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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World And What Is Going On
+In It, Vol. 1, No. 22, April 8, 1897, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Great Round World And What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 22, April 8, 1897
+       A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor:   Julia Truitt Bishop
+
+Release Date: March 24, 2005 [EBook #15452]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team. (www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND
+WORLD
+AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.]
+
+    VOL. 1   APRIL 8, 1897.   NO. 22
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The President has sent his first message to Congress. In it he says that
+he is very sorry to call an extra session of Congress, but he feels it his
+duty to do so, because he finds the money affairs of the country in a very
+bad condition, and thinks it is necessary for Congress to take some
+immediate steps to find a remedy.
+
+It would seem that since June, 1893, the yearly, and even the monthly,
+expenses of the country have been greater than the receipts.
+
+We all know what a statement of that sort means in our own homes and
+families. It means that bankruptcy is coming, unless something be done to
+prevent it. If a man spends more than he earns, he is obliged to borrow to
+make up the difference; and when he can no longer borrow, he has to fail
+and turn all he owns over to his creditors.
+
+This means that the people to whom he owes the money--his creditors, as
+they are called--will take his home and his furniture, and everything he
+possesses away from him, and divide it all up between them, and that he
+must begin life again as best he can.
+
+Sometimes when a man has a good business that will enable him in time to
+pay everything he owes, the creditors will allow him to keep his business
+going taking the greater part of his earnings for his debts until he has
+paid them all off. But whichever way his affairs are settled, the man who
+owes money is the unhappy slave of his creditors until his last debts are
+paid.
+
+The affairs of a country are precisely the same as those of an individual,
+and President McKinley, understanding well what must happen unless some
+change is made, is doing his best to save us from the unhappy position of
+a poor debtor.
+
+He is prudently trying to stop the trouble before it gets the mastery of
+us.
+
+A country is different from an individual in the fact that there are
+certain expenses that are not exactly necessary, and yet which must be
+provided for, for the honor of the country. A man who is in money
+difficulties can cut down his expenses to the mere cost of food, house,
+and clothes. In this way a man is better off than a country. But, on the
+other hand, a man can only earn just so much money; he cannot force people
+to buy his goods, or pay him better prices; he has to do the best he can
+with what he can earn; while a country can, by taxes, force people to give
+it the money it needs, and so it is better off than an individual.
+
+Some of the expenses of a country that must be met are the salaries of all
+the officers who preserve law and order, the judges, soldiers, sailors,
+and the police; the pensions of the old soldiers, and of their families;
+the building of forts and warships, and of the guns to arm them; the
+making and issuing of money, and the handling and delivering of letters.
+
+Enormous sums of money are necessary to meet these expenses, and they are
+raised by taxes. A country has no right to spend more than it earns, any
+more than a man has, but there may come times in the history of a country
+when extra expenses are necessary, and then the Government taxes the
+people to meet them.
+
+This is what President McKinley proposes to do now.
+
+The new tax proposed is to be a revenue tariff on all articles of foreign
+manufacture that are brought into this country.
+
+The extra session of Congress is to consider, and, if possible, pass the
+Tariff Bill, which it is desired shall go into effect May 1st of this
+year.
+
+The bill is being introduced by Congressman Nelson Dingley of Maine, who
+is Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee in the House of
+Representatives. It is known as the Dingley Bill, and, it is said, will
+increase the income of the Government over one hundred millions.
+
+It is said by people who are against the bill, that, if it passes, the
+cost of living will become much greater. People who are in favor of it say
+that by preventing goods of foreign manufacture from being brought into
+the country, our own industries will greatly increase and our trade be
+much benefited.
+
+There is one section of the bill which will make it very unpopular to many
+of our citizens.
+
+This paragraph states that tourists and people visiting foreign countries
+shall only be allowed to bring one hundred dollars' worth of wearing
+apparel into the country free of duty.
+
+When you think that you can get little more than a whole change of
+costume, hat, boots, and gloves complete, for a hundred dollars, and that
+people who are rich enough to travel in foreign countries give three and
+four times that sum for a single outfit, you can understand just how much
+that paragraph is going to be liked.
+
+It is true that the law says that people may bring back with them the
+articles they take away, provided they can prove that they took them out
+of the country. But think of the worry and annoyance of arguing with the
+Custom House officers as to where and when each garment in your trunk was
+bought.
+
+If it goes into effect, this law will certainly prevent a great many
+people from travelling, for the hours of heated argument with the
+officials on the dock, on the traveller's return, would undo all the good
+of their trip.
+
+The present Custom House system is about as trying to a person's nerves as
+anything can be, and not a little of the trouble comes from the fact that
+you must not show the slightest annoyance when the officer dives into your
+trunk, and punches at the corner which contains your best hat, or feels in
+the folds of a delicate silk skirt, leaving marks of dusty fingers behind
+him. The least show of temper from you will result in the officer's
+claiming his right to have the whole contents of your various trunks
+dumped out on the wharf and repacked under his eye.
+
+It is to be hoped that the $100 paragraph may be changed; but with or
+without it, it seems as if the passage of the Dingley Bill may be the best
+thing for the country.
+
+The bill is called "An Act to provide revenue for the Government, and
+encourage the industries of the United States."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Powers have not sent any further word to Greece.
+
+They have been waiting to hear what France has to say.
+
+As we told you last week, the people of France were not willing to take
+part in any severe measures against Greece; the Government was quite
+willing, but dared not make any promises without the consent of the
+Chamber of Deputies (the French Congress).
+
+The Powers decided to wait until the Prime Minister had had time to ask
+the Chamber of Deputies if it was willing to support the Government.
+
+At the last meeting the Minister put the question to the Chamber--saying
+that the Government had decided that the proper course for France would be
+to remain in the concert of the Powers, and insist that Greece withdraw
+her troops from Crete.
+
+Much discussion followed the Minister's speech. It had been expected that
+the Chamber of Deputies would refuse, and insist upon a change in the
+Government. To the surprise of everybody, a vote was passed, approving the
+policy of the Government, and agreeing to uphold it.
+
+So France joins her voice with those of the other Powers, and calls on
+Greece to give in.
+
+After the Chamber of Deputies adjourned, orders were sent to Toulon, a
+seaport on the Mediterranean Sea, at the south of France, ordering
+soldiers at once to Crete.
+
+[Illustration: Warships on the Harbor of the Piræus Seaport of Athens.]
+
+The Admirals of the allied fleets have received orders to blockade the
+ports of Crete; and if this fails to make the Greeks obedient to the
+wishes of the Powers, the Piræus and the ports of Greece are also to be
+blockaded.
+
+On receipt of these orders the Admirals proceeded to put them into effect,
+and the Cretan ports are now blockaded.
+
+It is said that the Greek fleet has withdrawn from Turkish waters.
+
+The Greek Cabinet Ministers had a very long and serious talk over the
+present state of affairs. It was decided that on no account would the
+Greek troops be withdrawn from Crete, and that if the Powers tried to
+force Greece into obedience she must take active measures.
+
+These active measures are understood to mean the declaration of war
+against Turkey.
+
+It is said that two bands of Thessalians have invaded Macedonia.
+
+Thessaly is that part of Greece which borders on Turkey, and Macedonia is
+a part of the Turkish Empire bordering on Greece, that at one time formed
+part of the Greek Empire.
+
+There are many Greeks in Macedonia, and if war is declared it is expected
+that they will rise and go to the aid of their mother country.
+
+The invasion of Turkey by the Thessalians does not mean that war is
+declared. It is merely a rising of the border peoples against their
+neighbors, and has nothing to do with the Greek Government.
+
+The Crown Prince of Greece, Constantino, Duke of Sparta, is leaving
+Athens, to take command of the Greek forces in Thessaly, and be ready to
+lead them if war is declared.
+
+The news that the Greek ports are to be blockaded has made the Greeks
+hasten their preparations. The troops are being hurried off to Thessaly
+with all possible despatch.
+
+[Illustration: CRETAN SOLDIERS RETREATING INTO THE MOUNTAINS.]
+
+There are reports that the Greeks are so enraged against the Emperor of
+Germany for his behavior over Crete, that the priests have openly said in
+the churches that it is a great misfortune that the future King of Greece
+is married to the sister of Greece's worst enemy.
+
+In 1889 the Crown Prince married the Princess Sophia of Germany, sister of
+the young German Emperor.
+
+The Greek statesmen are openly urging the Prince to divorce his wife,
+because of her relationship to the German Emperor.
+
+Does not this seem terrible!
+
+The Crown Prince and Princess have three children, the youngest a baby not
+yet a year old. For the sake of politics the Greeks would like to have the
+Crown Prince send his wife back to her own country, and separate her from
+her children.
+
+It cannot be a happy thing to come of a race of kings, and be such a great
+personage, that even the happiness of home must be sacrificed for the
+interests of State.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Our friend Weyler is in a heap of trouble.
+
+It seems that affairs in the Philippines look worse for Spain than was at
+first supposed.
+
+The Spanish troops have been very severely beaten lately near Manilla, and
+the rebellion is so strong and so well organized that unless fresh troops
+can be sent immediately, the Philippines will be lost to Spain.
+
+The insurgents are so successful that they are even venturing to offer
+pardons to all Spaniards, except the Captain-General, who will lay down
+their arms and peacefully obey the new government.
+
+Spain does not, however, intend to give up the Philippines yet a while,
+and as she is not in a position to spare more men from home, for fear of
+the Carlists rising, she has sent to Weyler, and ordered him to dispatch
+20,000 men to the Philippines without delay.
+
+This is what is troubling Weyler.
+
+Some months ago word was sent to the Spanish Government that Weyler was
+robbing the treasury by drawing full pay for numbers of men who had been
+killed by the Cubans, but whose names were still on the pay-rolls.
+
+The matter was inquired into, but before it could get very far Weyler made
+such indignant denials, and protested his innocence so strongly, that the
+Prime Minister cabled a message assuring him of his confidence in him, and
+the matter was allowed to drop.
+
+At the time of these accusations Weyler assured the Government that he had
+160,000 men in his army.
+
+When the Carlist and Philippine troubles began to be serious, the Spanish
+Government decided to take 20,000 men from Cuba, and send them on to the
+Philippines, at the same time issuing a call to the loyal Spaniards in
+Cuba to take up arms and fill the places of the men drafted to the other
+war.
+
+The plan was a good one, and would have worked well enough, if Weyler had
+spoken the truth about the number of men under his command.
+
+The fact was that his statement was altogether false.
+
+His force in Cuba consisted of but 100,000 men. The other 60,000 had
+either been killed by the Cubans, or were lying sick in hospitals.
+
+Weyler had no 20,000 men to spare, but he did not dare tell the truth lest
+the facts of his knavery might come out.
+
+He made up his mind to send the troops, and then if things went wrong in
+Cuba, to declare that the withdrawal of the soldiers had paralyzed him,
+and cost him Cuba.
+
+Some one, however, sent word to Señor Canovas of the true state of
+affairs, and some very plain messages have been passing between Spain and
+Cuba.
+
+The men are to go anyhow; but with only a force of 80,000 men left behind,
+Spain has little hope of pacifying Cuba.
+
+The insurgents have, or will have when the Spanish troops are sent away,
+as many men at their command as the Spaniards have, and they feel very
+confident of success, because the men under them are well fed, healthy,
+and hopeful, while the poor Spanish soldiers are hungry, sick, and
+despairing.
+
+[Illustration: GEN. WEYLER and COL. FONDEVIELLA, Gen. Weyler's Chief
+Assistant.]
+
+It seems as if the Cubans have now a better chance of winning their
+freedom than they have ever had, and if they fail, it will be their own
+fault.
+
+A pleasant piece of news in connection with all the rest, is that the
+infamous Fondeviella has been removed from the command in Guanabacoa. His
+resignation has been asked for from Madrid, and another officer has been
+appointed in his place.
+
+Fondeviella is the bloodthirsty Spanish soldier who, while acting as Mayor
+of Guanabacoa, caused the murder of so many innocent persons, Dr. Ruiz
+among the number.
+
+This savage man is declared to have said that for every account of Spanish
+cruelty published in American newspapers, he would have an American life.
+
+It is said that the examination of the body of poor Dr. Ruiz has revealed
+the fact that he was beaten to death, and so Fondeviella has been removed.
+
+The dispatches that mention him now speak of him as Colonel Fondeviella.
+When he went to Guanabacoa his rank was only that of Major. It would seem
+that his atrocious conduct has not prevented the Spaniards from promoting
+him.
+
+It is reported that the _Laurada_ has safely landed her cargo and
+passengers in Cuba, and that the expedition which sailed from these
+shores, under the command of Colonel Roloff, has joined the force of
+General Garcia.
+
+Gomez is said to be waiting for the cannon and supplies that Roloff brings
+him, before he advances farther to the west to join Ruis Rivera.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+War clouds are hanging low over South America.
+
+Two rebellions have broken out there.
+
+The first is in Brazil.
+
+Brazil is the largest of the South American countries. The Amazon, which
+you all remember is the greatest river in the world, flows through Brazil.
+
+Until 1889 Brazil was a monarchy, the only monarchy in South America. In
+November of that year there was a revolution, the Emperor was dethroned,
+and forced to leave the country. It has been a republic ever since, under
+the name of the United States of Brazil.
+
+In February last a rebellion broke out which it was found had been started
+by the monarchists.
+
+Monarchists are people who would rather be ruled by a monarch than by the
+will of the people. In Brazil there is quite a large party of these
+monarchists, who would gladly see an emperor on the throne again.
+
+The news from Brazil states that there has been some heavy fighting
+between the two parties, and that the government troops have been
+defeated, and one of the favorite generals killed.
+
+The people are so indignant over this, that they are mobbing houses and
+places of business belonging to people who sympathize with the
+monarchists.
+
+The Government has sent 10,000 troops to Bahia, where the fighting is at
+present going on, and is determined to put the war down with a firm hand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The other war is in Uruguay.
+
+Uruguay is a small republic just south of Brazil.
+
+This is another civil war.
+
+The President has become unpopular with the people, and they are trying to
+get rid of him and put some one else in his place.
+
+This little war is hardly worth speaking of at all. Toy revolutions are
+constantly occurring first in one and then another of the South American
+republics, and people have grown so accustomed to them that they hardly
+notice them now.
+
+Uruguay, though a very small country, is particularly fond of these
+disturbances. The entire population of the whole country is no larger than
+that of the city of Brooklyn, but this handful of people manage to have
+enough revolts and disturbances to keep the country in constant
+excitement.
+
+This present tempest is receiving more attention than is usual because it
+is supposed that the monarchists of Brazil are stirring the people of
+Uruguay to rebellion, with the hope of overthrowing both governments at
+the same time, joining the two countries together, and uniting them under
+the one emperor.
+
+If this report is true the matter is worthy of serious attention, because
+Brazil is not one of the little insignificant republics whose perpetual
+disturbances affect no one but themselves, but a large and important
+country, and changes in the government of Brazil would be liable to affect
+all the other countries which trade with it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A party of wealthy Chinese merchants arrived in New York the other day
+from San Francisco. They were on their way to Washington, to see the
+Chinese Minister and ask him to intercede for them with the Emperor of
+China.
+
+Their trouble is that the Emperor has kindly invited ten of them to visit
+China without delay: two to have their heads chopped off, and the other
+eight to be imprisoned for life.
+
+Of course none of the Chinamen are going to accept the Emperor's
+invitation, and so they are not seeking the help of the Minister for
+themselves. Their anxiety is on account of their relatives.
+
+It would seem that one of the curious little customs they have in China is
+to arrest all the relatives of a man accused of crime, as well as the
+criminal himself. These unfortunate people they cast into prison, taking
+away from them their property, and everything of value they possess. This
+punishment is for no known reason but that they have had the misfortune to
+be members of the same family as a rascal.
+
+The consequence is that when a Chinaman gets into trouble, his relatives,
+instead of standing by him, and trying to help him, desert him with the
+greatest possible speed, and do their best to hide themselves in less
+dangerous districts.
+
+While the Chinamen who are now in this country are able to laugh at the
+Emperor's decree, and have no intention of going where he can make things
+unpleasant for them, they are horror-struck at the way their poor
+relatives have been stampeded. A number of these have been thrown into
+jail, and only the nimblest have managed to escape the imperial vengeance.
+
+The Chinese merchants feel that this is very hard, because they have never
+been tried and convicted of any crime, and this punishment has fallen upon
+them because of a report of the Consul in San Francisco, which they say is
+absolutely false.
+
+It seems that the Consul sent word to the Minister in Washington that
+these ten men were "rebels and full of treason," that they were plotting
+the overthrow of the Emperor of China, and were collecting arms for that
+purpose.
+
+The Minister sent the report on to the Emperor, and his Celestial Majesty,
+fearful lest these ten men might overthrow his kingdom, instantly ordered
+them to come right home and have their heads chopped off.
+
+The accused Chinese merchants say that they are innocent, and that the
+charge was made against them by their enemies; and of enemies they seem to
+have an unlimited number.
+
+It appears that Chinese society is a very complicated affair.
+
+The Chinese, in their own country, live in families and clans, after the
+manner of the Scotch, and like the ancient Scotch people there are
+frequently terrible feuds or quarrels between the various clans. If one
+man of a clan offends a man of another clan, the two entire clans take up
+the quarrel, and every man of the one clan is ready to fight any man of
+the other clan, and injure him as far as lies in his power.
