; French transports
+are on way with troops; Turks lose coal supply by Russian bombardment of
+Zunguldiak; report from Berlin that German submarine U-16 has sunk five
+merchantmen; British Admiralty states that German submarines, from Jan.
+21 to March 3, sank fifteen British steamships out of a total of 8,734
+vessels above 300 tons arriving at or departing from British ports in
+that period; more mines planted near Denmark.
+
+March 10--German auxiliary cruiser Prince Eitel Friedrich anchors at
+Newport News for repairs and supplies; she brings passengers and crews
+of eleven merchant ships sunk by her in a cruise of 30,000 miles,
+including crew of American sailing ship William P. Frye, bound from
+Seattle to Queenstown with wheat, sunk on Jan. 28, despite protests of
+the Frye's Captain; more Dardanelles forts are reduced; batteries on
+Eren-Keui Heights silenced; British sink German submarine U-12; British
+collier Beethoven sunk.
+
+March 11--President Wilson states that there will be "a most searching
+inquiry" into the sinking of the William P. Frye by the Prinz Eitel
+Friedrich, "and whatever action is taken will be based on the result of
+that inquiry"; Commander Thierichens of the Eitel defends sinking of the
+Frye, claiming her cargo was contraband; British warships are ordered to
+the entrance to the Capes of the Chesapeake to prevent escape of the
+Eitel; Eitel goes into drydock for repairs; more Dardanelles forts are
+damaged; mine sweeping is being conducted by the Allies at night; allied
+fleet before Smyrna gives Turkish commander twenty-four hours to
+surrender, otherwise bombardment will go on; it is reported from The
+Hague that twelve German submarines are missing; Germans talk of
+reprisals if British do not treat submarine crews as prisoners of war.
+
+March 12--Dardanus batteries on the Dardanelles are silenced; Germans
+are fortifying Constantinople; Allies' Consuls demand establishment of a
+neutral zone at Smyrna; British auxiliary cruiser Bayano sunk off coast
+of Scotland, probably by a submarine, with loss of 200; it is learned
+that British bark Conway Castle was sunk on Feb. 27 off the Chilean
+coast by the German cruiser Dresden; it is learned that French steamer
+Guadeloupe has been sunk off Brazil by the German auxiliary cruiser
+Kronprinz Wilhelm; it is reported from Berlin that Germans have sunk 111
+merchant steamships, with tonnage of 400,000, since war began; British
+cotton ship Indian Prince is reported sunk.
+
+March 13--England has lost 90 merchant ships and 47 fishing vessels,
+sunk or captured, since the war began; Vice Admiral Carden is stated to
+have predicted the forcing of the Dardanelles by Easter; fog delays
+Allies' operations in Dardanelles; five British warships wait for Eitel
+off Virginia Capes.
+
+March 14--Three British cruisers sink German cruiser Dresden near Juan
+Fernandez Island; no damage to British ships; French steamer Auguste
+Conseil sunk by German submarine; German submarine U-29 is reported to
+have sunk five British merchantmen in the last few days; citizen of
+Leipsic offers reward to crew of submarine that sinks a British
+transport.
+
+March 15--It is reported from Rio Janeiro that Kronprinz Wilhelm has
+sunk thirteen ships since she began her attack on Allies' commerce.
+
+March 16--Officers of the Dresden at Valparaiso say their ship was sunk
+in neutral waters; British say she was sunk ten miles off shore; German
+liner Macedonia, interned at Las Palmas, Canary Islands, slips out of
+port; British cruiser Amethyst is reported to have made a dash to the
+further end of the Dardanelles and back; a mine sweeper of the Allies is
+blown up; Vice Admiral Carden, "incapacitated by illness," in words of
+British Admiralty, is succeeded in chief command in the Dardanelles by
+Vice Admiral De Robeck; Germany protests to England against promised
+harsh treatment of submarine crews; British and French warships again
+appear off coast of Belgium.
+
+March 17--It is reported from Denmark that the German cruiser Karlsruhe
+has been sunk; it is reported from Spain that the Macedonia has been
+captured by a British cruiser; two British steamers are sunk and one is
+damaged by German submarines; German steamer Sierra Cordoba, which
+aided the Dresden, is detained by Peruvian authorities until end of the
+war; British lose three mine sweepers and one sailing vessel in the
+Dardanelles.
+
+March 18--British battleships Irresistible and Ocean and French
+battleship Bouvet are sunk by floating mines in the Dardanelles while
+bombarding forts; 600 men lost with the Bouvet, but almost all of the
+British escape; British battle-cruiser Inflexible and French battleship
+Gaulois are badly damaged by shells from the forts; most of the forts
+suffer severely from the fleet fire; French submarine is sunk in the
+Dardanelles; there is a lull in bombardment of Dardanelles and of
+Smyrna; German submarine sinks British steamer Glenartney in English
+Channel; Copenhagen report says a German sea Captain states that the
+Karlsruhe was sunk in December.
+
+March 19--Negotiations are being carried on, with American Embassy at
+Constantinople as intermediary, to try to avert shelling of Pera when
+allied fleet forces the Dardanelles; British steamers Hyndford and
+Bluejacket torpedoed in English Channel.
+
+March 20--One French and two British battleships are on their way to
+Dardanelles to take place of vessels sunk; new attack is planned by
+Allies, with Russia co-operating; Turks say that the ships sunk on March
+18 were torpedoed; Chilean seamen say Dresden was sunk in Chilean
+waters; Smyrna garrison is reinforced; dummy war fleet, composed of
+disguised merchantmen, is reported to be ready in England for use in
+strategy against the Germans.
+
+March 21--German submarine sinks British collier Cairntorr off Beachy
+Head.
+
+March 22--British steamer Concord is torpedoed by a German submarine,
+but is stated not to have been sunk.
+
+March 23--Dutch steamer is fired on by a German trawler; Turks send
+reinforcements to Dardanelles forts.
+
+March 24--German vessels shell Russian positions near Memel; allied
+fleet resumes bombardment of Dardanelles forts; Allies land troops on
+Gallipoli Peninsula to help in a general attack on the forts which is
+planned on arrival of more British and French ships; many Europeans are
+leaving Constantinople.
+
+March 27--U.S. battleship Alabama is ordered to proceed to Norfolk at
+once to guard American neutrality should Prinz Eitel Friedrich leave
+port.
+
+March 28--British African liner Falaba is torpedoed and sunk by German
+submarine in St. George's Channel; she carried 160 passengers and crew
+of 90, of which total 140 were saved; many were killed by the torpedo
+explosion; British steamer Aguila is sunk by German submarine U-28 off
+Pembrokeshire coast; she carried three passengers and crew of forty-two,
+all passengers and twenty-three of crew being lost; Russian Black Sea
+fleet attacks Bosporus forts; Dardanelles forts again bombarded; German
+Government, in official statement, says that Dresden was sunk in neutral
+Chilean waters.
+
+March 29--Dutch steamer Amstel is blown up by a mine; Russians renew
+Bosporus attack; allied fleet shells Dardanelles forts at long range;
+reinforced Russian fleet is showing activity in the Baltic; German
+Baltic fleet is out.
+
+March 31--London reports that three fleets and three armies will combine
+in attack on Dardanelles forts; the forts are again bombarded; British
+steamers Flaminian and Crown of Castile are sunk by German submarines;
+Prinz Eitel Friedrich coals under guard of American sailors and
+soldiers; Germans shell Libau.
+
+
+NAVAL RECORD--EMBARGO AND WAR ZONE.
+
+March 1--Premier Asquith announces in the House of Commons the purpose
+of England and France to cut Germany off from all trade with the rest of
+the world; "the British and French Governments will, therefore, hold
+themselves free to detain and take into port ships carrying goods of
+presumed enemy destination, ownership, or origin"; officials in
+Washington think this attitude of the Allies disregards American rights.
+
+March 3--Germany alters relief ship rules; vessels may pass through the
+English Channel unmolested, but because of mines Germany cannot grant
+safe conduct for relief ships to and from England.
+
+March 4--Secretary Bryan makes public the text of German reply to
+American note suggesting modifications of war zone decree; Germany
+expresses willingness to make modifications if England will allow
+foodstuffs and raw materials to go to German civilians, and if England
+will make other modifications in her sea policy; German reply is
+forwarded to Ambassador Page to be submitted to the British Foreign
+Office for information of English Government; American State Department
+makes public part of a recent dispatch from Ambassador Gerard stating
+that German Government refuses to accept responsibility for routes
+followed by neutral steamers outside German waters; Henry van Dyke,
+American Minister at The Hague, advises the State Department that
+Germany is anxious to give every possible support to the work of
+American Relief Commission for Belgium, and will facilitate the passage
+of ships as much as possible.
+
+March 5--Holland-America Line steamer Noorderdijk, bound for New York,
+returns to Rotterdam badly disabled, it being reported that she was
+torpedoed in English Channel.
+
+March 6--Passenger service from Holland to England is to be extended.
+
+March 8--Germany includes in the war zone the waters surrounding the
+Orkney and Shetland Islands, but navigation on both sides of the Faroe
+Islands is not endangered.
+
+March 9--It is announced at Washington that identical notes of inquiry
+have been sent to the British and French Governments asking for
+particulars as to how embargo on shipments to and from Germany is to be
+enforced.
+
+March 18--Submarine blows up Swedish steamer Hanna, flying her own flag,
+off east coast of England; six of crew lost.
+
+March 15--Text made public of British Order in Council cutting off trade
+to and from Germany; British Government, replying to American note,
+refuses to permit foodstuffs to enter Germany for civilian population as
+suggested; British Government also replies to American note of inquiry
+as to particulars of embargo, Sir Edward Grey saying that object of
+Allies is, "succinctly stated, to establish a blockade to prevent
+vessels from carrying goods for or coming from Germany."
+
+March 17--Secretary Bryan makes public full text of six recent notes
+exchanged between the United States and the Allies and Germany regarding
+the embargo and the war zone; Allies contend German war methods compel
+the new means of reprisal.
+
+March 18--Denmark, Norway and Sweden make an identical representation to
+the Allies against the embargo decree on trade to and from Germany.
+
+March 20--Holland protests to Allies against embargo.
+
+March 21--German submarine U-28 seizes Dutch steamers Batavier V. and
+Zaanstroom and their cargoes.
+
+March 22--Holland asks explanation from Germany of seizure of Batavier
+V. and Zaanstroom.
+
+March 25--Submarine U-28 sinks Dutch steamer Medea.
+
+March 26--Dutch press is aroused over the sinking of the Medea; Ministry
+holds extraordinary council.
+
+March 27--Germany tells Holland that investigation into seizure of the
+Batavier V. and Zaanstroom has not been concluded.
+
+
+AERIAL RECORD.
+
+March 2--It is learned that in a recent air raid German aviators killed
+two women and a child at La Panne, a bathing town on Belgian coast.
+
+March 3--German aviator bombards Warsaw.
+
+March 4--French bombard German powder magazine at Rottweil.
+
+March 5--Zeppelin raid over Calais fails; Pegoud receives French
+military medal for his services.
+
+March 7--French official statement shows that French airmen during the
+war have made 10,000 aerial reconnoissances, consuming 18,000 hours in
+the air, and have traveled more than 1,116,000 miles; Zeppelin reported
+captured by allied airmen near Bethune.
+
+March 9--British seaplanes drop bombs on Ostend; Lieut. von Hidelen, who
+dropped bombs on Paris in September, is at Toulon as a prisoner of war.
+
+March 12--German airmen bombard Ossowetz.
+
+March 14--Strassburg is threatened by a fire started by French airman's
+bomb; allied aeroplanes said to have wrecked Zeppelin near Tirlemont.
+
+March 17--German airman unsuccessfully aims five bombs at British
+coasting steamer Blonde in the North Sea.
+
+March 18--Bombs from Zeppelin kill seven in Calais.
+
+March 20--German airmen drop bombs near Deal, but all fall into the sea;
+one bomb narrowly misses American bark Manga Reva.
+
+March 21--Two Zeppelins drop bombs on Paris, but damage is slight; eight
+persons are injured; Zeppelin drops bombs on Calais, with slight damage,
+and is driven off by guns.
+
+March 22--Rotterdam reports that German aviators are aiming bombs
+indiscriminately at ships in the North Sea, one Taube dropping five
+bombs near a Belgian relief ship; airmen of Allies drop bombs on
+Mulheim, injuring three German soldiers.
+
+March 23--German aeroplane aims seven bombs at British steamer Pandion,
+all missing; Paris Temps says that authorities plan hereafter to fight
+Zeppelins by aeroplanes over Paris, something which had hitherto been
+avoided because of danger to Parisians.
+
+March 24--British airmen, in dash on Antwerp shipyards, destroy one
+German submarine and damage another; German aviators aim bombs and
+arrows at British freighter Teal, doing little damage.
+
+March 26--French drop bombs on Metz, killing three soldiers; little
+damage to property.
+
+March 27--German aviators drop bombs on Calais and Dunkirk; little
+damage.
+
+March 28--German aviator drops bombs on Calais; little damage.
+
+March 29--Germans state that during recent raid on Strassburg, bombs
+dropped by allied aviators killed two children and wounded seven others
+and one woman.
+
+March 30--Copenhagen reports that two Zeppelins have been badly damaged
+by a storm while manoeuvering for a raid on England; Turkish seaplane
+drops bombs on British warship outside Dardanelles.
+
+March 31--Thirty German soldiers are killed and sixty wounded near
+Thourout, Belgium, by bombs dropped by airmen of Allies; fifteen German
+aeroplanes drop 100 bombs at Ostrolenka, Russia; German aeroplane aims
+bomb at Dutch trawler in North Sea, but misses her.
+
+
+AUSTRIA.
+
+March 1--Two Czech regiments revolt.
+
+March 2--It is learned that the troops executed 200 civilians in
+Stanislau.
+
+March 17--Conviction is stated to prevail in Vienna that war with Italy
+is inevitable in the near future; many Austrians are declared to be
+indignant that Germany is trying to force the nation to cede territory
+to Italy.
+
+March 18--Russian prisoners and Galician refugees are working on
+defensive fortifications in the Trentino, which are being prepared in
+event of war with Italy; heavy guns are being mounted in the mountain
+passes; fleet is again concentrated at Pola; Austria and Serbia agree to
+exchange interned men under 18 or over 50, and also women.
+
+March 22--Men up to 52 are now being trained for active service; men
+formerly rejected as unfit are being called to the colors.
+
+March 24--Five hundred thousand troops are massed in Southern Tyrol and
+the Trentino; many villages near the Italian frontier have been
+evacuated and many houses destroyed by dynamite, so as to afford better
+range for the big guns.
+
+March 26--Army contract frauds are discovered in Hungary; rich
+manufacturers jailed.
+
+
+BELGIUM.
+
+March 2--Gen. von Bissing, German Governor General, says the tax
+recently ordered imposed on Belgians who do not return to their homes
+was suggested by Belgians themselves.
+
+March 8--Belgian Press Bureau announces that King Albert now has an army
+of 140,000 men, a larger force than that which began the war.
+
+March 9--As a result of new royal decrees calling refugee youths to the
+colors the number of recruits is increasing daily; a few days ago King
+Albert presented a number of recruits to two veteran regiments in a
+speech; Belgian officials are arrested by Germans on charge that they
+induced Belgian customs officials to go through Holland to join Belgian
+Army.
+
+March 17--Government issues protest against the German allegation that
+documents found in Brussels show that Belgium and England had a secret
+understanding before the war of such a nature as to constitute a
+violation of Belgium's neutrality; the Government declares that
+conversations which took place between Belgian and British military
+officers in 1906 and 1912 had reference only to the situation that would
+be created if Belgium's neutrality had already been violated by a third
+party; it is declared that the documents found by Germans, "provided no
+part of them is either garbled or suppressed," will prove the innocent
+nature of negotiations between Belgium and England.
+
+March 18--Firm of Henri Leten is fined $5,000 for violating order of
+German Governor General prohibiting payments to creditors in England.
+
+March 20--One million pigs owned by Germans are billeted on the civilian
+population of Belgium, the Belgians being required to feed and care for
+the animals.
+
+March 21--Germans are relaxing iron regulations to some extent in
+attempt to get the normal life of Belgium moving again.
+
+March 23--Seventeen Belgian men are shot in Ghent barracks after having
+been found guilty by German court-martial of espionage in the interests
+of the Allies.
+
+March 28--Belgian Legation at Washington issues official response to
+statement made by Herr von Jagow, the Imperial German Secretary of
+State, that "Belgium was dragged into the war by England"; response says
+that it was Germany, not England, that drew the nation into war.
+
+
+BULGARIA.
+
+March 6--Mobilization is now completed of three divisions of troops near
+Tirnova.
+
+March 12--Heavy artillery is being transported to Janthe, near the Greek
+frontier.
+
+March 20--Three Bulgarian soldiers are killed and several Greek soldiers
+are wounded in a fight which followed an attempted movement by strong
+Bulgarian force into the region of Demir-Hissar, formerly Turkish
+territory, now Greek.
+
+March 26--Opposition leaders are demanding an interview with the King
+with a view of bringing about a change of policy favoring the
+Anglo-Franco-Russian alliance; Field Marshal von der Goltz is in Sofia.
+
+March 30--Bulgaria is holding up shipments of German artillery and large
+quantities of ammunition destined for Constantinople.
+
+
+CANADA.
+
+March 5--Three transports arrive in England with 4,000 Canadian troops.
+
+March 14--Second contingent is now in camp in England; it is expected
+that these troops will soon go to the front.
+
+March 26--Publication of first account by Official Canadian Recorder
+with troops in the field of contingent's experiences; he states that
+there have been but few casualties so far; the infantry was held in
+reserve in the Neuve Chapelle fight, but the artillery was engaged.
+
+March 27--There is made public in Ottawa the address delivered by
+General Alderon, commanding the Canadian Division, just before the men
+first entered the trenches; he warns against taking needless risks and
+tells the men he expects them to win, when they meet the Germans with
+the bayonet, because of their physique.
+
+
+ENGLAND.
+
+March 2--Order in Council promulgated providing for prize money for
+crews of British ships which capture or destroy enemy vessels to be
+distributed among officers and men at rate calculated at $25 for each
+person aboard the enemy vessel at beginning of engagement; British spy
+system has been so perfected that it is said in some respects to excel
+the German; Embassy in Washington denies that women or children are
+interned in civilian camps.
+
+March 4--Government appeals to aviators of British nationality in United
+States and Canada to join the Royal Flying Corps.
+
+March 8--Shipowner offers $2,000 apiece to next four merchant ships
+which sink German submarines.
+
+March 9--House of Commons authorizes Government to take over control of
+engineering trade of country in order to increase output of war
+munitions.
+
+March 14--John E. Redmond, leader of the Irish Nationalist Party,
+declares in speech that Ireland is now firmly united in England's cause,
+and that 250,000 Irishmen are fighting for Britain.
+
+March 15--Kitchener discusses the war situation in House of Lords, he
+expresses anxiety over supply of war materials and blames labor unions
+and dram shops in part for the slow output; he praises the Canadian and
+Indian troops and the French Army; passport rules for persons going to
+France are made more stringent.
+
+March 16--Heavy losses among officers cause anxiety; T.P. O'Connor says
+Irish are with the Allies; stringent passport rules are extended to
+persons going into Holland.
+
+March 19--In six days 511 officers have been lost in killed, wounded,
+and missing; newspapers hint at conscription.
+
+March 20--Officers lost since beginning of the war, in killed, wounded,
+and missing, now total 5,476, of which 1,783 have been killed.
+
+March 23--It is reported that a second German spy was shot in the Tower
+of London on March 5, that a third spy is under sentence, and that a
+fourth man, a suspect, is under arrest.
+
+March 24--Earl Percy is acting as Official Observer with the
+expeditionary force; warships are ordered not to get supplies from
+neutral nations in Western Hemisphere.
+
+March 26--Field Marshal French says that "the protraction of the war
+depends entirely upon the supply of men and munitions," and if this
+supply is unsatisfactory the war will be prolonged; German newspapers
+charge British atrocities at Neuve Chapelle; Colonial Premiers may meet
+for consultation before terms of peace are arranged.
+
+March 27--Storm of protest is aroused by suggestions of Dr. Lyttelton,
+Headmaster of Eton, that concessions should be made to Germany.
+
+March 28--Premier Asquith is attacked by the Unionist press for alleged
+lack of vigor in direction of the war.
+
+March 30--Three of the nine prison ships on which prisoners have been
+kept are vacated, and it is planned to empty the others by the end of
+April, prisoners being cared for on shore.
+
+March 31--King George announces that he is ready to give up use of
+liquor in the royal household as an example to the working classes, it
+being stated that slowness of output of munitions of war is partly due
+to drink; Lord Derby announces that Liverpool dock workers are to be
+organized into a battalion, enlisted under military law, as a means of
+preventing delays in making war supplies.
+
+
+FRANCE.
+
+March 1--Official note issued in Paris states that there are 2,080,000
+Germans and Austrians on the Russian and Serbian front, and 1,800,000
+Germans on the French and Belgian front.
+
+March 5--War Minister introduces bill in Chamber of Deputies giving
+authorization to call to the colors the recruits of 1915 and to start
+training those of 1916.
+
+March 6--French Press Bureau estimates the total German losses since the
+beginning of the war, in killed, wounded, sick, and prisoners, at
+3,000,000.
+
+March 10--Foreign Office issues report on treatment of French civilian
+prisoners by the Germans, charging many instances of cruelty.
+
+March 11--Eight thousand German and Austrian houses have been
+sequestered to date; bill introduced into Chamber of Deputies provides
+for burning of soldiers' bodies as a precaution against possible
+epidemic of disease; Mi-Carême festivities omitted because of the war.
+
+March 12--Fine of $100,000, to be paid before March 20, is imposed on
+inhabitants of Lille, in hands of the Germans, because of a
+demonstration over a group of French prisoners of war brought into the
+city.
+
+March 14--Copenhagen report states that there has been a revolt in
+Lille.
+
+March 25--War Ministry denies General von Bernhardi's charge that France
+and England had an arrangement for violation of the neutrality of
+Belgium.
+
+March 28--A cannon is mentioned in the orders of the day for gallantry
+in action; General Joffre decorates thirty men for gallantry in action
+in the Champagne district.
+
+March 31--Intense indignation is expressed by the French press over
+sinking of British passenger steamer Falaba by German submarine.
+
+
+GERMANY.
+
+March 5--Interned French civilians are sent to Switzerland for exchange
+for German civilians held by the French.
+
+March 6--Government asks the United States to care for German diplomatic
+interests in Constantinople if Allies occupy the Turkish capital; two
+British prisoners of war are punished for refusing to obey their own
+officers.
+
+March 7--Copenhagen reports that men up to 55 have been called out; it
+is stated that there are now 781,000 war prisoners interned in Germany.
+
+March 8--British charge that German dumdum bullets were found after a
+recent battle in Egypt.
+
+March 10--Reichstag is informed that the budget is $3,250,000,000--four
+times greater than any estimates ever before presented; a further war
+credit is asked of $2,500,000,000, to insure financing the war until the
+late Autumn; Landsturm classes of 1869-1873 are summoned to the colors
+in the Rhine provinces.
+
+March 15--Prussian losses to date (excluding Bavarian, Württemberg,
+Saxon, and naval losses) are 1,050,029 in killed, wounded, and missing.
+
+March 16--German committee is planning to send Americans to the United
+States as propagandists to lay German case before the American people;
+20,000 high school boys have volunteered for service.
+
+March 18--Copenhagen reports that Emperor William and General von
+Falkenhayn, Chief of the German General Staff, arrived today at the
+German Army Headquarters near Lille to participate in a council of war;
+Chief President of the Province of East Prussia states that 80,000
+houses have been entirely destroyed by the Russians and that 300,000
+refugees have left the province; German War Department states that for
+every German village burned by the Russians three Russian villages will
+be burned by the Germans.
+
+March 21--Archbishop of Cologne asks children for prayers and offerings,
+and suggests that they do without new clothes at confirmation.
+
+March 22--Lieut. Colonel Kaden urges teachers and parents to foster
+hatred of England.
+
+March 23--English women and children allowed to leave Belgium.
+
+March 30--It is reported that Emperor William is holding an important
+war council in Berlin with military chiefs.
+
+March 31--Much enthusiasm over sinking of British passenger steamer
+Falaba; official statistics of second war loan show that $2,265,000,000
+was subscribed, of which $17,750,000 came from 452,113 persons in sums
+of $50 or less; local option is permitted by German Federal Council.
+
+
+GREECE.
+
+March 3--Crown Council meets at the palace in Athens under Presidency of
+the King; among the eminent statesmen present are five ex-Premiers;
+deliberations deal with question whether Greece should take part in the
+war; further conferences of the Council are planned, and Parliament has
+been summoned to meet, after the deliberations are finished.
+
+March 4--Crown Council meets again.
+
+March 10--M. Ghounaris completes formation of a new Cabinet; Ministerial
+statement declares that the observance of neutrality is imperative on
+Greece if she is to protect her national interests.
+
+March 14--M. Venizelos, former Premier, says that Greece will soon be
+forced by course of events to abandon neutrality and join with Allies in
+operations against Constantinople and Smyrna; by so doing, he says, the
+Government can quadruple the area of Greece.
+
+March 17--M. Venizelos is quoted by an Italian newspaper correspondent
+as saying that the Allies have twice asked Greece since the outbreak of
+the war to help Serbia, but attitude of Bulgaria prevented Greece from
+doing so; Venizelos resigned, according to this correspondent, because
+Crown Council overruled his plan to send 50,000 men to aid Allies.
+
+
+HOLLAND.
+
+March 2--Semi-official circles deny persistent reports that country is
+to enter the war; American Minister van Dyke says that he sees no signs
+of any change in the attitude of Holland.
+
+
+ITALY.
+
+March 2--Much Italian comment caused by introduction in Chamber of
+Deputies of bills against espionage, contraband, and publication in
+newspapers of news of military movements; Italy is hiring hulks of ships
+for grain storage.
+
+March 3--General Zupelli, Minister of War, speaks in Chamber of Deputies
+in favor of a bill authorizing a recall to the colors of reserve
+officers; Government asks Chamber for authorization to take control of
+every industry connected with the defense of the country, including
+wireless telegraphy and aviation.
+
+March 8--Premier Salandra hints at war at inauguration of new military
+harbor at Gaeta.
+
+March 10--Garibaldians in the French Foreign Legion are allowed by
+French Government to return to Italy in response to call of certain
+categories of reservists by Italian Government.
+
+March 11--Military preparations are being pushed with much vigor.
+
+March 12--Soldiers near Austro-Italian frontier are drilling daily; new
+cannon is being tested; fleet is in readiness under Duke of the Abruzzi;
+Prince von Buelow is reported to have failed in his efforts to satisfy
+Italian demands for Austrian territory as the price of continued
+neutrality; it is said that Italy was asked to be satisfied with the
+Trentino, while nothing was said as to Trieste.
+
+March 14--Rome reports that Emperor Francis Joseph, despite urgent
+solicitations of Emperor William, refuses to sanction any cession of
+territory to Italy and insists that von Buelow's negotiations with the
+Italian Government be stopped; Premier Salandra's personal organ, the
+Giornale d'Italia, says Italy must obtain territorial expansion;
+National League meets at Milan and demands, through intervention in the
+war, the liberation of all Italians from Austrian rule.
+
+March 15--Exchange of telegraphic money orders with Austria is
+suspended; the traveling Post Offices on trains bound for the Austrian
+frontier are also stopped; it is denied that Austria has refused to cede
+any territory whatever, but that what she is willing to cede is far too
+little from the Italian viewpoint.
+
+March 16--Report from Rome states that an authoritative outline of the
+territorial demands of Italy shows that she wishes a sweep of territory
+to the north and east which would extend her boundary around northern
+end of the Adriatic as far south as Fiume on the eastern coast; this
+would include Austrian naval base at Pola and the provinces of Trent and
+Trieste; von Buelow is said to have assured Italian Government that
+concessions will be made.
+
+March 18--Germans are leaving the Riviera.
+
+March 20--Identification cards for use in active service are distributed
+among soldiers.
+
+March 21--King signs the decree promulgating a national defense law,
+which will become operative tomorrow; the law gives the Government
+various powers necessary for efficient war preparations; Parliament
+adjourns until the middle of May, leaving military preparations in hands
+of the Government.
+
+March 22--Austrians and Germans are advised by their Consuls to leave
+Italy as quickly as possible.
+
+March 23--Crowds in streets of Venice clamor for war; Government orders
+seizure of twenty-nine freight cars with material destined for Krupp gun
+works in Germany.
+
+March 26--All is ready for general mobilization; seven complete classes
+are already under the colors; Austrian and German families are leaving.
+
+March 27--Italian Consul at Buenos Aires calls a meeting of agents of
+Italian steamship lines and warns them to be in readiness for possible
+transportation of 60,000 reservists.
+
+March 28--Report from Berne that Emperor William in person has persuaded
+Emperor Francis Joseph to cede the territory to Italy which the latter
+desires; it is also said that negotiations are being conducted with Rome
+directly and solely by Berlin.
+
+
+PERSIA.
+
+March 18--India Office of British Government says that documents have
+reached London showing that German Consular officers and business men
+have been engaged in intrigues with the object of facilitating a Turkish
+invasion of Persia.
+
+March 20--Persian Government calls upon Russia to evacuate the Province
+of Azerbijan, Northwest Persia.
+
+March 25--Kurds and Turks are massacring Christians at Urumiah,
+Northwestern Persia; situation of American Presbyterian Mission there is
+described as desperate; Dr. Harry P. Packard, doctor of the American
+missionary station, risks his life to unfurl American flag and save
+Persian Christians at Geogtopa; 15,000 Christians are under protection
+of American Mission and 2,000 under protection of French Mission at
+Urumiah; it is learned that at Gulpashan, the last of 103 villages to be
+taken after resistance, the Kurds shot the male citizens in groups of
+five, while the younger women were taken as slaves; 20,000 Persian
+Christians are dead or missing, while 12,000 are refugees in the
+Caucasus; disease is raging among the refugees.
+
+March 26--Turks force their way into the compound of the American
+Mission at Urumiah, seize some Assyrian Christian refugees and kill
+them; Turks beat and insult American missionaries; American and British
+Consuls at Tabriz, near Urumiah, have joined in appeal to General
+commanding Russian forces at Tabriz to go to relief of American Mission
+at Urumiah, which is described as practically besieged by Turks and
+Kurds; United States State Department is active and asks Ambassador
+Morgenthau at Constantinople to urge the Turkish Government to send
+protection; Persian War Relief Committee cables funds to American Consul
+at Tabriz for relief at Urumiah.
+
+March 27--Turkish Grand Vizier issues orders that Christians in
+disturbed Persian regions be protected and uprisings be suppressed.
+
+March 28--Turkish regulars are due to arrive at Urumiah to protect
+Christians and suppress disorder; Turkish War Office says that "no acts
+of violence had been committed at Urumiah"; Grand Vizier states that
+reported atrocities are "grossly exaggerated."
+
+March 30--Turkish Government gives renewed assurances to Ambassador
+Morgenthau that protection will be given to Christians at Urumiah.
+
+
+RUMANIA.
+
+March 6--Parliament passes a law empowering Government to proclaim a
+state of siege until the end of the war, if such a step is thought
+necessary; military representatives of the Government are seeking to
+place large orders for arms and ammunition with American firms.
+
+March 12--Prime Minister Jonesco is quoted in a newspaper interview as
+saying that he is sure the Allies will force the Dardanelles, the result
+of which will be that Rumania will join the war.
+
+March 15--Rumania's war preparations are causing uneasiness in
+Austria-Hungary.
+
+March 18--Government seizes a large quantity of shells in transit from
+Germany for Turkish troops.
+
+
+RUSSIA.
+
+March 1--Paris Temps says that the Allies have reached an agreement by
+which Russia will have free passage through the Dardanelles.
+
+March 4--Village women capture and bind a detachment of German soldiers.
+
+March 24--Congress of Representatives of the Nobility, in annual session
+at Petrograd, passes resolutions stating that "the vital interests of
+Russia require full possession of Constantinople, and both shores of the
+Bosporus and the Dardanelles and the adjacent islands."
+
+
+TURKEY.
+
+March 9--American missionaries, arriving in New York from Jerusalem, say
+that the fall of the Dardanelles will probably mean a massacre of Jews
+and Gentiles in the Holy Land.
+
+March 11--There is a panic in Constantinople and many foreigners are
+leaving.
+
+March 15--All Serbs and Montenegrins have been ordered to leave
+Constantinople within twenty-four hours.
+
+March 18--The rich are leaving Constantinople; Germans from the
+provinces are concentrating there.
+
+March 19--Appalling conditions prevail in Armenia, following massacres
+by Turks and Kurds.
+
+
+UNITED STATES.
+
+March 1--Indictments are returned by the Federal Grand Jury in New York
+against the Hamburg-American Steamship Company and against officials of
+the line on the charge of conspiring against the United States by making
+out false clearance papers and false manifests in connection with
+voyages made by four steamships to supply German cruiser Karlsruhe and
+auxiliary cruiser Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse with coal and provisions;
+indictments are returned by the Federal Grand Jury in New York against
+Richard P. Stegler, a German, Gustave Cook and Richard Madden on the
+charge of conspiracy to defraud the Government in obtaining a passport.
+
+March 2--Three indictments charging the illegal transportation of
+dynamite in interstate commerce are returned by the Federal Grand Jury
+in Boston against Warner Horn, a German, who tried to destroy the
+international railway bridge at Vanceboro, Me., last month; extradition
+proceedings by Canada, officials state, will probably have to be halted
+until this indictment is disposed of.
+
+March 7--Horn is made a Federal prisoner in Maine.
+
+March 8--Carl Ruroede, who was arrested in January with four Germans to
+whom he had issued spurious American passports, pleads guilty in the
+Federal District Court to charge of conspiring to defraud the United
+States Government, and is sentenced to three years' imprisonment; the
+four Germans who bought passports are fined $200 each; the Department of
+Justice is still investigating in belief there are other conspirators.
+
+March 16--Stegler turns State's evidence and testifies against Cook and
+Madden in the Federal District Court.
+
+March 18--Cook and Madden are found guilty, the jury making a strong
+recommendation for mercy; before the United States Commissioner at
+Bangor, Me., Horn claims that his act was an act of war and contests
+right of the courts to try him.
+
+March 19--Stegler is sentenced to sixty days' imprisonment, and Cook and
+Madden to ten months; United States Commissioner at Bangor decides that
+Horn must stand trial in Boston.
+
+March 24--Major General Hughes, Minister of Militia and Defense for
+Canada, states in the Canadian Parliament that two dozen Americans with
+the first Canadian contingent have fallen in battle, and that "hundreds
+more are in the Canadian regiments fighting bravely."
+
+March 25--Horn is taken to Boston from Portland, after two unsuccessful
+attempts to obtain a writ of habeas corpus.
+
+March 31--Leon C. Thrasher of Hardwick, Mass., an American by birth,
+was among the passengers lost on the Falaba; American Embassy in London
+and the State Department are investigating; the Thrasher family appeals
+to Washington for information about his death; Raymond Swoboda,
+American, a passenger on the French liner Touraine, which was imperiled
+by fire at sea on March 6, has been arrested in Paris charged with
+causing the fire.
+
+
+RELIEF WORK.
+
+March 1--Herbert C. Hoover, Chairman of the American Belgian Relief
+Committee, issues statement in London that the Germans have scrupulously
+kept their promise, given in December, not to make further requisitions
+of foodstuffs in the occupied zone of Belgium for use by the German
+Army; he says the Germans have never interfered with foodstuffs imported
+by the commission and that all these foodstuffs have gone to the Belgian
+civil population; Mr. Hoover further states that "every Belgian is today
+on a ration from this commission"; every State in the Union contributes
+to the fund for the Easter Argosy, the ship which it is planned the
+children of the United States will send with a cargo to Belgium in the
+name of Princess Marie José, the little daughter of the King and Queen
+of the Belgians; plans are made for the sending of two ships with
+cargoes supplied by the people of the State of New York.
+
+March 2--American Red Cross sends large shipments of supplies to Serbia
+and Germany; four American Red Cross nurses sail for Germany; Serbian
+Agricultural Relief Committee asks for farming implements.
+
+March 5--Mississippi, Ohio, and Nebraska form organizations to send
+relief ships; American Red Cross is sending large consignments of
+supplies to the American Relief Clearing House in Paris.
+
+March 8--Report from London states that it has just become known in
+Budapest that Countess Széchényi, formerly Miss Gladys Vanderbilt,
+contracted smallpox while nursing in a Budapest military hospital and
+has been dangerously ill for a fortnight; a hospital, exclusively for
+the care of wounded soldiers whose cases require delicate surgical
+operations, is ready for work at Compiègne under the direction of Dr.
+Alexis Carrel of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.
+
+March 9--In gratitude for American help, the municipal authorities of
+Louvain inform the American Commission for Relief in Belgium that, when
+Louvain is rebuilt, squares or streets will be named Washington, Wilson,
+and American Nation.
+
+March 11--American Red Cross announces plan to send two units for
+service with the Belgian Army.
+
+March 12--Philadelphians give $15,000 for establishment of a
+Philadelphia ward in the American Ambulance Hospital in Paris; other
+wards bear the names of New York, Providence, New Haven, and Buffalo.
+
+March 14--Letter to the British Red Cross from Sir Thomas Lipton says
+that typhus is threatening Serbia.
+
+March 16--Mrs. John Hays Hammond, National Chairman of the War
+Children's Christmas Fund, has received letters from Princess Mary of
+England, and the Russian Ambassador to the United States, writing in
+behalf of the Empress of Russia, expressing thanks for the Christmas
+supplies sent from the United States.
+
+March 17--Mme. Vandervelde, wife of the Belgian Minister of State, has
+collected nearly $300,000 in the United States for Belgian relief, and
+plans to sail for Europe in a few days.
+
+March 20--Serbian Legation in London sends appeal to United States for
+aid for Serbia from the Archbishop of Belgrade.
+
+March 22--General Kamoroff, as special emissary of the Czar, visits the
+American Hospital in Petrograd and thanks the Americans for their help
+in caring for Russian wounded.
+
+March 23--Contributions for the Easter Argosy reach $125,000; letter to
+Belgian Relief Committee brings the thanks of King Albert for American
+help; American Red Cross sends twenty-seven tons of supplies to Belgian
+Red Cross.
+
+March 24--General Joffre cables thanks to the Lafayette Fund, which is
+sending comfort kits to the French soldiers in the trenches.
+
+March 25--American Commission for Relief in Belgium announces that
+arrangements have been completed for feeding 2,500,000 French in the
+north of France, behind the German lines; for the past month the
+commission has fed more than 500,000 French; it is planned that the
+Easter Argosy will sail on May 1.
+
+March 26--Financial report issued in London by the American Commission
+for Relief in Belgium states that foodstuffs of a total value of
+$20,000,000 have been delivered to Belgium since the commission began
+work, and $19,000,000 worth of foodstuffs is in transit or stored for
+future shipments; $8,500,000 has been provided by benevolent
+contributions, and the remaining $30,500,000 through banking
+arrangements set up by the commission; of the benevolent contributions
+the United States has provided $4,700,000; United Kingdom, $1,200,000;
+Canada, $900,000; Australasia, $900,000; clothing which has been
+distributed is estimated to have been worth an additional $1,000,000; it
+is announced that Queen Alexandra, as President of the English Red Cross
+Society, has written an autograph note to Mrs. Whitelaw Reid in London
+expressing gratitude for the aid given by the American Red Cross.
+
+March 30--The cash collected by the Belgian Relief Fund, New York, now
+totals $1,004,000, said to be the largest amount ever raised in the
+United States for relief of distress in a foreign country.
+
+
+
+
+THE DAY
+
+By HENRY CHAPPELL.
+
+
+     _[The author of this poem is Mr. Henry Chappell, a railway
+     porter at Bath, England. Mr. Chappell is known to his comrades
+     as the "Bath Railway Poet."]_
+
+    You boasted the Day, and you toasted the Day,
+      And now the Day has come.
+    Blasphemer, braggart and coward all,
+    Little you reck of the numbing ball,
+    The blasting shell, or the "white arm's" fall,
+      As they speed poor humans home.
+
+    You spied for the Day, you lied for the Day,
+      And woke the Day's red spleen,
+    Monster, who asked God's aid Divine,
+    Then strewed His seas with the ghastly mine;
+    Not all the waters of all the Rhine
+      Can wash thy foul hands clean.
+
+    You dreamed for the Day, you schemed for the Day;
+      Watch how the Day will go.
+    Slayer of age and youth and prime
+    (Defenseless slain for never a crime)
+    Thou art steeped in blood as a hog in slime,
+      False friend and cowardly foe.
+
+    You have sown for the Day, you have grown for the Day;
+      Yours is the Harvest red.
+    Can you hear the groans and the awful cries?
+    Can you see the heap of slain that lies,
+    And sightless turned to the flame-split skies
+      The glassy eyes of the dead?
+
+    You have wronged for the Day, you have longed for the Day
+      That lit the awful flame.
+    'Tis nothing to you that hill and plain
+    Yield sheaves of dead men amid the grain;
+    That widows mourn for their loved ones slain,
+      And mothers curse thy name.
+
+    But after the Day there's a price to pay
+      For the sleepers under the sod,
+    And Him you have mocked for many a day--
+    Listen, and hear what He has to say:
+    _"Vengeance is mine, I will repay."_
+      What can you say to God?
+
+Reprinted from _The London Daily Express_ (Copyright).
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY; THE
+EUROPEAN WAR, VOL 2, NO. 2, MAY, 1915***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 15479-8.txt or 15479-8.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/7/15479
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
diff --git a/old/15479.txt b/old/15479.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d60286e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/15479.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13299 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, New York Times Current History; The European
+War, Vol 2, No. 2, May, 1915, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: New York Times Current History; The European War, Vol 2, No. 2, May, 1915
+       April-September, 1915
+
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 27, 2005  [eBook #15479]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY;
+THE EUROPEAN WAR, VOL 2, NO. 2, MAY, 1915***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Linda Cantoni, Joshua Hutchinson,
+and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 15479-h.htm or 15479-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/7/15479/15479-h/15479-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/7/15479/15479-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+The New York Times
+
+CURRENT HISTORY
+
+A Monthly Magazine
+
+THE EUROPEAN WAR, VOLUME II
+
+April, 1915-September, 1915
+
+With Index
+
+Number II, May, 1915
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: (logo) THE N.Y. TIMES]
+
+
+
+New York
+The New York Times Company
+
+1915
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+NUMBER II. MAY, 1915.
+
+                                                                  Page
+
+GENERAL SIR JOHN FRENCH'S OWN STORY (With Map)                     205
+  The Costly Victory of Neuve Chapelle
+
+ROBERTS OF KANDAHAR (Poem)                                         210
+  By Sidney Low
+
+THE SURRENDER OF PRZEMYSL (With Maps)                              211
+  How Galicia's Strong Fortress Yielded to the Russian Siege
+
+THE JESTERS (Poem)                                                 217
+  By Marion Couthouy Smith
+
+LORD KITCHENER ADVERTISES FOR RECRUITS                             218
+
+BATTLE OF THE DARDANELLES (With Map)                               219
+  The Disaster that Befell the Allies' Fleet
+
+OFFICIAL STORY OF TWO SEA FIGHTS (With Maps)                       223
+
+BETWEEN MIDNIGHT AND MORNING (Poem)                                231
+  By Sir Owen Seaman
+
+THE GREATEST OF CAMPAIGNS (With Map)                               232
+  The French Official Account Concluded
+
+SONNET ON THE BELGIAN EXPATRIATION                                 250
+  By Thomas Hardy
+
+WAR CORRESPONDENCE (With Map)                                      251
+
+THE SPIRIT OF MANKIND                                              258
+  By Woodrow Wilson
+
+"WHAT THE GERMANS SAY ABOUT THEIR OWN METHODS OF WARFARE"          259
+  (With Facsimile Letters)
+  By Professor Bedier of the College de France
+
+THE RECRUIT (Poem)                                                 274
+  By Hortense Flexner
+
+AMERICAN REPLY TO BRITAIN'S BLOCKADE ORDER                         275
+  By William J. Bryan
+
+GERMANY'S CONDITIONS OF PEACE                                      279
+  By Dr. Bernhard Dernburg
+
+THE ALLIES' CONDITIONS OF PEACE                                    282
+  By Sir Edward Grey
+
+SOUTH AFRICA'S ROMANTIC BLUE PAPER (With Map)                      284
+
+THE BELLS OF BERLIN (Poem)                                         289
+  From _Punch_ of London
+
+WARFARE AND BRITISH LABOR                                          290
+  By Earl Kitchener
+
+SAVIORS OF EUROPE                                                  292
+  By Rene Bazin
+
+BRITAIN'S PERIL OF STRIKES AND DRINK                               293
+  By Lloyd George
+
+ITALY'S EVOLUTION AS REFLECTED BY HER PRESS                        301
+
+SOME RUSES DE GUERRE (Poem)                                        304
+  By A.M. Wakeman
+
+THE EUROPEAN WAR AS SEEN BY CARTOONISTS                            305
+
+FACSIMILE OF A BELGIAN BREAD-CHECK                                 329
+
+TO A GERMAN APOLOGIST (Poem)                                       329
+  By Beatrice Barry
+
+AMERICA'S NEUTRALITY                                               330
+  By Count Albert Apponyi
+
+NEUTRAL SPIRIT OF THE SWISS                                        335
+  An Interview with President Motta
+
+TO KING AND PEOPLE (Poem)                                          336
+  By Walter Sichel
+
+A SWISS VIEW OF GERMANY                                            337
+  By Maurice Millioud
+
+THE LAND OF MAETERLINCK                                            344
+  By Alfred Sutro
+
+AMERICA AND PROHIBITION RUSSIA                                     345
+  By Isabel F. Hapgood
+
+THE MOTHER'S SONG (Poem)                                           350
+  By Cecilia Reynolds Robertson
+
+PAN-AMERICAN RELATIONS AS AFFECTED BY THE WAR                      351
+  By Huntington Wilson
+
+AN EASTER MESSAGE (Poem)                                           357
+  By Beatrice Barry
+
+AN INTERVIEW ON THE WAR WITH HENRY JAMES                           358
+  By Preston Lockwood
+
+A TALK WITH BELGIUM'S GOVERNOR                                     363
+  By Edward Lyall Fox
+
+A CHARGE IN THE DARK (Poem)                                        365
+  By O.C.A. Child
+
+A NEW POLAND                                                       366
+  By Gustave Herve
+
+"WITH THE HONORS OF WAR"                                           368
+  By Wythe Williams
+
+GENERAL FOCH, THE MAN OF YPRES                                     373
+
+THE UNREMEMBERED DEAD (Poem)                                       377
+  By Ella A. Fanning
+
+CANADA AND BRITAIN'S WAR UNION                                     378
+  By Edward W. Thomson
+
+ENGLAND (Poem)                                                     384
+  By John E. Dolson
+
+AMERICAN AID OF FRANCE                                             385
+  By Eugene Brieux
+
+A FAREWELL (Poem)                                                  387
+  By Edna Mead
+
+STORIES OF FRENCH COURAGE                                          388
+  By Edwin L. Shuman
+
+A TROOPER'S SOLILOQUY (Poem)                                       392
+  By O.C.A. Child
+
+AMERICAN UNFRIENDLINESS                                            393
+  By Maximilian Harden
+
+ENDOWED WITH A NOBLE FIRE OF BLOOD                                 395
+  By A. Kouprine
+
+CHRONOLOGY OF THE WAR                                              396
+
+THE DAY (Poem)                                                     408
+  By Henry Chappell
+
+[Illustration: COMMANDER THIERICHENS
+
+Commander of the German commerce-raider Prinz Eitel Friedrich, which
+sank the American sailing ship William P. Frye.]
+
+[Illustration: THE GRAND DUCHESS OF LUXEMBURG
+
+Whose little State was first occupied by the German forces.
+
+(Photo from George Grantham Bain.)]
+
+
+
+
+The New York Times
+
+CURRENT HISTORY
+
+A MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+THE EUROPEAN WAR
+
+MAY, 1915
+
+
+
+
+General Sir John French's Own Story
+
+The Costly Victory of Neuve Chapelle
+
+
+_LONDON, April 14.--Field Marshal Sir John French, commander of the
+British expeditionary forces on the Continent, reports the British
+losses in the three days' fighting at Neuve Chapelle last month, as
+follows: Killed, 190 officers, 2,337 men; wounded, 359 officers, 8,174
+other ranks; missing, 23 officers, 1,728 men; total casualties, 12,811.
+The report continues:_
+
+The enemy left several thousand dead on the field, and we have positive
+information that upward of 12,000 wounded were removed by trains. Thirty
+officers and 1,657 of other ranks were captured.
+
+_The British commander's dispatch concerning the battle is long, and
+says, among other things:_
+
+Considerable delay occurred after the capture of Neuve Chapelle, and the
+infantry was greatly disorganized. I am of the opinion that this delay
+would not have occurred had the clearly expressed order of the general
+officer commanding the First Army been more carefully observed.
+
+_Field Marshal Sir John French's report, which covers the battles of
+Neuve Chapelle and St. Eloi under date of April 5, was published in the
+official Gazette today. The Commander in Chief writes:_
+
+The event of chief interest and importance which has taken place is the
+victory achieved over the enemy in the battle of Neuve Chapelle, which
+was fought on March 10, 11, and 12.
+
+The main attack was delivered by the troops of the First Army under
+command of General Sir Douglas Haig, supported by a large force of heavy
+artillery, a division of cavalry, and some infantry of the General
+Reserve. Secondary and holding attacks and demonstrations were made
+along the front of the Second Army, under direction of its commander,
+Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien.
+
+While the success attained was due to the magnificent bearing and
+indomitable courage displayed by the troops of the Fourth and Indian
+Corps, I consider that the able and skillful dispositions which were
+made by the general officer commanding the First Army contributed
+largely to the defeat of the enemy and to the capture of his position.
+The energy and vigor with which General Sir Douglas Haig handled his
+command show him to be a leader of great ability and power.
+
+Another action of considerable importance was brought about by a
+surprise attack made by the Germans on March 14 against the
+Twenty-seventh Division holding the trenches east of St. Eloi. A large
+force of artillery was concentrated in this area under the cover of a
+mist and a heavy volume of fire was suddenly brought to bear on the
+trenches.
+
+At 5 o'clock in the afternoon this artillery attack was accompanied by
+two mine explosions, and in the confusion caused by these and by the
+suddenness of the attack the position of St. Eloi was captured and held
+for some hours by the enemy.
+
+Well-directed and vigorous counter-attacks, in which the troops of the
+Fifth Army Corps showed great bravery and determination, restored the
+situation by the evening of the 15th.
+
+_The dispatch describes further operations, saying:_
+
+On Feb. 6 a brilliant action by the troops of the First Corps materially
+improved our position in the area south of La Bassee Canal. During the
+previous night parties of the Irish Guards and the Third Battalion of
+the Coldstream Guards had succeeded in gaining ground from which a
+converging fire could be directed on the flanks and rear of certain
+brick stacks occupied by the Germans, which had been for some time a
+source of considerable annoyance. At 2 P.M. the affair commenced with a
+severe bombardment of the brick stacks and the enemy's trenches.
+
+A brisk attack by the Third Battalion of the Coldstream Guards and Irish
+Guards from our trenches west of the brick stacks followed and was
+supported by the fire from the flanking position which had been seized
+the previous night by the same regiments.
+
+The attack succeeded, the brick stacks were occupied without difficulty,
+and a line was established north and south through a point about forty
+yards east of the brick stacks.
+
+The casualties suffered by the Fifth Corps throughout the period under
+review, and particularly during the month of February, have been
+heavier than those on other parts of the line. I regret this, but do not
+think, taking all circumstances into consideration, that they were
+unduly numerous. The position then occupied by the Fifth Corps had
+always been a very vulnerable part of our line. The ground was marshy,
+and trenches were most difficult to construct and maintain. The
+Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Divisions of the Fifth Corps had no
+previous experience in European warfare, and a number of the units
+composing the corps had only recently returned from service in tropical
+climates. In consequence, the hardships of a rigorous Winter campaign
+fell with greater weight upon these divisions than upon any other in the
+command.
+
+Chiefly owing to these causes the Fifth Corps, up to the beginning of
+March, was constantly engaged in counter-attacks to retake trenches and
+ground which had been lost. In their difficult and arduous task,
+however, the troops displayed the utmost gallantry and devotion, and it
+is most creditable to the skill and energy of their leaders that I am
+able to report how well they have surmounted all their difficulties and
+that the ground first taken over by them is still intact and held with
+little greater loss than is incurred by the troops in all other parts of
+the line.
+
+_Describing an attack on the German trenches near St. Eloi on Feb. 28 by
+Princess Patricia's Regiment, of the Canadian contingent, under command
+of Lieut. C.E. Crabbe, the Commander in Chief says:_
+
+The services performed by this distinguished corps have continued to be
+very valuable since I had occasion to refer to them in my last dispatch.
+They have been most ably organized and trained and were commanded by
+Lieut. Colonel F.D. Farquhar, D.S.O., who I deeply regret to say was
+killed while superintending some trench work on March 20. His loss will
+be deeply felt.
+
+_Emphasizing the co-operation of the British and French forces and the
+new role in warfare assumed by the cavalry, the Commander in Chief
+writes:_
+
+During the month of February I arranged with General Foch to render the
+Ninth French Corps, holding the trenches to my left, some much-needed
+rest by sending the three divisions of the British Cavalry Corps to hold
+a portion of the French trenches, each division for a period of ten days
+alternately.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the field of the Battle of Neuve Chapelle and
+its position in the Allied line.]
+
+It was very gratifying to me to note once again in this campaign the
+eager readiness which the cavalry displayed to undertake a role which
+does not properly belong to them in order to support and assist their
+French comrades. In carrying out this work the leader, officers, and men
+displayed the same skill and energy which I have had reason to comment
+upon in former dispatches.
+
+_Referring to Neuve Chapelle and the considerations leading up to this,
+the Field Marshal says:_
+
+About the end of February many vital considerations induced me to
+believe that a vigorous offensive movement by the troops under my
+command should be planned and carried out at the earliest possible
+moment. Among the more important reasons which convinced me of this
+necessity were the general aspect of the allied situation throughout
+Europe, and particularly the marked success of the Russian Army in
+repelling the violent onslaughts of Marshal von Hindenburg; the apparent
+weakening of the enemy on my front, and the necessity for assisting our
+Russian allies to the utmost by holding as many hostile troops as
+possible in the western theatre; the efforts to this end which were
+being made by the French forces at Arras and in Champagne, and--perhaps
+the most weighty consideration of all--the need of fostering the
+offensive spirit in the troops under my command after the trying and
+possibly enervating experiences which they had gone through of a severe
+Winter in the trenches.
+
+In a former dispatch I commented upon the difficulties and drawbacks
+which the Winter weather in this climate imposes upon a vigorous
+offensive. Early in March these difficulties became greatly lessened by
+the drying up of the country and by spells of brighter weather.
+
+I do not propose in this dispatch to enter at length into the
+considerations which actuated me in deciding upon the plan, time, and
+place of my attack. As mentioned above, the main attack was carried out
+by units of the First Army, supported by troops of the Second Army and
+the general reserve. The object of the main attack was to be the capture
+of the village of Neuve Chapelle and the enemy's position at that point,
+and the establishment of our line as far forward as possible to the east
+of that place.
+
+The object, nature, and scope of the attack and the instructions for the
+conduct of the operations were communicated by me to Sir Douglas Haig
+in a secret memorandum, dated Feb. 19.
+
+_After describing the main topographical features of the battlefield and
+showing how the Germans had established a strong post with numerous
+machine guns among the big houses, behind walls and in orchards which
+flanked the approaches to the village, Sir John proceeds:_
+
+The battle opened at 7:30 o'clock the morning of the 10th of March by a
+powerful bombardment of the enemy's position in Neuve Chapelle. The
+artillery bombardment had been well prepared and was most effective,
+except on the extreme northern portion of the front of attack.
+
+At 8:05 o'clock the Twenty-third and Twenty-fifth Brigades of the Eighth
+Division assaulted the German trenches on the northwest of the village.
+At the same hour the Garhwal Brigade of the Meerut (British India)
+Division, which occupied a position to the south of Neuve Chapelle,
+assaulted the German trenches in its front. The Garhwal Brigade and the
+Twenty-fifth Brigade carried the enemy's lines of intrenchment, where
+the wire entanglements had been almost entirely swept away by our
+shrapnel fire.
+
+The Twenty-third Brigade, however, on the northeast, was held up by wire
+entanglements which were not sufficiently cut. At 8:05 o'clock the
+artillery was turned on Neuve Chapelle, and at 8:35 o'clock the advance
+of the infantry was continued. The Twenty-fifth and the Garhwal Brigades
+pushed on eastward and northeastward, respectively, and succeeded in
+getting a foothold in the village. The Twenty-third Brigade was still
+held up in front of the enemy's wire entanglements, and could not
+progress. Heavy losses were suffered, especially in the Middlesex
+Regiment and the Scottish Rifles.
+
+The progress, however, of the Twenty-fifth Brigade into Neuve Chapelle
+immediately to the south of the Twenty-third Brigade had the effect of
+turning the southern flank of the enemy's defenses in front of the
+Twenty-third Brigade. This fact, combined with powerful artillery
+support, enabled the Twenty-third Brigade to get forward between 10 and
+11 A.M., and by 11 o'clock the whole of the village of Neuve Chapelle
+and the roads leading northward and southwestward from the eastern end
+of that village were in our hands.
+
+During this time our artillery completely cut off the village and
+surrounding country from any German reinforcements which could be thrown
+into the fight to restore the situation, by means of a curtain of
+shrapnel fire. Prisoners subsequently reported that all attempts at
+reinforcing the front line were checked. Steps were at once taken to
+consolidate the positions won.
+
+Considerable delay occurred after the capture of the Neuve Chapelle
+position. The infantry was greatly disorganized by the violent nature of
+the attack and by its passage through the enemy's trenches and the
+buildings of the village. It was necessary to get the units to some
+extent together before pushing on. The telephonic communication being
+cut by the enemy's fire rendered communication between the front and the
+rear most difficult. The fact of the left of the Twenty-third Brigade
+having been held up had kept back the Eighth Division and had involved a
+portion of the Twenty-fifth Brigade in fighting to the north, out of its
+proper direction of advance. All this required adjustment. An orchard
+held by the enemy north of Neuve Chapelle also threatened the flank of
+an advance toward the Aubers Bridge.
+
+I am of the opinion that this delay would not have occurred had the
+clearly expressed order of the general officer commanding the First Army
+been carefully observed.
+
+The difficulties above enumerated might have been overcome earlier in
+the day if the general officer commanding the Fourth Corps had been able
+to bring his reserve brigades more speedily into action. As it was, a
+further advance did not commence before 3:30 o'clock. The Twenty-first
+Brigade was able to form up in the open on the left without a shot being
+fired at it, thus showing that, at the time, the enemy's resistance had
+been paralyzed.
+
+The brigade pushed forward in the direction of Moulin-du-Pietre. At
+first it made good progress, but was subsequently held up by machine gun
+fire from houses and from a defended work in the line of the German
+intrenchments opposite the right of the Twenty-second Brigade.
+
+Further to the south the Twenty-fourth Brigade, which had been directed
+on Pietre, was similarly held up by machine guns in houses and trenches.
+At the road junction, 600 yards to the northwest of Pietre, the
+Twenty-fifth Brigade, on the right of the Twenty-fourth, was also held
+up by machine guns from a bridge held by the Germans over the River Les
+Layes, which is situated to the northwest of the Bois du Biez.
+
+While two brigades of the Meerut Division were establishing themselves
+on a new line the Dehra Dun Brigade, supported by the Jullunder Brigade
+of the Lahore Division, moved to the attack of the Bois du Biez, but
+were held up on the line of the River Les Layes by a German post at the
+bridge, which enfiladed them and brought them to a standstill.
+
+The defended bridge over the Les Layes and its neighborhood immediately
+assumed considerable importance. While the artillery fire was brought to
+bear, as far as circumstances would permit, on this point, General Sir
+Douglas Haig directed the First Corps to dispatch one or more battalions
+of the First Brigade in support of the troops attacking the bridge.
+Three battalions were thus sent to Richebourg St. Vaast.
+
+Darkness coming on and the enemy having brought up reinforcements, no
+further progress could be made, and the Indian Corps and the Fourth
+Corps proceeded to consolidate the position they had gained.
+
+While the operations, which I have thus briefly reported, were going on,
+the First Corps, in accordance with orders, delivered an attack in the
+morning from Givenchy simultaneously with that against Neuve Chapelle,
+but as the enemy's wire was insufficiently cut very little progress
+could be made, and the troops at this point did little more than hold
+fast to the Germans in front of them.
+
+On the following day, March 11, the attack was renewed by the Fourth and
+Indian Corps, but it was soon seen that further advance would be
+impossible until the artillery had dealt effectively with the various
+houses and defended localities which had held the troops up along the
+entire front.
+
+Efforts were made to direct the artillery fire accordingly, but, owing
+to the weather conditions, which did not permit of aerial observations,
+and the fact that nearly all the telephone communications between the
+artillery observers and their batteries had been cut, it was impossible
+to do so with sufficient accuracy. When our troops, who were pressing
+forward, occupied a house there, it was not possible to stop our
+artillery fire, and the infantry had to be withdrawn.
+
+As most of the objects for which the operations had been undertaken had
+been attained, and as there were reasons why I considered it inadvisable
+to continue the attack at that time, I directed General Sir Douglas Haig
+on the night of the 12th to hold and consolidate the ground which had
+been gained by the Fourth and Indian Corps, and suspend further
+offensive operations for the present.
+
+The losses during these three days' fighting were, I regret to say, very
+severe, numbering 190 officers and 2,337 of other ranks killed, 359
+officers and 8,174 of other ranks wounded, and 23 officers and 1,720 of
+other ranks missing. But the results attained were, in my opinion, wide
+and far-reaching.
+
+_Referring to the severity of the casualties in action, the Commander in
+Chief writes:_
+
+I can well understand how deeply these casualties are felt by the nation
+at large, but each daily report shows clearly that they are endured on
+at least an equal scale by all the combatants engaged throughout Europe,
+friends and foe alike.
+
+In war as it is today, between civilized nations armed to the teeth with
+the present deadly rifle and machine gun, heavy casualties are
+absolutely unavoidable. For the slightest undue exposure the heaviest
+toll is exacted. The power of defense conferred by modern weapons is the
+main cause for the long duration of the battles of the present day, and
+it is this fact which mainly accounts for such loss and waste of life.
+Both one and the other can, however, be shortened and lessened if
+attacks can be supported by a most efficient and powerful force of
+artillery available; but an almost unlimited supply of ammunition is
+necessary, and a most liberal discretionary power as to its use must be
+given to artillery commanders. I am confident that this is the only
+means by which great results can be obtained with a minimum of loss.
+
+
+
+
+ROBERTS OF KANDAHAR.
+
+SIDNEY LOW, in The London Times.
+
+
+    Through the long years of peril and of strife,
+    He faced Death oft, and Death forbore to slay,
+    Reserving for its sacrificial Day,
+    The garnered treasure of his full-crowned life;
+    So saved him till the furrowed soil was rife,
+    With the rich tillage of our noblest dead;
+    Then reaped the offering of his honored head,
+    In that red field of harvest, where he died,
+    With the embattled legions at his side.
+
+
+
+
+The Surrender of Przemysl
+
+How Galicia's Strong Fortress Yielded to the Russian Siege
+
+
+     The Austrian fortress of Przemysl fell on March 22, 1915,
+     after an investment and siege which lasted, with one short
+     interruption, for nearly four months. This important event was
+     celebrated by a Te Deum of thanksgiving in the presence of the
+     Czar and the General Staff. The importance to the Russians of
+     the capitulation of Przemysl is suggested by the fact that
+     about 120,000 prisoners were reported taken when the Austrians
+     yielded. Until this was effected the Russians could not
+     venture upon a serious invasion of Hungary, and the investing
+     troops who were then freed were more numerous than the
+     defenders.
+
+[By the Correspondent of The London Times.]
+
+PETROGRAD, March 22.
+
+The Minister of War has informed me that he has just received a telegram
+from the Grand Duke Nicholas announcing the fall of Przemysl.
+
+The fall of Przemysl marks the most important event of the Russian
+campaign this year. It finally and irrevocably consolidates the position
+of the Russians in Galicia. The Austro-German armies are deprived of the
+incentive hitherto held out to them of relieving the isolated remnant of
+their former dominion. The besieging army will be freed for other
+purposes. From information previously published the garrison aggregated
+about 25,000 men, hence the investing forces, which must always be at
+least four times as great as the garrison, represent not less than
+100,000 men. From all the information lately received from both Russian
+and neutral sources, the position of the Austro-German armies in the
+Carpathians has become distinctly critical. The reinforcements for the
+gallant troops of General Brusiloff, General Radko Dmitrieff, and other
+commanders are bound to exercise an enormous influence on the future
+course of the campaign in the Carpathians.
+
+All honor and credit are given by the Russians to the garrison of
+Przemysl and General Kusmanek. Russian officers ever had the highest
+opinion of the personality of the commandant. I heard from those who
+fought under General Radko Dmitrieff in the early stages of the Galician
+campaign that when our troops, after sweeping away the resistance at
+Lwow and Jaroslau, loudly knocked at the doors of the fortress of
+Przemysl, they met with a stern rebuff. In reply to the summons of the
+Russians to surrender the keys the commandant wrote a curt and dignified
+note remarking that he considered it beyond his own dignity or the
+dignity of the Russian General to discuss the surrender of the fortress
+before it had exhausted all its powers of resistance. During the second
+invasion of Poland by the Austro-German armies the enemy's lines swept
+up to and just beyond Przemysl, interrupting the investment of the
+fortress. The wave of the Austrian invasion began to subside at the end
+of the first week in November. Only then could we begin the siege of the
+mighty fortress, which proved successful after the lapse of four months.
+
+The first Russian attempt to storm Przemysl without previous
+bombardment, which followed immediately upon the commandant's refusal to
+surrender, resulted in very great loss of life to no purpose. Thereafter
+it was decided to abstain from further attempts to take the fortress
+until our siege guns could be placed and a preliminary bombardment could
+sufficiently facilitate the task of the besiegers. Meanwhile, although
+the fortress and town were duly invested, our lines were somewhat remote
+from the outlying forts, and the peasants of adjacent villages were, it
+is said, able to pass freely to and from the town of Przemysl--a fact
+which would enable the inhabitants to obtain supplies. From all
+accounts neither the garrison nor the inhabitants were reduced to very
+great straits for food. The announcement made at the time of the first
+investment of the fortress that provisions and supplies would easily
+last till May was, however, obviously exaggerated.
+
+I understand that heavy siege guns were ready to be conveyed to Przemysl
+at the end of January, but that the Russian military authorities decided
+to postpone their departure in view of the determined attempts made by
+the Austro-German forces to pierce the Russian lines in the Carpathians
+in order to relieve the fortress, which, if successful, might have
+endangered the safety of the siege material. Owing to this fact the
+bombardment of Przemysl began only about a fortnight ago, when the
+Austro-German offensive had so far weakened as to satisfy the Russian
+authorities that there was no further danger from this quarter.
+
+The concluding stages of the siege have been related in the dispatches
+from the Field Headquarters during the past week. The capture of the
+dominating heights in the eastern sector followed close upon the first
+bombardment. The final desperate sortie led by General Kusmanek at the
+head of the Twenty-third Division of the Honved precipitated the end.
+The remnants of the garrison were unable to man the works extending to a
+thirty-mile periphery.
+
+The loss of the western approaches left General Kusmanek no alternative
+but to surrender. He had exhausted his ammunition and used up his
+effectives. His messages for help were either intercepted or unanswered.
+The assailants broke down the last resistance. The most important
+strategical point in the whole of Galicia is now in Russian hands.
+
+
+TE DEUM AT HEADQUARTERS.
+
+PETROGRAD, March 22.
+
+_The following official communique was issued from the Main Headquarters
+this morning:_
+
+The fortress of Przemysl has surrendered to our troops.
+
+At the Headquarters of the Commander in Chief a Te Deum of thanksgiving
+was celebrated in the presence of the Czar, the Grand Duke Nicholas,
+Commander in Chief, and all the staff.
+
+_The following communique from the Great Headquarters is issued here
+today:_
+
+Northern Front.--From the Niemen to the Vistula and on the left bank of
+the latter river there has been no important change. Our troops
+advancing from Tauroggen captured, after a struggle, Laugszargen, (near
+the frontier of East Prussia,) where they took prisoners and seized an
+ammunition depot and engineers' stores.
+
+The Carpathians.--There has been furious fighting on the roads to
+Bartfeld (in Hungary) in the valleys of the Ondawa and Laborcz.
+
+Near the Lupkow Pass and on the left bank of the Upper San our troops
+have advanced successfully, forcing the way with rifle fire and with the
+bayonet. In the course of the day we took 2,500 prisoners, including
+fifty officers and four machine guns.
+
+In the direction of Munkacz the Germans, in close formation, attacked
+our positions at Rossokhatch, Oravtchik, and Kosziowa, but were
+everywhere driven back by our fire and by our counter-attacks with
+severe losses. In Galicia there has been a snowstorm.
+
+Przemysl.--On the night of the 21st there was a fierce artillery fire
+round Przemysl. Portions of the garrison who once more tried to effect a
+sortie toward the northeast toward Oikowic were driven back within the
+circle of forts with heavy losses.
+
+_Note.--This portion of the communique was evidently drafted before the
+fall of Przemysl took place, and the communique proceeds:_
+
+In recognition of the joyous event of the fall of Przemysl the Czar has
+conferred upon the Grand Duke Nicholas the Second Class of the Order of
+St. George and the Third Class of the same order on General Ivanoff, the
+commander of the besieging army.
+
+[Illustration: Map of the Siege of Przemysl. The small triangles
+indicate outlying fortified hills with their height in feet.]
+
+
+COLLECTING THE ARMS.
+
+_By Hamilton Fyfe, Correspondent of The London Daily Mail._
+
+PETROGRAD, March 23.
+
+Advance detachments of Russian troops entered Przemysl last night. The
+business of collecting the arms is proceeding. I believe the officers
+will be allowed to keep their swords.
+
+Great surprise has been caused here by a statement that the number of
+troops captured exceeds three army corps. Possibly on account of the
+snowstorm no further telegram has been received from the Grand Duke
+Nicholas, and no details of the fall of the garrison have yet been
+officially announced. I have, however, received the definite assurance
+of a very high authority that the force which has surrendered includes
+nine Generals, over 2,000 officers, and 130,000 men. In spite of the
+authority of my informant, I am still inclined to await confirmation of
+these figures.
+
+The leading military organ, the Russki Invalid, says that the garrison
+was known to number 60,000 men and that it had been swelled to some
+extent by the additional forces drafted in before the investment began.
+The Retch estimates the total at 80,000, and a semi-official
+announcement also places the strength of the garrison at that figure,
+excluding artillery and also the men belonging to the auxiliary and
+technical services.
+
+There is an equal difference of opinion regarding the number of guns
+taken. The estimates vary from 1,000 to 2,000. What is known for certain
+is that the fortress contained 600 big guns of the newest type and a
+number of small, older pieces.
+
+The characteristic spirit in which Russia is waging war is shown by the
+service of thanksgiving to God which was held immediately the news of
+the fall of the fortress reached the Grand Duke's headquarters. The Czar
+was there to join with the staff in offering humble gratitude to the
+Almighty for the great victory accorded to the Russian arms.
+
+The first crowds which gathered here yesterday to rejoice over the great
+news moved with one consent to the Kazan Cathedral, where they sang the
+national hymn and crossed themselves reverently before the holy,
+wonder-working picture of Kazan, the Mother of God. In spite of the
+heaviest snowstorm of the Winter, which made the streets impassable and
+stopped the tramway cars, the Nevski Prospekt rang all the afternoon and
+evening with the sound of voices raised in patriotic song.
+
+Przemysl is admitted to be the first spectacular success of the war on
+the side of the Allies. It is not surprising that the nation is proud
+and delighted, yet so generous is the Russian mind that there mingle
+with its triumph admiration and sympathy for the garrison which was
+compelled to surrender after a long, brave resistance. Popular
+imagination has been thrilled by the story of the last desperate sortie,
+which will take a high place in the history of modern war.
+
+When toward the end of the week the hope of relief, which had so long
+buoyed up the defenders, was with heavy, resolved hearts abandoned,
+General Kousmanek resolved to try to save at all events some portion of
+his best troops by sending them to fight a way out. From the ranks,
+thinned terribly by casualties and also by typhus and other diseases
+caused through hunger and the unhealthy state of the town, he selected
+20,000 men and served out to them five days' reduced rations, which were
+all he had left. He also supplied them with new boots in order to give
+them as good a chance as possible to join their comrades in the
+Carpathians, whose summits could be seen from Przemysl in the shining,
+warm Spring sunshine.
+
+It was a hopeless enterprise, pitifully futile. It is true that the
+Austrian armies sent to relieve the city were only a few days' march
+distant, but even if the 20,000 had cut a way through the investing
+force they would have found another Russian army between them and their
+fellow-countrymen. General Kousmanek, before they started, addressed
+them. In a rousing speech he said:
+
+     Soldiers, for nearly half a year, in spite of cold and hunger,
+     you have defended the fortress intrusted to you. The eyes of
+     the world are fixed on you. Millions at home are waiting with
+     painful eagerness to hear the news of your success. The honor
+     of the army and our fatherland requires us to make a
+     superhuman effort. Around us lies the iron ring of the enemy.
+     Burst a way through it and join your comrades who have been
+     fighting so bravely for you and are now so near.
+
+     I have given you the last of our supplies of food. I charge
+     you to go forward and sweep the foe aside. After our many
+     gallant and glorious fights we must not fall into the hands of
+     the Russians like sheep; we must and will break through.
+
+In case this appeal to the men's fighting spirit were ineffective
+threats were also used to the troops, who were warned by their officers
+that any who returned to the fortress would be treated as cowards and
+traitors. After the General's speech the men were told to rest for a few
+hours. At 4 in the morning they paraded and at 5 the battle began. For
+nine hours the Austrians hurled themselves against the iron ring, until
+early in the afternoon, when, broken and battered, the remains of the
+twenty thousand began to straggle back to the town. Exhausted and
+disheartened, the garrison was incapable of further effort.
+
+In order to prevent useless slaughter General Kousmanek sent officers
+with a flag of truce to inquire about the terms of surrender. These were
+arranged very quickly.
+
+In spite of the local value of the victory, and the vastness of the
+captures of material as well as of men, it must not be thought, as many
+are inclined to think here, that the Novoe Vremya exaggerates
+dangerously when it compares the effect likely to be produced with that
+of the fall of Metz and Port Arthur.
+
+It certainly brings the end of the Austrians' participation in the war
+more clearly in sight. But the Austrians will fight for some time yet.
+What it actually does is to free a large Russian force for the
+operations against Cracow or to assist in the invasion of Hungary.