+
+In China, as in Scotland, families or clans consist of every living member
+or connection of the family.
+
+In China the affairs of every member of the family are managed by a
+council. This council consists of the elders (men over sixty years of
+age), and the scholars. We told you in No. 1 of THE GREAT ROUND
+WORLD what severe trials a man has to go through in China before he
+can be called a scholar.
+
+It is the duty of this council to collect and save all moneys due to any
+member of the family, to direct the business of their households, and to
+manage the family and its affairs so completely that the members of the
+family are like children under the guidance of a very careful parent; and
+when they come to this country, and are obliged to think and act for
+themselves, they are no more capable of doing so than they would be if
+they were really children.
+
+To meet this difficulty, and help the Chinamen, an organization called the
+First Company was formed in San Francisco, which undertook the duties of
+the elders of the families, and was a great comfort to the Chinamen in
+America.
+
+By and by, as more Chinamen came into the country, the First Company got
+too large, and others were formed on the same principle, until finally
+there were six companies altogether. Then other societies were formed by
+the Chinamen, and among them the Sam Yup and the See Yup.
+
+These two societies seem to have the true clannish spirit, and a hatred
+and rivalry exist between them that remind one of the stories of the
+Middle Ages.
+
+Belonging to the Sam Yups was a Chinaman named Little Pete, and it is
+indirectly through him that trouble has fallen upon the heads of the ten
+Chinese merchants.
+
+If what is said about him is true, Little Pete must have been a very great
+rascal. He was a well-known character in San Francisco, and there was no
+work too bad or too wicked for him to undertake.
+
+Among his other crimes he bribed juries, and had a whole regiment of
+witnesses ready to swear as he wished.
+
+The See Yups knew all about this, and so, when a case was coming into
+court against any of their members, they would go to Little Pete, and hire
+his witnesses to swear for them,--well knowing that if they didn't do
+this, Little Pete would have them there to swear against the See Yups.
+
+By these means Little Pete grew very rich, and was as much hated by his
+enemies of the See Yups, as admired by his friends of the Sam Yups.
+
+Time passed on, and Little Pete, full of his power, began to make the tax
+on the See Yups a little heavier than they could submit to. They appealed
+to the Consul. He took no notice of them. They went to Washington, accused
+the Consul of being in league with the Sam Yups, and asked that he be
+dismissed.
+
+The Minister would have nothing to do with them, and they went back to San
+Francisco, vowing vengeance on Little Pete.
+
+With the Chinese, murder is very lightly regarded, and Little Pete never
+doubted that his enemies of the See Yups would try to murder him when they
+got back from Washington. For weeks he went about wearing a coat of mail,
+and followed by two sturdy Sam Yups, his hired guards.
+
+One night he went into the barber's, and, feeling safe, sent his guards
+away. The See Yups were watching for just such an opportunity, and rushed
+into the shop and killed him.
+
+Every effort was made to find the murderers. Several men were arrested,
+but it was not possible to show that they were connected with the crime,
+so nothing could be done.
+
+The news of the murder was sent on to China, and there the matter should
+have rested but that the two rival societies declared a boycott on each
+other.
+
+The Consul got tired of this, and insisted that it be stopped. The See
+Yups obeyed, but grumbled, and gave the Consul a great deal of trouble.
+
+The quarrelling still kept on, and finally the Consul sent the fatal
+letter, accusing the ten See Yups of treason.
+
+The See Yups declare that they can prove that the Consul is in league with
+the Sam Yups, and that he has made this false accusation against them to
+oblige the Sam Yup society.
+
+Their only hope is that the Minister, who returns to China very shortly,
+may straighten matters out for them. If he will not help them they will
+have to choose between going back to China and having their heads cut off,
+and allowing their innocent relatives to be punished for them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It will interest you to know that this is Maple Sugar time, and that all
+through New England the manufacture of the delicious Maple Sugar is in
+full swing.
+
+The way Maple Sugar is made is very interesting.
+
+In the spring-time, before the trees begin to bud and blossom, the sap
+rises and works its way up into every bough and branch and twig of the
+tree. Sap is a liquid which flows through the tree much in the same way
+that blood flows through our veins, and the sap is the life-giving element
+of the tree, just as the blood is of the body.
+
+In the maple tree this sap is sweet, and it is from the sap that the Maple
+Sugar is made.
+
+To obtain it, the tree is tapped by being bored with an augur. The sap
+flows through the hole thus made and is caught in vessels placed for the
+purpose.
+
+When the tree has yielded a certain amount of sap the holes are plugged,
+and then covered with wax, to stop the sap from flowing. If this were not
+done it would continue to flow until every drop was exhausted, and the
+tree would practically bleed to death.
+
+Maple trees are only tapped once in two years, so that they may have time
+to recover from the loss of sap, and thrive and grow into fine healthy
+trees, for the tapping of the trees by no means kills them. There are some
+maples in New York State that have been producing sugar for nearly one
+hundred years, and show no sign of decay, though they are still tapped
+when their season comes round.
+
+When the sap has been drawn from the tree it is generally boiled down
+until it crystallizes or sugars; it is then poured into moulds, and
+hardens; this is the favorite way among the farmers for keeping Maple
+Sugar.
+
+In former times no woman took part in the maple-sugar manufacture. The men
+used first to tap the trees, and then boil the sap over wood fires that
+they would build in the neighborhood of the sugar bush, as the maple grove
+is called.
+
+The men used iron kettles to boil the sugar, and did not take as much care
+as they might have done to see that the kettle was not rusty, or that no
+twigs or leaves fell in, and so a boiling of sugar sometimes would be
+spoiled.
+
+Nowadays the women go along to the sugaring with the men. The boiling is
+done under cover, and it is the duty of the women to see that the kettles
+are properly cleaned and scoured. As the men do not have to divide their
+attention between boiling the sugar and gathering the sap, and both
+processes are in the charge of special people, the result is that the
+sugar is much better.
+
+If you ever have a chance to go to a sugar camp, go. It is great fun.
+Shortly before the syrup sugars the boys and girls pour it on ice or snow,
+or into cold water; this hardens it so that it can be held in the fingers
+like candy. The process is called "waxing" sugar.
+
+                              GENIE H. ROSENFELD.
+
+
+
+
+INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.
+
+
+A NEW INKSTAND has lately been patented.
+
+The great trouble we all have with our ink is that it thickens so quickly
+if we are not very careful to cover the inkstand after using.
+
+The new ink-well, to save this trouble, is self-closing.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+One lid of the well is made in the shape of a half circle, and is fitted
+into a groove made to receive it.
+
+When a person wishes to dip the pen in the ink, the touch of the pen
+slides the curved lid back; and then directly the pen is drawn out, the
+lid slides back into place again and the ink is protected.
+
+
+NEW FLOWER-POT.--To people who really love flowers, the new
+flower-pot holder should prove a very great treasure.
+
+It is to be made in china, and very prettily decorated, and its novelty
+consists in the plan of making it with an upper and lower chamber.
+
+The upper part holds the flower-pot, and the lower collects the water that
+trickles through the pot, and keeps it away from the roots of the flower,
+thus preventing the plant from standing in water and rotting.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The upper and lower portions are connected by a perforated grating,
+through which the water is carried off.
+
+    G.H.R.
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS FROM OUR YOUNG FRIENDS.
+
+
+We have to acknowledge a great number of letters this week; so many,
+indeed, that want of space prevents publishing them all.
+
+From the Dartmouth Street School, Worcester, we have three letters.
+
+Etta H., Annie H., and Roy R. have sent us delightful little notes,
+telling us how much they enjoy THE GREAT ROUND WORLD.
+
+We must congratulate all three of our young friends on their excellent
+writing. They are among the best written letters we have received so far.
+Etta's is particularly clear and good.
+
+Frederic D. writes a second letter, asking about Crusoe's Island.
+
+We have heard nothing new about Juan Fernandez.
+
+We have, however, written to the Consul at Valparaiso and asked him if he
+can give us any information.
+
+We cannot get an answer for several weeks, but when we do all our doubts
+about Crusoe's Island will be set at rest.
+
+We thank Swift T., of Yonkers, for his very kind and friendly letter. It
+pleases us very much to know that our young friends like the paper and are
+anxious to receive it every week.
+
+
+    DEAR EDITOR:
+
+    I want to say how glad I was when I heard from THE GREAT
+    ROUND WORLD that General Gomez had won a victory. I wish
+    that that brutal General Weyler had been killed instead of
+    General Maceo. Wasn't it extraordinary that all the trees in
+    India were covered with that queer stuff? I wonder how it got
+    there? Have any of the Hindustanees risen yet?
+
+    I am also very interested in the war Greece is having with
+    Turkey. I wish the powers would not interfere with Greece and
+    Turkey, but let them fight it out.
+
+    Your picture of a statue of King Arthur has a shield. We have a
+    photograph of a statue in a tomb at Innsbruck, but it has no
+    shield. Did Fischer make two statues?
+
+    I wish THE GREAT ROUND WORLD were published twice a
+    week.
+
+                        Yours very truly,
+                             WILLIAM THORN K.
+                   15 West Sixteenth Street, New York.
+    March 14, 1897.
+
+
+DEAR YOUNG FRIEND:
+
+The original statue of King Arthur had no shield, though it was evidently
+intended that it should have one. Some years ago an appropriate shield was
+made for it. The photographs are sometimes with it and sometimes without
+it, though as the statue stands now in the church it is with the shield as
+illustrated in THE GREAT ROUND WORLD.
+
+We have heard of no fresh rising in India; the plague and the famine are
+weakening the people so much that they have little spirit of revolt left.
+
+                                               EDITOR.
+
+
+We are gratified to print the following letter:
+
+    DEAR EDITOR:
+
+    We, the citizens of the Junior Republic, wish to thank you for
+    those magazines, THE GREAT ROUND WORLD, that you were
+    so kind to send to us.
+
+    We have entered them in our library and they are being read
+    thoroughly by the citizens. The article on our Republic in the
+    March 4th number of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD is exactly as
+    that which has taken place; and, considering that this article
+    was so truthful, we will use the Cuban and other news in your
+    magazine as our authority when we converse on those subjects of
+    which your magazine treats.
+
+                 Yours sincerely,
+
+    WILLIAM DAPPING, Judge Criminal Court.
+    C.G. SMITH, District Attorney.
+    JACOB G. SMITH, President of G.J.R.
+    C.W. BREWSTER, Secretary of State.
+    A. ANDERSON, President of Provident Fund.
+    LE ROY W. OLIVER, Congressman.
+    S.E. BROWN, Senate.
+    LOUIS FURHMAN, Keeper.
+    JAMES WESTERVELT.
+    T. HERNAN, Speaker of House.
+    L.M. YOUNG, Speaker of Senate.
+    EDWARD KING, Proprietor of Restaurant.
+    MAJOR HERVEY E. MILLER, Secretary of Treasury.
+
+
+    TO THE EDITOR:
+
+
+    We wish to extend to you and your friends a cordial invitation
+    to visit our Republic.
+
+                                 Yours,
+                THE CITIZENS, per WILLIAM DAPPING.
+
+    GEORGE JUNIOR REPUBLIC,
+         FREEVILLE, N.Y., March 17th, 1897.
+
+
+    DEAR EDITOR:
+
+    I enjoy your fascinating little magazine so much that I thought
+    I would write and tell you so. It has pleased me very much to
+    find that you encourage kindness to animals, for it is pathetic
+    to think how they patiently work for us with only bad treatment
+    as a reward. Do please write more about them, and their
+    undeserved sufferings. I think that your older subscribers would
+    like to read "Fabiola," by Cardinal Wiseman. It is a story of
+    ancient Rome, and the Christians of the catacombs; it is quite
+    an old book, but is as interesting as any that I have read.
+
+    As you are so kind about answering questions, perhaps you could
+    tell me of some magazine or shop (in New York) where I could
+    find authentic portraits of historic people, like Catherine de
+    Medici, Louis XI., Louis XII., etc. I do not want them to be too
+    expensive, and I do not want them to be fancy pictures. From a
+
+                                   FRIEND AND ADMIRER.
+
+    P.S.--Would you kindly tell me soon where I could get the
+    pictures here, as we leave New York May 1st, and I then will not
+    have a chance to profit by your advice?
+
+    NEW YORK, March 18th, 1897.
+
+The authentic portraits of historic people are all paintings. Dutton &
+Co., on Twenty-third Street, have a very fine collection of photographs of
+the famous pictures in foreign galleries, and you would most likely find
+what you wanted there.
+
+M. Knoedler & Co., 355 Fifth Avenue, near Thirty-fourth Street, have
+photogravures of many of the famous pictures. If you could not suit
+yourself at Dutton's you would be almost sure to at Knoedler's.
+
+
+    DEAR MR. EDITOR:
+
+    Have the astronomers succeeded in finding out whether people
+    live on the planet Mars or not? I am very much interested in it.
+    I saw a picture of President McKinley and his Cabinet the other
+    day. Senator John Sherman is Secretary of State. I hope
+    President McKinley will take more interest in Cuba than
+    President Cleveland has. I remain,
+
+                            Your fond reader,
+                                 HARVEY V.
+    SCOTLAND NECK, N.C., March 8th, 1897.
+
+
+DEAR HARVEY:
+
+It has been discovered that the air and conditions of the atmosphere on
+Mars are the same as those of our own planet, the Earth, and so
+astronomers have decided that Mars may be inhabited.    EDITOR.
+
+
+
+    DEAR MR. EDITOr:
+
+    I am nine years old, and like to read about Spain and Cuba in
+    your paper, THE GREAT ROUND WORLD, because it makes it
+    plainer to me than the daily papers do. A long time ago I wanted
+    to go there, but I have changed my mind. One reason why I wanted
+    to go was, Cuba has been fighting bravely, and the murderous
+    Spaniards have no mercy for men, women, or children, if they
+    sympathize with the Cubans.
+
+    Wishing your paper years of success, I remain,
+
+                              Your fond reader,
+                                    CHARLIE N.S.
+    SCOTTSVILLE, KANS., March 13th, 1897.
+
+
+    DEAR EDITOR:
+
+    I like THE GREAT ROUND WORLD much better than the
+    history I studied before it. The reason I like it is because it
+    tells the news of the world. I enjoy reading it so much, I am
+    glad to see another come. I hear so much about Cuba and Spain,
+    and other matters. Do you think there is any prospect of the
+    Cubans gaining independence?
+
+    I must stop now, but I still remain,
+
+                                 Your affectionate reader,
+                                                   FOREST V.
+    SCOTLAND NECK, N.C., March 8th, 1897.
+
+
+DEAR FOREST:
+
+We think it very likely that Cuba will gain her freedom before long.
+                                         EDITOR.
+
+
+    DEAR MR. EDITOr:
+
+    I want to tell you of two books I have been reading. One is
+    called "Scottish Chiefs," and the other is called "The Days of
+    Bruce." I like them both very much. The "Scottish Chiefs" is a
+    story of the days of Sir William Wallace, and describes very
+    vividly the battles that took place.
+
+    "The Days of Bruce" is written on the same order as "Scottish
+    Chiefs." It tells of all the Scottish lords, and how the Bruce
+    finally became King of Scotland.
+
+                                         Yours truly,
+                                                   HARVEY V.
+    SCOTLAND NECK, N.C., March 1st, 1897.
+
+
+We have received a new book for the little ones from Thompson, Brown &
+Co., Boston--"Æsop and Mother Goose." It is arranged as a First Reader,
+and a First Reader nowadays means something very bright and attractive.
+This book seems to be no exception to this rule. Price is 30 cents, but
+the publishers will mail your teacher a sample if eight (two-cent) stamps
+are sent them, for they wish teachers to see the book.
+
+
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT TO
+
+THE GREAT ROUND WORLD
+
+AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.
+
+
+There are certain things in history which every one _must_ know.
+
+You can get along very well without being able to tell when the battle of
+Crecy was fought. You will not be at all disgraced by not knowing how many
+were killed at Bosworth Field, nor how many ships were engaged at the
+battle of Trafalgar.
+
+But you _must_ know how England became England, how France came to be
+France, and Germany Germany. And yet you cannot know one of these things
+unless you know about the Roman Empire too, which like an old dead root
+underlies the greater part of Europe.
+
+Now I am going to tell you about the Ottoman Empire, or Turkey. And yet I
+find I must begin by talking about other things, and chiefly about that
+old dead Roman Empire, with which everything else is tangled up.
+
+It was during the reign of Augustus Caesar, the first Roman Emperor, that
+Christ was born. So the Roman Empire was always just the age of the
+Christian era.
+
+For the first three centuries, and while it was fiercely fighting the new
+Christianity, its power seemed invincible. It spread upon every side,
+toward the East as far as Asia, and in the West as far as the Atlantic.
+Gaul (or France and Spain) and Britain were gathered in by this insatiable
+power.
+
+But the Romans could not conquer Germany. Instead of that, the Germans or
+Goths were always pressing down into Italy, and even thundered at the
+gates of Rome.
+
+So harassed were the Romans by these terrible barbarians that at last they
+could no longer spare their legions in distant provinces. So Britain was
+dropped. And then, as she grew more decrepit and feeble, France got away
+from her too, and the Germans (who were already in Spain) took that fair
+land (France) into their own strong, rough keeping.
+
+In the year 323, the Roman Emperor Constantine became a Christian. The
+Empire threw off its old Greek paganism and adopted Christianity.
+
+Constantine determined to remove his capital far into the East, away from
+the terrible Goths. There was on the shores of the Bosphorus an old Greek
+city named Byzantion. This he chose for his capital, and called it
+Constantinople. So the Empire was divided into an "Eastern" and a
+"Western" Empire, with two Emperors, one at Rome and the other at
+Constantinople, or, as it was sometimes called, Byzantium.
+
+Although the Empire was now richer in emperors, and had two Cæsars instead
+of one, it rapidly became a mere shadow of what it once was; and all
+because of those terrible, ignorant, but iron-willed Goths, who not only
+would not be conquered, but were not satisfied until they had hammered to
+pieces the greatest Empire the world had ever seen.
+
+The Eastern Empire with its beautiful Constantinople was in the country of
+the Ancient Greeks. The Greek language was the one spoken there; and while
+it had not the glory of the old imperial city of Rome, it had another sort
+of splendor.
+
+It became the centre of the most brilliant intelligence of the world at
+that time. There were men great in learning, in art, in literature, and a
+polished civilization which was chiefly Greek and became less and less
+Roman.
+
+All this was very dazzling in a way. But the days of the great ascendency
+of the Roman Empire were gone. A new star had arisen in the West.
+
+Charlemagne, a German, was in the year 800 crowned Emperor of the Holy
+Roman Empire at Rome, and had displaced the Cæsars as the head of
+Christendom.
+
+Besides that, the "Bishop of Rome," as he was once called, had now become
+the Pope, the Vicar of Christ on Earth; and as the power of the rival
+emperors declined, the power of the Pope increased; so that Rome, as the
+spiritual head of Christendom, was now superior to Constantinople.
+
+While the Goths were breaking in pieces the Roman Empire, and while
+Constantinople was growing in splendor, important events were happening in
+far-off Asia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the year 569, there was born in Arabia a child who altered the whole
+course of history. His name was Mahomet.
+
+As the Mahometan religion has always been a scourge and a curse, you would
+naturally suppose its founder was a bad man. But on the contrary he was a
+very good man, and had a great desire to make his people better.
+
+The Arabians had a corrupt form of idolatry which came from the Persians,
+and worshipped not one, but a great many gods.
+
+Mahomet sincerely believed that he was inspired by the one true and great
+God to overthrow this old religion and to establish a pure and true one.
+
+Under this inspiration he wrote the Koran, which is the Mahometan Bible.
+This book told them of the sins they must not commit, and of the joys
+which hereafter awaited those who should be faithful to the teachings of
+the one God and his prophet Mahomet.
+
+The fatal element in this religion was its cruelty. The Prophet had
+declared that it should be enforced with the sword, that it should be: the
+Koran--or death!
+
+It spread with the fury of a conflagration. The Arabs, or Saracens, as
+they were called, conquered Persia and Syria and Egypt. After that they
+began to look enviously at Constantinople and to dream of universal empire
+like the Romans. They were not a horde of ignorant barbarians like the
+Goths. They came from an ancient seat of learning, and their leaders were
+men of knowledge and attainments far beyond anything existing in Europe at
+that time.
+
+In the year 710, like a flock of vultures a great Mahometan host swooped
+down upon Christian Europe.
+
+Spain was the extreme western limit of the Roman Empire. It was the plan
+of these terrible Saracens, after conquering Spain, to sweep over the
+Pyrenees into France. Then another Saracen army, after conquering
+Constantinople, was to flow westward, and the two streams would meet at
+Rome.
+
+It was a very nice plan--for the Saracens! But they did _not_ get over the
+Pyrenees. Nor did they take Constantinople until six hundred years later.
+So they were content to establish themselves firmly in Spain and upon the
+African coast opposite, and bided their time.
+
+After the occupation of Northern Africa and Spain, they were no longer
+call Saracens, but Moors. They lingered in Spain until the discovery of
+America; and the final expulsion of the Moors from the Spanish peninsula,
+which was effected with great cruelty, took place during the reign of
+Ferdinand and Isabella. They made Spain beautiful, and they made it great.
+
+When the Goths flowed in a rough torrent over Southern Europe they effaced
+civilization. But this Saracen wave of conquest bore on its crest--but
+only on its crest--art, refinements, and culture of a type unknown to
+Europe. The twilight of the Middle Ages was illumined by a revival of
+Greek culture at Constantinople, and by Saracenic art and erudition in
+Spain.
+
+For seven hundred years they remained in Spain, which still bears traces
+of their beautiful architecture; and the Middle Ages would have been
+darker still but for the enriching stores of knowledge brought into Europe
+by the Asiatic people.
+
+So in the 8th century there were two great empires in Europe: the Roman
+and the Mahometan.
+
+The one had passed its meridian and was swiftly declining. The other, with
+irresistible energy, and with the vigor of a terrible youth, made men
+tremble for the fate of Christendom.
+
+This Saracen Empire now stretched from the heart of Asia to the outer
+confines of Europe. So, like the Roman, it was divided into its Eastern
+and Western parts with two Caliphs (or Emperors): one at Bagdad, in Asia
+and the other at Cordova in Spain.
+
+A part of their possessions in the East was the spot the most sacred in
+the world to Christians. Palestine, the land hallowed by the birth, life,
+and death of Christ, was held by these infidels, whose religion required
+them to insult and degrade the very name of Christ, and offered rich
+rewards for exterminating His followers.
+
+This led to the most heroic event in all history. The annals of the world
+record nothing more astonishing than the Crusades.
+
+When one man offers up fortune and life for a sentiment, he is regarded as
+one different from his fellows. If an entire nation does it, it is still
+more amazing. But that all the nations of a Continent, forgetting their
+own private ambitions and interests, laying aside enmities and jealousies
+among themselves, should unite, and for two centuries pour out life and
+treasure, and expend all their energies upon an object which could bring
+nothing but sacrifice--no material reward,--this is a spectacle the world
+has seen but once, will never see again, and will never cease to wonder
+at!
+
+When Peter the Hermit came from Jerusalem at the close of the eleventh
+century, and with burning eloquence told of the desecration of the Holy
+Places in Palestine, and of the sufferings of the small band of Christians
+in the Holy City, Europe rose as one man.
+
+From sovereign to serf there was not one dissenting voice. If it took
+uncounted lives, and all the treasure of Europe, the Cross, and not the
+Crescent, should wave over the Holy Land.
+
+The kingdoms united in one great "European Concert." And for what purpose?
+_To drive the Mahometans out of that very land where another "European
+Concert" is ingeniously striving to keep them undisturbed to-day,_ and to
+rescue a little handful of Christians counted by units, where now they
+call to us by thousands!
+
+And is this what 700 years of civilization has done for us?
+
+It may have been a madness, a wild and fruitless expenditure of life,
+treasure, and happiness. But I think it must have been a sight which
+gladdened the angels in heaven, to see such a mighty outpouring of
+generous sacrifice, without one selfish end in view.
+
+People of all ranks, rich and poor alike, gave out of their abundance or
+their poverty; abandoned homes, happiness, everything, and flocked to the
+standards of the Cross.
+
+The sufferings of this impetuous host may be imagined, but never
+described. No railroads, no telegraphs, no skilled commissariat with
+careful provision for sustenance.
+
+Thousands perished by the way. Thousands more by the sword. And although
+for a brief time the Cross floated over Jerusalem, it was only a fleeting
+vision.
+
+The Saracens recovered what they had lost, and the Crescent waved
+triumphant above the Holy Land,--_and does so still._
+
+At this time there was a wandering, warlike people living far beyond in
+Asia called Turks. They had not settled homes, and had for centuries been
+straying into the lands by the Mediterranean, which were held by an
+Asiatic race remotely connected with them.
+
+They had long ago embraced the religion of Mahomet, and by the time of the
+Crusades there was a goodly portion of them sprinkled throughout the
+Saracen dominions. In fact, it is asserted that most of the outrages in
+Palestine which led to the Crusades were the work of Turkish Mahometans,
+rather than the Saracens.
+
+One day, about the year 1250 (during the last days of the Crusades), one
+of these marauding bands of Turks under the leadership of a man named
+Etrogruhl came unexpectedly within sight of a battle which was being
+fought between two armies in Asia-Minor.
+
+He did not know who were fighting, nor what they were fighting about. But
+he led his 400 horsemen pell-mell into the thick of the fray, to help what
+seemed the losing side.
+
+This decided the fate of the battle; and it turned out that they had been
+aiding the Sultan of Iconium, the great ruler of that land.
+
+In gratitude for this service, the Sultan gave to Etrogruhl a large piece
+of territory, and he became the chief of a clan in this beautiful tract of
+land, which was all his own, bordering on the Byzantine Empire (as it was
+then called), and almost within sight of the Bosphorus and the city of
+Constantinople.
+
+This was the beginning of the great Turkish Empire.
+
+Othman, the son of this nameless adventurer, for whom the Ottoman Empire
+was named, was the first of a line of thirty-five sovereigns reaching
+down to our own time--where his descendant sits in Constantinople to-day
+defying and confounding European statesmanship.
+
+The first thing we hear of this young Othman is that he fell in love. The
+beautiful "moon-faced" maiden was the daughter of a learned Doctor of
+Laws, who scorned the idea of giving his daughter to this obscure young
+person.
+
+But Othman had a dream, which changed all that. He dreamed that a full
+moon came from the doctor's breast and sank into his own. Immediately a
+great outspreading tree arose from his loins, and over it hung a crescent
+moon. Suddenly a great wind came and dashed the Crescent over against the
+Cross and the Crown of Constantine, and broke it into pieces.
+
+So the moon-faced maiden was given to Othman just one hundred and seventy
+years before the Crescent did break the Crown of Constantine in pieces.
+
+Etrogruhl's clan grew apace; and so did his territory: the one by
+accessions from other wandering Turkish tribes, and the other by extending
+it by force as he had a chance. Then the Sultan of Iconium died, and his
+land and authority were divided among ten states, of which Etrogruhl's was
+one. So now he was an independent ruler with none to call him to account.
+
+In the mean time his son Othman had developed great ability as a warrior
+and as a leader. He had met the armies of the Byzantine Emperor, and had
+defeated them, and had captured fortresses and cities. And the Emperor
+from the roof of his palace at Constantinople had seen across the
+Bosphorus the smoke of his burning towns and villages. So when his father
+died and Othman came into his inheritance, he found himself the ruler of a
+powerful and inspiring state, and the Ottoman Empire had commenced its
+extraordinary career of conquest.
+
+His son and successor, Orkhan, inherited the same commanding qualities and
+the kind of ability required to organize a new state.
+
+By one terrible stroke of genius he created the most effective military
+organization which has ever been known--one which, from that time down to
+our own century, was the terror of Europe and of Asia.
+
+He conceived the idea of exterminating Christianity by means of
+Christians.
+
+The plan was, every year to enroll 1,000 Christian boys taken from the
+Christian families captured in war. Only the finest were selected. They
+must be very young, so that they would have no ties to remember, no human
+sympathies to enfeeble them.
+
+These boys were placed under a rigid military training, with rich rewards
+and indulgences for zeal and aptitude, and terrible disgrace and
+punishment for the reverse.
+
+They were familiarized with awful atrocities, their sensibilities
+destroyed, and at the same time intelligence rendered acute by severe
+intellectual training.
+
+In this way was developed the strongest, the fiercest military corps, the
+most terrible instrument for the use of despotic power, ever created by
+subtle craft or employed by fanaticism.
+
+They were called the Janizaries. And the very name struck a terror which
+almost conquered in advance.
+
+When Orkhan led his first 1,000 boys to a dervish priest to bless them,
+he flung the sleeve of his robe over the head of one of them, and asked
+that the great God of Mahomet would make "their arrows keen, and their
+swords deadly."
+
+Thereafter, the dervish cap which they wore had always a long sleeve-like
+pendant behind. And the prayer of the dervish was certainly answered.
+
+One thousand boys recruited these ranks every year; and as the years
+rolled into centuries, the organization became a more and more terrible
+instrument of vengeance in the hands of the Sultan, whose body-guard it
+formed.
+
+The line of Sultans following Othman was characterized by intellectual
+force of a high order. There was a swelling and irresistible tide of
+conquest which moved not only toward Europe, but into Asia. One tribe
+after another was absorbed, until all the strongholds of the old Saracen
+Empire were in the hands of the Sultans, who replaced the Caliphs; and
+like them were not alone temporal rulers, but the representatives of
+Mahomet himself.
+
+Composed in this way of a great heterogeneous mass of races, hostile to
+each other, and to the Turk, the Ottoman Empire had but one element common
+to all. That was its religion. The Sultan stood to them in the place of
+the Prophet--hence they dared not defy nor resist his will. And it is this
+power of religious fanaticism which not alone created the Empire, but has
+held it together long after its vital forces have departed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the year 1453 the dream of Othman was realized. The long-hoped-for and
+long-dreaded event had come. Constantinople was in the hands of the Turks!
+
+No event since the Christian era had been more momentous, more fraught
+with good and with evil.
+
+The Ottoman Power had secured the most beautiful, the most coveted, and
+the most impregnable position in Europe.
+
+But Europe was strangely enriched by the result. Driven out of its old
+home, Greek culture took refuge in other places, and what had been the
+exclusive possession of a few became the heritage of a continent.
+
+Literature, fine arts, and music were revolutionized under the influence
+of Greek scholars who were refugees flying from the Turks. The period now
+set in which is known as the _Renaissance_. That is, art and intellectual
+life were born into a new and higher form by the introduction of Greek
+ideals.
+
+The Sultan's palace, court, and the ceremonial attending him had now
+become like a fairy-tale in its splendor. He was approached as if he were
+a god. Men prostrated themselves in his presence, and spoke in whispers.
+
+No man's head was more insecure on his shoulders than his Grand Vizier's.
+A mistake, a failure, and off it went!
+
+Quick to discern ability, no sooner did a Sultan see a man who he thought
+could serve him--however low his station--than he clutched the unfortunate
+subject and placed him in high and responsible position.
+
+In vain did the wretched man protest his unfitness for such an honor.
+
+The Grand Vizier was next in authority to the Sultan himself, and was
+treated like a king. But a favorite form of curse was, "May you be Grand
+Vizier to the Sultan!"
+
+When great European Ambassadors were presented to the Sultan at
+Constantinople, each one was taken separately, and, with a courtier
+holding him by the arm on each side, he was led like a prisoner into the
+great presence in awful silence.
+
+There was the Sultan cross-legged on his divan, his turban and his robes
+blazing with jewels. He did not deign to speak nor even to look at the
+Ambassador, gazing away fixedly and with stony indifference as he was
+presented.
+
+One of the first acts of a new Sultan was to kill all of his brothers, if
+he had any, or any one else who could possibly conspire to get his throne.
+
+It was an effectual way of destroying conspiracies in the germ, as we do
+disease, and was a custom much honored.
+
+An amiable English historian describes one of the Sultans as being an
+exalted character, pure, upright, and virtuous. He regrets that this
+admirable man did blind his only son and have three brothers bowstringed
+(strangled). But it was "the only blemish on his character"! Happy Turkey,
+to have such an historian!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When "Suleyman the Magnificent" was Sultan in 1550, the Ottoman Empire had
+reached its zenith. Its eastern frontier was in the heart of Asia, it held
+Egypt and the Northern Coast of Africa, and its European frontier reached
+that of Austria and Russia. It included, with the exception of Rome, every
+city famous in biblical or classical history.
+
+Europe was dismayed at this advancing and irresistible power.
+
+But there is a moment in the history of empires when they reach a climax.
+Then comes a decline,--a time when conquest ceases, and they are content
+to defend what they already possess; and finally are glad if they be
+permitted to exist at all!
+
+Such a moment of climax arrived to the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth
+century. The three centuries which have followed have been a gradual and
+sure decline.
+
+The growth of a New Power beyond the Black Sea,--of Russia,--and brilliant
+combinations by leaders in Hungary, Poland, and Austria, arrested the
+fatal advance. Then came the struggle to keep instead of to acquire.
+Hungary and Poland were torn from her, and the dismemberment had begun.
+
+With these losses came loss of prestige at home, and revolts and internal
+disorders. The Janizaries could no longer be trusted. They were open to
+bribes, intriguing, and a source of danger rather than strength; and
+finally a reforming Sultan touched a mine of gunpowder which led under
+their barracks, and they were exterminated, the bowstring and sword
+finishing the few which had escaped.
+
+At this very time (1826) the Greek peninsula had just wrung her freedom
+from Turkey and was electing her new king.
+
+Servia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Bulgaria (1876), one after another revolted,
+and was made autonomous, or self-governing, by the Powers of Europe. Thus
+was formed a group of states known as the Balkans, which made a bulwark
+of neutral territory between Europe and the dissolving and decaying
+Empire.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1850 Nicholas, the Czar of Russia, determined to take the Christians in
+Turkey under his own protection. This gave to Russia a virtual
+Protectorate over the Turkish dominions, and excited the jealousy of
+England and France.