+
+What is the strength of this force it would be imprudent to divulge, but
+I can say that it certainly amounts to not less than an "army,"
+(anything from 80,000 to 200,000 men.) Those who are anxious to arrive
+at a closer figure can calculate by the fact that the Russians had a
+forty-mile front around Przemysl which was strong enough to repulse
+attacks at all points. Another very useful consequence is that all the
+Galician railway system is now in Russian hands. It makes the transport
+of troops much easier.
+
+One further reflection was suggested to me last night by a very
+distinguished and influential Russian soldier, holding office under the
+Government. "The method which prevailed at Przemysl was as follows:
+Instead of rushing against the place and losing heavily, we waited and
+husbanded our forces until the garrison was unable to hold out any
+longer. That is the method adopted by the Allies. It must in the course
+of time force Germany to surrender also.
+
+"Up to now we have held our own against her furious sorties. Soon we
+shall begin to draw more closely our investing lines. Only one end was
+possible to Przemysl. The fate of Germany is equally sure."
+
+Now all eyes are fixed on the Dardanelles. The phrase on every lip is:
+"When the fall of Constantinople follows, then Prussia must begin to see
+that the case is hopeless." But we must not deceive ourselves, for even
+when her allies are defeated Prussia will still be hard to beat.
+Przemysl must not cause us to slacken our effort in any direction or in
+the slightest degree.
+
+
+WHAT THE RUSSIANS FOUND
+
+Special Cable to THE NEW YORK TIMES.
+
+_LONDON, April 3.--The London Times under date Przemysl, March 30,
+publishes a dispatch from Stanley Washburn, its special correspondent
+with the Russian armies, who, by courtesy of the Russian high command,
+is the first foreigner to visit the great Galician fortress since its
+fall. He says:_
+
+Przemysl is a story of an impregnable fortress two or three times
+over-garrisoned with patient, haggard soldiers starving in trenches, and
+sleek, faultlessly dressed officers living off the fat of the land in
+fashionable hotels and restaurants.
+
+The siege started with a total population within the lines of investment
+of approximately 200,000. Experts estimate that the fortress could have
+been held with 50,000 or 60,000 men against any forces the Russians
+could bring against it. It is probable that such supplies as there were
+were uneconomically expended, with the result that when the push came
+the situation was at once acute, and the suffering of all classes save
+the officers became general. First the cavalry and transport horses were
+consumed. Then everything available. Cats were sold at 8 shillings, and
+fair-sized dogs at a sovereign.
+
+While the garrison became thin and half starved, the mode of life of the
+officers in the town remained unchanged. The Cafe Sieber was constantly
+well filled with dilettante officers who gossipped and played cards and
+billiards and led the life to which they were accustomed in Vienna.
+Apparently very few shared any of the hardships of their men or made any
+effort to relieve their condition. At the Hotel Royal until the last,
+the officers had their three meals a day, with fresh meat, cigars,
+cigarettes, wines, and every luxury, while, as a witness has informed
+me, their own orderlies and servants begged for a slice of bread.
+
+There can be no question that ultimate surrender was due to the fact
+that the garrison was on the verge of starvation, while the officers'
+diet was merely threatened with curtailment. Witnesses state that
+private soldiers were seen actually to fall in the streets from lack of
+nourishment. The officers are reported to have retained their private
+thoroughbred riding horses until the day before the surrender, when
+2,000 of them were killed to prevent them from falling into the hands of
+the Russians. A Russian officer of high rank informed me that when he
+entered the town hundreds of these bodies of beautiful thoroughbred
+horses were to be seen with half-crazed Austrian and Hungarian soldiers
+tearing into the bodies with their faces and hands smeared with red
+blood as they devoured the raw flesh.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the scene of action between Przemysl and
+Cracow and the Carpathian Passes.]
+
+The Russians were utterly amazed at the casual reception which they
+received. The Austrian officers showed not the slightest sign of being
+disconcerted or humiliated at the collapse of their fortress.
+
+The first Russian effort was at once to relieve the condition of the
+garrison and civilians. Owing to the destruction of the bridge this was
+delayed, but soon with remarkable efficiency distribution depots were
+opened everywhere and the most pressing needs were somewhat relieved.
+
+The entire conduct of the siege on the part of the garrison seems wholly
+without explanation. The Austrians had throughout plenty of ammunition,
+and they certainly grossly outnumbered the Russians; yet they made but
+one recent effort to break out, which occurred three days before the
+surrender.
+
+Civilians inform me that they gladly welcome the Russians and that the
+first troops who entered were greeted with cheers, while the garrison
+was frankly pleased that the siege was over and their troubles at an
+end.
+
+As an example of overofficering it may be stated that General Kusmanek
+had seventy-five officers on his staff, while General Artamonov, the
+acting Russian Governor, had but four on his immediate staff.
+
+The removal of the prisoners is proceeding with great efficiency. They
+are going out at the rate of about 10,000 a day. The docility of the
+captives is indicated by the fact that the Russian guards attached to
+the prisoners' columns number about one for every hundred prisoners.
+They are all strung out for miles between the fortress and Lemberg. The
+prisoners are so eager to get out and to see the last of the war that
+they follow the instructions of their captors like children.
+
+All the civilians as well as prisoners I have talked with are unanimous
+in their praise of the Russian officers and soldiers, who have shown
+nothing but kindness and delicacy of feeling since their entrance into
+the fortress. This consideration strikes me as being utterly wasted on
+the captured officers, who treat the situation superciliously and are
+quite complacent in their relations with the Russians.
+
+
+
+
+THE JESTERS.
+
+By MARION COUTHOUY SMITH.
+
+
+    Ev'n he, the master of the songs of life,
+      May speak at times with less than certain sound--
+      "He jests at scars who never felt a wound."
+    So runs his word! Yet on the verge of strife,
+    They jest not who have never known the knife;
+      They tremble who in the waiting ranks are found,
+      While those scarred deep on many a battle-ground
+    Sing to the throbbing of the drum and fife.
+    They laugh who know the open, fearless breast,
+      The thrust, the steel-point, and the spreading stain;
+    Whose flesh is hardened to the searing test,
+      Whose souls are tempered to a high disdain.
+    Theirs is the lifted brow, the gallant jest,
+      The long last breath, that holds a victor-strain.
+
+
+
+
+Lord Kitchener Advertises for Recruits
+
+
+[Illustration: _This map shows the comparative distances from London of
+Ostend and of some English towns. London is in the exact center of the
+map._
+
+If the German Army were in Manchester.
+
+If the German Army were in Manchester, every fit man in the country
+would enlist without a moment's delay.
+
+Do you realise that the German Army is now at Ostend, only 125 miles
+away--or 40 miles nearer to London than is Manchester?
+
+How much nearer must the Germans come before _you_ do something to stop
+them?
+
+The German Army must be beaten in Belgium. The time to do it is _now_.
+
+Will you help? Yes? Then enlist _TODAY_.
+
+_God Save the King._
+
+(Facsimile of an advertisement that appeared in The London Times, March
+17, 1915.)]
+
+
+
+
+Battle of the Dardanelles
+
+The Disaster That Befell the Allies' Fleet
+
+
+AS THE TURKS SAW IT.
+
+_BERLIN, March 22, (via London, 11:33 A.M.)--The correspondent at
+Constantinople of the Wolff Bureau telegraphed today a description of
+the fighting at the Dardanelles on Thursday, March 18, in which the
+French battleship Bouvet and two British battleships were sent to the
+bottom. An abridgment of the correspondent's story follows:_
+
+The efforts of the Allies to force the Strait of the Dardanelles reached
+their climax in an artillery duel on Thursday, March 18, which lasted
+seven hours. The entire atmosphere around the Turkish forts was darkened
+by clouds of smoke from exploding shells and quantities of earth thrown
+into the air by the projectiles of the French and British warships. The
+earth trembled for miles around.
+
+The Allies entered the strait at 11:30 in the morning, and shelled the
+town of Chank Kale. Four French and five British warships took part in
+the beginning. This engagement reached its climax at 1:30, when the fire
+of the Allies was concentrated upon Fort Hamidieh and the adjacent
+fortified positions.
+
+The attack of modern marine artillery upon strong land forts presented
+an interesting as well as a terrifying spectacle. At times the forts
+were completely enveloped in smoke. At 2 o'clock the Allies changed
+their tactics and concentrated their fire upon individual batteries, but
+it was evident that they found difficulty in getting the range. Many of
+the shells fell short, casting up pillars of water, or went over the
+forts to explode in the town.
+
+At 3:15, when the bombardment was at its hottest, the French battleship
+Bouvet was seen to be sinking at the stern. A moment later her bows
+swung clear of the water, and she was seen going down. Cheers from the
+Turkish garrisons and forts greeted this sight. Torpedo boats and other
+craft of the Allies hurried to the rescue, but they were successful in
+saving only a few men. Besides having been struck by a mine, the Bouvet
+was severely damaged above the water line by shell fire. One projectile
+struck her forward deck. A mast also was shot away and hung overboard.
+It could be seen that the Bouvet when she sank was endeavoring to gain
+the mouth of the strait. This, however, was difficult, owing,
+apparently, to the fact that her machinery had been damaged.
+
+Shortly after the sinking of the Bouvet a British ship was struck on the
+deck squarely amidship and compelled to withdraw from the fight. Then
+another British vessel was badly damaged, and at 3:45 was seen to retire
+under a terrific fire from the Turkish battery. This vessel ran in
+toward the shore. For a full hour the Allies tried to protect her with
+their guns, but it was apparent that she was destined for destruction.
+Eight effective hits showed the hopelessness of the situation for this
+vessel. She then withdrew toward the mouth of the Dardanelles, which she
+reached in a few minutes under a hail of shells. The forts continued
+firing until the Allies were out of range.
+
+This was the first day when the warships attacking the Dardanelles kept
+within range of the Turkish guns for any considerable length of time.
+The result for them was terrible, owing to the excellent marksmanship
+from the Turkish batteries. The Allies fired on this day 2,000 shells
+without silencing one shore battery. The result has inspired the Turks
+with confidence, and they are looking forward to further engagements
+with calm assurance.
+
+
+ELIMINATION OF MINES.
+
+_The London Times naval correspondent writes, in its issue of March 20:_
+
+The further attack upon the inner forts at the Dardanelles, which was
+resumed by the allied squadrons on Thursday, has resulted,
+unfortunately, but not altogether unexpectedly, in some loss of ships
+and gallant lives.
+
+The clear and candid dispatch in which the operations are described
+attributes the loss of the ships to floating mines, which were probably
+released to drift down with the current in such large numbers that the
+usual method of evading these machines was unavailable. This danger, it
+is said, will require special treatment. Presumably the area having been
+swept clear of anchored mines, it was not considered necessary to take
+other precautions than such as were concerned with the movement of the
+battleships themselves.
+
+The satisfactory feature of the operations is that the ships maintained
+their superiority over the forts, and succeeded in silencing them after
+a few hours' bombardment. The sinking of the battleships occurred later
+in the afternoon, and it would seem at a time when a portion of the
+naval force was making a further advance to cover the mine-sweeping
+operations. There is nothing in the dispatch which indicates anything
+but the eventual success of the work, nor that the defenses have proved
+more formidable than was anticipated. The danger from floating mines may
+have been somewhat underestimated, but it is one that can be met and is
+most unlikely to form a decisive factor.
+
+Manifestly the Turks, with their German advisers, have done their utmost
+to repair, by means of howitzers and field guns, the destruction of the
+fixed defenses; but it is not likely that any temporary expedients will
+prove more than troublesome to the passage of the fleet. The
+determination of the Allies to make a satisfactory ending of the
+operations is shown by the immediate dispatch of reinforcing ships, and
+by the fact that ample naval and military forces are available on the
+spot.
+
+Every one will regret that illness has obliged Vice Admiral Carden to
+relinquish the chief command, but this is now in the very capable hands
+of Vice Admiral Robeck.
+
+
+BRITISH OFFICIAL REPORT.
+
+[From The London Times, March 20, 1915.]
+
+_After ten days of mine-sweeping inside the Dardanelles the British and
+French fleets made a general attack on the fortresses at the Narrows on
+Thursday. After about three hours' bombardment all the forts ceased
+firing._
+
+_Three battleships were lost in these operations by striking mines--the
+French Bouvet, and the Irresistible and the Ocean. The British crews
+were practically all saved, but nearly the whole of the men on the
+Bouvet perished._
+
+_The Secretary of the Admiralty issued the following statement last
+night:_
+
+Mine-sweeping having been in progress during the last ten days inside
+the strait, a general attack was delivered by the British and French
+fleets yesterday morning upon the fortresses at the Narrows of the
+Dardanelles.
+
+At 10:45 A.M. Queen Elizabeth, Inflexible, Agamemnon, and Lord Nelson
+bombarded Forts J, L, T, U, and V; while Triumph and Prince George fired
+at Batteries F, E, and H. A heavy fire was opened on the ships from
+howitzers and field guns.
+
+At 12:22 the French squadron, consisting of the Suffren, Gaulois,
+Charlemagne, and Bouvet, advanced up the Dardanelles to engage the forts
+at closer range. Forts J, U, F, and E replied strongly. Their fire was
+silenced by the ten battleships inside the strait, all the ships being
+hit several times during this part of the action.
+
+By 1:25 P.M. all forts had ceased firing.
+
+Vengeance, Irresistible, Albion, Ocean, Swiftsure, and Majestic then
+advanced to relieve the six old battleships inside the strait.
+
+As the French squadron, which had engaged the forts in the most
+brilliant fashion was passing out, Bouvet was blown up by a drifting
+mine and sank in thirty-six fathoms north Erenkeui Village in less than
+three minutes.
+
+At 2:36 P.M., the relief battleships renewed the attack on the forts,
+which again opened fire. The attack on the forts was maintained while
+the operations of the mine-sweepers continued. At 4:09 Irresistible
+quitted the line, listing heavily; and at 5:50 she sank, having probably
+struck a drifting mine. At 6:05, Ocean, also having struck a mine, both
+vessels sank in deep water, practically the whole of the crews having
+been removed safely under a hot fire.
+
+[Illustration: QUEEN MARY
+
+Wife of George V., King of Great Britain and Ireland.
+
+_(Photo from Underwood & Underwood.)_]
+
+[Illustration: THE RIGHT HON. DAVID LLOYD GEORGE
+
+The radical Chancellor of the British Exchequer, upon whom has devolved
+the task of financing the great war.
+
+_(Photo by A. & R. Annan & Sons.)_]
+
+The Gaulois was damaged by gun fire.
+
+Inflexible had her forward control position hit by a heavy shell, and
+requires repair.
+
+The bombardment of the forts and the mine-sweeping operations terminated
+when darkness fell. The damage to the forts effected by the prolonged
+direct fire of the very powerful forces employed cannot yet be
+estimated, and a further report will follow.
+
+The losses of ships were caused by mines drifting with the current which
+were encountered in areas hitherto swept clear, and this danger will
+require special treatment.
+
+The British casualties in personnel are not heavy, considering the scale
+of the operations; but practically the whole of the crew of the Bouvet
+were lost with the ship, an internal explosion having apparently
+supervened on the explosion of the mine.
+
+The Queen and Implacable, which were dispatched from England to replace
+ships' casualties in anticipation of this operation, are due to arrive
+immediately, thus bringing the British fleet up to its original
+strength.
+
+The operations are continuing, ample naval and military forces being
+available on the spot.
+
+On the 16th inst., Vice Admiral Carden, who has been incapacitated by
+illness, was succeeded in the chief command by Rear Admiral John Michael
+de Robeck, with acting rank of Vice Admiral.
+
+
+THE SCENE IN THE STRAIT.
+
+_The London Times publishes this story of an eyewitness:_
+
+TENEDOS, (Aegina,) March 18.
+
+This is not so much an account of the five hours' heavy engagement
+between the Turkish forts and the allied ships which has been fought
+actually within the Dardanelles today as an impression of the
+bombardment as seen at a distance of fifteen miles or so from the top of
+a high, steep hill called Mount St. Elias, at the northern end of
+Tenedos.
+
+Over the ridge of Kum Kale you plainly see, like a great blue lake, the
+first reach of the Dardanelles up to the narrow neck between Chanak and
+Kilid Bahr. It was up and down in this stretch of water that the largest
+vessels of the allied fleet steamed today for over four hours, hurling,
+with sheets of orange flame from their heavy guns, a constant succession
+of shells on the forts that guard the Narrows at Chanak, while the
+Turkish batteries, with a frequency that lessened as the day went on,
+flashed back at them in reply, with the difference that, while the
+effects of the Allies' shells were continually manifest in the columns
+of smoke and dust that were signs of the damage they had wrought, a
+great number of the enemy's shots fell in the sea hundreds of yards from
+the bombarding ships, sending torrents of water towering harmlessly into
+the air.
+
+Not that the successes of the day have been won without cost. I saw
+several ships, French and British, struck by shells that raised volumes
+of white smoke, and one of the French squadron is toiling slowly home at
+this moment down by the head and with a list to port, while, so far as
+one could make out with a glass, several boatloads of men were being
+taken off her.
+
+The ships left their stations between the Turkish and Asiatic coasts and
+Tenedos early this morning and by 11 they were steaming in line up the
+Dardanelles.
+
+It was 11:45 when the first notable hit was made by an English ship. I
+could see eight vessels, apparently all battleships, lying in line from
+the entrance up the strait. The ship furthest up appeared to be the
+Queen Elizabeth, and I think it was she that fired the shot which
+exploded the powder magazine at Chanak. A great balloon of white smoke
+sprang up in the midst of the magazine which leaped out from a fierce,
+red flame, and reached a great height. When the flame had disappeared
+the dense smoke continued to grow till it must have been a column
+hundreds of feet high.
+
+[Illustration: [map of the Dardanelles]]
+
+In the five minutes that followed this shot three more shells from the
+Queen Elizabeth fell practically on the same spot, and two minutes later
+yet another by the side of the smoking ruins.
+
+There were now eight battleships, all pre-dreadnoughts, left at Tenedos,
+and at noon six of them started off in line a-head toward the strait.
+The English ships already within were passing further up and went out of
+sight.
+
+The bombarding ships were steaming constantly up and down, turning at
+each end of the stretch, which is about a couple of miles long.
+
+A long thin veil of black smoke was drifting slowly westward from the
+fighting. At about 1:30 Erenkeui Village, standing high on the Asiatic
+side, received a couple of shells. At 1:45 a division of eight
+destroyers in line steamed into the entrance of the strait, and a little
+later the last two battleships from Tenedos joined, the Dublin
+patrolling outside. An hour later the most striking effect was produced
+by a shell falling on a fort at Kilid Bahr, which evidently exploded
+another magazine. A huge mass of heavy jet-black smoke gradually rose
+till it towered high above the cliffs on the European and Asiatic sides.
+It ballooned slowly out like a gigantic genie rising from a fisherman's
+bottle.
+
+By now the action was slackening, and at 3:45 five ships were slowly
+steaming homeward from the entrance. At 4:30 there were still eight
+vessels in the strait, but the forts had practically ceased to fire. The
+action was over for the day.
+
+The result had been the apparent silencing of several Turkish batteries,
+and those terrific explosions at the forts at Chanak and Kilid Bahr, the
+ultimate effect of which remains to be seen when the attack is renewed
+tonight. For Chanak is burning.
+
+
+
+
+Official Story of Two Sea Fights
+
+[From The London Times, March 3, 1915.]
+
+
+_Admiralty, March 3, 1915._
+
+_The following dispatch has been received from Vice Admiral Sir David
+Beatty, K.C.B., M.V.O., D.S.O., commanding the First Battle Cruiser
+Squadron, reporting the action in the North Sea on Sunday, the 24th of
+January, 1915:_
+
+H.M.S. Princess Royal,
+Feb. 2, 1915.
+
+Sir: I have the honor to report that at daybreak on Jan. 24, 1915, the
+following vessels were patrolling in company:
+
+The battle cruisers Lion, Capt. Alfred E.M. Chatfield, C.V.O., flying my
+flag; Princess Royal, Capt. Osmond de B. Brock, Aide de Camp; Tiger,
+Capt. Henry B. Pelly, M.V.O.; New Zealand, Capt. Lionel Halsey, C.M.G.,
+Aide de Camp, flying the flag of Rear Admiral Sir Archibald Moore,
+K.C.B., C.V.O., and Indomitable, Capt. Francis W. Kennedy.
+
+The light cruisers Southampton, flying the broad pennant of Commodore
+William E. Goodenough, M.V.O.; Nottingham, Capt. Charles B. Miller;
+Birmingham, Capt. Arthur A.M. Duff, and Lowestoft, Capt. Theobald W.B.
+Kennedy, were disposed on my port beam.
+
+Commodore (T) Reginald Y. Tyrwhitt, C.B., in Arethusa, Aurora, Capt.
+Wilmot S. Nicholson; Undaunted, Capt. Francis G. St. John, M.V.O.;
+Arethusa and the destroyer flotillas were ahead.
+
+At 7:25 A.M. the flash of guns was observed south-southeast. Shortly
+afterward a report reached me from Aurora that she was engaged with
+enemy's ships. I immediately altered course to south-southeast,
+increased to 22 knots, and ordered the light cruisers and flotillas to
+chase south-southeast to get in touch and report movements of enemy.
+
+This order was acted upon with great promptitude, indeed my wishes had
+already been forestalled by the respective senior officers, and reports
+almost immediately followed from Southampton, Arethusa, and Aurora as to
+the position and composition of the enemy, which consisted of three
+battle cruisers and Bluecher, six light cruisers, and a number of
+destroyers, steering northwest. The enemy had altered course to
+southeast. From now onward the light cruisers maintained touch with the
+enemy, and kept me fully informed as to their movements.
+
+The battle cruisers worked up to full speed, steering to the southward.
+The wind at the time was northeast, light, with extreme visibility. At
+7:30 A.M. the enemy were sighted on the port bow steaming fast, steering
+approximately southeast, distant 14 miles.
+
+Owing to the prompt reports received we had attained our position on the
+quarter of the enemy, and so altered course to southeast parallel to
+them, and settled down to a long stern chase, gradually increasing our
+speed until we reached 28.5 knots. Great credit is due to the engineer
+staffs of New Zealand and Indomitable--these ships greatly exceeded
+their normal speed.
+
+At 8:52 A.M., as we had closed to within 20,000 yards of the rear ship,
+the battle cruisers manoeuvred to keep on a line of bearing so that guns
+would bear, and Lion fired a single shot, which fell short. The enemy at
+this time were in single line ahead, with light cruisers ahead and a
+large number of destroyers on their starboard beam.
+
+Single shots were fired at intervals to test the range, and at 9:09 A.M.
+Lion made her first hit on the Bluecher, No. 4 in the line. The Tiger
+opened fire at 9:20 A.M. on the rear ship, the Lion shifted to No. 3 in
+the line, at 18,000 yards, this ship being hit by several salvos. The
+enemy returned our fire at 9:14 A.M. Princess Royal, on coming into
+range, opened fire on Bluecher, the range of the leading ship being
+17,500 yards, at 9:35 A.M. New Zealand was within range of Bluecher,
+which had dropped somewhat astern, and opened fire on her. Princess
+Royal shifted to the third ship in the line, inflicting considerable
+damage on her.
+
+Our flotilla cruisers and destroyers had gradually dropped from a
+position broad on our beam to our port quarter, so as not to foul our
+range with their smoke; but the enemy's destroyers threatening attack,
+the Meteor and M Division passed ahead of us, Capt. the Hon. H. Meade,
+D.S.O., handling this division with conspicuous ability.
+
+About 9:45 A.M. the situation was as follows: Bluecher, the fourth in
+their line, already showed signs of having suffered severely from gun
+fire; their leading ship and No. 3 were also on fire, Lion was engaging
+No. 1, Princess Royal No. 3, New Zealand No. 4, while the Tiger, which
+was second in our line, fired first at their No. 1, and when interfered
+with by smoke, at their No. 4.
+
+The enemy's destroyers emitted vast columns of smoke to screen their
+battle cruisers, and under cover of this the latter now appeared to have
+altered course to the northward to increase their distance, and
+certainly the rear ships hauled out on the port quarter of their leader,
+thereby increasing their distance from our line. The battle cruisers,
+therefore, were ordered to form a line of bearing north-northwest, and
+proceed at their utmost speed.
+
+Their destroyers then showed evident signs of an attempt to attack. Lion
+and Tiger opened fire on them, and caused them to retire and resume
+their original course.
+
+The light cruisers maintained an excellent position on the port quarter
+of the enemy's line, enabling them to observe and keep touch, or attack
+any vessel that might fall out of the line.
+
+At 10:48 A.M. the Bluecher, which had dropped considerably astern of
+enemy's line, hauled out to port, steering north with a heavy list, on
+fire, and apparently in a defeated condition. I consequently ordered
+Indomitable to attack enemy breaking northward.
+
+At 10:54 A.M. submarines were reported on the starboard bow, and I
+personally observed the wash of a periscope two points on our starboard
+bow. I immediately turned to port.
+
+At 11:03 A.M. an injury to the Lion being reported as incapable of
+immediate repair, I directed Lion to shape course northwest. At 11:20
+A.M. I called the Attack alongside, shifting my flag to her at about
+11:35 A.M. I proceeded at utmost speed to rejoin the squadron, and met
+them at noon retiring north-northwest.
+
+I boarded and hoisted my flag on Princess Royal at about 12:20 P.M.,
+when Capt. Brock acquainted me of what had occurred since the Lion fell
+out of the line, namely, that Bluecher had been sunk and that the enemy
+battle cruisers had continued their course to the eastward in a
+considerably damaged condition. He also informed me that a Zeppelin and
+a seaplane had endeavored to drop bombs on the vessels which went to the
+rescue of the survivors of Bluecher.
+
+The good seamanship of Lieut. Commander Cyril Callaghan, H.M.S. Attack,
+in placing his vessel alongside the Lion and subsequently the Princess
+Royal, enabled the transfer of flag to be made in the shortest possible
+time.
+
+At 2 P.M. I closed Lion and received a report that the starboard engine
+was giving trouble owing to priming, and at 3:38 P.M. I ordered
+Indomitable to take her in tow, which was accomplished by 5 P.M.
+
+The greatest credit is due to the Captains of Indomitable and Lion for
+the seaman-like manner in which the Lion was taken in tow under
+difficult circumstances.
+
+The excellent steaming of the ships engaged in the operation was a
+conspicuous feature.
+
+I attach an appendix giving the names of various officers and men who
+specially distinguished themselves.
+
+Where all did well it is difficult to single out officers and men for
+special mention, and as Lion and Tiger were the only ships hit by the
+enemy, the majority of these I mention belong to those ships.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir,
+
+Your obedient servant,
+
+(Signed) DAVID BEATTY,
+Vice Admiral.
+
+
+OFFICERS.
+
+Commander Charles A. Fountaine, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Lieut. Commander Evan C. Bunbury, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Lieut. Frederick T. Peters, H.M.S. Meteor.
+
+Lieut. Charles M.R. Schwerdt, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Engineer Commander Donald P. Green, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Engineer Commander James L. Sands, H.M.S. Southampton.
+
+Engineer Commander Thomas H. Turner, H.M.S. New Zealand.
+
+Engineer Lieut. Commander George Preece, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Engineer Lieut. Albert Knothe, H.M.S. Indomitable.
+
+Surgeon Probationer James A. Stirling, R.N.V.R., H.M.S. Meteor.
+
+Mr. Joseph H. Burton, Gunner (T), H.M.S. Lion.
+
+Chief Carpenter Frederick E. Dailey, H.M.S. Lion.
+
+
+PETTY OFFICERS AND MEN.
+
+Py. Or. J.W. Kemmett, O.N. 186,788, Lion.
+
+A.B.H. Davis, O.N. 184,526, Tiger.
+
+A.B.H.F. Griffin, O.N.J. 14,160, Princess Royal.
+
+A.B.P.S. Livingstone, O.N. 234,328, Lion.
+
+A.B.H. Robison, O.N. 209,112, Tiger.
+
+A.B.G.H. le Seilleur, O.N. 156,802, Lion.
+
+Boy, 1st CL., F.G.H. Bamford, O.N.J. 26,598, Tiger.
+
+Boy, 1st CL., J.F. Rogers, O.N.J. 28,329, Tiger.
+
+Ch. Ee. R. Artr., 1st CL., E.R. Hughes, O.N. 268,999, Indomitable.
+
+Ch. Ee. R. Artr., 2d CL, W.B. Dand, O.N. 270,648, New Zealand.
+
+Ch. Ee. A. Artr. W. Gillespie, O.N. 270,080, Meteor.
+
+Mechn. A.J. Cannon, O.N. 175,440, Lion.
+
+Mechn. E.C. Ephgrave, O.N. 288,231, Lion.
+
+Ch. Stkr. P. Callaghan, O.N. 278,953, Lion.
+
+Ch. Stkr. A.W. Ferris, O.N. 175,824, Lion.
+
+Ch. Stkr. J.E. James, O.N. 174,232, New Zealand.
+
+Ch. Stkr. W.E. James, O.N. 294,406, Indomitable.
+
+Ch. Stkr. J. Keating, R.F.R., O.N. 165,732, Meteor.
+
+Stkr. Py. Or. M. Flood, R.F.R., O.N. 153,418, Meteor.
+
+Stkr. Py. Or. T.W. Hardy, O.N. 292,542, Indomitable.
+
+Stkr. Py. Or. A.J. Sims, O.N. 276,502, New Zealand.
+
+Stkr. Py. Or. S. Westaway, R.F.R., O.N. 300,938, Meteor.
+
+Actg. Ldg. Skr. J. Blackburn, O.N.K. 4,844, Tiger.
+
+Stkr., 1st Cl., A.H. Bennet, O.N.K. 10,700, Tiger.
+
+Stkr., 2d Cl., H. Turner, O.N.K. 22,720, Tiger.
+
+Ldg. Carpenter's Crew, E.O. Bradley, O.N. 346,621, Lion.
+
+Ldg. Carpenter's Crew, E. Currie, O.N. 344,851, Lion.
+
+Sick Berth Attendant C.S. Hutchinson, O.N.M. 3,882, Tiger.
+
+Ch. Writer S.G. White, O.N. 340,597, Tiger.
+
+Third Writer H.C. Green, O.N.M. 8,266, Tiger.
+
+Officers' Steward, 3d Cl., F.W. Kearley, O.N.L. 2,716, Tiger.
+
+
+HONORS AWARDED.
+
+Lord Chamberlain's Office,
+St. James's Palace,
+March 3, 1915.
+
+The King has been graciously pleased to give orders for the following
+appointment to the Most Honorable Order of the Bath, in recognition of
+the services of the undermentioned officer mentioned in the foregoing
+dispatch:
+
+To be an Additional Member of the Military Division of the Third Class
+or Companion.
+
+Capt. Osmond de Beauvoir Brock, A.D.C., Royal Navy.
+
+Admiralty, S.W.,
+March 3, 1915.
+
+The King has been graciously pleased to give orders for the following
+appointment to the Distinguished Service Order, and for the award of the
+Distinguished Service Cross, to the undermentioned officers in
+recognition of their services mentioned in the foregoing dispatch:
+
+To be Companion of the Distinguished Service Order.
+
+Lieut. Frederic Thornton Peters, Royal Navy.
+
+To receive the Distinguished Service Cross.
+
+Surg. Probationer James Alexander Stirling, R.N.V.R.
+
+Gunner (T) Joseph H. Burton.
+
+Chief Carpenter Frederick E. Dailey.
+
+The following promotion has been made:
+
+Commander Charles Andrew Fountaine to be a Captain in his Majesty's
+fleet, to date March 3, 1915.
+
+The following awards have also been made:
+
+To receive the Distinguished Service Medal.
+
+P.O. J.W. Kemmett, O.N. 186,788.
+A.B. H. Davis, O.N. 184,526.
+A.B. H.F. Griffin, O.N.J. 14,160.
+A.B. P.S. Livingstone, O.N. 234,328.
+A.B. H. Robison, O.N. 209,112.
+A.B. G.H. le Seilleur, O.N. 156,802.
+Boy, 1st Cl., F.G.H. Bamford, O.N.J. 26,598.
+Boy, 1st Cl., J.F. Rogers, O.N.J. 28,329.
+Ch. E.R. Art., 1st Cl., E.R. Hughes, O.N. 268,999.
+Ch. E.R. Art., 2d Cl., W.B. Dand, O.N. 270,648.
+Ch. E.R. Art., W. Gillespie, O.N. 270,080.
+Mechn. A.J. Cannon, O.N. 175,440.
+Mechn. E.C. Ephgrave, O.N. 288,231.
+Ch. Stkr. P. Callaghan, O.N. 278,953.
+Ch. Stkr. A.W. Ferris, O.N. 175,824.
+Ch. Stkr. J.E. James, O.N. 174,232.
+Ch. Stkr. W.E. James, O.N. 294,406.
+Ch. Stkr. J. Keating, R.F.R., O.N. 165,732.
+Stkr. P.O. M. Flood, R.F.R., O.N. 153,418.
+Stkr. P.O. T.W. Hardy, O.N. 292,542.
+Stkr. P.O. A.J. Sims, O.N. 276,502.
+Stkr. P.O. S. Westaway, R.F.R., O.N. 300,938.
+Actg. Ldg. Stkr. J. Blackburn, O.N.K. 4,844.
+Stkr., 1st Cl., A.H. Bennet, O.N.K. 10,700.
+Stkr., 2d Cl., H. Turner, O.N.K. 22,720.
+Ldg. Carpenter's Crew, E.O. Bradley, O.N. 346,621.
+Ldg. Carpenter's Crew, E. Currie, O.N. 344,851.
+Sick Berth Attendant C.S. Hutchinson, O.N.M. 3,882.
+Ch. Writer S.G. White, O.N. 340,597.
+Third Writer H.C. Green, O.N.M. 8,266.
+Officers' Steward, 3d Cl., F.W. Kearley, O.N.L. 2,716.
+
+
+BATTLE OF THE FALKLANDS
+
+_Admiralty, March 3, 1915._
+
+_The following dispatch has been received from Vice Admiral Sir F.C.
+Doveton-Sturdee, K.C.B., C.V.O., C.M.G., reporting the action off the
+Falkland Islands on Tuesday, the 8th of December, 1914:_
+
+INVINCIBLE, at Sea,
+Dec. 19, 1914.
+
+Sir: I have the honor to forward a report on the action which took place
+on Dec. 8, 1914, against a German squadron off the Falkland Islands.
+
+I have the honor to be, Sir,
+
+Your obedient servant,
+
+F.C.D. STURDEE,
+Vice Admiral, Commander in Chief.
+The Secretary, Admiralty.
+
+(A)--PRELIMINARY MOVEMENTS.
+
+The squadron, consisting of H.M. ships Invincible, flying my flag, Flag
+Capt. Percy T.M. Beamish; Inflexible, Capt. Richard F. Phillimore;
+Carnarvon, flying the flag of Rear Admiral Archibald P. Soddart, Flag
+Capt. Harry L.d'E. Skipwith; Cornwall, Capt. Walter M. Ellerton; Kent,
+Capt. John D. Allen; Glasgow, Capt. John Loce; Bristol, Capt. Basil H.
+Fanshawe, and Macedonia, Capt. Bertram S. Evans, arrived at Port
+Stanley, Falkland Islands, at 10:30 A.M. on Monday, Dec. 7, 1914.
+Coaling was commenced at once, in order that the ships should be ready
+to resume the search for the enemy's squadron the next evening, Dec. 8.
+
+At 8 A.M. on Tuesday, Dec. 8, a signal was received from the signal
+station on shore:
+
+"A four-funnel and two-funnel man-of-war in sight from Sapper Hill,
+steering northward."
+
+[Illustration: THE BATTLE OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS FROM THE OFFICIAL
+REPORT OF ADMIRAL STURDEE.
+
+The numbers given on the plan show the corresponding positions of
+vessels at various times. All ships bearing the same number were
+simultaneously in the positions charted.]
+
+At this time the positions of the various ships of the squadron were as
+follows:
+
+Macedonia: At anchor as lookout ship.
+
+Kent (guard ship): At anchor in Port William.
+
+Invincible and Inflexible: In Port William.
+
+Carnarvon: In Port William.
+
+Cornwall: In Port William.
+
+Glasgow: In Port Stanley.
+
+Bristol: In Port Stanley.
+
+The Kent was at once ordered to weigh, and a general signal was made to
+raise steam for full speed.
+
+At 8:20 A.M. the signal station reported another column of smoke in
+sight to the southward, and at 8:45 A.M. the Kent passed down the harbor
+and took up a station at the entrance.
+
+The Canopus, Capt. Heathcoat S. Grant, reported at 8:47 A.M. that the
+first two ships were eight miles off, and that the smoke reported at
+8:20 A.M. appeared to be the smoke of two ships about twenty miles off.
+
+At 8:50 A.M. the signal station reported a further column of smoke in
+sight to the southward.
+
+The Macedonia was ordered to weigh anchor on the inner side of the other
+ships, and await orders.
+
+At 9:20 A.M. the two leading ships of the enemy, (Gneisenau and
+Nuernberg,) with guns trained on the wireless station, came within range
+of the Canopus, which opened fire at them across the low land at a range
+of 11,000 yards. The enemy at once hoisted their colors and turned away.
+At this time the masts and smoke of the enemy were visible from the
+upper bridge of the Invincible at a range of approximately 17,000 yards
+across the low land to the south of Port William.
+
+A few minutes later the two cruisers altered course to port, as though
+to close the Kent at the entrance to the harbor, but about this time it
+seems that the Invincible and Inflexible were seen over the land, as the
+enemy at once altered course and increased speed to join their
+consorts.
+
+The Glasgow weighed and proceeded at 9:40 A.M. with orders to join the
+Kent and observe the enemy's movements.
+
+At 9:45 A.M. the squadron--less the Bristol--weighed, and proceeded out
+of harbor in the following order: Carnarvon, Inflexible, Invincible, and
+Cornwall. On passing Cape Pembroke Light the five ships of the enemy
+appeared clearly in sight to the southeast, hull down. The visibility
+was at its maximum, the sea was calm, with a bright sun, a clear sky,
+and a light breeze from the northwest.
+
+At 10:20 A.M. the signal for a general chase was made. The battle
+cruisers quickly passed ahead of the Carnarvon and overtook the Kent.
+The Glasgow was ordered to keep two miles from the Invincible, and the
+Inflexible was stationed on the starboard quarter of the flagship. Speed
+was eased to twenty knots at 11:15 A.M., to enable the other cruisers to
+get into station.
+
+At this time the enemy's funnels and bridges showed just above the
+horizon.
+
+Information was received from the Bristol at 11:27 A.M. that three enemy
+ships had appeared off Port Pleasant, probably colliers or transports.
+The Bristol was therefore directed to take the Macedonia under orders
+and destroy transports.
+
+The enemy were still maintaining their distance, and I decided, at 12:20
+P.M., to attack with the two battle cruisers and the Glasgow.
+
+At 12:47 P.M. the signal to "Open fire and engage the enemy" was made.
+
+The Inflexible opened fire at 12:55 P.M. from her fore turret at the
+right-hand ship of the enemy, a light cruiser; a few minutes later the
+Invincible opened fire at the same ship.
+
+The deliberate fire from a range of 16,500 to 15,000 yards at the
+right-hand light cruiser, which was dropping astern, became too
+threatening, and when a shell fell close alongside her at 1:20 P.M. she
+(the Leipzig) turned away, with the Nuernberg and Dresden, to the
+southwest.
+
+These light cruisers were at once followed by the Kent, Glasgow, and
+Cornwall, in accordance with my instructions.
+
+The action finally developed into three separate encounters, besides the
+subsidiary one dealing with the threatened landing.
+
+(B.)--ACTION WITH THE ARMORED CRUISERS.
+
+The fire of the battle cruisers was directed on the Scharnhorst and
+Gneisenau. The effect of this was quickly seen when, at 1:25 P.M., with
+the Scharnhorst leading, they turned about seven points to port in
+succession into line ahead and opened fire at 1:30 P.M. Shortly
+afterward speed was eased to twenty-four knots and the battle cruisers
+were ordered to turn together, bringing them into line ahead, with the
+Invincible leading.
+
+The range was about 13,500 yards at the final turn, and increased until
+at 2 P.M. it had reached 16,450 yards.
+
+The enemy then (2:10 P.M.) turned away about ten points to starboard,
+and a second chase ensued until at 2:45 P.M. the battle cruisers again
+opened fire; this caused the enemy, at 2:53 P.M., to turn into line
+ahead to port and open fire at 2:55 P.M.
+
+The Scharnhorst caught fire forward, but not seriously, and her fire
+slackened perceptibly; the Gneisenau was badly hit by the Inflexible.
+
+At 3:30 P.M. the Scharnhorst led around about ten points to starboard;
+just previously her fire had slackened perceptibly, and one shell had
+shot away her third funnel; some guns were not firing, and it would
+appear that the turn was dictated by a desire to bring her starboard
+guns into action. The effect of the fire on the Scharnhorst became more
+and more apparent in consequence of smoke from fires, and also escaping
+steam. At times a shell would cause a large hole to appear in her side,
+through which could be seen a dull red glow of flame. At 4:04 P.M. the
+Scharnhorst, whose flag remained flying to the last, suddenly listed
+heavily to port, and within a minute it became clear that she was a
+doomed ship, for the list increased very rapidly until she lay on her
+beam ends, and at 4:17 P.M. she disappeared.
+
+The Gneisenau passed on the far side of her late flagship, and continued
+a determined but ineffectual effort to fight the two battle cruisers.
+
+At 5:08 P.M. the forward funnel was knocked over and remained resting
+against the second funnel. She was evidently in serious straits, and her
+fire slackened very much.
+
+At 5:15 P.M. one of the Gneisenau's shells struck the Invincible; this
+was her last effective effort.
+
+At 5:30 P.M. she turned toward the flagship with a heavy list to
+starboard, and appeared stopped, with steam pouring from her escape
+pipes and smoke from shell and fires rising everywhere. About this time
+I ordered the signal "Cease fire!" but before it was hoisted the
+Gneisenau opened fire again, and continued to fire from time to time
+with a single gun.
+
+At 5:40 P.M. the three ships closed in on the Gneisenau, and at this
+time the flag flying at her fore truck was apparently hauled down, but
+the flag at the peak continued flying.
+
+At 5:50 P.M. "Cease fire!" was made.
+
+At 6 P.M. the Gneisenau heeled over very suddenly, showing the men
+gathered on her decks and then walking on her side as she lay for a
+minute on her beam ends before sinking.
+
+The prisoners of war from the Gneisenau report that by the time the
+ammunition was expended some 600 men had been killed and wounded. The
+surviving officers and men were all ordered on deck and told to provide
+themselves with hammocks and any articles that could support them in the
+water.
+
+When the ship capsized and sank there were probably some 200 unwounded
+survivors in the water, but, owing to the shock of the cold water, many
+were drowned within sight of the boats and ship.
+
+Every effort was made to save life as quickly as possible, both by boats
+and from the ships; lifebuoys were thrown and ropes lowered, but only a
+portion could be rescued. The Invincible alone rescued 108 men,
+fourteen of whom were found to be dead after being brought on board.
+These men were buried at sea the following day with full military
+honors.
+
+(C)--ACTION WITH THE LIGHT CRUISERS.
+
+At about 1 P.M., when the Scharnhorst and Gneisenau turned to port to
+engage the Invincible and Inflexible, the enemy's light cruisers turned
+to starboard to escape; the Dresden was leading and the Nuernberg and
+Leipzig followed on each quarter.
+
+In accordance with my instructions, the Glasgow, Kent, and Cornwall at
+once went in chase of these ships; the Carnarvon, whose speed was
+insufficient to overtake them, closed the battle cruisers.
+
+The Glasgow drew well ahead of the Cornwall and Kent, and at 3 P.M.
+shots were exchanged with the Leipzig at 12,000 yards. The Glasgow's
+object was to endeavor to outrange the Leipzig with her 6-inch guns and
+thus cause her to alter course and give the Cornwall and Kent a chance
+of coming into action.
+
+At 4:17 P.M. the Cornwall opened fire, also on the Leipzig.
+
+At 7:17 P.M. the Leipzig was on fire fore and aft, and the Cornwall and
+Glasgow ceased fire.
+
+The Leipzig turned over on her port side and disappeared at 9 P.M. Seven
+officers and eleven men were saved.
+
+At 3:36 P.M. the Cornwall ordered the Kent to engage the Nuernberg, the
+nearest cruiser to her.
+
+Owing to the excellent and strenuous efforts of the engine room
+department, the Kent was able to get within range of the Nuernberg at 5
+P.M. At 6:35 P.M. the Nuernberg was on fire forward and ceased firing.
+The Kent also ceased firing and closed to 3,300 yards; as the colors
+were still observed to be flying on the Nuernberg, the Kent opened fire
+again. Fire was finally stopped five minutes later on the colors being
+hauled down, and every preparation was made to save life. The Nuernberg
+sank at 7:27 P.M., and, as she sank, a group of men were waving a German
+ensign attached to a staff. Twelve men were rescued, but only seven
+survived.
+
+The Kent had four killed and twelve wounded, mostly caused by one shell.
+
+During the time the three cruisers were engaged with the Nuernberg and
+Leipzig, the Dresden, which was beyond her consorts, effected her escape
+owing to her superior speed. The Glasgow was the only cruiser with
+sufficient speed to have had any chance of success. However, she was
+fully employed in engaging the Leipzig for over an hour before either
+the Cornwall or Kent could come up and get within range. During this
+time the Dresden was able to increase her distance and get out of sight.
+
+The weather changed after 4 P.M., and the visibility was much reduced;
+further, the sky was overcast and cloudy, thus assisting the Dresden to
+get away unobserved.
+
+(D)--ACTION WITH THE ENEMY'S TRANSPORTS.
+
+A report was received at 11:27 A.M. from H.M.S. Bristol that three ships
+of the enemy, probably transports or colliers, had appeared off Port
+Pleasant. The Bristol was ordered to take the Macedonia under his orders
+and destroy the transports.
+
+H.M.S. Macedonia reports that only two ships, steamships Baden and Santa
+Isabel, were present; both ships were sunk after the removal of the
+crews.
+
+I have pleasure in reporting that the officers and men under my orders
+carried out their duties with admirable efficiency and coolness, and
+great credit is due to the engineer officers of all the ships, several
+of which exceeded their normal full speed.
+
+The names of the following are specially mentioned:
+
+OFFICERS.
+
+Commander Richard Herbert Denny Townsend, H.M.S. Invincible.
+
+Commander Arthur Edward Frederick Bedford, H.M.S. Kent.
+
+Lieut. Commander Wilfred Arthur Thompson, H.M.S. Glasgow.
+
+Lieut. Commander Hubert Edward Danreuther, First and Gunnery Lieutenant,
+H.M.S. Invincible.
+
+Engineer Commander George Edward Andrew, H.M.S. Kent.
+
+Engineer Commander Edward John Weeks, H.M.S. Invincible.
+
+Paymaster Cyril Sheldon Johnson, H.M.S. Invincible.
+
+Carpenter Thomas Andrew Walls, H.M.S. Invincible.
+
+Carpenter William Henry Venning, H.M.S. Kent.
+
+Carpenter George Henry Egford, H.M.S. Cornwall.
+
+PETTY OFFICERS AND MEN.
+
+Ch. P.O. D. Leighton, O.N. 124,288, Kent.
+
+P.O., 2d Cl., M.J. Walton, (R.F.R., A. 1,756,) O.N. 118,358, Kent.
+
+Ldg. Smn. F.S. Martin, O.N. 233,301, Invincible, Gnr's. Mate, Gunlayer,
+1st Cl.
+
+Sigmn. F. Glover, O.N. 225,731, Cornwall.
+
+Ch. E.R. Art., 2d Cl., J.G. Hill, O.N. 269,646, Cornwall.
+
+Actg. Ch. E.R. Art., 2d Cl., R. Snowdon, O.N. 270,654, Inflexible.
+
+E.R. Art., 1st Cl., G.H.F. McCarten, O.N. 270,023, Invincible.
+
+Stkr. P.O. G.S. Brewer, O.N. 150,950, Kent.
+
+Stkr. P.O. W.A. Townsend, O.N. 301,650, Cornwall.
+
+Stkr., 1st Cl., J. Smith, O.N. SS 111,915, Cornwall.
+
+Shpwrt., 1st Cl., A.N.E. England, O.N. 341,971, Glasgow.
+
+Shpwrt., 2d Cl., A.C.H. Dymott, O.N.M. 8,047, Kent.
+
+Portsmouth R.F.R.B. 3,307 Sergt. Charles Mayes, H.M.S. Kent.
+
+F.C.D. STURDEE.
+
+
+
+
+BETWEEN MIDNIGHT AND MORNING.
+
+By SIR OWEN SEAMAN.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+    You that have faith to look with fearless eyes
+      Beyond the tragedy of a world at strife,
+    And trust that out of night and death shall rise
+        The dawn of ampler life;
+
+    Rejoice, whatever anguish rend your heart,
+      That God has given you, for a priceless dower,
+    To live in these great times and have your part
+        In Freedom's crowning hour.
+
+    That you may tell your sons who see the light
+      High in the heavens, their heritage to take--
+    "I saw the powers of darkness put to flight!
+        I saw the morning break!"
+
+
+
+
+The Greatest of Campaigns
+
+The French Official Account Concluded
+
+
+     The second and succeeding installments--the first installment
+     appeared in CURRENT HISTORY for April--of the official French
+     historical review of the operations in the western theatre of
+     war from the beginning until the end of January, 1915--the
+     first six months--are described in the subjoined
+     correspondence of The Associated Press.
+
+_LONDON, March 18, (Correspondence of The Associated Press.)--The
+Associated Press has received the second installment of the historical
+review emanating from French official sources of the operations in the
+Western theatre of war, from its beginning up to the end of January. It
+should be understood that the narrative is made purely from the French
+standpoint. The additional installment of the document dealing with the
+victory of the Marne, Sept. 6th to 15th, is as follows:_
+
+If one examines on the map the respective positions of the German and
+French armies on Sept. 6 as previously described, it will be seen that
+by his inflection toward Meaux and Coulommiers General von Kluck was
+exposing his right to the offensive action of our left. This is the
+starting point of the victory of the Marne.
+
+On the evening of Sept. 5 our left army had reached the front
+Penchard-Saint-Souflet-Ver. On the 6th and 7th it continued its
+attacks vigorously with the Ourcq as objective. On the evening of
+the 7th it was some kilometers from the Ourcq, on the front
+Chambry-Marcilly-Lisieux-Acy-en-Multien. On the 8th, the Germans, who
+had in great haste reinforced their right by bringing their Second
+and Fourth Army Corps back to the north, obtained some successes by
+attacks of extreme violence. They occupied Betz, Thury-en-Valois, and
+Nanteuil-le-Haudouin. But in spite of this pressure our troops held
+their ground well. In a brilliant action they took three standards, and,
+being reinforced, prepared a new attack for the 10th. At the moment that
+this attack was about to begin the enemy was already in retreat toward
+the north. The attack became a pursuit, and on the 12th we established
+ourselves on the Aisne.
+
+
+LEFT OF KLUCK'S ARMY THREATENED.
+
+Why did the German forces which were confronting us and on the evening
+before attacking so furiously retreat on the morning of the 10th?
+Because in bringing back on the 6th several army corps from the south to
+the north to face our left the enemy had exposed his left to the attacks
+of the British Army, which had immediately faced around toward the
+north, and to those of our armies which were prolonging the English
+lines to the right. This is what the French command had sought to bring
+about. This is what happened on Sept. 8 and allowed the development and
+rehabilitation which it was to effect.
+
+On the 6th the British Army had set out from the line Rozcy-Lagny and
+had that evening reached the southward bank of the Grand Morin. On the
+7th and 8th it continued its march, and on the 9th had debouched to the
+north of the Marne below Chateau-Thiery, taking in flank the German
+forces which on that day were opposing, on the Ourcq, our left army.
+Then it was that these forces began to retreat, while the British Army,
+going in pursuit and capturing seven guns and many prisoners, reached
+the Aisne between Soissons and Longueval.
+
+The role of the French Army, which was operating to the right of the
+British Army, was threefold. It had to support the British attacking on
+its left. It had on its right to support our centre, which from Sept. 7
+had been subjected to a German attack of great violence. Finally, its
+mission was to throw back the three active army corps and the reserve
+corps which faced it.
+
+On the 7th it made a leap forward, and on the following days reached and
+crossed the Marne, seizing, after desperate fighting, guns, howitzers,
+mitrailleuses, and 1,300,000 cartridges. On the 12th it established
+itself on the north edge of the Montagne-de-Reime in contact with our
+centre, which for its part had just forced the enemy to retreat in
+haste.
+
+
+THE ACTION OF FERE-CHAMPENOISE.
+
+Our centre consisted of a new army created on Aug. 29 and of one of
+those which at the beginning of the campaign had been engaged in Belgian
+Luxemburg. The first had retreated on Aug. 29 to Sept. 5 from the Aisne
+to the north of the Marne and occupied the general front Sezanne-Mailly.
+
+The second, more to the east, had drawn back to the south of the line
+Humbauville-Chateau-Beauchamp-Bignicourt-Blesmes-Maurupt-le-Montoy.
+
+The enemy, in view of his right being arrested and the defeat of his
+enveloping movement, made a desperate effort from the 7th to the 10th to
+pierce our centre to the west and to the east of Fere-Champenoise. On
+the 8th he succeeded in forcing back the right of our new army, which
+retired as far as Gouragancon. On the 9th, at 6 o'clock in the morning,
+there was a further retreat to the south of that village, while on the
+left the other army corps also had to go back to the line
+Allemant-Connantre.
+
+Despite this retreat the General commanding the army ordered a general
+offensive for the same day. With the Morocco Division, whose behavior
+was heroic, he met a furious assault of the Germans on his left toward
+the marshes of Saint Gond. Then with the division which had just
+victoriously overcome the attacks of the enemy to the north of Sezanne,
+and with the whole of his left army corps, he made a flanking attack in
+the evening of the 9th upon the German forces, and notably the guard,
+which had thrown back his right army corps. The enemy, taken by
+surprise by this bold manoeuvre, did not resist, and beat a hasty
+retreat.
+
+On the 11th we crossed the Marne between Tours-sur-Marne and Sarry,
+driving the Germans in front of us in disorder. On the 12th we were in
+contact with the enemy to the north of the Camp de Chalons. Our other
+army of the centre, acting on the right of the one just referred to, had
+been intrusted with the mission during the 7th, 8th, and 9th of
+disengaging its neighbor, and it was only on the 10th that, being
+reinforced by an army corps from the east, it was able to make its
+action effectively felt. On the 11th the Germans retired. But,
+perceiving their danger, they fought desperately, with enormous
+expenditure of projectiles, behind strong intrenchments. On the 12th the
+result had none the less been attained, and our two centre armies were
+solidly established on the ground gained.
+
+
+THE OPERATIONS OF THE RIGHT.
+
+To the right of these two armies were three others. They had orders to
+cover themselves to the north and to debouch toward the west on the
+flank of the enemy, which was operating to the west of the Argonne. But
+a wide interval in which the Germans were in force separated them from
+our centre. The attack took place, nevertheless, with very brilliant
+success for our artillery, which destroyed eleven batteries of the
+Sixteenth German Army Corps.
+
+On the 10th inst. the Eighth and Fifteenth German Army Corps
+counter-attacked, but were repulsed. On the 11th our progress continued
+with new successes, and on the 12th we were able to face round toward
+the north in expectation of the near and inevitable retreat of the
+enemy, which, in fact, took place from the 13th.
+
+The withdrawal of the mass of the German force involved also that of the
+left. From the 12th onward the forces of the enemy operating between
+Nancy and the Vosges retreated in a hurry before our two armies of the
+East, which immediately occupied the positions that the enemy had
+evacuated. The offensive of our right had thus prepared and
+consolidated in the most useful way the result secured by our left and
+our centre.
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the successive stages of the Battle of the
+Marne.]
+
+Such was this seven days' battle, in which more than two millions of men
+were engaged. Each army gained ground step by step, opening the road to
+its neighbor, supported at once by it, taking in flank the adversary
+which the day before it had attacked in front, the efforts of one
+articulating closely with those of the other, a perfect unity of
+intention and method animating the supreme command.
+
+To give this victory all its meaning it is necessary to add that it was
+gained by troops which for two weeks had been retreating, and which,
+when the order for the offensive was given, were found to be as ardent
+as on the first day. It has also to be said that these troops had to
+meet the whole German army, and that from the time they marched forward
+they never again fell back. Under their pressure the German retreat at
+certain times had the appearance of a rout.
+
+In spite of the fatigue of our men, in spite of the power of the German
+heavy artillery, we took colors, guns, mitrailleuses, shells, more than
+a million cartridges, and thousands of prisoners. A German corps lost
+almost the whole of its artillery, which, from information brought by
+our airmen, was destroyed by our guns.
+
+
+"THE RUSH TO THE SEA."
+
+_LONDON, March 18.--The third installment of the historical review of
+the war, emanating from French official sources and purely from the
+French viewpoint, has been received by The Associated Press. The French
+narrative contains a long chapter on the siege war from the Oise to the
+Vosges, which lasted from Sept. 13 to Nov. 30. Most of the incidents in
+this prolonged and severe warfare have been recorded in the daily
+bulletins. The operations were of secondary importance, and were
+conducted on both sides with the same idea of wearing down the troops
+and the artillery of the opposing forces with the view of influencing
+the decisive result in the great theatre of war in the north. The next
+chapter deals with "the rush to the sea," Sept. 13 to Oct. 23, and is as
+follows:_
+
+GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE ACTION.
+
+As early as Sept. 11 the Commander in Chief had directed our left army
+to have as important forces as possible on the right bank of the Oise.
+On Sept. 17 he made that instruction more precise by ordering "a mass to
+be constituted on the left wing of our disposition, capable of coping
+with the outflanking movement of the enemy." Everything led us to expect
+that flanking movement, for the Germans are lacking in invention.
+Indeed, their effort at that time tended to a renewal of their manoeuvre
+of August. In the parallel race the opponents were bound in the end to
+be stopped only by the sea; that is what happened about Oct. 20.
+
+The Germans had an advantage over us, which is obvious from a glance at
+the map--the concentric form of their front, which shortened the length
+of their transports. In spite of this initial inferiority we arrived in
+time. From the middle of September to the last week in October fighting
+went on continually to the north of the Oise, but all the time we were
+fighting we were slipping northward. On the German side this movement
+brought into line more than eighteen new army corps, (twelve active army
+corps, six reserve corps, four cavalry corps.) On our side it ended in
+the constitution of three fresh armies on our left and in the transport
+into the same district of the British Army and the Belgian Army from
+Antwerp.
+
+For the conception and realization of this fresh and extended
+disposition the French command, in the first place, had to reduce to a
+minimum the needs for effectives of our armies to the east of the Oise,
+and afterwards to utilize to the utmost our means of transport. It
+succeeded in this, and when, at the end of October, the battle of
+Flanders opened, when the Germans, having completed the concentration of
+their forces, attempted with fierce energy to turn or to pierce our
+left, they flung themselves upon a resistance which inflicted upon them
+a complete defeat.
+
+
+DEPLOYMENT OF A FIRST ARMY.
+
+The movement began on our side only with the resources of the army which
+had held the left of our front during the battle of the Marne,
+reinforced on Sept. 15 by one army corps.
+
+This reinforcement, not being sufficient to hold the enemy's offensive,
+(district of Vaudelincourt-Mouchy-Uaugy,) a fresh army was transported
+more to the left, with the task "of acting against the German right wing
+in order to disengage its neighbor, ... while preserving a flanking
+direction in its march in relation to the fresh units that the enemy
+might be able to put into line."
+
+To cover the detrainments of this fresh army in the district
+Clermont-Beauvais-Boix a cavalry corps and four territorial divisions
+were ordered to establish themselves on both banks of the Somme. In the
+wooded hills, however, which extend between the Oise and Lassigny the
+enemy displayed increasing activity. Nevertheless, the order still
+further to broaden the movement toward the left was maintained, while
+the territorial divisions were to move toward Bethune and Aubigny. The
+march to the sea went on.
+
+From the 21st to the 26th all our forces were engaged in the district
+Lassigny-Roye-Peronne, with alternations of reverse and success. It was
+the first act of the great struggle which was to spread as it went on.
+On the 26th the whole of the Sixth German Army was deployed against us.
+We retained all our positions, but we could do no more; consequently
+there was still the risk that the enemy, by means of a fresh afflux of
+forces, might succeed in turning us.
+
+Once more reinforcements, two army corps, were directed no longer on
+Beauvais, but toward Amiens. The front was then again to extend. A fresh
+army was constituted more to the north.
+
+
+DEPLOYMENT OF THE SECOND ARMY.
+
+From Sept. 30 onward we could not but observe that the enemy, already
+strongly posted on the plateau of Thiepval, was continually slipping
+his forces from south to north, and everywhere confronting us with
+remarkable energy.
+
+Accordingly, on Oct. 1 two cavalry corps were directed to make a leap
+forward and, operating on both banks of the Scarpe, to put themselves in
+touch with the garrison of Dunkirk, which, on its side, had pushed
+forward as far as Douai. But on Oct. 2 and 3 the bulk of our fresh army
+was very strongly attacked in the district of Arras and Lens.
+Confronting it were two corps of cavalry, the guards, four active army
+corps, and two reserve corps. A fresh French army corps was immediately
+transported and detrained in the Lille district.
+
+But once more the attacks became more pressing, and on Oct. 4 it was a
+question whether, in view of the enemy's activity both west of the Oise
+and south of the Somme, and also further to the north, a retreat would
+not have to be made. General Joffre resolutely put this hypothesis aside
+and ordered the offensive to be resumed with the reinforcements that had
+arrived. It was, however, clear that, despite the efforts of all, our
+front, extended to the sea as it was by a mere ribbon of troops, did not
+possess the solidity to enable it to resist with complete safety a
+German attack, the violence of which could well be foreseen.
+
+In the Arras district the position was fairly good. But between the Oise
+and Arras we were holding our own only with difficulty. Finally, to the
+north, on the Lille-Estaires-Merville-Hazebrouck-Cassel front, our
+cavalry and our territorials had their work cut out against eight
+divisions of German cavalry, with very strong infantry supports. It was
+at this moment that the transport of the British Army to the northern
+theatre of operations began.
+
+[Illustration: VICE ADMIRAL H.R.H. THE DUKE OF THE ABRUZZI
+
+Cousin of the King of Italy, Commander of the dreadnought squadron of
+the Italian Navy.
+
+_(Photo (c) by Pach Bros., N.Y.)_]
+
+[Illustration: H.M. FERDINAND I.
+
+Tsar of the Bulgars.
+
+_(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)_]
+
+
+THE TRANSPORT OF THE BRITISH ARMY.
+
+Field Marshal French had, as early as the end of September, expressed
+the wish to see his army resume its initial place on the left of the
+allied armies. He explained this wish on the ground of the greater
+facility of which his communications would have the advantage in this
+new position, and also of the impending arrival of two divisions of
+infantry from home and of two infantry divisions and a cavalry division
+from India, which would be able to deploy more easily on that terrain.
+In spite of the difficulties which such a removal involved, owing to the
+intensive use of the railways by our own units, General Joffre decided
+at the beginning of October to meet the Field Marshal's wishes and to
+have the British Army removed from the Aisne.
+
+It was clearly specified that on the northern terrain the British Army
+should co-operate to the same end as ourselves, the stopping of the
+German right. In other terms, the British Army was to prolong the front
+of the general disposition without a break, attacking as soon as
+possible, and at the same time seeking touch with the Belgian Army.
+
+But the detraining took longer than had been expected, and it was not
+possible to attack the Germans during the time when they had only
+cavalry in the Lille district and further to the north.
+
+
+THE ARRIVAL OF THE BELGIAN ARMY.
+
+There remained the Belgian Army. On leaving Antwerp on Oct. 9 the
+Belgian Army, which was covered by 8,000 British bluejackets and 6,000
+French bluejackets, at first intended to retire as far as to the north
+of Calais, but afterwards determined to make a stand in Belgian
+territory. Unfortunately, the condition of the Belgian troops, exhausted
+by a struggle of more than three months, did not allow any immediate
+hopes to be based upon them. This situation weighed on our plans and
+delayed their execution.
+
+On the 16th we made progress to the east of Ypres. On the 18th our
+cavalry even reached Roulers and Cortemark. But it was now evident that,
+in view of the continual reinforcing of the German right, our left was
+not capable of maintaining the advantages obtained during the previous
+few days. To attain our end and make our front inviolable a fresh effort
+was necessary. That effort was immediately made by the dispatch to the
+north of the Lys of considerable French forces, which formed the French
+Army of Belgium.
+
+
+THE FRENCH ARMY OF BELGIUM.
+
+The French Army of Belgium consisted, to begin with, of two territorial
+divisions, four divisions of cavalry, and a naval brigade. Directly
+after its constitution it was strengthened by elements from other points
+on the front whose arrival extended from Oct. 27 to Nov. 11. These
+reinforcements were equivalent altogether in value to five army corps, a
+division of cavalry, a territorial division, and sixteen regiments of
+cavalry, plus sixty pieces of heavy artillery.
+
+Thus was completed the strategic manoeuvre defined by the instructions
+of the General in Chief on Sept. 11 and developed during the five
+following weeks with the ampleness we have just seen. The movements of
+troops carried out during this period were methodically combined with
+the pursuit of operations, both defensive and offensive, from the Oise
+to the North Sea.
+
+On Oct. 22 our left, bounded six weeks earlier by the Noyon district,
+rested on Nieuport, thanks to the successive deployment of five fresh
+armies--three French armies, the British Army, and the Belgian Army.
+
+Thus the co-ordination decided upon by the General in Chief attained its
+end. The barrier was established. It remained to maintain it against the
+enemy's offensive. That was the object and the result of the battle of
+Flanders, Oct. 22 to Nov. 15.
+
+
+OPERATIONS IN FLANDERS.
+
+_The fourth installment of the French review takes up the operations in
+Flanders, as follows:_
+
+The German attack in Flanders was conducted strategically and tactically
+with remarkable energy. The complete and indisputable defeat in which it
+resulted is therefore significant.
+
+The forces of which the enemy disposed for this operation between the
+sea and the Lys comprised:
+
+(1) The entire Fourth Army commanded by the Duke of Wuerttemberg,
+consisting of one naval division, one division of Ersatz Reserve, (men
+who had received no training before the war,) which was liberated by the
+fall of Antwerp; the Twenty-second, Twenty-third, Twenty-sixth and
+Twenty-seventh Reserve Corps, and the Forty-eighth Division belonging to
+the Twenty-fourth Reserve Corps.
+
+(2) A portion of another army under General von Fabeck, consisting of
+the Fifteenth Corps, two Bavarian corps and three (unspecified)
+divisions.
+
+(3) Part of the Sixth Army under the command of the Crown Prince of
+Bavaria. This army, more than a third of which took part in the battle
+of Flanders, comprised the Nineteenth Army Corps, portions of the
+Thirteenth Corps and the Eighteenth Reserve Corps, the Seventh and
+Fourteenth Corps, the First Bavarian Reserve Corps, the Guards, and the
+Fourth Army Corps.
+
+(4) Four highly mobile cavalry corps prepared and supported the action
+of the troops enumerated above. Everything possible had been done to
+fortify the "morale" of the troops. At the beginning of October the
+Crown Prince of Bavaria in a proclamation had exhorted his soldiers "to
+make the decisive effort against the French left wing," and "to settle
+thus the fate of the great battle which has lasted for weeks."
+
+[Illustration: Map showing the swaying battle line from Belfort to the
+North Sea and the intrenched line on April 15, 1915.]
+
+On Oct. 28, Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria declared in an army order that
+his troops "had just been fighting under very difficult conditions,"
+and he added: "It is our business now not to let the struggle with our
+most detested enemy drag on longer.... The decisive blow is still to be
+struck." On Oct. 30, General von Deimling, commanding the Fifteenth Army
+Corps (belonging to General von Fabeck's command,) issued an order
+declaring that "the thrust against Ypres will be of decisive
+importance." It should be noted also that the Emperor proceeded in
+person to Thielt and Courtrai to exalt by his presence the ardor of his
+troops. Finally, at the close of October, the entire German press
+incessantly proclaimed the importance of the "Battle of Calais." It is
+superfluous to add that events in Poland explain in a large measure the
+passionate resolve of the German General Staff to obtain a decision in
+the Western theatre of operations at all costs. This decision would be
+obtained if our left were pierced or driven in. To reach Calais, that
+is, to break our left; to carry Ypres, that is, to cut it in half;
+through both points to menace the communications and supplies of the
+British expeditionary corps, perhaps even to threaten Britain in her
+island--such was the German plan in the Battle of Flanders. It was a
+plan that could not be executed.
+
+
+CHECK OF GERMAN ATTACK.
+
+The enemy, who had at his disposal a considerable quantity of heavy
+artillery, directed his efforts at first upon the coast and the country
+to the north of Dixmude. His objective was manifestly the capture of
+Dunkirk, then of Calais and Boulogne, and this objective he pursued
+until Nov. 1.
+
+On Oct. 23 the Belgians along the railway line from Nieuport to Dixmude
+were strengthened by a French division. Dixmude was occupied by our
+marines (fusiliers marins). During the subsequent day our forces along
+the railway developed a significant resistance against an enemy superior
+in number and backed by heavy artillery. On the 29th the inundations
+effected between the canal and the railway line spread along our front.
+On the 30th we recaptured Ramscapelle, the only point on the railway
+which Belgians had lost. On the 1st and 2d of November the enemy
+bombarded Furnes, but began to show signs of weariness. On the 2d he
+evacuated the ground between the Yser and the railway, abandoning
+cannon, dead and wounded. On the 3d our troops were able to re-enter the
+Dixmude district. The success achieved by the enemy at Dixmude at this
+juncture was without fruit. They succeeded in taking the town. They
+could not debouch from it. The coastal attack had thus proved a total
+failure. Since then it has never been renewed. The Battle of Calais, so
+noisily announced by the German press, amounted to a decided reverse for
+the Germans.
+
+
+GERMAN DEFEAT AT YPRES.
+
+The enemy had now begun an attack more important than its predecessor,
+in view of the numbers engaged in it. This attack was intended as a
+renewal to the south of the effort which had just been shattered in the
+north. Instead of turning our flank on the coast, it was now sought to
+drive in the right of our northern army under the shock of powerful
+masses. This was the Battle of Ypres.
+
+In order to understand this long, desperate, and furious battle, we must
+hark back a few days in point of time. At the moment when our cavalry
+reached Roulers and Cortemark (Oct. 28) our territorial divisions from
+Dunkirk, under General Biden, had occupied and organized a defensive
+position at Ypres. It was a point d'appui, enabling us to prepare and
+maintain our connections with the Belgian Army. From Oct. 23 two British
+and French army corps were in occupation of this position, which was to
+be the base of their forward march in the direction of Roulers-Menin.
+The delays already explained and the strength of the forces brought up
+by the enemy soon brought to a standstill our progress along the line
+Poelcapelle, Paschendaele, Zandvorde, and Gheluvelt. But in spite of the
+stoppage here, Ypres was solidly covered, and the connections of all the
+allied forces were established. Against the line thus formed the German
+attack was hurled from Oct. 25 to Nov. 13, to the north, the east, and
+the south of Ypres. From Oct. 26 on the attacks were renewed daily with
+extraordinary violence, obliging us to employ our reinforcements at the
+most threatened points as soon as they came up. Thus, on Oct. 31, we
+were obliged to send supports to the British cavalry, then to the two
+British corps between which the cavalry formed the connecting link, and
+finally to intercalate between these two corps a force equivalent to two
+army corps. Between Oct. 30 and Nov. 6 Ypres was several times in
+danger. The British lost Zandvorde, Gheluvelt, Messines, and Wytschaete.
+The front of the Allies, thus contracted, was all the more difficult to
+defend; but defended it was without a recoil.
+
+
+REINFORCEMENTS ARRIVE.
+
+The arrival of three French divisions in our line enabled us to resume
+from the 4th to the 8th a vigorous offensive. On the 10th and 11th this
+offensive, brought up against fresh and sharper German attacks, was
+checked. Before it could be renewed the arrival of fresh reinforcements
+had to be awaited, which were dispatched to the north on Nov. 12. By the
+14th our troops had again begun to progress, barring the road to Ypres
+against the German attacks, and inflicting on the enemy, who advanced in
+massed formation, losses which were especially terrible in consequence
+of the fact that the French and British artillery had crowded nearly 300
+guns on to these few kilometers of front.
+
+Thus the main mass of the Germans sustained the same defeat as the
+detachments operating further to the north along the coast. The support
+which, according to the idea of the German General Staff, the attack on
+Ypres was to render to the coastal attack, was as futile as that attack
+itself had been.
+
+During the second half of November the enemy, exhausted and having lost
+in the Battle of Ypres alone more than 150,000 men, did not attempt to
+renew his effort, but confined himself to an intermittent cannonade.
+We, on the contrary, achieved appreciable progress to the north and
+south of Ypres, and insured definitely by a powerful defensive
+organization of the position the inviolability of our front.
+
+[The compiler of the report here adds a footnote saying that the bodies
+of more than 40,000 Germans were found on the battlefield during these
+three weeks of battle. The report next proceeds to summarize the
+character and results of the operations since the Battle of
+Flanders--that is, during the period Nov. 30-Feb. 1.]
+
+Since the former date the French supreme command had not thought it
+advisable to embark upon important offensive operations. It has confined
+itself to local attacks, the main object of which was to hold in front
+of us as large a number of German corps as possible, and thus to hinder
+the withdrawal of the troops which to our knowledge the German General
+Staff was anxious to dispatch to Russia.
+
+
+FEW SENT TO THE EAST.
+
+As a matter of fact, the numbers transported to the eastern front have
+been very moderate. Of the fifty-two army corps which faced us on the
+western front, Germany has only been able to take four and one-half
+corps for the eastern front. On the other hand, climatic conditions--the
+rain, mud, and mist--were such as to diminish the effectiveness of
+offensive operations and to add to the costliness of any undertaken,
+which was another reason for postponing them. Still another reason lies
+in the fact that from now on the allied forces can count upon a steadily
+expanding growth, equally in point of numbers and units as of material,
+while the German forces have attained the maximum of their power, and
+can only diminish now both in numbers and in value. These conditions
+explain the character of the siege warfare which the operations have
+assumed during the period under review.
+
+[Illustration: Map illustrating the Battle of Flanders, the Battle of
+Ypres, and the terrain of the frustrated German efforts to reach Dunkirk
+and Calais.]
+
+Meanwhile, it is by no means the case that the siege warfare has had the
+same results for the Germans as for us. From Nov. 15 to Feb. 1, our
+opponents, in spite of very numerous attacks, did not succeed in taking
+anything from us, except a few hundred metres of ground to the north of
+Soissons. We, on the contrary, have obtained numerous and appreciable
+results.
+
+[The French writer here proceeds to strike a balance of gains and losses
+between the allied and the German forces in France during the Winter
+campaign. The result he sums up as follows:]
+
+1. A general progress of our troops; very marked at certain points.
+
+2. A general falling back of the enemy, except to the northeast of
+Soissons.
+
+To complete the balance it must be added that:
+
+1. The German offensive in Poland was checked a month ago.
+
+2. The Russian offensive continues in Galicia and the Carpathians.
+
+3. A large part of the Turkish Caucasian army has been annihilated.
+
+4. Germany has exhausted her resources of officers, (there are now on an
+average twelve officers to a regiment,) and henceforth will only be able
+to develop her resources in men to the detriment of the existing units.
+
+5. The allied armies, on the contrary, possess the power of reinforcing
+themselves in a very considerable degree.
+
+It may, therefore, be declared that in order to obtain complete success
+it is sufficient for France and her allies to know how to wait and to
+prepare victory with indefatigable patience.
+
+The German offensive is broken.
+
+The German defensive will be broken in its turn.
+
+[It is evident from the report that the numbered German army corps are
+Prussian corps unless otherwise specified.]
+
+
+THE FRENCH ARMY AS IT IS.
+
+_LONDON, March 18, (Correspondence of The Associated Press.)--All of
+Part II., of the historical review of the war, emanating from French
+official sources, and purely from the French viewpoint, has been
+received by The Associated Press. Part II, deals with the conditions in
+the French Army, furnishing a most interesting chapter on this subject
+under the title, "The French Army as it Is."_
+
+_The compiler of the report, beginning this part of his review on Feb.
+1, says that the condition of the French Army is excellent and
+appreciably superior to what it was at the beginning of the war from the
+three points of view of numbers, quality, and equipment. Continuing, he
+says:_
+
+In the higher command important changes have been made. It has, in fact,
+been rejuvenated by the promotion of young commanders of proved quality
+to high rank. All the old Generals, who at the beginning of August were
+at the head of large commands, have been gradually eliminated, some as
+the result of the physical strain of war and others by appointment to
+territorial commands. This rejuvenation of the higher ranks of the army
+has been carried out in a far-reaching manner, and it may be said that
+it has embraced all the grades of the military hierarchy from commanders
+of brigades to commanders of armies. The result has been to lower the
+average age of general officers by ten years. Today more than
+three-fourths of the officers commanding armies and army corps are less
+than 60 years of age. Some are considerably younger. A number of the
+army corps commanders are from 46 to 54 years of age, and the brigade
+commanders are usually under 50. There are, in fact, at the front
+extremely few general officers over 60, and these are men who are in
+full possession of their physical and intellectual powers.
+
+
+MANY COLONELS PROMOTED.
+
+This rejuvenation of the high command was facilitated by a number of
+circumstances, notable among which were the strengthening of the higher
+regimental ranks carried out during the three years preceding the war,
+as a result of which at the outset of the campaign each infantry
+regiment had two Lieutenant Colonels, and each cavalry and artillery
+regiment a Colonel and Lieutenant Colonel, and also the system of
+promotion for the duration of the war. Many officers who began the war
+as Colonels now command brigades. Some are even at the head of divisions
+or army corps. Ability proved on the field of battle is now immediately
+recognized and utilized, and in this way it has been possible to provide
+in the most favorable manner for the vacancies created by the changes in
+command which were considered necessary in the first weeks of the war.
+
+The higher grades of the French Army are inspired by a remarkable unity
+in the matter of military theory, and by a solidarity of spirit which
+has found striking expression in the course of the numerous moves of
+army corps from one part of the theatre of operations to another, which
+have been carried out since the beginning of the war.
+
+The cavalry after six months of war still possesses an excess of
+officers. There are on an average thirty-six officers to a regiment
+instead of the thirty-one considered to be the necessary minimum. The
+artillery, which has suffered relatively little, has also an excess of
+officers, and is further able to count upon a large number of Captains
+and other officers, who before the war were employed in the arsenals or
+in technical research. Finally the reserve artillery officers have
+nearly all proved to be excellent battery commanders.
+
+The losses in the junior commissioned ranks have naturally been highest
+in the infantry. There is, however, nothing like a want of officers in
+this arm. Many Captains and Lieutenants who have been wounded by
+machine-gun fire (such wounds are usually slight and quickly healed,)
+have been able to return speedily to the front. The reserve officers
+have in general done remarkably well, and in many cases have shown quite
+exceptional aptitude for the rank of company commanders. The
+non-commissioned officers promoted to sub-Lieutenancies make excellent
+section leaders, and even show themselves very clever and energetic
+company commanders in the field.
+
+It must be remembered also that thanks to the intellectual and physical
+development of the generation now serving with the colors; and thanks,
+above all, to the warlike qualities of the race, and the democratic
+spirit of our army, we have been able to draw upon the lower grades and
+even upon the rank and file for officers. Many men who began the war on
+Aug. 2 as privates, now wear the officers' epaulettes. The elasticity of
+our regulations regarding promotion in war time, the absence of the
+spirit of caste, and the friendly welcome extended by all officers to
+those of their military inferiors who have shown under fire their
+fitness to command, have enabled us to meet all requirements.
+
+The state of our infantry on Jan. 15 was very satisfactory and much
+superior to that of the German infantry. On an average each of our
+regiments has forty-eight officers, including eighteen regular officers,
+fifteen reserve officers, and fifteen non-commissioned officers. In each
+regiment six of the twelve companies are commanded by Captains who are
+regular officers, three by Captains of the reserve and three by
+Lieutenants. Each company has at least three officers. The state of the
+army as regards the commissioned ranks from the highest to the lowest is
+declared to be exceptionally brilliant. The army is led by young,
+well-trained, and daring chiefs, and the lower commissioned ranks have
+acquired the art of war by experience.
+
+
+2,500,000 FRENCH AT FRONT.
+
+Including all ranks, France now has more than 2,500,000 men at the
+front, and every unit is, or was on Jan. 15, at war strength. The
+infantry companies are at least 200 strong. In many regiments the
+companies have a strength of 250 or more.
+
+In other arms, which have suffered less than the infantry, the units are
+all up to, or above, regulation strength.
+
+This fact constitutes one of the most important advantages of the French
+Army over the Germans. While Germany has created a great number of new
+units, army corps or divisions, which absorbed at a blow all of her
+available resources in officers and men, the French supreme command has
+avoided the formation of new units, except in limited number, and has
+only admitted exceptions to this rule when it was able to count with
+certainty on being able to provide amply for both the present and future
+requirements of the new units, as regards all ranks, without encroaching
+upon the reserves needed for the existing units.
+
+At the same time, thanks to the depots in the interior of the country,
+the effectives at the front have been maintained at full strength. The
+sources of supply for this purpose were the remainder of the eleven
+classes of the reserves, the younger classes of the territorial army,
+and the new class of 1914. A large number of the men wounded in the
+earlier engagements of the war have been able to return to the front.
+They have been incorporated in the new drafts, providing these with a
+useful stiffening of war-tried men.
+
+With regard to the supplies of men upon which the army can draw to
+repair the wastage at the front, we learn that there are practically
+half as many men in the depots as at the front, in other words about
+1,250,000. Further supplies of men are provided by the class of 1915 and
+the revision of the various categories of men of military age previously
+exempted on grounds of health or for other reasons from the duty of
+bearing arms. As a result of this measure nearly half a million men have
+been claimed for the army, almost all of whom, after rigorous physical
+tests, have been declared fit for military service.
+
+
+DRILLED BY CONVALESCENTS.
+
+In the depots in which the new soldiers are being trained the services
+of many officers and non-commissioned officers discharged as
+convalescents after being wounded are utilized in order to give a
+practical turn to the instruction. There are still many voluntary
+enlistments, and with all these resources of men the army can count upon
+reinforcements soon to be available which will considerably augment its
+offensive power.
+
+The quality of the troops has improved perceptibly since the beginning
+of the war. The men have become hardened and used to war, and their
+health--largely owing to the excellence of the commissariat--is
+extremely satisfactory. In spite of the severity of the Winter hardly
+any cases of disease of the respiratory organs have occurred, and the
+sanitary returns of the army show an appreciable improvement on those of
+the preceding Winter.
+
+With regard to the reserves, experience has verified the dictum of the
+Serbian and Bulgarian Generals in the war of 1913, namely, that "two
+months in the field are necessary in order to get at the full value of
+reserves." Our infantry is now accustomed to the rapid and thorough
+"organization" of the defensive. In August it neither liked nor had the
+habit of using the spade. Today those who see our trenches are
+astounded. They are veritable improvised fortresses, proof against the
+77-millimeter gun and often against artillery of higher calibre. During
+the last five months not a single encounter can be cited in which our
+infantry did not have the advantage over the German infantry. All the
+enemy's attacks have been repulsed, except to the north of Soissons,
+where their success was due to the flooded state of the Aisne and the
+carrying away of our bridges. Our attacks, on the other hand, have
+yielded important results, and have been carried out with plenty of
+spirit, although without the imprudence which cost us such heavy losses
+in August.
+
+The cavalry has made remarkable progress. Throughout October this branch
+was called on to eke out the inadequate numbers of the infantry, and
+showed itself perfectly adapted to the necessities of fighting on foot.
+Several regiments of cavalry have been used as infantry, and, armed with
+rifles, have rendered the most valuable services.
+
+The artillery has displayed a superiority in the use of its admirable
+material, which is recognized by the Germans themselves.
+
+
+_LONDON, March 27, (Correspondence of The Associated Press.)--Further
+installments of the French official review of the condition of the
+French Army after six months of war have been obtained by The Associated
+Press. The sixth installment deals with material, artillery, transport,
+and supplies, and the seventh takes up the situation of the German Army
+and makes an analysis of the German forces in the field and available
+for service._
+
+_The first chapter of the seventh installment, headed "The German
+Effort," opens with a statement as to the German forces at the beginning
+of the campaign. The writer says:_
+
+The military effort of Germany at the outset of the campaign exceeded
+all anticipations. Her design was to crush the French Army in a few
+weeks under a tremendous mass of troops. Nothing was neglected to bring
+that mass together.
+
+The number of German army corps in time of peace is twenty-five. When
+war began the German General Staff put in the field on the two theatres
+of operations: 1, as fighting troops, (active, reserve, Ersatz or
+Landwehr,) sixty-one army corps; 2, as troops to guard communications
+and territory, formations of the Landsturm.
+
+In October six and a half new army corps made their appearance, plus a
+division of sailors--in all seven corps. From the end of November to the
+end of December there was only an insignificant increase, consisting of
+the division of sailors. In January, 1915, the number of fighting
+formations put into line by the German Army was therefore sixty-nine
+army corps, divided as follows:
+
+Active corps, twenty-five and a half; reserve corps, twenty-one and a
+half; Ersatz brigades, six and a half; reserve corps of new formation,
+seven and a half, and corps of Landwehr, eight and a half.
+
+
+GERMANY'S GREAT INITIAL EFFORT.
+
+The immense effort thus made by Germany explains itself very well, if,
+having regard to the position of Germany at the opening of the war, one
+considers that of the Allies. Germany desired to take advantage of the
+circumstances which enabled her to make a simultaneous mobilization of
+all her forces--a mobilization which the three allied armies could not
+carry out so rapidly. Germany wished with the mass of troops to crush
+first of all the adversary who appeared to her the most dangerous. This
+effort, broken for the first time on the Marne, attained its maximum at
+the moment of the battle of Flanders, in which more than fifty army
+corps out of sixty-nine were pitted against the French, British, and
+Belgian Armies.
+
+Here also the method followed by Germany is easily comprehensible. At
+the end of October the Russian danger was beginning to become pressing,
+and it was necessary to win a decisive victory in the western theatre of
+the war. It was imperative to give international opinion the impression
+that Germany remained in that quarter mistress of operations. Finally,
+it behooved her by this victory to gain the freedom to transport a large
+number of army corps to Poland. We have seen that the battle of
+Flanders, instead of being a success for Germany, was a marked defeat.
+This defeat was fraught with results, and it dominates the present
+position of the German Army. The plans above described of the German
+mobilization, which had their justification in view of a prompt victory,
+were calculated to become extremely perilous from the moment that that
+victory failed to be gained.
+
+
+INITIATIVE LOST BY GERMANY.
+
+From that moment, in fact, Germany lost the initiative and the direction
+of the war. And, furthermore, she was condemned to suffer the
+counter-effects of the enormous and precipitate effort which she had
+made in vain. From the point of view of her effectiveness and her
+regimental cadres, (basic organization,) she had undergone a wastage
+which her adversaries, on the other hand, had been able to save
+themselves. She had, in the words of the proverb, put all her eggs in
+one basket, and in spite of her large population she could no longer,
+owing to the immediate and sterile abuse which she had made of her
+resources, pretend to regain the superiority of numbers.
+
+She was reduced to facing as best she could on both war fronts the
+unceasingly increasing forces of the Allies. She had attained the
+maximum of tension and had secured a minimum of results. She had thus
+landed herself in a difficulty which will henceforward go on increasing
+and which is made clear when the wastage which her army has suffered is
+closely studied.
+
+
+WASTAGE OF GERMAN EFFECTIVES.
+
+_Chapter II. of this section of the review bears the headline "Wastage
+of German Effectives."_
+
+The wastage of effectives is easy to establish, it says. We have for the
+purpose two sources--the official lists of losses published by the
+German General Staff and the notebooks, letters, and archives of
+soldiers and officers killed and taken prisoners. These different
+documents show that by the middle of January the German losses on the
+two fronts were 1,800,000 men.
+
+These figures are certainly less than the reality, because, for one
+thing, the sick are not comprised, and, for another, the losses in the
+last battle in Poland are not included. Let us accept them, however; let
+us accept also that out of these 1,800,000 men 500,000--this is the
+normal proportion--have been able to rejoin after being cured. Thus the
+final loss for five months of the campaign has been 1,300,000 men, or
+260,000 men per month. These figures agree exactly with what can be
+ascertained when the variations of effectives in certain regiments are
+examined.
+
+It is certain that the majority of the German regiments have had to be
+completely renewed. What, then, is the situation created by these
+enormous losses?
+
+_This question is answered by a statement headed "German troops
+available for 1915."_
+
+The total of German formations known at the beginning of January, says
+the review, represented in round numbers 4,000,000 men. According to the
+official reports on German recruiting, the entire resources of Germany
+in men amount to 9,000,000. But from these 9,000,000 have to be deducted
+men employed on railways, in the police, and in certain administrations
+and industries--altogether 500,000 men. The total resources available
+for the war were therefore 8,500,000. Out of these about one-half, say
+4,000,000, are now at the front. The definitive losses represent at
+least 1,300,000 men. The available resources amounted, then, at the
+beginning of January, to 3,200,000 men.
+
+
+GERMANY'S RESERVES UNTRAINED.
+
+Of what are these resources composed? Chiefly of men who were untrained
+in time of peace, the trained reservists having almost all left the
+depots for the front. It has, moreover, to be noted that out of these
+3,200,000 men there are, according to the statistics, 800,000 who are
+more than 39 years of age, and therefore of only mediocre military
+value. Thus there remain 2,400,000. Finally, the category of the
+untrained in peace comprises, according to the estimates of German
+military authorities themselves, one-quarter of inefficients.
+
+The really valuable resources capable of campaigning are therefore just
+2,000,000. These men, comprising the 1915, 1916, and 1917 classes,
+called out in anticipation, constitute--and this point cannot be too
+strongly insisted upon--the total of available resources for the
+operations during the twelve months of 1915. As to what the military
+value of these troops will be, considering the haste with which they
+have been trained, the formidable losses sustained in the battle of
+Flanders by the newly formed corps show very clearly. Their military
+value will be limited.
+
+
+GERMAN LOSSES 260,000 A MONTH.
+
+When it is remembered that, according to the German documents
+themselves, the definite loss each month is 260,000 men, it is manifest
+that the available resources for the year 1915 will not suffice to fill
+the gaps of a war of ten months.
+
+It is then superabundantly established that in the matter of effectives
+Germany has reached the maximum of possible effort. If with the men at
+present available she creates, as it is certain that she is preparing to
+do at this moment, fresh formations, she will be preventing herself, if
+the war lasts another ten months, as is admissible, from being able to
+complete afresh her old formations. If she creates no new formations,
+she will have in 1915 exactly what is necessary and no more to complete
+the existing units afresh.
+
+Bearing in mind the ways of the German General Staff, one may suppose
+that, disregarding the eventual impossibility of recompleting, it is
+still addressing itself to creating new formations. The weakness to
+which Germany will expose herself in the matter of effectives has just
+been set forth, and it is easy to show that this weakness will be still
+further aggravated by the wastage in the regimental orders.
+
+
+PRAISES FRENCH "SEVENTY-FIVES."
+
+_In the sixth installment, beginning with the field gun, the famous
+"seventy-fives," the compiler of the report, after rehearsing the
+splendid qualities of this weapon--its power, its rapidity of action,
+and its precision--points out that it possesses a degree of strength and
+endurance which makes it an implement of war of the first order._
+
+It may be stated without hesitation [says the review] that our
+"seventy-five" guns are in as perfect condition today as they were on
+the first day of the war, although the use made of them has exceeded all
+calculations. The consumption of projectiles was, in fact, so enormous
+as to cause for a moment an ammunition crisis, which, however, was
+completely overcome several weeks ago.
+
+The methodical and complete exploitation of all the resources of the
+country, organized since the beginning of the war, has enabled us to
+accumulate a considerable stock of fresh munitions, and an increasing
+rate of production is henceforth assured. We are thus sure of being able
+to provide without particular effort for all the needs of the campaign,
+present and future, however long the war may last, and it is this
+certainty which has enabled us to supply projectiles to several of the
+allied armies, among others, to the Serbian and Belgian armies. From
+the statements of German prisoners we have learned that the
+effectiveness of our new projectiles is superior to that of the old
+ones.
+
+
+FRENCH HEAVY GUNS SUPERIOR.
+
+Our heavy artillery was in process of reorganization when the war broke
+out, with the result that we were indisputably in a position of
+inferiority in respect of this arm during the first battles. But today
+the roles have been changed and our adversaries themselves acknowledge
+the superiority of our heavy artillery.
+
+The change has been brought about in various ways, partly by the intense
+activity of the cannon foundries in new production, partly by the
+employment at the front of the enormous reserves of artillery preserved
+in the fortresses. The very large number of heavy guns at the front
+represents only a part of the total number available for use. There is
+an abundant stock of projectiles for the heavy artillery, which, as in
+the case of the field gun ammunition, is daily growing in importance.
+The same is true of the reserves of powder and other explosives and of
+all materials needed for the manufacture of shells.
+
+With regard to small arms, hand grenades, bombs, and all the devices for
+lifetaking which the trench warfare at short distance has brought into
+use, the position of the French troops is in every way favorable.
+
+_There follows a passage on the development of the machine gun in this
+kind of warfare._
+
+Owing to the extended use of this weapon, the number supplied to the
+various units has been appreciably increased, says the review. Not only
+is each unit in possession of its full regulation complement of machine
+guns, but the number of these guns attached to each unit has been
+increased since Feb. 1 by one-third.
+
+_The report next passes to the transport service, which, it says, has
+worked with remarkable precision since the beginning of the war. This
+section of the review closes by referring to food supplies for the army,
+which are described as abundant._
+
+
+_LONDON, March 27, (Correspondence of The Associated Press.)--The eighth
+installment of the French official review of the war, previous chapters
+of which have been published, takes up the German losses of officers,
+the wastage of guns and projectiles, and "the moral wastage of the
+German Army."_
+
+_The chapter on losses of officers begins with the statement that the
+condition of the cadres, or basic organizations, in the German Army is
+bad. The proportion of officers, and notably of officers by profession,
+has been enormously reduced, it says; and a report made in December
+showed that in a total of 124 companies, active or reserve, there were
+only 49 officers of the active army. The active regiments have at the
+present time, according to the review, an average of 12 professional
+officers; the reserve regiments, 9 to 10; the reserve regiments of new
+formation, 6 to 7; and it is to be remembered that these officers have
+to be drawn upon afresh for the creation of new units._
+
+"If Germany creates new army corps, and if the war lasts ten months," it
+continues, "she will reduce almost to nothing the number of professional
+officers in each regiment, a number which already is very insufficient."
+
+
+FRENCH CONDITIONS IN CONTRAST.
+
+_The French report points out that on the other hand, all the French
+regiments have been constantly kept at a minimum figure of eighteen
+professional officers per regiment. At the same time it admits that the
+commanders of German corps, commanders of active battalions, and the
+officers attached to the commanders of army corps are officers by
+profession._
+
+_The French report then addresses itself to the wastage of material.
+Discussing the wastage of guns, it says:_
+
+It is easy to ascertain the German losses in artillery. On Dec. 28 the
+Sixty-sixth Regiment of Artillery entrained at Courtrai for Germany
+twenty-two guns, of which eighteen were used up. This figure is
+extremely high for a single regiment.
+
+The same facts have been ascertained as regards heavy artillery. On
+Dec. 21 and 22 seventy-seven guns of heavy artillery, which were no
+longer serviceable, were sent to Cologne. These movements, which are not
+isolated facts, show how ill the German artillery has resisted the
+ordeal of the campaign.
+
+Other proofs, moreover, are decisive. For some weeks we have noted the
+very peculiar aspect of the marking on the bands of a great number of
+shells of the 77 gun. When these markings are compared with those of
+shells fired three months ago it is plain beyond all question that the
+tubes are worn and that many of them require to be replaced. This loss
+in guns is aggravated by the necessity which has arisen of drawing upon
+the original army corps for the guns assigned to the recently formed
+corps or those in course of formation. Several regiments of field
+artillery have, in fact, had to give up two batteries.
+
+
+WEARING OUT OF MATERIAL.
+
+These two phenomena--wearing out of material and drafts upon
+batteries--will inevitably result either in the reduction of batteries
+from six to four guns, a reduction of the number of batteries in the
+army corps, or the partial substitution for 77 guns of 9-centimeter
+cannon of the old pattern, the presence of which has been many times
+perceived at the front.
+
+Furthermore, the German artillery lacks and has lacked for a very long
+time munitions. It has been obliged to reduce its consumption of shells
+in a notable degree. No doubt is possible in this respect. The
+statements of prisoners since the battle of the Marne, and still more
+since the battle of the Yser, make it clear that the number of shots
+allowed to the batteries for each action is strictly limited. We have
+found on officers killed or taken prisoner the actual orders prescribing
+positively a strict economy of munitions.
+
+For the last three months, too, we notice that the quality of the
+projectiles is mediocre. Many of them do not burst. On Jan. 7, in the
+course of a bombardment of Laventie, scarcely any of the German shells
+burst. The proportion of non-bursts was estimated at two-fifths by the
+British on Dec. 14, two-thirds by ourselves in the same month. On Jan. 3
+at Bourg-et-Comin, and at other places since then, shrapnel fell the
+explosion of which scarcely broke the envelope and the bullets were
+projected without any force. About the same time our Fourteenth Army
+Corps was fired at with shrapnel loaded with fragments of glass, and on
+several points of our front shell casings of very bad quality have been
+found, denoting hasty manufacture and the use of materials taken at
+hazard.
+
+From numerous indications it appears that the Germans are beginning to
+run short of their 1898 pattern rifle. A certain number of the last
+reinforcements (January) are armed with carbines or rifles of a poor
+sort without bayonets. Others have not even rifles. Prisoners taken at
+Woevre had old-pattern weapons.
+
+The upshot of these observations is that Germany, despite her large
+stores at the beginning, and the great resources of her industrial
+production, presents manifest signs of wear, and that the official
+optimism which she displays does not correspond with the reality of the
+facts.
+
+
+MORAL WASTAGE.
+
+_Under the caption "Moral Wastage of the German Army," the review
+continues:_
+
+The material losses of the German Army have corresponded with a moral
+wastage which it is interesting and possible to follow, both from the
+interrogation of prisoners and the pocketbooks and letters seized upon
+them or on the killed.
+
+At the beginning of the war the entire German Army, as was natural, was
+animated by an unshakable faith in the military superiority of the
+empire. It lived on the recollections of 1870, and on those of the long
+years of peace, during which all the powers which had to do with Germany
+displayed toward her a spirit of conciliation and patience which might
+pass for weakness.
+
+The first prisoners we took in August showed themselves wholly
+indifferent to the reverses of the German Army. They were sincerely and
+profoundly convinced that, if the German Army retired, it was in virtue
+of a preconceived plan, and that our successes would lead to nothing.
+The events at the end of August were calculated to strengthen this
+contention in the minds of the German soldiers.
+
+The strategic retreat of the French Army, the facility with which the
+German armies were able to advance from Aug. 25 to Sept. 5, gave our
+adversaries a feeling of absolute and final superiority, which
+manifested itself at that time by all the statements gleaned and all the
+documents seized.
+
+At the moment of the battle of the Marne the first impression was one of
+failure of comprehension and of stupor. A great number of German
+soldiers, notably those who fell into our hands during the first days of
+that battle, believed fully, as at the end of August, that the retreat
+they were ordered to make was only a means of luring us into a trap.
+German military opinion was suddenly converted when the soldiers saw
+that this retreat continued, and that it was being carried out in
+disorder, under conditions which left no doubt as to its cause and its
+extent.
+
+This time it was really a defeat, and a defeat aggravated by the absence
+of regular supplies and by the physical and moral depression which was
+the result. The severity of the losses sustained, the overpowering
+effects of the French artillery, began from this moment to be noted in
+the German pocketbooks with veritable terror. Hope revived, however, at
+the end of some weeks, and there is to be found in the letters of
+soldiers and officers the announcement of "a great movement" which is
+being prepared, and which is to lead the German armies anew as far as
+Paris.
+
+
+LOSSES IN "BATTLE OF CALAIS."
+
+This is the great "battle of Calais," which, contrary to the
+anticipations of the enemy, was in reality fought to the east of the
+Yser. The losses of the Germans, which during those ten days exceeded
+150,000 men, and may perhaps have reached 200,000, produced a terrifying
+impression on the troops. From that moment prisoners no longer declared
+themselves sure of success. For a certain time they had been consoled
+by the announcement of the capture of Warsaw. This pretended success
+having proved to be fictitious, incredulity became general.
+
+During the last two months the most intelligent of the prisoners have
+all admitted that no one could any longer say on which side victory
+would rest. If we think of the absolute confidence with which the German
+people had been sustained, this avowal is of great importance.
+
+Letters seized on a dead officer speak of the imminence of a military
+and economic hemming-in of Germany. They discuss the possibility of
+Germany finding herself after the war with "empty hands and pockets
+turned inside out." There is no longer any question of imposing the
+conqueror's law upon adversaries at his mercy, but of fighting with the
+energy of despair to secure an honorable peace. An officer of the
+General Staff who was made prisoner on Jan. 18 said: "Perhaps this
+struggle of despair has already begun."
+
+_There follows a chapter bearing the title, "The System of Lies," in
+which the review describes the methods by which it is alleged the German
+Government "made a sustained effort to create in the army an artificial
+state of mind based entirely upon lies and a scientific system of
+fables."_
+
+
+
+
+SONNET ON THE BELGIAN EXPATRIATION.
+
+By THOMAS HARDY.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+    I dreamt that people from the Land of Chimes
+      Arrived one Autumn morning with their bells,
+      To hoist them on the towers and citadels
+    Of my own country, that the musical rhymes
+
+    Rung by them into space at measured times
+      Amid the market's daily stir and stress,
+      And the night's empty starlit silentness,
+    Might solace souls of this and kindred climes.
+
+    Then I awoke; and, lo, before me stood
+    The visioned ones, but pale and full of fear;
+    From Bruges they came, and Antwerp, and Ostend,
+
+    No carillons in their train. Vicissitude
+    Had left these tinkling to the invaders' ear,
+    And ravaged street, and smoldering gable-end.
+
+
+
+
+War Correspondence
+
+A Month of German Submarine War
+
+By Vice Admiral Kirchhoff of the German Navy
+
+
+     Under the heading, "A Month of U-Boat War," Vice Admiral
+     Kirchhoff of the German Navy discusses the German submarine
+     warfare against merchant shipping in its first month. The
+     article, appearing in the Hamburger Framdenblatt of March 19,
+     1915, is reproduced:
+
+On March 18 a month had passed since the beginning of our sharp
+procedure against our worst foe. We can in every way be satisfied with
+the results achieved in the meantime! In spite of all "steps" taken
+before and thereafter, the English have everywhere had important losses
+to show at sea--some 200 ships lost since the beginning of the war,
+according to the latest statements of the Allies--so that even they
+themselves no longer dare to talk about the "German bluff."
+
+On the new and greater "war zone" established by us, our submarines have
+known how to work bravely, and have been able, for instance, to operate
+successfully on a single morning on the east coast, in the Channel, and
+in the Irish Sea. We have heard of many losses of our opponents, and on
+the other hand of the subjugation of only two of our brave U-boats.
+Ceaselessly they are active on the coasts of Albion; shipping is
+paralyzed at some points; steamship companies--including also many
+neutral ones--have suspended their sailings; in short, our threat of a
+more acute condition of war "with all means at hand" has been fully
+fulfilled.
+
+The "peaceful shipping," too, has taken notice of it and adjusted itself
+according to our instructions. The official objections of neutrals have
+died away without effect; throughout the world we have already been
+given right; the shipping circles of the neutral States are in great
+part holding entirely back. The empty threats that floated over to us
+from across the Channel, that the captured crews of German submarines
+will be treated differently than other prisoners--yes, as plain pirates
+and sea robbers--those are nothing but an insignificant ebullition of
+British "moral insanity." They are a part of the hypocritical cant
+without which, somehow, Great Britain cannot get along. If Great Britain
+should act in accordance with it, however, then we shall know what we,
+for our part, have to do!
+
+German and probably English mines, too, have helped our submarines in
+clearing up among the English mercantile and war fleet. Many merchant
+ships warned long in advance have been compelled to believe in the
+warning, and with them frequently a great part of their crews--"without
+any warning whatever," as our opponents like to say.
+
+All measures of defense, yes, even more significant, all measures of
+deception and boastful "ruses de guerre," and even all attempts to hush
+up the news of German accomplishments and whenever possible to suppress
+it completely--all these efforts have been futile. Our results surpass
+the expectations that had been cherished. Who knows how many
+accomplishments other than those which have been published may also have
+been achieved? Foreign newspapers report a large number of steamships
+overdue. From overseas likewise we receive favorable reports about the
+sinking of enemy ships. But the best is the news that our submarines
+have succeeded in sinking two English auxiliary cruisers and perhaps
+also one or two larger English transport ships with several thousand men
+on board.
+
+The last announcement has filled us all with greatest satisfaction.
+This, our latest method of warfare, is "truly humane"; it leads more
+speedily to the goal than anything else, so that the number of victims
+will in the end be smaller after all. It brings peace to all of us
+sooner than the empty paper protests and crying to Heaven about violence
+and international law, law of the sea, and laws of humanity could do.
+In the innocent exalted island kingdom many a fellow is already
+striking; why should not even the recruit strike, who is also beginning
+to get a glimmer of the truth that there are no props in the ocean
+waves?
+
+The more opponents come before the bows of our ships and are sunk, the
+better! Down with them to the bottom of the sea; that alone will help!
+Let us hope that we shall soon receive more such cheerful news.
+
+
+
+
+Three Weeks of the War in Champagne
+
+By a British Observer
+
+
+_The following article, issued by the British Press Bureau, London,
+March 18, 1915, is from a British observer with the French forces in the
+field who has the permission of General Joffre to send communications
+home from time to time, giving descriptions of the work, &c., of the
+French Army which will be of interest to the British reader._
+
+I propose to give some account of the operations which have been in
+progress for the last three weeks in Champagne. Every day since Feb. 15
+the official communiques find something to say about a district which
+lies midway between Rheims and Verdun. The three places which are always
+mentioned, which form the points of reference, are Perthes-lez-Hurlus,
+Le Mesnil-lez-Hurlus, and Beausejour Farm. The distance between the
+first and the last is three and one-half miles; the front on which the
+fighting has taken place is about five miles; and the French have been
+attacking at one point or another in this front every day for the last
+three weeks. It is, therefore, an operation of a different kind to those
+which we have seen during the Winter months. Those were local efforts,
+lasting a day or two, designed to keep the enemy busy and prevent him
+from withdrawing troops elsewhere; this is a sustained effort, made with
+the object of keeping a constant pressure on his first line of defense,
+of affecting his use of the railway from Bazancourt to Challerange, a
+few miles to the north, and of wearing down his reserves of men and
+ammunition. It may be said that Feb. 15 marks the opening of the 1915
+campaign, and that this first phase will find an important place when
+the history of the war comes to be written.
+
+We must first know something of the nature of the country, which is
+entirely different to that in which the British Army is fighting. It is
+one vast plain, undulating, the hills at most 200 feet higher than the
+valleys, gentle slopes everywhere. The soil is rather chalky, poor,
+barely worth cultivating; after heavy rain the whole plain becomes a sea
+of shallow mud; and it dries equally quickly. The only features are the
+pine woods, which have been planted by hundreds. From the point of view
+of profit, this would not appear to have been a success; either the soil
+is too poor, or else it is unsuitable to the maritime pine; for the
+trees are rarely more than 25 feet high. As each rise is topped, a new
+stretch of plain, a new set of small woods appear, just like that which
+has been left behind.
+
+[Illustration: ELEUTHERIOS K. VENIZELOS
+
+The great Greek statesman who recently resigned as Prime Minister.
+
+_(Photo from Medom Photo Service.)_]
+
+[Illustration: LORD HARDINGE OF PENSHURST
+
+Who, as Viceroy, rules England's Indian Empire during the critical
+period of the war.]
+
+The villages are few and small, most of them are in ruins after the
+fighting in September; and the troops live almost entirely in colonies
+of little huts of wood or straw, about four feet high, dotted about in
+the woods, in the valleys, wherever a little water and shelter is
+obtainable. Lack of villages means lack of roads; this has been one of
+the great difficulties to be faced; but, at the same time, the movement
+of wagons across country is possible to a far greater extent than in
+Flanders, although it is often necessary to use eight or ten horses to
+get a gun or wagon to the point desired.
+
+From the military point of view the country is eminently suitable for
+troops, with its possibilities of concealment, of producing sudden
+surprises with cavalry, and of manoeuvre generally. It is, in fact, the
+training ground of the great military centre of Chalons; and French
+troops have doubtless been exercised over this ground in every branch of
+military operation, except that in which they are engaged at the present
+moment.
+
+What commander, training his men over this ground, could have imagined
+that the area from Perthes-lez-Hurlus to Beausejour Farm would become
+two fortress lines, developed and improved for four months; or that he
+would have to carry out an attack modeled on the same system as that
+employed in the last great siege undertaken by French troops, that of
+Sebastopol in 1855? Yet this is what is being done. Every day an attack
+is made on a trench, on the edge of one of the little woods or to gain
+ground in one of them; every day the ground gained has to be transformed
+so as to give protection to its new occupants and means of access to
+their supports; every night, and on many days, the enemy's
+counter-attacks have to be repulsed.
+
+Each attack has to be prepared by a violent and accurate artillery fire;
+it may be said that a trench has to be morally captured by gun fire
+before it can be actually seized by the infantry. Once in the new
+trench, the men have to work with their intrenching tools, without
+exposing themselves, and wait for a counter-attack, doing what damage
+they can to the enemy with hand grenades and machine guns. Thus the
+amount of rifle fire is very small; it is a war of explosives and
+bayonets.
+
+Looking at the battle at a distance of about 2,000 yards from the
+enemy's line, the stillness of what one sees is in marked contrast to
+the turmoil of shells passing overhead. The only movement is the cloud
+of smoke and earth that marks the burst of a shell. Here and there long
+white lines are visible, when a trench has brought the chalky subsoil up
+to the top, but the number of trenches seen is very small compared to
+the number that exist, for one cannot see into the valleys, and the top
+of the ground is an unhealthy place to choose for seating a trench. The
+woods are pointed out, with the names given them by the soldiers, but it
+needs fieldglasses to see the few stumps that remain in those where the
+artillery has done its work. And then a telephone message arrives,
+saying that the enemy are threatening a counter-attack at a certain
+point, and three minutes later there is a redoubled whistling of shells.
+At first one cannot see the result of this fire--the guns are searching
+the low ground where the enemy's reserves are preparing for the
+movement, but a little later the ground in front of the threatened
+trench becomes alive with shell bursts, for the searching has given
+place to the building up of a wall of fire through which it is
+impossible for the foe to pass without enormous loss.
+
+The attached map may enable us to look more closely at what has been
+achieved. The lowest dotted line, numbered 15, is the line of the French
+trenches on Feb. 15. They were then close up to the front of the German
+line with its network of barbed wire, its machine-gun emplacements,
+often of concrete, and its underground chambers for sheltering men from
+the shells. Each successive dotted line shows the line held by the
+French on the evening of the date written in the dotted line. Thus the
+total gain of ground, that between the most southerly and the most
+northerly dotted lines, varies between 200 yards, where the lines are
+close together northeast of Perthes, and 1,400 yards, half way between
+Le Mesnil and Beausejour Farm. But the whole of this space has been a
+series of trenches and fortified woods, each of which has had to be
+attacked separately.
+
+[Illustration: Map of the French Operations in the Champagne
+
+Some of the severest fighting on the western battle front took place in
+this little section of about four miles of trenches, lying between
+Rheimes and Verdun. For a whole month from Feb. 15, the attacks were
+kept up by the French forces almost continuously, and the sketch gives
+the graphic result of changes for three weeks of that time. Ostensibly
+the purpose of the French was to pierce the German line and cut the
+railway a few miles to the rear. Incidentally, the French aimed to keep
+their opponents busy, and thus prevent any reinforcements being sent to
+von Hindenburg in the east.
+
+The total gain of ground--that between the most southerly and most
+northerly dotted lines--varies from 200 yards northeast of Perthes to
+1,400 yards, half way between Le Mesnil and Beausejour Farm. But the
+whole of this space has been a series of trenches and fortified woods,
+each of which had to be attacked separately.
+
+The letters (A to G) in the sketch indicate the points of the severest
+fighting. A (the "little fort") was taken and lost three times before
+the French finally held it. B saw some of the stiffest encounters, the
+Germans attacking the hill nearly every day after the French captured
+it, and even the Prussian Guard being put in. The woods at C, D, and E
+were centres of terrific combats, in which trenching and mining were
+continuous tasks. The redoubt at F was captured only after large losses
+on both sides. At the extreme west is still another wood, (G.) which the
+French attacked three times before they were successful in getting a
+foothold there.]
+
+Some of the points where the fighting has been heaviest are shown in
+letters on the map. A is the "little fort," a redoubt on an open spur,
+holding perhaps 500 men. This was first attacked in January; it was
+partly taken, but the French in the end retained only the southern
+corner, where they remained for something like a fortnight. On Feb. 16
+it was again taken in part, and lost the same day. On the 17th the same
+thing happened. On the 23d they once more got into the work; in the
+evening they repulsed five separate counter-attacks; then a sixth
+succeeded in turning them out. On the 27th they took all except a bit of
+trench in the northern face, and two days later they made that good, as
+well as a trench about fifty yards to the north of the work.
+
+B is a small hill, marked 196. The capture of this, with its two lines
+of trenches, was one of the most brilliant pieces of work done. Since
+this date, the 26th, the enemy have continued to counter-attack nearly
+every day. It was here that the Prussian Guard was put in; but they have
+failed to get it back, and their losses have been very high. The
+prisoners stated that one regiment had its Colonel and all the superior
+officers killed or wounded. C is a wood, called the "Yellow Burnt Wood."
+It is still in the hands of the Germans, a regular nest of machine guns,
+which command the ground not only to the front but also down valleys to
+the east and west. The French are just in the southwest corner.
+
+At D there are two woods; the southern we will call No. 3, the northern
+No. 4. On the 16th our allies got a trench just south of No. 3; they got
+into the wood on the 18th, and fought backward and forward in the wood
+that day and all the 19th and 20th; by the evening of the 20th they had
+almost reached the northern edge. On the 21st a stronger counter-attack
+than usual was repulsed, and in pursuing the retiring enemy they
+secured the northern edge. On the 22d there was more fighting in No. 3,
+but in the end the French managed to make their way into No. 4 as far as
+a trench which runs along a crest midway through the wood. The next six
+days saw continuous fighting in No. 4, sometimes near the northern end,
+sometimes at the crest in the middle, and occasionally back near the
+southern end. The French now hold the northern edge, and have pushed
+troops into the "Square" wood just north of the line of the 25th.
+
+At E again there are two small woods; these were both captured on the
+26th, but the trenches in the northern one had been mined, and the
+French had no sooner seized them than they were blown up. At F there was
+another small redoubt; part of this was taken on the 19th from the east,
+but the work was not finally captured till the 27th, when 240 corpses
+were found in it. On the extreme west, at G, is a wood which has twice
+been unsuccessfully attacked. On the first occasion troops got into the
+wood, but a severe snowstorm prevented the artillery from continuing to
+assist them, and they were driven out. The second was an attempt to
+surprise the enemy at 2 A.M. on the 25th; this also failed. A third
+attack was made on March 7 and was successful; the French line now runs
+through the wood.
+
+The above will serve to show the tenacity which is required for an
+operation of this kind. Up to the present the French have made steady
+and continuous progress, and their success may be best judged from the
+fact that they have not been forced back on any day behind the line they
+held in the morning, despite innumerable counter-attacks. And this is
+not merely a question of ground, but one of increasing moral
+superiority, for it is in the unsuccessful counter-attacks that losses
+are heavy, and these and the sense of failure affect the morale of an
+army sooner or later.
+
+Will the French push through the line? Will a hole be made, or is the
+enemy like a badger, who digs himself in rather faster than you can dig
+him out? I cannot tell; it would indeed be an astonishing measure of
+success for a first attempt, and the enemy may require a great deal more
+hammering at many points before he has definitely had enough at any one
+point. But these operations have brought the day closer, and turn our
+thoughts to the time when we shall be able to move forward, and one
+finds the cavalrymen wondering whether perhaps they, too, will get their
+chance.
+
+
+
+
+The Germans Concrete Trenches
+
+By F.H. Gailor, American Rhodes Scholar of New College, Oxford
+
+[From The London Daily Mail, March 24, 1915.]
+
+
+At the kind invitation of General Longchamps, German Military Governor
+of the Province of Namur, I spent two days with him going along the
+country in and behind the firing line in Northern France from near
+Rheims to the small village of Monthois, near Vouziers, on the Aisne.
+
+About five miles out of Monthois we came to the artillery positions of
+the Germans. We could see the flashes of the guns long before we reached
+the hills where they were placed, but when we came up and dismounted the
+position was most cleverly concealed by a higher hill in front and the
+heavy woods which served as a screen for the artillery. I noticed many
+holes where the French shells had burst, and the valley to the north
+looked as if some one had been experimenting with a well digger. One
+21-centimeter shell had cut a swath about 100 yards long out of the
+woods on the hill where we dismounted. The trees were twisted from their
+stumps as if a small cyclone had passed, and one could realize the
+damage the shells could do merely by the displaced air.
+
+We went on forward into the valley on foot and stopped about two hundred
+yards in front and to the left of where the German guns were firing.
+There, although of course we could not see the French position, we could
+hear and see their shells as they exploded. They were firing short, one
+of the officers told me, because they thought the Germans were on the
+forward hill. He could see one of the French aeroplanes directing their
+fire, but I could not make it out. We stayed there listening to the
+shells and watching the few movements of German batteries that were
+taking place. A party of officers hidden by the trees were taking
+observations and telephoning the results of the German fire and, no
+doubt, of the French fire in the German trenches. There was no
+excitement; but for the noise the whole scene reminded me of some kind
+of construction work, such as building a railroad.
+
+After about an hour, when nothing had happened, one began to realize
+that even such excitement may become monotonous and be taken as a matter
+of course. One of the officers told me that the Germans had been there
+since the beginning of October and that even the trenches were in the
+same position as when they first came.
+
+Certainly the trenches seem permanent enough for spending many Winters.
+A number of them have now been built of concrete, especially in that
+swampy part near the Aisne where they strike water about three feet
+underground. The difficulty is in draining out the water when it rains.
+
+Some of the trenches have two stories, and at the back of many of them
+are subterranean rest houses built of concrete and connected with the
+trenches by passages. The rooms are about seven feet high and ten feet
+square, and above the ground all evidence of the work is concealed by
+green boughs and shrubbery so that they may escape the attention of the
+enemy's aeroplanes.
+
+With the noise and the fatigue, the men say it is impossible to sleep
+naturally, but they become so used to the firing and so weary that they
+become oblivious of everything even when shells are falling within a
+dozen yards of them. They stay in the trenches five days and then get
+five days' rest. In talking to the men one feels the influence on them
+of a curious sort of fatalism--they have been lucky so far and will come
+through all right. One sees and feels everywhere the spirit of a great
+game. The strain of football a thousand times magnified. The joy of
+winning and boyish pleasure in getting ahead of the other fellows side
+by side with the stronger passions of hatred and anger and the sight of
+agony and death.
+
+We talked to some of the little groups of men along the road who were
+going back to their five days in the trenches. Of course all large units
+are split up so as not to attract attention. They were all the same, all
+sure of winning, and all bearded, muddy, and determined. I could not
+help thinking of American football players at the end of the first half.
+These men seemed all the same. I have no recollection of a single
+individual. The "system" and its work has made a type not only of
+clothes but of face. Their answers to the usual questions were all the
+same, and one felt in talking to them that their opinions were
+machine-made. Three points stood out--Germany is right and will win;
+England is wrong and will knuckle under; we hate England because we are
+alike in religion, custom, and opinion, and it is the war of kindred
+races. Everywhere one met the arguments and stories of unfairness and
+cruelty in fighting that have appeared in the English papers, but with
+the names reversed. English soldiers had surrendered and then fired; had
+shot from beneath a Red Cross flag or had killed prisoners. The stories
+were simple and as hackneyed as most of those current in England.
+
+The concrete rest houses were interesting. Most of them have furniture
+made from trees "to amuse us and pass the time." Both officers and men
+use the same type of house, though discipline forbids that the same
+house be used by both officers and men. The light in these houses is bad
+and the ventilation not all that it should be, but they are extremely
+careful about sanitation, and everywhere one smells disinfectants and
+sees evidence of scrupulous guarding against disease. Oil and candles
+are scarce and the "pocket electric" that all the men and officers carry
+does not last long enough for much reading. There are always telephone
+connections, but in most cases visits are impossible save by way of the
+underground passages and the trenches.
+
+One officer described the life as entirely normal; another said, in
+speaking of a Louis XV. couch which had been borrowed from a near-by
+chateau and was the pride of a regiment, "Oh! we are cave-dwellers, but
+we have some of the luxuries of at least the nineteenth century."
+
+The Major Commandant at Rethel showed me a letter from a friend
+demanding "some easy chairs and a piano for his trench house," and the
+Major said, "I hear they have music up on the Yser, but the French are
+too close to us here!"
+
+All that I saw of the German Red Cross leads me to believe that it is
+adequate and efficient. At Rethel we saw a Red Cross train of thirty-two
+cars perfectly equipped. The cars are made specially with open
+corridors, so that stretchers or rubber-wheeled trucks may be rolled
+from one car to another. The berths are in two tiers, much like an
+American sleeping car, and each car when full holds twenty-eight men.
+There is an operating car fully equipped for the most delicate and
+dangerous cases; in fact, when we saw the train at Rethel it had stopped
+on its way to Germany for an operation on a man's brain.
+
+
+
+
+The Spirits of Mankind
+
+By Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States
+
+
+     The conviction that great spiritual forces will assert
+     themselves at the end of the European war to enlighten the
+     judgment and steady the spirits of mankind was expressed by
+     President Wilson in an address of welcome delivered at the
+     Maryland annual conference of the Methodist Protestant Church
+     at Washington on April 8, 1915. The text of his address
+     appears below.
+
+These are days of great perplexity, when a great cloud of trouble hangs
+and broods over the greater part of the world. It seems as if great,
+blind, material forces had been released which had for long been held in
+leash and restraint. And yet underneath that you can see the strong
+impulses of great ideals.
+
+It would be impossible for men to go through what men are going through
+on the battlefields of Europe and struggle through the present dark
+night of their terrible struggle if it were not that they saw, or
+thought that they saw, the broadening of light where the morning should
+come up and believed that they were standing each on his side of the
+contest for some eternal principle for right.
+
+Then all about them, all about us, there sits the silent, waiting
+tribunal which is going to utter the ultimate judgment upon this
+struggle, the great tribunal of the opinion of the world; and I fancy I
+see, I hope that I see, I pray that it may be that I do truly see, great
+spiritual forces lying waiting for the outcome of this thing to assert
+themselves, and are asserting themselves even now to enlighten our
+judgment and steady our spirits.
+
+No man is wise enough to pronounce judgment, but we can all hold our
+spirits in readiness to accept the truth when it dawns on us and is
+revealed to us in the outcome of this titanic struggle.
+
+It is of infinite benefit that in assemblages like this and in every
+sort of assemblage we should constantly go back to the sources of our
+moral inspiration and question ourselves as to what principle it is that
+we are acting on. Whither are we bound? What do we wish to see triumph?
+And if we wish to see certain things triumph, why do we wish to see them
+triumph? What is there in them that is for the lasting benefit of
+mankind?
+
+For we are not in this world to amuse ourselves with its affairs. We are
+here to push the whole sluggish mass forward in some particular
+direction, and unless you know the direction in which you want to go
+your force is of no avail. Do you love righteousness? is what each one
+of us ought to ask himself. And if you love righteousness are you ready
+to translate righteousness into action and be ashamed and afraid before
+no man?
+
+It seems to me, therefore, that it is worth suggesting to you that you
+are not sitting here merely to transact the business and express the
+ideals of a great church as represented in the State of Maryland, but
+you are here also as part of the assize of humanity, to remind
+yourselves of the things that are permanent and eternal, which if we do
+not translate into action we have failed in the fundamental things of
+our lives.
+
+You will see that it is only in such general terms that one can speak in
+the midst of a confused world, because, as I have already said, no man
+has the key to this confusion. No man can see the outcome, but every man
+can keep his own spirit prepared to contribute to the net result when
+the outcome displays itself.
+
+
+
+
+"What the Germans Say About Their Own Methods of Warfare"
+
+By Joseph Bedier, Professor in the College de France
+
+[From an article in the Revue de Paris for January, 1915.]
+
+
+I purpose to show that the German armies cannot altogether escape the
+reproach of violating on occasion the law of nations. I shall establish
+this by French methods, through the use of documents of sound value.
+
+My texts are genuine, well vouched for, and I have taken pains to
+subject them to a critical examination, as scrupulous and minute as
+heretofore in times of peace I expended in weighing the authority of
+some ancient chronicle, or in scrutinizing the authenticity of some
+charter. Perhaps this care was born of professional habit, or due to a
+natural craving for exactness, but in either case it is a voucher for
+the work, which is meant for all comers--for the passer-by, for the
+indifferent, and even for my country's foes. My wish is that the veriest
+looker-on, idly turning these pages, may be confronted only with
+documents whose authenticity will be self-evident, if he is willing to
+see, and whose ignominious tale will reach his heart, if ye have a
+heart.
+
+I have, moreover, sought for documents not only incontestably genuine
+but of unquestioned authority. Accusation is easy, while proof is
+difficult. No belligerent has ever been troubled to find mountains of
+testimony, true or false, against his enemy; but were this evidence
+gathered by the most exalted magistrates, under the most solemn judicial
+sanction, it must unfortunately long remain useless; until the accused
+has full opportunity to controvert it, every one is free to treat it as
+false or, at the best, as controvertible. For this reason I shall avoid
+resting the case upon Belgian or French statements, though I know them
+to be true. My purpose has been to bring forward such testimony that no
+man living, be he even a German, should be privileged to cast a doubt
+upon it. German crimes will be established by German documents.
+
+These will be taken mainly from the "War Diaries," which Article 75 of
+the German Army Regulations for Field Service enjoins upon soldiers to
+keep during their marches, and which were seized by the French upon the
+persons of their prisoners, as military papers, as authorized by Article
+4 of The Hague Convention of 1907. The number of these is daily
+increasing, and I trust that some day, for the edification of all, the
+complete collection may be lodged in the Germanic section of manuscripts
+in the National Library. Meantime, the Marquis de Dampierre,
+paleographer and archivist, graduate of the Ecole des Chartes, is
+preparing, and will shortly publish, a volume in which the greater part
+of these notebooks will be minutely described, transcribed, and
+clarified. Personally, I have only examined about forty of them, but
+they will answer my purpose, by presenting relevant extracts, furnishing
+the name, rank, and regiment of the author, with indications of time and
+place. Classification is difficult, mainly because ten lines of a single
+text not infrequently furnish evidence of a variety of offenses. I must
+take them almost at random, grouping them under such analogies or
+association of ideas or images as they may offer.
+
+
+I.
+
+The first notebook at hand is that of a soldier of the Prussian Guard,
+the Gefreiter Paul Spielmann, (of Company I, First Brigade of the
+Infantry Guard.) He tells the story of an unexpected night alarm on the
+1st of September in a village near Blamont. The bugle sounds, and the
+Guard, startled from sleep, begins the massacre, (Figs. 1 and 2:)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 1.]
+
+     The inhabitants fled through the village. It was horrible. The
+     walls of houses are bespattered with blood and the faces of
+     the dead are hideous to look upon. They were buried at once,
+     some sixty of them. Among them many old women, old men, and
+     one woman pregnant--the whole a dreadful sight. Three children
+     huddled together--all dead. Altar and arches of the church
+     shattered. Telephone communication with the enemy was found
+     there. This morning, Sept. 2, all the survivors were driven
+     out; I saw four little boys carrying on two poles a cradle
+     with a child some five or six months old. The whole makes a
+     fearful sight. Blow upon blow! Thunderbolt on thunderbolt!
+     Everything given over to plunder. I saw a mother with her two
+     little ones--one of them had a great wound in the head and an
+     eye put out.
+
+Deserved repression, remarks this soldier: "They had telephone
+communication with the enemy." And yet, we may recall that by Article
+30 of The Hague Convention of 1907, signed on behalf of H.M. the Emperor
+of Germany, "no collective penalty, pecuniary or other, shall be
+proclaimed against a population, by reason of individual acts for which
+the population is not responsible _in solido_." What tribunal during
+that dreadful night took the pains to establish this joint
+participation?
+
+[Illustration: Figure 2.]
+
+
+II.
+
+The unsigned notebook of a soldier of the Thirty-second Reserve Infantry
+(Fourth Reserve Corps) has this entry:
+
+     Creil, Sept. 3.--The iron bridge was blown up. For this we set
+     the streets on fire, and shot the civilians.
+
+Yet it must be obvious that only the regular troops of the French
+Engineer Corps could have blown up the iron bridge at Creil; the
+civilians had no hand in it. As an excuse for these massacres, when any
+excuse is offered, the notebooks usually note that "civilians" or
+"francs-tireurs" had fired on the troops. But the "scrap of paper" which
+Germany subscribed--the Convention of 1907--provides in its first
+article "the laws, the rights, and the duties are not applicable solely
+to the army, but also to militia and bodies of volunteers" under certain
+conditions, of which the main one is that they shall "openly bear arms;"
+while Article 2 stipulates that "the population of an unoccupied
+territory, which on the approach of the enemy spontaneously takes up
+arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to organize
+as provided in Article I, shall be considered as a belligerent, if they
+bear arms openly and observe the laws and customs of war."
+
+[Illustration: Figure 3.]
+
+In the light of this text, the bearing of the barbarous recitals which
+follow may be properly estimated:
+
+     (a) Notebook of Private Hassemer, (Eighth Corps, Sept. 3,
+     1914, at Sommepy, Marne.)--Dreadful butchery. Village burned
+     to the ground; the French thrown into the burning houses,
+     civilians and all burned together.
+
+     (b) Notebook of Lieut. Kietzmann, (Second Company, First
+     Battalion, Forty-ninth Infantry,) under date of Aug. 18, 1914,
+     (Fig. 3.)--A short distance above Diest is the village of
+     Schaffen. About fifty civilians were concealed in the church
+     tower, and from there fired on our troops with a
+     _mitrailleuse_. All the civilians were shot.
+
+     [It may here be noted, for the sake of precision, that the
+     First Report of the Belgian Commission of Inquiry, Antwerp,
+     Aug. 28, Page 3, identifies some of the "civilians" killed at
+     Schaffen on the 18th of August; among them, "the wife of
+     Francois Luyckz, 45 years of age, with her daughter _aged 12,
+     who were discovered in a sewer and shot_"; and "the daughter
+     of Jean Ooyen, 9 years of age, who was shot"; and "Andre
+     Willem, sacristain, who was bound to a tree and _burned
+     alive_."]
+
+     (c) Notebook of a Saxon officer, unnamed, (178th Regiment,
+     Twelfth Army Corps, First Saxon Corps,) Aug. 26.--The
+     exquisite village of Gue-d'Hossus (Ardennes) was given to the
+     flames, although to my mind it was guiltless. I am told that a
+     cyclist fell from his machine, and in his fall his gun was
+     discharged; at once the firing was begun in his direction, and
+     thereupon all the male inhabitants were simply thrown into the
+     flames. It is to be hoped that like atrocities will not be
+     repeated.
+
+This Saxon officer had, nevertheless, already witnessed like
+"atrocities." The preceding day, Aug. 25, at Villers-en-Fagne, (Belgian
+Ardennes,) "where we found grenadiers of the guard, killed and wounded,"
+he had seen "the cure and other inhabitants shot"; and three days
+previous, Aug. 23, at the village of Bouvignes, north of Dinant, he had
+witnessed what he thus describes:
+
+     Through a breach made in the rear we get access into the
+     residence of a well-to-do inhabitant and occupy the house.
+     Passing through a number of apartments, we reach a door where
+     we find the corpse of the owner. Further on in the interior
+     our men have wrecked everything like vandals. Everything has
+     been searched. Outside, throughout the country, the spectacle
+     of the inhabitants who have been shot defies any description.
+     They have been shot at such short range that they are almost
+     decapitated. Every house has been ransacked to the furthest
+     corners, and the inhabitants dragged from their hiding places.
+     The men shot; the women and children locked into a convent,
+     from which shots were fired. And, for this reason, the convent
+     is about to be set fire to; it may, however be ransomed if it
+     surrenders the guilty ones and pays a ransom of 15,000 francs.
+
+We shall see as we proceed how these notebooks complement one another.
+
+     (d) Notebook of the Private Philipp, (from Kamenz, Saxony,
+     First Company, First Battalion, 178th Regiment.) On the day
+     indicated above--Aug. 23--a private of the same regiment was
+     the witness of a scene similar to that just described;
+     perhaps, the same scene, but the point of view is
+     different.--At 10 o'clock in the evening the First Battalion
+     of the 178th came down into the burning village to the north
+     of Dinant--a saddening spectacle--to make one shiver. At the
+     entrance to the village lay the bodies of some fifty citizens,
+     shot for having fired upon our troops from ambush. In the
+     course of the night many others were shot down in like manner,
+     so that we counted more than two hundred. Women and children,
+     holding their lamps, were compelled to assist at this horrible
+     spectacle. We then sat down midst the corpses to eat our rice,
+     as we had eaten nothing since morning. (Fig. 4.)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 4.]
+
+Here is a military picture fully outlined, and worthy to compete in the
+Academy of Fine Arts of Dresden. But one passage of the text is somewhat
+obscure and might embarrass the artist--"Women and children, holding
+their lamps, were compelled to assist at this horrible spectacle." What
+spectacle?--the shooting, or the counting of the corpses? To get some
+certainty on this historic point, the artist should question that noble
+soldier--the Colonel of the 178th.
+
+His work of that night, however, was in accord with the spirit of his
+companions in arms, and of his chiefs. We may assure ourselves of this
+by consulting the Sixth Report of the Belgian Commission of Inquiry
+upon, the violation of the rules of the law of nations (Havre, Nov. 10,
+1914) and the ignoble proclamations placarded by the Germans throughout
+Belgium. I will content myself with three short extracts.
+
+Extract from a proclamation of General von Buelow, placarded at Liege,
+Aug. 22, 1914:
+
+     The inhabitants of the city of Andenne, after having protested
+     their peaceful intentions, were guilty of a treacherous
+     surprise upon our troops. It was with my consent that the
+     General in Chief set fire to the whole locality, and that
+     about one hundred persons were shot.
+
+(The Belgian report controverts the accusation against the inhabitants
+of Andenne of having taken hostile measures against the German troops,
+and adds: "As a matter of fact, more than two hundred persons were
+shot"--almost everything was ravaged. For a distance of at least three
+leagues the houses were destroyed by fire.)
+
+Extract from a proclamation of Major Dieckmann, placarded at Grivegnee,
+Sept. 8, 1914:
+
+     Any one not responding instantly to the command "raise your
+     arms" is subject to the penalty of death.
+
+Extract from proclamation of Marshal Baron von der Goltz, placarded at
+Brussels, Oct. 5, 1914:
+
+     Hereafter the localities nearest the place where similar acts
+     (destruction of railways or telegraphic lines) were
+     done--whether or not they were _accomplices in the act_--will
+     be punished without mercy. To this end hostages have been
+     taken from all the localities adjacent to railways menaced by
+     similar attacks, and upon the first attempt to destroy the
+     railways, telegraphic or telephone lines, they will at once be
+     shot.
+
+
+III.
+
+I copy from the first page of an unsigned notebook, (Fig. 5:)
+
+     Langeviller, Aug. 22.--Village destroyed by the Eleventh
+     Battalion of Pioneers. Three women hanged to trees; the first
+     dead I have seen.
+
+Who can these three women be?--criminals undoubtedly--guilty of having
+fired upon German troops, unless, indeed, they may have been "in
+communication by telephone" with the enemy; and the Eleventh Pioneers
+unquestionably meted out to them just punishment. But, at all events,
+they expiated their guilt, and the Eleventh Pioneers has passed on. The
+crime these women committed is unknown to the troops which are to
+follow. Among these new troops will there be found no chief, no
+Christian, to order the ropes cut and allow these dangling bodies to
+rest on the earth?
+
+[Illustration: Figure 5.]
+
+No, the regiment passes under the gibbets and their flags brush against
+the hanging corpses; they pass on, Colonel and officers--gentlemen
+all--Kulturtraeger. And they do this knowingly; these corpses must hang
+there as an example, not for the other women of the village, for these
+doubtless already understand, but as an example to the regiment and to
+the other regiments that will follow, and who must be attuned to war,
+who must be taught their stern duty to kill women when occasion offers.
+The teaching will be effective, unquestionably. Shall we look for proof
+of it? The young soldier, who tells us above that these corpses were the
+first dead he had ever seen, adds a week later, on the tenth and last
+page of his notebook, the following, (Fig. 6:)
+
+     In this way we destroyed eight dwellings and their
+     inhabitants. In one of the houses we bayoneted two men, with
+     their wives and a young girl 18 years old. The young: one
+     almost unmanned me, her look was so innocent! But we could not
+     master the excited troop, for at such times they are no longer
+     men--they are beasts.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 6.]
+
+Let me add a few texts which will attest that these assassinations of
+women and children are customary tasks set to German soldiers:
+
+(a) The writer in a notebook, unsigned, reports that at Orchies (Nord)
+"a woman was shot for not having obeyed the command to halt!" whereupon
+he adds, "the whole locality was set on fire." (Fig. 7.)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 7.]
+
+(b) The officer of the 178th Saxon Regiment, mentioned above, reports
+that in the vicinity of Lisognes (Belgian Ardennes) "the Chasseur of
+Marburg, having placed three women in line, killed them all with one
+shot."
+
+(c) A few lines more, taken from the notebook of the Reservist Schlauter
+(Third Battery, Fourth Regiment, Field Artillery of the Guard,) (Fig.
+8:)
+
+     Aug. 25, (in Belgium.)--We shot 300 of the inhabitants of the
+     town. Those that survived the salvo were requisitioned as
+     grave diggers. You should have seen the women at that time!
+     But it was impossible to do otherwise. In our march upon Wilot
+     things went better; the inhabitants who wished to leave were
+     allowed to do so. But whoever fired was shot. Upon our leaving
+     Owele the rifles rang out, and with that, flames, women, and
+     all the rest.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 8.]
+
+
+IV.
+
+Frequently when a German troop want to carry a position, they place
+before them civilians--men, women, and children--and find shelter behind
+these ramparts of living flesh. As such a stratagem is essentially
+playing upon the nobility of heart of the adversary, and saying to him
+"you won't fire upon these unfortunates, I know it, and I hold you at my
+mercy, unarmed, because you are not as craven as I am," as it implies a
+homage to the enemy and the self-degradation of the one employing it, it
+is almost inconceivable that soldiers should resort to it; it represents
+a new invention in the long story of human vileness, which even the
+dreadful Penitentiels of the Middle Ages had not discovered. In reading
+the stories from French, Belgian, and English sources, attributing such
+practices to the Germans, it has made me doubt, if not the truthfulness,
+at least the detailed exactness of the stories. It seemed to me that the
+tales must be of crimes by men who would be disavowed, individual
+lapses, which do not dishonor the nation, because the nation on
+ascertaining them would repudiate them. But how can we doubt that the
+German Nation has, on the contrary, accepted these acts as exploits
+worthy of herself, that in them she recognizes her own aptitudes, and
+finds pleasure in the contemplation; how, I ask, can we doubt this in
+reading the following narrative signed by a Bavarian officer, Lieut. A.
+Eberlein, spread out in the columns of one of the best known periodicals
+of Germany, the Muenchner Neueste Nachrichten, in its issue of Wednesday,
+Oct. 7, 1914, Page 22, Lieut. Eberlein relates there the occupation of
+Saint-Die at the end of August. He entered the town at the head of a
+column, and while waiting for reinforcements was compelled to barricade
+himself in a house, (Fig. 9:)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 9.]
+
+     We arrested three civilians, and a bright idea struck me. We
+     furnished them with chairs and made them seat themselves in
+     the middle of the street. There were supplications on one
+     part, and some blows with the stocks of our guns on the other.
+     One, little by little, gets terribly hardened. Finally, there
+     they were sitting in the street. How many anguished prayers
+     they may have muttered, I cannot say, but during the whole
+     time their hands were joined in nervous contraction. I am
+     sorry for them, but the stratagem was of immediate effect. The
+     enfilading directed from the houses diminished at once; we
+     were able then to take possession of the house opposite, and
+     thus became masters of the principal street. From that moment
+     every one that showed his face in the street was shot. And the
+     artillery meanwhile kept up vigorous work, so that at about 7
+     o'clock in the evening, when the brigade advanced to rescue
+     us, I could report "Saint-Die has been emptied of all
+     enemies."
+
+     As I learned later, the ---- Regiment of Reserves, which came
+     into Saint-Die further north, had experiences entirely similar
+     to our own. The four civilians whom they had placed on chairs
+     in the middle of the street were killed by French bullets. I
+     saw them myself stretched out in the street near the hospital.
+
+
+V.
+
+Article 28 of The Hague Convention of 1907, subscribed to by Germany,
+uses this language: "The sacking of any town or locality, even when
+taken by assault, is prohibited." And Article 47 runs: "[in occupied
+territory] pillage is forbidden."
+
+We shall see how the German armies interpret these articles.
+
+Private Handschuhmacher (Eleventh Battalion of Chasseurs Reserves)
+writes in his notebook:
+
+     Aug. 8, 1914, Gouvy, (Belgium.)--There, the Belgians having
+     fired on some German soldiers, we started at once pillaging
+     the merchandise warehouse. Several cases--eggs, shirts, and
+     everything that could be eaten was carried off. The safe was
+     forced and the gold distributed among the men. As to the
+     securities, they were torn up.
+
+This happened as early as the fourth day of the war, and it helps us to
+understand a technical article on the operations of the military
+treasury (Der Zahlmeister im Felde) in the Berliner Tageblatt of the
+26th of November, 1914, in which an economic phenomenon of rather
+unusual import is recited as a simple incident: "Experience has
+demonstrated that very much more money is forwarded by postal orders
+from the theatre of operations to the interior of the country than vice
+versa."
+
+As, in accordance with the continual practice of the German armies,
+pillaging is only a prelude to incendiarism, the sub-officer Hermann
+Levith (160th Regiment of Infantry, Eighth Corps) writes:
+
+     The enemy occupied the village of Bievre and the edge of the
+     wood behind it. The Third Company advanced in first line. We
+     carried the village, and then pillaged and burned almost all
+     the houses.
+
+And Private Schiller (133d Infantry, Nineteenth Corps) writes:
+
+     Our first fight was at Haybes (Belgium) on the 24th of August.
+     The Second Battalion entered the village, ransacked the
+     houses, pillaged them, and burned those from which shots had
+     been fired.
+
+And Private Sebastian Reishaupt (Third Bavarian Infantry, First Bavarian
+Corps) writes:
+
+     The first village we burned was Parux, (Meurthe-et-Moselle.)
+     After this the dance began, throughout the villages, one after
+     the other; over the fields and pastures we went on our
+     bicycles up to the ditches at the edge of the road, and there
+     sat down to eat our cherries.
+
+They emulate each other in their thefts; they steal anything that comes
+to hand and keep records of the thefts--"Schnaps, Wein, Marmelade,
+Zigarren," writes this private soldier; and the elegant officer of the
+178th Saxon Regiment, who was at first indignant at the "vandalismus" of
+his men, further on admits that he himself, on the 1st of September, at
+Rethel, stole "from a house near the Hotel Moderne a superb waterproof
+and a photographic apparatus for Felix." All steal, without distinction
+or grade, or of arms, or of cause, and even in the ambulances the
+doctors steal. Take this example from the notebook of the soldier
+Johannes Thode (Fourth Reserve Regiment of Ersatz):
+
+     At Brussels, Oct. 5, 1914.--An automobile arrived at the
+     hospital laden with war booty--one piano, two sewing machines,
+     many albums, and all sorts of other things.
+
+"Two sewing machines" as "war booty." From whom were these stolen?
+Beyond a doubt from two humble Belgian women. And for whom were they
+stolen?
+
+
+VI.
+
+I must admit that, out of the forty notebooks, or thereabout, that I
+have handled, there are six or seven that do not relate any exactions,
+either from hypocritical reticence or because there are some regiments
+which do not make war in this vile fashion. And there are as many as
+three notebooks whose writers, in relating these ignoble things, express
+astonishment, indignation, and sorrow. I will not give the names of
+these, because they deserve our regard, and I wish to spare them the
+risk of being some day blamed or punished by their own.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 10.]
+
+The first, the Private X., who belongs to the Sixty-fifth Infantry,
+Regiment of Landwehr, says of certain of his companions in arms, (Fig.
+10:)
+
+     They do not behave as soldiers, but rather as highwaymen,
+     bandits, and brigands, and are a dishonor to our regiment and
+     to our army.
+
+Another, Lieut. Y., of the Seventy-seventh Infantry of Reserves, says:
+
+     No discipline, ... the Pioneers are well nigh worthless; as to
+     the artillery, it is a band of robbers.
+
+The third, Private Z., of the Twelfth Infantry of Reserves, First Corps,
+writes, (Fig. 11:)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 11.]
+
+     Unfortunately, I am forced to make note of a fact which should
+     not have occurred, but there are to be found, even in our own
+     army, creatures who are no longer men, but hogs, to whom
+     nothing is sacred. One of these broke into a sacristy; it was
+     locked, and where the Blessed Sacrament was kept. A
+     Protestant, out of respect, had refused to sleep there. This
+     man used it as a deposit for his excrements. How is it
+     possible there should be such creatures? Last night one of the
+     men of the Landwehr, more than thirty-five years of age,
+     married, tried to rape the daughter of the inhabitant where
+     he had taken up his quarters--a mere girl--and when the father
+     intervened he pressed his bayonet against his breast.
+
+Beyond these three, who are still worthy of the name of soldiers, the
+other thirty are all alike, and the same soul (if we can talk of souls
+among such as these) animates them low and frantic. I say they are all
+about alike, but there are shades of difference. There are some who,
+like subtle jurists, make distinctions, blaming here and approving
+there--"Dort war ein Exempel am Platze." Others laugh and say "Krieg ist
+Krieg," or sometimes they add in French, to emphasize their derision,
+"Ja, Ja, c'est la guerre," and some among them, when their ugly business
+is done, turn to their book of canticles and sing psalms, such as the
+Saxon Lieut. Reislang, who relates how one day he left his drinking bout
+to _assist at the "Gottesdienst"_, but having eaten too much and drunken
+too much, had to quit the holy place in haste; and the Private Moritz
+Grosse of the 177th Infantry, who, after depicting the sacking of
+Saint-Vieth, (Aug. 22,) the sacking of Dinant, (Aug. 23,) writes this
+phrase:
+
+     Throwing of incendiary grenades into the houses, and in the
+     evening a military chorus--"Now let all give thanks to God."
+     (Fig. 12.)
+
+They're all of a like tenor. Now, if we consider that I could exchange
+the preceding texts with others quite similar, quite as cynical, and
+taken at random, for instance--from the notebook of the Reservist
+Lautenschlager of the First Battalion, Sixty-sixth Regiment of Infantry,
+or the notebook of the Private Eduard Holl of the Eighth Corps, or the
+notebook of the sub-officer Reinhold Koehn of the Second Battalion of
+Pomeranian Pioneers, or that of the sub-officer Otto Brandt of the
+Second Section of Reserve Ambulances, or of the Reservist Martin Mueller
+of the 100th Saxon Reserve, or of Lieut. Karl Zimmer of the Fifty-fifth
+Infantry, or that of the Private Erich Pressler of the 100th Grenadiers,
+First Saxon Corps, &c., and if we will note that, among the exactions
+reported above, there are very few that are the work of isolated brutes,
+(such as, unfortunately, may be found even in the most noble armies,)
+but that, on the contrary, the crimes represented here are collective
+actions in obedience to service orders, and such as rest upon and
+dishonor not only the individual but the entire troop, the officers, and
+the nation; and if we will further note that these thirty notebooks
+taken at random--Bavarian, Saxon, Pomeranian, Brandeburger, or from the
+provinces of Baden and the Rhine--must of necessity represent hundreds
+and thousands of others quite similar, as we may judge from the
+frightful monotony of their recitals; if we consider all this, we must,
+I think, be forced to admit that these atrocities are nothing less than
+the practical application of a methodically organized system.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 12.]
+
+
+VII.
+
+H.M. the Emperor of Germany, by ratifying The Hague Convention of 1907,
+covenanted (Article 24) that "it is forbidden (c) to kill or wound an
+enemy who, having laid down his arms, or being without means of defense,
+has surrendered unconditionally. (d) To declare that no quarter shall be
+given."
+
+Have the German armies respected these covenants? Throughout Belgian and
+French reports depositions such as the following abound. This is taken
+from a French Captain of the 288th Infantry:
+
+     On the 22d, in the evening, I learned that in the woods, about
+     one hundred and fifty meters north of the square formed by the
+     intersection of the great Calonne trench with the road from
+     Vaux-les-Palameis to Saint-Remy, there were corpses of French
+     soldiers shot by the Germans. I went to the spot and found the
+     bodies of about thirty soldiers within a small space, most of
+     them prone, but several still kneeling, and _all having a
+     precisely similar wound_--a bullet through the ear. One only,
+     seriously wounded in his lower parts, could still speak, and
+     told me that the Germans before leaving had ordered them to
+     lie down and that then had them shot through the head; that
+     he, already wounded had secured indulgence by stating that he
+     was the father of three small children. The skulls of these
+     unfortunates were scattered; the guns, broken at the stock,
+     were scattered here and there; and the blood had besprinkled
+     the bushes to such an extent that in coming out of the woods
+     my cape was spattered with it; it was a veritable shambles.