+
+Affecting to think it was an unfair advantage, and an infringement upon
+the rights of Turkey, those two countries united in a great war upon
+Russia. This was known as the Crimean War, which ended disastrously for
+Russia and placed the persecuted Christians under the combined protection
+of Europe.
+
+England and France have made little use since of a right which they
+purchased with thousands of precious lives!
+
+The present Sultan, Abdul Hamid, is the thirty-fifth in descent from
+Othman.
+
+He is the most luxurious and the most powerful barbarian in the world!
+
+As he sits surrounded by six thousand attendants, eating his pancakes
+without table or plate or knife and fork, he is sovereign over lands in
+three Continents.
+
+Absolute lord over some of the richest provinces in the world, surrounded
+by a fabulous luxury at Constantinople, he is still one of the most abject
+and miserable of beings.
+
+This man, known as the "Great Assassin," whose will is law, and whose nod
+is death to millions of people, is as ignorant as a child, as nervously
+timid as an hysterical woman, and as he cowers in the palace of his
+ancestors, he trembles at an approaching footstep.
+
+It is his own subjects that he really fears. The Powers could depose--but
+his subjects can assassinate.
+
+The Sultan knows, and the Powers know, that when they demand a vigorous
+policy in defence of the Christians they are asking and he is assenting to
+an impossibility.
+
+The millions of wild, turbulent people whom he rules only endure his
+authority because he stands to them in the place of the Prophet. But the
+Prophet taught death to non-Mussulmans.
+
+Should he really be true to his word, and try to bring Kurds and Arnauts
+to justice, in defence of Christians, his army would revolt, and his
+subjects would depose him in an hour--and deposition would mean death!
+
+It needs all his inherited craft and cunning to keep his head upon his
+shoulders at the best of times. And the talk of reforms in the Ottoman
+Empire is an idle and diplomatic fiction.
+
+The last stage is reached. The question is whether this Empire, reeking
+with crimes, red-handed from the blood of Christians in Armenia, a scourge
+in the past, and an offence to the moral sense of humanity in the
+present,--shall be permitted longer to exist?
+
+Shall I tell you how this question is being answered to-day?
+
+I am ashamed to write it!
+
+Six Christian Powers, after exhausting the resources of diplomacy, are
+bombarding Christians in Crete in defence of "the Integrity of the Ottoman
+Empire"!
+
+                                       MARY PLATT PARMELE.
+
+Copyrighted 1897, By WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World And What Is
+Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 22, April 8, 1897, by Various
+
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World And What Is Going On
+In It, Vol. 1, No. 22, April 8, 1897, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Great Round World And What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 22, April 8, 1897
+       A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor:   Julia Truitt Bishop
+
+
+Release Date: March 24, 2005 [EBook #15452]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team. (www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<p><a name="Page_585" id="Page_585"></a></p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="./images/title.jpg" alt="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" title="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" /></p>
+
+<div class='center'><b><span class='smcap'>Vol.</span> 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class='smcap'>April</span> 8, 1897.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class='smcap'>No.</span> 22</b></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+
+<p>The President has sent his first message to Congress. In it he says that
+he is very sorry to call an extra session of Congress, but he feels it his
+duty to do so, because he finds the money affairs of the country in a very
+bad condition, and thinks it is necessary for Congress to take some
+immediate steps to find a remedy.</p>
+
+<p>It would seem that since June, 1893, the yearly, and even the monthly,
+expenses of the country have been greater than the receipts.</p>
+
+<p>We all know what a statement of that sort means in our own homes and
+families. It means that bankruptcy is coming, unless something be done to
+prevent it. If a man spends more than he earns, he is obliged to borrow to
+make up the difference; and when he can no longer borrow, he has to fail
+and turn all he owns over to his creditors.</p>
+
+<p>This means that the people to whom he owes the money&mdash;his creditors, as
+they are called&mdash;will take his home and his furniture, and everything he
+possesses away from him, and divide it all up between them, and that he
+must begin life again as best he can.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes when a man has a good business that will enable him in time to<a name="Page_586" id="Page_586"></a>
+pay everything he owes, the creditors will allow him to keep his business
+going taking the greater part of his earnings for his debts until he has
+paid them all off. But whichever way his affairs are settled, the man who
+owes money is the unhappy slave of his creditors until his last debts are
+paid.</p>
+
+<p>The affairs of a country are precisely the same as those of an individual,
+and President McKinley, understanding well what must happen unless some
+change is made, is doing his best to save us from the unhappy position of
+a poor debtor.</p>
+
+<p>He is prudently trying to stop the trouble before it gets the mastery of
+us.</p>
+
+<p>A country is different from an individual in the fact that there are
+certain expenses that are not exactly necessary, and yet which must be
+provided for, for the honor of the country. A man who is in money
+difficulties can cut down his expenses to the mere cost of food, house,
+and clothes. In this way a man is better off than a country. But, on the
+other hand, a man can only earn just so much money; he cannot force people
+to buy his goods, or pay him better prices; he has to do the best he can
+with what he can earn; while a country can, by taxes, force people to give
+it the money it needs, and so it is better off than an individual.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the expenses of a country that must be met are the salaries of all
+the officers who preserve law and order, the judges, soldiers, sailors,
+and the police; the pensions of the old soldiers, and of their families;
+the building of forts and warships, and of the guns to arm them; the
+making and issuing of money, and the handling and delivering of letters.<a name="Page_587" id="Page_587"></a></p>
+
+<p>Enormous sums of money are necessary to meet these expenses, and they are
+raised by taxes. A country has no right to spend more than it earns, any
+more than a man has, but there may come times in the history of a country
+when extra expenses are necessary, and then the Government taxes the
+people to meet them.</p>
+
+<p>This is what President McKinley proposes to do now.</p>
+
+<p>The new tax proposed is to be a revenue tariff on all articles of foreign
+manufacture that are brought into this country.</p>
+
+<p>The extra session of Congress is to consider, and, if possible, pass the
+Tariff Bill, which it is desired shall go into effect May 1st of this
+year.</p>
+
+<p>The bill is being introduced by Congressman Nelson Dingley of Maine, who
+is Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee in the House of
+Representatives. It is known as the Dingley Bill, and, it is said, will
+increase the income of the Government over one hundred millions.</p>
+
+<p>It is said by people who are against the bill, that, if it passes, the
+cost of living will become much greater. People who are in favor of it say
+that by preventing goods of foreign manufacture from being brought into
+the country, our own industries will greatly increase and our trade be
+much benefited.</p>
+
+<p>There is one section of the bill which will make it very unpopular to many
+of our citizens.</p>
+
+<p>This paragraph states that tourists and people visiting foreign countries
+shall only be allowed to bring one hundred dollars' worth of wearing
+apparel into the country free of duty.<a name="Page_588" id="Page_588"></a></p>
+
+<p>When you think that you can get little more than a whole change of
+costume, hat, boots, and gloves complete, for a hundred dollars, and that
+people who are rich enough to travel in foreign countries give three and
+four times that sum for a single outfit, you can understand just how much
+that paragraph is going to be liked.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that the law says that people may bring back with them the
+articles they take away, provided they can prove that they took them out
+of the country. But think of the worry and annoyance of arguing with the
+Custom House officers as to where and when each garment in your trunk was
+bought.</p>
+
+<p>If it goes into effect, this law will certainly prevent a great many
+people from travelling, for the hours of heated argument with the
+officials on the dock, on the traveller's return, would undo all the good
+of their trip.</p>
+
+<p>The present Custom House system is about as trying to a person's nerves as
+anything can be, and not a little of the trouble comes from the fact that
+you must not show the slightest annoyance when the officer dives into your
+trunk, and punches at the corner which contains your best hat, or feels in
+the folds of a delicate silk skirt, leaving marks of dusty fingers behind
+him. The least show of temper from you will result in the officer's
+claiming his right to have the whole contents of your various trunks
+dumped out on the wharf and repacked under his eye.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be hoped that the $100 paragraph may be changed; but with or
+without it, it seems as if the passage of the Dingley Bill may be the best
+thing for the country.<a name="Page_589" id="Page_589"></a></p>
+
+<p>The bill is called &quot;An Act to provide revenue for the Government, and
+encourage the industries of the United States.&quot;</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Powers have not sent any further word to Greece.</p>
+
+<p>They have been waiting to hear what France has to say.</p>
+
+<p>As we told you last week, the people of France were not willing to take
+part in any severe measures against Greece; the Government was quite
+willing, but dared not make any promises without the consent of the
+Chamber of Deputies (the French Congress).</p>
+
+<p>The Powers decided to wait until the Prime Minister had had time to ask
+the Chamber of Deputies if it was willing to support the Government.</p>
+
+<p>At the last meeting the Minister put the question to the Chamber&mdash;saying
+that the Government had decided that the proper course for France would be
+to remain in the concert of the Powers, and insist that Greece withdraw
+her troops from Crete.</p>
+
+<p>Much discussion followed the Minister's speech. It had been expected that
+the Chamber of Deputies would refuse, and insist upon a change in the
+Government. To the surprise of everybody, a vote was passed, approving the
+policy of the Government, and agreeing to uphold it.</p>
+
+<p>So France joins her voice with those of the other Powers, and calls on
+Greece to give in.</p>
+
+<p>After the Chamber of Deputies adjourned, orders were sent to Toulon, a
+seaport on the Mediterranean Sea, at the south of France, ordering
+soldiers at once to Crete.<a name="Page_590" id="Page_590"></a></p>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/6.jpg"><img src="./images/6-tb.jpg" alt="Warships on the Harbor of the Pir&aelig;us Seaport of Athens" title="Warships on the Harbor of the Pir&aelig;us Seaport of Athens" /></a></p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_591" id="Page_591"></a></p>
+
+<p>The Admirals of the allied fleets have received orders to blockade the
+ports of Crete; and if this fails to make the Greeks obedient to the
+wishes of the Powers, the Pir&aelig;us and the ports of Greece are also to be
+blockaded.</p>
+
+<p>On receipt of these orders the Admirals proceeded to put them into effect,
+and the Cretan ports are now blockaded.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that the Greek fleet has withdrawn from Turkish waters.</p>
+
+<p>The Greek Cabinet Ministers had a very long and serious talk over the
+present state of affairs. It was decided that on no account would the
+Greek troops be withdrawn from Crete, and that if the Powers tried to
+force Greece into obedience she must take active measures.</p>
+
+<p>These active measures are understood to mean the declaration of war
+against Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that two bands of Thessalians have invaded Macedonia.</p>
+
+<p>Thessaly is that part of Greece which borders on Turkey, and Macedonia is
+a part of the Turkish Empire bordering on Greece, that at one time formed
+part of the Greek Empire.</p>
+
+<p>There are many Greeks in Macedonia, and if war is declared it is expected
+that they will rise and go to the aid of their mother country.</p>
+
+<p>The invasion of Turkey by the Thessalians does not mean that war is
+declared. It is merely a rising of the border peoples against their
+neighbors, and has nothing to do with the Greek Government.</p>
+
+<p>The Crown Prince of Greece, Constantino, Duke of Sparta, is leaving
+Athens, to take command of the Greek <a name="Page_592" id="Page_592"></a>forces in Thessaly, and be ready to
+lead them if war is declared.</p>
+
+<p>The news that the Greek ports are to be blockaded has made the Greeks
+hasten their preparations. The troops are being hurried off to Thessaly
+with all possible despatch.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/8.jpg"><img src="./images/8-tb.jpg" alt="CRETAN SOLDIERS RETREATING INTO THE MOUNTAINS." title="CRETAN SOLDIERS RETREATING INTO THE MOUNTAINS." /></a></p>
+
+<p>There are reports that the Greeks are so enraged against the Emperor of
+Germany for his behavior over Crete, that the priests have openly said in
+the churches that it is a great misfortune that the future King of Greece
+is married to the sister of Greece's worst enemy.</p>
+
+<p>In 1889 the Crown Prince married the Princess Sophia of Germany, sister of
+the young German Emperor.</p>
+
+<p>The Greek statesmen are openly urging the Prince <a name="Page_593" id="Page_593"></a>to divorce his wife,
+because of her relationship to the German Emperor.</p>
+
+<p>Does not this seem terrible!</p>
+
+<p>The Crown Prince and Princess have three children, the youngest a baby not
+yet a year old. For the sake of politics the Greeks would like to have the
+Crown Prince send his wife back to her own country, and separate her from
+her children.</p>
+
+<p>It cannot be a happy thing to come of a race of kings, and be such a great
+personage, that even the happiness of home must be sacrificed for the
+interests of State.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Our friend Weyler is in a heap of trouble.</p>
+
+<p>It seems that affairs in the Philippines look worse for Spain than was at
+first supposed.</p>
+
+<p>The Spanish troops have been very severely beaten lately near Manilla, and
+the rebellion is so strong and so well organized that unless fresh troops
+can be sent immediately, the Philippines will be lost to Spain.</p>
+
+<p>The insurgents are so successful that they are even venturing to offer
+pardons to all Spaniards, except the Captain-General, who will lay down
+their arms and peacefully obey the new government.</p>
+
+<p>Spain does not, however, intend to give up the Philippines yet a while,
+and as she is not in a position to spare more men from home, for fear of
+the Carlists rising, she has sent to Weyler, and ordered him to dispatch
+20,000 men to the Philippines without delay.</p>
+
+<p>This is what is troubling Weyler.</p>
+
+<p>Some months ago word was sent to the Spanish Government that Weyler was
+robbing the treasury by drawing full pay for numbers of men who had been
+<a name="Page_594" id="Page_594"></a>killed by the Cubans, but whose names were still on the pay-rolls.</p>
+
+<p>The matter was inquired into, but before it could get very far Weyler made
+such indignant denials, and protested his innocence so strongly, that the
+Prime Minister cabled a message assuring him of his confidence in him, and
+the matter was allowed to drop.</p>
+
+<p>At the time of these accusations Weyler assured the Government that he had
+160,000 men in his army.</p>
+
+<p>When the Carlist and Philippine troubles began to be serious, the Spanish
+Government decided to take 20,000 men from Cuba, and send them on to the
+Philippines, at the same time issuing a call to the loyal Spaniards in
+Cuba to take up arms and fill the places of the men drafted to the other
+war.</p>
+
+<p>The plan was a good one, and would have worked well enough, if Weyler had
+spoken the truth about the number of men under his command.</p>
+
+<p>The fact was that his statement was altogether false.</p>
+
+<p>His force in Cuba consisted of but 100,000 men. The other 60,000 had
+either been killed by the Cubans, or were lying sick in hospitals.</p>
+
+<p>Weyler had no 20,000 men to spare, but he did not dare tell the truth lest
+the facts of his knavery might come out.</p>
+
+<p>He made up his mind to send the troops, and then if things went wrong in
+Cuba, to declare that the withdrawal of the soldiers had paralyzed him,
+and cost him Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>Some one, however, sent word to Se&ntilde;or Canovas of the true state of
+affairs, and some very plain messages have been passing between Spain and
+Cuba.<a name="Page_595" id="Page_595"></a></p>
+
+<p>The men are to go anyhow; but with only a force of 80,000 men left behind,
+Spain has little hope of pacifying Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>The insurgents have, or will have when the Spanish troops are sent away,
+as many men at their command as the Spaniards have, and they feel very
+confident of success, because the men under them are well fed, healthy,
+and hopeful, while the poor Spanish soldiers are hungry, sick, and
+despairing.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/11.jpg"><img src="./images/11-tb.jpg" alt="GEN. WEYLER and COL. FONDEVIELLA, Gen. Weyler's Chief Assistant." title="GEN. WEYLER and COL. FONDEVIELLA, Gen. Weyler's Chief Assistant." /></a></p>
+
+<p>It seems as if the Cubans have now a better chance of winning their
+freedom than they have ever had, and if they fail, it will be their own
+fault.</p>
+
+<p>A pleasant piece of news in connection with all the <a name="Page_596" id="Page_596"></a>rest, is that the
+infamous Fondeviella has been removed from the command in Guanabacoa. His
+resignation has been asked for from Madrid, and another officer has been
+appointed in his place.</p>
+
+<p>Fondeviella is the bloodthirsty Spanish soldier who, while acting as Mayor
+of Guanabacoa, caused the murder of so many innocent persons, Dr. Ruiz
+among the number.</p>
+
+<p>This savage man is declared to have said that for every account of Spanish
+cruelty published in American newspapers, he would have an American life.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that the examination of the body of poor Dr. Ruiz has revealed
+the fact that he was beaten to death, and so Fondeviella has been removed.</p>
+
+<p>The dispatches that mention him now speak of him as Colonel Fondeviella.