+
+I quote this testimony, not to base any accusations upon it, but simply
+to give precision to our indictment. I will not lay stress upon it as
+evidence, for I wish to keep to the rule which I have laid down--to have
+records of nothing but German sources of information.
+
+I will quote here the text of an order of the day addressed by General
+Stenger, in command of the Fifty-eighth German Brigade, on the 26th of
+August, to the troops under his orders:
+
+     From this day forward no further prisoners will be taken. All
+     prisoners will be massacred. The wounded, whether in arms or
+     not in arms, shall be massacred. Even the prisoners already
+     gathered in convoys will be massacred. No living enemy must
+     remain behind us.
+
+     Signed--First Lieutenant in Command of the Company, Stoy;
+     Colonel Commanding the Regiment, Neubauer; General in Command
+     of the Brigade, Stenger.
+
+
+About thirty soldiers of Stenger's Brigade (112th and 142d Regiments of
+Baden Infantry) were questioned. I have read their depositions, taken
+under oath and signed with their own names; all confirming the fact that
+this order of the day was given to them on the 26th of August. In one
+place by the Major Mosebach, in another by Lieut. Curtius, &c. Most of
+these witnesses said that they were ignorant whether the order was
+carried out, but three among them testified that it was carried out
+under their own eyes in the Forest of Thiaville, where ten or twelve
+wounded French, already made prisoners by a battalion, were done away
+with; two others of the witnesses saw the order carried out along the
+road of Thiaville, where several wounded, found in the ditches by the
+company as it marched past, were killed.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 13.]
+
+Of course, I cannot here produce the original autograph of General
+Stenger, nor am I here called upon to furnish the names of the German
+prisoners who gave this testimony. But I shall have no trouble to
+establish entirely similar crimes on the faith of German autographs.
+
+For instance, we find in the notebook of Private Albert Delfosse (111th
+Infantry of Reserves, Fourteenth Reserve Corps,) (Fig. 13:)
+
+     In the woods (near Saint-Remy, 4th or 5th of September)--Found
+     a very fine cow and a calf killed; and again the corpses of
+     Frenchmen horribly mutilated.
+
+Must we understand that these bodies were mutilated by loyal weapons,
+torn perhaps by shells? This may be, but it would be a charitable
+interpretation, which is belied by this newspaper heading, (Figs. 14 and
+15:)
+
+     JAUERSCHES TAGEBLATT Amtlicher Anzeiger Fuer Stadt und Kreis
+     Jauer Jauer, Sonntag, Den 18, Oktober, 1914. Nr. 245. 106,
+     Jahrgang.
+
+This is a heading of a newspaper picked up in a German trench. Jauer is
+a city of Silesia, about fifty kilometers west of Breslau, where two
+battalions of the 154th Regiment of Saxon Infantry are garrisoned. One
+Sunday morning, Oct. 18, doubtless at the hour when the
+inhabitants--women and children--were wending their way to church, there
+was distributed throughout the quiet little town, and through the
+hamlets and villages of the district, the issue of this local paper with
+the following inscription: "A day of honor for our regiment, Sept. 24,
+1914," as the title of an article of some two hundred lines, sent from
+the front by a member of the regiment--the sub-officer Klemt of the
+First Company, 154th Infantry Regiment.
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL VON KUSMANEK
+
+Whose stubborn defense of Przemysl made it one of the most notable
+sieges of history.
+
+_(Photo from Underwood & Underwood.)_]
+
+[Illustration: CAPT.-LIEUT. OTTO WEDDIGEN
+
+Whose submarine exploits have done more damage to England's navy than
+all Germany's gunners.
+
+_(Photo from The Photo News.)_]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 14.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 15.]
+
+The sub-officer Klemt relates how, on the 24th of September, his
+regiment having left Hannonville in the morning, accompanied by Austrian
+batteries, suddenly came up against a double fire of infantry and
+artillery. Their losses were terrible, and yet the enemy was still
+invisible. Finally, says this officer, it was found that the bullets
+came from above, from trees which the French soldiers had climbed.
+From this point let me quote verbatim, (Fig. 16:)
+
+[Illustration: Figure 16.]
+
+     They're brought down from the trees like squirrels, to get a
+     hot reception with bayoneted stock; they'll need no more
+     doctors' care. We are not fighting loyal enemies, but
+     treacherous brigands. [Note--It is scarcely necessary to point
+     out that it is no more "treacherous," but quite as lawful, to
+     fire from the branches of a tree as from a window, or from a
+     trench, and that, on the contrary, it is rather more
+     venturesome and more courageous, as the sequel of this story
+     will show.] We crossed the clearing at a bound. The foe is
+     hidden here and there among the bushes, and now we are upon
+     them. No quarter will be given. We fire standing, at will;
+     very few fire kneeling; nobody dreams of shelter. We finally
+     reach a slight depression in the ground, and there the red
+     trousers are lying in masses, here and there--dead or wounded.
+     We club or stab the wounded, for we know that these rascals,
+     as soon as we are gone by, will fire from behind. We find one
+     Frenchman lying at full length upon his face, but he is
+     counterfeiting death. A kick from a robust fusilier gives him
+     notice that we are there. Turning over he asks for quarter,
+     but he gets the reply--"Oh! is that the way, blackguard, that
+     your tools work?" and he is pinned to the ground. On one side
+     of me I hear curious cracklings. They're the blows which a
+     soldier of the 154th is vigorously showering upon the bald
+     pate of a Frenchman with the stock of his gun; he very wisely
+     chose for this work a French gun, for fear of breaking his
+     own. Some men of particularly sensitive soul grant the French
+     wounded the grace to finish them with a bullet, but others
+     scatter here and there, wherever they can, their clubbings and
+     stabbings. Our adversaries have fought bravely. They were
+     elite troops that we had before us. They had allowed us to
+     come within thirty, and even within ten, meters--too close.
+     Their arms and knapsacks thrown down in heaps showed that they
+     wanted to fly, but upon the appearance of our "gray phantoms"
+     terror paralyzed them, and, on the narrow path in which they
+     crowded, the German bullets brought them the order to halt!
+     There they are at the very entrance of their leafy hiding
+     places, lying down moaning and asking for quarter, but whether
+     their wounds are light or grievous, the brave fusiliers saved
+     their country the expensive care which would have to be given
+     to such a number of enemies.
+
+Now the recital continues very ornate, very literary, and the writer
+relates how his Imperial Highness Prince Oscar of Prussia, being advised
+of the exploits (perhaps, indeed, other exploits than these) of the
+154th and of the Regiment of Grenadiers, which forms the Brigade with
+the 154th, declared them both worthy of the name of "King's Brigade,"
+and the recital closes with this phrase: "When night came on, with a
+prayer of thankfulness on our lips we fell asleep to await the coming
+day." Then adding, by way of postscript, a little phrase "Heimkehr vom
+Kampf." He carries the notebook--prose and verse together--to his
+Lieutenant, who countersigns it: "Certified as correct, De Niem,
+Lieutenant Commanding the Company," and then he sends his paper to his
+town of Jauer, where he is quite confident that he will find some
+newspaper publisher to accept it, printers to set it up, and a whole
+population to enjoy it. Now, let me ask any reader--whatever be his
+country--if he can imagine it possible for such a tale to be spread
+abroad in any paper in his language, in his native town, for the
+edification of his wife and his children. In what other country than in
+Germany is such a thing conceivable? Not in France, at all events. Now,
+if my readers want another document to show how customary it is in the
+German Army to mutilate the wounded, well, I will borrow one from the
+notebook of Private Paul Gloede of the Ninth Battalion of Pioneers, Ninth
+Corps, (Figs. 17 and 18:)
+
+     Aug. 12, 1914, in Belgium.--One can get an idea of the fury of
+     our soldiers in seeing the destroyed villages. Not one house
+     left untouched. Everything eatable is requisitioned by the
+     unofficered soldiers. Several heaps of men and women put to
+     execution. Young pigs are running about looking for their
+     mothers. Dogs chained, without food or drink. And the
+     houses about them on fire. But the just anger of our soldiers
+     is accompanied also by pure vandalism. In the villages,
+     already emptied of their inhabitants, the houses are set on
+     fire. I feel sorry for this population. If they have made use
+     of disloyal weapons, after all, they are only defending their
+     own country. The atrocities which these non-combatants are
+     still committing are revenged after a savage fashion.
+     _Mutilations of the wounded are the order of the day._
+
+This was written as early as the 12th of August--the tenth day after the
+invasion of innocent Belgium--and these wounded creatures that were
+tortured had done nothing more than defend their land against
+Germany--their native land--which Germany had sworn, not only to respect
+but, if need be, to defend. And yet, in many countries pharisees reading
+these lines will go forward tranquilly to their churches, or their
+temples, or their banking houses, or their foreign offices, saying: "In
+what do these things concern us?" "Ja, ja, this is war." Yes, it is war,
+but war such as was never made by the soldiers of Marceau, such as never
+will be made by the soldiers of Joffre, such as never has been made and
+never will be made by France--"Mother of Arts, of Arms, and of Laws."
+Yes, it is war, but war such as Attila would not have carried on if he
+had subscribed to certain stipulations; for, in subscribing them, he
+would have awakened to the notion, which _alone_ distinguishes the
+civilized man from the barbarian, distinguishes a nation from a
+horde--respect for the word once given. Yes, it is war, but war the
+theory of which could only be made up by such pedant megalomaniacs as
+the Julius von Hartmanns, the Bernhardis, and the Treitschkes; the
+theory which accords to the elect people the right to uproot from the
+laws and customs of war what centuries of humanity, of Christianity, and
+chivalry have at great pains injected into it; the theory of systematic
+and organized ferocity; today exposed to public reprobation, not only as
+an odious thing, but no less silly and absurd. For have we not reached
+the ridiculous when the incendiaries of Louvain, and Malines, and
+Rheims, the assassins of women and children, and of the wounded, already
+find it necessary to repudiate their actions, at least in words, and to
+impose upon the servility of their ninety-three Kulturtraeger such
+denials as this: "It is not true that we are making war in contempt of
+the law of nations, nor that our soldiers are committing acts of
+cruelty, or of insubordination, or indiscipline.... We will carry this
+conflict through to the end as a civilized people, and we answer for
+this upon our good name and upon our honor!" Why this humble and pitiful
+repudiation? Perhaps because their theory of war rested upon the
+postulate of their invincibility, and that, in the first shiver of their
+defeat upon the Marne, it collapsed, and now their repudiation quickly
+follows--in dread of the _lex talionis_.
+
+[Illustration: Figure 17.]
+
+[Illustration: Figure 18. [Continuation of Figure 17.]]
+
+I will stop here. I leave the conclusion to the allied armies, already
+in sight of victory.
+
+     NOTE.--General Stenger's order of the day, mentioned on page
+     [Transcriber's Note: blank in original], was communicated
+     orally by various officers in various units of the brigade.
+     Consequently, the form in which we have received it may
+     possibly be incomplete or altered. In face of any doubt, the
+     French Government has ordered an inquiry to be made into the
+     prisoners' camps. Not one of the prisoners to whom our
+     magistrates presented the order of the day in the
+     above-mentioned form found a word to alter. They one and all
+     declared that this was the order of the day which had been
+     orally given in the ranks, repeated from man to man; many
+     added the names of the officers who had communicated the order
+     to them; some related in what a vile way it had been carried
+     out under their eyes. All the evidence of these German
+     soldiers was collected in a legal manner, under the sanction
+     of an oath, and it is after reading their depositions that I
+     wrote the order of the day.
+
+     The text of all this evidence was transmitted to all the
+     French Embassies and Legations in foreign countries on the
+     24th of October, 1914. Every neutral wishing to clear his
+     conscience is at liberty to obtain it from the representatives
+     of the French Republic, who will certainly respond willingly.
+
+
+
+
+THE RECRUIT.
+
+By HORTENSE FLEXNER.
+
+
+    He had a woodland look--half-startled, gay--
+      As if his eyes, light-thirsty, had not learned
+    To wake accustomed on earth's joyous day,
+      A child, whose merriment and wonder burned
+    In harmless flame, even his uniform
+      Was but a lie to hide his wind-wild grace,
+    Whose limbs were rounded youth, too supple, warm,
+      To hold the measure of the street-made pace.
+    Music and marching--colors in the sky--
+      The crowded station, then the train--farewell!
+    For all he had the glance, exultant, shy,
+      That seemed to marvel, "More to see--to tell!"
+    Yet with his breathing moved, hid by his coat,
+    A numbered, metal disk, strapped round his throat!
+
+
+
+
+American Reply to Britain's Blockade Order
+
+By William J. Bryan, American Secretary of State
+
+
+_With the publication on April 6, 1915, of its note in reply to the
+British Government's Order in Council, proclaiming a virtual blockade
+against commerce to and from Germany--printed in the April, 1915, number
+of_ THE NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY_--the American Government rested
+its case. The text of the note to Great Britain follows:_
+
+WASHINGTON, March 30, 1915.
+
+The Secretary of State to the American Ambassador at London:
+
+You are instructed to deliver the following to his Majesty's Government
+in reply to your Nos. 1,795 and 1,798 of March 15: The Government of the
+United States has given careful consideration to the subjects treated in
+the British notes of March 13 and March 15, and to the British Order in
+Council of the latter date.
+
+These communications contain matters of grave importance to neutral
+nations. They appear to menace their rights of trade and intercourse,
+not only with belligerents but also with one another. They call for
+frank comment in order that misunderstandings may be avoided. The
+Government of the United States deems it its duty, therefore, speaking
+in the sincerest spirit of friendship, to make its own view and position
+with regard to them unmistakably clear.
+
+The Order in Council of the 15th of March would constitute, were its
+provisions to be actually carried into effect as they stand, a practical
+assertion of unlimited belligerent rights over neutral commerce within
+the whole European area and an almost unqualified denial of the
+sovereign rights of the nations now at peace.
+
+This Government takes it for granted that there can be no question what
+those rights are. A nation's sovereignty over its own ships and
+citizens under its own flag on the high seas in time of peace is, of
+course, unlimited, and that sovereignty suffers no diminution in time of
+war, except in so far as the practice and consent of civilized nations
+has limited it by the recognition of certain now clearly determined
+rights which it is conceded may be exercised by nations which are at
+war.
+
+A belligerent nation has been conceded the right of visit and search,
+and the right of capture and condemnation, if upon examination a neutral
+vessel is found to be engaged in unneutral service or to be carrying
+contraband of war intended for the enemy's Government or armed forces.
+
+It has been conceded the right to establish and maintain a blockade of
+an enemy's ports and coasts and to capture and condemn any vessel taken
+in trying to break the blockade. It is even conceded the right to detain
+and take to its own ports for judicial examination all vessels which it
+suspects for substantial reasons to be engaged in unneutral or
+contraband service and to condemn them if the suspicion is sustained.
+But such rights, long clearly defined both in doctrine and practice,
+have hitherto been held to be the only permissible exceptions to the
+principle of universal equality of sovereignty on the high seas as
+between belligerents and nations not engaged in war.
+
+It is confidently assumed that his Majesty's Government will not deny
+that it is a rule sanctioned by general practice that, even though a
+blockade should exist and the doctrine of contraband as to unblockaded
+territory be rigidly enforced, innocent shipments may be freely
+transported to and from the United States through neutral countries to
+belligerent territory, without being subject to the penalties of
+contraband traffic or breach of blockade, much less to detention,
+requisition, or confiscation.
+
+Moreover, the rules of the Declaration of Paris of 1856--among them that
+free ships make free goods--will hardly at this day be disputed by the
+signatories of that solemn agreement.
+
+His Majesty's Government, like the Government of the United States, have
+often and explicitly held that these rights represent the best usage of
+warfare in the dealings of belligerents with neutrals at sea. In this
+connection I desire to direct attention to the opinion of the Chief
+Justice of the United States in the case of the Peterhof, which arose
+out of the civil war, and to the fact that that opinion was unanimously
+sustained in the award of the Arbitration Commission of 1871, to which
+the case was presented at the request of Great Britain. From that time
+to the Declaration of London of 1909, adopted with modifications by the
+Order in Council of the 23d of October last, these rights have not been
+seriously questioned by the British Government. And no claim on the part
+of Great Britain of any justification for interfering with the clear
+rights of the United States and its citizens as neutrals could be
+admitted. To admit it would be to assume an attitude of unneutrality
+toward the present enemies of Great Britain, which would be obviously
+inconsistent with the solemn obligations of this Government in the
+present circumstances. And for Great Britain to make such a claim would
+be for her to abandon and set at nought the principles for which she has
+consistently and earnestly contended in other times and circumstances.
+
+The note of his Majesty's principal Secretary of State for Foreign
+Affairs, which accompanies the Order in Council, and which bears the
+same date, notifies the Government of the United States of the
+establishment of a blockade which is, if defined by the terms of the
+Order in Council, to include all the coasts and ports of Germany and
+every port of possible access to enemy territory. But the novel and
+quite unprecedented feature of that blockade, if we are to assume it to
+be properly so defined, is that it embraces many neutral ports and
+coasts, bars access to them, and subjects all neutral ships seeking to
+approach them to the same suspicion that would attach to them were they
+bound for the ports of the enemies of Great Britain, and to unusual
+risks and penalties.
+
+It is manifest that such limitations, risks, and liabilities placed upon
+the ships of a neutral power on the seas, beyond the right of visit and
+search and the right to prevent the shipment of contraband already
+referred to, are a distinct invasion of the sovereign rights of the
+nation whose ships, trade, or commerce is interfered with.
+
+The Government of the United States is, of course, not oblivious to the
+great changes which have occurred in the conditions and means of naval
+warfare since the rules hitherto governing legal blockade were
+formulated. It might be ready to admit that the old form of "close"
+blockade, with its cordon of ships in the immediate offing of the
+blockaded ports, is no longer practicable in the face of an enemy
+possessing the means and opportunity to make an effective defense by the
+use of submarines, mines, and air craft; but it can hardly be maintained
+that, whatever form of effective blockade may be made use of, it is
+impossible to conform at least to the spirit and principles of the
+established rules of war.
+
+If the necessities of the case should seem to render it imperative that
+the cordon of blockading vessels be extended across the approaches to
+any neighboring neutral port or country, it would seem clear that it
+would still be easily practicable to comply with the well-recognized and
+reasonable prohibition of international law against the blockading of
+neutral ports, by according free admission and exit to all lawful
+traffic with neutral ports through the blockading cordon.
+
+This traffic would, of course, include all outward-bound traffic from
+the neutral country and all inward-bound traffic to the neutral country,
+except contraband in transit to the enemy. Such procedure need not
+conflict in any respect with the rights of the belligerent maintaining
+the blockade, since the right would remain with the blockading vessels
+to visit and search all ships either entering or leaving the neutral
+territory which they were in fact, but not of right, investing.
+
+The Government of the United States notes that in the Order in Council
+his Majesty's Government give as their reason for entering upon a course
+of action, which they are aware is without precedent in modern warfare,
+the necessity they conceive themselves to have been placed under to
+retaliate upon their enemies for measures of a similar nature, which the
+latter have announced it their intention to adopt, and which they have
+to some extent adopted, but the Government of the United States,
+recalling the principles upon which his Majesty's Government have
+hitherto been scrupulous to act, interprets this as merely a reason for
+certain extraordinary activities on the part of his Majesty's naval
+forces and not as an excuse for or prelude to any unlawful action.
+
+If the course pursued by the present enemies of Great Britain should
+prove to be in fact tainted by illegality and disregard of the
+principles of war sanctioned by enlightened nations, it cannot be
+supposed, and this Government does not for a moment suppose, that his
+Majesty's Government would wish the same taint to attach to their own
+actions or would cite such illegal acts as in any sense or degree a
+justification for similar practices on their part in so far as they
+affect neutral rights.
+
+It is thus that the Government of the United States interprets the
+language of the note of his Majesty's principal Secretary of State for
+Foreign Affairs, which accompanies the copy of the Order in Council,
+which was handed to the Ambassador of the United States by the
+Government in London and by him transmitted to Washington.
+
+This Government notes with gratification that "wide discretion is
+afforded to the prize court in dealing with the trade of neutrals in
+such a manner as may in the circumstances be deemed just, and that full
+provision is made to facilitate claims by persons interested in any
+goods placed in the custody of the Marshal of the prize court under the
+order." That "the effect of the Order in Council is to confer certain
+powers upon the executive officers of his Majesty's Government," and
+that "the extent to which these powers will be actually exercised and
+the degree of severity with which the measure of blockade authorized
+will be put into operation are matters which will depend on the
+administrative orders issued by the Government and the decisions of the
+authorities especially charged with the duty of dealing with individual
+ships and cargoes, according to the merits of each case."
+
+This Government further notes with equal satisfaction the declaration of
+the British Government that "the instructions to be issued by his
+Majesty's Government to the fleet and to the customs officials and
+executive committees concerned will impress upon them the duty of acting
+with the utmost dispatch consistent with the object in view, and of
+showing in every case such consideration for neutrals as may be
+compatible with that object, which is succinctly stated, to establish a
+blockade to prevent vessels from carrying goods for or coming from
+Germany."
+
+In view of these assurances formally given to this Government, it is
+confidently expected that the extensive powers conferred by the Order in
+Council on the executive officers of the Crown will be restricted by
+orders issued by the Government, directing the exercise of their
+discretionary powers in such a manner as to modify in practical
+application those provisions of the Order in Council, which, if strictly
+enforced, would violate neutral rights and interrupt legitimate trade.
+Relying on the faithful performance of these voluntary assurances by his
+Majesty's Government, the United States takes it for granted that the
+approach of American merchantmen to neutral ports situated upon the long
+line of coast affected by the Order in Council will not be interfered
+with when it is known that they do not carry goods which are contraband
+of war or goods destined to or proceeding from ports within the
+belligerent territory affected.
+
+The Government of the United States assumes with the greater confidence
+that his Majesty's Government will thus adjust their practice to the
+recognized rules of international law because it is manifest that the
+British Government have adopted an extraordinary method of "stopping
+cargoes destined for or coming from the enemy's territory," which, owing
+to the existence of unusual conditions in modern warfare at sea, it will
+be difficult to restrict to the limits which have been heretofore
+required by the law of nations. Though the area of operations is
+confined to "European waters, including the Mediterranean," so great an
+area of the high seas is covered and the cordon of ships is so distant
+from the territory affected that neutral vessels must necessarily pass
+through the blockading force in order to reach important neutral ports
+which Great Britain as a belligerent has not the legal right to blockade
+and which, therefore, it is presumed she has no intention of claiming to
+blockade.
+
+The Scandinavian and Danish ports, for example, are open to American
+trade. They are also free, so far as the actual enforcement of the Order
+in Council is concerned, to carry on trade with German Baltic ports,
+although it is an essential element of blockade that it bear with equal
+severity upon all neutrals.
+
+This Government, therefore, infers that the commanders of his Majesty's
+ships of war, engaged in maintaining the so-called blockade, will be
+instructed to avoid an enforcement of the proposed measures of
+non-intercourse in such a way as to impose restrictions upon neutral
+trade more burdensome than those which have been regarded as inevitable,
+when the ports of a belligerent are actually blockaded by the ships of
+its enemy.
+
+The possibilities of serious interruption of American trade under the
+Order in Council are so many, and the methods proposed are so unusual,
+and seem liable to constitute so great an impediment and embarrassment
+to neutral commerce, that the Government of the United States, if the
+Order in Council is strictly enforced, apprehends many interferences
+with its legitimate trade which will impose upon his Majesty's
+Government heavy responsibilities for acts of the British authorities
+clearly subversive of the rights of neutral nations on the high seas. It
+is, therefore, expected that the Majesty's Government, having considered
+these possibilities, will take the steps necessary to avoid them, and,
+in the event that they should unhappily occur, will be prepared to make
+full reparation for every act which, under the rules of international
+law, constitutes a violation of neutral rights.
+
+As stated in its communication of Oct. 22, 1914, "this Government will
+insist that the rights and duties of the United States and its citizens
+in the present war be defined by the existing rules of international law
+and the treaties of the United States irrespective of the provisions of
+the Declaration of London, and that this Government reserves to itself
+the right to enter a protest or demand in each case, in which those
+rights and duties so defined are violated or their free exercise
+interfered with by the authorities of the British Government."
+
+In conclusion you will reiterate to his Majesty's Government that this
+statement of the view of the Government of the United States is made in
+the most friendly spirit, and in accordance with the uniform candor
+which has characterized the relations of the two Governments in the
+past, and which has been in large measure the foundation of the peace
+and amity existing between the two nationals without interruption for a
+century.
+
+BRYAN.
+
+
+
+
+Germany's Conditions of Peace
+
+The First Authoritative German Presentation of the Idea
+
+By Dr. Bernhard Dernburg, Late German Colonial Secretary of State
+
+
+_That Germany would be willing to make peace on the basis of a free
+neutral sea, guaranteed by the powers, was indicated in a letter written
+by Dr. Bernhard Dernburg, ex-Colonial Secretary of Germany, and read at
+a pro-German mass meeting held in Portland, Me., on April 17, 1915.
+After an explanatory note Dr. Dernburg divided into numbered clauses his
+letter, as follows:_
+
+(1) Whatever peace is concluded should be of a permanent nature; no
+perfunctory patching up should be permitted. The horror of all the
+civilized nations of the Old World slaughtering one another, every one
+convinced of the perfect righteousness of their own cause--a recurrence,
+if it could not be avoided absolutely, should be made most remote, so as
+to take the weight from our minds that all this young blood of the best
+manhood of Europe might be spilled in vain.
+
+(2) For this purpose it must be borne in mind that the world has changed
+considerably since the last big conflagration, and that all the
+countries striving for humanity and civilization are now one big family,
+with interests, spiritual as well as commercial, interlocking to a
+degree that no disturbance of any part of the civilized globe can exist
+without seriously affecting the rest. A disturbance in one quarter must
+make quite innocent bystanders involuntary victims, to the serious
+detriment of spiritual peace and commercial pursuits.
+
+The great highway on which thoughts and things travel are the high seas.
+I can with full authority disclaim any ambition by my country as to
+world dominion. She is much too modest, on the one hand, and too
+experienced, on the other hand, not to know that such a state will never
+be tolerated by the rest. Events have shown that world dominion can
+only be practiced by dominion of the high seas. The aim of Germany is to
+have the seas, as well as the narrows, kept permanently open for the
+free use of all nations in times of war as well as in times of peace.
+The sea is nobody's property and must be free to everybody. The seas are
+the lungs from which humanity draws a fresh breath of enterprise, and
+they must not be stopped up.
+
+I, personally, would go so far as to neutralize all the seas and narrows
+permanently by a common and effective agreement guaranteed by all the
+powers, so that any infringement on that score would meet with the most
+severe punishment that can be meted out to any transgressor.
+
+(3) A free sea is useless except combined with the freedom of cable and
+mail communications with all countries, whether belligerent or not. I
+should like to see all the cables jointly owned by the interested
+nations and a world mail system over sea established by common consent.
+But, more than this, an open sea demands an open policy. This means
+that, while every nation must have the right, for commercial and fiscal
+purposes, to impose whatever duties it thinks fit, these duties must be
+equal for all exports and imports for whatever destination and from
+whatever source. It would be tantamount to world empire, in fact, if a
+country owning a large part of the globe could make discriminating
+duties between the motherland and dominions or colonies as against other
+nations.
+
+This has been of late the British practice. German colonies have always
+been open to every comer, including the motherland, on equal terms. Such
+equality of treatment should be the established practice for all the
+future. The only alternative to an open sea and free intercourse policy
+would be a Chinese wall around each country. If there is no free
+intercourse every country must become self-sufficient. Germany has
+proved that it can be done. But this policy would mean very high customs
+barriers, discrimination, unbounded egotism, and a world bristling in
+arms. While the free sea policy stands for the true aims of
+international relations, namely, in exchange of goods, which must
+benefit either party, to be mutually satisfactory, it will engender
+friendly feeling among all the peoples, advance civilization, and
+thereby have a sure tendency toward disarmament.
+
+(4) Germany has been taxed with disregarding treaty obligations, tearing
+up a scrap of paper--a solemn engagement of international character
+regarding Belgium. I have the less reason to enter into this matter
+since--if it was a breach of international law at all--it has been
+followed up by all other belligerents by destroying other parts of that
+code so essential to the welfare of the community of nations. Two German
+men-of-war have been destroyed in neutral waters. The protests that the
+Government of this country had to make against Great Britain's treatment
+of international sea law and the rights of the neutrals are too numerous
+to be recounted. Chinese neutrality has been violated in the grossest
+way.
+
+In disregard of all conventions, China is now being subjected to demands
+incompatible with the rights of self-respecting nations. Egypt and
+Cyprus have been annexed by Great Britain, disregarding all treaties.
+Germany's diplomatic representatives have been driven from China,
+Morocco, and Egypt--all countries sovereign at the time. The Declaration
+of London, which had been set up by the Government of the United States
+as the governing document, had to be dropped as such. There is
+practically no part of international law that could stand the test.
+Justice toward neutrals compels that international law should be
+re-established in a codified form, with sufficient guarantees so as to
+save, as far as possible, all the neutrals from possible implication in
+a war in which they do not take part.
+
+(5) Germany does not strive for territorial aggrandizement in Europe;
+she does not believe in conquering and subjugating unwilling
+nations--this on account of a spirit of justice and her knowledge of
+history. No such attempts have ever been permanently successful.
+
+Belgium commands the main outlet of Western German trade, is the natural
+foreland of the empire, and has been conquered with untold sacrifice of
+blood and treasure. It offers to German trade the only outlet to an open
+sea and it has been politically established, maintained, and defended by
+England in order to keep these natural advantages from Germany.
+
+The love for small peoples that England heralds now will never stand
+investigation, as shown by the destruction of the small Boer republics.
+So Belgium cannot be given up. However, these considerations could be
+disregarded if all the other German demands, especially a guaranteed
+free sea, were fully complied with and the natural commercial
+relationship of Belgium to Germany was considered in a just and workable
+form. In this case Germany will not fail when the times come to help in
+rebuilding the country; in fact, she is doing so now.
+
+(6) Germany is a country smaller in size than California, but populated
+thirty-five times as thickly as that State. She loves and fosters family
+life, and sees her future in the raising of large families of healthy
+children under the home roof and under the national flag. German parents
+have no desire to expatriate every year a considerable number of their
+children. This implies that her industrial development, which would
+alone give occupation to the yearly increase of pretty nearly a million
+people, should go on unhampered.
+
+The activity of her people should have an outlet in the development of
+such foreign parts as need or wish for development. Great Britain has
+shown very little foresight in constantly opposing such efforts,
+playing Morocco into the hands of France, a nation that remained
+stationary for forty-four years, with little more than half of the
+population of Germany, and with a system equally undermining religion
+and morality in keeping families small for the sake of worldly comforts.
+
+England, furthermore, constantly obstructed the German endeavor to
+reclaim for the benefit of all of the world the granary in Mesopotamia.
+A permanent peace will mean that this German activity must get a wide
+scope without infringement upon the rights of others. Germany should be
+encouraged to continue her activities in Africa and Asia Minor, which
+can only result in permanent benefit to all the world. Americans have a
+saying "that it will never do good to sit on a safety valve."
+
+There is nothing in the program of my country which would not be
+beneficial to the rest of the world, especially the United States. That
+this is so the events of the last months have conclusively shown, and a
+better appreciation of what Germany really stands for has recently
+taken place. So, if I plead the cause of my country, I am not pleading
+as a German alone, but as a citizen of a country who wishes to be a
+useful and true member of the universality of nations, contributing by
+humanitarian aims and by the enhancement of personal freedom to the
+happiness of even the lowliest members of the great world community.
+
+I am proud to say that I cannot only give this assurance, but produce
+facts, and I beg to refer to the modern system of social reforms which
+Germany inaugurated and carries through at an expense which is every
+year larger by half than the expense of the military system.
+
+The brunt of this war has not been borne by the men who fight, but by
+the women who suffer, and it will be one of the proudest and most
+coveted achievements that Germany will gain in rewarding in a dignified
+and permanently beneficial way the enormous sacrifices of womanhood, to
+alleviate to the extent of the possible the hardships and sorrows that
+this war has brought upon them.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+The Allies' Conditions of Peace
+
+By Sir Edward Grey
+
+
+     Sir Edward Grey, presiding at a lecture on the war by Mr.
+     Buchan, delivered March 22, 1915, reviewed the origin and
+     causes of the conflict. Germany, he said, refused every
+     suggestion made to her for settling the dispute by means of a
+     conference. On her must rest for all time the appalling
+     responsibility for having plunged Europe into this war. One
+     essential condition of peace must be the restoration to
+     Belgium of her independence and reparation to her for the
+     cruel wrong done to her. England claims for herself and her
+     allies claim for themselves, and together will secure for
+     Europe, the right of independent sovereignty for the different
+     nations, the right to pursue a national existence in the light
+     of general liberty.
+
+The occasion of our meeting this afternoon is to hear a lecture from my
+friend Mr. Buchan on the strategy of the war, and he is sure to make it
+informing and interesting. His friends know him as a man of fine public
+spirit and patriotism, in whom a crisis such as this in his country's
+history arouses the noblest feelings. I am sorry that an engagement
+makes it necessary for me to return soon to the Foreign Office, and
+therefore it will be a great disappointment to me not to hear the whole
+of the lecture. I take the opportunity to make my apology now, and also
+to make one or two remarks on the origin and issues of the war. While we
+are engaged in considering the particular methods by which the war may
+be prosecuted to a successful conclusion do not let us lose sight even
+for a moment of the character and origin of this war and of the main
+issues for which we are fighting. Hundreds of millions of money have
+been spent, hundreds of thousands of lives have been lost, and millions
+have been maimed and wounded in Europe during the last few months. And
+all this might have been avoided by the simple method of a conference or
+a joint discussion between the powers concerned which might have been
+held in London, at The Hague, or wherever and in whatever form Germany
+would have consented to have it. It would have been far easier to have
+settled by conference the dispute between Austria-Hungary and Serbia,
+which Germany made the occasion for this war, than it was to get
+successfully through the Balkan crisis of two years ago. Germany knew
+from her experience of the conference in London which settled the Balkan
+crisis that she could count upon our good will for peace in any
+conference of the powers. We had sought no diplomatic triumph in the
+Balkan Conference; we did not give ourselves to any intrigue; we pursued
+impartially and honorably the end of peace, and we were ready last July
+to do the same again.
+
+In recent years we have given Germany every assurance that no aggression
+upon her would receive any support from us. We withheld from her one
+thing--we would not give an unconditional promise to stand aside,
+however aggressive Germany herself might be to her neighbors. Last July,
+before the outbreak of the war, France was ready to accept a conference;
+Italy was ready to accept a conference; Russia was ready to accept a
+conference; and we know now that after the British proposal for a
+conference was made, the Emperor of Russia himself proposed to the
+German Emperor that the dispute should be referred to The Hague. Germany
+refused every suggestion made to her for settling the dispute in this
+way. On her rests now, and must rest for all time, the appalling
+responsibility for having plunged Europe into this war and for having
+involved herself and the greater part of the Continent in the
+consequences of it.
+
+We know now that the German Government had prepared for war as only
+people who plan can prepare. This is the fourth time within living
+memory that Prussia had made war in Europe. In the Schleswig-Holstein
+war, in the war against Austria in 1866, in the war against France in
+1870, as we now know from all the documents that have been revealed, it
+was Prussia who planned and prepared these wars. The same thing has
+occurred again, and we are determined that it shall be the last time
+that war shall be made in this way.
+
+We had assured Belgium that never would we violate her neutrality so
+long as it was respected by others. I had given this pledge to Belgium
+long before the war. On the eve of the war we asked France and Germany
+to give the same pledge. France at once did so. Germany declined to give
+it. When, after that, Germany invaded Belgium we were bound to oppose
+Germany with all our strength, and if we had not done so at the first
+moment, is there any one who now believes that when Germany attacked the
+Belgians, when she shot down combatants and non-combatants in a way that
+violated all the rules of war of recent times and the laws of humanity
+of all time--is there any one who thinks it possible now that we could
+have sat still and looked on without eternal disgrace?
+
+Now what is the issue for which we are fighting? In due time the terms
+of peace will be put forward by our Allies in concert with us--in
+accordance with the alliance that exists between us--and published to
+the world. One essential condition must be the restoration to Belgium of
+her independence, national life, and free possession of her territory,
+and reparation to her as far as reparation is possible for the cruel
+wrong done to her. That is part of the great issue for which we, with
+our allies, are contending, and the great part of the issue is this--We
+wish the nations of Europe to be free to live their independent lives,
+working out their own form of government for themselves, and their own
+national developments, whether they be great nations or small States, in
+full liberty. This is our ideal. The German ideal--we have had it poured
+out by German professors and publicists since the war began--is that of
+the Germans as a superior people, to whom all things are lawful in the
+securing of their own power, against whom resistance of any sort is
+unlawful--a people establishing a domination over the nations of the
+Continent, imposing a peace which is not to be liberty for every nation,
+but subservience to Germany. I would rather perish or leave the
+Continent altogether than live on it under such conditions.
+
+After this war we and the other nations of Europe must be free to live,
+not menaced continually by talk of "supreme war lords," and "shining
+armor," and the sword continually "rattled in the scabbard," and heaven
+continually invoked as the accomplice of Germany, and not having our
+policy dictated and our national destinies and activities controlled by
+the military caste of Prussia. We claim for ourselves and our allies
+claim for themselves, and together we will secure for Europe, the right
+of independent sovereignty for the different nations, the right to
+pursue a national existence, not in the shadow of Prussian hegemony and
+supremacy, but in the light of equal liberty.
+
+All honor for ever be given from us whom age and circumstances have kept
+at home to those who have voluntarily come forward to risk their lives,
+and give their lives on the field of battle on land and on sea. They
+have their reward in enduring fame and honor. And all honor be from us
+to the brave armies and navies of our Allies, who have exhibited such
+splendid courage and noble patriotism. The admiration they have aroused,
+and their comradeship in arms, will be an ennobling and enduring memory
+between us, cementing friendships and perpetuating national good will.
+For all of us who are serving the State at home or in whatever capacity,
+whether officials, or employers, or wage earners, doing our utmost to
+carry on the national life in this time of stress, there is the
+knowledge that there can be no nobler opportunity than that of serving
+one's country when its existence is at stake, and when the cause is just
+and right; and never was there a time in our national history when the
+crisis was so great and so imperative, or the cause more just and right.
+
+
+
+
+South Africa's Romantic Blue Paper
+
+Recording the Vision of "Oom Niklaas," the Boer Seer of Lichtenburg
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April 18, 1915.]
+
+
+The South African "Blue Paper" is out. It is unique. However widely and
+however eagerly the official documents of the other countries involved
+in the present war may have been read, they could not be called romantic
+in any sense of the word.
+
+The "Blue Paper" issued by the Union of South Africa presents a distinct
+contrast. In the third paragraph of the very first page of this weighty
+document, which deals with the recent rebellion, is the following
+unusual sentence:
+
+     It is not surprising, then, that in the ferment aroused by the
+     gigantic struggle in Europe, which seemed to be shaking the
+     world to its foundations, young men began to see visions and
+     old men to dream dreams of what the outcome might be for South
+     Africa.
+
+And this is followed by a still stranger passage:
+
+     The times were not without their signs. There was a seer in
+     Lichtenburg who had visions of strange import. Years ago and
+     long before any one in this country had dreamed of war he
+     beheld a great fight of bulls, six or seven of them, engaged
+     in bloody combat; a gray bull had emerged victorious from the
+     contest.
+
+     The bulls signified the great nations of Europe, and the gray
+     bull was Germany. Thousands had discussed this strange vision
+     and had remembered its prophetic character when, later, war
+     actually broke out. The vision seemed ominous. Germany was
+     predestined to triumph.
+
+The seer is Niklaas van Rensburg, and he runs through this Government
+report like a scarlet thread through gray homespun. It is around his
+influence that the uprising of Sept. 15 is built. It is under his roof
+that all manner of lurid conspiracies are hatched. Not only do his words
+carry with the crowds that gather before his house to hear his prophecy,
+but his warnings shape the actions of some of the Transvaal Generals.
+The Government report will not go so far as to brand "Oom Niklaas" as a
+hoax. Says the preface:
+
+     It is desired to point out that the narrative of events has
+     been compiled in as objective a manner as possible, and that
+     it contains no statement which is not borne out by evidence in
+     possession of the Government.
+
+Evidently, to denounce visions of gray bulls as hocus-pocus would be to
+describe a puzzling situation much too subjectively, since the
+Government has apparently no evidence that these are not genuine
+prophecy. The best the Government can do is to call them "extraordinary
+and apparently quite authentic."
+
+But the extraordinary part of it is that an illiterate old soothsayer
+should be considered important enough to be included in an official
+report.
+
+His most famous and most influential prophecy, the one that will go down
+in the history of South Africa, was that which concerned General de la
+Rey and the fatal number 15.
+
+The prophecy which came back to the minds of van Rensburg's followers
+when war broke out was one concerning General de la Rey, the intrepid
+soldier who had commanded the Lichtenburg burghers in the Boer war and
+since become President of the Western Transvaal Farmers' Association.
+Van Rensburg had always admired General de la Rey. He had frequently
+hinted to his circle that great things were in store for him. One of his
+visions had been well known to General de la Rey and his friends for
+some years. The report says:
+
+     The seer had beheld the number 15 on a dark cloud from which
+     blood issued, and then General de la Rey returning home
+     without his hat. Immediately afterward came a carriage covered
+     with flowers.
+
+
+[Illustration: H.M. CONSTANTINE I.
+
+King of Greece.
+
+_(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)_]
+
+[Illustration: JOHN REDMOND
+
+The great Irish leader, who says that Ireland has now taken her proper
+place in the British Empire.
+
+_(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)_]
+
+This was several years ago. But the people did not forget the prophecy,
+and when war broke out in Europe the Western Transvaal--in the
+Lichtenburg-Wolmaransstad area, where van Rensburg's influence was
+strongest--was immediately aflame. The Government does not seek to
+minimize the importance of this influence:
+
+     When the war at last broke out, the effect in Lichtenburg was
+     instantaneous. The prophecies of van Rensburg were eagerly
+     recalled, and it was remembered that he had foretold a day on
+     which the independence of the Transvaal would be restored.
+
+     Certain individuals could be seen daily cleaning their rifles
+     and cartridges in order to be ready for the day. Within a week
+     of the declaration of war between England and Germany the
+     district was further profoundly stirred by the news (now
+     become generally known) that a great meeting of local burghers
+     was to be held at Treurfontein on the 15th of August, and that
+     certain local officers were commandeering their burghers to
+     come to this meeting armed and fully equipped for active
+     service.
+
+The outbreak of the war in Europe suddenly brought the Lichtenburger's
+prophecy down to earth and crystallized the dream. The commandants were
+evidently as convinced that independence was at hand as the crowd.
+
+     Careful inquiries by other local officers brought to light the
+     following facts:
+
+     Veld Kornet, I.E. Claassen, and Commandant F.G.A. Wolmarans of
+     Ward Onder Hartsrivier had been commandeering their own
+     burghers as well as their political friends since the first
+     week of August to come to the meeting which was to be held at
+     Treurfontein on the 15th. The instructions given to these men
+     were that they were to come with rifle, horse, saddle and
+     bridle, and as much ammunitions and provisions as they could
+     manage to bring.
+
+     The meeting was to be addressed by General de la Rey, and it
+     was generally believed that the assembled burghers would march
+     on Potchefstroom immediately after the meeting.
+
+None doubted the truth of the seer's prophecy now. The Western Transvaal
+took it for its guide with implicit confidence.
+
+     The strange vision of the number 15, which had long been
+     common knowledge, was now discussed with intense interest. The
+     15, it was said, signified the 15th of August, the day of the
+     meeting. That would be the day which had been so long
+     expected--the day of liberation.
+
+     Van Rensburg was now the oracle. His prophecies with regard to
+     the great war had been signally fulfilled. Germany was at
+     grips with England, and her triumph was looked upon as
+     inevitable.
+
+     The day had arrived to strike a blow for their lost
+     independence. Van Rensburg assured his following that the
+     Union Government was "finished." Not a shot would be fired.
+     The revolution would be complete and bloodless.
+
+     Between the 10th and the 15th the plotters in Lichtenburg were
+     actively preparing for the day. There is evidence that German
+     secret agents were working in concert with them. When doubters
+     asked how they could be so certain that the 15 signified a day
+     of the month--and of the month of August in particular--they
+     were scornfully if illogically told that "in God's time a
+     month sooner or later made no difference."
+
+Of course, General de la Rey was the storm centre. He had been mentioned
+in the same vision with the number 15 and it was taken for granted that
+he would play the chief role in the Treurfontein meeting. De la Rey was
+the unquestioned ruler of the Western Transvaal. The report states:
+
+     He possessed an unrivaled influence and was looked up to as
+     the uncrowned king of the West. His attitude at the meeting
+     would sway the mass of his adherents and decide the question
+     of peace or war.
+
+Accordingly, General Louis Botha, Premier of the South African Union,
+summoned General de la Rey to Pretoria some days before the meeting, and
+persuaded him to use his best efforts to allay excitement.
+
+On the 15th the meeting was held. The situation was a tense one. Not one
+of the burghers present doubted the outcome. Yet General de la Rey
+exhorted them to remain cool and calm. He urged them to await the turn
+of events in Europe. After his address a "strange and unusual silence"
+was observed, says the "Blue Paper."
+
+     A resolution was passed unanimously expressing complete
+     confidence in the Government to act in the best interests of
+     South Africa in the present world crisis. The burghers
+     appeared to have taken their leader's advice to heart, as they
+     dispersed quietly to their homes.
+
+All danger of a rebellious movement had apparently been averted.
+
+The only difficulty was that the prophecy of "Oom Niklaas" was still
+standing. The fact that the uprising had failed did not seem in the
+least to invalidate the vision. If the mysterious number did not mean
+Aug. 15, then perhaps it did mean Sept. 15.
+
+Accordingly, preparations were laid for a rebellion for the latter date.
+The plot was engineered by Lieut. Colonel Solomon G. Maritz and General
+Christian Frederick Beyers. Maritz is a brilliant though unlettered
+Colonel who won distinction in the Boer war, while Beyers was the
+Commandant General of the South African Union forces. Beyers is dead
+now; Maritz and some of the prominent men associated in the conspiracy
+are in prison awaiting trial.
+
+Beyers and Maritz did not trust entirely to the prophecy of the seer of
+Lichtenburg. Maritz had already obtained a guarantee from the
+authorities in German West Africa, with whom he had been in
+communication for some time, that in the event of Germany's victory the
+Free State and the Transvaal would be given their freedom. He had
+organized the back-veldt Boers into readiness to go over into German
+West Africa at a moment's notice. In the Free State, General de Wet was
+ready to aid the rebellion, and the Western Transvaal, already excited,
+could easily be swung into line.
+
+The regiments of the west were to concentrate at Potchefstroom early in
+September for their annual training. At that time the members of the
+Government, among them General de la Rey, who is a member of the
+Legislative Assembly, would be in Cape Town for the session of the
+Parliament.
+
+Everything made the 15th of September look like an auspicious date for
+the conspirators and those who believed in van Rensburg. But General de
+la Rey still remained the storm centre. He was the factor which upset
+all plans. He was the most difficult obstacle. A large personality, his
+influence could never be discounted. If he could be induced to join the
+conspiracy the cause was as good as won. Should he oppose the movement
+it was lost, for neither Beyers nor Major Kemp, a leader in his district
+in West Transvaal, could hope to do anything against General de la Rey
+in the west.
+
+General de la Rey believed in the Lichtenburg prophet. A strong man, of
+extraordinary force and intelligence, the whole course of his plans
+might be altered by a new vision from van Rensburg. Beyers knew this,
+says the report, and saw the way by which he should win the General to
+the conspiracy.
+
+     There is evidence to prove that General Beyers set himself
+     systematically to work in General de la Rey's mind in order to
+     induce him to join the conspiracy.
+
+     General de la Rey was known to hold strong religious views,
+     which colored his whole outlook. The seer, van Rensburg, who
+     was always full of religious talk, had in this way acquired a
+     considerable amount of influence over General de la Rey.
+
+     There is the best of evidence (General Beyers's own statement)
+     for the belief that he himself did not scruple to work on
+     General de la Rey's mind through his religious feelings.
+
+Just how Beyers accomplished this has not yet been revealed, but there
+was material enough to his hand. The news from Europe was disquieting.
+The German drive to Paris seemed irresistible. It looked as if in a week
+or two Germany would have the Allies at her mercy.
+
+The prophet saw visions in which 40,000 German soldiers were marching up
+and down the streets of London. He predicted significantly that the new
+South African State would have at its head "a man who feared God." The
+Government of Premier Botha and General Smuts, the Minister of Finance
+and Defense, was "finished." He had seen the English leaving the
+Transvaal and moving down toward Natal. When they had gone far away, a
+vulture flew from among them and returned to the Boers and settled down
+among them. That was Botha. As for Smuts, he would flee desperately to
+England and would never be seen in South Africa again. Through it all
+ran the strange number 15.
+
+This was excellent material for the conspirators. But the problem was to
+get General de la Rey away from the Parliament session at Cape Town and
+into the Potchefstroom camp at the psychological moment. Beyers sent a
+series of urgent telegrams to Cape Town hinting at important business.
+He emphasized the need for General de la Rey's immediate presence in
+Potchefstroom. He had evidently not yet broached the conspiracy to the
+General, but hoped only to get him to the camp at the critical moment
+when his presence would prove the deciding factor.
+
+[Illustration: [map of South Africa]]
+
+Everything in Potchefstroom was in readiness. The Active Citizen Force
+concentrated here--about 1,600 men--was to start the uprising. The
+movement was to be promptly seconded throughout the Western Transvaal.
+The "Vierkleur" was to be hoisted, and a march made on Pretoria, men and
+horses being commandeered on the way. This was to take place on Tuesday,
+the 15th. There was an attempt to line up the prophet to add to the
+theatric effect, says the report.
+
+     On the night of the 14th the "Prophet" himself was specially
+     sent for by motor car to be personally present on the 15th to
+     witness the consummation of his prophecy. The conspirators
+     hoped to profit by the impression he would undoubtedly make on
+     those who still hesitated.
+
+     Unfortunately for them, however, the seer refused to leave his
+     home, saying that "it was not yet clear to him that that was
+     his path."
+
+The signal for the revolt was to be the arrival of General Beyers and
+General de la Rey in the Potchefstroom camp. The latter was returning
+from Cape Town via Kimberley, and was due to arrive in Potchefstroom on
+the 15th. But for some reason he chose to come back through the Free
+State, and by the 15th was only at Johannesburg.
+
+This upset plans. Beyers had to act quickly. He had his chauffeur
+overhaul his motor car, equip it with new tubes and covers, in readiness
+for "a long journey." In a short time the car was on its way to bring
+General de la Rey from Johannesburg to Pretoria, where Beyers would meet
+him.
+
+There was no time to be lost. It was too late to stage the rebellion for
+the 15th, but Beyers arranged for it to be at 4 o'clock on the morning
+of Wednesday, the 16th.
+
+General de la Rey arrived in Pretoria. General Beyers met him and asked
+him to go immediately with him to Potchefstroom.
+
+The car came within sight of Johannesburg. A police cordon had been
+thrown around the town for the purpose of capturing three desperadoes,
+known as the "Foster gang," who were trying to escape in a motor car.
+The police were instructed to stop all motors and to examine in
+particular any car containing three men.
+
+Beyers's car held three men. It was racing at high speed. It was, of
+course, challenged by the police and ordered to stop. But Beyers knew
+nothing of the "Foster gang" and the reason for the police cordon. Keyed
+up to the highest pitch of nervous tension, his immediate conclusion was
+that his plot had been discovered and that the police were after him. He
+believed he was trapped.
+
+Meanwhile, Major Kemp at Potchefstroom grew more and more anxious as the
+hours slipped by. Midnight came, and no news of the two Generals. About
+3 o'clock in the morning, says the report, an officer sharing the tent
+of a Lieutenant Colonel by the name of Kock, who was Kemp's confidant,
+was awakened by the entrance of a man. It proved to be Major Kemp. He
+leaned over Kock's bed and whispered something in his ear.
+
+Kock, in a profoundly startled voice, exclaimed, "Oh, God!"
+
+Kemp left immediately, and Kock then whispered to his friend: "General
+de la Rey is dood geskiet," (General de la Rey has been shot dead.)
+
+The effect of this news on South Africa can be imagined. The whole
+country was aflame. This was what the number 15 meant. The General had
+indeed "returned home without his hat, followed by a carriage full of
+flowers."
+
+Report ran through every town that General de la Rey had been
+deliberately assassinated by the Government. As a matter of fact, the
+report states that the shooting was purely accidental, done by the
+police under the belief that this motor car which would not halt at
+their command contained the "Foster gang." Beyers exhibited the
+motor-car everywhere, arousing sentiment to the highest pitch.
+
+The rest was easy. The rank and file, at least, now believed firmly in
+the prophet. He had always said that General Botha would offer no
+resistance, that the revolution would be bloodless, and thousands went
+over to the cause led by Maritz and Beyers in this belief. But it was
+not until Oct. 12 that martial law was proclaimed in South Africa. The
+rebellion had begun.
+
+
+
+
+THE BELLS OF BERLIN
+
+[From Punch of London.]
+
+
+     _(Which are said to be rung by order occasionally to announce
+     some supposed German victory.)_
+
+    The Bells of Berlin, how they hearten the Hun
+      _(Oh, dingle dong dangle ding dongle ding dee;)_
+    No matter what devil's own work has been done
+    They chime a loud chant of approval, each one,
+    Till the people feel sure of their place in the sun
+      _(Oh, dangle ding dongle dong dingle ding dee.)_
+
+    If Hindenburg hustles an enemy squad
+      _(Oh, dingle dong dangle ding dongle ding dee,)_
+    The bells all announce that the alien sod
+    Is damp with the death of some thousand men odd,
+    Till the populace smiles with a gratified nod
+      _(Oh, dangle ding dongle dong dingle ding dee.)_
+
+    If Tirpitz behaves like a brute on the brine
+      _(Oh, dingle dong dangle ding dongle ding dee,)_
+    The bells with a clash and a clamor combine
+    To hint that the Hated One's on the decline,
+    And the city gulps down the good tidings like wine,
+      _(Oh, dangle ding dongle dong dingle ding dee.)_
+
+    The Bells of Berlin, are they cracked through and through
+      _(Oh, dingle dong dangle ding dongle ding dee,)_
+    Or deaf to the discord like Germany, too?
+    For whether their changes be many or few,
+    The worst of them is that they never ring true,
+      _(Oh, dangle ding dongle dong dingle ding dee.)_
+
+
+
+
+Warfare and British Labor
+
+By Earl Kitchener, England's Secretary of State for War
+
+
+     In his speech delivered in the House of Lords on March 15,
+     1915, Earl Kitchener calls upon the whole nation to work, not
+     only in supplying the manhood of the country to serve in the
+     ranks, but in supplying the necessary arms, ammunition, and
+     equipment for successful operations in various parts of the
+     world.
+
+For many weeks only trench fighting has been possible owing to the
+climatic conditions and waterlogged state of the ground. During this
+period of apparent inaction, it must not be forgotten that our troops
+have had to exercise the utmost individual vigilance and resource, and,
+owing to the proximity of the enemy's lines, a great strain has been
+imposed upon them. Prolonged warfare of this sort might be expected to
+affect the morale of an army, but the traditional qualities of patience,
+good temper, and determination have maintained our men, though highly
+tried, in a condition ready to act with all the initiative and courage
+required when the moment for an advance arrived. The recently published
+accounts of the fighting in France have enabled us to appreciate how
+successfully our troops have taken the offensive. The German troops,
+notwithstanding their carefully prepared and strongly intrenched
+positions, have been driven back for a considerable distance and the
+villages of Neuve Chapelle and L'Epinette have been captured and held by
+our army, with heavy losses to the enemy.
+
+In these operations our Indian troops took a prominent part and
+displayed fine fighting qualities. I will in this connection read a
+telegram I have received from Sir John French:
+
+     Please transmit following message to Viceroy India: I am glad
+     to be able to inform your Excellency that the Indian troops
+     under General Sir James Willcocks fought with great gallantry
+     and marked success in the capture of Neuve Chapelle and
+     subsequent fighting which took place on the 10th, 11th, 12th
+     and 13th of this month. The fighting was very severe and the
+     losses heavy, but nothing daunted them. Their tenacity,
+     courage and endurance were admirable and worthy of the best
+     traditions of the soldiers of India.
+
+I should like also to mention that the Canadian Division showed their
+mettle and have received the warm commendation of Sir John French for
+the high spirit and bravery with which they have performed their part.
+Our casualties during the three days' fighting, though probably severe,
+are not nearly so heavy as those suffered by the enemy, from whom a
+large number of prisoners have been taken.
+
+Since I last spoke in this House substantial reinforcements have been
+sent to France. They include the Canadian Division, the North Midland
+Division, and the Second London Division, besides other units. These are
+the first complete divisions of the Territorial Force to go to France,
+where I am sure they will do credit to themselves and sustain the high
+reputation which the Territorials have already won for themselves there.
+The health of the troops has been remarkably good, and their freedom
+from enteric fever and from the usual diseases incidental to field
+operations is a striking testimony to the value of inoculation and to
+the advice and skill of the Royal Army Medical Corps and its auxiliary
+organizations.
+
+The French army, except for a slight withdrawal at Soissons, owing to
+their reinforcements being cut off by the swollen state of the Aisne
+River, have made further important progress at various points on the
+long line they hold, especially in Champagne. Association with both our
+allies in the western theatre has only deepened our admiration of their
+resolute tenacity and fighting qualities.
+
+In the Eastern theatre the violent German attacks on Warsaw have failed
+in their purpose, and a considerable concentration of German troops to
+attack the Russian positions in East Prussia, after causing a
+retirement, are now either well held or are being driven back. In the
+Caucasus fresh defeats have been inflicted by the Russians on the Turks,
+and the latter have also been repulsed by our forces in Egypt when they
+attempted to attack the Suez Canal. The operations now proceeding
+against the Dardanelles show the great power of the allied fleets, and,
+although at the present stage I can say no more than what is given in
+the public press on the subject, your Lordships may rest assured that
+the matter is well in hand.
+
+The work of supplying and equipping new armies depends largely on our
+ability to obtain the war material required. Our demands on the
+industries concerned with the manufacture of munitions of war in this
+country have naturally been very great, and have necessitated that they
+and other ancillary trades should work at the highest possible pressure.
+The armament firms have promptly responded to our appeal, and have
+undertaken orders of vast magnitude. The great majority also of the
+employees have loyally risen to the occasion, and have worked, and are
+working, overtime and on night shifts in all the various workshops and
+factories in the country.
+
+Notwithstanding these efforts to meet our requirements, we have
+unfortunately found that the output is not only not equal to our
+necessities, but does not fulfill our expectations, for a very large
+number of our orders have not been completed by the dates on which they
+were promised. The progress in equipping our new armies, and also in
+supplying the necessary war material for our forces in the field, has
+been seriously hampered by the failure to obtain sufficient labor, and
+by delays in the production of the necessary plant, largely due to the
+enormous demands not only of ourselves, but of our allies.
+
+While the workmen generally, as I have said, have worked loyally and
+well, there have, I regret to say, been instances where absence,
+irregular timekeeping, and slack work have led to a marked diminution
+in the output of our factories. In some cases the temptations of drink
+account for this failure to work up to the high standard expected. It
+has been brought to my notice on more than one occasion that the
+restrictions of trade unions have undoubtedly added to our difficulties,
+not so much in obtaining sufficient labor, as in making the best use of
+that labor. I am confident, however, that the seriousness of the
+position as regards our supplies has only to be mentioned, and all
+concerned will agree to waive for the period of the war any of those
+restrictions which prevent in the very slightest degree our utilizing
+all the labor available to the fullest extent that is possible.
+
+I cannot too earnestly point out that, unless the whole nation works
+with us and for us, not only in supplying the manhood of the country to
+serve in our ranks, but also in supplying the necessary arms,
+ammunition, and equipment, successful operations in the various parts of
+the world in which we are engaged will be very seriously hampered and
+delayed. I have heard rumors that the workmen in some factories have an
+idea that the war is going so well that there is no necessity for them
+to work their hardest. I can only say that the supply of war material at
+the present moment and for the next two or three months is causing me
+very serious anxiety, and I wish all those engaged in the manufacture
+and supply of these stores to realize that it is absolutely essential
+not only that the arrears in the deliveries of our munitions of war
+should be wiped off, but that the output of every round of ammunition is
+of the utmost importance, and has a large influence on our operations in
+the field.
+
+The bill which my noble friend is about to place before the House as an
+amendment to the Defense of the Realm act is calculated to rectify this
+state of things as far as it is possible, and, in my opinion, it is
+imperatively necessary. In such a large manufacturing country as our own
+the enormous output of what we require to place our troops in the field
+thoroughly equipped and found with ammunition is undoubtedly possible,
+but this output can only be obtained by a careful and deliberate
+organization for developing the resources of the country so as to enable
+each competent workman to utilize in the most useful manner possible all
+his ability and energy in the common object which we all have in view,
+which is the successful prosecution and victorious termination of this
+war. [Cheers.] I feel sure that there is no business or manufacturing
+firm in this country that will object for one moment to any delay or
+loss caused in the product of their particular industry when they feel
+that they and their men are taking part with us in maintaining the
+soldiers in the field with those necessaries without which they cannot
+fight.
+
+As I have said, the regular armament firms have taken on enormous
+contracts vastly in excess of their ordinary engagements in normal times
+of peace. We have also spread orders both in the form of direct
+contracts and subcontracts over a large number of subsidiary firms not
+accustomed in peace time to this class of manufacture. It will, I am
+sure, be readily understood that, when new plant is available for the
+production of war material, those firms that are not now so engaged
+should release from their own work the labor necessary to keep the
+machinery fully occupied on the production for which it is being laid
+down, as well as to supply sufficient labor to keep working at full
+power the whole of the machinery which we now have.
+
+I hope that this result will be attained under the provisions of the
+bill now about to be placed before you. Labor may very rightly ask that
+their patriotic work should not be used to inflate the profits of the
+directors and shareholders of the various great industrial and armament
+firms, and we are therefore arranging a system under which the important
+armament firms will come under Government control, and we hope that
+workmen who work regularly by keeping good time shall reap some of the
+benefits which the war automatically confers on these great companies.
+
+I feel strongly that the men working long hours in the shops by day and
+by night, week in and week out, are doing their duty for their King and
+country in a like manner with those who have joined the army for active
+service in the field. [Cheers.] They are thus taking their part in the
+war and displaying the patriotism that has been so manifestly shown by
+the nation in all ranks, and I am glad to be able to state that his
+Majesty has approved that where service in this great work of supplying
+the munitions of war has been thoroughly, loyally and continuously
+rendered, the award of a medal will be granted on the successful
+termination of the war. [Cheers.]
+
+
+
+
+SAVIORS OF EUROPE
+
+By Rene Bazin
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+I believe that King Albert and Belgium, in sacrificing themselves as
+they have done for right, have saved Europe.
+
+I believe that in order to act with such decision it was essential to
+have a King, that is to say, a leader responsible to history, of an old
+and proved stock.
+
+I believe that for such action a Christian nation was essential, a
+nation capable of understanding, of accepting, and of enduring the
+ordeal.
+
+I believe that the first duty of the Allies will be to restore the
+Kingdom of Belgium, and that the example shown by the King and his
+people will be exalted in all civilized countries as long as the world
+reads history.
+
+
+
+
+Britain's Peril of Strikes and Drink
+
+By David Lloyd George, Chancellor of the Exchequer.
+
+
+     The gravity of labor disputes in the present time of national
+     danger was dealt with by Mr. Lloyd George in a speech to his
+     constituents at Bangor on Feb. 28, 1915, special reference
+     being made to the Clyde strike. He declared that compulsory
+     arbitration in war time was imperative, as it was "intolerable
+     that the lives of Britons should be imperiled for a matter of
+     a farthing an hour." This was essentially an engineers' war,
+     for equipment was even more needed than men. Mr. Lloyd George
+     went on to comment on the adverse effect of drinking upon
+     production, and added: "We have great powers to deal with
+     drink, and we shall use them."
+
+I have promised for some time to address a meeting at Bangor. I have
+been unable to do so because Ministers of the Crown have been working
+time and overtime, and I am sorry to say that we are not even able to
+make the best of the day of rest, the urgency is so great, the pressure
+is so severe. I had something to say today, otherwise I should not have
+been here, and I had something to say that required stating at once.
+This is the only day I had to spare. It is no fault of mine. It is
+because we are entirely absorbed in the terrible task which has been
+cast upon our shoulders. I happened to have met on Friday morning,
+before I decided to come down here, one of the most eminent Scottish
+divines, a great and old friend of mine, Dr. Whyte of Edinburgh. We were
+discussing what I have got to say today. I remarked to him, "I have only
+one day on which to say it, and as that is Sunday afternoon I am very
+much afraid my constituents won't listen to me." He replied, "If they
+won't have you, come to Scotland, and we will give you the best Sunday
+afternoon meeting you ever had." But I thought I would try Wales first.
+[Cheers.] He told me that in the Shorter Catechism you are allowed to do
+works of charity and necessity, and those who tell me that this is not
+work of necessity do not know the need, the dire need, of their country
+at this hour. At this moment there are Welshmen in the trenches of
+France facing cannon and death; the hammering of forges today is
+ringing down the church bells from one end of Europe to the other. When
+I know these things are going on now on Sunday as well as the week days
+I am not the hypocrite to say, "I will save my own soul by not talking
+about them on Sundays." [Cheers.]
+
+Do we understand the necessity? Do we realize it? Belgium, once
+comfortably well-to-do, is now waste and weeping, and her children are
+living on the bread of charity sent them by neighbors far and near. And
+France--the German Army, like a wild beast, has fastened its claws deep
+into her soil, and every effort to drag them out rends and tears the
+living flesh of that beautiful land. The beast of prey has not leaped to
+our shores--not a hair of Britain's head has been touched by him. Why?
+Because of the vigilant watchdog that patrols the deep for us; and that
+is my complaint against the British Navy. It does not enable us to
+realize that Britain at the present moment is waging the most serious
+war it has ever been engaged in. We do not understand it. A few weeks
+ago I visited France. We had a conference of the Ministers of Finance of
+Russia, France, Great Britain, and Belgium. Paris is a changed city. Her
+gayety, her vivacity, is gone. You can see in the faces of every man
+there, and of every woman, that they know their country is in the grip
+of grim tragedy. They are resolved to overcome it, confident that they
+will overcome it, but only through a long agony.
+
+No visitor to our shores would realize that we are engaged in exactly
+the same conflict, and that on the stricken fields of the Continent and
+along the broads and the narrows of the seas that encircle our islands
+is now being determined, not merely the fate of the British Empire, but
+the destiny of the human race for generations to come. [Cheers.] We are
+conducting a war as if there was no war. I have never been doubtful
+about the result of the war, [cheers,] and I will give you my reasons by
+and by. Nor have I been doubtful, I am sorry to say, about the length of
+the war and its seriousness. In all wars nations are apt to minimize
+their dangers and the duration. Men, after all, see the power of their
+own country; they cannot visualize the power of the enemy. I have been
+accounted as a pessimist among my friends in thinking the war would not
+be over before Christmas. I have always been convinced that the result
+is inevitably a triumph for this country. I have also been convinced
+that that result will not be secured without a prolonged struggle. I
+will tell you why. I shall do so not in order to indulge in vain and
+idle surmises as to the duration of the war, but in order to bring home
+to my countrymen what they are confronted with, so as to insure that
+they will leave nothing which is at their command undone in order, not
+merely to secure a triumph, but to secure it at the speediest possible
+moment. It is in their power to do so. It is also in their power, by
+neglect, by sloth, by heedlessness, to prolong their country's agony,
+and maybe to endanger at least the completeness of its triumphs. This is
+what I have come to talk to you about this afternoon, for it is a work
+of urgent necessity in the cause of human freedom, and I make no apology
+for discussing on a Sunday the best means of insuring human liberty.
+[Cheers.]
+
+I will give you first of all my reasons for coming to the conclusion
+that after this struggle victory must wait on our banners if we properly
+utilize our resources and opportunities. The natural resources of the
+allied countries are overwhelmingly greater than those of their enemies.
+In the man capable of bearing arms, in the financial and economic
+resources of these countries, in their accessibility to the markets of
+the world through the command of the sea for the purpose of obtaining
+material and munitions--all these are preponderatingly in favor of the
+allied countries. But there is a greater reason than all these. Beyond
+all is the moral strength of our cause, and that counts in a struggle
+which involves sacrifices, suffering, and privation for all those
+engaged in it. A nation cannot endure to the end that has on its soul
+the crimes of Belgium. [Loud cheers.] The allied powers have at their
+disposal more than twice the number of men which their enemies can
+command. You may ask me why are not those overwhelming forces put into
+the field at once and this terrible war brought to a triumphant
+conclusion at the earliest possible moment. In the answer to that
+question lies the cause of the war. The reason why Germany declared war
+is in the answer to that question.
+
+In the old days when a nation's liberty was menaced by an aggressor a
+man took from the chimney corner his bow and arrow or his spear, or a
+sword which had been left to him by an ancestry of warriors, went to the
+gathering ground of his tribe, and the nation was fully equipped for
+war. That is not the case now. Now you fight with complicated, highly
+finished weapons, apart altogether from the huge artillery. Every rifle
+which a man handles is a complicated and ingenious piece of mechanism,
+and it takes time. The German arsenals were full of the machinery of
+horror and destruction. The Russian arsenals were not, and that is the
+reason for the war. Had Russia projected war, she also would have filled
+her arsenals, but she desired above everything peace. ["Hear, hear!"] I
+am not sure that Russia has ever been responsible for a war of
+aggression against any of her European neighbors. Certainly this is not
+one of them. She wanted peace, she needed peace, she meant peace, and
+she would have had peace had she been left alone. She was at the
+beginning of a great industrial development, and she wanted peace in
+order to bring it to its full fructification. She had repeatedly stood
+insolences at the hands of Germany up to the point of humiliation, all
+for peace, and anything for peace.
+
+Whatever any one may say about her internal Government, Russia was
+essentially a peaceable nation. The men at the head of her affairs were
+imbued with the spirit of peace. The head of her army, the Grand Duke
+Nicholas, [cheers,] is about the best friend of peace in Europe. Never
+was a nation so bent on preserving peace as Russia was. It is true
+Germany six or seven years ago had threatened to march her legions
+across the Vistula and trample down Russia in the mud, and Russia,
+fearing a repetition of the same threat, was putting herself in a
+position of defense. But she was not preparing for any aggression, and
+Germany said, "This won't do. We don't like people who can defend
+themselves. We are fully prepared. Russia is not. This is the time to
+plant our dagger of tempered steel in her heart before her breastplates
+are forged." That is why we are at war. [Cheers.] Germany hurried her
+preparations, made ready for war. She made a quarrel with the same cool
+calculation as she had made a new gun. She hurled her warriors across
+the frontier. Why? Because she wanted to attack somebody, a country that
+could not defend herself. It was the purest piece of brigandage in
+history. [Cheers.] All the same there remains the fact that Russia was
+taken at a disadvantage, and is, therefore, unable to utilize beyond a
+fraction the enormous resources which she possesses to protect her soil
+against the invader. France was not expecting war, and she, therefore,
+was taken unawares.
+
+What about Britain? We never contemplated any war of aggression against
+any of our neighbors, and therefore we never raised an army adequate to
+such sinister purposes. During the last thirty years the two great
+political parties in the State have been responsible for the policy of
+this country at home and abroad. For about the same period we have each
+been governing this country. For about fifteen years neither one party
+nor the other ever proposed to raise an army in this country that would
+enable us to confront on land a great Continental power. What does that
+mean? We never meant to invade any Continental country. [Cheers.] That
+is the proof of it. If we had we would have started our great armies
+years ago. We had a great navy, purely for protection, purely for the
+defense of our shores, and we had an army which was just enough to deal
+with any small raid that happened to get through the meshes of our navy,
+and perhaps to police the empire. That was all, no more. But now we have
+to assist neighbors becoming the victims of a power with millions of
+warriors at its command, and we have to improvise a great army, and
+gallantly have our men flocked to the standard. [Cheers.] We have raised
+the largest voluntary army that has been enrolled in any country or any
+century--the largest voluntary army, and it is going to be larger.
+[Cheers.]
+
+I saw a very fine sample of that army this morning at Llandudno. I
+attended a service there, and I think it was about the most thrilling
+religious service I have ever been privileged to attend. There were men
+there of every class, every position, every calling, every condition of
+life. The peasant had left his plow, the workman had left his lathe and
+his loom, the clerk had left his desk, the trader and the business man
+had left their counting houses, the shepherd had left his sunlit hills,
+and the miner the darkness of the earth, the rich proprietor had left
+his palace, and the man earning his daily bread had quitted his humble
+cottage. There were men there of diverse and varied faiths who
+worshipped at different shrines--men who were in array against each
+other months ago in bitter conflict, and I saw them march with one step
+under one flag to fight for the same cause, and I saw them worship the
+same God. What has brought them together? The love of their native land,
+resentment for a cruel wrong inflicted upon the weak and defenseless.
+More than that, what brought them together was that instinct which comes
+to humanity at critical times when the moment has arrived to cross
+rivers of blood in order to rescue humanity from the grip of some
+strangling despotism. [Cheers.] They have done nobly. That is what has
+brought them together, but we want more, [cheers,] and I have no doubt
+we will get more.
+
+If this country had produced an army which was equal in proportion to
+its population to the number of men under arms in France and in Germany
+at the present moment there would be three millions and a half in this
+country and 1,200,000 in the Colonies. [Cheers.] That is what I mean
+when I say our resources are quite adequate to the task. It is not our
+fight merely--it is the fight of humanity. [Cheers.] The allied
+countries between them could raise armies of over twenty millions of
+men. Our enemies can put in the field barely half that number.
+
+Much as I should like to talk about the need for more men, that is not
+the point of my special appeal today. We stand more in need of equipment
+than we do of men. This is an engineers' war, [cheers,] and it will be
+won or lost owing to the efforts or shortcomings of engineers. I have
+something to say about that, for it involves sacrifices for all of us.
+Unless we are able to equip our armies our predominance in men will
+avail us nothing. We need men, but we need arms more than men, and delay
+in producing them is full of peril for this country. You may say that I
+am saying things that ought to be kept from the enemy. I am not a
+believer in giving any information which is useful to him. You may
+depend on it he knows, but I do not believe in withholding from our own
+public information which they ought to possess, because unless you tell
+them you cannot invite their co-operation. The nation that cannot bear
+the truth is not fit for war, and may our young men be volunteers, while
+the unflinching pride of those they have left behind them in their deed
+of sacrifice ought to satisfy the most apprehensive that we are not a
+timid race, who cannot face unpleasant facts! The last thing in the
+world John Bull wants is to be mollycoddled. The people must be told
+exactly what the position is, and then we can ask them to help. We must
+appeal for the co-operation of employers, workmen, and the general
+public; the three must act and endure together, or we delay and maybe
+imperil victory. We ought to requisition the aid of every man who can
+handle metal. It means that the needs of the community in many respects
+will suffer acutely vexatious, and perhaps injurious, delay; but I feel
+sure that the public are prepared to put up with all this discomfort,
+loss, and privation if thereby their country marches triumphantly out of
+this great struggle. [Cheers.] We have every reason for confidence; we
+have none for complacency. Hope is the mainspring of efficiency;
+complacency is its rust.
+
+We laugh at things in Germany that ought to terrify us. We say, "Look at
+the way they are making their bread--out of potatoes, ha, ha!" Aye, that
+potato-bread spirit is something which is more to dread than to mock at.
+I fear that more than I do even von Hindenburg's strategy, efficient as
+it may be. That is the spirit in which a country should meet a great
+emergency, and instead of mocking at it we ought to emulate it. I
+believe we are just as imbued with the spirit as Germany is, but we want
+it evoked. [Cheers.] The average Briton is too shy to be a hero until he
+is asked. The British temper is one of never wasting heroism on needless
+display, but there is plenty of it for the need. There is nothing
+Britishers would not give up for the honor of their country or for the
+cause of freedom. Indulgences, comforts, even the necessities of life
+they would willingly surrender. Why, there are two millions of them at
+this hour who have willingly tendered their lives for their country.
+What more could they do? If the absorption of all our engineering
+resources is demanded, no British citizen will grudge his share of
+inconvenience.
+
+But what about those more immediately concerned in that kind of work?
+Here I am approaching something which is very difficult to talk
+about--I mean the employers and workmen. I must speak out quite plainly;
+nothing else is of the slightest use. For one reason or another we are
+not getting all the assistance we have the right to expect from our
+workers. Disputes, industrial disputes, are inevitable; and when you
+have a good deal of stress and strain, men's nerves are not at their
+best. I think I can say I always preserve my temper in these days--I
+hope my wife won't give me away--[laughter]--and I have no doubt that
+the spirit of unrest creeps into the relations between employer and
+workmen. Some differences of opinion are quite inevitable, but we cannot
+afford them now; and, above all, we cannot resort to the usual method of
+settling them.
+
+I suppose I have settled more labor disputes than any man in this hall,
+and, although those who only know me slightly may be surprised to hear
+me say it, the thing that you need most is patience. If I were to give a
+motto to a man who is going to a conference between employers and
+workmen I would say: "Take your time; don't hurry. It will come around
+with patience and tact and temper." But you know we cannot afford those
+leisurely methods now. Time is victory, [cheers,] and while employers
+and workmen on the Clyde have been spending time in disputing over a
+fraction, and when a week-end, ten days, and a fortnight of work which
+is absolutely necessary for the defense of the country has been set
+aside, I say here solemnly that it is intolerable that the life of
+Britain should be imperiled for the matter of a farthing an hour.
+
+Who is to blame? That is not the question, but--How it is to be stopped?
+Employers will say, "Are we always to give way?" Workmen say, "Employers
+are making their fortunes out of an emergency of the country; why are
+not we to have a share of the plunder?" ["Hear, hear!" and laughter.]
+There is one gentleman here who holds that view. [Laughter.] I hope he
+is not an engineer. [Renewed laughter.] "We work harder than ever," say
+the workmen. All I can say is, if they do they are entitled to their
+share. But that is not the point--who is right? Who is wrong? They are
+both right and they are both wrong. The whole point is that these
+questions ought to be settled without throwing away the chances of
+humanity in its greatest struggle. [Cheers.] There is a good deal to be
+said for and there is a vast amount to be said against compulsory
+arbitration, but during the war the Government ought to have power to
+settle all these differences, and the work should go on. The workman
+ought to get more. Very well, let the Government find it out and give it
+to him. If he ought not, then he ought not to throw up his tools. The
+country cannot afford it. It is disaster, and I do not believe the
+moment this comes home to workmen and employers they will refuse to
+comply with the urgent demand of the Government. There must be no delay.
+
+There is another aspect of the question which it is difficult and
+dangerous to tackle. There are all sorts of regulations for restricting
+output. I will say nothing about the merits of this question. There are
+reasons why they have been built up. The conditions of employment and
+payment are mostly to blame for those restrictions. The workmen had to
+fight for them for their own protection, but in a period of war there is
+a suspension of ordinary law. Output is everything in this war.
+
+This war is not going to be fought mainly on the battlefields of Belgium
+and Poland. It is going to be fought in the workshops of France and
+Great Britain; and it must be fought there under war conditions. There
+must be plenty of safeguards and the workman must get his equivalent,
+but I do hope he will help us to get as much out of those workshops as
+he can, for the life of the nation depends on it. Our enemies realize
+that, and employers and workmen in Germany are straining their utmost.
+France, fortunately, also realizes it, and in that land of free
+institutions, with a Socialist Prime Minister, a Socialist Secretary of
+State for War, and a Socialist Minister of Marine, the employers and
+workmen are subordinating everything to the protection of their
+beautiful land.
+
+I have something more to say about this, and it is unpleasant. I would
+wish that it were not I, but somebody else that should say it. Most of
+our workmen are putting every ounce of strength into this urgent work
+for their country, loyally and patriotically. But that is not true of
+all. There are some, I am sorry to say, who shirk their duty in this
+great emergency. I hear of workmen in armaments works who refuse to work
+a full week's work for the nation's need. What is the reason? They are a
+minority. The vast majority belong to a class we can depend upon. The
+others are a minority. But, you must remember, a small minority of
+workmen can throw a whole works out of gear. What is the reason?
+Sometimes it is one thing, sometimes it is another, but let us be
+perfectly candid. It is mostly the lure of the drink. They refuse to
+work full time, and when they return their strength and efficiency are
+impaired by the way in which they have spent their leisure. Drink is
+doing us more damage in the war than all the German submarines put
+together.
+
+What has Russia done? [Cheers.] Russia, knowing her deficiency, knowing
+how unprepared she was, said, "I must pull myself together. I am not
+going to be trampled upon, unready as I am. I will use all my
+resources." What is the first thing she does? She stops the drink.
+[Cheers.] I was talking to M. Bark, the Russian Minister of Finance, a
+singularly able man, and I asked, "What has been the result?" He said,
+"The productivity of labor, the amount of work which is put out by the
+workmen, has gone up between 30 and 50 per cent." [Cheers.] I said, "How
+do they stand it without their liquor?" and he replied, "Stand it? I
+have lost revenue over it up to L65,000,000 a year, and we certainly
+cannot afford it, but if I proposed to put it back there would be a
+revolution in Russia." That is what the Minister of Finance told me. He
+told me that it is entirely attributable to the act of the Czar himself.
+It was a bold and courageous step--one of the most heroic things in the
+war. [Cheers.] One afternoon we had to postpone our conference in Paris,
+and the French Minister of Finance said, "I have got to go to the
+Chamber of Deputies, because I am proposing a bill to abolish absinthe."
+[Cheers.] Absinthe plays the same part in France that whisky plays in
+this country. It is really the worst form of drink used; not only among
+workmen, but among other classes as well. Its ravages are terrible, and
+they abolished it by a majority of something like 10 to 1 that
+afternoon. [Cheers.]
+
+That is how those great countries are facing their responsibilities. We
+do not propose anything so drastic as that--we are essentially moderate
+men. [Laughter.] But we are armed with full powers for the defense of
+the realm. We are approaching it, I do not mind telling you, for the
+moment, not from the point of view of people who have been considering
+this as a social problem--we are approaching it purely from the point of
+view of these works. We have got great powers to deal with drink, and we
+mean to use them. [Cheers.] We shall use them in a spirit of moderation,
+we shall use them discreetly, we shall use them wisely, but we shall use
+them fearlessly, [cheers,] and I have no doubt that, as the country's
+needs demand it, the country will support our action and will allow no
+indulgence of that kind to interfere with its prospects in this terrible
+war which has been thrust upon us.
+
+There are three things I want you to bear in mind. The first is--and I
+want to get this into the minds of every one--that we are at war; the
+second, that it is the greatest war that has ever been fought by this or
+any other country, and the other, that the destinies of your country and
+the future of the human race for generations to come depend upon the
+outcome of this war. What does it mean were Germany to win? It means
+world power for the worst elements in Germany, not for Germany. The
+Germans are an intelligent race; they are undoubtedly a cultivated race;
+they are a race of men who have been responsible for great ideas in this
+world. But this would mean the dominance of the worst elements among
+them. If you think I am exaggerating just you read for the moment
+extracts from the articles in the newspapers which are in the ascendency
+now in Germany about the settlement which they expect after this war. I
+am sorry to say I am stating nothing but the bare, brutal truth. I do
+not say that the Kaiser will sit on the throne of England if he should
+win. I do not say that he will impose his laws and his language on this
+country as did William the Conqueror. I do not say that you will hear
+the tramp, the noisy tramp of the goose step in the cities of the
+Empire. [Laughter.] I do not say that Death's Head Hussars will be
+patrolling our highways. I do not say that a visitor, let us say, to
+Aberdaron, will have to ask a Pomeranian policeman the best way to
+Hell's Mouth. [Loud laughter.] That is not what I mean. What I mean is
+that if Germany were triumphant in this war it would practically be the
+dictator of the international policy of the world. Its spirit would be
+in the ascendant. Its doctrines would be in the ascendant; by the sheer
+power of its will it would bend the minds of men in its own fashion.
+Germanism in its later and worst form would be the inspiriting thought
+and philosophy of the hour.
+
+Do you remember what happened to France after 1870? The German armies
+left France, but all the same for years after that, and while France was
+building up her army, she stood in cowering terror of this monster. Even
+after her great army was built France was oppressed with a constant
+anxiety as to what might happen. Germany dismissed her Ministers. Had it
+not been for the intervention of Queen Victoria in 1874 the French Army
+would never have been allowed to be reconstructed, and France would
+simply have been the humble slave of Germany to this hour. What a
+condition for a country! And now France is fighting not so much to
+recover her lost provinces, she is fighting to recover her self-respect
+and her national independence; she is fighting to shake off this
+nightmare that has been on her soul for over a generation, [cheers,] a
+France with Germany constantly meddling, bullying, and interfering. And
+that is what would happen if Russia were trampled upon, France broken,
+Britain disarmed. We should be left without any means to defend
+ourselves. We might have a navy that would enable us, perhaps, to resent
+insult from Nicaragua, [laughter,] we might have just enough troops,
+perhaps, to confront the Mad Mullah--I mean the African specimen. [Loud
+laughter.]
+
+Where would the chivalrous country be to step in to protect us as we
+protected France in 1874? America? If countries like Russia and France,
+with their huge armies, and the most powerful navy in the world could
+not face this terrible military machine, if it breaks that combination,
+how can America step in? It would be more than America can do to defend
+her own interests on her own continent if Germany is triumphant. They
+are more unready than we were. Ah! but what manner of Germany would we
+be subordinate to? There has been a struggle going on in Germany for
+over thirty years between its best and its worst elements. It is like
+that great struggle which is depicted, I think, in one of Wagner's great
+operas between the good and the evil spirit for the possession of the
+man's soul. That great struggle has been going on in Germany for thirty
+or forty years. At each successive general election the better elements
+seemed to be getting the upper hand, and I do not mind saying I was one
+of those who believed they were going to win. I thought they were going
+to snatch the soul of Germany--it is worth saving, it is a great,
+powerful soul--I thought they were going to save it. So a dead military
+caste said, "We will have none of this," and they plunged Europe into
+seas of blood. Hope was again shattered. Those worst elements will
+emerge triumphant out of this war if Germany wins.
+
+What does that mean? We shall be vassals, not to the best Germany, not
+to the Germany of sweet songs and inspiring, noble thoughts--not to the
+Germany of science consecrated to the service of man, not to the Germany
+of a virile philosophy that helped to break the shackles of
+superstition in Europe--not to that Germany, but to a Germany that
+talked through the raucous voice of Krupp's artillery, a Germany that
+has harnessed science to the chariot of destruction and of death, the
+Germany of a philosophy of force, violence, and brutality, a Germany
+that would quench every spark of freedom either in its own land or in
+any other country in rivers of blood. I make no apology on a day
+consecrated to the greatest sacrifice for coming here to preach a holy
+war against that. [Great cheering.]
+
+Concluding this speech in Welsh, Mr. Lloyd George said: "War is a time
+of sacrifice and of service. Some can render one service, some another,
+some here and some there. Some can render great assistance, others but
+little. There is not one who cannot help in some measure, whether it be
+only by enduring cheerfully his share of the discomfort. In the old
+Welsh legend there is a story of a man who was given a series of what
+appeared to be impossible tasks to perform ere he could reach the
+desires of his heart. Among other things he had to do was to recover
+every grain of seed that had been sown in a large field and bring it all
+in without one missing by sunset. He came to an anthill and won all the
+hearts and enlisted the sympathies of the industrious little people.
+They spread over the field, and before sundown the seed was all in
+except one, and as the sun was setting over the western skies a lame ant
+hobbled along with that grain also. Some of us have youth and vigor and
+suppleness of limb; some of us are crippled with years or infirmities,
+and we are at best but little ants. But we can all limp along with some
+share of our country's burden, and thus help her in this terrible hour
+to win the desire of her heart." [Loud cheers.]
+
+Mr. Lloyd George and his party returned after the meeting to Llandudno,
+where today he will inspect the First Brigade of the Welsh Army Corps.
+
+
+BRITAIN'S MUNITIONS COMMITTEE
+
+_LONDON, April 14.--The Times says this morning:_
+
+An important step has at last been taken by the Government toward the
+solution of the supreme problem of the moment--the organization of the
+national output of munitions of war. A strong committee has been
+appointed, with full power to deal with the question. It is to be
+representative of not merely one department but of the Treasury,
+Admiralty, War Office, and Board of Trade; in short, of the whole
+Government, with all its resources and authority.
+
+The Chancellor of the Exchequer is to be Chairman, and the first meeting
+will be held today.
+
+The work before the committee is nothing less than the organization of
+the whole resources of the nation for the production of materials of
+war. Hitherto, in spite of many warnings and some half-hearted attempts
+at organization, there has been no central, co-ordinated authority.
+
+It is an open secret that it was during Lloyd George's visit to France
+at the beginning of the year that he first appreciated the scientific
+organization of labor which our Allies had already achieved. Not content
+with utilizing and extending the existing armament plant, the French
+have long since diverted several temporarily irrelevant industries to
+the main business of waging war.
+
+_With reference to the drink problem The Times says:_
+
+While the Government is apparently considering the expropriation of all
+the licensed houses in the kingdom, this far-reaching proposal has not
+at present gone beyond the stage of inquiry and consultation, and it is
+tolerably certain that it will go no farther unless it is assured of no
+serious opposition in the country.
+
+The Parliamentary Opposition, the leaders of which have been consulted
+in a general way, are believed to stand by the principle which they
+followed since the war began, namely: They are not prepared to quarrel
+with any measure which the Government regards as necessary for the
+active prosecution of the war so long as no injustice is done to
+established interests.
+
+
+
+
+Italy's Evolution as Reflected in Her Press
+
+
+     Italy has reached her present position through the development
+     of a policy the steps of which have been brightly illuminated
+     by the press of the Peninsula. The most important of these
+     steps may be designated as follows:
+
+     First, the declaration of the Government to the German
+     Ambassador at Rome on Aug. 1, 1914, that it did not regard the
+     conflict begun by Austria-Hungary and Germany as a defensive
+     war and hence not binding on it as a member of the Triple
+     Alliance, and its subsequent declarations of "neutrality," of
+     "armed neutrality," and of "a neutrality which is likely to be
+     broken if the interests of the country demanded it."
+
+     Second, Premier Salandra's speech of Dec. 3 for "armed, alert
+     neutrality," and the declaration in Parliament on Dec. 5 by
+     Signor Giolitti showing that the declaration of Aug. 1 was
+     merely a repetition of one conveyed to Austria in the Summer
+     of 1913, when Austria had suggested that she aid Bulgaria in
+     subduing Serbia.
+
+     Third, the arrival in Rome in December of the former German
+     Imperial Chancellor, Prince von Buelow, as Extraordinary
+     Ambassador to the Quirinal, for the purpose of keeping Italy
+     neutral, and, when this seemed doubtful, to negotiate between
+     Italy and Austria what territorial compensation the latter
+     would render the former in order to perpetuate the neutrality
+     of the Peninsula.
+
+     Aside from the influence of these official acts, which invited
+     press comments, the Italian papers have paid keen attention to
+     the conduct of the war, concerning which the Government could
+     not, on account of its neutrality, offer an opinion. Among
+     such incidents of conduct have been the British declaration of
+     a protectorate over Egypt and the bombardment of the
+     Dardanelles by the Franco-British fleet.
+
+     In order to weigh the full significance of the comments of the
+     Italian papers on these subjects a word may be said concerning
+     the status of the journals themselves:
+
+     The most conspicuous is the Idea Nazionale, a paper of Rome
+     practically dedicated to intervention. Then comes the
+     conservative and solid Corriere della Sera of Milan, whose
+     Rome correspondent, Signor Torre, has peculiar facilities for
+     learning the intentions of the Ministry. Both the Tribuna and
+     the Giornale d'Italia are considered Government organs, but,
+     while the former rarely comments with authority except on
+     accomplished facts, the latter, although often voicing the
+     unofficial and personal opinions of Premier Salandra, who is
+     known to be privately in favor of intervention, also voices
+     the sentiment of former Premier Giolitti, who is known to be
+     for continued neutrality. The Stampa of Turin is a Giolitti
+     organ.
+
+     The Osservatore Romano is the well-known Vatican organ, which
+     naturally supports Austria, a Catholic country, where such
+     support does not conflict too pointedly with the sentiments of
+     Catholics in neutral countries. Other clerical papers with
+     strong pro-German opinions and with German industrial backing
+     are the Corriere d'Italia and the Popolo Romano. The
+     Messaggero of Rome and the Secolo of Milan, influenced by
+     important British and French interests, are for intervention
+     at all costs. The Avanti is the Socialist organ.
+
+
+CAUSES OF ITALY'S NEUTRALITY.
+
+_From the Corriere della Sera, Aug. 2, 1914:_
+
+Italy's decision to remain neutral is based on three causes:
+
+1. The terms of the Triple Alliance call for Italy's participation in
+war only if Germany or Austria-Hungary is attacked by another power. The
+present war is not a defensive war, but one brought on by
+Austria-Hungary and Germany.
+
+2. The spirit of the alliance demands that no warlike action be taken
+involving the three countries without full mutual discussion and
+agreement. Italy was not even consulted by Austria-Hungary and the
+course of events was brought to her knowledge only by news agency
+reports.
+
+3. When Italy went to war with Turkey, Austria prevented her from acting
+with a free hand in the Adriatic and the Aegean, thereby prolonging the
+war at an enormous cost in men and money to Italy. Italy would be
+justified in acting in precisely the same manner now toward
+Austria-Hungary.
+
+_From Secolo, Sept. 3, 1914:_
+
+During the last few days we have assisted at a deplorable example of our
+Latin impressionability. The first German victories have made Italians
+waver, and Germany is taking advantage of the popular nervousness, and
+is working on public opinion in countless ways. Italy is invaded by
+Germans, who assert that Germany will issue victorious, and that her
+commercial and industrial activity will not be arrested. We are
+inundated with German letters, telegrams, newspapers, and private
+communications from German commercial houses, all asserting that Germany
+will win, and that Italy should keep neutral, to be on the winning side.
+
+We are not of that opinion. We cannot lose sight of England. Germany
+knows that England represents her great final danger, hence the
+bitterness with which she speaks of England in all the above
+communications. England is not playing a game of bluff. She is not
+impotent by land, as Germany says, and may give Germany a mortal blow by
+sea. The war may possibly end in a titanic duel between England and
+Germany. In this case England will go through with the struggle calmly
+and grimly, smiling at difficulties and disregarding losses.
+
+_From the Corriere d'Italia, Sept. 17, 1914:_
+
+We do not know what Italy will do tomorrow, but we are of opinion that,
+in face of all eventualities, it is the elementary duty of patriotism
+not to trouble the calm expectancy of public opinion and not to mar the
+task of the Government, already difficult enough.
+
+_From the Messaggero, Sept. 18, 1914:_
+
+The Italian Nation is beginning to ask itself whether it ought to remain
+until the conclusion of peace in an attitude of resignation. It is
+necessary for us with clear vision to take our place in the fighting
+line. While the destinies of a new Europe are being decided on the
+battlefields of Champagne, Belgium, Galicia, and Hungary the Government
+is assuming a grave responsibility before the country in deciding to be
+disinterested in the struggle. The keen popular awakening which is
+manifested in demonstrations, meetings, and public discussions shows
+that growing preoccupation and varied uneasiness will not cease so long
+as the fate of the country is not decided at the right time by men who
+by temperament are best fitted to be interpreters of the soul and the
+interests of the nation.
+
+_From the Corriere della Sera, Oct. 4, 1914:_
+
+Many who now invoke a war of liberation complained at the beginning of
+August that Italy had not helped her allies. The declaration of
+neutrality then seemed the greatest act of wisdom performed by Italy for
+many years. Now, however, we must think of the future. Let us remember
+that the powers will only support our wishes when they have need of us.
+Gratitude and sympathy are mere phrases when the map of Europe is being
+redrawn. If Italy desire to safeguard her interests in the Adriatic she
+cannot postpone her decision till the last moment. Italy is isolated;
+the Triple Alliance treaty cannot defend her even if it be still in
+force. Italy and Austria, as Count Nigra and Prince Buelow said, must be
+allies or enemies. Can they remain allies after what has happened?
+
+
+ITALY'S ARMED, ALERT NEUTRALITY.
+
+_From the Idea Nazionale, Dec. 3, 1914:_
+
+The day on which Italy will undertake to realize those aspirations she
+will find full and unconditional support. Great Britain is favorable to
+Italy gaining supremacy in the Adriatic, which is so necessary to her
+existence. If Great Britain needs Italy's support in Africa it will be
+only a matter of one or two army corps, and such an expedition, while
+having a great moral and political importance, would not diminish
+Italian military power in Europe.
+
+_From the Avanti, Dec. 4, 1914:_
+
+Premier Salandra's speech was Jesuitical. It contents the Jingoes by
+certain dubious phrases, while discontenting the Clerical and
+Conservative neutrals.
+
+_From the Corriere d'Italia, Dec. 4, 1914:_
+
+This much-applauded word, "aspirations," was not (in Signor Salandra's
+speech) meant to refer to any particular belligerent, and the Cabinet
+consequently has no program.
+
+_From the Stampa, Dec. 5, 1914:_
+
+Austria, before the war, disclaimed any intention of occupying Serbia,
+and her declaration cannot be disregarded by Italy, whose relations with
+Austria have been always conditional on the maintenance of the Balkan
+status quo, which Austria now threatens to alter. The Italian Government
+cannot ignore this condition, especially as during the Libyan war
+Austria menaced Italy, unless she desisted from bombarding the Albanian
+coast. Thus the Serbian situation may constitute a new factor.
+
+_From the Corriere della Sera, Jan. 31, 1915:_
+
+Italy's true policy is to come to a friendly agreement with the Slavs,
+which will guarantee their mutual interests. Italy wants a national
+settlement in the Balkan Peninsula, independent of the great powers. In
+no circumstances can Italy bind her lot to Austria-Hungary's policy.
+
+
+BRITISH PROTECTORATE OVER EGYPT.
+
+_From the Idea Nazionale, Dec. 19, 1914:_
+
+The British Government's act merely sanctions a situation already
+existing in fact since 1882. In our governing circle it is not thought
+that the change of regime in Egypt will occasion, at least for the time
+being, any great modifications in public law in relation to the
+international statutes regulating the position of foreigners in Egypt.
+
+_From the Tribuna, Dec. 20, 1914:_
+
+The Mediterranean agreement, in which Italy, too, has taken part,
+implicitly recognized the actual status England had acquired in Egypt.
+Now the war has demonstrated the judicial incongruity of a Turkish
+province in which and for which the English had to carry out warlike
+operations against Turkey. The protectorate already existed in
+substance, and Great Britain might now even have proclaimed annexation.
+
+_From the Giornale d'Italia, Dec. 19, 1914:_
+
+Great Britain had for some months been preparing this event, which
+legally regulates a situation which has existed in fact. The present
+situation has been brought about without any disturbance, like
+everything that England does, in silence, neatly and without disturbing
+any one. Nobody can be astonished at Great Britain's declaration of a
+protectorate over Egypt.
+
+
+THE DARDANELLES.
+
+_From the Giornale d'Italia, March 7, 1915:_
+
+It will be extremely difficult for Italy longer to remain neutral. The
+attack by the allied fleet on the Dardanelles has brought up three great
+problems affecting Italian interests. The first of these problems is the
+new rule to allow Russia access to the Mediterranean through the
+Dardanelles; the second concerns the equilibrium of the Balkans, and the
+third the partition of Asiatic Turkey, which affects the equilibrium of
+the Eastern Mediterranean. It is impossible for Italy to keep out of the
+solution of such problems unless she be satisfied to see not only the
+powers of the Triple Entente settle these affairs according to their
+interests, but also the small but audacious and resolute nation, Greece.
+
+_From the Messaggero, March 17, 1915:_
+
+The cession of the Trentino would be valueless if it implied the
+abandonment of Italian aspirations in Venetia Giulia, (land west of the
+Julian Alps,) in the Adriatic, and in Asia Minor, and submission to
+German policy. We cannot obtain by neutrality the territory we want,
+nor, if we renew the Triple Alliance, can we make an agreement with
+Great Britain for our security in the Mediterranean.
+
+
+VON BUELOW'S WORK AND PLEA FOR INTERVENTION.
+
+_From the Corriere della Sera, Feb. 8, 1915:_
+
+Happily our aspirations in the Adriatic, our interests in the Central
+Mediterranean and in Northern Africa coincide admirably with the policy
+which it is easiest for us to pursue. Unless we profit with the utmost
+prudence, with the greatest circumspection, by the present rare
+opportunity which history offers us to set the finishing touches to our
+unification, to render our land and sea frontiers immeasurably more
+secure than they are, to harmonize our foreign with our domestic policy,
+we shall experience after the close of the war the darkest and most
+difficult days of our existence. The crisis through which we are passing
+is the gravest we have yet encountered. Let us make it a crisis of
+growth, not a symptom of irreparable senile decay.
+
+_From the Stampa, March 15, 1915:_
+
+There is surely no possibility of an Austro-Italian war without German
+intervention. If Italy attacks Austria, Germany will attack Italy; nor
+will Austria make concessions, for Austria, like Turkey, never changes
+her system, even when wrong.
+
+_From the Giornale d'Italia, March 19, 1915:_
+
+Italy either can obtain peacefully immediate and certain satisfaction of
+her sacred aspirations, together with the protection of her great and
+complex interests, or she can have recourse to the supreme test of arms.
+It is absurd to think that Italy, after seven months of preparation,
+when she is in an especially advantageous diplomatic and military
+position, will be satisfied with the Biblical mess of pottage or
+less--mere promises.
+
+However negotiations go the great national interests must be protected
+at any costs. This is the firm will of the country and the duty of the
+Government. For fifty years Italy has made great sacrifices to be an
+element of peace in Europe. The equilibrium and peace of the Continent
+were broken through the fault of others against Italy's desire and
+without consulting her. Others have the responsibility for the present
+terrible crisis, but Italy would be unworthy if she did not issue with
+honor and advantage from the conflict. Greece, Rumania, and Bulgaria are
+awaiting Italy's move and will follow suit. Thus Italian influence is
+great at this moment, which must be seized, as it is in her power to
+contribute to the formation of a new international combination.
+
+
+
+
+SOME RUSES DE GUERRE.
+
+By A.M. WAKEMAN.
+
+
+(Respectfully submitted to the British Government.)
+
+    Great Churchill's plan to fool the foe is simple and unique--
+    You only take a neutral flag and hoist it at your peak.
+    Thereby a ship with funnels four looks just like one with two,
+    Because the pattern has been changed on her Red, White, and Blue.
+
+    Now, cannot you improve on this, and so protect your towns,
+    As well as all your gallant ships at anchor in the Downs?
+    Old London, with the Stars and Stripes, might well pass for New York;
+    And Baltimore for Maryland instead of County Cork.
+
+    To mouth of Thames (N-O-R-E) just add four letters more,
+    Then hoist the Danish ensign, and, behold, 'tis Elsinore!
+    And Paris will be Washington if, on the Eiffel Tower,
+    They raise the flag of U.S.A., (a well-known neutral power.)
+
+    Your sailors might wear Leghorn hats, and out upon the blue,
+    They'd look like sons of Italy, (at present neutral, too;)
+    And, if upon your King the Hun would try to work some ill,
+    With pickelhaube on his head he'd pass for Uncle Bill.
+
+
+
+
+THE EUROPEAN WAR AS SEEN BY CARTOONISTS
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+The Fatal Moment In America
+
+[Illustration: _--From Simplicissimus, Munich._
+
+"Citizens of America, protect your existence and your honor by the force
+of arms!"
+
+"Sorry, but just now we happen to be sold out!"]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+Top Dog
+
+[Illustration: _--From The Bystander, London._]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+England's "Splendid Isolation"
+
+[Illustration: _--From Simplicissimus, Munich._]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+The Sultan "Over the Water"
+
+[Illustration: _--From Punch, London._
+
+MEHMED V. (to Constantinople): "I don't want to leave you, but I think I
+ought to go."]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+Churchill's Flag Swindle
+
+[Illustration: _--From Simplicissimus, Munich._
+
+"Really I don't care to go out any more in these disgraceful rags!"
+
+"Cheer up, Mrs. Britannia, just steal something better!"]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+May God Punish England!
+
+[Illustration: [Reproduction of a cover design of a widely advertised
+issue of "Simplicissimus," the German comic weekly published in Munich.
+The legend at the top reads, "May God Punish England!"]]
+
+
+[Italian Cartoon]
+
+Speeches of the Kaiser in 1915
+
+[Illustration: _--From L'Asino, Rome._
+
+JANUARY: "I alone will defeat the world."
+
+MARCH: "Naturally, with God's help."
+
+JUNE: "All goes badly--the fault is not mine."
+
+DECEMBER: "The fault is his."]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+Our Embarrassing Cousin
+
+[Illustration: _--From The Bystander, London._
+
+JONATHAN: "In spite 'f my noo-trality, John, d'ye notice how
+'ffectionate I am?--how I sympathise with yer?"
+
+JOHN BULL: "M--m'yes, that's all right, but I should like it better just
+now if you'd leave my hands a bit freer to fight those rascals as they
+deserve!"]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+John Bull at the Costumer's
+
+[Illustration: _--From Simplicissimus, Munich._
+
+"What costume shall I choose so that none will recognize me?"
+
+"Why don't you go as a gentleman?"]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+William o' the Wisp
+
+[Illustration: _--From Punch, London._]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+American Neutrality
+
+[Illustration: _--From Meggendorfer-Blaetter, Munich._]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+What the War Office Has to Put Up With
+
+[Illustration: _--From Punch, London._
+
+Demonstration of a device for catching bombs from airships.]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+Va Banque!
+
+[Illustration: _--From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._
+
+The Monte Carlo habitue's last play.]
+
+
+[Italian Cartoon]
+
+The Final Earthquake--In Germany
+
+[Illustration: _--From L'Asino, Rome._
+
+By the grace of God and the will of the nation.
+
+[The falling columns are marked "feudalism" and "militarism."]]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+From the English Eating-House
+
+[Illustration: _--From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._
+
+England utilizes the refuse of her domestic establishment as cannon
+fodder.]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+The Bread-Winner
+
+[Illustration: _--From Punch, London._]
+
+
+[Italian Cartoon]
+
+Italy's Neutrality
+
+[Illustration: _--From L'Asino, Rome._
+
+Every day the dance becomes more difficult.
+
+(The dancer is the German Ambassador, von Buelow.)]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+Busy Packing
+
+[Illustration: _--From The Bystander, London._
+
+SULTAN MEHMED: "'Am I there'?!! I should rather think I am!! We're being
+'moved,' you know. And the hammering outside is something too awful!!"
+
+His ISLAMIC MAJESTY HADJI GUILLIOUN: "Kismet, my boy, Kismet! Besides, I
+feel sure you'll be awfully pleased with Asia Minor--so quiet!--we
+Mussulmans always feel so at home there, too!"
+
+(The English preface their telephone conversations with "Are you there?"
+instead of "Hello!")]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+In the Cause of Culture
+
+[Illustration: _--From Simplicissimus, Munich._
+
+"Papa has gone away to Europe to protect the nice Englishmen from the
+savages. If you are very good, perhaps he will bring you back a nice
+German beefsteak."]
+
+
+[English Cartoon]
+
+Queen Elizabeth in the Dardanelles
+
+[Illustration: _--From Punch, London._
+
+(The reference is to the huge British dreadnought that bears the name of
+England's famous queen.)]
+
+
+[French Cartoon]
+
+The "Sick Man" At Home
+
+[Illustration: _--From Le Rire, Paris._
+
+The camel with two humps.
+
+(The original title was "_Le Chameau a deux Boches_." In French slang a
+German is a _bosche_.)]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+"The Cripple-Entente"
+
+[Illustration: _--From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._
+
+As it must finally be.]
+
+
+[French Cartoon]
+
+Beware of the John-Bull-Dog!
+
+[Illustration: _--From Le Rire, Paris._
+
+"Go lie down, contemptible little England!"
+
+"What I get my teeth into I hang onto!"]
+
+
+[German Cartoon]
+
+The Great Question
+
+[Illustration: _--From Lustige Blaetter, Berlin._
+
+"If I remain neutral, will you remain neutral?"
+
+"If you were neutral, would he be neutral?"
+
+"If he is neutral then we will remain neutral."
+
+"If we remain neutral, will they remain neutral?"
+
+"And you also, neutral?"
+
+"Shall you remain neutral?"]
+
+
+
+
+Facsimile of a Belgian Bread-Check
+
+
+[Illustration: The card is in French and Flemish. The face reads: "No.
+6,715. Gratis. City of Brussels, Department of Public Supplies.
+Committee No. 1. Street ----. Card issued to the family ----, living at
+----, for the daily delivery of ---- portions. To be presented at
+----Street. N.B.--Victuals will be delivered only to the father or
+mother of a family." The reverse side bears stamps showing the dates on
+which rations were issued to the holder. The original is somewhat larger
+than this reproduction.]
+
+
+
+
+TO A GERMAN APOLOGIST
+
+By BEATRICE BARRY.
+
+
+    You may seek and find if you will, perchance,
+    Excuses for your attack on France,
+    And perhaps 'twill not be so hard to show
+    Why England finds you her deadly foe;
+    There are reasons old and reasons new
+    For feelings hard 'twixt the Russ and you,
+    But talk as you may till the Judgment Day,
+    You cannot ever explain away--
+    Belgium.
+
+    You have used both speech and the printed word
+    To have your side of the story heard,
+    We have listened long, we have listened well
+    To everything that you had to tell,
+    We would fain be fair, but it seems as though
+    You _can't_ explain what we wish to know,
+    And when lesser points have been cleared away,
+    You are sure to fail us when we say--
+    "Belgium!"
+
+    You may rant and talk about British gold,
+    And opinions that are bought and sold,
+    But facts, no matter how hard to face,
+    Are facts, and the horrors taking place
+    In that little land, pledged to honor's creed,
+    Make your cause a luckless one to plead.
+    There are two sides? True. But when both are heard,
+    Our sad hearts echo a single word--
+    "Belgium!"
+
+    We are not misled by the savage tales
+    An invading army never fails
+    To have told of it. There are false and true,
+    And we want to render you your due.
+    But our hearts go out to that ravished land
+    Where a few grim heroes make their stand,
+    And our ears hear faintly, from overseas,
+    The wailing cry of those refugees--
+    _"Belgium--Belgium--Belgium!"_
+
+
+
+
+America's Neutrality
+
+By Count Albert Apponyi
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, March 28, 1915.]
+
+
+     The letter which follows was sent by Count Albert Apponyi to
+     Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, and was written in the latter part
+     of last month in Budapest. Count Apponyi, who is one of the
+     most distinguished of contemporary European statesmen, was
+     President of the Hungarian Parliament from 1872 to 1904. He
+     was formerly Minister of Public Instruction, Privy Councillor,
+     Member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, and
+     Member of the Interparliamentary Union.
+
+I have been greatly interested in your account of American neutrality
+in the present European crisis. I must confess that I had seen it in a
+somewhat different light before and that some of the facts under our
+notice still appear to me as hardly concordant with the magnificent
+attitude of impartiality, nay, not even with the international duties of
+neutrality, which intellectual and official America professes to keep.
+
+We cannot explain to ourselves that a neutral power should suffer the
+selling of arms and ammunition by its citizens to one of the belligerent
+parties, when no such selling to the other party is practically
+feasible; we cannot understand why America should meekly submit to the
+dictates of England, declaring all foodstuffs and manufacturing
+materials contraband of war, with not even a show of right and with the
+clear and openly proclaimed intention of starving Germany and
+Austria-Hungary; why, on the other hand, America should use an almost
+threatening language against Germany, and against Germany alone, when
+the latter country announces reprisals against the English trade, which,
+under given circumstances, can be considered only as acts of legitimate
+self-defense against an enemy who chooses to wage war not on our
+soldiers only, but on our women and children, too.
+
+With all the respect we feel for the United States, we cannot find this
+attitude of their Government either fair or dignified. I offer these
+remarks in no spirit of uncalled-for criticism, but because I see how
+much the moral authority of the United States and their splendid
+situation as the providential peace makers of some future--alas! still
+far off--day has been impaired by the aforementioned proceedings. We
+cannot help considering them as so many acts of ill-disguised hostility
+against ourselves and of compliance with our foes. How can you expect,
+then, to have your good offices accepted with confidence by both
+belligerent parties when the times are ripe for them? It seems like the
+throwing away of a magnificent opportunity, and I think that those who,
+like yourself, cherish for your country the noble ambition of being some
+day the restorer of peace, should exert themselves to prevent practices
+which, if continued, would disable her to play any such part.
+
+In your letter you strike the keynote of what I cannot help considering
+the partiality of Americans for the Entente powers. It is the idea that
+"in the western area of conflict, at least, there is an armed clash
+between the representatives of dynastic institutions and bureaucratic
+rule on the one hand with those of representative government and liberal
+institutions on the other." I can understand that it impresses some
+people that way, but I beg to enter a protest against this
+interpretation of the conflict.
+
+Liberal or less liberal institutions have nothing to do with it in the
+west; the progress of democracy in Germany will not be stopped by her
+victory, it will rather be promoted by it, because the masses are
+conscious of bearing the burden of war and of being the main force of
+its vigorous prosecution, and they are enlightened and strong enough to
+insist on a proper reward. Rights cannot be denied to those who
+fulfilled duties involving self-sacrifice of the sublimest kind with
+unflinching devotion. No practical interest of democracy then is
+involved in the conflict of the western powers.
+
+As to their representing liberal institutions in a higher or lower
+degree, I am perfectly willing to admit England's superior claims in
+that respect, but I am not at all inclined to recognize such superiority
+in modern France, republic though she calls herself. The omnipresence
+and omnipotence of an obtruding bureaucratic officialism is just what it
+has been under the old monarchy; religious oppression has only changed
+sides, but it still flourishes as before. In former times the Roman
+Catholic religion was considered as a State religion and in her name
+were dissent and Freemasonry oppressed; today atheism is the official
+creed, and on its behalf are Catholic believers oppressed.
+
+Separation of Church and State, honestly planned and loyally fulfilled
+in America has been perverted in modern France into a network of
+vexations and unfair measures against the Church and her faithful
+servants; the same term is used and this misleads you to cover widely
+different meanings. In a word, it is a perfect mistake to consider
+modern France as the "sweet land of liberty" which America is. A German
+citizen, with less show of political rights, enjoys more personal
+freedom than is granted to a French one, if he happens to differ from
+the ruling mentality.
+
+So stand things in the western area of conflict. But how about the east?
+You are kind enough to admit in your letter that "from this (the
+aforementioned) standpoint of course the appearance of Russia among the
+allies is an anomaly and must be explained on other grounds." Anomaly is
+a rather tame word to characterize the meaning of this appearance of
+Russia. I should hardly designate it by this term.
+
+She does not "appear among the allies." She is the leading power among
+them; it is her war, as Mr. Tsvolski, the Russian Ambassador to Paris,
+very properly remarked: "C'est ma guerre." She planned it, she gave
+Austria-Hungary no chance to live on peaceful terms with her neighbors,
+she forced it upon us, she drew France into it by offering her a bait
+which that poor country could not resist, she created the situation
+which England considered as her best opportunity for crushing Germany. I
+must repeat it over and over again: it is in its origin a Russian war,
+with a clearly outlined Russian program of conquest.
+
+Here, then, you have a real clash between two principles; not shades of
+principles as these may subsist between Germany and her western foes,
+but principles in all their essential features; not between different
+tints of gray, but between black and white, between affirmation and
+negation; affirmation of the principle of human dignity, liberty,
+safety, and negation of the same; western evolution and eastern
+reaction.
+
+I wonder why those prominent Americans who are so deeply impressed by
+the comparatively slight shades of liberalism differentiating Germany
+from England and France are not struck by the absolute contrast existing
+between Muscovitism and western civilized rule as represented by
+Austria-Hungary and Germany; that they overlook the outstanding fact
+that while in the western area the conflict has nothing whatever to do
+with the principles embodied in the home policy of the belligerents, in
+the east, on the other hand, these principles will in truth be affected
+by the results of war, since a Russian victory, followed by a Russian
+conquest, would mean the retrogression of western institutions and the
+corresponding expansion of eastern ones over a large area and large
+numbers of men.
+
+It is the consciousness of fighting in this war which has been forced
+upon us, against the direst calamity threatening our kind and on behalf
+of the most precious conquests of progress and civilization, which
+enhances our moral force so as to make it unconquerable. The hope which
+I expressed in my first letter, that Serbia's doom would soon be
+fulfilled, has been prostrated by the mistakes of an over-confident
+Commander in Chief; but that means postponement only and does not alter
+the prospects of war in their essentials.
+
+Good progress is achieved in the campaign against Russia; a chapter of
+it may be brought to a happy close before long. The spirit of the
+country shows no symptom of weakening; it is really wonderful what a
+firm resolve pervades our whole people, though every man between twenty
+and forty-two stands in the field, and though the losses are frightful.
+Economically we hold out easily; the expenses of war are defrayed by
+inner loans, which give unexpected results; every bit of arable land is
+tilled as in time of peace, the old, the women and the half-grown youths
+doing the work of their absent supporters, neighbors assisting each
+other in a spirit of brotherhood truly admirable. In cases of urgent
+need we have the prisoners of war, whose number increased to nearly
+300,000 (in Austria-Hungary alone) and to whom it is a real boon to find
+employment in the sort of work they are accustomed to.
+
+The manufacturing interest, of course, suffers severe losses; but the
+number of the unemployed is rather less than usual, since a greater part
+of the "hands" is absorbed by the army. In a word, though the sufferings
+of war are keenly felt, they are less severe than had been expected, and
+there is not the smallest indication of a break-down. The area of
+Germany, Austria, and Hungary taken as a whole is self-supporting with
+regard to foodstuffs. The English scheme of starving us is quite as
+silly as it is abominable. England can, of course, inflict severe losses
+on our manufacturers by closing the seas against their imports and
+exports; but this is not a matter of life and death, such as the first
+reprisals of Germany, if successful, may prove to England.
+
+Generally speaking, it seems likely that England will be caught in the
+net of her own intrigue. She did not scruple to enlist the services of
+Japan against her white enemies, but this act of treachery will be
+revenged upon herself. The latest proceedings of Japan against China can
+have one meaning only--the wholesale expulsion of the white man from
+Eastern Asia. The Japs do not care one straw who wins in Europe; they
+seized upon their own opportunity for their own purposes. England only
+gets her deserts; but how do Americans feel about it? Can America be
+absolved from a certain amount of responsibility for what may soon prove
+imminent danger to herself? Has not her partiality for England given
+encouragement to methods of warfare unprecedented in the history of
+civilized nations and fruitful of evil consequences to neutral nations?
+
+To us, in our continental position, all this means much less than it
+means to you. It does not endanger our prospects. We feel comparatively
+stronger every day. Our losses, though enormous, are only one-half of
+those of the Entente armies, according to the Geneva Red Cross Bureau's
+calculation. The astounding number of unwounded prisoners of war which
+Russia loses at every encounter, and even in spaces of time between two
+encounters, shows that the moral force of her army is slowly giving way,
+while the vigor of our troops is constantly increasing. After six months
+of severe fighting our military position is certainly stronger than the
+position of the Entente powers, though the latter represent a population
+of 250,000,000, (English colonies and Japan not included,) against the
+140,000,000 of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey. Who can doubt on
+which side superior moral power fights? Who can doubt, therefore, what
+the ultimate result promises to be?
+
+If it takes more time to bring matters to a decision--and a decision
+must be obtained at any price, if there is to follow a period of
+permanent peace--part, at least, of the responsibility for the horrors
+of the protracted war, for the slaughter of many hundred thousands more
+of human beings, rests on America. But for the American transports of
+guns and ammunition, the power of Russia would give way in a shorter
+time, considering her enormous losses in that respect and her inability
+to supplement them from her own workshops.
+
+It is very edifying that American pacifists are exerting themselves
+against the current of militarism which appears to spread in their
+country; but wouldn't it be better still, more to the purpose and
+certainly practically more urgent, to insist upon a truly neutral
+attitude of the great republic, to protest against her feeding the war
+by providing one belligerent side with its implements? Do American
+pacifists really fail to see that their country by such proceedings
+disables herself from being the peacemaker of the future? Do they think
+it immaterial from the standpoint of her moral power, as well as of her
+material interests, how central Europe, a mass of 120,000,000, think of
+her, feel about her?
+
+I hope my readers will not find fault with me for using such plain
+language. My well-known enthusiastic regard for the great American
+commonwealth makes it unnecessary that I should protest against the
+charge of meaning disrespect or anything else whatever but a sincere
+desire to state with absolute sincerity how we feel about these matters,
+in what light they appear to us. I think America must know this, because
+it is part of the general situation she has to reckon with when shaping
+her policies. I fervently hope these policies will remain in concordance
+with the great principles on which the commonwealth is built and with
+the teaching embodied in that farewell address which is read once a year
+in Congress and in which the greatest American emphatically warns his
+countrymen from becoming entangled in the conflicts of European nations.
+
+A few words more about the future of Europe may be said on this
+occasion. I have read with the keenest interest your own and Mr.
+Carnegie's statements concerning a future organization of Europe on the
+pattern of the United States. My personal views concerning this
+magnificent idea have been expressed in anticipation in my America
+lectures of the year 1911. Allow me to quote my own words:
+
+     Analogies are often misleading, the most obvious ones
+     especially so. Nothing seems more obvious than to draw
+     conclusions from the existing union of American States to a
+     possible union of European nations; but no fancied analogy is
+     to be applied with greater caution than this one. The American
+     Union's origin was the common struggle of several English
+     colonies, now States, for their emancipation; unity of purpose
+     was the main principle of their growth, union its natural
+     result.
+
+     Europe, on the other hand, is, in her origin and in her
+     present state, a compound of conflicting interests and
+     struggling potentialities. Mutual antagonism remained the
+     principle of growth embodied in the several national lives.
+     The juridical formula of this system is the principle of
+     national sovereignty in its most uncompromising interpretation
+     and most limitless conception. As such it is the natural
+     result of a historical growth mainly filled with antagonism;
+     in the consciousness of (European) nations it lives as
+     synonymous with national honor, as something above doubt and
+     discussion.
+
+Let me add to this the following remarks:
+
+1. Any sort of union among the nations of Europe appears impossible if
+it is meant to include Russia. Russia represents eastern mentality,
+which implies an unadmissible spirit of aggression and of conquest. It
+seems to be a law of nature on the old Continent that eastern nations
+should wish to expand to the west as long as they are powerful. Not to
+mention the great migration of nations which gave birth to mediaeval
+organizations, you may follow this law in the history of the Tartars, of
+the Turks, and of Russia herself. The spirit of aggressiveness vanishes
+only when decay sets in, which is still far from being the case of
+Russia, or when a nation is gradually converted to Occidental mentality,
+which, I hope, will some day be her happy lot. But till then, and that
+may mean a century or two, any sort of union including Russia would mean
+a herd of sheep including a wolf.
+
+2. What I hope then, for the present, as the most desirable result of
+the war, is a thorough understanding between the nations of the Western
+European Continent, construction of a powerful political block,
+corresponding to the area of western mentality, in close connection with
+America; such a block would discourage aggression from the east; it
+would urge Russia on the path of reform and home improvement. England
+would be welcome to join it, on condition of renouncing those
+pretensions to monopolizing the seas which are as constant a menace to
+peace as Russian aggressiveness is. So we should have, if not "the
+United States of Europe," which at present lies beyond the boundary
+lines of possibilities, a strong peace union of the homogeneous western
+nations. Alas! this result can be reached only by destroying the present
+unnatural connections, which mean the continuance of war till a crushing
+decision is obtained.
+
+3. The American colonies of England did not think of union as of a peace
+scheme; they had been compelled into it by war, by the necessity of
+self-defense. It is only such an overpowering motive which has force
+enough to blot out petty rivalries and minor antagonisms. If union
+between States belonging to the same race and not divided either by
+history or by serious conflicting interests could be effected only under
+the pressure of a common peril, we must infer "a minori ad majus" that
+such a powerful incentive will be more necessary still to persuade into
+union nations of different races, each cherishing memories of mutual
+collisions and actually aware of not unimportant clashing interests.
+
+The menace of aggression from the east has been brought home to us by
+the present war; gradually it will be understood even by those
+Occidentals who at present unhappily lend their support to that
+aggression. On this perception of the higher common interests of
+self-defense do I build the possibilities of a western coalition. But a
+time may come when Russia will be compelled to join it and to complete
+thereby the union of the whole of Europe; it may come sooner than the
+conversion of Russia to western ideas could be effected by natural
+evolution; it may come through the yellow peril, the menace of which has
+been brought nearer to us by the accursed policy of England.
+
+Let Japan organize the dormant forces of China, as it seems bent upon
+doing, and the same law of eastern aggressiveness which is at the bottom
+of the present war will push the yellow mass toward Europe. Russia, as
+comparatively western, will have to bear their first onset; for this she
+will require Occidental assistance, and in the turmoil of that direful
+conflict--or, let us hope, in order to avoid it--she will readily give
+up all designs against her western neighbors, and she may become really
+western by the necessities which impel her to lean on the west.
+
+But this may or may not happen. What I see before me as a tangible
+possibility is the great western block. It is the only principle of
+reconstruction after war that contains a guarantee of a permanent peace;
+it is the one, therefore, which the pacifists of all nations should
+strive for, once they get rid of the passing mentality of conflict that
+now obscures the judgment of the best among us.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+Neutral Spirit of the Swiss
+
+An Interview With President Motta of the Swiss Confederation
+
+[From The London Times, Jan. 30, 1915.]
+
+
+BERNE, Jan. 20.
+
+The President of the Swiss Confederation is the symbol of a democracy so
+perfect that the man in the street is not quite sure who the President
+is. He knows that he is one of a council of seven, and that he is
+elected for one year, and that is all. In the Federal Palace, the Berne
+Westminster and Downing Street, the anonymity is almost as complete.
+Officers pass and repass in the corridors--one of the signs, like the
+waiting military motor cars at the door, of mobilization--but this does
+not change the spirit, simple and civilian, of the interior.
+
+M. Motta, Chief of State for this year, is a man of early middle life.
+He is the best type of Swiss, a lawyer by profession, whose limpid
+French seems to express culture as well as candor. Nor could one doubt
+for a moment the sincerity of his speech. Speaking on the Swiss position
+in the war, M. Motta was anxious to remove the impression that it was
+colored, dominated by the existence of the German-speaking cantons, more
+numerous than the French. "Of course," he said, "we have our private
+sympathies, which incline us one way or the other, and there is the
+language tie--though here we are greatly attached to our Bernese
+patois--but I would have you believe the Swiss are essentially just and
+impartial, they look at the war objectively.
+
+"We have good-will toward all the nations. Need I say that we respect
+and esteem England? Have you not found that you are well received? There
+is no antagonistic feeling against any one. Our neutrality is imposed
+upon us by our position, a neutrality that is threefold in its effects,
+for it is political, financial, and economic. Italy, France, Germany,
+Austria, are our neighbors; we send them goods, and we receive supplies
+from them in return."
+
+We then talked of the army, of that wonderful little army which, at this
+moment, is watching the snowy passes of the Alps. Two years ago it is
+said to have impressed the Kaiser on manoeuvres; perhaps for that reason
+he has refrained to pass that way. Outside, in the slippery streets,
+over which the red-capped children passed with shouts of glee, I had
+seen something of the preparations; the men, steel-like and stolid,
+marching by, the officers, stiff and martial-looking, saluting right and
+left under the quaint arcades of this charming city. Colored photographs
+of corps commanders adorned the windows and seemed to find a ready sale.
+These things pointed in the same direction. Switzerland, posted on her
+crests, was watching the issue of the terrific struggle in the plains.
+
+"We must defend our neutrality," the President said, "our 600 years of
+freedom. There is not a single man in the country who thinks
+differently. I am an Italian-Swiss, one of the least numerous of our
+nationalities, but there is only one voice here as elsewhere--only one
+voice from Ticino to Geneva. That we shall defend our neutrality is
+proved by the great expenditure on our army; otherwise, it would be the
+height of folly."
+
+The President spoke of army expenditure, of the simple army system, of
+the reorganization which had been carried out some years before.
+Switzerland was spending L20,000 a day, a large sum for a small country.
+Since the day when the general mobilization had been decreed--some
+classes have now been liberated--Switzerland had spent L4,500,000. It
+was a lot of money.
+
+The army, of course, was a militia; some few officers were professional
+soldiers, others were drawn from a civil career and were doctors,
+lawyers, engineers, and merchants. In 1907 the country had consented to
+lengthen the periods of training in what are quaintly called the
+"recruits' schools" and "rehearsal schools." In the former category the
+men do sixty-five days' training a year, in the latter forty-five.
+
+"I assure you," continued M. Motta, "whatever sympathy the German-Swiss
+may feel toward Germany, the French-Swiss toward France, or the Italian
+toward Italy, it is nothing like as warm and as intimate as that which
+each Swiss feels toward his fellow-Swiss."
+
+This was the national note which dominated everything. At first there
+was a little difficulty in the councils of the nation. Some showed a
+tendency to lose their balance, but that phase had passed, and each day,
+I gathered, purely Swiss interests were coming uppermost.
+
+"And the press, M. le President?"
+
+M. Motta admitted that some writers had been excessive in their
+language and had been lacking in good taste; but, on the whole, he
+thought the newspapers had impartially printed news from both sides, and
+he cited a list of leading organs--Switzerland is amazingly full of
+papers--which had been conspicuous for their moderation.
+
+And then there was the question of contraband. Orders were very precise
+on the subject; the Cabinet had limitless power since the opening of the
+war; if there was any smuggling it was infinitesimal, and, as to
+foodstuffs, Switzerland regretted she could not import more for her own
+needs. The Government had established a monopoly and forbidden
+re-exportation, but supplies were not up to the normal. The route by the
+Rhine was closed.
+
+Finally came the phrase, concluding the conversation: "Whoever violates
+our neutrality will force us to become the allies of his enemy." There
+could be nothing more categorical.
+
+
+
+
+TO KING AND PEOPLE.
+
+By WALTER SICHEL.
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+     _All the great things have been done by the little
+     peoples._--DISRAELI.
+
+    Sire, King of men, disdainer of the mean,
+      Belgium's inspirer, well thou stand'st for all
+    She bodes to generations yet unseen,
+      Freedom and fealty--Kingship's coronal.
+
+    Nation of miracles, how swift you start
+      To super-stature of heroic deeds
+    So brave, so silent beats your bleeding heart
+      That ours, e'en in the flush of welcome, bleeds.
+
+    No sound of wailing. Look, above, afar,
+      Throbs in the darkness with triumphant ray
+    A little yet an all-commanding star,
+      The morning star that heralds forth the day.
+
+
+
+
+A Swiss View of Germany
+
+By Maurice Millioud
+
+
+     M. Maurice Millioud, an eminent member of the Faculty of the
+     University of Lausanne, Switzerland, has written an article of
+     marked breadth and penetration in which he presents a quite
+     novel view of the forces which, in combination, have brought
+     Germany to its actual position. These forces are political,
+     social, and economic; beneath and through them works the
+     subtle impulsion of a national conception of right and might
+     which the author sums up as the "ideology of caste." Want of
+     space forbids the publication of the entire article. We give
+     its most significant parts with such summary of those portions
+     which it was necessary to omit as, we trust, will enable our
+     readers to follow the general argument.
+
+Humanitarians the most deeply buried in dreams yield with stupefaction
+to the evidence of fact. European war was possible, since here it is,
+and even a world war, for all continents are represented in the melee.
+Millions of men on the one side or the other are ranged along battle
+fronts of from 500 to 1,000 kilometers. We are witnessing a displacement
+of human masses to which there is nothing comparable except the
+formidable convulsions of geologic ages.
+
+The world then was in formation. Will a new Europe, a new society, a new
+humanity, take form from the prodigious shock by which our imagination
+is confounded?
+
+We can at least seek to understand what we cannot hinder.
+
+This war was not a matter of blind fate, but had been foreseen for a
+long time. What are the forces that have set the nations in movement? I
+do not seek to establish responsibility. Whosoever it may be, those who
+have let loose the conflict have behind them peoples of one mind. That,
+perhaps, is the most surprising feature in an epoch when economic,
+social, and moral interests are so interwoven from one end of the earth
+to the other that the conqueror himself must suffer cruelly from the
+ruin of the conquered.
+
+The Governments have determined the day and the hour. They could not
+have done it in opposition to the manifest will of the nations. Public
+sentiment has seconded them. What is it then which rouses man from his
+repose, impels him to desert his gains, his home, the security of a
+regular life, and sends him in eager search for bloody adventures?
+
+This problem involves different solutions because it embraces a number
+of cases. Between the Russians, the French, the English, the Germans
+there is a similarity of will, but not, it seems, an analogy of
+sentiment. I shall undertake to analyze the case of Germany. It has
+peculiar interest on account of its importance, of its definiteness, of
+the comparisons to which it leads, and the reflections which it
+suggests. Numerous facts easy to verify and in part recent permit us to
+throw some light upon it and offer us a guarantee against hazardous
+conjectures.
+
+_Defining a caste as "a group of men bound to each other by solidarity
+of functions in society," such as the Brahmins of India and the feudal
+nobility, Prof. Millioud says that he will use the terms as equivalent
+or nearly equivalent to a "directing class." Quoting the article from
+Vorwaerts which led to the suspension of that Socialist organ and which
+"admits by implication that responsibility for the war falls on
+Germany," he proceeds to examine the origins of the influence of the war
+party and the interests it served._
+
+Here we must have recourse to history. In Germany the dominant class is
+composed in part of an aristocracy by birth and of bourgeois
+capitalists, more or less of them ennobled. The interior policy of
+Germany since 1871 and even since 1866 is explained by the relations,
+sometimes kindly, sometimes hostile, of these two categories of persons,
+by the opposition or the conjunction of these two influences, and not
+by a struggle of the dominant class against the socialistic mass. That
+struggle, which is in France and is becoming in England a fact of
+essential gravity, has been in Germany only a phenomenon of secondary
+importance. It has determined neither the profound evolution of the
+national life nor the chief decisions of the Government.
+
+In Germany, as is known, the abolition of the ancien regime did not take
+place brusquely as in France. After the revolution and the French
+occupation, the noble caste recovered all its privileges. It has lost
+them little by little, but not yet entirely. Even the liquidation of the
+property of the feudal regime was not completed until toward 1850.
+Napoleon made some sad cuts in the little sovereignties, but from 1813
+to 1815 the princely families did their utmost to recover their
+independence. The greater part were mediatized, but their tenacity
+offered a serious obstacle up to 1871 to the establishment of German
+unity.
+
+That unity was accomplished in despite of them, by sword and fire, as
+Bismarck said, that is to say, by the wars of 1866 and 1870. Care was
+taken, however, not to abase them more than was strictly necessary, for
+it was intended to maintain the hierarchy. What was wanted was a
+monarchical unity, made from above down, and not a democratic unity
+brought about by popular impulsion.
+
+On the other hand, the smaller nobles formed, after 1820, a vast
+association for the defense of their rights, the Adelskette. Moreover,
+they could not be sacrificed, in the first place, because they had
+rendered invaluable services in the wars of independence, they had
+arisen as one man, and they had ruined themselves in sacrifices for the
+national cause, they had organized the people and led it to victory,
+finally because they served to restrain the high nobility whose
+domination was feared. They sustained the throne against the princes,
+the higher nobility against the democracy, the lesser nobility against
+the higher, the two forming an intermediary class between the monarch
+and the nation. That was the social conception which prevailed with
+those who were working to realize the unity of Germany, so that the
+nobility, lesser or higher, in default of its privileges retained its
+functions.
+
+Treitschke, in his last lessons, about 1890, called it "a political
+class." For the bourgeois, he said, wealth, instruction, letters, arts.
+Their part is fine enough. The nobility is apt at governing. That is its
+special distinction. For a long time, in fact, the nobility has filled
+alone or almost alone the great administrative, governmental, and
+military posts.
+
+Bismarck was the finished type, the representative par excellence of
+this class of men. He had their intellectual and moral qualities carried
+to the highest degree of superiority. But he underwent evolution after
+1871, and his caste with him, under the pressure of general
+circumstances.
+
+Bismarck was a Junker, a Prussian rustic, monarchist, particularist,
+agrarian and militarist. Each of his qualities is an attribute of a
+mentality of caste, a very curious one, not lacking in grandeur, but
+very narrow and not always adequate to the conduct of affairs.
+
+Monarchist means anti-Parliamentarian. The fine scorn of rhetoric and
+even of public discussion, a conviction that democracy will not lead to
+anything beyond a display of mediocrity, that is one of the salient
+features of his mind. Patriotism conceived as an attachment to personal
+relations, as the service of one man, the subject, to another man, the
+King, and not the service of an anonymous person, the functionary, to an
+abstraction, the State, the republic, this was formerly designated by
+the word faithful, (feal,) which has disappeared from our vocabulary
+because it is without meaning in our present moral state.
+
+The Junker is particularist, at least he was. The political and
+administrative centralization which the Jacobins achieved in France
+inspires him with horror. For him it is disorder. He sees in it nothing
+but a dust heap of individuals crushed beneath a formula. Even today,
+when the German accuses France of anarchy, that is what he means. He
+figures to himself the nation as a vast hierarchy of liberties, an
+autonomy of States within the empire, of provinces within the State, of
+communes within the province, of proprietors within the commune.
+Equality is equality of rank, of worth, of wealth, of force, but
+impersonal equality before the law is for him an unnatural thing, an
+invention of the professors which at heart he despises.
+
+He is agrarian and militarist, that is to say, conservative and enamored
+of force. In 1830 four-fifths of the population lived by agriculture and
+the landlord governed his peasants patriarchally. He kept the
+conservatist spirit of a rustic, a very lively sense of authority and
+the military instinct. He had scant liking for distant enterprises or
+adventures. He was at once religious, warlike, and realist, knowing how
+to nurse his ambitions and to confine his view to what was within reach.
+
+Bismarck for a long time was the decided opponent of naval armaments and
+colonial policy, in short, of imperialism. Even his projects for social
+reform--insurance against sickness, against old age--which have been
+accepted as concessions to modern ideas, were due entirely to his
+monarchical and patriarchal conception of the State. He copied the
+ancient decrees of Colbert as to naval personnel. He would have gone as
+far as assurance against non-employment. In the dominion of the King, he
+said, no one should die of hunger.
+
+The Junker made a force of Prussia; he made Prussia itself. It was due
+to him that she passed after 1815 from the form of a Polizeistaat to the
+form of Kulturstaat, the latter only an expansion of the former. In
+place of a watchful, regulating, and vexatious State she became an
+organized State, the instructor of youth, the protector of religion, the
+source of inspiration for agricultural reforms, and all great commercial
+and industrial enterprises. This State was not an emanation from the
+national will, but the creator of a nation, the living and moving
+self-incarnation of the Hegelian "idea," that is to say, the Divine
+thought.
+
+Of all the German aristocracy the noble of Pomerania or Brandenburg, the
+Prussian Junker, represented this social type most definitely. In the
+south the liberal tendencies--to be exact, the memories of the French
+Revolution--persisted far into the nineteenth century. But it is well
+known that German unity was accomplished by military force and against
+liberalism.
+
+After 1871, and even after Sadowa, the problem of interior policy which
+presented itself was that of the "Prussianization" of Germany. At one
+time it seemed that Bismarck was on the point of succeeding in it. What
+was that national liberal party upon which he depended for so long? It
+was the old liberal party, with advanced tendencies tainted with
+democratic liberalism and even with cosmopolitanism, keeping up its
+relations with the intellectuals, the university men, who made so much
+noise with pen and voice about 1848 and later. They dreamed of the unity
+of Germany in the democratic liberty and moral hegemony of their nation,
+having become in Europe the sobered heir of the French Revolution.
+
+Under the influence of Bismarck they sacrificed to their dream of unity,
+to their national dream, their liberal dream, and they secured for the
+Chancellor the support of the upper bourgeoisie.
+
+It was indeed the Prussianization of Germany, but in that spirit and in
+that system contemporary German militarism would never have fructified.
+It was contrary to the characteristic tendencies of a monarchical State
+supported by a conservative caste, which was also particularist,
+military, and agricultural. A State of this kind tends to become a
+closed State.
+
+What then happened? An event of capital importance which everybody
+knows, but of which we only now begin to see the consequences. It was
+the radical transformation of Germany from an agricultural to an
+industrial nation. In its origin this phenomenon dates from before the
+nineteenth century. By 1848 it had become perceptible. Since 1866, and
+especially since 1871, it has dominated the entire social evolution of
+the empire. Here, in fact, is the revolution. It partakes of the
+character of a tragedy, it has overturned the conditions of life
+throughout the entire German territory.
+
+At the close of the War of Independence, four out of five Germans lived
+on the land, two out of three were engaged in agriculture. By 1895 the
+agricultural population was only 35.7 per cent. That, supported by
+industry and commerce, kept continually increasing. In 1895 it was 50.6
+per cent.
+
+This progress of industry and trade indicates the rise of a new class of
+the population, that of the capitalists. It seemed at first that their
+arrival would result in a dispossession of the nobility. For example,
+under the ancien regime the bourgeois could not acquire the property of
+the nobles. Toward 1880, for Eastern Prussia only, 7,086 estates of
+11,065 belonged to non-nobles. They could have been acquired only with
+money. Capital was supplanting birth. Today even, in Prussia, five
+members of the Ministry, a little more than one-third, are bourgeois not
+enjoying the particle von.
+
+The new dominant class encroached upon the ancient in two ways, by
+depriving it of its clientele and by acquiring a considerable weight in
+the State. "The weight of a social class" is the totality of its means
+of action, which it possesses on account of its numbers, its personal
+influence, its wealth, and the importance of the interests which it
+represents. The clientele of the agrarian nobility was essentially the
+peasants, who have continually diminished in number, the attraction of
+industrial and commercial employments having caused a great migration to
+the interior, to the factories, and the cities.
+
+For many years this phenomenon has been disclosed by statistics and
+pointed out by economists and sociologists, but no remedy has been
+found. Today, although emigration abroad has much moderated, Germany has
+not labor for its tillage. It is obliged to import farm hands and even
+cereals. It no longer produces foodstuffs sufficient for its own
+support.
+
+Moreover, the peasant who remains upon the soil is freed
+from the landlord, and agricultural production has become
+specialized--industrialized. There is the case, for instance, of that
+peasant woman who declared that she had not the time to wash her linen
+and who sent it to the steam laundry at Karlsruhe. Here is not merely an
+economic transformation, but a moral evolution. The agriculturist who no
+longer produces in order to consume but in order to sell, and who must
+live from the product of his sales, tries to produce as much as
+possible. He hires foreign labor to get from it all that he can. The
+impersonal relations of employer and employed replace the patriarchal
+traditions. Thus the land owner finds himself caught in the mechanism of
+the capitalistic system.
+
+As to the "weight" of the new class, it increased prodigiously during
+the years following the war of 1870, thanks to the millions which the
+empire could invest in its industries and which allowed it to endow its
+commerce and its merchant marine, to complete the network of its roads,
+canals, and railways.
+
+The law of concentration of capital was verified on this occasion in a
+striking manner. In the famous years 1871 to 1874, which the Germans
+call the Gruendejahre, the foundation years, gigantic industrial and
+commercial enterprises took a spring which seemed irresistible. A
+Director of the Deutsche Bank, of the Dresdener Bank, the President of a
+company for transatlantic commerce, such as the Hamburg-American Line,
+or of the committee of great electric establishments, enjoyed an
+influence in the councils of the State far greater than that of a Baron,
+a Count, or a little mediatized Prince.
+
+What was the aristocracy of birth going to do about it? Struggle
+desperately? It took that tack at first. Bismarck ranged himself in its
+support for some time. He was himself an agrarian. But he was not long
+in installing paper mills on his estates at Varzin. It is said that the
+Emperor himself possesses porcelain factories. A part of the nobility
+for a long time tried to adapt itself to the new method of production.
+It took to it awkwardly and often ended in ruin.
+
+Freytag has described this phenomenon at its beginnings in a romance
+which is a chef d'oeuvre. A part of the nobility yielded, fell into the
+hands of the financiers, the money lenders, the managers of agricultural
+enterprises, sold their lands, and took refuge in the great civil,
+administrative and military posts. The remainder resisted as well as
+they could. There was antagonism between their interests and those of
+the capitalists, between the religious and particularist tendencies on
+one hand and free thought and cosmopolitanism on the other. The
+agrarians demanded tariff duties on agricultural products to raise the
+price of their foodstuffs. The industrials wanted a low cost of living
+in order to avoid the rise of wages and to compete with better advantage
+for foreign markets.
+
+Bismarck was the target for vehement opposition when he inclined toward
+the party of the traders and the industrials in his colonial and tariff
+policy. This evolution came about 1879. For a while the great Chancellor
+was looked upon almost as a traitor.
+
+Nevertheless, his view was just. Balancing the forces on the one hand by
+those on the other, ceding protective duties first to one side and then
+to the other, offsetting the advantages which he offered to one side by
+the prerogatives which he accorded to the other, he finally succeeded in
+reconciling them.
+
+From this reconciliation of the two dominant classes has resulted the
+extraordinary power of Germany. The bourgeois parties have from time to
+time grumbled over the military appropriations, but they have always
+voted them. And militarism, which is the support of the aristocracy, has
+been placed at the service of capitalistic ambition. By the prestige of
+force, awakening hopes here and inspiring fears there, more than once by
+the help of manoeuvres of intimidation, it has become an instrument of
+economic conquest.
+
+Other combinations, other reciprocal interlacings, have taken place
+which have given an exceptional and unique character to contemporary
+Germany. It is a case of social psychology of extreme interest. To
+describe it would require long detail. The combination of the
+aristocratic and military tendency with the industrial and plutocratic
+tendency, the tendency of the police spirit, the regularizing spirit of
+the Kulturstaat with the individual initiative of the capitalist
+_entrepreneur_, methodical habits of administration with the love of
+risk characteristic of the speculator, all this constitutes imperialism,
+German imperialism, distinct from every other, because to a definite
+object, economic conquest, it adds another, less precise, in which the
+moral satisfaction dear to aristocracy, the pleasure of dominating, the
+love of displaying force, the tendency to prove one's own superiority to
+one's self, play a large part.
+
+Economic conquest has become a necessity for Germany. Transformed into
+an industrial State, it no longer produces its own food. Since 1885 its
+imports have exceeded its exports by 1,353,000,000 marks. Whence did
+Germany derive these 1,300,000,000 marks which were needed, good year
+and bad, to meet its balance of trade? It owes them to its maritime
+commerce and the revenue of its capital invested abroad. Its maritime
+commerce then must augment and must triumph over all competition. At
+every cost it must open for itself outlets for its industrial products
+in order to buy foodstuffs which it does not produce sufficiently. If
+not, famine.
+
+Let us see now how the complicated play of all these social forces and
+the effect of this economic situation have been embodied in formulas,
+what has been its intellectual expression.
+
+This is no idle question, for men have always claimed to be guided by
+ideas, and generally they are, but they rarely know where their ideas
+come from or in what they consist. Without intellectual expression
+imperialism would not have extended to all the classes of society. The
+passion of economic conquest did not prevail throughout the whole of
+Germany. The bourgeois in the Liberal provinces, the corps of officers,
+the corps of teachers, the clergy were refractory to it. This direct
+form of imperialism does not seduce them. Not everybody can see his
+country and the universe through the eyes of an oligarch of high
+finance. A doctrine works with power when it appeals to instincts, when
+it awakens collective emotions, diverse enough in themselves, and joins
+them to each other with an appearance of logical deduction. It is not
+indispensable, but it is useful that it should borrow the language of
+the day. In the mediaeval epoch this language was religious. Beginning
+with the seventeenth century it was metaphysical. In our own time it is
+a scientific language set off by Greek words.
+
+If the German philosophies of the second half of the nineteenth century
+are considered, there are not many of them that pass beyond the limit of
+the school. They are honest, scholarly productions elaborated by men who
+have read much, of whom some, like Wundt, are eminent specialists, but
+who have not conquered either their subjects or their readers. One feels
+that they are not of their century.
+
+It is not from them, it is not from Eucken, the pleasant popularizer, it
+is not from Windelbund or Ostwald that the cultivated public sought the
+direction for its thought. To satisfy the need of general ideas which
+was everywhere felt, associations were formed, churches with or without
+God, of which a very important one was the "Monistenbund," in which
+Haeckel exploited his materialism transformed into a sort of biological
+pantheism.
+
+But it was outside of the associations and outside of the school that
+the flame of creative genius burned brightly. The man of the last
+generation was Nietzsche. That his thought has been perverted by his
+interpreters there is no doubt. They have taken this eagle who gazed
+unblinded at the sun and exhibited him to the young people in all sorts
+of philosophic roles for the benefit of the industrial and military
+coalition. Nietzsche depicted in lines of fire the resurrection of
+heroism, his vision of the superman was that of an ardent soul, steeled
+by sufferings, meditating a tragic conception of life with serenity,
+and in his solitary individualism surmounting the infirmity of man and
+his own by the insistent will to eternal ascension.