+When he went to Guanabacoa his rank was only that of Major. It would seem
+that his atrocious conduct has not prevented the Spaniards from promoting
+him.</p>
+
+<p>It is reported that the <i>Laurada</i> has safely landed her cargo and
+passengers in Cuba, and that the expedition which sailed from these
+shores, under the command of Colonel Roloff, has joined the force of
+General Garcia.</p>
+
+<p>Gomez is said to be waiting for the cannon and supplies that Roloff brings
+him, before he advances farther to the west to join Ruis Rivera.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>War clouds are hanging low over South America.</p>
+
+<p>Two rebellions have broken out there.</p>
+
+<p>The first is in Brazil.</p>
+
+<p>Brazil is the largest of the South American <a name="Page_597" id="Page_597"></a>countries. The Amazon, which
+you all remember is the greatest river in the world, flows through Brazil.</p>
+
+<p>Until 1889 Brazil was a monarchy, the only monarchy in South America. In
+November of that year there was a revolution, the Emperor was dethroned,
+and forced to leave the country. It has been a republic ever since, under
+the name of the United States of Brazil.</p>
+
+<p>In February last a rebellion broke out which it was found had been started
+by the monarchists.</p>
+
+<p>Monarchists are people who would rather be ruled by a monarch than by the
+will of the people. In Brazil there is quite a large party of these
+monarchists, who would gladly see an emperor on the throne again.</p>
+
+<p>The news from Brazil states that there has been some heavy fighting
+between the two parties, and that the government troops have been
+defeated, and one of the favorite generals killed.</p>
+
+<p>The people are so indignant over this, that they are mobbing houses and
+places of business belonging to people who sympathize with the
+monarchists.</p>
+
+<p>The Government has sent 10,000 troops to Bahia, where the fighting is at
+present going on, and is determined to put the war down with a firm hand.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The other war is in Uruguay.</p>
+
+<p>Uruguay is a small republic just south of Brazil.</p>
+
+<p>This is another civil war.</p>
+
+<p>The President has become unpopular with the people, and they are trying to
+get rid of him and put some one else in his place.</p>
+
+<p>This little war is hardly worth speaking of at all. Toy <a name="Page_598" id="Page_598"></a>revolutions are
+constantly occurring first in one and then another of the South American
+republics, and people have grown so accustomed to them that they hardly
+notice them now.</p>
+
+<p>Uruguay, though a very small country, is particularly fond of these
+disturbances. The entire population of the whole country is no larger than
+that of the city of Brooklyn, but this handful of people manage to have
+enough revolts and disturbances to keep the country in constant
+excitement.</p>
+
+<p>This present tempest is receiving more attention than is usual because it
+is supposed that the monarchists of Brazil are stirring the people of
+Uruguay to rebellion, with the hope of overthrowing both governments at
+the same time, joining the two countries together, and uniting them under
+the one emperor.</p>
+
+<p>If this report is true the matter is worthy of serious attention, because
+Brazil is not one of the little insignificant republics whose perpetual
+disturbances affect no one but themselves, but a large and important
+country, and changes in the government of Brazil would be liable to affect
+all the other countries which trade with it.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>A party of wealthy Chinese merchants arrived in New York the other day
+from San Francisco. They were on their way to Washington, to see the
+Chinese Minister and ask him to intercede for them with the Emperor of
+China.</p>
+
+<p>Their trouble is that the Emperor has kindly invited ten of them to visit
+China without delay: two to have their heads chopped off, and the other
+eight to be imprisoned for life.<a name="Page_599" id="Page_599"></a></p>
+
+<p>Of course none of the Chinamen are going to accept the Emperor's
+invitation, and so they are not seeking the help of the Minister for
+themselves. Their anxiety is on account of their relatives.</p>
+
+<p>It would seem that one of the curious little customs they have in China is
+to arrest all the relatives of a man accused of crime, as well as the
+criminal himself. These unfortunate people they cast into prison, taking
+away from them their property, and everything of value they possess. This
+punishment is for no known reason but that they have had the misfortune to
+be members of the same family as a rascal.</p>
+
+<p>The consequence is that when a Chinaman gets into trouble, his relatives,
+instead of standing by him, and trying to help him, desert him with the
+greatest possible speed, and do their best to hide themselves in less
+dangerous districts.</p>
+
+<p>While the Chinamen who are now in this country are able to laugh at the
+Emperor's decree, and have no intention of going where he can make things
+unpleasant for them, they are horror-struck at the way their poor
+relatives have been stampeded. A number of these have been thrown into
+jail, and only the nimblest have managed to escape the imperial vengeance.</p>
+
+<p>The Chinese merchants feel that this is very hard, because they have never
+been tried and convicted of any crime, and this punishment has fallen upon
+them because of a report of the Consul in San Francisco, which they say is
+absolutely false.</p>
+
+<p>It seems that the Consul sent word to the Minister in Washington that
+these ten men were &quot;rebels and full of treason,&quot; that they were plotting
+the overthrow <a name="Page_600" id="Page_600"></a>of the Emperor of China, and were collecting arms for that
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The Minister sent the report on to the Emperor, and his Celestial Majesty,
+fearful lest these ten men might overthrow his kingdom, instantly ordered
+them to come right home and have their heads chopped off.</p>
+
+<p>The accused Chinese merchants say that they are innocent, and that the
+charge was made against them by their enemies; and of enemies they seem to
+have an unlimited number.</p>
+
+<p>It appears that Chinese society is a very complicated affair.</p>
+
+<p>The Chinese, in their own country, live in families and clans, after the
+manner of the Scotch, and like the ancient Scotch people there are
+frequently terrible feuds or quarrels between the various clans. If one
+man of a clan offends a man of another clan, the two entire clans take up
+the quarrel, and every man of the one clan is ready to fight any man of
+the other clan, and injure him as far as lies in his power.</p>
+
+<p>In China, as in Scotland, families or clans consist of every living member
+or connection of the family.</p>
+
+<p>In China the affairs of every member of the family are managed by a
+council. This council consists of the elders (men over sixty years of
+age), and the scholars. We told you in No. 1 of <span class='smcap'>The Great Round
+World</span> what severe trials a man has to go through in China before he
+can be called a scholar.</p>
+
+<p>It is the duty of this council to collect and save all moneys due to any
+member of the family, to direct the business of their households, and to
+manage the family and its affairs so completely that the members of the
+family are like children under the guidance of <a name="Page_601" id="Page_601"></a>a very careful parent; and
+when they come to this country, and are obliged to think and act for
+themselves, they are no more capable of doing so than they would be if
+they were really children.</p>
+
+<p>To meet this difficulty, and help the Chinamen, an organization called the
+First Company was formed in San Francisco, which undertook the duties of
+the elders of the families, and was a great comfort to the Chinamen in
+America.</p>
+
+<p>By and by, as more Chinamen came into the country, the First Company got
+too large, and others were formed on the same principle, until finally
+there were six companies altogether. Then other societies were formed by
+the Chinamen, and among them the Sam Yup and the See Yup.</p>
+
+<p>These two societies seem to have the true clannish spirit, and a hatred
+and rivalry exist between them that remind one of the stories of the
+Middle Ages.</p>
+
+<p>Belonging to the Sam Yups was a Chinaman named Little Pete, and it is
+indirectly through him that trouble has fallen upon the heads of the ten
+Chinese merchants.</p>
+
+<p>If what is said about him is true, Little Pete must have been a very great
+rascal. He was a well-known character in San Francisco, and there was no
+work too bad or too wicked for him to undertake.</p>
+
+<p>Among his other crimes he bribed juries, and had a whole regiment of
+witnesses ready to swear as he wished.</p>
+
+<p>The See Yups knew all about this, and so, when a case was coming into
+court against any of their members, they would go to Little Pete, and hire
+his witnesses to swear for them,&mdash;well knowing that if they <a name="Page_602" id="Page_602"></a>didn't do
+this, Little Pete would have them there to swear against the See Yups.</p>
+
+<p>By these means Little Pete grew very rich, and was as much hated by his
+enemies of the See Yups, as admired by his friends of the Sam Yups.</p>
+
+<p>Time passed on, and Little Pete, full of his power, began to make the tax
+on the See Yups a little heavier than they could submit to. They appealed
+to the Consul. He took no notice of them. They went to Washington, accused
+the Consul of being in league with the Sam Yups, and asked that he be
+dismissed.</p>
+
+<p>The Minister would have nothing to do with them, and they went back to San
+Francisco, vowing vengeance on Little Pete.</p>
+
+<p>With the Chinese, murder is very lightly regarded, and Little Pete never
+doubted that his enemies of the See Yups would try to murder him when they
+got back from Washington. For weeks he went about wearing a coat of mail,
+and followed by two sturdy Sam Yups, his hired guards.</p>
+
+<p>One night he went into the barber's, and, feeling safe, sent his guards
+away. The See Yups were watching for just such an opportunity, and rushed
+into the shop and killed him.</p>
+
+<p>Every effort was made to find the murderers. Several men were arrested,
+but it was not possible to show that they were connected with the crime,
+so nothing could be done.</p>
+
+<p>The news of the murder was sent on to China, and there the matter should
+have rested but that the two rival societies declared a boycott on each
+other.</p>
+
+<p>The Consul got tired of this, and insisted that it be <a name="Page_603" id="Page_603"></a>stopped. The See
+Yups obeyed, but grumbled, and gave the Consul a great deal of trouble.</p>
+
+<p>The quarrelling still kept on, and finally the Consul sent the fatal
+letter, accusing the ten See Yups of treason.</p>
+
+<p>The See Yups declare that they can prove that the Consul is in league with
+the Sam Yups, and that he has made this false accusation against them to
+oblige the Sam Yup society.</p>
+
+<p>Their only hope is that the Minister, who returns to China very shortly,
+may straighten matters out for them. If he will not help them they will
+have to choose between going back to China and having their heads cut off,
+and allowing their innocent relatives to be punished for them.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>It will interest you to know that this is Maple Sugar time, and that all
+through New England the manufacture of the delicious Maple Sugar is in
+full swing.</p>
+
+<p>The way Maple Sugar is made is very interesting.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring-time, before the trees begin to bud and blossom, the sap
+rises and works its way up into every bough and branch and twig of the
+tree. Sap is a liquid which flows through the tree much in the same way
+that blood flows through our veins, and the sap is the life-giving element
+of the tree, just as the blood is of the body.</p>
+
+<p>In the maple tree this sap is sweet, and it is from the sap that the Maple
+Sugar is made.</p>
+
+<p>To obtain it, the tree is tapped by being bored with an augur. The sap
+flows through the hole thus made and is caught in vessels placed for the
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>When the tree has yielded a certain amount of sap <a name="Page_604" id="Page_604"></a>the holes are plugged,
+and then covered with wax, to stop the sap from flowing. If this were not
+done it would continue to flow until every drop was exhausted, and the
+tree would practically bleed to death.</p>
+
+<p>Maple trees are only tapped once in two years, so that they may have time
+to recover from the loss of sap, and thrive and grow into fine healthy
+trees, for the tapping of the trees by no means kills them. There are some
+maples in New York State that have been producing sugar for nearly one
+hundred years, and show no sign of decay, though they are still tapped
+when their season comes round.</p>
+
+<p>When the sap has been drawn from the tree it is generally boiled down
+until it crystallizes or sugars; it is then poured into moulds, and
+hardens; this is the favorite way among the farmers for keeping Maple
+Sugar.</p>
+
+<p>In former times no woman took part in the maple-sugar manufacture. The men
+used first to tap the trees, and then boil the sap over wood fires that
+they would build in the neighborhood of the sugar bush, as the maple grove
+is called.</p>
+
+<p>The men used iron kettles to boil the sugar, and did not take as much care
+as they might have done to see that the kettle was not rusty, or that no
+twigs or leaves fell in, and so a boiling of sugar sometimes would be
+spoiled.</p>
+
+<p>Nowadays the women go along to the sugaring with the men. The boiling is
+done under cover, and it is the duty of the women to see that the kettles
+are properly cleaned and scoured. As the men do not have to divide their
+attention between boiling the sugar and gathering the sap, and both
+processes are <a name="Page_605" id="Page_605"></a>in the charge of special people, the result is that the
+sugar is much better.</p>
+
+<p>If you ever have a chance to go to a sugar camp, go. It is great fun.
+Shortly before the syrup sugars the boys and girls pour it on ice or snow,
+or into cold water; this hardens it so that it can be held in the fingers
+like candy. The process is called &quot;waxing&quot; sugar.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 22em;">G</span><span class='smcap'>enie H. Rosenfeld.</span><br />
+<a name="Page_606" id="Page_606"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.</h2>
+
+
+<p><span class='smcap'>A New Inkstand</span> has lately been patented.</p>
+
+<p>The great trouble we all have with our ink is that it thickens so quickly
+if we are not very careful to cover the inkstand after using.</p>
+
+<p>The new ink-well, to save this trouble, is self-closing.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/22.jpg"><img src="./images/22-tb.jpg" alt="The New Inkwell" title="The New Inkwell" /></a></p>
+
+<p>One lid of the well is made in the shape of a half circle, and is fitted
+into a groove made to receive it.</p>
+
+<p>When a person wishes to dip the pen in the ink, the touch of the pen
+slides the curved lid back; and then directly the pen is drawn out, the
+lid slides back into place again and the ink is protected.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+<p><span class='smcap'>New Flower-Pot</span>.&mdash;To people who really love flowers, the new
+flower-pot holder should prove a very great treasure.</p>
+
+<p>It is to be made in china, and very prettily decorated, and its novelty
+consists in the plan of making it with an upper and lower chamber.</p>
+
+<p>The upper part holds the flower-pot, and the lower collects the water that
+trickles through the pot, and <a name="Page_607" id="Page_607"></a>keeps it away from the roots of the flower,
+thus preventing the plant from standing in water and rotting.</p>
+
+<p class="figcenter"><a href="./images/23.jpg"><img src="./images/23-tb.jpg" alt="The Flower-Pot" title="The Flower-Pot" /></a></p>
+
+<p>The upper and lower portions are connected by a perforated grating,
+through which the water is carried off.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 22em;">G.H.R.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>LETTERS FROM OUR YOUNG FRIENDS.</h2>
+
+
+<p>We have to acknowledge a great number of letters this week; so many,
+indeed, that want of space prevents publishing them all.</p>
+
+<p>From the Dartmouth Street School, Worcester, we have three letters.</p>
+
+<p>Etta H., Annie H., and Roy R. have sent us delightful little notes,
+telling us how much they enjoy <span class='smcap'>The Great Round World</span>.</p>
+
+<p>We must congratulate all three of our young friends on their excellent
+writing. They are among the best written letters we have received so far.
+Etta's is particularly clear and good.</p>
+
+<p>Frederic D. writes a second letter, asking about Crusoe's Island.</p>
+
+<p>We have heard nothing new about Juan Fernandez.<a name="Page_608" id="Page_608"></a></p>
+
+<p>We have, however, written to the Consul at Valparaiso and asked him if he
+can give us any information.</p>
+
+<p>We cannot get an answer for several weeks, but when we do all our doubts
+about Crusoe's Island will be set at rest.</p>
+
+<p>We thank Swift T., of Yonkers, for his very kind and friendly letter. It
+pleases us very much to know that our young friends like the paper and are
+anxious to receive it every week.<br /><br /></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><span class='smcap'>Dear Editor:</span>
+
+<p>    I want to say how glad I was when I heard from <span class='smcap'>The Great
+    Round World</span> that General Gomez had won a victory. I wish
+    that that brutal General Weyler had been killed instead of
+    General Maceo. Wasn't it extraordinary that all the trees in
+    India were covered with that queer stuff? I wonder how it got
+    there? Have any of the Hindustanees risen yet?</p>
+
+<p>    I am also very interested in the war Greece is having with
+    Turkey. I wish the powers would not interfere with Greece and
+    Turkey, but let them fight it out.</p>
+
+<p>    Your picture of a statue of King Arthur has a shield. We have a
+    photograph of a statue in a tomb at Innsbruck, but it has no
+    shield. Did Fischer make two statues?</p>
+
+<p>    I wish <span class='smcap'>The Great Round World</span> were published twice a
+    week.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 12em;">Yours very truly,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 14.5em;">W</span><span class='smcap'>illiam Thorn K.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 9.5em;">15 West Sixteenth Street, New York.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">March 14, 1897.</span><br /><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<div><span class='smcap'>Dear Young Friend:</span></div>
+
+<p>The original statue of King Arthur had no shield, though it was evidently
+intended that it should have one. Some years ago an appropriate shield was
+made for it. The photographs are sometimes with it and <a name="Page_609" id="Page_609"></a>sometimes without
+it, though as the statue stands now in the church it is with the shield as
+illustrated in <span class='smcap'>The Great Round World</span>.</p>
+
+<p>We have heard of no fresh rising in India; the plague and the famine are
+weakening the people so much that they have little spirit of revolt left.</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 22em;">E</span><span class='smcap'>ditor.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+<p>We are gratified to print the following letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><span class='smcap'>Dear Editor:</span>
+
+<p>    We, the citizens of the Junior Republic, wish to thank you for
+    those magazines, <span class='smcap'>The Great Round World</span>, that you were
+    so kind to send to us.</p>
+
+<p>    We have entered them in our library and they are being read
+    thoroughly by the citizens. The article on our Republic in the
+    March 4th number of <span class='smcap'>The Great Round World</span> is exactly as
+    that which has taken place; and, considering that this article
+    was so truthful, we will use the Cuban and other news in your
+    magazine as our authority when we converse on those subjects of
+    which your magazine treats.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Signatures of Freeville">
+<tr><td align='center'>Yours sincerely,</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>William Dapping</span>, Judge Criminal Court.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>C.G. Smith</span>, District Attorney.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Jacob G. Smith</span>, President of G.J.R.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>C.W. Brewster</span>, Secretary of State.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>A. Anderson</span>, President of Provident Fund.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Le Roy W. Oliver</span>, Congressman.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>S.E. Brown</span>, Senate.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Louis Furhman</span>, Keeper.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>James Westervelt</span>.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>T. Hernan</span>, Speaker of House.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>L.M. Young</span>, Speaker of Senate.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Edward King</span>, Proprietor of Restaurant.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><span class='smcap'>Major Hervey E. Miller</span>, Secretary of Treasury.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p><a name="Page_610" id="Page_610"></a><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><span class='smcap'>To The Editor:</span>
+
+
+<p>    We wish to extend to you and your friends a cordial invitation
+    to visit our Republic.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 16.5em;">Yours,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 18em;">T</span><span class='smcap'>he Citizens,</span> per <span class='smcap'>William Dapping.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">G</span><span class='smcap'>eorge Junior Republic,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4.5em;">F</span><span class='smcap'>reeville,</span> N.Y., March 17th, 1897.<br />
+<br /></p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><span class='smcap'>Dear Editor:</span>
+
+<p>    I enjoy your fascinating little magazine so much that I thought
+    I would write and tell you so. It has pleased me very much to
+    find that you encourage kindness to animals, for it is pathetic
+    to think how they patiently work for us with only bad treatment
+    as a reward. Do please write more about them, and their
+    undeserved sufferings. I think that your older subscribers would
+    like to read &quot;Fabiola,&quot; by Cardinal Wiseman. It is a story of
+    ancient Rome, and the Christians of the catacombs; it is quite
+    an old book, but is as interesting as any that I have read.</p>
+
+<p>    As you are so kind about answering questions, perhaps you could
+    tell me of some magazine or shop (in New York) where I could
+    find authentic portraits of historic people, like Catherine de
+    Medici, Louis XI., Louis XII., etc. I do not want them to be too
+    expensive, and I do not want them to be fancy pictures. From a</p>
+
+<p>
+    <span style="margin-left: 22em;">F</span><span class='smcap'>riend and Admirer</span>.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>    P.S.&mdash;Would you kindly tell me soon where I could get the
+    pictures here, as we leave New York May 1st, and I then will not
+    have a chance to profit by your advice?</p>
+
+<p>    <span class='smcap'>New York,</span> March 18th, 1897.<br /><br /></p></div>
+
+<p>The authentic portraits of historic people are all paintings. Dutton &amp;
+Co., on Twenty-third Street, have a very fine collection of photographs of
+the famous pictures in foreign galleries, and you would most likely find
+what you wanted there.<a name="Page_611" id="Page_611"></a></p>
+
+<p>M. Knoedler &amp; Co., 355 Fifth Avenue, near Thirty-fourth Street, have
+photogravures of many of the famous pictures. If you could not suit
+yourself at Dutton's you would be almost sure to at Knoedler's.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><span class='smcap'>Dear Mr. Editor</span>:
+
+<p>    Have the astronomers succeeded in finding out whether people
+    live on the planet Mars or not? I am very much interested in it.