+
+He was made the apostle of brute force, a sort of Messiah of the
+"struggle for life." Moreover, he was soon put one side and Gobineau was
+revived. He also, who if he did not have genius had wit, would have been
+surprised and hardly flattered perhaps by the role which they made him
+play. The dolichocephalic (long-skulled) blonde whom he celebrated was
+not exactly the one whom we are now judging by his works, but at least
+he proclaimed the superiority of the German race.
+
+His doctrine was the centre around which were gathered a complete
+ensemble of dogmas and of very diverse theories, whose connected thread
+it is not easy to discover when it is searched for logically, but
+appears quite distinctly when not reason, but reasons, are demanded. The
+reasons are found in the need of justifying in theory the economic and
+military imperialism, born as we have seen from conditions of fact and
+from very practical motives.
+
+I do not pretend that it was calculated, nor that the optimates made
+express requisition of the naturalists, economists, and historians and
+sociologists and moralists to provide an imperialistic philosophy for
+the use of adult and normal dolichocephalous blondes. But there
+certainly was a coincidence. It may have been due to the influence of
+what is called a _milieu ambiant_, that of the commercial and military
+party. The authors of the doctrine lived in a special atmosphere. Their
+intellect was there formed--or deformed--their work consisted in
+gathering facts, inventing reasonings, elaborating formulas, so as to
+subject natural science, history and morality to the service of that
+keen will for hegemony which was in Germany the common characteristic
+and was the connecting link between the ancient and the new directing
+class.
+
+To convince one that this is so, it is enough to arrange the works of
+the pan-Germanists in a series passing from the simplest to the most
+complicated. The dates are of no importance. We might put at one of the
+extremes the works of the Prussian General, von Bernhardi, and at the
+other the gigantic lucubration of a famous pan-German zealot, a
+neophite, a convert, almost a deserter, Mr. Houston Stewart Chamberlain.
+
+_Prof. Millioud examines at some length and acutely the tendencies and
+teachings of von Bernhardi, now familiar to American readers, sums up
+the work of the philosophers of minor rank and turns to Mr.
+Chamberlain._
+
+With Mr. Chamberlain the thesis of vital competition, the morality of
+force, the judgment of history against little nations, the civilizing
+mission imposed upon greater Germany by its very greatness, by its
+economic, scientific and artistic superiority, everything tends to the
+glorification of the German, to his duty to govern the whole world which
+he feels so imperatively and which he accepts with such a noble
+simplicity. His work is not easily summarized, not only because it
+counts 1,379 pages and two appendices, but because all is in everything,
+and everything in the universe is also in Mr. Chamberlain's book. And
+the German has made everything. Not indeed the world; that he has only
+remade and is about to remake. But he has a way of remaking so creative
+that one might say that without him the Creator Himself would be a bit
+embarrassed. He has gathered to himself alone the heritage of Greece and
+Rome as far as it was worth anything. From the year 1200 to the year
+1800 he founded, ripened, and saved a new civilization several times
+over. The mother of our sciences and our arts, Italy, is Germanic; the
+great architecture of the Middle Ages is Germanic; the true
+interpretation of Christianity, the true conception of art, the true
+social economy, the love of nature, the sense of individuality, the
+exploration of the world and of the soul, the great reawakenings of
+conscience, all the great flashes of thought are Germanic; everything is
+Germanic, except you and me, perhaps; so much the worse for me and so
+much the worse for you. After this book, the success of which has been
+prodigious, it would truly seem that there is nothing more to say.
+Germanic thought has appropriated the universe to itself. It only
+remained for the German sword to complete the work. It is drawn!
+
+I have tried to describe the modifications, or rather the successive
+additions, by which the elementary themes disclosing economic,
+political, and military appetites in the directing class have been
+disguised as theories of biology, history, political economy, sociology,
+and morality. It would take another study or another article to show how
+science was perverted to such ends. The severity of methods, rigor in
+the determination of facts, precision in reasoning, prudence in
+generalization, serene impartiality and objectivity in verification, in
+a word the scientific spirit, cannot be bent to so many pleasant
+compromises without sacrificing a great part of its dignity and its
+title to respect.
+
+This has been a singular and melancholy event for those of us who have
+been raised in respect for German science and in admiration for its
+methods, as well as for its discoveries. Certainly, from Liebig to
+Roentgen and to Behring, from Kant to Wundt, Germany has counted many
+distinguished pioneers. In the matter of fecund originality, however,
+and creative inspiration, Italy and France have always equaled, if not
+surpassed, her. She has had no Marconi, no Pasteur or Poincare, no
+Carrel.
+
+What we have received from her so long that it has become almost a
+matter of instinct is less dazzling flashes than an equal and constant
+light. And the savants, the university men who bring to us
+anthropological romances, history stuffed with legends and personal
+prejudices, sociology constructed in contempt of the facts!
+
+In these later days we have seen all these joining under the guidance of
+their most illustrious members to address the civilized nations in an
+appeal in which by virtue of their quality as savants they undertook to
+pronounce upon facts which they don't understand, to deny those which
+they cannot help understanding, and solemnly to declare that it is not
+true that Germany has violated the neutrality of the territory of
+Belgium. For proof of this, nothing but their word of honor. Do they
+take us for those young gentlemen who said to Monge, "Professor, give us
+your word of honor that this theorem is true and we will excuse you from
+the demonstration of it"?
+
+Fully to explain the role of the intellectual savants and university men
+in the formation of the ideology of caste which prevails among the
+Germans it would be necessary to recite the history of instruction in
+Germany, not such as Davis and Paulson have written it, but such as it
+actually is under the influence of institutions and programmes--I mean
+the moral history of instruction.
+
+The great Frederick was wont to cry, "I commence by taking; afterward I
+shall always have pedants enough to establish my rights." Pedants or
+not, the members of the teaching corps of every grade in Germany are a
+wheel of the State, their mission is to form not men, but Germans, to
+inculcate the national idea. Their views have penetrated even to the
+common people.
+
+Germany receives a double education--that of the school and that of the
+barracks. The spirit of these two institutions is the same, and their
+influence, which has been exercised since 1848 in opposition to
+humanitarian and internationalist ideas, has encountered no serious
+obstacles, for it went readily with certain old instincts which it was
+not difficult to reawaken and which general circumstances favored.
+
+"Latrocinia nullam habent infamiam," said Caesar, speaking of the
+Germans. Pillage brings no shame. This desire of gain, this positive and
+realistic tendency is one of the motives which the brusque and
+prodigious economic expansion of Germany has promoted in the most
+efficient manner.
+
+This total assimilation of a people of 70,000,000 of souls by an
+aristocratic, almost a feudal, directing class, a combination of
+plutocrats and militarists, is in reality a most curious phenomenon,
+more than curious, in a sense grandiose, and in any case full of
+suggestions and menaces.
+
+Surrender of body and soul, confidence almost religious, enthusiastic
+faith, the directing class has conquered everything within in order to
+conquer everything without. Now it stakes everything upon the cast of
+the dice. I have not undertaken to decide whether it is just or not. The
+event will determine whether it is genius or madness.
+
+
+
+
+THE LAND OF MAETERLINCK
+
+By Alfred Sutro
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+I have translated many books of Maeterlinck's; I have wandered with him
+among the canals of Bruges and the fragrant gardens of Ghent; I have
+seen the places where he dreamed of Pelleas and Melisande, and the hives
+of the bees he loved. Through him I learned to know Belgium, today all
+the world knows. Her cities are laid waste now and her people scattered,
+but her people will return and rebuild the cities, and the enemy will be
+dust. The day will come when the war will be far distant, a thing of the
+past, remote, forgotten, but never, while men endure or heroism counts,
+will it be forgotten what the Belgians did for Liberty's sake and for
+the sake of Albert, their King.
+
+
+
+
+America and Prohibition Russia
+
+Two Mustard Seeds of Reform Carried From This Land to the Steppes
+
+By Isabel F. Hapgood
+
+
+When Russia recently abolished the sale of liquor, first in the shops
+run as a Government monopoly, and, after a brief experience of the
+beneficent results, in the restaurants and clubs as well, an astonished
+and admiring world recognized the measure as one of the greatest events
+in the moral history of a nation. It takes rank with the reforms of
+Peter the Great. It almost casts into the shade the emancipation of the
+serfs.
+
+There has always existed in Russia a strong party which severely
+disapproved of Peter precisely because he forced "Western" ideas upon
+them. Their idea has always been that Russia would have developed a far
+higher degree of genuine culture and far more precious spiritual
+qualities had she been left to the promptings of her own genius and its
+"healthy, natural" development. And there are, indubitably, persons
+scattered through the vast Russian Empire who entertain parallel
+opinions with regard to the total prohibition of liquor just effected,
+and with regard to the projected change in the calendar now assumed to
+be imminent. I trust that I shall not increase their numbers to
+dangerous proportions if I call attention to the fact that these reforms
+have also, like Peter the Great's ideas, been imported from the
+West--from the Far West, the United States. I am sure my
+fellow-countrymen will be gratified to learn the truth, and I cheerfully
+accept the risk, and assume that Russia will, in all probability, remain
+ignorant of my interference!
+
+It is true that we do not have actual, effective prohibition anywhere
+here in America, and that we do not seem to be within measurable
+distance of such an achievement; that Russia has distanced us again in
+this, just as she distanced us by emancipating her serfs, without a
+war, before we emancipated our slaves, with the aid of a war. But we
+have supplied the scriptural mustard seed in the case of prohibition in
+Russia, and have either furnished the seed for the change in the
+calendar, or, at any rate, have provided elements that have hastened its
+growth to a very remarkable degree.
+
+Mustard seed No. 1 was carried over from the United States in the Autumn
+of 1887 and sown on the good ground of the late Count Tolstoy, and other
+noble men, whence--as results show--it spread abroad with a swiftness
+suggestive rather of the proverbial weed than of the fair flower its
+blossoming has shown it to be.
+
+In the Autumn of 1886 Dr. Peter Semyonovitch Alexyeeff of Moscow,
+accompanied by his wife, sailed for Canada and the United States for the
+purpose of inspecting the hospitals, prisons, and elementary schools;
+and they came for the Winter because some parts of Canada during that
+season possess a climate similar to that of Central Russia, while in
+other parts the climates are identical. In fact, Canada is the only
+country in the world where the climatic conditions are at all analogous.
+The construction of new hospitals, the adaptation of already existing
+buildings for hospital use, the internal arrangement, and the perfection
+of their internal machinery had long been matters of deep interest to
+Dr. Alexyeeff.
+
+Germany and France, with climates so different from that of Russia,
+could not furnish him with the information available in North America,
+where, in his opinion, the habits and conditions of existence--such
+important factors in matters connected with hospitals and invalids--also
+differ less from those of Russia than do the general surroundings in the
+countries of the Continent. After visiting the principal cities of
+Canada and the United States from Quebec to Vancouver, and from Boston
+to Washington, (some of them more than once,) Dr. Alexyeeff arrived at
+the conclusion that the hospitals of the United States were better built
+and much better administered than those of London, Paris, Berlin, and
+Vienna.
+
+Naturally, no one could spend nine months in investigating hospitals and
+prisons in this country without coming in contact with the liquor
+problem. Moreover, Dr. Alexyeeff was a wideawake man, who took an
+interest not only in all matters connected with his profession, but in
+very many outside of it. He was, also, a man of very lofty character.
+His wife once wrote me concerning him somewhat as follows: "He walks,
+habitually, on such moral heights, in such a rarefied spiritual
+atmosphere, that I, the daughter of an English clergyman, reared
+accordingly, and myself (as you know) deeply in sympathy with it, find
+difficulty in following him." Obviously, he was precisely the man to
+appreciate the temperance movement, and to carry it to its logical
+conclusion. In the preface to a volume, "About America," which he
+published in Moscow in 1888, he writes:
+
+     Neither the wonders of wild nature in the Rocky Mountains nor
+     the menacing might and grandeur of Niagara produce such an
+     impression on a Russian as the success of the fight with
+     drunkenness--the temperance movement--and the successful
+     development, in all classes of society, of morality and the
+     strict application of practical morals.
+
+He did not confine himself to this brief, general statement. He wrote in
+praise of temperance, of prohibition, for learned Russian societies.
+Then he wrote a book entitled "Concerning Drunkenness." The Censor's
+permit to publish is dated March 29, (April 10,) 1887. It was published
+by the management of the magazine, Russkaya Mysl, (Russian Thought,)
+which may indicate that it had first appeared in that monthly as a
+series of articles, though I have not been able to verify the fact. The
+book may have been published promptly, or at least the article from the
+medical magazine may have been published in the cheap form (costing two
+or three cents) used by the semi-commercial, semi-philanthropic firm
+"Posrednik," which may be rendered "Middleman" or "Mediator," designed
+for the dissemination of good and useful reading among the masses.
+
+At any rate, "Concerning Drunkenness" appeared at the price of one ruble
+(about fifty cents) in 1891, prefaced by a dissertation by Count
+Tolstoy, "Why Do People Stupefy Themselves?" specially written for this
+occasion, as Dr. Alexyeeff told me. (It has been translated under the
+title of "Alcohol and Tobacco," London, and published without any
+indication that Dr. Alexyeeff inspired it.)
+
+In 1896 a second edition, revised and enlarged, was published, also in
+Moscow; and to this the author added a list of helpful publications and
+a summary bibliography, which included books issued in various foreign
+countries, ranging in number from 705 for Great Britain and Colonies,
+142 for the United States, 247 for Germany, 124 for ten other countries
+combined, (up to 1885 in all these cases,) to ten for Russia. Of these
+ten, four are in Latin, four in German, one is in Swedish and one in
+Russian--the latter, evidently, an article republished from The Medical
+News. On the whole, a list practically non-existent, so far as Russia
+was concerned!
+
+Dr. Alexyeeff had discovered a field of endeavor as virgin as the
+unplowed steppe. Only scientists desperately hard up for an unusual
+topic for a strictly academic discussion and recklessly willing to risk
+incurring universal unpopularity would have dreamed of unearthing those
+volumes. He promptly aroused Count Tolstoy's interest in the subject of
+temperance, which in this case signified prohibition, since the Count in
+his preface to Dr. Alexyeeff's book (dated July 10-22, 1890,) treated
+liquor on the same basis as tobacco, which he had totally abjured at
+least two years previously. With Tolstoy, to become convinced that a
+reform was desirable was, as all the world knows, to become an ardent
+propagandist of that reform. Thanks to the efforts of Dr. Alexyeeff,
+seconded by those of Tolstoy, temperance began to attract attention in
+Russia, temperance societies were formed, and have been steadily
+increasing ever since in numbers and activity.
+
+Eventually Mr. Tchelisheff arrived on the scene with his splendid vital
+force and practical solutions of the financial and other problems (or
+suggestions for them) that arise from prohibition, (especially when a
+Government monopoly and revenue are concerned,) which he most
+strenuously advocated when Mayor of Samara, as representative in the
+Duma--everywhere, in fact, where he could obtain a hearing, willing or
+unwilling, up to the Emperor Nicholas himself. And the Emperor showed
+that he was equal to the magnificent opportunity, and joined hands with
+the former peasant in aiding his country.
+
+In an interview published by THE TIMES a while ago Mr. Tchelisheff
+mentions that his attention was first drawn to the subject of the evils
+of drunkenness by a book which he saw a muzhik reading. Judging from the
+point at which he inserts that mention into his outline sketch of his
+career (previous to the great famine which he--erroneously--assigns to
+the "end of the '80s," but which came in 1891) his interest was aroused
+precisely at the time when Dr. Alexyeeff's first utterances may be
+assumed to have seen the light of print. At any rate, it is an admitted
+fact that Dr. Alexyeeff carried to Russia and to Tolstoy from the United
+States the idea and inspiration which has borne such wonderful fruit in
+the abolition of the liquor traffic "forever," as the Imperial ukase
+runs.
+
+Mr. Tchelisheff is a noteworthy figure in history accordingly, but Dr.
+Alexyeeff should not be forgotten. When I made his acquaintance at Count
+Tolstoy's, in Moscow, he had just requested (and obtained) a detail of
+service in Tchita, Trans-Baikal Province, Siberia, as physician to the
+political exiles there, thinking the region would repay study from many
+points of view, in his leisure hours. The preface to the first edition
+of his book "Concerning Drunkenness" is dated "July, 1899, Tchita," and
+from Tchita I received my copy from him. In that preface he states the
+scope of his book in a way which confirms my conviction that Mr.
+Tchelisheff was first stirred to interest, and in the end aroused to
+action, by the United States, via Dr. Alexyeeff. He writes:
+
+     The battle which in all ages has been waged against
+     drunkenness has been confined hitherto almost exclusively to
+     the realms of medicine and ethics; the social part of the
+     question is only just beginning to be worked out, and has
+     hardly as yet won the rights of citizenship, and down to our
+     own day there have been no serious legal measures adopted for
+     the battle with drunkenness.
+
+Therefore, he omits the legal aspects of the matter in his book and
+confines himself to an attempt at popularizing the information scattered
+in divers individual books, "borrowing everything which can lead to the
+ultimate goal--the extermination of the evil caused by the use of
+spirituous drinks." He continues:
+
+     Public opinion has nowhere as yet, even in the lands where
+     considerable success has attended the war on drunkenness,
+     ripened sufficiently a desire to give, even incompletely, a
+     summary of the information about that battle, and make my
+     fellow-countrymen acquainted with a matter still little known
+     in Russia, so I am prompted to write what follows.
+
+The second edition of this book, with the surprising list of Russian
+treatises on drunkenness to which I have already alluded, is dated
+"June, 1895, Riga," where he lived after his return from Siberia, as an
+official of the Government medical service, until his death in August,
+1913. During the stay in Tchita of the Alexyeeffs, the present Emperor
+(then the heir,) passed through it, on his way home (from the trip to
+India and Japan which came so near terminating fatally in the latter
+country) after having officially opened work upon the construction of
+the Trans-Siberian Railway, on the shores of the Pacific Ocean. A formal
+reception and ceremonies were organized in Tchita; and I allude to the
+matter because of a curious detail mentioned in a letter to me by Mrs.
+Alexyeeff. Foreigners have very queer ideas, she said, as to the
+position and treatment of the political exiles in Siberia; some of the
+Tchita exiles served as heads of the committees for welcoming the heir,
+and he shook hands with them and treated them exactly as he treated the
+Governor General of the Province.
+
+Whether it was his admiration for the American temperance movement which
+influenced Dr. Alexyeeff's views on everything American, I cannot say.
+But, assuredly, not many foreign visitors have pronounced upon our
+country such a panegyric as is contained in the preface to his "Across
+America." He writes:
+
+     Conscientious fulfillment of every duty, industry, energy, and
+     moral purity are the typical qualities of the genuine
+     American. It is difficult to form any idea of the wide
+     development of philanthropy, the significance of religion, and
+     the practical application to life of ethical principles, the
+     application of moral obligations in business, the upright,
+     God-fearing life of the Americans, unless one has lived among
+     them. They have neither prostitution, foundling hospitals, nor
+     hospitals for venereal diseases. A European is not accustomed
+     to see empty prisons and hospitals in densely settled
+     localities--to come upon cities where there is nothing for the
+     police, the Judges, and the doctors to do he finds startling.
+     They have attained the height where priests, pastors,
+     preachers, and teachers are rarely obliged to contend with
+     indifference....
+
+     After a trip to America it would be difficult to return an
+     atheist--you are more likely to come back in a religious frame
+     of mind.... Idleness and luxury are not among the
+     distinguishing characteristics of the descendants of the
+     Puritans.... In the light, transparent atmosphere of the
+     States, simplicity, the cheerful, alert spirit infects the
+     foreigner, makes him a more frank, trustful, optimistic
+     warrior for the truth, and causes him to forget what it means
+     to be downcast in spirit, or what spleen and hypochondria are.
+
+Until he died, in Siberia, in Russia, everywhere, Dr. Alexyeeff worked
+for temperance. He was enthusiastic about it when I saw him and his wife
+in England, in 1907.
+
+Mr. Tchelisheff having been aroused to interest, theoretically, by
+America, via Dr. Alexyeeff, as is fairly proven, it was only natural
+that he should proceed to make the personal observations on the
+practical, social side of drunkenness which he mentions in his Times
+interview. He noticed, during the great famine of 1891, that it was the
+drunkards who had squandered their grain and pawned their possessions
+to the keepers of the dramshops who robbed other men's granaries and
+houses, burned, rioted, and murdered; while the men who did not drink
+had plenty of food and grain to hold out. We are informed from Russia
+that even during its still brief reign prohibition has resulted in
+remarkable improvement in health, living conditions, and bank accounts.
+
+Mr. Tchelisheff is, as I have said, a noteworthy figure in history. He
+would be a remarkable figure in any land; but for those who are not
+acquainted with Russia, the rise of a man born a peasant, educated
+solely by his own efforts on stray newspapers and books which fell in
+his way in his schoolless village, and absolutely lacking in money or
+influence, ("svyazi"--connections, is the Russian version of "pull,") to
+the position of multi-millionaire and co-worker with the Emperor, is
+amazing almost beyond belief. In reality, it is as simple as the rise of
+an American newsboy, of an Edison or a Carnegie to a position of power
+in the United States. Fate, circumstances, as well as their own
+personality are the factors in all these cases; and in every similar
+case.
+
+Moreover, there is in Russia no eternally impassable barrier of caste,
+but there is a genuine democracy which is not easy to define, but is
+very easily felt. For instance, the title of "Prince," (to which, unlike
+that of "Count" or "Baron"--conferrable--one must be born, runs the
+rule, with exceptions for such national heroes as Suvaroff,) counts for
+nothing or approximately that, unless its owner possesses, in addition,
+the wealth, character, learning or other characteristics which would
+render him a man of mark without it.
+
+There are other interesting instances of peasants who have risen high in
+Russia, and Mr. Tchelisheff is their worthy successor. The founder of
+the great silversmiths' firm of Ovtchinnikoff was a serf. His successors
+have made it their rule, "out of gratitude to God," to maintain and
+educate a certain number of poor boys, who, when their intellectual and
+technical training is completed, are free to remain with the firm as
+valued artists or to go forth independently. When the Emperor Alexander
+II. celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of his accession to the
+throne, all the Sovereigns of Europe sent him magnificent presents.
+These are assembled in his library, at the Winter Palace, Petrograd; and
+in the centre--accorded that place by the Russians with equal good
+feeling, good taste, and justice--is a large group in solid silver,
+representing a huge mass of rock upon whose pinnacles stand figures
+representing the different parts of the empire--Little Russia, Siberia,
+and so forth. The inscription reads: "To the Tzar-Liberator from the
+Liberated Serf." It was made by the Ovtchinnikoffs and presented by
+another ex-serf, who had become a millionaire railway magnate.
+
+Mustard Seed No. 2 from America to Russia falls into a somewhat
+different category. It more nearly resembles one of those grains of
+antique wheat found in a tomb and sprouting vigorously when finally
+planted in congenial, helpful soil. I trust that my comparison may not
+be regarded as disrespectful. One could not, willingly, be disrespectful
+to the calendar, any more than to the thermometer!
+
+Russia, by adhering to the Julian Calendar and refusing to adopt the
+Gregorian, has now fallen thirteen days behind the rest of the world. It
+falls behind about a day for every century. There are several reasons
+why Russia has not, up to now, remedied the serious inconvenience caused
+by this conflict of dates. One is--the Gregorian Calendar is Roman
+Catholic, and named after a Pope. It is, also, inaccurate. Worst of all,
+the rectification might--almost infallibly would, under ordinary
+circumstances--cause trouble at the outset, especially in one
+incalculably important direction.
+
+Russian scientists long ago worked out a new calendar far more accurate
+than the Gregorian for thousands of years, and when the change is made
+that calendar will be adopted. The fundamental difficulty lies in the
+fact that all the people whose saints' days must inevitably be skipped
+for the first year in the process of rectification will inevitably feel
+that they are being robbed of their guardian angels, that they are
+"orphans"--a mournful word greatly beloved of the Russian masses under
+multiform circumstances, both material and spiritual--and orphaned in a
+peculiarly distressing and irrevocable way. They might even feel when
+their saints' days came around quite correctly the next year that some
+spurious adventurer--Angel of Darkness--was being foisted upon them.
+
+Fanatics and professional mischief-makers would certainly seize with
+avidity upon such a godsend of a chance, unparalleled since the days of
+Peter the Great's father, when the Patriarch Nikon had the errors of the
+copyists in the Scriptures and church service books corrected. But the
+present war has fused all parties, united all hearts in patriotism,
+loyalty to, and confidence in their Emperor and created a fervid
+inclination amounting to enthusiasm to accept even the most drastic
+reforms he may make cheerfully, unquestionably, as for the good of the
+fatherland.
+
+On the matter of the calendar reform America has for many years past
+been exerting a steadily increasing influence. During the past twenty
+years the steady flow of immigrants from Russia and other countries
+belonging to the Orthodox Catholic Church of the East, (Greco-Russian,)
+has increased to a great volume, and it seems destined to attain still
+greater proportions when the war is over. These people are obliged to
+work and keep holiday by the Gregorian calendar and to worship by the
+Julian. This entails hardships.
+
+For example, a devout Russian who has been forced to remain idle on our
+Christmas and New Year's Days must sacrifice his pay--sometimes risk or
+lose his job--if he wishes to observe the feasts of his own church. A
+reform of the calendar would be hailed with joy by innumerable such
+immigrants, who have been over here long enough to consider calmly the
+practical aspects of a temporary dislocation of saints' days. The
+ecclesiastical authorities in this country have frequently protested,
+in print, both here and in Russia, and I have been informed that the
+Holy Synod has been appealed to, more than once, to induce it to cast
+its influence into the balance with that of the scientists and the
+governmental authorities, who have been discussing the matter for years
+past, and hesitating over the probable consequences of action--a case of
+peasant joining hands with the rulers of Russia, once more like Mr.
+Tchelisheff and the Emperor Nicholas--or the people of the United States
+and the President--to secure a needed reform!
+
+And these same peasant-immigrants in America have, without the shadow of
+a doubt, already written back to their relatives and friends in the old
+country--and very frequently--about the difficulties of the antiquated
+Julian calendar, and these, in turn, can disseminate common sense about
+the change in a way which the Government, aided by the Holy Synod and
+the explanations of home-staying parish priests, unaided, could never
+effect. When the fitting time arrives, perhaps the Russian Government
+will avail itself of just this argument, among others--the welfare of
+friends in distant America. There has never been a propitious time in
+Russia to make that calendar reform since the reign of Peter the Great
+until now. And America may fairly be said to have brought from its dark
+hiding place the mustard seed which has been trying so long to
+germinate, and imparted to it a vivifying impulse.
+
+
+
+
+THE MOTHER'S SONG.
+
+By CECILIA REYNOLDS ROBERTSON.
+
+
+    Hush, oh, my baby, your father's a soldier,
+      He's off to the war, and we've nothing to eat.
+    And the glory is neither for you nor for me,
+      With the cockleburr crushing the wheat.
+
+    Little boy baby, look well on your mother;
+      Some day you may ask why she bore you at all;
+    For the trenches are foul with the blood and the wallow,
+      And the bayonet is sharp for your fall.
+
+    Rest, rosy limbs, and blue eyes and gold lashes--
+      Made in the mold of the Saviour, they say!
+    Drink deep of my bosom, my starved, meagre bosom,
+      That--keeps you alive for the fray.
+
+    Sleep, oh, my man child, and smile in your sleeping,
+      But the gun has been fashioned to lay in your hand,
+    And your life blood flows smooth in your fair little body
+      The better to water and plenish the land!
+
+
+
+
+Pan-American Relations As Affected by the War
+
+Consequences of the European Conflict on Future Commerce Between the
+United States and Latin America
+
+By Huntington Wilson,
+
+_Formerly Assistant Secretary of State_.
+
+
+I.
+
+A study of the effects of the war upon our relations with the other
+republics of this hemisphere involves political, commercial, financial
+and strategic elements of far-reaching scope and much complexity. The
+situation presents an opportunity. It offers a lesson even more vital
+than the opportunity. The political considerations are most relevant to
+the lesson; and the final text of the lesson will be the result of the
+war. The economic opportunity is already upon us, definite and clear. It
+will not wait. It must be grasped without delay and may therefore be
+first discussed.
+
+There is something repellent in counting our advantages under the shadow
+of so great a tragedy but we must try to be as practical as those who
+are fond of accusing us of materialism. Does any one think that the
+steam-roller of admirably organized and Government-fostered German
+competition would pause if we lay in the road; that if we received a
+check, Anglo-Saxon cousinship and fair play would always mitigate
+British competition; or that then not a single European merchant in
+South America would ever again use scorn and detraction against our
+goods, or encourage, through influence with the press, prejudice due to
+"Yankee peril" nonsense? In short, is it likely that all our
+competitors would suddenly love us just because we were in trouble? No,
+things are not as they should be and meanwhile must be dealt with as
+they are.
+
+There used to be apparently very little hope of our shaking the tree and
+gathering the golden fruit of foreign enterprise unless forced to it by
+the collapse, through dire hard times, of the wonderful home market
+which has made spoiled children of our manufacturers. Now comes this
+war. It forces upon us a wonderful, a unique opportunity to gain and
+hold our proper place in the finance, trade, and enterprise of Latin
+America. The richness of the field is often exaggerated, but its
+cultivation is certainly worth the effort of men of foresight.
+
+What are we going to do about it? This is the question; for if American
+business men do not do their part the ultimate effect of the war upon
+our economic interests in this part of the world will be unimportant. We
+must not be like the young gold miners who were looking exclusively for
+large nuggets with handles. We must go at it seriously and
+scientifically and solidly, not superficially, casually, and
+opportunistically. We must begin with the earnest intention of
+continuing our efforts for all time.
+
+An enthusiastic commercial spasm will be worth nothing. There have got
+to be real efforts, real hard work, the expenditure of money for future
+and not merely immediate profits, a cheerful readiness to discard old
+and cherished methods, a new adaptability, a new painstaking attention
+to details. There has got to be serious study of foreign countries and
+keen interest in our relations to them. Without all this, mailing
+catalogues, (usually in English,) banquets and speeches and
+organizations will take us nowhere.
+
+American business men are bestirring themselves. They know that we need
+ships to carry our goods advantageously, and banks for the favorable
+financing of our trade. They should be able to compel our Government's
+support where needful, as in a ship subsidy or a limited guarantee of
+reasonable profit to American investment in ships. In connection with
+our efforts at Caribbean commerce, as another instance, they should be
+able to get a flexible sliding scale tariff provision passed by
+Congress, so that, in dealing with the countries whose coffee or other
+special products we buy, we could induce them to give us for our exports
+reciprocal advantages over our competitors. Indeed, a kind of Caribbean
+tariff union might well be feasible and desirable.
+
+So long ago as last August the British Government sent all over the
+world for samples and specifications of German goods which their
+manufacturers might contrive to displace. We should take corresponding
+action in regard to the goods of our competitors. Our manufacturers
+should be reconciled to sending to find out what each market wants
+instead of asking a population to take or leave what we make. Our
+commercial campaign should include the effort to replace goods from one
+belligerent country formerly handled by local merchants from another
+belligerent country, such as British goods previously sold through the
+German houses which so abound in these countries.
+
+Good men from small countries without political significance in
+world-politics already make their influence felt as employes of foreign
+Governments and as merchants in foreign countries. The war may set free
+many more men and send them about the world to work for their own
+interests, for the country they most believe in, and perhaps ultimately
+for an adopted country. International commerce must have its courtiers,
+and the good will of all such men should also be reckoned with. They
+spread friendship or prejudice against us. Many of them are importers
+and will push our goods or some one else's according to the manner in
+which we deal with them.
+
+American manufacturers are doubtless weary of being told that they pack
+badly, that they are niggardly about credits, that they do not send
+enough or sufficiently qualified representatives, that they are careless
+of details, and so on. Still, before mentioning some further particular
+steps that should be taken, it is necessary to emphasize the fact that
+these same old faults are, and until corrected must remain, the chief
+detriments to our foreign trade.
+
+In some of the republics there is a real disposition to deal with us; in
+others there is a preference for Europe. Now, as to many goods, they
+must deal with us or go without, although I am informed that a German
+firm, for example, has got word to its clients in these countries that
+it is prepared to fill orders via Copenhagen. If we think that our
+competitors have gone entirely or permanently out of business we shall
+be ridiculously and sadly disappointed. We shall be on trial, and if our
+exporters make good they will find a conservative disposition to
+continue to buy from us.
+
+In the effort it is important to remember that there is much to live
+down in criticism of methods of the past. One Latin-American gentleman,
+an enthusiast for American commerce, exclaimed to me in despair: "Son
+hombres capazes de poner una hacha Collins con vidrios para ventanas,"
+which means: "they (the American exporters) are capable of packing a
+Collins hatchet with window glass." Others told me how leading firms
+always stamped their letters for domestic and not foreign postage. The
+office boy simply would not learn geography. Nobody minded paying the
+deficit, but through local red tape this seeming trifle sometimes caused
+two or even three weeks' delay in the delivery of important letters.
+
+Certain of our strongest firms have been calmly ignoring shipping
+directions. What did they care if the packages had to cross the Andes on
+mule back, and if mules could only carry packages of a certain size and
+weight? What did they care if the duty remission for materials on some
+Government contract, or the customs classification of a shipment,
+depended on adherence to specific directions? I could multiply examples
+of the most amazing casualness and careless disregard, of bad packing,
+of ungenerous credit, which have enraged the importer.
+
+A European merchant, many years established in a South American city,
+and knowing the community, has been selling pianos in this way: The
+manufacturer would quote him a price and deliver the piano, giving him
+long credit at an ordinary rate of interest. The merchant would finally
+sell the piano on the installment plan, receiving interest at a higher
+rate on the deferred payments, the merchant trusting the buyer, the
+manufacturer trusting the merchant, both thus making good profits, and
+the purchaser being accommodated. This man found the American
+manufacturer entirely unwilling to deal in this way.
+
+European houses on the spot, whether independent or financed by large
+home houses, give credits for as long, sometimes, as a year. They would
+not continue to do so if they lost by doing it. Often this fits the
+customs of the local domestic trade. In one country the local retailer
+is expected to be paid within eighteen months. Naturally, our exporters'
+demand for "cash down on receipt of documents," even when the customer
+is well vouched for, does not appeal to him.
+
+He prefers to get long credit from a European house, and pay interest
+for it, rather than to borrow from his bank at high interest or sink his
+own capital to pay for American goods, long before he gets them, their
+price plus the profit of a commission house. Indeed, he is generally
+dissatisfied with the methods of American export trade as now conducted,
+which is almost exclusively through commission houses. These, it seems,
+might become more efficient through organization and more aggressive and
+scientific methods.
+
+On the other hand, the export trade of certain of the big combinations
+is beginning to be pushed with commendable zeal and efficiency. Trade at
+large, to reach its greatest volume, must include the pushing of smaller
+lines of goods. These smaller lines, in the aggregate, would reach
+considerable sums, and it does not appear that there have hitherto
+existed efficient agencies for their marketing. To hold Latin-American
+trade we must equal our competitors in liberality of credits, in
+representation on the spot, and in other facilities.
+
+There is no doubt that more American merchants resident in the trade
+centres would give valuable impetus to our commerce. Even our commission
+houses operating on the spot are so few that in handling many lines
+there is the greatest danger of their sacrificing the building up of a
+steady trade to the opportunities of unduly heavy profits now and then,
+and so damaging our general commercial interests. Then we must send many
+commercial travelers.
+
+Just here, however, it cannot be too strongly emphasized that Americans
+sent to these countries to do business must above all be men of
+agreeable manners. In these countries many quite unworthy people have
+these: so a good man who lacks them is likely to be badly misjudged.
+They should have sympathetic personality and sufficient education,
+besides being men of sobriety and good character, and should be able to
+speak the language of the country.
+
+All this will be expensive, but non-competing firms might join in
+sending men, or competing firms might, it is hoped, be guaranteed
+against the terrors of the Sherman law in order to join in sending a
+corps of representatives upon some basis of division of the field or
+the profits. Combination is even more necessary abroad to put forth the
+nation's strength in world competition than it is for efficiency at
+home. These men would be students and salesmen, and perhaps future
+merchants who would settle in these countries and emulate the patriotic
+groups of resident foreigners who in so many places help to form an
+atmosphere favorable to their countries' interests.
+
+They would work to replace with our goods those now shut off by the war,
+but also to introduce dozens of lines of American products which are now
+comparatively hard to find in these markets. A number of strong firms
+might join to establish commercial houses or selling agencies in trade
+centres of certain groups of countries. Commission houses might do the
+same if they carried samples and instructed their clients in packing,
+credits, &c., but in each case there should be American houses on the
+spot which would carry general lines and supply to the eye that visible
+evidence of the goods themselves which is such a valuable form of
+advertisement.
+
+In the establishment of American houses in these countries, as in many
+other respects, much may be learned from the Germans. They bring out
+carefully selected young men. These, if efficient, have sure promotion.
+The partners retire before old age to make room for those who work up.
+The inefficient are dropped. It is a little like the principle of a good
+foreign service.
+
+I think the most minute study should be given, first, to the nearer
+countries, say those north of the Equator, including the republics of
+the Caribbean. Each country must be separately studied. Primarily, there
+will be found a cry, sometimes desperate, for capital. Public works,
+concessionary and otherwise, have stopped for lack of funds from Europe.
+New developments in railroad building, mining, harbor works,
+plantations, are arrested. Where European credits have been customarily
+used to handle crops, there is distress, and no less so in cases in
+which such credit has previously been given by ostensibly American
+houses operating really with European capital.
+
+American capital may come to the rescue by advances upon good security
+through local banks. It can establish banks or buy controlling interests
+in existing banks, many of which pay their stockholders 15 per cent. or
+more. It can relieve the stagnation and make profitable investment by an
+active campaign for public and private contracts and for sound and fair
+concessions, not visionary or get-rich-too-quick schemes.
+
+Supposably, the repairing of the destruction brought by the war will
+make European capital scarce for some years, but an effort will
+doubtless be made to retain for it its former preponderance in these
+countries; and so it is important that, whatever the war's effects upon
+our own money markets, use should be made of such an opportunity as does
+not come more than once.
+
+To be sure, the scarcity of money in the United States makes this
+difficult, but the same worldwide money scarcity will secure an
+especially high rate of interest in Latin America, where even in normal
+times money can often be placed on excellent security in some of the
+countries, and at a rate very high indeed compared to that prevailing
+now in the United States. For safe investments with such a margin of
+profit, it is to be hoped that money, even if dear at home, will be
+forthcoming.
+
+Undoubtedly the purchasing power of these republics has been hard hit by
+the cutting off of credits and markets by the war, as their Governments
+have been hard hit through the falling off of revenues from import
+duties. Some of the Governments will require foreign loans. Capital, I
+repeat--and I mean really American capital--is the urgent need. We are
+not asked to make them a present of capital to buy our goods with, but
+if we do not help finance them and buy their products they will have
+nothing with which to buy our goods.
+
+The situation invites us to give capital and credit to take the place of
+the European supply which has failed. One need not fear that the returns
+will be uninviting, for Europe would hardly have been supplying credit
+and capital to Latin America as a mere matter of amiability. Thus our
+capital must regenerate Latin-American prosperity, while our bankers,
+merchants, and manufacturers are engaged in making solid, permanent
+arrangements, not opportunistic ones, to take possession of a great
+share in the present and still more in the growing future development
+and commerce of these countries. Capital, then, and credit are the first
+requisites.
+
+The war has had the effect of making the Latin-American countries
+realize for once the economic importance to them of the United States.
+The products of some, like the tin of Bolivia and the nitrates of Chile,
+have been going almost entirely to Europe. Several republics suffer the
+more acutely in proportion to their previous failure to cultivate
+financial and commercial relations with the United States.
+
+They now feel this and are compelled to a mood receptive to our
+advances. More, they are forced to seek new markets for their goods just
+as they are forced to buy some of ours. In this way there should come
+about new exports to the United States, and there should spring up there
+the corresponding new industries and habits of consumption, to the
+ultimate benefit of all the countries concerned.
+
+Meanwhile, the United States is the only present economic hope of a
+number of the republics. It is to be hoped that our capitalists and
+business men will realize the responsibilities as well as the
+opportunities of profit in the role they are asked to play, and that
+their response to their new opportunities will be one of courage,
+thoroughness and intelligence, and one also of quiet patriotism.
+
+
+II.
+
+POLITICAL POTENTIALITIES.
+
+Turning from the opportunity to the lesson, from the commercial and
+economic aspects of this question to those that are political in the
+large sense, one's imagination is appalled at the potentialities of the
+yet unknown results of so vast an upheaval. Yet we must envisage some of
+these if we are to be prepared for their effect upon us. We must be
+ready for the impact of the resultant forces of these great dynamics. We
+must be ready everywhere, but nowhere more than in our relations with
+Latin America, in the zone of the Caribbean, and wherever the Monroe
+Doctrine as still interpreted gives us a varying degree of
+responsibility.
+
+The war's first effect upon our Latin-American relations is to compel
+through commercial and financial rapprochement a larger measure of
+material interdependence, more contact, and, we may hope, a substitution
+of knowledge for the former reciprocity of ignorance. All this makes for
+better social and intellectual relations, good understanding and
+friendship, and so for political relations much more substantial in the
+case of many of the republics than the rather flimsy Pan-Americanism
+celebrated in eloquent speeches and futile international conferences.
+
+There is little in Pan-Americanism of that kind. The "raza Latina" of
+eloquence is not itself homogeneous; still less so is the population of
+the whole hemisphere. And with Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, and
+Santiago we have, of course, far less propinquity than we have with the
+capitals of Europe. But what we really can do is to build up, especially
+with the nearer republics, real ties of common interest and good
+neighborhood, and with the distant ones ties of commerce and esteem.
+
+The war may tend to cure certain rather self-centred countries of
+affecting the morbid view that the people of the United States are lying
+awake nights contriving to devour them, when, in fact, it would be hard
+to find in a crowded street in the United States one in a thousand of
+the passersby who knew more than the name, at most, of one of those very
+few countries referred to.
+
+Europe's preoccupation with the war temporarily deprives such a country
+and its few misguided prophets whose monomania is dread of that chimera,
+the "Colossus of the North," of the pastime of nestling up to Europe in
+the hope of annoying us. It postpones, too, the hope of the morbid ones
+that we shall come to war with a powerful enemy. Now, perhaps, even
+these will appreciate the remark of a diplomatist of a certain weak
+country in contact with European powers, who once said: "If we only had
+the United States for a neighbor! What I can't understand is that your
+neighbors do not realize their good luck." Turning from these
+exceptional phenomena, the very fact of the war leaves the United States
+in a general position of greater political prestige.
+
+Whatever the upshot of the European tragedy, its political and
+psychological consequences are likely to be great. If it result in new
+national divisions upon racial lines of more reality, who knows but that
+the awakened spirits of nationality will germinate fresh military
+ambitions? Or will the horrors of the war force political reforms and
+the search for assurance in more democratic institutions against any
+repetition of those horrors? And is popular government an assurance
+against useless war while men remain warlike even when not military?
+
+Except from the successful countries or from those where disaster has
+brought such sobering change that men can return to work heartened with
+new hope, when the war is over there is likely to be a heavy emigration
+of disgusted people. Possibly even victory will be so dear that men will
+emigrate from a country half prostrate in its triumph. Many will come as
+the Puritans came, and as the bulk of our own excellent Germanic element
+came, and will cast in their lot with a new nation. We shall get a good
+share, but doubtless some will go to the republics of the far South, and
+some to the highlands of the tropics and through the canal to the West
+Coast. If so, this will tend gradually toward increased production and
+purchasing power, as well as toward a leavening of social, political,
+and economic conditions of life.
+
+If the war were indecisive or left all the combatants more or less
+prostrated, peaceful immigration might give a big impulse to the
+gradual growing up of powerful States in the temperate zone of the
+extreme South. The situation there, and the evolution of our own power,
+make it perhaps even now fair to consider the question of regarding as
+optional in any given case the assertion by us of the Monroe Doctrine
+much below the equator, let us say, beyond which it may possibly be
+doubtful whether we have nowadays much reason for special interest.
+
+But, even so, our relations to South America and our obligations under
+the Monroe Doctrine, in spite of the blessed fortifications of the
+Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, leave us where it is tempting fate to be
+without a navy of the first magnitude, and a big merchant marine. We
+have seen what happened to Belgium and Luxemburg. We have seen how even
+some of the most enlightened nations can still make force their god.
+Nations learn slowly, and there are perhaps some new big ones coming on,
+like China.
+
+If the war is a fight to a finish, and the Allies triumph, we can
+imagine Russia, with its teeming millions of people, occupied for a
+while in the Near East; Japan consolidating her position in the Far
+East, an increasingly powerful neighbor to us in the Philippines, the
+Hawaiian Islands, and the Pacific Ocean; France still a great power; and
+England as a world power of uncomfortably ubiquitous strength, able to
+challenge the Monroe Doctrine at will.
+
+Or, let us suppose that Germany should triumph and that German
+emigration should swarm into the Caribbean countries, or into Brazil or
+some other country where there is already a large German colony--elated,
+triumphant Germans, not Germans disgusted by a disastrous war. Would
+Germany be likely to heed the Monroe Doctrine, or would it be only
+another "scrap of paper"?
+
+In the present stage of civilization the safety of America should not be
+left dependent upon the forbearance of any power that may emerge
+dangerously strong from the war or that may otherwise arise. The
+obligations and rights of our Latin-American relations, under the Monroe
+Doctrine and otherwise, like our security and our efficiency as a force
+for peace and good in the world, demand a big navy, a merchant marine,
+and the self-discipline and safeguard of adequate military preparedness.
+The need of these and of a diplomacy of intelligent self-interest,
+continuity, and intense nationalism is the lesson brought home to us by
+the European war in its effects upon our Latin-American relations as
+well as upon our general position as a great power.
+
+
+
+
+AN EASTER MESSAGE
+
+By BEATRICE BARRY.
+
+
+    Into what depths of misery thou art hurled,
+    Belgium, thou second Saviour of the World!
+      Thou who hast died
+    For all of Europe, lo, we bathe thy feet
+    So cruelly pierced, and find the service sweet,
+      Thou crucified.
+
+    But though we mourn thy agony and loss,
+    And weep beneath the shadow of thy cross--
+      We know the day
+    That brings the resurrection and the life
+    Shall dawn for thee when war and all its strife
+      Hath passed away.
+
+    Then, out of all her travail and her pain,
+    Belgium, though crushed to earth, shall rise again;
+      And on the sod
+    Whence sprang a race so strong, so free from guile,
+    Men shall behold, in just a little while,
+      The smile of God.
+
+    Land of the brave--soon, by God's grace, the free--
+    Thy woe is transient; joy shall come to thee;
+      It cannot fail.
+    The darkest night gives way to rosy dawn,
+    And thou, perchance, shalt see on Easter morn,
+      The Holy Grail.
+
+
+
+
+An Interview on the War With Henry James
+
+By Preston Lockwood
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, March 21, 1915.]
+
+
+One of the compensations of the war, which we ought to take advantage
+of, is the chance given the general public to approach on the personal
+side some of the distinguished men who have not hitherto lived much in
+the glare of the footlights. Henry James has probably done this as
+little as any one; he has enjoyed for upward of forty years a reputation
+not confined to his own country, has published a long succession of
+novels, tales, and critical papers, and yet has apparently so delighted
+in reticence as well as in expression that he has passed his seventieth
+year without having responsibly "talked" for publication or figured for
+it otherwise than pen in hand.
+
+Shortly after the outbreak of the war Mr. James found himself, to his
+professed great surprise, Chairman of the American Volunteer Motor
+Ambulance Corps, now at work in France, and today, at the end of three
+months of bringing himself to the point, has granted me, as a
+representative of THE NEW YORK TIMES, an interview. What this departure
+from the habit of a lifetime means to him he expressed at the outset:
+
+"I can't put," Mr. James said, speaking with much consideration and
+asking that his punctuation as well as his words should be noted, "my
+devotion and sympathy for the cause of our corps more strongly than in
+permitting it thus to overcome my dread of the assault of the
+interviewer, whom I have deprecated, all these years, with all the force
+of my preference for saying myself and without superfluous aid, without
+interference in the guise of encouragement and cheer, anything I may
+think worth my saying. Nothing is worth my saying that I cannot help
+myself out with better, I hold, than even the most suggestive young
+gentleman with a notebook can help me. It may be fatuous of me, but,
+believing myself possessed of some means of expression, I feel as if I
+were sadly giving it away when, with the use of it urgent, I don't
+gratefully employ it, but appeal instead to the art of somebody else."
+
+It was impossible to be that "somebody else," or, in other words, the
+person privileged to talk with Mr. James, to sit in presence of his fine
+courtesy and earnestness, without understanding the sacrifice he was
+making, and making only because he had finally consented to believe that
+it would help the noble work of relief which a group of young Americans,
+mostly graduates of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, are carrying on along
+their stretch of the fighting line in Northern France.
+
+Mr. James frankly desired his remarks to bear only on the merits of the
+American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps. It enjoys today the fullest
+measure of his appreciation and attention; it appeals deeply to his
+benevolent instincts, and he gives it sympathy and support as one who
+has long believed, and believes more than ever, in spite of everything,
+at this international crisis, in the possible development of "closer
+communities and finer intimacies" between America and Great Britain,
+between the country of his birth and the country, as he puts it, of his
+"shameless frequentation."
+
+There are many people who are eloquent about the war, who are
+authorities on the part played in it by the motor ambulance and who take
+an interest in the good relations of Great Britain and the United
+States; but there is nobody who can tell us, as Mr. James can, about
+style and the structure of sentences, and all that appertains to the
+aspect and value of words. Now and then in what here follows he speaks
+familiarly of these things for the first time in his life, not by any
+means because he jumped at the chance, but because his native kindness,
+whether consciously or unconsciously, seemed so ready to humor the
+insisting inquirer.
+
+"It is very difficult," he said, seeking to diminish the tension so
+often felt by a journalist, even at the moment of a highly appreciated
+occasion, "to break into graceful license after so long a life of
+decorum; therefore you must excuse me if my egotism doesn't run very
+free or my complacency find quite the right turns."
+
+He had received me in the offices of the corps, businesslike rooms,
+modern for London, low-ceiled and sparely furnished. It was not by any
+means the sort of setting in which as a reader of Henry James I had
+expected to run to earth the author of "The Golden Bowl," but the place
+is, nevertheless, today, in the tension of war time, one of the few
+approaches to a social resort outside his Chelsea home where he can be
+counted on. Even that delightful Old World retreat, Lamb House, Rye, now
+claims little of his time.
+
+The interviewer spoke of the waterside Chelsea and Mr. James's long
+knowledge of it, but, sitting not overmuch at his ease and laying a
+friendly hand on the shoulder of his tormentor, he spoke, instead, of
+motor ambulances, making the point, in the interest of clearness, that
+the American Ambulance Corps of Neuilly, though an organization with
+which Richard Norton's corps is in the fullest sympathy, does not come
+within the scope of his remarks.
+
+"I find myself Chairman of our Corps Committee for no great reason that
+I can discover save my being the oldest American resident here
+interested in its work; at the same time that if I render a scrap of
+help by putting on record my joy even in the rather ineffectual
+connection so far as 'doing' anything is concerned, I needn't say how
+welcome you are to my testimony. What I mainly seem to grasp, I should
+say, is that in regard to testifying at all unlimitedly by the aid of
+the newspapers, I have to reckon with a certain awkwardness in our
+position. Here comes up, you see, the question of our reconciling a
+rather indispensable degree of reserve as to the detail of our activity
+with the general American demand for publicity at any price. There are
+ways in which the close presence of war challenges the whole claim for
+publicity; and I need hardly say that this general claim has been
+challenged, practically, by the present horrific complexity of things at
+the front, as neither the Allies themselves nor watching neutrals have
+ever seen it challenged before. The American public is, of course,
+little used to not being able to hear, and hear as an absolute right,
+about anything that the press may suggest that it ought to hear about;
+so that nothing may be said ever to happen anywhere that it doesn't
+count on having reported to it, hot and hot, as the phrase is, several
+times a day. We were the first American ambulance corps in the field,
+and we have a record of more than four months' continuous service with
+one of the French armies, but the rigor of the objection to our taking
+the world into our intimate confidence is not only shown by our still
+unbroken inability to report in lively installments, but receives also a
+sidelight from the fact that numerous like private corps maintained by
+donations on this side of the sea are working at the front without the
+least commemoration of their deeds--that is, without a word of
+journalistic notice.
+
+"I hope that by the time these possibly too futile remarks of mine come
+to such light as may await them Mr. Norton's report of our general case
+may have been published, and nothing would give the committee greater
+pleasure than that some such controlled statement on our behalf, best
+proceeding from the scene of action itself, should occasionally appear.
+The ideal would, of course, be that exactly the right man, at exactly
+the right moment, should report exactly the right facts, in exactly the
+right manner, and when that happy consummation becomes possible we shall
+doubtless revel in funds."
+
+Mr. James had expressed himself with such deliberation and hesitation
+that I was reminded of what I had heard of all the verbal alterations
+made by him in novels and tales long since published; to the point, we
+are perhaps incorrectly told of replacing a "she answered" by a "she
+indefinitely responded."
+
+I should, indeed, mention that on my venturing to put to Mr. James a
+question or two about his theory of such changes he replied that no
+theory could be stated, at any rate in the off-hand manner that I seemed
+to invite, without childish injustice to the various considerations by
+which a writer is moved. These determinant reasons differ with the
+context and the relations of parts to parts and to the total sense in a
+way of which no a priori account can be given.
+
+"I dare say I strike you," he went on, "as rather bewilderedly weighing
+my words; but I may perhaps explain my so doing very much as I the other
+day heard a more interesting fact explained. A distinguished English
+naval expert happened to say to me that the comparative non-production
+of airships in this country indicated, in addition to other causes, a
+possible limitation of the British genius in that direction, and then on
+my asking him why that class of craft shouldn't be within the compass of
+the greatest makers of sea-ships, replied, after brief reflection:
+'Because the airship is essentially a bad ship, and we English can't
+make a bad ship well enough.' Can you pardon," Mr. James asked, "my
+making an application of this to the question of one's amenability or
+plasticity to the interview? The airship of the interview is for me a
+bad ship, and I can't make a bad ship well enough."
+
+Catching Mr. James's words as they came was not very difficult; but
+there was that in the manner of his speech that cannot be put on paper,
+the delicate difference between the word recalled and the word allowed
+to stand, the earnestness of the massive face and alert eye, tempered by
+the genial "comment of the body," as R.L. Stevenson has it.
+
+Henry James does not look his seventy years. He has a finely shaped
+head, and a face, at once strong and serene, which the painter and the
+sculptor may well have liked to interpret. Indeed, in fine appreciation
+they have so wrought. Derwent Wood's admirable bust, purchased from last
+year's Royal Academy, shown by the Chantrey Fund, will be permanently
+placed in the Tate Gallery, and those who fortunately know Sargent's
+fine portrait, to be exhibited in the Sargent Room at the San Francisco
+Exhibition, will recall its having been slashed into last year by the
+militant suffragettes, though now happily restored to such effect that
+no trace of the outrage remains.
+
+Mr. James has a mobile mouth, a straight nose, a forehead which has
+thrust back the hair from the top of his commanding head, although it is
+thick at the sides over the ears, and repeats in its soft gray the color
+of his kindly eyes. Before taking in these physical facts one receives
+an impression of benignity and amenity not often conveyed, even by the
+most distinguished. And, taking advantage of this amiability, I asked if
+certain words just used should be followed by a dash, and even boldly
+added: "Are you not famous, Mr. James, for the use of dashes?"
+
+"Dash my fame!" he impatiently replied. "And remember, please, that
+dogmatizing about punctuation is exactly as foolish as dogmatizing about
+any other form of communication with the reader. All such forms depend
+on the kind of thing one is doing and the kind of effect one intends to
+produce. Dashes, it seems almost platitudinous to say, have their
+particular representative virtue, their quickening force, and, to put it
+roughly, strike both the familiar and the emphatic note, when those are
+the notes required, with a felicity beyond either the comma or the
+semicolon; though indeed a fine sense for the semicolon, like any sort
+of sense at all for the pluperfect tense and the subjunctive mood, on
+which the whole perspective in a sentence may depend, seems anything but
+common. Does nobody ever notice the calculated use by French writers of
+a short series of suggestive points in the current of their prose? I
+confess to a certain shame for my not employing frankly that shade of
+indication, a finer shade still than the dash.... But what on earth are
+we talking about?" And the Chairman of the Corps Committee pulled
+himself up in deprecation of our frivolity, which I recognized by
+acknowledging that we might indeed hear more about the work done and
+doing at the front by Richard Norton and his energetic and devoted
+co-workers. Then I plunged recklessly to draw my victim.
+
+"May not a large part of the spirit which animates these young men be a
+healthy love of adventure?" I asked.
+
+The question seemed to open up such depths that Mr. James considered a
+moment and began:
+
+"I, of course, don't personally know many of our active associates, who
+naturally waste very little time in London. But, since you ask me, I
+prefer to think of them as moved, first and foremost, not by the idea of
+the fun or the sport they may have, or of the good thing they may make
+of the job for themselves, but by that of the altogether exceptional
+chance opened to them of acting blessedly and savingly for others,
+though indeed if we come to that there is no such sport in the world as
+so acting when anything in the nature of risk or exposure is attached.
+The horrors, the miseries, the monstrosities they are in presence of are
+so great surely as not to leave much of any other attitude over when
+intelligent sympathy has done its best.
+
+"Personally I feel so strongly on everything that the war has brought
+into question for the Anglo-Saxon peoples that humorous detachment or
+any other thinness or tepidity of mind on the subject affects me as
+vulgar impiety, not to say as rank blasphemy; our whole race tension
+became for me a sublimely conscious thing from the moment Germany flung
+at us all her explanation of her pounce upon Belgium for massacre and
+ravage in the form of the most insolent, 'Because I choose to, damn you
+all!' recorded in history.
+
+"The pretension to smashing world rule by a single people, in virtue of
+a monopoly of every title, every gift and every right, ought perhaps to
+confound us more by its grotesqueness than to alarm us by its energy;
+but never do cherished possessions, whether of the hand or of the
+spirit, become so dear to us as when overshadowed by vociferous
+aggression. How can one help seeing that such aggression, if hideously
+successful in Europe, would, with as little loss of time as possible,
+proceed to apply itself to the American side of the world, and how can
+one, therefore, not feel that the Allies are fighting to the death for
+the soul and the purpose and the future that are in _us_, for the
+defense of every ideal that has most guided our growth and that most
+assures our unity?
+
+"Of course, since you ask me, my many years of exhibited attachment to
+the conditions of French and of English life, with whatever fond play of
+reflection and reaction may have been involved in it, make it inevitable
+that these countries should peculiarly appeal to me at the hour of their
+peril, their need and their heroism, and I am glad to declare that,
+though I had supposed I knew what that attachment was, I find I have any
+number of things more to learn about it. English life, wound up to the
+heroic pitch, is at present most immediately before me, and I can
+scarcely tell you what a privilege I feel it to share the inspiration
+and see further revealed the character of this decent and dauntless
+people.
+
+"However, I am indeed as far as you may suppose from assuming that what
+you speak to me of as the 'political' bias is the only ground on which
+the work of our corps for the Allies should appeal to the American
+public. Political, I confess, has become for me in all this a loose and
+question-begging term, but if we must resign ourselves to it as
+explaining some people's indifference, let us use a much better one for
+inviting their confidence. It will do beautifully well if givers and
+workers and helpers are moved by intelligent human pity, and they are
+with us abundantly enough if they feel themselves simply roused by, and
+respond to, the most awful exhibition of physical and moral anguish the
+world has ever faced, and which it is the strange fate of our actual
+generations to see unrolled before them. We welcome any lapse of logic
+that may connect inward vagueness with outward zeal, if it be the zeal
+of subscribers, presenters or drivers of cars, or both at once,
+stretcher-bearers, lifters, healers, consolers, handy Anglo-French
+interpreters, (these extremely precious,) smoothers of the way; in
+short, after whatever fashion. We ask of nobody any waste of moral or of
+theoretic energy, nor any conviction of any sort, but that the job is
+inspiring and the honest, educated man a match for it.
+
+"If I seem to cast doubt on any very driving intelligence of the great
+issue as a source of sympathy with us, I think this is because I have
+been struck, whenever I have returned to my native land, by the
+indifference of Americans at large to the concerns and preoccupations of
+Europe. This indifference has again and again seemed to me quite beyond
+measure or description, though it may be in a degree suggested by the
+absence throughout the many-paged American newspaper of the least
+mention of a European circumstance unless some not-to-be-blinked war or
+revolution, or earthquake or other cataclysm has happened to apply the
+lash to curiosity. The most comprehensive journalistic formula that I
+have found myself, under that observation, reading into the general case
+is the principle that the first duty of the truly appealing sheet in a
+given community is to teach every individual reached by it--every man,
+woman and child--to count on appearing there, in their habit as they
+live, if they will only wait for their turn.
+
+"However," he continued, "my point is simply my plea for patience with
+our enterprise even at the times when we can't send home sensational
+figures. 'They also serve who only stand and wait,' and the essence of
+our utility, as of that of any ambulance corps, is just to be there, on
+any and every contingency, including the blessed contingency of a
+temporary drop in the supply of the wounded turned out and taken
+on--since such comparative intermissions occur. Ask our friends, I beg
+you, to rid themselves of the image of our working on schedule time or
+on guarantee of a maximum delivery; we are dependent on the humors of
+battle, on incalculable rushes and lapses, on violent outbreaks of
+energy which rage and pass and are expressly designed to bewilder. It is
+not for the poor wounded to oblige us by making us showy, but for us to
+let them count on our open arms and open lap as troubled children count
+on those of their mother. It is now to be said, moreover, that our
+opportunity of service threatens inordinately to grow; such things may
+any day begin to occur at the front as will make what we have up to now
+been able to do mere child's play, though some of our help has been
+rendered when casualties were occurring at the rate, say, of 5,000 in
+twenty minutes, which ought, on the whole, to satisfy us. In face of
+such enormous facts of destruction--"
+
+Here Mr. James broke off as if these facts were, in their horror, too
+many and too much for him. But after another moment he explained his
+pause.
+
+"One finds it in the midst of all this as hard to apply one's words as
+to endure one's thoughts. The war has used up words; they have weakened,
+they have deteriorated like motor car tires; they have, like millions of
+other things, been more overstrained and knocked about and voided of the
+happy semblance during the last six months than in all the long ages
+before, and we are now confronted with a depreciation of all our terms,
+or, otherwise speaking, with a loss of expression through increase of
+limpness, that may well make us wonder what ghosts will be left to
+walk."
+
+This sounded rather desperate, yet the incorrigible interviewer,
+conscious of the wane of his only chance, ventured to glance at the
+possibility of a word or two on the subject of Mr. James's present
+literary intentions. But the kindly hand here again was raised, and the
+mild voice became impatient.
+
+"Pardon my not touching on any such irrelevance. All I want is to invite
+the public, as unblushingly as possible, to take all the interest in us
+it can; which may be helped by knowing that our bankers are Messrs.
+Brown Brothers & Co., 59 Wall Street, New York City, and that checks
+should be made payable to the American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps."
+
+
+
+
+A Talk With Belgium's Governor
+
+By Edward Lyall Fox
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April 11, 1915.]
+
+Copyright, 1915, by the Wildman News Service.
+
+
+"It would have been a very grave mistake not to have invaded Belgium.
+It would have been an unforgivable military blunder. I justify the
+invading of Belgium on absolute military grounds. What other grounds are
+there worth while talking about when a nation is in a war for its
+existence?"
+
+It is the ruler of German Belgium speaking. The stern, serious-faced
+Governor General von Bissing, whom they call "Iron Fist," the man who
+crushes out sedition. Returning, I had just come up from the front
+around Lille, and almost the only clothes I had were those on my back;
+and the mud of the trenches still clung to my boots and puttees in
+yellow cakes. They were not the most proper clothes in which to meet
+King Albert's successor, but in field gray I had to go.
+
+The Governor General received me in a dainty Louis Quinze room done in
+rose and French gray, and filled incongruously with delicate chairs and
+heavy brocaded curtains, a background which instantly you felt precisely
+suited his Excellency. In the English newspapers, which, by the way, are
+not barred from Berlin cafes, I had read of his Excellency as the "Iron
+Fist," or the "Heavy Heel," and I rather expected to see a heavy,
+domineering man. Instead, a slender, stealthy man in the uniform of a
+General rose from behind a tapestry topped table, revealing, as he did,
+a slight stoop in his back, perhaps a trifle foppish. He held out a
+long-fingered hand.
+
+General von Bissing spoke no English. Somehow I imagined him to be one
+of those old German patriots who did not learn the language simply
+because it was English. Through Lieut. Herrmann I asked the Governor
+General what Germany was doing toward the reconstruction of Belgium. I
+told him America, when I had left, was under the impression that
+Belgium was a land utterly laid waste by the German armies. I frankly
+told him that in America the common belief was that the German military
+Government meant tyranny; what was Germany doing for Belgium?
+
+"I think," replied Governor General von Bissing, "that we are doing
+everything that can be done under the circumstances. Those farm lands
+which you saw, coming up from Lille to Brussels, were planted by German
+soldiers and in the Spring they will be harvested by our soldiers.
+Belgium has not been devastated, and its condition has been grievously
+misstated, as you have seen. You must remember that the armies have
+passed back and forth across it--German, Belgian, English, and
+French--but I think you have seen that only in the paths of these armies
+has the countryside suffered. Where engagements were not fought or shots
+fired, Belgium is as it was.
+
+"There has been no systematic devastation for the purpose of
+intimidating the people. You will learn this if you go all over Belgium.
+As for the cities, we are doing the best we can to encourage business.
+Of course, with things the way they are now, it is difficult. I can only
+ask you to go down one of the principal business streets here, the Rue
+de la Neuf, for instance, and price the articles that you find in the
+shops and compare them with the Berlin prices. The merchants of Brussels
+are not having to sacrifice their stock by cutting prices, and, equally
+important, there are people buying. I can unhesitatingly say that things
+are progressing favorably in Belgium."
+
+The conversation turned upon Belgian and English relations before this
+war. The Governor General mentioned documentary evidence found in the
+archives in Brussels, proving an understanding between these countries
+against Germany. He spoke briefly about the point that the subjects of
+King Albert had been betrayed into the hands of English financiers and
+then laconically said: "The people of Belgium are politically
+undisciplined children.
+
+"They are the victims of subtle propaganda that generally takes the form
+of articles in French and neutral newspapers," and General von Bissing
+looked me straight in the eyes, as though to emphasize that by neutral
+he meant the newspapers of the United States. "I can understand the
+French doing this," he said, "because they always use the Belgians and
+do not care what happens to them. It is beyond my comprehension, though,
+how the Government of any neutral country permits the publication of
+newspaper articles that can have but one effect, and that is to
+encourage revolt in a captured people. A country likes to call itself
+humanitarian, and yet it persists in allowing the publication of
+articles that only excite an ignorant, undisciplined people and lead
+them to acts of violence that must be wiped out by force," and the
+Governor General's mouth closed with a click.
+
+"Do you know that the people of Brussels, whenever a strong wind carries
+the booming of heavy guns miles in from the front, think that French and
+English are going to recapture the city? Any day that we can hear the
+guns faintly, we know that there is an undercurrent of nervous
+expectancy running through the whole city. It goes down alleys and
+avenues and fills the cafes. You can see Belgians standing together,
+whispering. Twice they actually set the date when King Albert would
+return.
+
+"This excitement and unrest, and the feeling of the English coming in,
+is fostered and encouraged by the articles in French and neutral
+newspapers that are smuggled in. I do not anticipate any uprising among
+the Belgians, although the thoughtless among them have encouraged it. An
+uprising is not a topic of worry in our councils. It could do us no
+harm. We would crush it out like that," and von Bissing snapped his thin
+fingers, "but if only for the sake of these misled and betrayed people,
+all seditious influences should cease."
+
+I asked the Governor General the attitude of officials of the Belgian
+Government who were being used by the Germans in directing affairs.
+
+"My predecessor, General von der Goltz," he replied, "informed me that
+the municipal officials in Brussels and most Belgian cities showed a
+good co-operative spirit from the start. The higher officials were
+divided, some refusing flatly to deal with the German administration. I
+do not blame these men, especially the railway officials, for I can see
+their viewpoint. In these days railway roads and troop trains were
+inseparable, and if those Belgian railway officials had helped us, they
+would have committed treason against their country. There was no need,
+though, for the Post Office officials to hold out, and only lately they
+have come around. Realizing, however, that without their department the
+country would be in chaos, the officials of the Department of Justice
+immediately co-operated with us. Today the Belgian Civil Courts try all
+ordinary misdemeanors and felonies. Belgian penal law still exists and
+is administered by Belgians. However, all other cases are tried by a
+military tribunal, the Feld Gericht."
+
+I asked General von Bissing if there was much need for this military
+tribunal. I shall not forget his reply.
+
+"We have a few serious cases," he said. "Occasionally there is a little
+sedition but for the most part it is only needle pricks. They are quiet
+now. They know why," and, slowly shaking his head, von Bissing, who is
+known as the sternest disciplinarian in the entire German Army, smiled.
+
+We talked about the situation in America.
+
+"The truth will come out," said von Bissing slowly. "Your country is
+renowned for fair play. You will be fair to Germany, I know. Your
+American Relief Commission is doing excellent work. It is in the highest
+degree necessary. At first the German Army had to use the food they
+could get by foraging in Belgium, for the country does not begin to
+produce the food it needs for its own consumption, and there were no
+great reserves that our troops could use. But the German Army is not
+using any of the Belgian food now."
+
+[Illustration: H.M. MOHAMMED V.
+
+Sultan of Turkey.
+
+_(Photo from P.S. Rogers.)_]
+
+[Illustration: H.M. VITTORIO EMANUELE III.
+
+King of Italy.]
+
+I asked the Governor General if the Germans had not been very glad that
+America was sending over food.
+
+"It is most important," he said, "that America regularly sends
+provisions to Belgium. Your country should feel very proud of the good
+it has done here. I welcome the American Relief Committee; we are
+working in perfect harmony. Despite reports to the contrary, we never
+have had any misunderstanding. Through the American press, please thank
+your people for their kindness to Belgium.
+
+"But," he continued impressively, referring back to the justification of
+Germany's occupation and speaking with quiet force, "if we had not sent
+our troops into Belgium, the English would have landed their entire
+expeditionary army at Antwerp, and cut our line of communication. How do
+I know that? Simply because England would have been guilty of the
+grossest blunder if she had not done that, and the man who is in charge
+of England's Army has never been known as a blunderer."
+
+
+
+
+A CHARGE IN THE DARK
+
+By O.C.A. CHILD.
+
+
+    Out of the trenches lively, lads!
+      Steady, steady there, number two!
+    Step like your feet were tiger's pads--
+      Crawl when crawling's the thing to do!
+
+    Column left, through the sunken road!
+      Keep in touch as you move by feel!
+    Empty rifles--no need to load--
+      Night work's close work, stick to steel!
+
+    Wait for shadows and watch the clouds,
+      When it's moonshine, down you go!
+    Quiet, quiet, as men in shrouds,
+      Cats a-prowl in the dark go slow.
+
+    Curse you, there, did you have to fall?
+      Damn your feet and your blind-bat eyes!
+    Caught in the open, caught--that's all!
+      Searchlights! slaughter--we meant surprise!
+
+    Shrapnel fire a bit too low--
+      Gets us though on the ricochet!
+    Open order and in we go,
+      Steel, cold steel, and we'll make 'em pay.
+
+    God above, not there to win?
+      Left, while my men go on to die!
+    Take them in, Sergeant, take them in!
+      Go on, fellows, good luck--good-bye!
+
+
+
+
+A New Poland
+
+By Gustave Herve
+
+
+     Gustave Herve, author of the article translated below, which
+     appears in a recent number of his paper, La Guerre
+     Sociale--suppressed, it is reported, by the French
+     authorities--has been described as "the man who fights all
+     France." He is 44 years old, and has spent one-fourth of his
+     life in prison, on account of Socialistic articles against the
+     French flag and Government. He used to continue writing such
+     articles from prison and thus get his sentences lengthened.
+
+     Herve has always opposed everything savoring of militarism and
+     conquest. From his article on Poland it will be seen that,
+     although he says nothing anti-French or antagonistic to the
+     Allies in general, he desires a Russian triumph over Germany
+     not for his own sake, but as a preliminary to a reconstruction
+     of the Polish Nation out of the lands wrested from Poland by
+     Russia, Germany, and Austria.
+
+In spite of its vagueness, the Grand Duke Nicholas's proclamation
+justifies the most sanguine hopes. This has been recognized not only by
+all the Poles whom it has reached, those of Russian Poland, and the
+three million Polish refugees who live in America, but moreover, all the
+Allies have interpreted it as a genuine promise that Poland would be
+territorially and politically reconstructed.
+
+What would it be right to include in a reconstructed Poland, if the
+great principle of nationality is to be respected?
+
+First, such a Poland would naturally include all of the Russian Poland
+of today--by that I mean all the districts where Poles are in a large
+majority. This forms a preliminary nucleus of 12,000,000 inhabitants,
+among whom are about 2,000,000 Jews. This great proportion of Jews is
+accounted for by the fact that Poland is in the zone where Jews are
+allowed to live in Russia.
+
+Our new Poland would not comprise the ancient Lithuania--the districts
+of Wilno, Kovno, and Grodno--although Lithuania formerly was part of
+Poland and still has about one million Polish inhabitants who form the
+aristocracy and bourgeoisie. Lithuania, which is really the region of
+the Niemen, is peopled by Letts, who have their own language, resembling
+neither Polish nor Russian, and they likewise hope to obtain some day a
+measure of autonomy in the Russian Empire, with the right to use their
+language in schools, churches, and civil proceedings. One thing is
+certain: they would protest, and rightly, against actual incorporation
+into the new Poland.
+
+The 125,000 square kilometers and 12,000,000 inhabitants of Russian
+Poland, lying around Warsaw, would constitute the nucleus of
+reconstructed Poland.
+
+Must we add to this the 79,000 square kilometers and 8,000,000
+inhabitants of Galicia, which was Austria's share in the spoils of old
+Poland? Certainly, so far as western Galicia around Cracow is concerned,
+for this is a wholly Polish region, the Poles there numbering 2,500,000.
+
+As for eastern Galicia, of which the principal city is Lemberg, (Lvov in
+Polish,) the question is more delicate. Though Eastern Galicia has over
+1,500,000 Poles and 600,000 Jews, most of the population is Ruthenian.
+Now these Ruthenians, who are natives, subjugated in former times by the
+conquering Poles, and who still own much of the big estates, are related
+to the "Little Russians," the southerners of Russia, and speak a dialect
+which is to Russian what Provencal is to French.
+
+Besides, whereas the Poles are Catholics, the Ruthenians are Greek
+Orthodox Christians like the Russians, but differ from the latter in
+that they are connected with the Roman Church, and are thus schismatics
+in the eyes of the Russian priests.
+
+Should these Ruthenians be annexed to Russia along with the 1,500,000
+Poles and 500,000 Jews, among whom they have lived for centuries, they
+would scarcely look upon this as acceptable unless they were certain of
+having under Russian rule at least equal political liberty and respect
+for their dialect and religion as they have under Austrian rule.
+
+Should they be incorporated with the rest of Polish Galicia into the new
+Poland? It is hardly probable that they desire this, having enjoyed
+under Austria a considerable measure of autonomy as regards their
+language and schools. Would not the best solution be to make of Eastern
+Galicia an autonomous province of the reconstructed Poland, guaranteeing
+to it its local privileges?
+
+That leaves for consideration the portion of Poland now forming part of
+Prussia.
+
+There can be no question as to what should be done with the districts of
+Posen and Thorn. These are the parts of Poland stolen by Prussia, which
+the Prussians, a century and a quarter after the theft, have not
+succeeded in Germanizing.
+
+North of the Posen district is Western Prussia, whose principal city is
+Dantzic; that too is a Polish district, stolen in 1772. Since then
+Dantzic has been Germanized and there are numerous German officials and
+employes in the other towns of the region. All the rural districts and a
+part of the towns, however, have remained Polish in spite of attempts to
+Germanize them as brutal as those applied to Posnania. But, if united
+Poland should include Western Prussia, as she has the right to do--there
+being no rule against what is right--Eastern Prussia, including
+Koenigsberg, will be cut off from the rest of Germany.
+
+Now, Eastern Prussia, with the exception of the southern part about the
+Masurian Lakes, which has remained Polish, has been German from early
+mediaeval times. It is the home of the most reactionary junkers of all
+Prussia, a cradle of Prussian royalty and of the Hohenzollerns. Despite
+our hatred for these birds of prey, could we wish that the new Poland
+should absorb these 2,000,000 genuine Germans?
+
+If the region of Koenigsberg remains Prussian and the Masurian Lakes
+region is added to Poland, why not leave to Germany the strip of land
+along the coast, including Dantzic, in order that Eastern Prussia may
+thus be joined to Germany at one end?
+
+Another question: There is in Prussian Upper Silesia a district, that of
+Oppeln, rich in iron ore, which was severed in the Middle Ages from
+Poland, but which has remained mostly Polish and which adjoins Poland.
+If the majority of Polish residents there demand it, would it not be
+well to join it once more to Poland, which would become, by this
+addition, contiguous to the Czechs of Bohemia?
+
+To sum up:
+
+Without laying hands on the German district of Koenigsberg, united
+Poland, by absorbing all the territory at present held by Prussia, in
+which the majority of the inhabitants are Poles, will take from the
+latter 70,000 square kilometers and 5,700,000 inhabitants. With these,
+the new Poland would have 24,000,000 inhabitants, including Eastern
+Galicia.
+
+If Russia gave to this Poland in lieu of actual independence the most
+liberal autonomy and reconstructed a Polish kingdom under the suzerainty
+of the Czar--a Poland with its Diet, language, schools and army--would
+not the present war seem to us a genuine war of liberation and Nicholas
+II. a sort of Czar-liberator?
+
+And if resuscitated Poland, taught by misfortune, compassionate toward
+the persecuted and proscribed because she herself has been persecuted
+and proscribed, should try to cure herself of her anti-Semitism, which
+has saddened her best friends in France, would not you say that she
+indeed deserved to be resuscitated from among the dead?
+
+
+
+
+"With the Honors of War"
+
+By Wythe Williams
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+It was just at the dawn of a March morning when I got off a train at
+Gerbeviller, the little "Martyr City" that hides its desolation as it
+hid its existence in the foothills of the Vosges.
+
+There was a dense fog. At 6 A.M. fog usually covers the valleys of the
+Meurthe and Moselle. From the station I could see only a building across
+the road. A gendarme demanded my credentials. I handed him the
+laisser-passer from the Quartier General of the "First French Army,"
+which controls all coming and going, all activity in that region. The
+gendarme demanded to know the hour when I proposed to leave. I told him.
+He said it would be necessary to have the permit "vised for departure"
+at the headquarters of the gendarmerie. He pointed to the hazy outlines
+of another building just distinguishable through the fog.
+
+This was proof that the town contained buildings--not just a building.
+The place was not entirely destroyed, as I had supposed. I went down the
+main street from the station, the fog enveloping me. I had letters to
+the town officials, but it was too early in the morning to present them.
+I would first get my own impressions of the wreck and the ruin. But I
+could see nothing on either hand as I stumbled along in the mud. So I
+commented to myself that this was not as bad as some places I had seen.
+I thought of the substantial station and the buildings across the
+road--untouched by war. I compared Gerbeviller with places where there
+is not even a station--where not one simple house remains as the result
+of "the day when the Germans came."
+
+The road was winding and steep, dipping down to the swift little stream
+that twists a turbulent passage through the town. The day was coming
+fast but the fog remained white and impenetrable. After a few minutes I
+began to see dark shapes on either side of the road. Tall, thin,
+irregular shapes, some high, some low, but with outlines all softened,
+toned down by the banks of white vapor.
+
+I started across the road to investigate and fell into a pile of jagged
+masonry on the sidewalk. Through the nearness of the fog I could see
+tumbled piles of bricks. The shapes still remained--spectres that seemed
+to move in the light wind from the valley. An odor that was not of the
+freshness of the morning assailed me. I climbed across the walk. No wall
+of buildings barred my path, but I mounted higher on the piles of brick
+and stones. A heavy black shape was now at my left hand. I looked up and
+in the shadow there was no fog. I could see a crumbled swaying side wall
+of a house that was. The odor I noticed was that caused by fire.
+Sticking from the wall I could see the charred wood joists that once
+supported the floor of the second story. Higher, the lifting fog
+permitted me to see the waving boughs of a tree that hung over the house
+that was, outlined against a clear sky. At my feet, sticking out of the
+pile of bricks and stones, was the twisted iron fragments that was once
+the frame of a child's bed. I climbed out into the sunshine.
+
+I was standing in the midst of a desolation and a silence that was
+profound. There was nothing there that lived, except a few fire-blacked
+trees that stuck up here and there in the shelter of broken walls. Now I
+understood the meaning of the spectral shapes. They were nothing but the
+broken walls of the other houses that were. They were all that remained
+of nine-tenths of Gerbeviller.
+
+I wandered along to where the street turned abruptly. There the ground
+pitched more sharply to the little river. There stood an entire half of
+a house unscathed by fire; it was one of those unexplainable freaks that
+often occur in great catastrophes. Even the window glass was intact.
+Smoke was coming from the chimney. I went to the opposite side and there
+stood an old woman looking out toward the river, brooding over the ruin
+stretching below her.
+
+"You are lucky," I said. "You still have your home."
+
+She threw out her hands and turned a toothless countenance toward me. I
+judged her to be well over seventy. It wasn't her home, she explained.
+Her home was "la-bas"--pointing vaguely in the distance. She had lived
+there fifty years--now it was burned. Her son's house for which he had
+saved thirty years to be able to call it his own, was also gone; but
+then her son was dead, so what did it matter? Yes, he was shot on the
+day the Germans came. He was ill, but they killed him. Oh, yes, she saw
+him killed. When the Germans went away she came to this house and built
+a fire in the stove. It was very cold.
+
+And why were the houses burned? No; it was not the result of
+bombardment. Gerbeviller was not bombarded until after the houses were
+burned. They were burned by the Germans systematically. They went from
+house to house with their torches and oil and pitch. They did not
+explain why they burned the houses, but it was because they were angry.
+
+The old woman paused a moment, and a faint flicker of a smile showed in
+the wrinkles about her eyes. I asked her to continue her story.
+
+"You said because they were angry," I prompted. The smile broadened. Oh,
+yes, they were very angry, she explained. They did not even make the
+excuse that the villagers fired upon them. They were just angry through
+and through. And it was all because of those seventy-five French
+chasseurs who held the bridge. Some one called to her from the house.
+She hobbled to the door. "Anyone can tell you about the seventy-five
+chasseurs," she said, disappearing within.
+
+I went on down the road and stood upon the bridge over the swift little
+river. It was a narrow little bridge only wide enough for one wagon to
+pass. Two roads from the town converged there, the one over which I had
+passed and another which formed a letter "V" at the juncture with the
+bridge. Across the river only one road led away from the bridge and it
+ran straight up a hill, when it turned suddenly into the broad national
+highway to Luneville about five miles away.
+
+One house remained standing almost at the entrance to the bridge, at the
+end nearest the town. Its roof was gone, and its walls bore the marks of
+hundreds of bullets, but it was inhabited by a little old man of fifty,
+who came out to talk with me. He was the village carpenter. His house
+was burned, so he had taken refuge in the little house at the bridge.
+During the time the Germans were there he had been a prisoner, but they
+forgot him the morning the French army arrived. Everybody was in such a
+hurry, he explained.
+
+I asked him about the seventy-five chasseurs at the bridge. Ah, yes, we
+were then standing on the site of their barricade. He would tell me
+about it, for he had seen it all from his house half way up the hill.
+
+The chasseurs were first posted across the river on the road to
+Luneville, and when the Germans approached, early in the morning, they
+fell back to the bridge, which they had barricaded the night before. It
+was the only way into Gerbeviller, so the chasseurs determined to fight.
+They had torn up the street and thrown great earthworks across one end
+of the bridge. Additional barricades were thrown up on the two
+converging streets, part way up the hill, behind which they had
+mitrailleuses which could sweep the road at the other end of the bridge.
+
+About a half mile to the south a narrow footbridge crossed the river,
+only wide enough for one man. It was a little rustic affair that ran
+through the grounds of the Chateau de Gerbeviller that faced the river
+only a few hundred yards below the main bridge. It was a very ancient
+chateau, built in the twelfth century and restored in the seventeenth
+century. It was a royal chateau of the Bourbons. In it once lived the
+great Francois de Montmorency, Duc de Luxembourg and Marshal of France.
+Now it belonged to the Marquise de Lamberty, a cousin of the King of
+Spain.
+
+I interrupted, for I wanted to hear about the chasseurs. I gave the
+little old man a cigarette. He seized it eagerly--so eagerly that I also
+handed him a cigar. He just sort of fondled that cigar for a moment and
+then placed it in an inside pocket. It was a very cheap and very bad
+French cigar, for I was in a part of the country that has never heard of
+Havanas, but to the little old man it was something precious. "I will
+keep it for Sunday," he said.
+
+I then got him back to the seventy-five chasseurs. It was just eight
+o'clock in the morning--a beautiful sunshiny morning--when the German
+column appeared around the bend in the road which we could see across
+the bridge, and which joined the highway from Luneville. There were
+twelve thousand in that first column. One hundred and fifty thousand
+more came later. A band was playing "Deutschland ueber alles" and the men
+were singing. The closely packed front ranks of infantry broke into the
+goose step as they came in sight of the town. It was a wonderful sight;
+the sun glistened on their helmets; they marched as though on parade
+right down almost to the opposite end of the bridge.
+
+Then came the command to halt. For a moment there was a complete
+silence. The Germans, only a couple of hundred yards from the barricade,
+seemed slowly to consider the situation. The Captain of the chasseurs,
+from a shelter behind the very little house that is still standing--and
+where his men up the two roads could see him--softly waved his hand.
+
+Crack-crack-crack--crack-crack-crack-crack--crack-crack-crack! The
+bullets from the mitrailleuses whistled across the bridge into the front
+ranks of the "Deutchland ueber alles" singers, while the men behind the
+bridge barricade began a deadly rifle fire.
+
+Have you ever heard a mitrailleuse? It is just like a telegraph
+instrument, with its insistant clickety click-click-click, only it is a
+hundred times as loud. Indeed I have been told by French officers that
+it has sometimes been used as a telegraph instrument, so accurately can
+its operator reel out its hundred and sixty shots a minute.
+
+On that morning at the Gerbeviller barricade, however, it went faster
+than the telegraph. These men on the converging roads just shifted their
+range slightly and poured bullets into the next ranks of infantry and so
+on back along the line, until Germans were dropping by the dozen at the
+sides of the little straight road. Then the column broke ranks wildly
+and fled back into the shelter of the road from Luneville.
+
+A half hour later a detachment of cavalry suddenly rounded the corner
+and charged straight for the barricade. The seventy-five were ready for
+them. Some of them got half way across the bridge and then tumbled into
+the river. Not one got back around the corner of the road to Luneville.
+
+There was another half hour of quiet, and then from the Luneville road a
+battery of artillery got into action. Their range was bad, so far as any
+achievement against the seventy-five was concerned, so they turned their
+attention to the chateau, which they could easily see from their
+position across the river. The first shell struck the majestic tower of
+the building and shattered it. The next smashed the roof, the third hit
+the chapel--and so continued the bombardment until flames broke out to
+complete the destruction.
+
+Of course the Germans could not know that the chateau was empty, that
+its owner was in Paris and both her sons fighting in the French Army.
+But they had secured the military advantage of demolishing one of the
+finest country houses in France, with its priceless tapestries, ancient
+marbles and heirlooms of the Bourbons. A howl of German glee was heard
+by the seventy-five chasseurs crouching behind their barricades. So
+pleased were the invaders with their achievement, that next they bravely
+swung out a battery into the road leading to the bridge, intending to
+shell the barricades. The Captain of chasseurs again waved his hand.
+Every man of the battery was killed before the guns were in position. It
+took an entire company of infantry--half of them being killed in the
+action--to haul those guns back into the Luneville road, thus to clear
+the way for another advance.
+
+From then on until 1 o'clock in the afternoon there were three more
+infantry attacks, all failing as lamentably as the first. The
+seventy-five were holding off the 12,000. At the last attack they let
+the Germans advance to the entrance of the bridge. They invited them
+with taunts to "avancez." Then they poured in their deadly fire, and as
+the Germans broke and fled they permitted themselves a cheer. Up to this
+time not one chasseur was killed. Only four were wounded.
+
+Shortly after 1 o'clock the German artillery wasted a few more shells on
+the ruined chateau and the chasseurs could see a detachment crawling
+along the river bank in the direction of the narrow footbridge that
+crossed through the chateau park a half mile below. The Captain of the
+chasseurs sent one man with a mitrailleuse to hold the bridge. He posted
+himself in the shelter of a large tree at one end. In a few minutes
+about fifty Germans appeared. They advanced cautiously on the bridge.
+The chasseur let them get half way over before he raked them with his
+fire. The water below ran red with blood.
+
+The Germans retreated for help and made another attack an hour later
+with the same result. By 4 o'clock, when the lone chasseur's ammunition
+was exhausted, it is estimated that he had killed 175 Germans, who made
+five desperate rushes to take the position, which would have enabled
+them to make a flank attack on the seventy-four still holding the main
+bridge. When his ammunition was gone--which occurred at the same time as
+the ammunition at the main bridge was exhausted--this chasseur with the
+others succeeded in effecting a retreat to a main body of cavalry. If he
+still lives--this modern Horatius at the bridge--he remains an unnamed
+hero in the ranks of the French Army, unhonored except in the hearts of
+those few of his countrymen who know.
+
+During the late hours of the afternoon aeroplanes flew over the
+chasseurs' position, thus discovering to the Germans how really weak
+were the defenses of the town, how few its defenders. Besides, the
+ammunition was gone. But for eight hours--from 8 in the morning until 4
+in the afternoon--the seventy-five had held the 12,000. General Joffre
+has said in one of his reports that the defense of the bridge at
+Gerbeviller had an important bearing on the battle of the Marne, which
+was just beginning, for it gave Castelnau's Army of the East time to dig
+its trenches a few miles back of Gerbeviller before the Germans got
+through.
+
+Had that body of 12,000 succeeded earlier the 150,000 Germans that
+advanced the next day might have been able to fall on the French right
+flank during the most critical and decisive battle of the war. The total
+casualties of the chasseurs were three killed, three captured, and six
+wounded.
+
+The little old man and I had walked to the entrance of the chateau park
+before he finished his story. It was still too early for breakfast. I
+thanked him and told him to return to his work in the little house by
+the bridge. I wanted to explore the chateau at leisure.
+
+I entered the place--what was left of it. Most of the walls were
+standing. Walls built in the twelfth century do not break easily, even
+with modern artillery. But the modern roof and seventeenth century inner
+walls were all demolished. Not a single article of furniture or
+decoration remained. But the destruction showed some of the same
+freaks--similar to that little house left untouched by fire on the
+summit of the hill.
+
+For instance, the Bourbon coat of arms above the grand staircase was
+untouched, while the staircase itself was just splintered bits of
+marble. On another fragment of a wall there still hung a magnificent
+stag's antlers. Strewed about in the corners I saw fragments of vases
+that had been priceless. Even the remnants were valuable. In the ruined
+music room I found a piece of fresh, clean music, (an Alsatian waltz,)
+lying on the mantelpiece. I went out to the front of the building, where
+the great park sweeps down to the edge of the river. An old gardener in
+one of the side paths saw me. We immediately established cordial
+relations with a cigarette.
+
+He told me how, after the chasseurs retreated beyond the town, the
+Germans--reduced over a thousand of their original number by the
+activities of the day--swept over the barricades of the bridge and into
+the town. Yes, the old woman I had talked with was right about it. They
+were very angry. They were ferociously angry at being held eight hours
+at that bridge by a force so ridiculously small.
+
+The first civilians they met they killed, and then they began to fire
+the houses. One young man, half witted, came out of one of the houses
+near the bridge. They hanged him in the garden behind the house. Then
+they called his mother to see. A mob came piling into the chateau headed
+by four officers. All the furniture and valuables that were not
+destroyed they piled into a wagon and sent back to Luneville. Of the
+gardener who was telling me the story they demanded the keys of the wine
+cellars. No; they did not injure him. They just held him by the arms
+while several dozen of the soldiers spat in his face.
+
+While the drunken crew were reeling about the place, one of them
+accidentally stumbled upon the secret underground passage leading to the
+famous grottoes. These grottoes and the underground connection from the
+chateau were built in the fifteenth century. They are a half mile away,
+situated only half above ground, the entrance looking out on a smooth
+lawn that extends to the edge of the river. Several giant trees, the
+trunks of which are covered with vines, semi-shelter the entrance, which
+is also obscured by climbing ivy. The interior was one of the treasures
+of France. The vaulted ceilings were done in wonderful mosaic. The walls
+decorated with marbles and rare sea shells. In every nook were marble
+pedestals and antique statuary, while the fountain in the centre,
+supplied from an underground stream, was of porphyry inlaid with mosaic.
+
+The Germans looked upon it with appreciative eyes and cultured minds.
+But it did not please them. They were still very angry. Its destruction
+was a necessity of war. It could not be destroyed by artillery because
+it was half underground and screened by the giant trees. But it could be
+destroyed by picks and axes. A squad of soldiers was detailed to the
+job. They did it thoroughly. The gardener took me there to see. Not a
+scrap of the mosaic remained. The fountain was smashed to bits. A
+headless Venus and a smashed and battered Adonis were lying prone upon
+the ground.
+
+The visitors to the chateau and environs afterward joined their comrades
+in firing the town. Night had come. Also across the bridge waited the
+hundred and fifty thousand reinforcements come from Luneville. The five
+hundred of the two thousand inhabitants who remained were herded to the
+upper end of the town near the station. That portion was not to be
+destroyed because the German General would make his headquarters there.
+
+The inhabitants were to be given a treat. They were to witness the
+entrance of the hundred and fifty thousand--the power and might of
+Germany was to be exhibited to them. So while the flames leaped high
+from the burning city, reddening the sky for miles, while old men
+prayed, while women wept, while little children whimpered, the sound of
+martial music was heard down the street near the bridge. The infantry
+packed in close formation, the red light from the fire shining on their
+helmets, were doing the goose step up the main street to the
+station--the great German army had entered the city of Gerbeviller with
+the honors of war.
+
+
+
+
+General Foch, the Man of Ypres
+
+An Account of France's New Master of War
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+"Find out the weak point of your enemy and deliver your blow there,"
+said the Commander of the Twentieth French Army Corps at Nancy at a
+staff banquet in 1913.
+
+"But suppose, General," said an artillery officer, "that the enemy has
+no weak point?"
+
+"If the enemy has no weak point," returned the commander, with a gleam
+of the eye and an aggressive tilt of the chin, "make one."
+
+The commander was Foch--Ferdinand Foch--who has suddenly flashed before
+the world as the greatest leader in the French Army after Joffre, and
+who in that remark at Nancy gave the index to the basic quality of his
+character as a General. General Foch is today in command of the northern
+armies of France, besides being the chief Lieutenant and confidant of
+Joffre. Joffre conceives; Foch, master tactician, executes. He finds the
+weak point; if there is no weak point, he creates or seeks to create
+one.
+
+When King George of England was at the front in France recently he
+conferred the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath--the highest military
+distinction in the form of an order within the gift of the British
+Crown--on two Frenchmen. Joffre was one. The other was Foch.
+
+"Foch? Foch? Who is Foch?" asked the British public, perplexed, when the
+newspapers printed the news of the granting of this signal honor.
+
+"Foch is the General who was at the head of the French military mission
+which followed our army manoeuvres three years ago," replied a few men
+who happened to have been intimately acquainted with those manoeuvres.
+
+"But what has that to do with the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath?"
+asked John Bull. And the manoeuvre experts not being able to reply, the
+English newspapers demanded from their correspondents in France an
+answer to the query, "Who is Foch? Why the Grand Cross?"
+
+And the main features of the answers to that query were these:
+
+Foch is the "greatest strategist in Europe and the humblest," in the
+words of Joffre.
+
+Foch is the hero of the Marne, the man who perceived on Sept. 9 that
+there must be a gap between the Prussian Guard and the Saxon Army, and
+who gathered enough artillery to crush the guard in the St. Gond marshes
+and forced both the Prussians and the Saxons, now separated, to retreat.
+
+Foch is the man of Ypres, the commander who was in general control of
+the successful fight made by the French and the British, aided by the
+Belgians, to prevent the Germans from breaking through to Calais.
+
+Foch, in short, is one of the military geniuses of the war, so record
+observers at the front. He is a General who has something of the
+Napoleonic in his composition; the dramatic in war is for him--secrecy
+and suddenness, gigantic and daring movements; fiery, yet coldly
+calculated attacks; vast strategic conceptions carried out by swift,
+unfaltering tactics. Foch has a tendency to the impetuous, but he is
+impetuous scientifically. He has, however, taken all in all, much more
+of the dash and nervousness and warmth of the Southern Latin than has
+Joffre--cool, cautious, taciturn Joffre. Yet both men are from the south
+of France. They were born within a few miles of one another, within
+three months of one another, Foch being born on Oct. 2, 1851, and Joffre
+on Jan. 12, 1852.
+
+Most writers who have dealt with Foch agree on this as one of his
+paramount characteristics--the Napoleonic mode of military thought.
+When Foch was director of the Ecole de Guerre, where he had much to do
+with shaping the military views of many of the men who are now
+commanding units of the French Armies, he was considered to be possessed
+of almost an obsession on the subject of Napoleon. He studied Napoleon's
+campaigns, and restudied them. He went back much further, however, in
+his choice of a master, and gave intense application to the campaigns of
+Caesar. Napoleon and Caesar--these were the minds from which the mind of
+the Marne and Ypres has learned some of its lessons of success.
+
+Here Foch invites comparison with another of the dominant figures of the
+war--General French. For French is described by his biographer as "a
+worshipper of Napoleon," regarding him as the world's greatest
+strategist, and in following out and studying Napoleon's campaigns
+French personally covered and studied much of the ground in Belgium over
+which he has been fighting. French is a year younger than Foch. They are
+old friends, as are French and Joffre, and Joffre and Foch.
+
+The inclination of Foch to something of the Napoleonic is shown beyond
+the realm of strategy and tactics. Foch is credited with knowing the
+French soldier, his heart, his mind, his capabilities, and the method of
+getting the most out of those capabilities, in a way reminiscent of the
+winner of Jena. And Foch knows not only the privates, but the officers.
+When he went to the front he visited each commander; the Colonels he
+called by name; the corps commanders, without exception, had attended
+his lectures at the Ecole de Guerre.
+
+As for the men, Foch makes it his business to get into personal contact
+with them, as Napoleon used to do. Foch does not hobnob with them, there
+is no joking or familiarity, but he goes into the trenches and the
+occupied villages and looks the men over informally, inspects food or
+equipment, makes a useful comment or two, drops a phrase that is worth
+repeating, and leaves behind him enthusiasm and respect. The Paris
+Figaro says that he has the gift of setting souls afire, of arousing
+that elan in the French fighter which made that fighter perform military
+miracles when the "sun of Austerlitz" was high. It has been declared by
+a French writer that Foch knows the human element in the French Army
+better than any other man living.
+
+With all his knowledge of men, his power of inspiring them, Foch is
+quiet, retiring, non-communicative, with no taste for meeting people in
+social intercourse. His life has been monotonous--work and work and
+work. He has the reputation of being a driver; he used to be
+particularly severe on shirkers in the war college, and such, no matter
+what their influence, had no chance of getting a diploma leading to an
+attractive staff position when Foch was Director. When he was in command
+at Nancy and elsewhere he used to work his staffs hard, and they had to
+share much of the monotony of work which has been chiefly Foch's life.
+He did not go in for society, merely making the formal calls required by
+the etiquette of garrison towns on the chief garrison hostesses, and
+giving dinners two or three times a year to his staff.
+
+Foch, indeed, with his quiet ways and his hard work and his studying of
+Napoleon and Caesar, was characterized by some of the officers of the
+army as a pedant, a theorist, and these held that Foch had small chance
+of doing anything important in such a practical realm as that of real
+war.
+
+Because of his Directorship of the Ecole de Guerre he was known to many
+officers, but as far as France at large was concerned his name was
+scarcely known at all last August. Yet officers knew him in other lands
+besides his own. His two great books, "Principles of War" and "Conduct
+of War," have been translated into English, German, and Italian, and are
+highly regarded by military men. He has been ranked by the
+Militaer-Wochenblatt, organ of the German General Staff, as one of the
+few strategists of first class ability among the Allies.
+
+Foch is a slim man, with a great deal of nervous energy in his actions,
+being so quick and graceful in movement, indeed, that a recent English
+observer declares he carries himself more like a man of 40 than one of
+64. His gray blue eyes are particularly to be noticed, so keen are they.
+His speech is quick, precise, logical.
+
+So little has Foch been known to the French public that it has been
+stated time and again that he is an Alsatian. He is not, but comes of a
+Basque family which has lived for many generations in the territory
+which is now the Department of the Hautes-Pyrenees, directly on the
+border of Spain. Foch was born in the town of Tarbes in that department.
+Joffre was born in the Department Pyrenees-Orientales, on the Spanish
+border to the east. Foch's father, Napoleon Foch, was a Bonapartist and
+Secretary of the Prefecture at Tarbes under Napoleon III. One of his two
+brothers, a lawyer, is also called Napoleon. The other is a Jesuit
+priest. Foch and these brothers attended the local college, and then
+turned to their professions.
+
+In 1870 Foch served as a subaltern against the Germans, as did Joffre.
+After the war Foch began to win recognition as a man of brains, and at
+26 he was given a commission as artillery Captain. Later he became
+Professor of Tactics in the Ecole de Guerre, with the title of
+Commandant, where he remained for five years, and then returned to
+regimental work. It was when Foch reached the grade of Brigadier General
+that he went back to the War College, this time as Director, one of the
+most confidential positions in the War Department. From this post he
+went to the command of the Thirteenth Division, thence to the command of
+the Eighth Corps at Bourges, and thence to the command of the Twentieth
+Corps at Nancy.
+
+At the time that Foch was appointed Director of the Ecole de Guerre,
+Clemenceau was Premier, and upon the latter fell the task of choosing an
+officer for the important Directorship. There was keen competition for
+the position, many influential Generals desiring the appointment, and in
+consequence much wire-pulling went on. The story goes that Clemenceau,
+a man of action, became impatient of the intrigues for the post, and
+determined to make his own choice unhampered.
+
+According to the story, Clemenceau, after a conference one day upon
+routine business with Foch, asked the latter to dine. The Ecole de
+Guerre was not mentioned during the meal, the men chatting upon general
+topics. But as the coffee was being brought on, the Premier turned
+suddenly to the General and said, brusquely:
+
+"By the way, I've a good bit of news for you. You're nominated Director
+of the Ecole de Guerre."
+
+"Director of the Ecole de Guerre! But I'm not a candidate for the post."
+
+"That is possible. But you're appointed all the same, and I know you
+will do excellent work in the position."
+
+Foch thanked the Premier, but he still had some doubts, and added:
+
+"I fear you don't know all my family connections. I have a brother who
+is a Jesuit."
+
+"Jesuit be d-----!" the Premier is reported to have roared in reply.
+"Oh, I beg your pardon, Mr. Director! You are the Director of the Ecole
+de Guerre. All the Jesuits in creation won't alter that--it is a fait
+accompli."
+
+Among the confidential bits of work worthy of note that Foch has done
+for the War Department is the report he made upon the larger guns of the
+French field artillery, which have done such execution in the present
+war. For many weeks Foch went around the great Creusot gun works in the
+blouse of a workman, testing, watching, experimenting, analyzing.
+
+Foch was one of the high officers in France who was not in the least
+surprised by the war and who had personally been holding himself in
+readiness for it for years. He felt, and often said, that a great war
+was inevitable; so much used he to dwell upon the certainty of war that
+some persons regarded him as an alarmist when he kept declaring that
+French officers should take every step within their power to get
+themselves and the troops ready for active service at an instant's
+notice. He also held that France as a nation should prepare to the
+utmost of her power for the assured conflict.
+
+In a recent issue of The London Times there was a description of Foch by
+a Times correspondent who had been at Foch's headquarters in the north
+of France. The correspondent's remarks are prefaced by the statement
+that in a late dispatch General French mentions General Foch as one of
+those whose help he has "once more gratefully to acknowledge." The
+correspondent writes in part:
+
+     What Ernest Lavisse has clone for civilian New France in his
+     direction of the Ecole Normale General Foch has done in a
+     large measure for the officers of New France by his teaching
+     of strategy and tactics at the Ecole de Guerre. He left his
+     mark upon the whole teaching of general tactics.
+
+     I had the honor of being received recently by General Foch at
+     his headquarters in the north of France--a house built for
+     very different purposes many years ago, when Flemish civil
+     architecture was in its flower. The quiet atmosphere of
+     Flemish ease and burgomaster comfort has completely vanished.
+     The building hums with activity, as does the whole town. A
+     fleet of motor cars is ready for instant action. Officers and
+     orderlies hurry constantly to and fro. There is an occasional
+     British uniform, a naval airman's armored car, and above all
+     the noise of this bustle, though lower in tone, the sound of
+     guns in the distance from Ypres.
+
+     The director of all this activity is General Foch. There in
+     the north he is putting his theories of war to the test with
+     as much success as he did at the outbreak of hostilities in
+     Lorraine and later in the centre during the battle of the
+     Marne. Although born with the brain of a mathematician,
+     General Foch's ideas upon war are by no means purely
+     scientific. He refuses, indeed, to regard war, and more
+     especially modern war, as an exact science. The developments
+     of science have, indeed, but increased the mental and moral
+     effort required of each participant, and it is only in the
+     passions aroused in each man by the conflict of conception of
+     life that the combatant finds the strength of will to
+     withstand the horrors of modern warfare.
+
+     General Foch is a philosopher as well as a fighter. He is one
+     of the rare philosophers who have proved the accuracy of their
+     ideas in the fire of battle. A typical instance of this is
+     given by "Miles" in a recent number of the Correspondant.
+     During the battle of the Marne the Germans made repeated
+     efforts to cut through the centre where General Foch commanded
+     between Sezanne and Mailly. On three consecutive days General
+     Foch was forced to retire. Every morning he resumed the
+     offensive, with the result that his obstinacy won the day. He
+     was able to profit by a false step by the enemy to take him in
+     the flank and defeat him.
+
+     General Foch's whole life and teaching were proved true in
+     those days. He has resolved the art of war into three
+     fundamental ideas--preparation, the formation of a mass, and
+     the multiplication of this mass in its use. In order to derive
+     the full benefit of the mass created it is necessary to have
+     freedom of action, and that is only obtained by intellectual
+     discipline. General Foch has written:
+
+     "Discipline for a leader does not mean the execution of orders
+     received in so far as they seem suitable, just reasonable, or
+     even possible. It means that you have entirely grasped the
+     ideas of the leader who has given the order and that you take
+     every possible means of satisfying him. Discipline does not
+     mean silence, abstention, only doing what appears to you
+     possible without compromising yourself; it is not the practice
+     of the art of avoiding responsibilities. On the contrary, it
+     is action in the sense of orders received."
+
+     Fifteen years ago at the Ecole de Guerre General Foch was fond
+     of quoting Joseph de Maistre's remark, "A battle lost is a
+     battle which one believes to have lost, for battles are not
+     lost materially," and of adding, "Battles are therefore lost
+     morally, and it is therefore morally that they are won." The
+     aphorism can be extended by this one: "A battle won is a
+     battle in which one will not admit one's self vanquished." As
+     "Miles" remarks, "He did as he had said."
+
+Ernest Dimnet in The London Saturday Review has this to say in part
+about Foch and his two widely known books:
+
+     During his two terms of service at the Ecole de Guerre he
+     produced two considerable works, "Principes de la Guerre" and
+     "De la Conduite de La Guerre," which give a high idea of their
+     author's character and talent. There is nothing in them that
+     ought to scare away the average reader. Their style has the
+     geometrical lucidity which is the polytechnician's birthright,
+     but in spite of the deliberate impersonality generally
+     attached to that style of writing, there emanates from it a
+     curious quality which gradually shows us the author as a
+     living person.
+
+     We have the impression of a vast mental capacity turned to the
+     lifelong study of a fascinating subject and acquiring in it
+     the dignity of attitude and the naturalness which mastery
+     inevitably produces. War has been the constant meditation of
+     this powerful brain. In "La Conduite de la Guerre" this
+     meditation is the minute historical examination of the battles
+     of the First Empire and 1870. "Nothing can replace the
+     experience of war," writes the author, "except the history of
+     war," and it is clear that he understands the word "history"
+     as all those who go to the past for a lesson in greatness
+     understand it.
+
+     "Les Principes de la Guerre" is more immediately technical,
+     yet it strikes one as being less a speculation than a
+     visualizing of what modern war was sure to be. If the reader
+     did not feel that he lacks the background which only the
+     contemplation a million times repeated of concrete details can
+     create, he would be tempted to marvel at the extraordinary
+     simplicity of these views. But a good judge who was very near
+     the General until a wound removed him for a while from the--to
+     him--fascinating scene tells me that this simplicity and
+     directness--which marked the action of Foch at the battle of
+     the Marne as they formerly marked his teaching--are the
+     perfection to which only a few can aspire.
+
+
+
+
+THE UNREMEMBERED DEAD
+
+By ELLA A. FANNING.
+
+
+     "For those who die in war, and have none to pray for
+     them."--Litany.
+
+    We lay a wreath of laurel on the sward,
+    Where rest our loved ones in a deep repose
+    Unvexed by dreams of any earthly care,
+    And, checking not our tears, we breathe a prayer,
+    Grateful for even the comfort which is ours--
+    That we may kneel and sob our sorrow there,
+    And place the deathless leaf, the rarest flowers.
+
+    Though Winter's cruel fingers brown the sod,
+    It's dearer far than all the world beside!
+    Forms live again--we gaze in love and pride
+    On youthful faces prest close to our own.
+    Eyes smile to ours; we hear each tender tone,
+    Grief's smart is softened--less the sense of loss.
+    This grave we have, at least; we're not alone!
+
+    And they must know of our unchanging love--
+    Our tender thought--our memory--our prayers!
+    And in our constancy, ah! each one shares
+    To whom death comes on distant battlefields,
+    When life's last breath not even the solace yields--
+    "There's one who'll mourn for me--whose tears will flow!"--
+    Not even a grave is theirs, unnamed, unwept!
+    God rest their souls--the dead we do not know!
+
+
+
+
+Canada and Britain's War Union
+
+By Edward W. Thomson, F.R.S.L., F.R.S.C.
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+Canada's political relation to Great Britain, and, indeed, to all other
+countries, has been essentially altered by Canada's quite voluntary
+engagement in the war. Were feudal terms not largely inapplicable, one
+might aver that the vassal has become the suzerain's ally, political
+equality connoted.
+
+But, indeed, Canadians were never vassals. They have ever been Britons,
+whatever their individual origins, retaining the liberties of their
+political birthright. While in a certain tutelage to their own monarchs'
+immediate Ministries, they have continually, slowly, consciously,
+expanded their freedom from such tutelage, substituting for it
+self-government or rule by their own representatives, without forsaking
+but rather enhancing their allegiance to the common Crown. This has long
+been the symbol of their self-government, even as it is to old country
+kinsmen the symbol of rule by themselves.
+
+The alteration manifested by Canada's active, voluntary engagement in
+the European war is the change from Canadians holding, as they formerly
+did, that Great Britain was bound to defend Canada, while Canadians were
+not bound to defend Great Britain outside Canada. The "dependency" has
+not been now dragged in; it acted as an independency; it recognized its
+participation with Great Britain in a common danger; it proceeded quite
+voluntarily, quite independently, to recruit, organize, dispatch, and
+maintain large forces for the common cause. Canada's course has become
+that of a partner in respect of acceptance of risks and of contribution
+to expenses.
+
+This partner has no formally specified share in gains, or in authority,
+or in future policy of the concern. Canada has no obvious, distinct,
+admitted way or voice as to the conduct of war or making of peace. She
+appears, with the other self-governing Dominions of the Crown, as an
+ally having no vote in settlements, none of the prerogatives of an ally.
+Hence some observers in Great Britain, in Canada, in other realms of the
+Crown contend that the old, expressed relations between Great Britain,
+Canada, and the other Dominions must inevitably be extensively changed
+formally as well as actually in consequence of the war.
+
+Some say imperial federation cannot but ensue. Others argue that formal
+independence must arrive if such federation come not speedily. Others
+contend for an Empire League of sister States. Nobody ventures to
+mention what was often talked publicly by Canadians from thirty to fifty
+years ago, and later by Goldwin Smith, viz., Canada's entrance to the
+United States as a new tier of sovereign States. The idea of severance
+from Great Britain has vanished. Discussion of the other alternatives is
+not inactive, but it is forced. It engages the quidnuncs. They are
+talkers who must say something for the delight of hearing themselves;
+or they are writers who live under the exigency of needing to get
+"something different" daily into print. They are mostly either
+"Jingoes" or Centralizationists, as contra to Nationalists or
+Decentralizationists, long-standing opponents.
+
+Each set perceives their notions liable to be profoundly affected by
+Canada's fighting in Europe. Each affects belief that their own
+political designs cannot but be thereby served; each is afflicted with
+qualms of doubt. They alike appreciate the factors that make for their
+opponent's cause. Both know the strength of popular attachment to Great
+Britain; both know the traditional and inbred loathing of the
+industrious masses for the horrible bloodshed and insensate waste of
+treasure in war. Both sets balance inwardly the chances that sentiments
+seemingly irreconcilable and about equally respectable may, after the
+war, urge Canadians either to draw politically closer to their
+world-scattered kin, or to cut ligaments that might pull them again and
+again, time without end, into the immemorial European shambles.
+
+But is the Canadian public excitedly interested in the discussion? Not
+at all. Spokesmen and penmen of the two contentious factions are
+victimized by their own perfervid imaginations. The electorate, the
+masses, are not so swayed. The Canadian people, essentially British no
+matter what their origins, are mainly, like all English-speaking
+democracies, of straight, primitive, uncomplicated emotions, and of
+essentially conservative mind. They "plug" along. The hour and the day
+hold their attention. It is given to the necessary private works of the
+moment, as to the necessary public conduct of the time.
+
+They did not, as a public, spin themselves any reasons or excuses for
+their hearty approval of Canada's engagement in the war. Her or their
+contributions of men and money to its fields of slaughter and waste
+appeared and appear to them natural, proper, inevitable. They applauded
+seriously the country's being "put in for it" by agreement of the two
+sets of party politicians, and without any direct consultation of the
+electorate in this, the most important departure Canada ever made,
+because prompt action seemed the only way, and time was lacking for
+debate about what seemed the next thing that had to be done. In fact,
+the Canadian people, regarded collectively, felt and acted in this case
+with as much ingenuousness as did those Tyrolese mountaineers, bred,
+according to Heine, to know nothing of politics save that they had an
+Emperor who wore a white coat and red breeches.
+
+     When the patriots climbed up to them, and told them with
+     oratory that they now had a Prince who wore a blue coat and
+     white breeches, they grasped their rifles, and kissed wife and
+     children, and went down the mountain and offered their lives
+     in defense of the white coat and the dear old red breeches.
+
+But did they forsake their relish of and devotion to their customary,
+legendary Tyrolese liberties? No more will the Canadian masses, by
+reason of their hearty participation in the war, incline to yield jot or
+tittle of their usual, long-struggled-for, gradually acquired, valuable
+and valued British self-governing rights. Can the Jingoes or
+Centralizationists scare them backward? Or the Decentralizationists or
+Separatists hurry them forward? Won't they just continue to "plug along"
+as their forefathers did in the old country and in the new, gaining a
+bit more freedom to do well or ill at their own collective choice--that
+is, if the war result "as usual" in British security, according to
+confident British expectation.
+
+Such is the Canadian political situation. It has been essentially
+similar any time within living memory. The people approve in politics
+what they feel, instinctively, to be the profitable or the decent and
+reasonable necessary next thing to do. Which signifies that those
+controversialists are probably wrong who conceive that a result of the
+war, if it be a win for the Allies, will cause any great formal change
+in Canada's political relation to Great Britain.
+
+The truly valuable change in such relations is already secured; it
+cannot but become more notably established by future discussion; it is
+and will be a change by reason of greatly increased influence on Great
+Britain by Canada and the other Dominions. And it appears highly
+probable that such inevitable change in influence or weight of the new
+countries is sufficient for all sentiments concerned, and for all useful
+purposes on behalf of which formal changes are advocated by doctrinaires
+and idealists.
+
+The British peoples have acquired by long practice in very various
+politics a way of making existing arrangements "do" with some slight
+patching. They are instinctively seized of the truth of Edmund Burke's
+maxim, "Innovation is not improvement." They have "muddled along" into
+precisely the institutions that suit any exigency, their sanest
+political philosophers recognizing that the exigency must always be
+most amenable to the most flexible system.
+
+It is because the existing arrangements between London and the several
+Dominion capitals don't suit logicians that they do suit experienced
+statesmen pretty well. Because these institutions can be patched as
+occasion may require, they are retained for patching on occasion.
+Because the loose, go-as-you-please organization of the so-called
+"empire" has revealed almost incredible unity of sentiment and purpose,
+practiced statesmen regard it as a prodigious success. They are mighty
+shy of affiliating with any of the well-meaning doctrinaires who have
+been explaining any time within the last century that the system is
+essentially incoherent and absurd and urgently needs profound change
+with doctrinaire improvements.
+
+Sir Robert Borden, for instance. Some days ago he most amiably gave me a
+little private talk on these matters, of course on the tacit
+understanding that he was not to be "interviewed" as for close reporting
+of his informal sentences. He was, by the way, apparently in robust
+health, as if, like Mr. Asquith, of a temperament to flourish under the
+heaviest responsibilities ever laid on a Prime Minister in his own
+country. No statesman could be of aspect and utterance less hurried, nor
+more pleasant, lucid, cautious, disposed to give a friendly caller large
+and accurate information briefly, while disclosing nothing at variance
+with or unfindable in his published speeches. Of some of them he
+repeated apposite slices; to others he referred for further
+enlightenment as to his views on imperial federation. Really he was
+neither secretive nor newly informative. The Premier of Canada at any
+time is governed, much as I have endeavored to show how the electors
+are, by that natural, instinctive course of the general loyal Canadian
+mind, which constitutes "the situation" and controls Governmental
+proceedings on behalf of the public.
+
+Well meaning persons who allege Sir Robert to have either favored or
+disfavored imperial federation have been inaccurate. Precisely what
+imperial federation may be nobody knows, for the simple and sufficient
+reason that nobody has ever sketched or elaborated a scheme in that
+regard which appeared or appears desirable as a change from the
+all-compelling situation. What has never been adopted as desirable
+cannot be termed practicable in statesmen's language. To declare an
+untried scheme impracticable might be an error of rashness.
+
+The idea of federating the empire has long attracted Sir Robert, with
+many other admirable Canadians and Britons, since it connotes or
+involves the concept of British Union for all worthy and necessary
+purposes, including maintenance of local autonomy or self-government,
+surely a most praiseworthy design. Discussion of that idea is unlikely
+to be harmful; it may be useful; something may come of it that may seem
+desirable and practicable to substantially all interests and people
+concerned. A consummation devoutly to be wished, but not to be rushed!
+One point, frequently specified in Sir Robert's public speeches, was
+stated as follows in a recent report, pamphleted for distribution by his
+own side:
+
+     It is impossible to believe that the existing status, so far
+     as it concerns the control of foreign policy and
+     extra-imperial relations, can remain as it is today. All are
+     conscious of the complexity of the problem thus presented; and
+     no one need despair of a satisfactory solution, and no one can
+     doubt the profound influence which the tremendous events of
+     the past few months and of those in the immediate future must
+     exercise upon one of the most interesting and far-reaching
+     questions ever presented for the consideration of statesmen.
+
+There Sir Robert was recommending no particular solution. A little
+earlier in the same speech he illustrated the deep sense of all
+experienced British statesmen that there never is or can be in the
+British system any final solution of any grave problem, the vital
+essence of the system being flux and change to suit ever-changing
+circumstance.
+
+     In so far as this empire may be said to possess a
+     Constitution, it is of modern growth and is still in the stage
+     of development. One can hardly conceive that it will ever
+     distinctly emerge from that state or attain a status in
+     which constitutional development is no longer to be
+     anticipated. Indeed, the genius of the British people and all
+     our past history lead us to believe the contrary. The steps in
+     advance have been usually gradual and always practical; and
+     they have been taken on instinct rather than upon any
+     carefully considered theory.
+
+[Illustration: YUAN SHIH-KAI
+
+President of the Chinese Republic.
+
+_(Photo by Rio V. De Sieux.)_]
+
+[Illustration: PRINCE VON BUELOW
+
+German Ambassador to Italy.]
+
+Which was admonition at once of the Centralizationists and their
+opponents, the Nationalists.
+
+Whatever alteration of existing British inter-arrangements may come
+after the war will be done on instinct in view of circumstances that
+cannot now be foreseen. Wherefore clamorers for this or that, their
+favorite scheme, are now inopportunists. Hence they are neglected by the
+public as unimpressive, futile wasters of breath or ink. Indeed Canada,
+Great Britain, the whole race of mankind are now swept on the crest of a
+huge wave of Fate. When it casts them ashore, recedes, leaves men to
+consider what may best be done for the future, then will have come the
+time to rearrange political fabrics, if need be. Then Sir Robert Borden
+will probably continue in his often clearly specified opinion that
+Canada, if remaining liable as now to be drawn into Great Britain's more
+perilous wars--a liability which must ever urge Canada to strong
+participation in order that the peril may be the sooner ended--ought to
+have a share in controlling Great Britain's foreign policy. Which
+sharing Mr. Asquith declared last year impracticable, in that sense
+inadmissible.
+
+Westminster must retain freedom to move, act, strike quickly. Her course
+toward Germany had to be decided last August within a few hours.
+Obviously her freedom, her power for promptitude would be hindered in
+proportion to need for such consultation with and approval by councilors
+of many distant countries as is presupposed by advocates of imperial
+federation. Why establish control by cumbersome, superfluous machinery
+when the war has made it clear as the sun at high noon that the
+essential desideratum, British Union, exists now? All the notable
+communities of the King's realms have demonstrated that they are in the
+mind, the condition of a voluntary empire. What more can be desired
+save by such as desire old country domination of all the concerned
+countries, and who really long for a formal and subservient Empire?
+
+Sir Richard Jebb, a deep student of the Empire problem, declared clearly
+last November the meaning of that general voluntary British war union
+which is a wonder of mankind, and in the course to teach a profound,
+general political lesson. He wrote:
+
+     That the war will in any event change the external relations
+     is evident. But why, if we win, should it change the political
+     relations between the parts, except to the extent of
+     encouraging us to conserve and develop the existing system
+     which has given so signal an example of effective imperial
+     unity in time of need? Continually talking of imperial unity,
+     we fail to recognize it when we have got it. There is never
+     going to be a moment when one might say "Yesterday we were not
+     united; today the Grand Act (of Imperial Federation
+     understood) has been signed; henceforth we are united."
+
+     The cult of the Grand Act is a snare and a delusion. Whatever
+     may happen hereafter--even the Grand Act itself--posterity is
+     likely to look back upon August, 1914, as the moment when the
+     British Empire reached the zenith of its unity. Let us
+     remember that the existing system is not stationary, though
+     its principle (voluntary union) may be final. It has been
+     developing steadily since 1902.
+
+     The Australian fleet unit, the first of the Dominion navies,
+     which enables each to exert upon foreign policy the full
+     weight of its importance in the empire, was not begun until
+     1910. The corollary, that any Dominion Minister appointed to
+     reside in London should have free and constant access to the
+     British Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary, was only
+     conceded in January, 1912, and has not yet been taken
+     advantage of, even by Australia.
+
+     But the development is all true to principle. What principle?
+     Voluntary co-operation, as opposed to central compulsion. In
+     war, as in peace, each of the Britannic nations is free to do
+     or not to do. But we have invoked naval and military
+     co-ordination, with results which the Australian Navy has
+     already exemplified (on the Emden, &c.)
+
+     Has this system of the free Commonwealth, as distinguished
+     from the German principle of a centralized empire organized
+     primarily for war, broken down under the supreme test, as so
+     many of our prophets predicted? On the contrary, it has alone
+     saved South Africa to the empire, besides eliciting
+     unrestricted military aid from each part. Why change it for
+     something diametrically opposed to its spirit, substituting
+     compulsion for liberty, provinces for nation-States?
+
+Sir Richard Jebb's sentence, specifying the nature of the Australian
+influence on foreign policy, seems apt reply to Sir Robert Borden's
+oft-repeated specification that a share in control of foreign policy
+should accrue to the Dominions by reason of their participation in or
+liability to war. This liability really compels them to engage with all
+their strength, lest they comfort an enemy by abstention, or by
+confining their armaments to self-defense, which might and would be read
+as disapproval of Britain's course, if the war were one of magnitude
+endangering her. A system more powerfully requiring Great Britain to
+take heed that her quarrel be just, lest she be not thrice armed by
+approving children, can scarcely be imagined.
+
+On this matter I have had the pleasure and benefit, during the last
+twelve years, of talking with Sir Wilfrid Laurier often. In the quoted
+Jebb view he agreed closely when I saw him a few days ago. He remarked,
+with special regard to this article for THE NEW YORK TIMES, that his
+point of insistence at the Imperial Conferences of 1902, 1907, 1911, and
+on all proper occasions, has been that local autonomy--that is, complete
+self-government for each of the Dominions--is not only consistent with
+British unity but necessary thereto as promoting and conserving that
+unity.
+
+When Mr. Asquith's denial of the practicability of giving the Dominions
+a direct share in control of Great Britain's foreign policy is
+considered, the Jebb-Laurier view would appear one to which Sir Robert
+Borden, cautious statesman, must be led by recognition that potent
+influence on foreign policy cannot but come to Dominions energetically
+providing at once for their own defense and for their power to aid Great
+Britain all along the line.
+
+As to imperial federation, Sir Wilfrid remarked that he has ever been
+openly attracted by that aspiration toward permanent British union, on
+which advocacy of the vague project has ever been bottomed. He is, as he
+said to me, and as all his long series of political actions have
+manifested, British in heart and way of political thinking, as indeed
+substantially all his French-Canadian compatriots are. British
+liberality, not to say liberalism, has attached them to the British
+system as firmly as any community originating from the United Kingdom.
+It was a French-Canadian statesman who asserted, some fifty years ago,
+when many British-Canadians seemed tending toward union with the United
+States, "The last shot fired in Canada for British connection will be
+from a French-Canadian." That was before the civil war abolished
+slavery.
+
+But, even as the Britishism of Old Country liberals is strongly
+tinctured by devotion to ideals which Americans are wont to regard as
+theirs--ideals making for settled peace, industry, the uplift of the
+"common people," fair room and reward for those abilities which
+conspicuously serve the general welfare--so Sir Wilfrid and his
+compatriots acknowledge their Britishism to be acutely conscious of
+political kinship with the American people. The French-Canadian
+yearning, like that of many Canadians of British origin, is rather for
+English-speaking union--a union of at least thorough understanding and
+common designs with the American people--than for the narrower exclusive
+British union sought by Canadian imperial federationists.
+
+Sir Wilfrid said, in effect, (I do not profess to report his very
+words,) that federation of those British communities widely separated by
+geography, but alike in race, language, laws, principles, has always
+attracted him as a project of excellent intentions. It is at worst a
+noble dream. That dream has become less impracticable than it was
+formerly, he thinks, by reason of the essential diminution of the world,
+diminution of distances and of time by latter-day inventions.
+
+Against the idea of general representation in a central Parliament at
+London, Sir Wilfrid pointed out that Edmund Burke objected "opposuit
+natura"--nature forbade it. The wisest of political philosophers could
+not foresee the telegraph, wireless, steam, airships. These have made a
+useful central imperial Parliament at least conceivable. Could it be
+more useful than the advisory council, or Imperial Conference which has
+become quadrennial, and might possibly become annual? That is matter for
+discussion. Sir Wilfrid said that such is the political genius of the
+British race that he would be rash who alleged any design impracticable
+toward which the race may tend so generally as to put it under
+discussion for arrangement of details. Conservation of local
+self-government, prime essential to agreement for union on common
+purposes, might prove reconcilable with federated defense.
+
+But there is, to Sir Wilfrid's way of thinking, one large objection
+against now attempting imperial federation. Its agitators contemplate a
+scheme immense, yet not sufficiently inclusive. They do not contemplate
+English-speaking solidarity. They purpose leaving out the majority of
+English-speakers--the American people. In this they do not follow Cecil
+Rhodes, a chief propagandist of their main design. It is true that the
+idea of getting Americans to participate in any formal union with all
+the rest of their brethren by race and tongue seems now impractical. But
+time works wonders. Mr. Gladstone foresaw the United States a people of
+six hundred comfortable millions, living in union before the end of the
+next century. The hegemony of the English-speaking nations seems likely
+to be within attainment by that one of them which appears destined to
+become far the most powerful of all in numbers, in wealth, and in
+security of environment. Time may show to our successors in this world
+some effective method of establishing agreements amounting to that
+solidarity for English-speaking action which has been acclaimed as
+existent for English-speaking thinking by a mind so eminently reasonable
+as that of Lord Haldane.
+
+It would be hasty, thinks Sir Wilfrid, and it might be injurious for the
+British countries to move toward any sort of formal union ostensibly
+tending to set them collectively apart from the United States. Give
+great beneficent ideas time to develop. Britons can well afford to take
+their time, since the war has shown existent among them an almost
+perfect union of sentiment and purpose. And this, apparently, with the
+blessed effect of enhancing general American good-will to Britons. From
+so much good understanding more may ensue, Sir Wilfrid concluded.
+
+Such Canadians as hold Edmund Burke to have been a spokesman of
+consummate political wisdom are apt to regard the busy stir of
+doctrinaires, who scream for closer political junction of the British
+peoples, even as Burke regarded the hurry of some of the same kidney in
+his time. Resolute to bind the thirteen colonies forever to England,
+they proceeded to offend, outrage, and drive those colonies to
+independence. Be it remembered that these colonies had contributed so
+loyally, so liberally to England's armaments and wars that grateful
+London Parliaments had insisted on voting back to them the subsidies
+they had granted, holding the contributions too generous. To later
+proposals of foolish henchmen of George III., proposals that the
+colonies, since they had revealed themselves as strong and rich, should
+be dragged into some formal political subordination by which, as by
+latter-day Imperial Federation, they might be involuntarily mustered and
+taxed for imperial purposes, Burke said:
+
+     Our hold on the colonies is the close affection which grows
+     from common names, from kindred blood, from similar
+     privileges, and equal protection. These are the ties which,
+     though light as air, are strong as links of iron. Let the
+     colonies always keep the idea of their civil rights associated
+     with your Government; they will cling and grapple to you, and
+     no force under heaven will be of power to tear them from their
+     allegiance....
+
+     As long as you have the wisdom to keep the sovereign authority
+     of this country as the sanctuary of liberty, the sacred temple
+     consecrated to our common faith, wherever the chosen race and
+     sons of England worship freedom, they will turn their faces
+     toward you. The more they multiply, the more friends you will
+     have. The more ardently they love liberty, the more perfect
+     will be their obedience. Slavery they can have anywhere. It is
+     a weed that grows on every soil. They may have it from Spain;
+     they may have it from Prussia; but until you become lost to
+     all feeling of your true interest and your natural dignity,
+     freedom they can have from none but you.
+
+     This is the commodity of price, of which you have the
+     monopoly.... Do not entertain so weak an imagination as that
+     your registers and your bonds, your affidavits and your
+     sufferances, ... your letters of office and your instructions
+     and your suspending clauses are the things that hold together
+     the great contexture of this mysterious whole. These things do
+     not make your Government. Dead instruments, passive tools as
+     they are, it is the spirit of the English communion that gives
+     all their life and efficacy to them. It is the spirit of the
+     English Constitution which, infused through the mighty mass,
+     pervades, feeds, unites, invigorates, vivifies every part of
+     the empire, even to the minutest member.
+
+And the doctrinaires of Centralization, vociferating their fad of
+Imperial Federation, would have that Constitution, in the moment of its
+supreme triumph for unity, cast away! Cast away for a new and written
+one by which Great Britain and all her children alike would chain
+themselves together! Well may practical statesmen view the doctrinaires
+with some disdain, not unmindful of Burke's immortal scorn of such
+formalists:
+
+"A sort of people who think that nothing exists but what is gross and
+material, and who, therefore, far from being qualified to be directors
+of the great movement of empire, are not fit to turn a wheel in the
+machine. To men truly initiated and rightly taught, those ruling and
+master principles which, in the opinion of such men as I have mentioned,
+have no substantial existence, are in truth everything and all in all.
+Magnanimity in politics is not seldom the truest wisdom; and a great
+empire and little minds go ill together."
+
+
+
+
+ENGLAND.
+
+By JOHN E. DOLSON.
+
+
+    Birth land of statesmen, bards, heroes, and sages;
+      Mother of nations--the homes of the free;
+    Builder of work that will last through the ages,
+      Hope for Humanity centres in thee.
+
+    Now that thy bugles their clear calls are shrilling,
+      Now that thy battle voice echoes worldwide,
+    O'er the long reaches of sea rush the willing
+      Sons of thy children to fight by thy side.
+
+    Eager to aid thee with treasure and tissue,
+      Other leal millions will come to thy call.
+    Civilization is staked on the issue--
+      Woe to Mankind if thy lion should fall!
+
+    Fall he will never, till English force slacken
+      In the great soul of thy dominant race,
+    Now, as of old, do the Destinies beckon
+      Thee to be highest in power and place.
+
+    Conflicts now raging will pass into story,
+      Nations may sink in defeat or disgrace;
+    Long be thy future resplendent with glory,
+      Long be thy triumphs the pride of our race!
+
+
+
+
+American Aid of France
+
+By Eugene Brieux
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+     M. Eugene Brieux, the celebrated French poet and playwright,
+     who is in this country as the official representative of the
+     French Academy--the "Forty Immortals"--has written a
+     remarkable tribute to American aid of France during the
+     present war. The address, which is herewith presented, was
+     read by M. Brieux at the residence of Mrs. John Henry Hammond
+     of New York City recently before a gathering of two hundred
+     men and women who have been interested in the work of the
+     American Ambulance Hospital in Paris.
+
+Miss Marie Van Vorst, who nursed the wounded at the American Ambulance
+in Paris, will speak to you of it as an eyewitness. From her you will
+receive direct news of your splendid work of humanity. While she was
+caring for wounded French, English, and German I was attached to another
+hospital at Chartres. It happens, therefore, that I have never seen the
+American Military Hospital created by you, but I am not in ignorance
+concerning it any more than any other Parisian, any more, indeed, than
+the majority of the French people. I know that the American Ambulance is
+the most remarkable hospital that the world has seen. I know that you,
+since the beginning of the war, have brought the aid of medical science
+to wounded men and that you have given not only money, but an
+institution, all ready, complete and of the most modern type, and, even
+more, that you have sent there your best surgeons and a small army of
+orderlies and nurses.
+
+I know that at first one could not find a place; that there was
+available only a building in course of construction, intended to be the
+Pasteur School at Neuilly. This building was far from completion; it
+lacked doors and there were no stairs. I know that in three weeks your
+generosity, your energy, and your quick intelligence has made of this
+uncertain shell a modern military hospital, with white walls, electric
+light, baths, rooms for administering anaesthetics, operating rooms,
+sterilizing plants, apparatus for X-rays, and a dental clinic. I know
+that automobiles, admirably adapted to the service, carried the wounded.
+And yet I do not know all. I know only by instinct of the devotion of
+your young girls, of your women, and of your young men, belonging often
+to prominent families, who served as stretcher bearers and orderlies.
+
+I am not ignorant of the fact that they count by the hundreds those who
+have been cured at the American Ambulance at Neuilly, nor of the further
+fact that the rate of mortality is extremely low, although they have
+sent you those most gravely injured. I know that it is all free; that
+there are no charges made for the expenses of administration; that for
+the service rendered by your people there is no claim, and that every
+cent of every dollar subscribed goes entirely and directly to the care
+of the wounded. I know also that the expenses at the hospital are $4,000
+a day, and that ever since the beginning your charity has met this
+demand.
+
+Such splendid effort has not been ignored or misunderstood. The
+President of the French Republic has cabled to President Wilson his
+appreciation and his gratitude; General Fevier, Inspector General of
+Hospitals of the French Army, has publicly expressed his admiration; the
+English physicians and public men have shared their sentiments.
+
+As to the people of Paris, as to the French nation, they have been
+touched to the depths of their being. And yet in France we have found
+all this quite natural. I shall tell you why. We have so high a regard
+for you that when you do anything well no one is surprised. I believe
+that if a wounded soldier arriving at your hospital exclaimed, "This is
+wonderful!" his comrade who had been ahead of him would answer in a tone
+of admonition: "That surprises you? You do not know then that it is done
+by the Americans, by the people from the United States?" In this refusal
+to be astonished in the face of remarkable achievements, when they come
+from you, there is a tribute, a praise of high quality which your
+feelings and your patriotism will know how to appreciate.
+
+I have said that all that comes from you which is good and great seems
+natural to us, and I have given you a reason; but there is another. In
+France we are accustomed to consider the Republic of the United States
+as an affectionate, distant sister. When one receives a gift from a
+stranger one is astonished and cries out his thanks, but when the gift
+comes from a brother or from some one who, on similar occasions, has
+never failed, the thanks are not so outspoken but more profound. One
+says: "Ah, it is you, my brother. I suffer. I expected you. I knew that
+you would come, for I should have gone to you had you needed me. I thank
+you."
+
+And, indeed, we are closely bound together, you and we. Without doubt,
+common interest and an absence of possible competition helps to that
+end, but there is something more which unites us--it is our kindred
+sentiments. It is this kinship which has created our attraction for each
+other and which has cemented it; it is our common ground of affections,
+of hatreds, of hopes; our ideals rest upon the same high plane. To
+mention but one point, one of you has said: "The United States and
+France are the only two nations which have fought for an ideal." And it
+is that which separates us, you and us, from a certain other nation, and
+which has served to bring us two close together.
+
+We love you and we are grateful for what you are doing for us. When the
+day came for my departure from France to represent here the French
+Academy I asked of Mr. Poincare, who had visited the American Ambulance
+at Neuilly, if duty did not forbid me to go. "No," he said to me. "Go to
+the United States. Carry greetings to the great nation of America." And
+he gave to me, for your President, the letter with which you are
+familiar, where he expressed the admiration and the sympathy that he has
+for you.
+
+I have been traveling North and South in the Eastern part of the United
+States. I have had many opportunities to admire your power and the
+extent of your efforts. Today, in thinking of the American Ambulance
+Hospital in Paris, I admire your persistence in labor. You have
+established this hospital. That was good. But it costs a thousand
+dollars a day, and yet you keep on with the work. That is doubly good.
+Indeed, one can understand that you have not been willing, after having
+created this model hospital, that some day through lack of support its
+doors should close and the wounded you have taken in be turned over to
+others; certainly those first subscribers undertook a sort of moral
+obligation to themselves not to permit the work to fail. But, none the
+less, it is admirable that it should be so. To give once is something,
+but it is little if one compares the value of the first gift to those
+which follow.
+
+The first charity is easily understood. Suddenly war is at hand. Its
+horrors can be imagined and every one feels that he can in some measure
+lessen them, and he opens his purse. Then time passes, the war
+continues, and one becomes accustomed to the thoughts that were at first
+unbearable--it is so far away and so long. Others in this way were
+checked after their first impulse.
+
+But you, you have thought that, if it is good to establish a hospital,
+that alone was not enough, and that each day would bring new wounded to
+replace those who, cured, took up their guns again and returned to the
+field of battle. And since at the American Ambulance the wounded are
+cured quickly, the very excellence of your organization, the science of
+your surgeons, and the greatness of your sacrifices all bring upon you
+other and new sacrifices to be made.
+
+But the word "sacrifice" is badly chosen. You do not make sacrifices,
+for you are strong and you are good. When you decide upon some new
+generous act you have only to appeal to your national pride, which will
+never allow an American undertaking to fail. You have the knowledge of
+the good that you are doing, and that, for you, is sufficient. You know
+that, thanks to your generosity, suffering is relieved, and you know
+that, thanks to the science of your surgeons, this relief is not merely
+momentary, but that the wounded man who would have remained a cripple if
+he had been less ably cared for, will be, thanks to you, completely
+cured, and that, instead of dragging out a miserable existence, he will
+be able to live a normal life and support a family which will bless
+you. Such men will owe it all to the persistence of your generosity.
+
+I return always to that point, and it is essential. To give once is a
+common impulse, common to nearly all the world. It means freeing one's
+self from the suffering which good souls feel when they see others
+suffer. But to give again after having given is a proof of reflection,
+of an understanding of the meaning of life; it is to work intelligently;
+it is to insure the value of the first effort; it means the possession
+of goodness which is lasting and far-seeing. That is a rare virtue. You
+have it. And that is why I express a three-fold thanks, for the past,
+for the present, and for the future--thanks that come from the bottom of
+the heart of a Frenchman.
+
+
+
+
+A FAREWELL.
+
+By EDNA MEAD.
+
+
+    Look, Love! I lay my wistful hands in thine
+      A little while before you seek the dark,
+    Untraversed ways of War and its Reward,
+      I cannot bear to lift my gaze and mark
+      The gloried light of hopeful, high emprise
+    That, like a bird already poised for flight,
+      Has waked within your eyes.
+    For me no proud illusions point the road,
+      No fancied flowers strew the paths of strife:
+    War only wears a horrid, hydra face,
+      Mocking at strength and courage, youth and life.
+    If you were going forth to cross your sword
+      In fair and open, man-to-man affray,
+      One might be even reconciled and say,
+    "This is not murder; only passion bent
+      On pouring out its poison"--one could pray
+    That the day's end might see the madness done
+    And saner souls rise with the morrow's sun.
+      But this incarnate hell that yawns before
+    Your bright, brave soul keyed to the fighter's clench--
+    This purgatory that men call the "trench"--
+      This modern "Black Hole" of a modern war!
+    Yea, Love! yet naught I say can save you, so
+    I lay my heart in yours and let you go.
+
+
+
+
+Stories of French Courage
+
+By Edwin L. Shuman
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+There has just appeared in Paris a book called "La Guerre Vue d'Une
+Ambulance," which brings the war closer to the eye and heart than
+anything else I have read. It is written by Abbe Felix Klein, Chaplain
+of the American Ambulance Hospital at Neuilly, a suburb of Paris, and
+has the added merit of describing the noble work which American money
+and American Red Cross nurses are doing there for the French wounded.
+The abbe, by the way, has twice visited the United States in recent
+years, has many warm friends here, and has written several enthusiastic
+books about the "Land of the Strenuous Life."
+
+When the war broke out this large-hearted priest and busy author dropped
+all his literary and other plans to minister to the wounded soldiers
+brought to the war hospital established by Americans in the fine new
+building of the Lycee Pasteur, which was to have received its first
+medical students a few weeks later. There were 250 beds at first, and
+later 500, with more than a hundred American automobiles carrying the
+wounded to it, often direct from the front.
+
+Through all these months Abbe Klein has labored day and night among
+these sufferers, cheering some to recovery, easing the dying moments of
+others with spiritual solace, and, hardest of all, breaking the news of
+bereavement to parents.
+
+From day to day, through those terrible weeks of fighting on the Aisne
+and the Marne, with Paris itself in danger, the good abbe wrote brief
+records of his hopes and fears regarding his wounded friends, and set
+down in living words the more heroic or touching phases of their simple
+stories. Let me translate a few of them for the reader.
+
+Take, for instance, the case of Charles Maree, a blue-eyed, red-bearded
+hero of thirty years, an only son who had taken the place of his invalid
+father at the head of their factory, and who had responded to the first
+call to arms. During his months of suffering his parents were held in
+territory occupied by the enemy and could not be reached. The abbe goes
+on to tell his story:
+
+     Let us not be deceived by the calm smile on his face. For six
+     weeks Charles Maree has been undergoing an almost continual
+     martyrdom, his pelvis fractured, with all the consequences one
+     divines, weakened by hemorrhage, his back broken, capable only
+     of moving his head and arms.... He is one of our most fervent
+     Christians: I bring him the communion twice a week, and he
+     never complains of suffering. He is also one of our bravest
+     soldiers; he has received the military medal, and when I asked
+     him how it came about he told me the following in a firm tone
+     and with his hand in mine, for we are great friends:
+
+     "It was given to me the 8th of October. I had to fulfill a
+     mission that was a little difficult. It was at Mazingarbe,
+     between Bethune and Lens, and 9 o'clock in the evening. Two of
+     the enemy's armored auto-machine guns had just been discovered
+     approaching our lines. I was ordered to go and meet them with
+     a Pugeot of twenty-five or thirty horse power--I was
+     automobilist in the Thirtieth Dragoons.
+
+     "I left by the little road from Vermelles on which the two
+     hostile machines were reported to be approaching. After twenty
+     minutes I stopped, put out my lights, and waited. A quarter of
+     an hour of profound silence followed, and then I caught the
+     sound of the first mitrailleuse. With one spin of the wheel I
+     threw my machine across the middle of the road. That of the
+     enemy struck us squarely in the centre. The moment the shock
+     was past I rose from my seat with my revolver and killed the
+     chauffeur and the mechanician.
+
+     "But almost immediately the second machine gun arrived. The
+     two men on it comprehended what had happened. While one of
+     them stopped the machine, the other aimed at me under his seat
+     and fired a revolver ball that pierced both thighs; then they
+     turned their machine and retreated. My companion, happily, was
+     not hurt, so he could take me to Vermelles, where the
+     ambulance service was. The same evening they gave me the
+     military medal, for which I had already been proposed three
+     times."
+
+After three months of suffering, borne without complaint, this man died
+without having been able to get a word to his parents. The abbe had
+become deeply attached to him, and the whole hospital corps felt the
+loss of his courageous presence.
+
+Some of the horror of war is in these pages, as where the author says:
+
+     The doctors worked till 3 o'clock this morning. They had to
+     amputate arms and legs affected with gangrene. The operating
+     room was a sea of blood.
+
+Some of the pathos of war is here, and even a little of its humor, but
+most of all its courage. Both of the latter are mingled in the case of
+an English soldier who was brought in wounded from the field of
+Soissons.
+
+     "I fought until such a day, when I was wounded."
+
+     "And since then?"
+
+     "Since then I have traveled."
+
+An English infantry officer, a six-footer, brought to the hospital with
+his head bandaged in red rather than white, showed the abbe his cap and
+the bullet hole in it.
+
+"A narrow escape," said the abbe in English, and then learned that the
+escape was narrower than the wounded forehead indicated. Another bullet,
+without touching the officer, had pierced the sole of his shoe under his
+foot, and a third had perforated his coat between the body and the arm
+without breaking the skin.
+
+The author's attitude toward the Germans, always free from bitterness,
+is sufficiently indicated in such a paragraph as this:
+
+     This afternoon I gave absolution and extreme unction to an
+     Irishman, who has not regained consciousness since he was
+     brought here. He had in his portfolio a letter addressed to
+     his mother. The nurse is going to add a word to say that he
+     received the last sacraments. A Christian hope will soften the
+     frightful news. Emperors of Austria and Germany, if you were
+     present when the death is announced in that poor Irish home,
+     and in thousands, hundreds of thousands of others, in England,
+     in France, in Russia, in Servia, in Belgium, in your own
+     countries, in all Europe, and even in Africa and Asia!... May
+     God enlighten your consciences!
+
+The French wounded in the hospital at Neuilly--during the period when
+the German right wing was being beaten back from Paris--frequently
+accused the German regulars of wanton cruelty, but testified to the
+humanity of the reservists. The author relates several episodes
+illustrating both points. Here are two:
+
+     "The regulars are no good," said a brave peasant reservist.
+     "They struck me with the butts of their rifles on my wound.
+     They broke and threw away all that I had. The reserves arrive,
+     and it is different; they take care of me. My comrade, wounded
+     in the breast, was dying of thirst; he actually died of it a
+     little while afterward. I dragged myself up to go and seek
+     water for him; the young fellows aimed their guns at me. I was
+     obliged to make a half-turn and lie down again."
+
+Another, who also begins by praising the German field officers, saw
+soldiers of the active army stripping perfectly nude one of our men who
+had a perforated lung, and whom they had made prisoner after his wound:
+
+     "When they saw that they would have to abandon him, they took
+     away everything from him, even his shirt, and it was done in
+     pure wickedness, since they carried nothing away."
+
+One of the most amazing escapes is that of a soldier from Bordeaux, told
+partly in his own racy idiom, and fully vouched for by the author. After
+relating how he left the railway at Nanteuil and traversed a hamlet
+pillaged by the Germans he continues:
+
+     We form ourselves into a skirmish line. The shells come. The
+     dirt flies: holes to bury an ox? One can see them coming:
+     zzz--boom! There is time to get out of the way.
+
+     Arrived at the edge of the woods, we separate as scouts. We
+     are ordered to advance. But, mind you, they already have our
+     range. The artillery makes things hum. My bugler, near me, is
+     killed instantly; he has not said a word, poor boy! I am
+     wounded in the leg. It is about two o'clock. As I cannot drag
+     myself further, a comrade, before leaving, hides me under
+     three sheaves of straw with my head under my knapsack. The
+     shells have peppered it full of holes, that poor sack. Without
+     it--ten yards away a comrade, who had his leg broken and a
+     piece of shell in his arm, received seven or eight more
+     wounds.
+
+     I stayed there all day. In the evening the soldiers of the
+     101st took me into the woods, where there were several French
+     wounded and a German Captain, wounded the evening before. He
+     was suffering too, poor wretch. About midnight the French
+     soldiers came to seek those who were transportable. They left
+     only my comrade, myself and the German Captain. There were
+     other wounded further along, and we heard their cries. It was
+     dreary.