+    I saw a picture of President McKinley and his Cabinet the other
+    day. Senator John Sherman is Secretary of State. I hope
+    President McKinley will take more interest in Cuba than
+    President Cleveland has. I remain,</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 14em;">Your fond reader,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 16.5em;">H</span><span class='smcap'>arvey V.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S</span><span class='smcap'>cotland Neck, N.C.</span>, March 8th, 1897.<br />
+<br /></p>
+
+
+<div><span class='smcap'>Dear Harvey</span>:</div>
+
+<p>It has been discovered that the air and conditions of the atmosphere on
+Mars are the same as those of our own planet, the Earth, and so
+astronomers have decided that Mars may be inhabited. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class='smcap'>Editor</span>.<br /><br /></p>
+
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><span class='smcap'>Dear Mr. Editor</span>:
+
+<p>    I am nine years old, and like to read about Spain and Cuba in
+    your paper, <span class='smcap'>The Great Round World</span>, because it makes it
+    plainer to me than the daily papers do. A long time ago I wanted
+    to go there, but I have changed my mind. One reason why I wanted
+    to go was, Cuba has been fighting bravely, and the murderous
+    Spaniards have no mercy for men, women, or children, if they
+    sympathize with the Cubans.</p>
+
+<p>    Wishing your paper years of success, I remain,</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 15em;">Your fond reader,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 18em;">C</span><span class='smcap'>harlie N.S.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S</span><span class='smcap'>cottsville, Kans.</span>, March 13th, 1897.<br />
+<br /></p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><span class='smcap'>Dear Editor</span>:
+
+<p>    I like <span class='smcap'>The Great Round World</span> much better than the
+    history I studied before it. The reason I like it is because it
+    <a name="Page_612" id="Page_612"></a>tells the news of the world. I enjoy reading it so much, I am
+    glad to see another come. I hear so much about Cuba and Spain,
+    and other matters. Do you think there is any prospect of the
+    Cubans gaining independence?</p>
+
+<p>    I must stop now, but I still remain,</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 16.5em;">Your affectionate reader,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25.5em;">F</span><span class='smcap'>orest</span> V.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S</span><span class='smcap'>cotland Neck, N.C.</span>, March 8th, 1897.<br />
+<br /></p>
+
+
+<div><span class='smcap'>Dear Forest</span>:</div>
+
+<p>We think it very likely that Cuba will gain her freedom before long.
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class='smcap'>Editor.</span><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><span class='smcap'>Dear Mr. Editor</span>:
+
+<p>    I want to tell you of two books I have been reading. One is
+    called &quot;Scottish Chiefs,&quot; and the other is called &quot;The Days of
+    Bruce.&quot; I like them both very much. The &quot;Scottish Chiefs&quot; is a
+    story of the days of Sir William Wallace, and describes very
+    vividly the battles that took place.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The Days of Bruce&quot; is written on the same order as &quot;Scottish
+    Chiefs.&quot; It tells of all the Scottish lords, and how the Bruce
+    finally became King of Scotland.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 20.5em;">Yours truly,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 25.5em;">H</span><span class='smcap'>arvey V.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">S</span><span class='smcap'>cotland Neck, N.C.</span>, March 1st, 1897.<br />
+<br /><br /></p>
+
+
+<p>We have received a new book for the little ones from Thompson, Brown &amp;
+Co., Boston&mdash;&quot;&AElig;sop and Mother Goose.&quot; It is arranged as a First Reader,
+and a First Reader nowadays means something very bright and attractive.
+This book seems to be no exception to this rule. Price is 30 cents, but
+the publishers will mail your teacher a sample if eight (two-cent) stamps
+are sent them, for they wish teachers to see the book.<a name="Page_613" id="Page_613"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="./images/supplement.jpg" alt="SUPPLEMENT TO THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" title="SUPPLEMENT TO THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" /></p>
+
+
+<p>There are certain things in history which every one <i>must</i> know.</p>
+
+<p>You can get along very well without being able to tell when the battle of
+Crecy was fought. You will not be at all disgraced by not knowing how many
+were killed at Bosworth Field, nor how many ships were engaged at the
+battle of Trafalgar.</p>
+
+<p>But you <i>must</i> know how England became England, how France came to be
+France, and Germany Germany. And yet you cannot know one of these things
+unless you know about the Roman Empire too, which like an old dead root
+underlies the greater part of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Now I am going to tell you about the Ottoman Empire, or Turkey. And yet I
+find I must begin by talking about other things, and chiefly about that
+old dead Roman Empire, with which everything else is tangled up.</p>
+
+<p>It was during the reign of Augustus Caesar, the first Roman Emperor, that
+Christ was born. So the Roman Empire was always just the age of the
+Christian era.</p>
+
+<p>For the first three centuries, and while it was fiercely fighting the new
+Christianity, its power <a name="Page_614" id="Page_614"></a>seemed invincible. It spread upon every side,
+toward the East as far as Asia, and in the West as far as the Atlantic.
+Gaul (or France and Spain) and Britain were gathered in by this insatiable
+power.</p>
+
+<p>But the Romans could not conquer Germany. Instead of that, the Germans or
+Goths were always pressing down into Italy, and even thundered at the
+gates of Rome.</p>
+
+<p>So harassed were the Romans by these terrible barbarians that at last they
+could no longer spare their legions in distant provinces. So Britain was
+dropped. And then, as she grew more decrepit and feeble, France got away
+from her too, and the Germans (who were already in Spain) took that fair
+land (France) into their own strong, rough keeping.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 323, the Roman Emperor Constantine became a Christian. The
+Empire threw off its old Greek paganism and adopted Christianity.</p>
+
+<p>Constantine determined to remove his capital far into the East, away from
+the terrible Goths. There was on the shores of the Bosphorus an old Greek
+city named Byzantion. This he chose for his capital, and called it
+Constantinople. So the Empire was divided into an &quot;Eastern&quot; and a
+&quot;Western&quot; Empire, with two Emperors, one at Rome and the other at
+Constantinople, or, as it was sometimes called, Byzantium.</p>
+
+<p>Although the Empire was now richer in emperors, and had two C&aelig;sars instead
+of one, it rapidly became a mere shadow of what it once was; and all
+because of those terrible, ignorant, but iron-willed Goths, who not only
+would not be conquered, but were not satisfied until they had hammered to
+pieces the greatest Empire the world had ever seen.<a name="Page_615" id="Page_615"></a></p>
+
+<p>The Eastern Empire with its beautiful Constantinople was in the country of
+the Ancient Greeks. The Greek language was the one spoken there; and while
+it had not the glory of the old imperial city of Rome, it had another sort
+of splendor.</p>
+
+<p>It became the centre of the most brilliant intelligence of the world at
+that time. There were men great in learning, in art, in literature, and a
+polished civilization which was chiefly Greek and became less and less
+Roman.</p>
+
+<p>All this was very dazzling in a way. But the days of the great ascendency
+of the Roman Empire were gone. A new star had arisen in the West.</p>
+
+<p>Charlemagne, a German, was in the year 800 crowned Emperor of the Holy
+Roman Empire at Rome, and had displaced the C&aelig;sars as the head of
+Christendom.</p>
+
+<p>Besides that, the &quot;Bishop of Rome,&quot; as he was once called, had now become
+the Pope, the Vicar of Christ on Earth; and as the power of the rival
+emperors declined, the power of the Pope increased; so that Rome, as the
+spiritual head of Christendom, was now superior to Constantinople.</p>
+
+<p>While the Goths were breaking in pieces the Roman Empire, and while
+Constantinople was growing in splendor, important events were happening in
+far-off Asia.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In the year 569, there was born in Arabia a child who altered the whole
+course of history. His name was Mahomet.</p>
+
+<p>As the Mahometan religion has always been a scourge and a curse, you would
+naturally suppose its <a name="Page_616" id="Page_616"></a>founder was a bad man. But on the contrary he was a
+very good man, and had a great desire to make his people better.</p>
+
+<p>The Arabians had a corrupt form of idolatry which came from the Persians,
+and worshipped not one, but a great many gods.</p>
+
+<p>Mahomet sincerely believed that he was inspired by the one true and great
+God to overthrow this old religion and to establish a pure and true one.</p>
+
+<p>Under this inspiration he wrote the Koran, which is the Mahometan Bible.
+This book told them of the sins they must not commit, and of the joys
+which hereafter awaited those who should be faithful to the teachings of
+the one God and his prophet Mahomet.</p>
+
+<p>The fatal element in this religion was its cruelty. The Prophet had
+declared that it should be enforced with the sword, that it should be: the
+Koran&mdash;or death!</p>
+
+<p>It spread with the fury of a conflagration. The Arabs, or Saracens, as
+they were called, conquered Persia and Syria and Egypt. After that they
+began to look enviously at Constantinople and to dream of universal empire
+like the Romans. They were not a horde of ignorant barbarians like the
+Goths. They came from an ancient seat of learning, and their leaders were
+men of knowledge and attainments far beyond anything existing in Europe at
+that time.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 710, like a flock of vultures a great Mahometan host swooped
+down upon Christian Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Spain was the extreme western limit of the Roman Empire. It was the plan
+of these terrible Saracens, after conquering Spain, to sweep over the
+Pyrenees into France. Then another Saracen army, after <a name="Page_617" id="Page_617"></a>conquering
+Constantinople, was to flow westward, and the two streams would meet at
+Rome.</p>
+
+<p>It was a very nice plan&mdash;for the Saracens! But they did <i>not</i> get over the
+Pyrenees. Nor did they take Constantinople until six hundred years later.
+So they were content to establish themselves firmly in Spain and upon the
+African coast opposite, and bided their time.</p>
+
+<p>After the occupation of Northern Africa and Spain, they were no longer
+call Saracens, but Moors. They lingered in Spain until the discovery of
+America; and the final expulsion of the Moors from the Spanish peninsula,
+which was effected with great cruelty, took place during the reign of
+Ferdinand and Isabella. They made Spain beautiful, and they made it great.</p>
+
+<p>When the Goths flowed in a rough torrent over Southern Europe they effaced
+civilization. But this Saracen wave of conquest bore on its crest&mdash;but
+only on its crest&mdash;art, refinements, and culture of a type unknown to
+Europe. The twilight of the Middle Ages was illumined by a revival of
+Greek culture at Constantinople, and by Saracenic art and erudition in
+Spain.</p>
+
+<p>For seven hundred years they remained in Spain, which still bears traces
+of their beautiful architecture; and the Middle Ages would have been
+darker still but for the enriching stores of knowledge brought into Europe
+by the Asiatic people.</p>
+
+<p>So in the 8th century there were two great empires in Europe: the Roman
+and the Mahometan.</p>
+
+<p>The one had passed its meridian and was swiftly declining. The other, with
+irresistible energy, and with the vigor of a terrible youth, made men
+tremble for the fate of Christendom.<a name="Page_618" id="Page_618"></a></p>
+
+<p>This Saracen Empire now stretched from the heart of Asia to the outer
+confines of Europe. So, like the Roman, it was divided into its Eastern
+and Western parts with two Caliphs (or Emperors): one at Bagdad, in Asia
+and the other at Cordova in Spain.</p>
+
+<p>A part of their possessions in the East was the spot the most sacred in
+the world to Christians. Palestine, the land hallowed by the birth, life,
+and death of Christ, was held by these infidels, whose religion required
+them to insult and degrade the very name of Christ, and offered rich
+rewards for exterminating His followers.</p>
+
+<p>This led to the most heroic event in all history. The annals of the world
+record nothing more astonishing than the Crusades.</p>
+
+<p>When one man offers up fortune and life for a sentiment, he is regarded as
+one different from his fellows. If an entire nation does it, it is still
+more amazing. But that all the nations of a Continent, forgetting their
+own private ambitions and interests, laying aside enmities and jealousies
+among themselves, should unite, and for two centuries pour out life and
+treasure, and expend all their energies upon an object which could bring
+nothing but sacrifice&mdash;no material reward,&mdash;this is a spectacle the world
+has seen but once, will never see again, and will never cease to wonder
+at!</p>
+
+<p>When Peter the Hermit came from Jerusalem at the close of the eleventh
+century, and with burning eloquence told of the desecration of the Holy
+Places in Palestine, and of the sufferings of the small band of Christians
+in the Holy City, Europe rose as one man.</p>
+
+<p>From sovereign to serf there was not one dissenting <a name="Page_619" id="Page_619"></a>voice. If it took
+uncounted lives, and all the treasure of Europe, the Cross, and not the
+Crescent, should wave over the Holy Land.</p>
+
+<p>The kingdoms united in one great &quot;European Concert.&quot; And for what purpose?