+
+These wounded men passed two whole days there without help. On the third
+day the Germans arrived and the narrator gave himself up for lost. But
+the German Captain, with whom the Frenchmen had divided their food and
+drink, begged that they be cared for. Ultimately they were taken to the
+German camp and their wounds attended to. But in a few minutes the camp
+became the centre of a violent attack, and again it looked as if the
+last day of the wounded prisoners had come.
+
+Suddenly the Germans ran away and left everything. An hour later, when
+the firing ceased, they returned, carried away the wounded of both
+nationalities on stretchers, crowded about twenty-five of them into one
+wagon (the narrator's broken leg was not stretched out, and he
+suffered,) and all the way the wagon gave forth the odor of death. All
+day they rode without a bite to eat. At 1 o'clock at night they reached
+the village of Cuvergnon, where their wounds were well attended to. The
+following day the Germans departed without saying a word, but the
+villagers cared for the wounded, both friends and enemies, and in time
+the American automobiles carried them to Neuilly.
+
+     It is a paradise [added the wounded man.] Now we are saved.
+     But what things I have seen! I have seen an officer with his
+     brain hanging here, over his eye. And black corpses, and
+     bloated horses! The saddest time is the night. One hears
+     cries: "Help!" There are some who call their mothers. No one
+     answers.
+
+All these recitals of soldiers are stamped with the red badge of
+courage. A priest serving as an Adjutant was superintending the digging
+of trenches close to the firing line on the Aisne. He had to expose
+himself for a space of three feet in going from one trench to another.
+In that instant a Mauser bullet struck him under the left eye, traversed
+the nostril, the top of the palate, the cheek bone and came out under
+the right ear. He felt the bullet only where it came out, but soon he
+fell, covered with blood and believed he was wounded to death. Then his
+courage returned, and he crawled into the trench. Comrades carried him
+to the ambulance at Ambleny, with bullets and "saucepans" raining about
+them from every direction. In time he was transferred to the American
+Hospital at Neuilly. "I'm only a little disfigured and condemned to
+liquids," he told his friend the abbe. "In a few weeks I shall be cured
+and will return to the front."
+
+Abbe Klein tells the curious story of a Zouave and his faithful dog. In
+one of the zigzag corridors connecting the trenches near Arras the man
+was terribly wounded by a shell that killed all his companions and left
+him three-quarters buried in the earth. With only the dead around him,
+he "felt himself going to discouragement," to use the author's mild
+phrase, when his dog, which had never left him since the beginning of
+the war, arrived and began showing every sign of distress and affection.
+The wounded man told the author:
+
+     It is not true that he dug me out, but he roused my courage. I
+     commenced to free my arms, my head, the rest of my body.
+     Seeing this, he began scratching-with all his might around me,
+     and then caressed me, licking my wounds. The lower part of my
+     right leg was torn off, the left wounded in the calf, a piece
+     of shell in the back, two fingers cut off, and the right arm
+     burned. I dragged myself bleeding to the trench, where I
+     waited an hour for the litter carriers. They brought me to the
+     ambulance post at Roclincourt, where my foot was taken off,
+     shoe and all; it hung only by a tendon. From there I was
+     carried on a stretcher to Anzin, then in a carriage to another
+     ambulance post, where they carved me some more.... My dog was
+     present at the first operation. An hour after my departure he
+     escaped and came to me at Anzin.
+
+But when the Zouave was sent to Neuilly the two friends had to separate.
+At the railway station he begged to take his dog along, and told his
+story; but the field officer, touched though he was, could not take it
+upon himself to send a dog on a military train. The distress of both man
+and beast was so evident that more than one nurse had tears in her eyes
+as the train pulled out.
+
+They tried to pet the dog, dubbed him Tue-Boches, offered him dog
+delicacies of all sorts, but in vain. He refused all food and remained
+for two days "sad to death." Then some one went to the American
+Hospital, told how the dog had saved the Zouave, and the upshot of it
+was that the faithful animal, duly combed and passed through the
+disinfecting room, was admitted to the hospital and recovered his master
+and his appetite. But at last accounts his master was still very weak,
+and "in the short visit which the dog is allowed to make each day, he
+knows perfectly, after a tender and discreet good morning, how to hold
+himself very wisely at the foot of the bed, his eyes fixed upon his
+patient."
+
+Thanks to modern science, the cases of tetanus are few in this war, but
+there are many deaths from gangrene, because, with no truce for the
+removal of the wounded, so many lie for days before receiving medical
+aid. Abbe Klein tells of one Breton boy, as gentle a soul as his
+sister--"my little Breton," he always calls him, affectionately--and
+comments again and again upon the boy's patient courage amid sufferings
+that could have but one end. The infection spread in spite of all that
+science could do, and even amputation could not save him. At last he
+ceased to live, "like a poor little bird," as his French attendant,
+herself a mother with three boys in the army, said with tears.
+
+Saddest of all are the bereaved wives and mothers. The reader will find
+many of them in the good Chaplain's book, and they will bring the war
+closer than anything else. Sometimes they stand mute under the blow,
+looking on the dead face without a sound, and then dropping unconscious
+to the floor. Sometimes they cry wild things to heaven. The Chaplain's
+work in either case is not easy, and some of his most touching pages
+depict such scenes.
+
+There was a boy of twenty years, who was slowly but surely dying of
+gangrene. Let the abbe tell the end of the story:
+
+     At 9 o'clock the parents arrive. Frightened at first by the
+     change, they are reassured to see that he is suffering so
+     little, and soon leave him, as they think, to rest. When they
+     return at 10, suddenly called, their child is dead. Their
+     grief is terrible. The father still masters himself, but the
+     mother utters cries. They are led to the chapel, while some
+     one comes to look for me. The poor woman, who was wandering
+     about stamping and wringing her hands, rushes to me and cries,
+     no, it is not possible that her son is dead, a child like
+     that, so healthy, so beautiful, so lovable; she wishes me to
+     reassure her, to say it is as she says. Before my silence and
+     the tears that come to my eyes her groans redouble, and
+     nothing can calm her: "But what will become of us? We had only
+     him."
+
+     Nothing quiets her. My words of Christian hope have no more
+     effect than what the father tries to say to her. For a moment
+     she listens to my account of the poor boy's words of faith, of
+     the communion yesterday, of his prayer this morning. But soon
+     she falls back into her distraction, and I suggest to the
+     husband that he try to occupy her mind, to make a diversion of
+     some kind; the more so, I add, as I must leave to attend a
+     burial. She hears this word: "I don't want him to be taken
+     from me. You are not going to bury him at once!" I explain
+     softly that no one is thinking of such a thing; that on the
+     contrary I am going to take her to those who will let her see
+     her boy. We go then to the office, and I hurry away to
+     commence the funeral of another.
+
+     I learn on my return that they have seen their son, such as
+     death has made him, and that on hearing the cries of the
+     mother, three other women, already agitated by the visit to
+     their own wounded and by the funeral preparations, have fallen
+     in a faint.
+
+One day last Fall President Poincare, accompanied by M. Viviani and
+General Gallieni, was received at the American Hospital by Mr. Herrick,
+the American Ambassador, and by the members of the Hospital Committee.
+Abbe Klein has words of praise not only for Mr. Herrick, but also for
+his predecessor, Mr. Bacon, and for his successor, Mr. Sharp. His
+admiration for the devoted American women who are serving as nurses in
+the hospital is expressed frequently in his pages. He says the labors of
+the American nurses and those of the French nurses complement each other
+admirably. Of the founding and maintenance of the hospital at Neuilly,
+he says:
+
+     The resources are provided wholly by the charity of Americans.
+     From the beginning of the war the administrative council of
+     their Paris hospital took the initiative in the movement. The
+     American colony in France, almost unaided, gave the
+     half-million francs that was subscribed the first month. New
+     York and other cities of the United States followed their
+     lead, and, in spite of the financial crisis that grips there
+     as elsewhere, one may be sure that the funds will not be
+     wanting. America has its Red Cross, which, justly enough, aids
+     the wounded of all nations; but, among the belligerents, it
+     has chosen to distinguish the compatriots of Lafayette and
+     Rochambeau; our field hospital is the witness of their
+     faithful gratitude. France will not forget.
+
+Later the abbe recorded in his diary that the 500 beds would soon be
+filled, but added that the generous activity of the Americans would not
+end there. They would establish branch hospitals. Large sums had been
+placed at the disposal of the committee to found an "ambulance" in
+Belgium and another in France as near the front as prudence permitted.
+Toward the end of January he recorded the gift of $200,000 from Mrs.
+Harry Payne Whitney, and its use by the committee to establish an
+affiliated hospital at the College of Juilly, in the Department of
+Seine-et-Marne. He added that still other branches were about to be
+founded with American funds.
+
+Abbe Klein writes out of a full and sincere heart, whether as a priest,
+a patriot, or a man who loves his fellowmen; and, without seeking it, he
+writes as a master of phrase. His new book probably will soon be
+translated and published in the United States.
+
+
+
+
+A TROOPER'S SOLILOQUY
+
+By O.C.A. CHILD
+
+
+    'Tis very peaceful by our place the now!
+      Aye, Mary's home from school--the little toad--
+    And Jeck is likely bringing in the cow,
+      Away from pasture, down the hillside road.
+
+    Now Nancy, I'll be bound, is brewing tea!
+      She's humming at her work the way she will,
+    And, happen so, she maybe thinks of me
+      And wishes she'd another cup to fill.
+
+    'Tis very queer to sit here on this nag
+      And swing this bit o' blade within my hand--
+    To keep my eye upon that German flag
+      And wonder will they run or will they stand;
+
+    To watch their Uhlans forming up below,
+      And feel a queersome way that's like to fear;
+    To hope to God that I won't make a show,
+      And that my throat is not too dry to cheer;
+
+    To close my eyes a breath and say "God bless
+      And keep all safe at home, and aid us win,"
+    Then straighten as the bugle sounds "Right, Dress...."
+      Hurrah! Hurrah! Hurrah! We're going in!
+
+
+
+
+American Unfriendliness
+
+By Maximilian Harden
+
+[From THE NEW YORK TIMES, April, 1915.]
+
+
+     Maximilian Harden, author of the article of which the
+     following is a translation, is the widely known German
+     journalist and publicist who has been termed "the German
+     George Bernard Shaw." The article was published in the second
+     February number of Die Zukunft.
+
+_Japan and the United States are being wooed. Ever since the Western
+powers' hope of speedy decisive blows on the part of Russia have
+shriveled up, they would like to lure the Japanese Army, two to four
+hundred thousand men, to the Continent. What was scoffed at as a whim of
+Pinchon and Clemenceau now is unveiled as a yearning of those at the
+head of the Governments._
+
+_The sentimental wish to see Germany's collapse completed by the
+activities of the allied European powers now ventures only shyly into
+the light of day. The ultimate wearing down of the German Army assures
+us of victory; but a speedy termination of the war under which the whole
+hemisphere suffers would be preferable. The Trans-Siberian Railway could
+bring the Japanese to Poland and East Prussia. The greatness of the
+expenditures therefor cannot frighten him who knows what tremendous sums
+each week of the war costs the Allies. Where it is a question of our
+life, of the existence of all free lands, every consideration must
+vanish. Public opinion desires an agreement with the Government of the
+Mikado._
+
+These sentences I found in the Temps. England will not apply the brakes.
+Mr. Winston Churchill, to be sure, lauds the care-free fortune of his
+fatherland, which even after Trafalgar, he says, did not command the
+seas as freely as today; but in his inmost heart even this "savior of
+Calais" does not cheat himself concerning the fact that it is a matter
+of life and death. In order not to succumb in such a conflict, England
+will sacrifice its prosperous comfort and the lordly pride of the white
+man just as willingly as it would, if necessary, Gibraltar and Egypt,
+(which might be within the reach of German armies in the Spring.)
+
+Will Japan follow the luring cry? Any price will be paid for it. What is
+Indo-China to the Frenchmen, whose immense colonial empire is exploited
+by strangers, if thereby they can purchase the bliss of no longer being
+"the victims of 1870"? And the yellow race that co-operated on Europe's
+soil in the most momentous decision of all history would live in
+splendor such as had never before been seen, and could keep China, the
+confused, reeling republic, for at least a generation in its
+guardianship.
+
+The land of the Stars and Stripes is only being asked to give its
+neutrality the color of good-will. It is, for the time being, unlikely
+that the United States would stand beside our opponents with army and
+navy, as has been urgently counseled by Mr. Roosevelt, (who received the
+honorary doctor's title in Berlin and as a private citizen reviewed a
+brigade drill at the Kaiser's side.) Nevertheless, experience warns us
+to be prepared for every change of weather, from the distant West, as
+well as the distant East, (and to guard ourselves alike against abuse
+and against flattery.)
+
+The sentiment of the Americans is unfriendly to us. In spite of Princes'
+travels, Fritz monuments, exchanges of professors, Kiel Week, and cable
+compliments? Yes, in spite of all that. We can't change it. And should
+avoid impetuous wooing.
+
+The missionaries of the Foreign Office brought along with them in trunks
+and bundles across the sea the prettiest eagerness; but in many cases
+they selected useless and in some cases even injurious methods.
+Lectures, pamphlets, defensive writings--the number of the defenders
+and the abundance of their implements and talk only nursed suspicion.
+Whatever could be done for the explanation of the German conduct was
+done by Germania's active children, who know the country and the people.
+
+The American business man never likes to climb mountains of paper. He
+has grown up in a different emotional zone, accustomed to a different
+standard of values than the Middle European. To feel his way into
+foreign points of view, finally to become, in ordinary daily relations,
+a psychologist, that will be one of the chief duties of the German of
+tomorrow. He may no longer demand that the stranger shall be like him;
+no longer denounce essential differences of temperament as a sin. The
+North American, among whose ancestors are Britons and Spaniards, Celts
+and Dutchmen, South Frenchmen and Low Germans, does not easily
+understand the Englishman, despite the common language; calls him surly,
+stiff, cold; charges him with selfishness and presumption, and has
+never, as a glance backward will show, shirked battle with him for great
+issues. For the most part, to be sure, it remains the scolding of
+relatives, who wish to tug at and tousel each other, not to murder each
+other.
+
+Only before the comrade of Japan did the brow of Jonathan wrinkle more
+deeply. But every Briton swore that his kinsman would bar the yellow
+man's way to Hawaii, California, and the Philippines, and put him in the
+fields of Asia only as a terror to the Russians or a scarecrow to the
+Germans. A doubt remained, nevertheless; and we missed the chance of a
+strong insurance against Japanese encroachment. Stroked caressingly
+yesterday and boxed ears today:
+
+     Over there the dollar alone rules, and all diplomacy is a
+     pestilential swamp; decency is an infrequent guest, with scorn
+     grinning ever over its shoulder; the entrepreneur is a rogue,
+     the official a purchasable puppet, the lady a
+     cold-cream-covered lady-peacock.
+
+The stubborn idealism, the cheerful ability of the American, his joy in
+giving, his achievements in and for art, science, culture--all that was
+scarcely noticed. Such a caricature could not be erased by compliments.
+
+Before Mr. Roosevelt bared his set of stallion's teeth (Hengstgebiss) to
+the Berliners, he had spoken cheerfully to Admirals Dewey and Beresford
+concerning the possibilities of a war of the Star-Spangled Banner
+against Germany. And gentler fellow-countrymen of the billboard man
+said:
+
+     You're amazing. Yourselves devilishly greedy for profits, yet
+     you scoff at us because we go chasing after business. You
+     fetch heaps of money across the sea, and then turn up your
+     sublimely snuffing noses as if it stinks.
+
+To reach an understanding would have been difficult even in times of
+peace. The American is unwilling to be either stiff or subservient. He
+does not wish to be accounted of less value as a merchant than the
+officer or official; wishes to do what he likes and to call the
+President an ox outright if he pleases. Leave him as he is; and do not
+continually hurt the empire and its swarms of emigrant children by the
+attempt to force strangers into the shell of your will and your opinion.
+
+Is it not possible that the American is analyzing the origin of the war
+in his own way? That he looks upon Belgium's fate with other eyes than
+the German? That he groans over "the army as an end in itself" and over
+"militarism"? That he does not understand us any quicker than the German
+Michel understands him? And that he puffs furiously when, after a long
+period of drought, the war, a European one, now spoils his trade?
+
+Only for months at the worst, Sam; then it will spring up again in
+splendor such as has never been seen before. No matter how the dice fall
+for us, the chief winnings are going to you. The cost of the war
+(expense without increment, devastation, loss of business) amounts to a
+hundred thousand million marks or more for old Europa; she will be
+loaded down with loans and taxes. Even to the gaze of the victor,
+customers will sink away that were yesterday capable of buying and
+paying. Extraordinary risks cannot be undertaken for many a year on our
+soil. But everybody will drift over to you--Ministers of Finance,
+artists, inventors, and those who scent profits. You will merely have to
+free yourselves from dross (and from the trust thought that cannot be
+stifled) and to weed out the tares of demagogy; then you will be the
+effective lords of the world and will travel to Europe like a great
+Nuernberg that teaches people subsequently to feel how once upon a time
+it felt to operate in the Narrows.
+
+The scope of your planning and of your accomplishment, the very rank
+luxuriance of your life, will be marveled at as a fairy wonder. We,
+victors and conquered and neutrals, will alike be confined by duty to
+austere simplicity of living. Your complaint is unfounded; only gird
+yourselves for a wee short time in patience. Whether the business deals
+which you grab in the wartime smell good or bad, we shall not now
+publicly investigate. If law and custom permit them, what do you care
+for alien heartache? If the statutes of international law prohibit them,
+the Governments must insure the effectiveness thereof. Scolding does
+not help. Until the battle has been fought out to the finish, until the
+book of its genesis has been exalted above every doubt, your opinion
+weighs as heavy as a little chicken's feather to us. Let writer and
+talker rave till they are exhausted--not a syllable yet in defense.
+
+We do not feel hurt, (haven't spare time for it;) indeed, we are glad
+that you gave ten millions each month for Belgium, that you intend to
+help care for Poland, that you are opening the savings banks of your
+children. But, seriously, we beg you not to howl if American ships are
+damaged by the attack of German submarines. England wishes to shut off
+our imports of foodstuffs and raw materials, and we wish to shut off
+England's. You do not attempt to land on our coast; keep away also from
+that of Britain. You were warned early. What is now to take place is
+commanded by merciless necessity; must be.
+
+And let no woeful cries, no threats, crowd into Germany's ears.
+
+
+
+
+ENDOWED WITH A NOBLE FIRE OF BLOOD
+
+By A. Kouprine
+
+[From King Albert's Book.]
+
+
+Not applause, not admiration, but the deep, eternal gratitude of the
+whole civilized world is now due to the self-denying Belgian people and
+their noble young sovereign. They first threw themselves before the
+savage beast, foaming with pride, maddened with blood. They thought not
+of their own safety, nor of the prosperity of their houses, nor of the
+fate of the high culture of their country, nor of the vast numbers and
+cruelty of the enemy. They have saved not only their fatherland, but all
+Europe--the cradle of intellect, taste, science, creative art, and
+beauty--they have saved from the fury of the barbarians trampling, in
+their insolence, the best roses in the holy garden of God. Compared with
+their modest heroism the deed of Leonidas and his Spartans, who fought
+in the Pass of Thermopylae, falls into the shade. And the hearts of all
+the noble and the good beat in accord with their great hearts....
+
+No, never shall die or lose its power a people endowed with such a noble
+fire of blood, with such feelings that inspire it to confront
+bereavement, sorrow, sickness, wounds; to march as friends, hand in
+hand, adored King and simple cottager, man and woman, poor and rich,
+weak and strong, aristocrat and laborer. Salutation and humblest
+reverence to them!
+
+
+
+
+Chronology of the War
+
+Showing Progress of Campaigns on All Fronts and Collateral Events from
+Feb. 28, 1915, Up To and Including March 31, 1915
+
+[Continued from the March Number]
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN EASTERN EUROPE
+
+March 1--Two German army corps are defeated in struggle for Przasnysz;
+Germans bombard Ossowetz.
+
+March 2--Russians win Dukla Pass; 10,000 Germans taken prisoner at
+Przasnysz; Russians reinforced on both flanks in Poland; Austrians meet
+reverse near Stanislau; Austrians make progress in the Carpathians;
+Russians shell Czernowitz.
+
+March 3--Russians press forward from the Niemen and the Dniester;
+Austro-German army driven back in Galicia; Germans demolish two Ossowetz
+forts.
+
+March 4--Russians are pressing four armies through the mountain passes
+into Hungary; they have checked a new Bukowina drive on the part of the
+Austrians.
+
+March 5--Russians are taking the offensive from the Baltic Sea to the
+Rumanian frontier; German armies in the north have been split into
+isolated columns; Russians report the recapture of Stanislau and
+Czernowitz; snow is retarding the invasion of Hungary.
+
+March 6--Russian centre takes up attack; Russians are gaining in North
+Poland; Austrians give ground in East Galicia.
+
+March 7--Germans start another drive in region of Pilica River;
+Austrians retreat in Bukowina.
+
+March 8--Russians silence two batteries of German siege artillery at
+Ossowetz; Austrians gain ground in the Carpathians and Galicia; it is
+reported that German troops in Northern Poland and Galicia are
+exhausted.
+
+March 9--Germans are raising the siege of Ossowetz and are retreating in
+Northern Poland; Russians claim that the Austrian offensive in Eastern
+Galicia is a complete failure.
+
+March 10--Germans attempt to break through Russian line in Northern
+Poland; General Eichorn's army, retreating from the Niemen, is being
+harried by Russian cavalry and has been pierced at one point; Austrians
+have successes in the Carpathians and Western Galicia.
+
+March 11--One million men are engaged in a series of battles in Northern
+Poland, the front being eighty miles long.
+
+March 12--In the Carpathians the Russians capture the villages of Lupkow
+and Smolnik and the surrounding heights.
+
+March 13--Russians check German offensive against Przasnysz; fighting in
+progress along Orzyc River; Austrians repulse Russian attack near Cisna
+in the Carpathians.
+
+March 14--Russians check German advance in Mlawa region.
+
+March 15--Russians capture the chief eastern defense of Przemysl, three
+miles from the heart of the defense system, Austrian troops which held
+the position leaving many guns in the snow; the siege ring is now drawn
+tighter; battle is on in Bukowina; there is fighting among the ice
+fields of the Carpathians.
+
+March 16--Russians take vigorous offensive and drive back army that was
+marching on Przasnysz; 100,000 men have been buried in a triangle a few
+miles in area between Warsaw and Skierniewice; Germans are making use of
+fireworks at night to locate Russian guns; Austrian Archduke Frederick
+suggests to Emperor Francis Joseph the abandonment of the campaign
+against Serbia, all troops to be diverted to the Carpathians.
+
+March 17--Przemysl is in peril; Russians have recrossed the German
+frontier in two places; there is fighting on a 600-mile front; it is
+reported that the Austrian Army in East Galicia has been flanked; a
+battle is being fought in the snow for the possession of Tarnowice.
+
+March 18--Germans threaten severe reprisals on Russians for devastation
+in East Prussia; German offensive in much of Poland is reported to be
+broken.
+
+March 19--Memel, German port on the Baltic, is occupied by the Russians;
+Tilsit is menaced; Von Hindenburg starts a new offensive in Central
+Poland; the Germans have lost heavily along the Pilica; Austrians claim
+that they have halted the Russian advance in the Carpathians.
+
+March 20--Russians win battle in streets of Memel; battle line extends
+to Rumanian border; sortie by Przemysl garrison is driven back;
+statistics published in Petrograd show that 95 towns and 4,500 villages
+in Russian Poland have been devastated as result of German invasion;
+damage estimated at $500,000,000.
+
+March 21--Austrians renew operations against Serbia and are defeated in
+artillery duel near Belgrade; Russians are advancing on Tilsit; another
+Przemysl sortie is repelled.
+
+March 22--After a siege which began on Sept. 2, the longest siege in
+modern history, the great Galician fortress of Przemysl is surrendered
+to the Russians, who capture 9 Austrian Generals, 300 officers, and
+125,000 men, according to Russian statements; the strategic value of
+Przemysl is considered great, as it guarded the way to Cracow and to
+important Carpathian passes; Germans retake Memel; Russians are
+preparing for vigorous offensive in the Carpathians; Austrians are
+shelling the Montenegrin front.
+
+March 23--Demonstrations are held in Russia over fall of Przemysl;
+Germans say that the capture of the place cannot influence general
+situation.
+
+March 24--Battle is being fought in the Carpathians; Russians march on
+Hungary and pursue strong column that had been seeking to relieve
+Przemysl; Germans withdraw big guns from Ossowetz.
+
+March 25--Russians carry Austrian position on crest of Beskid Mountains
+in Lupkow Pass region and win victory in Bukowina; fighting in Southern
+Poland is resumed.
+
+March 26--It is reported that the Austro-German armies in the
+Carpathians are withdrawing into Hungary; Germans retreat in the north.
+
+March 27--Violent fighting in the Carpathians; Austrians make gains in
+Bukowina.
+
+March 28--Russians break into Hungary and carry on offensive operations
+against Uszok and Lupkow Passes.
+
+March 29--Austrians make gains at several points; Russians say that the
+Memel dash was a mere raid.
+
+March 30--Russians storm crests in the Carpathians; Austrians are in a
+big drive across Bukowina; 160,000 Germans are reported as being rushed
+to Austria.
+
+March 31--Russians are making their way down the southern slopes of the
+Carpathians into Hungary; German army corps reported trapped and cut to
+pieces in Northern Poland; Pola is preparing for a siege.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN WESTERN EUROPE.
+
+March 2--Germans are pouring reinforcements into Belgium; British gain
+ground near La Bassee.
+
+March 4--Hard fighting in the Vosges; Germans spray burning oil and
+chemicals upon French advancing in Malancourt woods.
+
+March 5--Germans checked at Rheims; report of Sir John French says
+situation is unchanged in Belgium; Germans are holding reserves in
+Alsace.
+
+March 9--Floods hamper campaign in Alsace; it is reported that Germans
+are shelling factories in France which they cannot capture.
+
+March 10--Germans declare that the French have failed in the Champagne
+district and have lost 45,000 men.
+
+March 11--After several days of severe fighting the British capture
+Neuve Chapelle, the German loss being estimated by British at 18,000;
+the British also have lost heavily, particularly in officers; British
+believe they will now be able to threaten seriously the German position
+at La Bassee; French War Office says operations in Champagne have aided
+Russians by preventing Germans from reinforcing eastern armies.
+
+March 12--British are pressing on toward Lille; they gain near
+Armentieres, occupy Epinette, and advance toward La Bassee; Germans are
+intrenched in Aubers; the new drive is expected by Allies to prevent
+Germans in the west from sending reinforcements to the east.
+
+March 13--Sir John French reports further gains in Neuve Chapelle
+region.
+
+March 14--French occupy Vauquois, the key to a wide area of the Argonne;
+they capture trenches and occupy Embermenil; Belgians gain on the Yser;
+British repel German attack on Neuve Chapelle; it is announced that the
+French recently won a victory at Reichackerkopf in Alsace.
+
+March 15--French capture trenches north of Arras; Germans drive back
+British south of Ypres; Germans meet reverse at Neuve Chapelle; it is
+announced that the French recently won a victory at Combres; French and
+British are preparing for a general offensive; the first installment is
+given out from French official sources of a historical review of the
+war, from the French viewpoint, covering the first six months.
+
+March 16--Belgians cross the Yser; they drive Germans from trenches
+south of Nieuport; British retake St. Eloi; barbed wire fence, ten feet
+high, encompasses entire zone of German military operations in Alsace;
+British still hold Neuve Chapelle after several spirited attempts to
+retake it.
+
+March 17--Westende bombarded; Belgians carry two positions in Yser
+region.
+
+March 18--Belgian Army continues to advance on the Yser; French continue
+to hold the heights near Notre Dame de Lorette despite repeated shelling
+of their position; Germans are fortifying towns in Alsace.
+
+March 19--Belgians and Germans are fighting a battle in the underground
+passages of a monastery in front of Ramscappelle; official British
+report tells of new German repulse at St. Eloi.
+
+March 21--Germans take a hill in the Vosges.
+
+March 24--New battle begins along the Yser.
+
+March 26--Belgians make progress on road from Dixmude to Ypres.
+
+March 27--French capture summit of Hartmanns-Weilerkopf Mountain.
+
+March 29--French are pressing the Germans hard at various points in
+Champagne; as an offset, the Germans renew activity against Rheims with
+lively bombardments; sapping and mining operations are stated to be the
+only means of gaining ground in the Argonne.
+
+
+TURKISH AND EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGN.
+
+March 1--Turkish forces mass on Asiatic side of the Dardanelles under
+Essad Pasha, defender of Janina; Russians have completed the expulsion
+of Turks from Transcaucasus region and dominate the Black Sea.
+
+March 3--Russians, after three days' battle, stop reinforcements for
+Turks in the Caucasus.
+
+March 5--Turks abandon for the time the campaign against Egypt and
+recall troops.
+
+March 7--British drive Turks back from the Persian Gulf, with
+considerable losses on both sides; it is reported that the Germans
+killed 300 Turks in a conflict between these allies after the Egyptian
+retreat.
+
+March 9--Germans report that British were routed recently in Southern
+Mesopotamia.
+
+March 12--General d'Amaade, commander of the French forces in Morocco,
+has been put in command of a force which is to aid the allied fleets in
+operations against Constantinople.
+
+March 13--Turks are driven back in Armenia and Northwestern Persia.
+
+March 16--Russians rout Turks in Armenia and threaten Turks in the
+Caucasus.
+
+March 18--Turkish soldiers kill several civilians in the Urumiah
+district of Persia; Turks are massing large forces near Constantinople
+and on Asiatic side of the Dardanelles.
+
+March 19--Russians occupy Archawa.
+
+March 20--Turks reported to be four days' march from Suez Canal.
+
+March 23--Turkish force operating against town of Suez is routed.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN FAR EAST.
+
+March 12--It is reported from Peking that nine Germans, among them the
+German Military Attache at Peking, who is leading the party, escaped
+from Tsing-tao when it fell, and have made their way 1,000 miles into
+Manchuria, where they are trying to blow up tunnels along the
+Trans-Siberian railway; Russian troops are pursuing them.
+
+
+CAMPAIGN IN AFRICA.
+
+March 21--Official announcement is made that General Botha, Commander in
+Chief of the Army of the Union of South Africa, has captured 200
+Germans and two field guns at Swakopmund, German Southwest Africa.
+
+
+NAVAL RECORD--GENERAL.
+
+March 1--Norwegian steamer reports ramming a submarine off English
+coast.
+
+March 2--Bulgaria protests to Austria, Russia, and Serbia against mines
+in the Danube; diligent inquiry in England fails to produce any evidence
+supporting report that British superdreadnought Audacious, wrecked by
+mine or torpedo on Oct. 27, is about to be restored to the fighting
+line.
+
+March 3--Allied fleet silences three inner forts on the Asiatic side of
+the Dardanelles; Berlin report says British cruiser Zephyr was damaged.
+
+March 4--Attack on Dardanelles continues; French ships bombard Bulair
+forts and destroy Kavak Bridge; Field Marshal von der Goltz has asked
+for German artillery officers to aid in defending Dardanelles, but it is
+reported that Germans cannot spare any; German submarine U-8 is sunk by
+destroyers of the Dover flotilla; German submarine chases hospital ship
+St. Andrew.
+
+March 5--Allies report that six, possibly seven, German submarines have
+been sunk since beginning of the war; two Captains of British merchant
+ships claim prize for sinking German submarines; British Admiralty
+informs shipping interests that a new mine field has been laid in the
+North Sea; Germans report a French ammunition ship sunk at Ostend;
+Japanese report that the schooner Aysha, manned by part of the crew of
+the Emden, is still roving the Indian Ocean; there is despair in
+Constantinople as Dardanelles bombardment continues; Russian Black Sea
+fleet is steaming toward the Bosporus; allied fleet is bombarding
+Smyrna.
+
+March 6--British ships Queen Elizabeth and Prince George attack strong
+Dardanelles forts, they blow up one and damage two; allied landing party
+suffers loss; Asia Minor ports are being shelled; one-third of the
+Dardanelles reported clear of Turkish mines; concentration of Turkish
+fleet reported; Germans state that a submarine, reported by the Captain
+of British merchantman Thordis to have been sunk by his vessel, escaped;
+German Embassy at Washington expresses regret over torpedo attack on
+British hospital ship Asturias in February, stating that the attack,
+which did no harm, was due to mistake.
+
+March 7--Queen Elizabeth and other ships continue bombardment of
+Dardanelles forts.
+
+March 8--Allied fleet forces its way further into Dardanelles, British
+ships opening direct fire on main Turkish positions; more forts are
+silenced; most of the Allies' ships are hit, but little damage is done;
+effective fire at 21,000 yards against batteries on the Asiatic side;
+seaplanes are being much used for locating concealed guns; it is
+reported from Petrograd that when the allied fleets began the forcing of
+the Dardanelles a Russian ship was invited to head the column, and did
+so; ports on the Black Sea are destroyed by Russians; British Admiralty
+announces that prisoners from U-8 will be segregated under special
+restrictions, and they may be put on trial after the war because of
+German submarine methods; British collier Bengrove sunk in Bristol
+Channel by torpedo or mine.
+
+March 9--German submarines sink three British merchantmen, thirty-seven
+men going down with one ship; Military Governor of Smyrna says that
+British have bombarded unfortified villages; another British
+superdreadnought joins allied fleet at Dardanelles; French transports
+are on way with troops; Turks lose coal supply by Russian bombardment of
+Zunguldiak; report from Berlin that German submarine U-16 has sunk five
+merchantmen; British Admiralty states that German submarines, from Jan.
+21 to March 3, sank fifteen British steamships out of a total of 8,734
+vessels above 300 tons arriving at or departing from British ports in
+that period; more mines planted near Denmark.
+
+March 10--German auxiliary cruiser Prince Eitel Friedrich anchors at
+Newport News for repairs and supplies; she brings passengers and crews
+of eleven merchant ships sunk by her in a cruise of 30,000 miles,
+including crew of American sailing ship William P. Frye, bound from
+Seattle to Queenstown with wheat, sunk on Jan. 28, despite protests of
+the Frye's Captain; more Dardanelles forts are reduced; batteries on
+Eren-Keui Heights silenced; British sink German submarine U-12; British
+collier Beethoven sunk.
+
+March 11--President Wilson states that there will be "a most searching
+inquiry" into the sinking of the William P. Frye by the Prinz Eitel
+Friedrich, "and whatever action is taken will be based on the result of
+that inquiry"; Commander Thierichens of the Eitel defends sinking of the
+Frye, claiming her cargo was contraband; British warships are ordered to
+the entrance to the Capes of the Chesapeake to prevent escape of the
+Eitel; Eitel goes into drydock for repairs; more Dardanelles forts are
+damaged; mine sweeping is being conducted by the Allies at night; allied
+fleet before Smyrna gives Turkish commander twenty-four hours to
+surrender, otherwise bombardment will go on; it is reported from The
+Hague that twelve German submarines are missing; Germans talk of
+reprisals if British do not treat submarine crews as prisoners of war.
+
+March 12--Dardanus batteries on the Dardanelles are silenced; Germans
+are fortifying Constantinople; Allies' Consuls demand establishment of a
+neutral zone at Smyrna; British auxiliary cruiser Bayano sunk off coast
+of Scotland, probably by a submarine, with loss of 200; it is learned
+that British bark Conway Castle was sunk on Feb. 27 off the Chilean
+coast by the German cruiser Dresden; it is learned that French steamer
+Guadeloupe has been sunk off Brazil by the German auxiliary cruiser
+Kronprinz Wilhelm; it is reported from Berlin that Germans have sunk 111
+merchant steamships, with tonnage of 400,000, since war began; British
+cotton ship Indian Prince is reported sunk.
+
+March 13--England has lost 90 merchant ships and 47 fishing vessels,
+sunk or captured, since the war began; Vice Admiral Carden is stated to
+have predicted the forcing of the Dardanelles by Easter; fog delays
+Allies' operations in Dardanelles; five British warships wait for Eitel
+off Virginia Capes.
+
+March 14--Three British cruisers sink German cruiser Dresden near Juan
+Fernandez Island; no damage to British ships; French steamer Auguste
+Conseil sunk by German submarine; German submarine U-29 is reported to
+have sunk five British merchantmen in the last few days; citizen of
+Leipsic offers reward to crew of submarine that sinks a British
+transport.
+
+March 15--It is reported from Rio Janeiro that Kronprinz Wilhelm has
+sunk thirteen ships since she began her attack on Allies' commerce.
+
+March 16--Officers of the Dresden at Valparaiso say their ship was sunk
+in neutral waters; British say she was sunk ten miles off shore; German
+liner Macedonia, interned at Las Palmas, Canary Islands, slips out of
+port; British cruiser Amethyst is reported to have made a dash to the
+further end of the Dardanelles and back; a mine sweeper of the Allies is
+blown up; Vice Admiral Carden, "incapacitated by illness," in words of
+British Admiralty, is succeeded in chief command in the Dardanelles by
+Vice Admiral De Robeck; Germany protests to England against promised
+harsh treatment of submarine crews; British and French warships again
+appear off coast of Belgium.
+
+March 17--It is reported from Denmark that the German cruiser Karlsruhe
+has been sunk; it is reported from Spain that the Macedonia has been
+captured by a British cruiser; two British steamers are sunk and one is
+damaged by German submarines; German steamer Sierra Cordoba, which
+aided the Dresden, is detained by Peruvian authorities until end of the
+war; British lose three mine sweepers and one sailing vessel in the
+Dardanelles.
+
+March 18--British battleships Irresistible and Ocean and French
+battleship Bouvet are sunk by floating mines in the Dardanelles while
+bombarding forts; 600 men lost with the Bouvet, but almost all of the
+British escape; British battle-cruiser Inflexible and French battleship
+Gaulois are badly damaged by shells from the forts; most of the forts
+suffer severely from the fleet fire; French submarine is sunk in the
+Dardanelles; there is a lull in bombardment of Dardanelles and of
+Smyrna; German submarine sinks British steamer Glenartney in English
+Channel; Copenhagen report says a German sea Captain states that the
+Karlsruhe was sunk in December.
+
+March 19--Negotiations are being carried on, with American Embassy at
+Constantinople as intermediary, to try to avert shelling of Pera when
+allied fleet forces the Dardanelles; British steamers Hyndford and
+Bluejacket torpedoed in English Channel.
+
+March 20--One French and two British battleships are on their way to
+Dardanelles to take place of vessels sunk; new attack is planned by
+Allies, with Russia co-operating; Turks say that the ships sunk on March
+18 were torpedoed; Chilean seamen say Dresden was sunk in Chilean
+waters; Smyrna garrison is reinforced; dummy war fleet, composed of
+disguised merchantmen, is reported to be ready in England for use in
+strategy against the Germans.
+
+March 21--German submarine sinks British collier Cairntorr off Beachy
+Head.
+
+March 22--British steamer Concord is torpedoed by a German submarine,
+but is stated not to have been sunk.
+
+March 23--Dutch steamer is fired on by a German trawler; Turks send
+reinforcements to Dardanelles forts.
+
+March 24--German vessels shell Russian positions near Memel; allied
+fleet resumes bombardment of Dardanelles forts; Allies land troops on
+Gallipoli Peninsula to help in a general attack on the forts which is
+planned on arrival of more British and French ships; many Europeans are
+leaving Constantinople.
+
+March 27--U.S. battleship Alabama is ordered to proceed to Norfolk at
+once to guard American neutrality should Prinz Eitel Friedrich leave
+port.
+
+March 28--British African liner Falaba is torpedoed and sunk by German
+submarine in St. George's Channel; she carried 160 passengers and crew
+of 90, of which total 140 were saved; many were killed by the torpedo
+explosion; British steamer Aguila is sunk by German submarine U-28 off
+Pembrokeshire coast; she carried three passengers and crew of forty-two,
+all passengers and twenty-three of crew being lost; Russian Black Sea
+fleet attacks Bosporus forts; Dardanelles forts again bombarded; German
+Government, in official statement, says that Dresden was sunk in neutral
+Chilean waters.
+
+March 29--Dutch steamer Amstel is blown up by a mine; Russians renew
+Bosporus attack; allied fleet shells Dardanelles forts at long range;
+reinforced Russian fleet is showing activity in the Baltic; German
+Baltic fleet is out.
+
+March 31--London reports that three fleets and three armies will combine
+in attack on Dardanelles forts; the forts are again bombarded; British
+steamers Flaminian and Crown of Castile are sunk by German submarines;
+Prinz Eitel Friedrich coals under guard of American sailors and
+soldiers; Germans shell Libau.
+
+
+NAVAL RECORD--EMBARGO AND WAR ZONE.
+
+March 1--Premier Asquith announces in the House of Commons the purpose
+of England and France to cut Germany off from all trade with the rest of
+the world; "the British and French Governments will, therefore, hold
+themselves free to detain and take into port ships carrying goods of
+presumed enemy destination, ownership, or origin"; officials in
+Washington think this attitude of the Allies disregards American rights.
+
+March 3--Germany alters relief ship rules; vessels may pass through the
+English Channel unmolested, but because of mines Germany cannot grant
+safe conduct for relief ships to and from England.
+
+March 4--Secretary Bryan makes public the text of German reply to
+American note suggesting modifications of war zone decree; Germany
+expresses willingness to make modifications if England will allow
+foodstuffs and raw materials to go to German civilians, and if England
+will make other modifications in her sea policy; German reply is
+forwarded to Ambassador Page to be submitted to the British Foreign
+Office for information of English Government; American State Department
+makes public part of a recent dispatch from Ambassador Gerard stating
+that German Government refuses to accept responsibility for routes
+followed by neutral steamers outside German waters; Henry van Dyke,
+American Minister at The Hague, advises the State Department that
+Germany is anxious to give every possible support to the work of
+American Relief Commission for Belgium, and will facilitate the passage
+of ships as much as possible.
+
+March 5--Holland-America Line steamer Noorderdijk, bound for New York,
+returns to Rotterdam badly disabled, it being reported that she was
+torpedoed in English Channel.
+
+March 6--Passenger service from Holland to England is to be extended.
+
+March 8--Germany includes in the war zone the waters surrounding the
+Orkney and Shetland Islands, but navigation on both sides of the Faroe
+Islands is not endangered.
+
+March 9--It is announced at Washington that identical notes of inquiry
+have been sent to the British and French Governments asking for
+particulars as to how embargo on shipments to and from Germany is to be
+enforced.
+
+March 18--Submarine blows up Swedish steamer Hanna, flying her own flag,
+off east coast of England; six of crew lost.
+
+March 15--Text made public of British Order in Council cutting off trade
+to and from Germany; British Government, replying to American note,
+refuses to permit foodstuffs to enter Germany for civilian population as
+suggested; British Government also replies to American note of inquiry
+as to particulars of embargo, Sir Edward Grey saying that object of
+Allies is, "succinctly stated, to establish a blockade to prevent
+vessels from carrying goods for or coming from Germany."
+
+March 17--Secretary Bryan makes public full text of six recent notes
+exchanged between the United States and the Allies and Germany regarding
+the embargo and the war zone; Allies contend German war methods compel
+the new means of reprisal.
+
+March 18--Denmark, Norway and Sweden make an identical representation to
+the Allies against the embargo decree on trade to and from Germany.
+
+March 20--Holland protests to Allies against embargo.
+
+March 21--German submarine U-28 seizes Dutch steamers Batavier V. and
+Zaanstroom and their cargoes.
+
+March 22--Holland asks explanation from Germany of seizure of Batavier
+V. and Zaanstroom.
+
+March 25--Submarine U-28 sinks Dutch steamer Medea.
+
+March 26--Dutch press is aroused over the sinking of the Medea; Ministry
+holds extraordinary council.
+
+March 27--Germany tells Holland that investigation into seizure of the
+Batavier V. and Zaanstroom has not been concluded.
+
+
+AERIAL RECORD.
+
+March 2--It is learned that in a recent air raid German aviators killed
+two women and a child at La Panne, a bathing town on Belgian coast.
+
+March 3--German aviator bombards Warsaw.
+
+March 4--French bombard German powder magazine at Rottweil.
+
+March 5--Zeppelin raid over Calais fails; Pegoud receives French
+military medal for his services.
+
+March 7--French official statement shows that French airmen during the
+war have made 10,000 aerial reconnoissances, consuming 18,000 hours in
+the air, and have traveled more than 1,116,000 miles; Zeppelin reported
+captured by allied airmen near Bethune.
+
+March 9--British seaplanes drop bombs on Ostend; Lieut. von Hidelen, who
+dropped bombs on Paris in September, is at Toulon as a prisoner of war.
+
+March 12--German airmen bombard Ossowetz.
+
+March 14--Strassburg is threatened by a fire started by French airman's
+bomb; allied aeroplanes said to have wrecked Zeppelin near Tirlemont.
+
+March 17--German airman unsuccessfully aims five bombs at British
+coasting steamer Blonde in the North Sea.
+
+March 18--Bombs from Zeppelin kill seven in Calais.
+
+March 20--German airmen drop bombs near Deal, but all fall into the sea;
+one bomb narrowly misses American bark Manga Reva.
+
+March 21--Two Zeppelins drop bombs on Paris, but damage is slight; eight
+persons are injured; Zeppelin drops bombs on Calais, with slight damage,
+and is driven off by guns.
+
+March 22--Rotterdam reports that German aviators are aiming bombs
+indiscriminately at ships in the North Sea, one Taube dropping five
+bombs near a Belgian relief ship; airmen of Allies drop bombs on
+Mulheim, injuring three German soldiers.
+
+March 23--German aeroplane aims seven bombs at British steamer Pandion,
+all missing; Paris Temps says that authorities plan hereafter to fight
+Zeppelins by aeroplanes over Paris, something which had hitherto been
+avoided because of danger to Parisians.
+
+March 24--British airmen, in dash on Antwerp shipyards, destroy one
+German submarine and damage another; German aviators aim bombs and
+arrows at British freighter Teal, doing little damage.
+
+March 26--French drop bombs on Metz, killing three soldiers; little
+damage to property.
+
+March 27--German aviators drop bombs on Calais and Dunkirk; little
+damage.
+
+March 28--German aviator drops bombs on Calais; little damage.
+
+March 29--Germans state that during recent raid on Strassburg, bombs
+dropped by allied aviators killed two children and wounded seven others
+and one woman.
+
+March 30--Copenhagen reports that two Zeppelins have been badly damaged
+by a storm while manoeuvering for a raid on England; Turkish seaplane
+drops bombs on British warship outside Dardanelles.
+
+March 31--Thirty German soldiers are killed and sixty wounded near
+Thourout, Belgium, by bombs dropped by airmen of Allies; fifteen German
+aeroplanes drop 100 bombs at Ostrolenka, Russia; German aeroplane aims
+bomb at Dutch trawler in North Sea, but misses her.
+
+
+AUSTRIA.
+
+March 1--Two Czech regiments revolt.
+
+March 2--It is learned that the troops executed 200 civilians in
+Stanislau.
+
+March 17--Conviction is stated to prevail in Vienna that war with Italy
+is inevitable in the near future; many Austrians are declared to be
+indignant that Germany is trying to force the nation to cede territory
+to Italy.
+
+March 18--Russian prisoners and Galician refugees are working on
+defensive fortifications in the Trentino, which are being prepared in
+event of war with Italy; heavy guns are being mounted in the mountain
+passes; fleet is again concentrated at Pola; Austria and Serbia agree to
+exchange interned men under 18 or over 50, and also women.
+
+March 22--Men up to 52 are now being trained for active service; men
+formerly rejected as unfit are being called to the colors.
+
+March 24--Five hundred thousand troops are massed in Southern Tyrol and
+the Trentino; many villages near the Italian frontier have been
+evacuated and many houses destroyed by dynamite, so as to afford better
+range for the big guns.
+
+March 26--Army contract frauds are discovered in Hungary; rich
+manufacturers jailed.
+
+
+BELGIUM.
+
+March 2--Gen. von Bissing, German Governor General, says the tax
+recently ordered imposed on Belgians who do not return to their homes
+was suggested by Belgians themselves.
+
+March 8--Belgian Press Bureau announces that King Albert now has an army
+of 140,000 men, a larger force than that which began the war.
+
+March 9--As a result of new royal decrees calling refugee youths to the
+colors the number of recruits is increasing daily; a few days ago King
+Albert presented a number of recruits to two veteran regiments in a
+speech; Belgian officials are arrested by Germans on charge that they
+induced Belgian customs officials to go through Holland to join Belgian
+Army.
+
+March 17--Government issues protest against the German allegation that
+documents found in Brussels show that Belgium and England had a secret
+understanding before the war of such a nature as to constitute a
+violation of Belgium's neutrality; the Government declares that
+conversations which took place between Belgian and British military
+officers in 1906 and 1912 had reference only to the situation that would
+be created if Belgium's neutrality had already been violated by a third
+party; it is declared that the documents found by Germans, "provided no
+part of them is either garbled or suppressed," will prove the innocent
+nature of negotiations between Belgium and England.
+
+March 18--Firm of Henri Leten is fined $5,000 for violating order of
+German Governor General prohibiting payments to creditors in England.
+
+March 20--One million pigs owned by Germans are billeted on the civilian
+population of Belgium, the Belgians being required to feed and care for
+the animals.
+
+March 21--Germans are relaxing iron regulations to some extent in
+attempt to get the normal life of Belgium moving again.
+
+March 23--Seventeen Belgian men are shot in Ghent barracks after having
+been found guilty by German court-martial of espionage in the interests
+of the Allies.
+
+March 28--Belgian Legation at Washington issues official response to
+statement made by Herr von Jagow, the Imperial German Secretary of
+State, that "Belgium was dragged into the war by England"; response says
+that it was Germany, not England, that drew the nation into war.
+
+
+BULGARIA.
+
+March 6--Mobilization is now completed of three divisions of troops near
+Tirnova.
+
+March 12--Heavy artillery is being transported to Janthe, near the Greek
+frontier.
+
+March 20--Three Bulgarian soldiers are killed and several Greek soldiers
+are wounded in a fight which followed an attempted movement by strong
+Bulgarian force into the region of Demir-Hissar, formerly Turkish
+territory, now Greek.
+
+March 26--Opposition leaders are demanding an interview with the King
+with a view of bringing about a change of policy favoring the
+Anglo-Franco-Russian alliance; Field Marshal von der Goltz is in Sofia.
+
+March 30--Bulgaria is holding up shipments of German artillery and large
+quantities of ammunition destined for Constantinople.
+
+
+CANADA.
+
+March 5--Three transports arrive in England with 4,000 Canadian troops.
+
+March 14--Second contingent is now in camp in England; it is expected
+that these troops will soon go to the front.
+
+March 26--Publication of first account by Official Canadian Recorder
+with troops in the field of contingent's experiences; he states that
+there have been but few casualties so far; the infantry was held in
+reserve in the Neuve Chapelle fight, but the artillery was engaged.
+
+March 27--There is made public in Ottawa the address delivered by
+General Alderon, commanding the Canadian Division, just before the men
+first entered the trenches; he warns against taking needless risks and
+tells the men he expects them to win, when they meet the Germans with
+the bayonet, because of their physique.
+
+
+ENGLAND.
+
+March 2--Order in Council promulgated providing for prize money for
+crews of British ships which capture or destroy enemy vessels to be
+distributed among officers and men at rate calculated at $25 for each
+person aboard the enemy vessel at beginning of engagement; British spy
+system has been so perfected that it is said in some respects to excel
+the German; Embassy in Washington denies that women or children are
+interned in civilian camps.
+
+March 4--Government appeals to aviators of British nationality in United
+States and Canada to join the Royal Flying Corps.
+
+March 8--Shipowner offers $2,000 apiece to next four merchant ships
+which sink German submarines.
+
+March 9--House of Commons authorizes Government to take over control of
+engineering trade of country in order to increase output of war
+munitions.
+
+March 14--John E. Redmond, leader of the Irish Nationalist Party,
+declares in speech that Ireland is now firmly united in England's cause,
+and that 250,000 Irishmen are fighting for Britain.
+
+March 15--Kitchener discusses the war situation in House of Lords, he
+expresses anxiety over supply of war materials and blames labor unions
+and dram shops in part for the slow output; he praises the Canadian and
+Indian troops and the French Army; passport rules for persons going to
+France are made more stringent.
+
+March 16--Heavy losses among officers cause anxiety; T.P. O'Connor says
+Irish are with the Allies; stringent passport rules are extended to
+persons going into Holland.
+
+March 19--In six days 511 officers have been lost in killed, wounded,
+and missing; newspapers hint at conscription.
+
+March 20--Officers lost since beginning of the war, in killed, wounded,
+and missing, now total 5,476, of which 1,783 have been killed.
+
+March 23--It is reported that a second German spy was shot in the Tower
+of London on March 5, that a third spy is under sentence, and that a
+fourth man, a suspect, is under arrest.
+
+March 24--Earl Percy is acting as Official Observer with the
+expeditionary force; warships are ordered not to get supplies from
+neutral nations in Western Hemisphere.
+
+March 26--Field Marshal French says that "the protraction of the war
+depends entirely upon the supply of men and munitions," and if this
+supply is unsatisfactory the war will be prolonged; German newspapers
+charge British atrocities at Neuve Chapelle; Colonial Premiers may meet
+for consultation before terms of peace are arranged.
+
+March 27--Storm of protest is aroused by suggestions of Dr. Lyttelton,
+Headmaster of Eton, that concessions should be made to Germany.
+
+March 28--Premier Asquith is attacked by the Unionist press for alleged
+lack of vigor in direction of the war.
+
+March 30--Three of the nine prison ships on which prisoners have been
+kept are vacated, and it is planned to empty the others by the end of
+April, prisoners being cared for on shore.
+
+March 31--King George announces that he is ready to give up use of
+liquor in the royal household as an example to the working classes, it
+being stated that slowness of output of munitions of war is partly due
+to drink; Lord Derby announces that Liverpool dock workers are to be
+organized into a battalion, enlisted under military law, as a means of
+preventing delays in making war supplies.
+
+
+FRANCE.
+
+March 1--Official note issued in Paris states that there are 2,080,000
+Germans and Austrians on the Russian and Serbian front, and 1,800,000
+Germans on the French and Belgian front.
+
+March 5--War Minister introduces bill in Chamber of Deputies giving
+authorization to call to the colors the recruits of 1915 and to start
+training those of 1916.
+
+March 6--French Press Bureau estimates the total German losses since the
+beginning of the war, in killed, wounded, sick, and prisoners, at
+3,000,000.
+
+March 10--Foreign Office issues report on treatment of French civilian
+prisoners by the Germans, charging many instances of cruelty.
+
+March 11--Eight thousand German and Austrian houses have been
+sequestered to date; bill introduced into Chamber of Deputies provides
+for burning of soldiers' bodies as a precaution against possible
+epidemic of disease; Mi-Careme festivities omitted because of the war.
+
+March 12--Fine of $100,000, to be paid before March 20, is imposed on
+inhabitants of Lille, in hands of the Germans, because of a
+demonstration over a group of French prisoners of war brought into the
+city.
+
+March 14--Copenhagen report states that there has been a revolt in
+Lille.
+
+March 25--War Ministry denies General von Bernhardi's charge that France
+and England had an arrangement for violation of the neutrality of
+Belgium.
+
+March 28--A cannon is mentioned in the orders of the day for gallantry
+in action; General Joffre decorates thirty men for gallantry in action
+in the Champagne district.
+
+March 31--Intense indignation is expressed by the French press over
+sinking of British passenger steamer Falaba by German submarine.
+
+
+GERMANY.
+
+March 5--Interned French civilians are sent to Switzerland for exchange
+for German civilians held by the French.
+
+March 6--Government asks the United States to care for German diplomatic
+interests in Constantinople if Allies occupy the Turkish capital; two
+British prisoners of war are punished for refusing to obey their own
+officers.
+
+March 7--Copenhagen reports that men up to 55 have been called out; it
+is stated that there are now 781,000 war prisoners interned in Germany.
+
+March 8--British charge that German dumdum bullets were found after a
+recent battle in Egypt.
+
+March 10--Reichstag is informed that the budget is $3,250,000,000--four
+times greater than any estimates ever before presented; a further war
+credit is asked of $2,500,000,000, to insure financing the war until the
+late Autumn; Landsturm classes of 1869-1873 are summoned to the colors
+in the Rhine provinces.
+
+March 15--Prussian losses to date (excluding Bavarian, Wuerttemberg,
+Saxon, and naval losses) are 1,050,029 in killed, wounded, and missing.
+
+March 16--German committee is planning to send Americans to the United
+States as propagandists to lay German case before the American people;
+20,000 high school boys have volunteered for service.
+
+March 18--Copenhagen reports that Emperor William and General von
+Falkenhayn, Chief of the German General Staff, arrived today at the
+German Army Headquarters near Lille to participate in a council of war;
+Chief President of the Province of East Prussia states that 80,000
+houses have been entirely destroyed by the Russians and that 300,000
+refugees have left the province; German War Department states that for
+every German village burned by the Russians three Russian villages will
+be burned by the Germans.
+
+March 21--Archbishop of Cologne asks children for prayers and offerings,
+and suggests that they do without new clothes at confirmation.
+
+March 22--Lieut. Colonel Kaden urges teachers and parents to foster
+hatred of England.
+
+March 23--English women and children allowed to leave Belgium.
+
+March 30--It is reported that Emperor William is holding an important
+war council in Berlin with military chiefs.
+
+March 31--Much enthusiasm over sinking of British passenger steamer
+Falaba; official statistics of second war loan show that $2,265,000,000
+was subscribed, of which $17,750,000 came from 452,113 persons in sums
+of $50 or less; local option is permitted by German Federal Council.
+
+
+GREECE.
+
+March 3--Crown Council meets at the palace in Athens under Presidency of
+the King; among the eminent statesmen present are five ex-Premiers;
+deliberations deal with question whether Greece should take part in the
+war; further conferences of the Council are planned, and Parliament has
+been summoned to meet, after the deliberations are finished.
+
+March 4--Crown Council meets again.
+
+March 10--M. Ghounaris completes formation of a new Cabinet; Ministerial
+statement declares that the observance of neutrality is imperative on
+Greece if she is to protect her national interests.
+
+March 14--M. Venizelos, former Premier, says that Greece will soon be
+forced by course of events to abandon neutrality and join with Allies in
+operations against Constantinople and Smyrna; by so doing, he says, the
+Government can quadruple the area of Greece.
+
+March 17--M. Venizelos is quoted by an Italian newspaper correspondent
+as saying that the Allies have twice asked Greece since the outbreak of
+the war to help Serbia, but attitude of Bulgaria prevented Greece from
+doing so; Venizelos resigned, according to this correspondent, because
+Crown Council overruled his plan to send 50,000 men to aid Allies.
+
+
+HOLLAND.
+
+March 2--Semi-official circles deny persistent reports that country is
+to enter the war; American Minister van Dyke says that he sees no signs
+of any change in the attitude of Holland.
+
+
+ITALY.
+
+March 2--Much Italian comment caused by introduction in Chamber of
+Deputies of bills against espionage, contraband, and publication in
+newspapers of news of military movements; Italy is hiring hulks of ships
+for grain storage.
+
+March 3--General Zupelli, Minister of War, speaks in Chamber of Deputies
+in favor of a bill authorizing a recall to the colors of reserve
+officers; Government asks Chamber for authorization to take control of
+every industry connected with the defense of the country, including
+wireless telegraphy and aviation.
+
+March 8--Premier Salandra hints at war at inauguration of new military
+harbor at Gaeta.
+
+March 10--Garibaldians in the French Foreign Legion are allowed by
+French Government to return to Italy in response to call of certain
+categories of reservists by Italian Government.
+
+March 11--Military preparations are being pushed with much vigor.
+
+March 12--Soldiers near Austro-Italian frontier are drilling daily; new
+cannon is being tested; fleet is in readiness under Duke of the Abruzzi;
+Prince von Buelow is reported to have failed in his efforts to satisfy
+Italian demands for Austrian territory as the price of continued
+neutrality; it is said that Italy was asked to be satisfied with the
+Trentino, while nothing was said as to Trieste.
+
+March 14--Rome reports that Emperor Francis Joseph, despite urgent
+solicitations of Emperor William, refuses to sanction any cession of
+territory to Italy and insists that von Buelow's negotiations with the
+Italian Government be stopped; Premier Salandra's personal organ, the
+Giornale d'Italia, says Italy must obtain territorial expansion;
+National League meets at Milan and demands, through intervention in the
+war, the liberation of all Italians from Austrian rule.
+
+March 15--Exchange of telegraphic money orders with Austria is
+suspended; the traveling Post Offices on trains bound for the Austrian
+frontier are also stopped; it is denied that Austria has refused to cede
+any territory whatever, but that what she is willing to cede is far too
+little from the Italian viewpoint.
+
+March 16--Report from Rome states that an authoritative outline of the
+territorial demands of Italy shows that she wishes a sweep of territory
+to the north and east which would extend her boundary around northern
+end of the Adriatic as far south as Fiume on the eastern coast; this
+would include Austrian naval base at Pola and the provinces of Trent and
+Trieste; von Buelow is said to have assured Italian Government that
+concessions will be made.
+
+March 18--Germans are leaving the Riviera.
+
+March 20--Identification cards for use in active service are distributed
+among soldiers.
+
+March 21--King signs the decree promulgating a national defense law,
+which will become operative tomorrow; the law gives the Government
+various powers necessary for efficient war preparations; Parliament
+adjourns until the middle of May, leaving military preparations in hands
+of the Government.
+
+March 22--Austrians and Germans are advised by their Consuls to leave
+Italy as quickly as possible.
+
+March 23--Crowds in streets of Venice clamor for war; Government orders
+seizure of twenty-nine freight cars with material destined for Krupp gun
+works in Germany.
+
+March 26--All is ready for general mobilization; seven complete classes
+are already under the colors; Austrian and German families are leaving.
+
+March 27--Italian Consul at Buenos Aires calls a meeting of agents of
+Italian steamship lines and warns them to be in readiness for possible
+transportation of 60,000 reservists.
+
+March 28--Report from Berne that Emperor William in person has persuaded
+Emperor Francis Joseph to cede the territory to Italy which the latter
+desires; it is also said that negotiations are being conducted with Rome
+directly and solely by Berlin.
+
+
+PERSIA.
+
+March 18--India Office of British Government says that documents have
+reached London showing that German Consular officers and business men
+have been engaged in intrigues with the object of facilitating a Turkish
+invasion of Persia.
+
+March 20--Persian Government calls upon Russia to evacuate the Province
+of Azerbijan, Northwest Persia.
+
+March 25--Kurds and Turks are massacring Christians at Urumiah,
+Northwestern Persia; situation of American Presbyterian Mission there is
+described as desperate; Dr. Harry P. Packard, doctor of the American
+missionary station, risks his life to unfurl American flag and save
+Persian Christians at Geogtopa; 15,000 Christians are under protection
+of American Mission and 2,000 under protection of French Mission at
+Urumiah; it is learned that at Gulpashan, the last of 103 villages to be
+taken after resistance, the Kurds shot the male citizens in groups of
+five, while the younger women were taken as slaves; 20,000 Persian
+Christians are dead or missing, while 12,000 are refugees in the
+Caucasus; disease is raging among the refugees.
+
+March 26--Turks force their way into the compound of the American
+Mission at Urumiah, seize some Assyrian Christian refugees and kill
+them; Turks beat and insult American missionaries; American and British
+Consuls at Tabriz, near Urumiah, have joined in appeal to General
+commanding Russian forces at Tabriz to go to relief of American Mission
+at Urumiah, which is described as practically besieged by Turks and
+Kurds; United States State Department is active and asks Ambassador
+Morgenthau at Constantinople to urge the Turkish Government to send
+protection; Persian War Relief Committee cables funds to American Consul
+at Tabriz for relief at Urumiah.
+
+March 27--Turkish Grand Vizier issues orders that Christians in
+disturbed Persian regions be protected and uprisings be suppressed.
+
+March 28--Turkish regulars are due to arrive at Urumiah to protect
+Christians and suppress disorder; Turkish War Office says that "no acts
+of violence had been committed at Urumiah"; Grand Vizier states that
+reported atrocities are "grossly exaggerated."
+
+March 30--Turkish Government gives renewed assurances to Ambassador
+Morgenthau that protection will be given to Christians at Urumiah.
+
+
+RUMANIA.
+
+March 6--Parliament passes a law empowering Government to proclaim a
+state of siege until the end of the war, if such a step is thought
+necessary; military representatives of the Government are seeking to
+place large orders for arms and ammunition with American firms.
+
+March 12--Prime Minister Jonesco is quoted in a newspaper interview as
+saying that he is sure the Allies will force the Dardanelles, the result
+of which will be that Rumania will join the war.
+
+March 15--Rumania's war preparations are causing uneasiness in
+Austria-Hungary.
+
+March 18--Government seizes a large quantity of shells in transit from
+Germany for Turkish troops.
+
+
+RUSSIA.
+
+March 1--Paris Temps says that the Allies have reached an agreement by
+which Russia will have free passage through the Dardanelles.
+
+March 4--Village women capture and bind a detachment of German soldiers.
+
+March 24--Congress of Representatives of the Nobility, in annual session
+at Petrograd, passes resolutions stating that "the vital interests of
+Russia require full possession of Constantinople, and both shores of the
+Bosporus and the Dardanelles and the adjacent islands."
+
+
+TURKEY.
+
+March 9--American missionaries, arriving in New York from Jerusalem, say
+that the fall of the Dardanelles will probably mean a massacre of Jews
+and Gentiles in the Holy Land.
+
+March 11--There is a panic in Constantinople and many foreigners are
+leaving.
+
+March 15--All Serbs and Montenegrins have been ordered to leave
+Constantinople within twenty-four hours.
+
+March 18--The rich are leaving Constantinople; Germans from the
+provinces are concentrating there.
+
+March 19--Appalling conditions prevail in Armenia, following massacres
+by Turks and Kurds.
+
+
+UNITED STATES.
+
+March 1--Indictments are returned by the Federal Grand Jury in New York
+against the Hamburg-American Steamship Company and against officials of
+the line on the charge of conspiring against the United States by making
+out false clearance papers and false manifests in connection with
+voyages made by four steamships to supply German cruiser Karlsruhe and
+auxiliary cruiser Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse with coal and provisions;
+indictments are returned by the Federal Grand Jury in New York against
+Richard P. Stegler, a German, Gustave Cook and Richard Madden on the
+charge of conspiracy to defraud the Government in obtaining a passport.
+
+March 2--Three indictments charging the illegal transportation of
+dynamite in interstate commerce are returned by the Federal Grand Jury
+in Boston against Warner Horn, a German, who tried to destroy the
+international railway bridge at Vanceboro, Me., last month; extradition
+proceedings by Canada, officials state, will probably have to be halted
+until this indictment is disposed of.
+
+March 7--Horn is made a Federal prisoner in Maine.
+
+March 8--Carl Ruroede, who was arrested in January with four Germans to
+whom he had issued spurious American passports, pleads guilty in the
+Federal District Court to charge of conspiring to defraud the United
+States Government, and is sentenced to three years' imprisonment; the
+four Germans who bought passports are fined $200 each; the Department of
+Justice is still investigating in belief there are other conspirators.
+
+March 16--Stegler turns State's evidence and testifies against Cook and
+Madden in the Federal District Court.
+
+March 18--Cook and Madden are found guilty, the jury making a strong
+recommendation for mercy; before the United States Commissioner at
+Bangor, Me., Horn claims that his act was an act of war and contests
+right of the courts to try him.
+
+March 19--Stegler is sentenced to sixty days' imprisonment, and Cook and
+Madden to ten months; United States Commissioner at Bangor decides that
+Horn must stand trial in Boston.
+
+March 24--Major General Hughes, Minister of Militia and Defense for
+Canada, states in the Canadian Parliament that two dozen Americans with
+the first Canadian contingent have fallen in battle, and that "hundreds
+more are in the Canadian regiments fighting bravely."
+
+March 25--Horn is taken to Boston from Portland, after two unsuccessful
+attempts to obtain a writ of habeas corpus.
+
+March 31--Leon C. Thrasher of Hardwick, Mass., an American by birth,
+was among the passengers lost on the Falaba; American Embassy in London
+and the State Department are investigating; the Thrasher family appeals
+to Washington for information about his death; Raymond Swoboda,
+American, a passenger on the French liner Touraine, which was imperiled
+by fire at sea on March 6, has been arrested in Paris charged with
+causing the fire.
+
+
+RELIEF WORK.
+
+March 1--Herbert C. Hoover, Chairman of the American Belgian Relief
+Committee, issues statement in London that the Germans have scrupulously
+kept their promise, given in December, not to make further requisitions
+of foodstuffs in the occupied zone of Belgium for use by the German
+Army; he says the Germans have never interfered with foodstuffs imported
+by the commission and that all these foodstuffs have gone to the Belgian
+civil population; Mr. Hoover further states that "every Belgian is today
+on a ration from this commission"; every State in the Union contributes
+to the fund for the Easter Argosy, the ship which it is planned the
+children of the United States will send with a cargo to Belgium in the
+name of Princess Marie Jose, the little daughter of the King and Queen
+of the Belgians; plans are made for the sending of two ships with
+cargoes supplied by the people of the State of New York.
+
+March 2--American Red Cross sends large shipments of supplies to Serbia
+and Germany; four American Red Cross nurses sail for Germany; Serbian
+Agricultural Relief Committee asks for farming implements.
+
+March 5--Mississippi, Ohio, and Nebraska form organizations to send
+relief ships; American Red Cross is sending large consignments of
+supplies to the American Relief Clearing House in Paris.
+
+March 8--Report from London states that it has just become known in
+Budapest that Countess Szechenyi, formerly Miss Gladys Vanderbilt,
+contracted smallpox while nursing in a Budapest military hospital and
+has been dangerously ill for a fortnight; a hospital, exclusively for
+the care of wounded soldiers whose cases require delicate surgical
+operations, is ready for work at Compiegne under the direction of Dr.
+Alexis Carrel of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research.
+
+March 9--In gratitude for American help, the municipal authorities of
+Louvain inform the American Commission for Relief in Belgium that, when
+Louvain is rebuilt, squares or streets will be named Washington, Wilson,
+and American Nation.
+
+March 11--American Red Cross announces plan to send two units for
+service with the Belgian Army.
+
+March 12--Philadelphians give $15,000 for establishment of a
+Philadelphia ward in the American Ambulance Hospital in Paris; other
+wards bear the names of New York, Providence, New Haven, and Buffalo.
+
+March 14--Letter to the British Red Cross from Sir Thomas Lipton says
+that typhus is threatening Serbia.
+
+March 16--Mrs. John Hays Hammond, National Chairman of the War
+Children's Christmas Fund, has received letters from Princess Mary of
+England, and the Russian Ambassador to the United States, writing in
+behalf of the Empress of Russia, expressing thanks for the Christmas
+supplies sent from the United States.
+
+March 17--Mme. Vandervelde, wife of the Belgian Minister of State, has
+collected nearly $300,000 in the United States for Belgian relief, and
+plans to sail for Europe in a few days.
+
+March 20--Serbian Legation in London sends appeal to United States for
+aid for Serbia from the Archbishop of Belgrade.
+
+March 22--General Kamoroff, as special emissary of the Czar, visits the
+American Hospital in Petrograd and thanks the Americans for their help
+in caring for Russian wounded.
+
+March 23--Contributions for the Easter Argosy reach $125,000; letter to
+Belgian Relief Committee brings the thanks of King Albert for American
+help; American Red Cross sends twenty-seven tons of supplies to Belgian
+Red Cross.
+
+March 24--General Joffre cables thanks to the Lafayette Fund, which is
+sending comfort kits to the French soldiers in the trenches.
+
+March 25--American Commission for Relief in Belgium announces that
+arrangements have been completed for feeding 2,500,000 French in the
+north of France, behind the German lines; for the past month the
+commission has fed more than 500,000 French; it is planned that the
+Easter Argosy will sail on May 1.
+
+March 26--Financial report issued in London by the American Commission
+for Relief in Belgium states that foodstuffs of a total value of
+$20,000,000 have been delivered to Belgium since the commission began
+work, and $19,000,000 worth of foodstuffs is in transit or stored for
+future shipments; $8,500,000 has been provided by benevolent
+contributions, and the remaining $30,500,000 through banking
+arrangements set up by the commission; of the benevolent contributions
+the United States has provided $4,700,000; United Kingdom, $1,200,000;
+Canada, $900,000; Australasia, $900,000; clothing which has been
+distributed is estimated to have been worth an additional $1,000,000; it
+is announced that Queen Alexandra, as President of the English Red Cross
+Society, has written an autograph note to Mrs. Whitelaw Reid in London
+expressing gratitude for the aid given by the American Red Cross.
+
+March 30--The cash collected by the Belgian Relief Fund, New York, now
+totals $1,004,000, said to be the largest amount ever raised in the
+United States for relief of distress in a foreign country.
+
+
+
+
+THE DAY
+
+By HENRY CHAPPELL.
+
+
+     _[The author of this poem is Mr. Henry Chappell, a railway
+     porter at Bath, England. Mr. Chappell is known to his comrades
+     as the "Bath Railway Poet."]_
+
+    You boasted the Day, and you toasted the Day,
+      And now the Day has come.
+    Blasphemer, braggart and coward all,
+    Little you reck of the numbing ball,
+    The blasting shell, or the "white arm's" fall,
+      As they speed poor humans home.
+
+    You spied for the Day, you lied for the Day,
+      And woke the Day's red spleen,
+    Monster, who asked God's aid Divine,
+    Then strewed His seas with the ghastly mine;
+    Not all the waters of all the Rhine
+      Can wash thy foul hands clean.
+
+    You dreamed for the Day, you schemed for the Day;
+      Watch how the Day will go.
+    Slayer of age and youth and prime
+    (Defenseless slain for never a crime)
+    Thou art steeped in blood as a hog in slime,
+      False friend and cowardly foe.
+
+    You have sown for the Day, you have grown for the Day;
+      Yours is the Harvest red.
+    Can you hear the groans and the awful cries?
+    Can you see the heap of slain that lies,
+    And sightless turned to the flame-split skies
+      The glassy eyes of the dead?
+
+    You have wronged for the Day, you have longed for the Day
+      That lit the awful flame.
+    'Tis nothing to you that hill and plain
+    Yield sheaves of dead men amid the grain;
+    That widows mourn for their loved ones slain,
+      And mothers curse thy name.
+
+    But after the Day there's a price to pay
+      For the sleepers under the sod,
+    And Him you have mocked for many a day--
+    Listen, and hear what He has to say:
+    _"Vengeance is mine, I will repay."_
+      What can you say to God?
+
+Reprinted from _The London Daily Express_ (Copyright).
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW YORK TIMES CURRENT HISTORY; THE
+EUROPEAN WAR, VOL 2, NO. 2, MAY, 1915***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 15479.txt or 15479.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/5/4/7/15479
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit:
+https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+