+<i>To drive the Mahometans out of that very land where another &quot;European
+Concert&quot; is ingeniously striving to keep them undisturbed to-day,</i> and to
+rescue a little handful of Christians counted by units, where now they
+call to us by thousands!</p>
+
+<p>And is this what 700 years of civilization has done for us?</p>
+
+<p>It may have been a madness, a wild and fruitless expenditure of life,
+treasure, and happiness. But I think it must have been a sight which
+gladdened the angels in heaven, to see such a mighty outpouring of
+generous sacrifice, without one selfish end in view.</p>
+
+<p>People of all ranks, rich and poor alike, gave out of their abundance or
+their poverty; abandoned homes, happiness, everything, and flocked to the
+standards of the Cross.</p>
+
+<p>The sufferings of this impetuous host may be imagined, but never
+described. No railroads, no telegraphs, no skilled commissariat with
+careful provision for sustenance.</p>
+
+<p>Thousands perished by the way. Thousands more by the sword. And although
+for a brief time the Cross floated over Jerusalem, it was only a fleeting
+vision.</p>
+
+<p>The Saracens recovered what they had lost, and the Crescent waved
+triumphant above the Holy Land,&mdash;<i>and does so still.</i><a name="Page_620" id="Page_620"></a></p>
+
+<p>At this time there was a wandering, warlike people living far beyond in
+Asia called Turks. They had not settled homes, and had for centuries been
+straying into the lands by the Mediterranean, which were held by an
+Asiatic race remotely connected with them.</p>
+
+<p>They had long ago embraced the religion of Mahomet, and by the time of the
+Crusades there was a goodly portion of them sprinkled throughout the
+Saracen dominions. In fact, it is asserted that most of the outrages in
+Palestine which led to the Crusades were the work of Turkish Mahometans,
+rather than the Saracens.</p>
+
+<p>One day, about the year 1250 (during the last days of the Crusades), one
+of these marauding bands of Turks under the leadership of a man named
+Etrogruhl came unexpectedly within sight of a battle which was being
+fought between two armies in Asia-Minor.</p>
+
+<p>He did not know who were fighting, nor what they were fighting about. But
+he led his 400 horsemen pell-mell into the thick of the fray, to help what
+seemed the losing side.</p>
+
+<p>This decided the fate of the battle; and it turned out that they had been
+aiding the Sultan of Iconium, the great ruler of that land.</p>
+
+<p>In gratitude for this service, the Sultan gave to Etrogruhl a large piece
+of territory, and he became the chief of a clan in this beautiful tract of
+land, which was all his own, bordering on the Byzantine Empire (as it was
+then called), and almost within sight of the Bosphorus and the city of
+Constantinople.</p>
+
+<p>This was the beginning of the great Turkish Empire.</p>
+
+<p>Othman, the son of this nameless adventurer, for whom the Ottoman Empire
+was named, was the first <a name="Page_621" id="Page_621"></a>of a line of thirty-five sovereigns reaching
+down to our own time&mdash;where his descendant sits in Constantinople to-day
+defying and confounding European statesmanship.</p>
+
+<p>The first thing we hear of this young Othman is that he fell in love. The
+beautiful &quot;moon-faced&quot; maiden was the daughter of a learned Doctor of
+Laws, who scorned the idea of giving his daughter to this obscure young
+person.</p>
+
+<p>But Othman had a dream, which changed all that. He dreamed that a full
+moon came from the doctor's breast and sank into his own. Immediately a
+great outspreading tree arose from his loins, and over it hung a crescent
+moon. Suddenly a great wind came and dashed the Crescent over against the
+Cross and the Crown of Constantine, and broke it into pieces.</p>
+
+<p>So the moon-faced maiden was given to Othman just one hundred and seventy
+years before the Crescent did break the Crown of Constantine in pieces.</p>
+
+<p>Etrogruhl's clan grew apace; and so did his territory: the one by
+accessions from other wandering Turkish tribes, and the other by extending
+it by force as he had a chance. Then the Sultan of Iconium died, and his
+land and authority were divided among ten states, of which Etrogruhl's was
+one. So now he was an independent ruler with none to call him to account.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time his son Othman had developed great ability as a warrior
+and as a leader. He had met the armies of the Byzantine Emperor, and had
+defeated them, and had captured fortresses and cities. And the Emperor
+from the roof of his palace at Constantinople had seen across the
+Bosphorus the smoke of his burning towns and villages.<a name="Page_622" id="Page_622"></a> So when his father
+died and Othman came into his inheritance, he found himself the ruler of a
+powerful and inspiring state, and the Ottoman Empire had commenced its
+extraordinary career of conquest.</p>
+
+<p>His son and successor, Orkhan, inherited the same commanding qualities and
+the kind of ability required to organize a new state.</p>
+
+<p>By one terrible stroke of genius he created the most effective military
+organization which has ever been known&mdash;one which, from that time down to
+our own century, was the terror of Europe and of Asia.</p>
+
+<p>He conceived the idea of exterminating Christianity by means of
+Christians.</p>
+
+<p>The plan was, every year to enroll 1,000 Christian boys taken from the
+Christian families captured in war. Only the finest were selected. They
+must be very young, so that they would have no ties to remember, no human
+sympathies to enfeeble them.</p>
+
+<p>These boys were placed under a rigid military training, with rich rewards
+and indulgences for zeal and aptitude, and terrible disgrace and
+punishment for the reverse.</p>
+
+<p>They were familiarized with awful atrocities, their sensibilities
+destroyed, and at the same time intelligence rendered acute by severe
+intellectual training.</p>
+
+<p>In this way was developed the strongest, the fiercest military corps, the
+most terrible instrument for the use of despotic power, ever created by
+subtle craft or employed by fanaticism.</p>
+
+<p>They were called the Janizaries. And the very name struck a terror which
+almost conquered in advance.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Page_623" id="Page_623"></a>When Orkhan led his first 1,000 boys to a dervish priest to bless them,
+he flung the sleeve of his robe over the head of one of them, and asked
+that the great God of Mahomet would make &quot;their arrows keen, and their
+swords deadly.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Thereafter, the dervish cap which they wore had always a long sleeve-like
+pendant behind. And the prayer of the dervish was certainly answered.</p>
+
+<p>One thousand boys recruited these ranks every year; and as the years
+rolled into centuries, the organization became a more and more terrible
+instrument of vengeance in the hands of the Sultan, whose body-guard it
+formed.</p>
+
+<p>The line of Sultans following Othman was characterized by intellectual
+force of a high order. There was a swelling and irresistible tide of
+conquest which moved not only toward Europe, but into Asia. One tribe
+after another was absorbed, until all the strongholds of the old Saracen
+Empire were in the hands of the Sultans, who replaced the Caliphs; and
+like them were not alone temporal rulers, but the representatives of
+Mahomet himself.</p>
+
+<p>Composed in this way of a great heterogeneous mass of races, hostile to
+each other, and to the Turk, the Ottoman Empire had but one element common
+to all. That was its religion. The Sultan stood to them in the place of
+the Prophet&mdash;hence they dared not defy nor resist his will. And it is this
+power of religious fanaticism which not alone created the Empire, but has
+held it together long after its vital forces have departed.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In the year 1453 the dream of Othman was realized. The <a name="Page_624" id="Page_624"></a>long-hoped-for and
+long-dreaded event had come. Constantinople was in the hands of the Turks!</p>
+
+<p>No event since the Christian era had been more momentous, more fraught
+with good and with evil.</p>
+
+<p>The Ottoman Power had secured the most beautiful, the most coveted, and
+the most impregnable position in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>But Europe was strangely enriched by the result. Driven out of its old
+home, Greek culture took refuge in other places, and what had been the
+exclusive possession of a few became the heritage of a continent.</p>
+
+<p>Literature, fine arts, and music were revolutionized under the influence
+of Greek scholars who were refugees flying from the Turks. The period now
+set in which is known as the <i>Renaissance</i>. That is, art and intellectual
+life were born into a new and higher form by the introduction of Greek
+ideals.</p>
+
+<p>The Sultan's palace, court, and the ceremonial attending him had now
+become like a fairy-tale in its splendor. He was approached as if he were
+a god. Men prostrated themselves in his presence, and spoke in whispers.</p>
+
+<p>No man's head was more insecure on his shoulders than his Grand Vizier's.
+A mistake, a failure, and off it went!</p>
+
+<p>Quick to discern ability, no sooner did a Sultan see a man who he thought
+could serve him&mdash;however low his station&mdash;than he clutched the unfortunate
+subject and placed him in high and responsible position.</p>
+
+<p>In vain did the wretched man protest his unfitness for such an honor.</p>
+
+<p>The Grand Vizier was next in authority to the Sultan himself, and was
+treated like a king. But a <a name="Page_625" id="Page_625"></a>favorite form of curse was, &quot;May you be Grand
+Vizier to the Sultan!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>When great European Ambassadors were presented to the Sultan at
+Constantinople, each one was taken separately, and, with a courtier
+holding him by the arm on each side, he was led like a prisoner into the
+great presence in awful silence.</p>
+
+<p>There was the Sultan cross-legged on his divan, his turban and his robes
+blazing with jewels. He did not deign to speak nor even to look at the
+Ambassador, gazing away fixedly and with stony indifference as he was
+presented.</p>
+
+<p>One of the first acts of a new Sultan was to kill all of his brothers, if
+he had any, or any one else who could possibly conspire to get his throne.</p>
+
+<p>It was an effectual way of destroying conspiracies in the germ, as we do
+disease, and was a custom much honored.</p>
+
+<p>An amiable English historian describes one of the Sultans as being an
+exalted character, pure, upright, and virtuous. He regrets that this
+admirable man did blind his only son and have three brothers bowstringed
+(strangled). But it was &quot;the only blemish on his character&quot;! Happy Turkey,
+to have such an historian!</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>When &quot;Suleyman the Magnificent&quot; was Sultan in 1550, the Ottoman Empire had
+reached its zenith. Its eastern frontier was in the heart of Asia, it held
+Egypt and the Northern Coast of Africa, and its European frontier reached
+that of Austria and Russia. It included, with the exception of Rome, every
+city famous in biblical or classical history.<a name="Page_626" id="Page_626"></a></p>
+
+<p>Europe was dismayed at this advancing and irresistible power.</p>
+
+<p>But there is a moment in the history of empires when they reach a climax.
+Then comes a decline,&mdash;a time when conquest ceases, and they are content
+to defend what they already possess; and finally are glad if they be
+permitted to exist at all!</p>
+
+<p>Such a moment of climax arrived to the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth
+century. The three centuries which have followed have been a gradual and
+sure decline.</p>
+
+<p>The growth of a New Power beyond the Black Sea,&mdash;of Russia,&mdash;and brilliant
+combinations by leaders in Hungary, Poland, and Austria, arrested the
+fatal advance. Then came the struggle to keep instead of to acquire.
+Hungary and Poland were torn from her, and the dismemberment had begun.</p>
+
+<p>With these losses came loss of prestige at home, and revolts and internal
+disorders. The Janizaries could no longer be trusted. They were open to
+bribes, intriguing, and a source of danger rather than strength; and
+finally a reforming Sultan touched a mine of gunpowder which led under
+their barracks, and they were exterminated, the bowstring and sword
+finishing the few which had escaped.</p>
+
+<p>At this very time (1826) the Greek peninsula had just wrung her freedom
+from Turkey and was electing her new king.</p>
+
+<p>Servia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Bulgaria (1876), one after another revolted,
+and was made autonomous, or self-governing, by the Powers of Europe. Thus
+was formed a group of states known as the Balkans, which <a name="Page_627" id="Page_627"></a>made a bulwark
+of neutral territory between Europe and the dissolving and decaying
+Empire.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>In 1850 Nicholas, the Czar of Russia, determined to take the Christians in
+Turkey under his own protection. This gave to Russia a virtual
+Protectorate over the Turkish dominions, and excited the jealousy of
+England and France.</p>
+
+<p>Affecting to think it was an unfair advantage, and an infringement upon
+the rights of Turkey, those two countries united in a great war upon
+Russia. This was known as the Crimean War, which ended disastrously for
+Russia and placed the persecuted Christians under the combined protection
+of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>England and France have made little use since of a right which they
+purchased with thousands of precious lives!</p>
+
+<p>The present Sultan, Abdul Hamid, is the thirty-fifth in descent from
+Othman.</p>
+
+<p>He is the most luxurious and the most powerful barbarian in the world!</p>
+
+<p>As he sits surrounded by six thousand attendants, eating his pancakes
+without table or plate or knife and fork, he is sovereign over lands in
+three Continents.</p>
+
+<p>Absolute lord over some of the richest provinces in the world, surrounded
+by a fabulous luxury at Constantinople, he is still one of the most abject
+and miserable of beings.</p>
+
+<p>This man, known as the &quot;Great Assassin,&quot; whose will is law, and whose nod
+is death to millions of people, is as ignorant as a child, as nervously
+timid as an hysterical woman, and as he cowers in the palace of <a name="Page_628" id="Page_628"></a>his
+ancestors, he trembles at an approaching footstep.</p>
+
+<p>It is his own subjects that he really fears. The Powers could depose&mdash;but
+his subjects can assassinate.</p>
+
+<p>The Sultan knows, and the Powers know, that when they demand a vigorous
+policy in defence of the Christians they are asking and he is assenting to
+an impossibility.</p>
+
+<p>The millions of wild, turbulent people whom he rules only endure his
+authority because he stands to them in the place of the Prophet. But the
+Prophet taught death to non-Mussulmans.</p>
+
+<p>Should he really be true to his word, and try to bring Kurds and Arnauts
+to justice, in defence of Christians, his army would revolt, and his
+subjects would depose him in an hour&mdash;and deposition would mean death!</p>
+
+<p>It needs all his inherited craft and cunning to keep his head upon his
+shoulders at the best of times. And the talk of reforms in the Ottoman
+Empire is an idle and diplomatic fiction.</p>
+
+<p>The last stage is reached. The question is whether this Empire, reeking
+with crimes, red-handed from the blood of Christians in Armenia, a scourge
+in the past, and an offence to the moral sense of humanity in the
+present,&mdash;shall be permitted longer to exist?</p>
+
+<p>Shall I tell you how this question is being answered to-day?</p>
+
+<p>I am ashamed to write it!</p>
+
+<p>Six Christian Powers, after exhausting the resources of diplomacy, are
+bombarding Christians in Crete in defence of &quot;the Integrity of the Ottoman
+Empire&quot;!</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 22em;">M</span><span class='smcap'>ary Platt Parmele.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class='center'><b>Copyrighted 1897, By <span class='smcap'>William Beverley Harison</span>.</b></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World And What Is
+Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 22, April 8, 1897, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World And What Is Going On
+In It, Vol. 1, No. 22, April 8, 1897, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Great Round World And What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 22, April 8, 1897
+       A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor:   Julia Truitt Bishop
+
+
+Release Date: March 24, 2005 [EBook #15452]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team. (www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND
+WORLD
+AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.]
+
+    VOL. 1   APRIL 8, 1897.   NO. 22
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The President has sent his first message to Congress. In it he says that
+he is very sorry to call an extra session of Congress, but he feels it his
+duty to do so, because he finds the money affairs of the country in a very
+bad condition, and thinks it is necessary for Congress to take some
+immediate steps to find a remedy.
+
+It would seem that since June, 1893, the yearly, and even the monthly,
+expenses of the country have been greater than the receipts.
+
+We all know what a statement of that sort means in our own homes and
+families. It means that bankruptcy is coming, unless something be done to
+prevent it. If a man spends more than he earns, he is obliged to borrow to
+make up the difference; and when he can no longer borrow, he has to fail
+and turn all he owns over to his creditors.
+
+This means that the people to whom he owes the money--his creditors, as
+they are called--will take his home and his furniture, and everything he
+possesses away from him, and divide it all up between them, and that he
+must begin life again as best he can.
+
+Sometimes when a man has a good business that will enable him in time to
+pay everything he owes, the creditors will allow him to keep his business
+going taking the greater part of his earnings for his debts until he has
+paid them all off. But whichever way his affairs are settled, the man who
+owes money is the unhappy slave of his creditors until his last debts are
+paid.
+
+The affairs of a country are precisely the same as those of an individual,
+and President McKinley, understanding well what must happen unless some
+change is made, is doing his best to save us from the unhappy position of
+a poor debtor.
+
+He is prudently trying to stop the trouble before it gets the mastery of
+us.
+
+A country is different from an individual in the fact that there are
+certain expenses that are not exactly necessary, and yet which must be
+provided for, for the honor of the country. A man who is in money
+difficulties can cut down his expenses to the mere cost of food, house,
+and clothes. In this way a man is better off than a country. But, on the
+other hand, a man can only earn just so much money; he cannot force people
+to buy his goods, or pay him better prices; he has to do the best he can
+with what he can earn; while a country can, by taxes, force people to give
+it the money it needs, and so it is better off than an individual.
+
+Some of the expenses of a country that must be met are the salaries of all
+the officers who preserve law and order, the judges, soldiers, sailors,
+and the police; the pensions of the old soldiers, and of their families;
+the building of forts and warships, and of the guns to arm them; the
+making and issuing of money, and the handling and delivering of letters.
+
+Enormous sums of money are necessary to meet these expenses, and they are
+raised by taxes. A country has no right to spend more than it earns, any
+more than a man has, but there may come times in the history of a country
+when extra expenses are necessary, and then the Government taxes the
+people to meet them.
+
+This is what President McKinley proposes to do now.
+
+The new tax proposed is to be a revenue tariff on all articles of foreign
+manufacture that are brought into this country.
+
+The extra session of Congress is to consider, and, if possible, pass the
+Tariff Bill, which it is desired shall go into effect May 1st of this
+year.
+
+The bill is being introduced by Congressman Nelson Dingley of Maine, who
+is Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee in the House of
+Representatives. It is known as the Dingley Bill, and, it is said, will
+increase the income of the Government over one hundred millions.
+
+It is said by people who are against the bill, that, if it passes, the
+cost of living will become much greater. People who are in favor of it say
+that by preventing goods of foreign manufacture from being brought into
+the country, our own industries will greatly increase and our trade be
+much benefited.
+
+There is one section of the bill which will make it very unpopular to many
+of our citizens.
+
+This paragraph states that tourists and people visiting foreign countries
+shall only be allowed to bring one hundred dollars' worth of wearing
+apparel into the country free of duty.
+
+When you think that you can get little more than a whole change of
+costume, hat, boots, and gloves complete, for a hundred dollars, and that
+people who are rich enough to travel in foreign countries give three and
+four times that sum for a single outfit, you can understand just how much
+that paragraph is going to be liked.
+
+It is true that the law says that people may bring back with them the
+articles they take away, provided they can prove that they took them out
+of the country. But think of the worry and annoyance of arguing with the
+Custom House officers as to where and when each garment in your trunk was
+bought.
+
+If it goes into effect, this law will certainly prevent a great many
+people from travelling, for the hours of heated argument with the
+officials on the dock, on the traveller's return, would undo all the good
+of their trip.
+
+The present Custom House system is about as trying to a person's nerves as
+anything can be, and not a little of the trouble comes from the fact that
+you must not show the slightest annoyance when the officer dives into your
+trunk, and punches at the corner which contains your best hat, or feels in
+the folds of a delicate silk skirt, leaving marks of dusty fingers behind
+him. The least show of temper from you will result in the officer's
+claiming his right to have the whole contents of your various trunks
+dumped out on the wharf and repacked under his eye.
+
+It is to be hoped that the $100 paragraph may be changed; but with or
+without it, it seems as if the passage of the Dingley Bill may be the best
+thing for the country.
+
+The bill is called "An Act to provide revenue for the Government, and
+encourage the industries of the United States."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Powers have not sent any further word to Greece.
+
+They have been waiting to hear what France has to say.
+
+As we told you last week, the people of France were not willing to take
+part in any severe measures against Greece; the Government was quite
+willing, but dared not make any promises without the consent of the
+Chamber of Deputies (the French Congress).
+
+The Powers decided to wait until the Prime Minister had had time to ask
+the Chamber of Deputies if it was willing to support the Government.
+
+At the last meeting the Minister put the question to the Chamber--saying
+that the Government had decided that the proper course for France would be
+to remain in the concert of the Powers, and insist that Greece withdraw
+her troops from Crete.
+
+Much discussion followed the Minister's speech. It had been expected that
+the Chamber of Deputies would refuse, and insist upon a change in the
+Government. To the surprise of everybody, a vote was passed, approving the
+policy of the Government, and agreeing to uphold it.
+
+So France joins her voice with those of the other Powers, and calls on
+Greece to give in.
+
+After the Chamber of Deputies adjourned, orders were sent to Toulon, a
+seaport on the Mediterranean Sea, at the south of France, ordering
+soldiers at once to Crete.
+
+[Illustration: Warships on the Harbor of the Piraeus Seaport of Athens.]
+
+The Admirals of the allied fleets have received orders to blockade the
+ports of Crete; and if this fails to make the Greeks obedient to the
+wishes of the Powers, the Piraeus and the ports of Greece are also to be
+blockaded.
+
+On receipt of these orders the Admirals proceeded to put them into effect,
+and the Cretan ports are now blockaded.
+
+It is said that the Greek fleet has withdrawn from Turkish waters.
+
+The Greek Cabinet Ministers had a very long and serious talk over the
+present state of affairs. It was decided that on no account would the
+Greek troops be withdrawn from Crete, and that if the Powers tried to
+force Greece into obedience she must take active measures.
+
+These active measures are understood to mean the declaration of war
+against Turkey.
+
+It is said that two bands of Thessalians have invaded Macedonia.
+
+Thessaly is that part of Greece which borders on Turkey, and Macedonia is
+a part of the Turkish Empire bordering on Greece, that at one time formed
+part of the Greek Empire.
+
+There are many Greeks in Macedonia, and if war is declared it is expected
+that they will rise and go to the aid of their mother country.
+
+The invasion of Turkey by the Thessalians does not mean that war is
+declared. It is merely a rising of the border peoples against their
+neighbors, and has nothing to do with the Greek Government.
+
+The Crown Prince of Greece, Constantino, Duke of Sparta, is leaving
+Athens, to take command of the Greek forces in Thessaly, and be ready to
+lead them if war is declared.
+
+The news that the Greek ports are to be blockaded has made the Greeks
+hasten their preparations. The troops are being hurried off to Thessaly
+with all possible despatch.
+
+[Illustration: CRETAN SOLDIERS RETREATING INTO THE MOUNTAINS.]
+
+There are reports that the Greeks are so enraged against the Emperor of
+Germany for his behavior over Crete, that the priests have openly said in
+the churches that it is a great misfortune that the future King of Greece
+is married to the sister of Greece's worst enemy.
+
+In 1889 the Crown Prince married the Princess Sophia of Germany, sister of
+the young German Emperor.
+
+The Greek statesmen are openly urging the Prince to divorce his wife,
+because of her relationship to the German Emperor.
+
+Does not this seem terrible!
+
+The Crown Prince and Princess have three children, the youngest a baby not
+yet a year old. For the sake of politics the Greeks would like to have the
+Crown Prince send his wife back to her own country, and separate her from
+her children.
+
+It cannot be a happy thing to come of a race of kings, and be such a great
+personage, that even the happiness of home must be sacrificed for the
+interests of State.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Our friend Weyler is in a heap of trouble.
+
+It seems that affairs in the Philippines look worse for Spain than was at
+first supposed.
+
+The Spanish troops have been very severely beaten lately near Manilla, and
+the rebellion is so strong and so well organized that unless fresh troops
+can be sent immediately, the Philippines will be lost to Spain.
+
+The insurgents are so successful that they are even venturing to offer
+pardons to all Spaniards, except the Captain-General, who will lay down
+their arms and peacefully obey the new government.
+
+Spain does not, however, intend to give up the Philippines yet a while,
+and as she is not in a position to spare more men from home, for fear of
+the Carlists rising, she has sent to Weyler, and ordered him to dispatch
+20,000 men to the Philippines without delay.
+
+This is what is troubling Weyler.
+
+Some months ago word was sent to the Spanish Government that Weyler was
+robbing the treasury by drawing full pay for numbers of men who had been
+killed by the Cubans, but whose names were still on the pay-rolls.
+
+The matter was inquired into, but before it could get very far Weyler made
+such indignant denials, and protested his innocence so strongly, that the
+Prime Minister cabled a message assuring him of his confidence in him, and
+the matter was allowed to drop.
+
+At the time of these accusations Weyler assured the Government that he had
+160,000 men in his army.
+
+When the Carlist and Philippine troubles began to be serious, the Spanish
+Government decided to take 20,000 men from Cuba, and send them on to the
+Philippines, at the same time issuing a call to the loyal Spaniards in
+Cuba to take up arms and fill the places of the men drafted to the other
+war.
+
+The plan was a good one, and would have worked well enough, if Weyler had
+spoken the truth about the number of men under his command.
+
+The fact was that his statement was altogether false.
+
+His force in Cuba consisted of but 100,000 men. The other 60,000 had
+either been killed by the Cubans, or were lying sick in hospitals.
+
+Weyler had no 20,000 men to spare, but he did not dare tell the truth lest
+the facts of his knavery might come out.
+
+He made up his mind to send the troops, and then if things went wrong in
+Cuba, to declare that the withdrawal of the soldiers had paralyzed him,
+and cost him Cuba.
+
+Some one, however, sent word to Senor Canovas of the true state of
+affairs, and some very plain messages have been passing between Spain and
+Cuba.
+
+The men are to go anyhow; but with only a force of 80,000 men left behind,
+Spain has little hope of pacifying Cuba.
+
+The insurgents have, or will have when the Spanish troops are sent away,
+as many men at their command as the Spaniards have, and they feel very
+confident of success, because the men under them are well fed, healthy,
+and hopeful, while the poor Spanish soldiers are hungry, sick, and
+despairing.
+
+[Illustration: GEN. WEYLER and COL. FONDEVIELLA, Gen. Weyler's Chief
+Assistant.]
+
+It seems as if the Cubans have now a better chance of winning their
+freedom than they have ever had, and if they fail, it will be their own
+fault.
+
+A pleasant piece of news in connection with all the rest, is that the
+infamous Fondeviella has been removed from the command in Guanabacoa. His
+resignation has been asked for from Madrid, and another officer has been
+appointed in his place.
+
+Fondeviella is the bloodthirsty Spanish soldier who, while acting as Mayor
+of Guanabacoa, caused the murder of so many innocent persons, Dr. Ruiz
+among the number.
+
+This savage man is declared to have said that for every account of Spanish
+cruelty published in American newspapers, he would have an American life.
+
+It is said that the examination of the body of poor Dr. Ruiz has revealed
+the fact that he was beaten to death, and so Fondeviella has been removed.
+
+The dispatches that mention him now speak of him as Colonel Fondeviella.
+When he went to Guanabacoa his rank was only that of Major. It would seem
+that his atrocious conduct has not prevented the Spaniards from promoting
+him.
+
+It is reported that the _Laurada_ has safely landed her cargo and
+passengers in Cuba, and that the expedition which sailed from these
+shores, under the command of Colonel Roloff, has joined the force of
+General Garcia.
+
+Gomez is said to be waiting for the cannon and supplies that Roloff brings
+him, before he advances farther to the west to join Ruis Rivera.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+War clouds are hanging low over South America.
+
+Two rebellions have broken out there.
+
+The first is in Brazil.
+
+Brazil is the largest of the South American countries. The Amazon, which
+you all remember is the greatest river in the world, flows through Brazil.
+
+Until 1889 Brazil was a monarchy, the only monarchy in South America. In
+November of that year there was a revolution, the Emperor was dethroned,
+and forced to leave the country. It has been a republic ever since, under
+the name of the United States of Brazil.
+
+In February last a rebellion broke out which it was found had been started
+by the monarchists.
+
+Monarchists are people who would rather be ruled by a monarch than by the
+will of the people. In Brazil there is quite a large party of these
+monarchists, who would gladly see an emperor on the throne again.
+
+The news from Brazil states that there has been some heavy fighting
+between the two parties, and that the government troops have been
+defeated, and one of the favorite generals killed.
+
+The people are so indignant over this, that they are mobbing houses and
+places of business belonging to people who sympathize with the
+monarchists.
+
+The Government has sent 10,000 troops to Bahia, where the fighting is at
+present going on, and is determined to put the war down with a firm hand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The other war is in Uruguay.
+
+Uruguay is a small republic just south of Brazil.
+
+This is another civil war.
+
+The President has become unpopular with the people, and they are trying to
+get rid of him and put some one else in his place.
+
+This little war is hardly worth speaking of at all. Toy revolutions are
+constantly occurring first in one and then another of the South American
+republics, and people have grown so accustomed to them that they hardly
+notice them now.
+
+Uruguay, though a very small country, is particularly fond of these
+disturbances. The entire population of the whole country is no larger than
+that of the city of Brooklyn, but this handful of people manage to have
+enough revolts and disturbances to keep the country in constant
+excitement.
+
+This present tempest is receiving more attention than is usual because it
+is supposed that the monarchists of Brazil are stirring the people of
+Uruguay to rebellion, with the hope of overthrowing both governments at
+the same time, joining the two countries together, and uniting them under
+the one emperor.
+
+If this report is true the matter is worthy of serious attention, because
+Brazil is not one of the little insignificant republics whose perpetual
+disturbances affect no one but themselves, but a large and important
+country, and changes in the government of Brazil would be liable to affect
+all the other countries which trade with it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A party of wealthy Chinese merchants arrived in New York the other day
+from San Francisco. They were on their way to Washington, to see the
+Chinese Minister and ask him to intercede for them with the Emperor of
+China.
+
+Their trouble is that the Emperor has kindly invited ten of them to visit
+China without delay: two to have their heads chopped off, and the other
+eight to be imprisoned for life.
+
+Of course none of the Chinamen are going to accept the Emperor's
+invitation, and so they are not seeking the help of the Minister for
+themselves. Their anxiety is on account of their relatives.
+
+It would seem that one of the curious little customs they have in China is
+to arrest all the relatives of a man accused of crime, as well as the
+criminal himself. These unfortunate people they cast into prison, taking
+away from them their property, and everything of value they possess. This
+punishment is for no known reason but that they have had the misfortune to
+be members of the same family as a rascal.
+
+The consequence is that when a Chinaman gets into trouble, his relatives,
+instead of standing by him, and trying to help him, desert him with the
+greatest possible speed, and do their best to hide themselves in less
+dangerous districts.
+
+While the Chinamen who are now in this country are able to laugh at the
+Emperor's decree, and have no intention of going where he can make things
+unpleasant for them, they are horror-struck at the way their poor
+relatives have been stampeded. A number of these have been thrown into
+jail, and only the nimblest have managed to escape the imperial vengeance.
+
+The Chinese merchants feel that this is very hard, because they have never
+been tried and convicted of any crime, and this punishment has fallen upon
+them because of a report of the Consul in San Francisco, which they say is
+absolutely false.
+
+It seems that the Consul sent word to the Minister in Washington that
+these ten men were "rebels and full of treason," that they were plotting
+the overthrow of the Emperor of China, and were collecting arms for that
+purpose.
+
+The Minister sent the report on to the Emperor, and his Celestial Majesty,
+fearful lest these ten men might overthrow his kingdom, instantly ordered
+them to come right home and have their heads chopped off.
+
+The accused Chinese merchants say that they are innocent, and that the
+charge was made against them by their enemies; and of enemies they seem to
+have an unlimited number.
+
+It appears that Chinese society is a very complicated affair.
+
+The Chinese, in their own country, live in families and clans, after the
+manner of the Scotch, and like the ancient Scotch people there are
+frequently terrible feuds or quarrels between the various clans. If one
+man of a clan offends a man of another clan, the two entire clans take up
+the quarrel, and every man of the one clan is ready to fight any man of
+the other clan, and injure him as far as lies in his power.
+
+In China, as in Scotland, families or clans consist of every living member
+or connection of the family.
+
+In China the affairs of every member of the family are managed by a
+council. This council consists of the elders (men over sixty years of
+age), and the scholars. We told you in No. 1 of THE GREAT ROUND
+WORLD what severe trials a man has to go through in China before he
+can be called a scholar.
+
+It is the duty of this council to collect and save all moneys due to any
+member of the family, to direct the business of their households, and to
+manage the family and its affairs so completely that the members of the
+family are like children under the guidance of a very careful parent; and
+when they come to this country, and are obliged to think and act for
+themselves, they are no more capable of doing so than they would be if
+they were really children.
+
+To meet this difficulty, and help the Chinamen, an organization called the
+First Company was formed in San Francisco, which undertook the duties of
+the elders of the families, and was a great comfort to the Chinamen in
+America.
+
+By and by, as more Chinamen came into the country, the First Company got
+too large, and others were formed on the same principle, until finally
+there were six companies altogether. Then other societies were formed by
+the Chinamen, and among them the Sam Yup and the See Yup.
+
+These two societies seem to have the true clannish spirit, and a hatred
+and rivalry exist between them that remind one of the stories of the
+Middle Ages.
+
+Belonging to the Sam Yups was a Chinaman named Little Pete, and it is
+indirectly through him that trouble has fallen upon the heads of the ten
+Chinese merchants.
+
+If what is said about him is true, Little Pete must have been a very great
+rascal. He was a well-known character in San Francisco, and there was no
+work too bad or too wicked for him to undertake.
+
+Among his other crimes he bribed juries, and had a whole regiment of
+witnesses ready to swear as he wished.
+
+The See Yups knew all about this, and so, when a case was coming into
+court against any of their members, they would go to Little Pete, and hire
+his witnesses to swear for them,--well knowing that if they didn't do
+this, Little Pete would have them there to swear against the See Yups.
+
+By these means Little Pete grew very rich, and was as much hated by his
+enemies of the See Yups, as admired by his friends of the Sam Yups.
+
+Time passed on, and Little Pete, full of his power, began to make the tax
+on the See Yups a little heavier than they could submit to. They appealed
+to the Consul. He took no notice of them. They went to Washington, accused
+the Consul of being in league with the Sam Yups, and asked that he be
+dismissed.
+
+The Minister would have nothing to do with them, and they went back to San
+Francisco, vowing vengeance on Little Pete.
+
+With the Chinese, murder is very lightly regarded, and Little Pete never
+doubted that his enemies of the See Yups would try to murder him when they
+got back from Washington. For weeks he went about wearing a coat of mail,
+and followed by two sturdy Sam Yups, his hired guards.
+
+One night he went into the barber's, and, feeling safe, sent his guards
+away. The See Yups were watching for just such an opportunity, and rushed
+into the shop and killed him.
+
+Every effort was made to find the murderers. Several men were arrested,
+but it was not possible to show that they were connected with the crime,
+so nothing could be done.
+
+The news of the murder was sent on to China, and there the matter should
+have rested but that the two rival societies declared a boycott on each
+other.
+
+The Consul got tired of this, and insisted that it be stopped. The See
+Yups obeyed, but grumbled, and gave the Consul a great deal of trouble.
+
+The quarrelling still kept on, and finally the Consul sent the fatal
+letter, accusing the ten See Yups of treason.
+
+The See Yups declare that they can prove that the Consul is in league with
+the Sam Yups, and that he has made this false accusation against them to
+oblige the Sam Yup society.
+
+Their only hope is that the Minister, who returns to China very shortly,
+may straighten matters out for them. If he will not help them they will
+have to choose between going back to China and having their heads cut off,
+and allowing their innocent relatives to be punished for them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It will interest you to know that this is Maple Sugar time, and that all
+through New England the manufacture of the delicious Maple Sugar is in
+full swing.
+
+The way Maple Sugar is made is very interesting.
+
+In the spring-time, before the trees begin to bud and blossom, the sap
+rises and works its way up into every bough and branch and twig of the
+tree. Sap is a liquid which flows through the tree much in the same way
+that blood flows through our veins, and the sap is the life-giving element
+of the tree, just as the blood is of the body.
+
+In the maple tree this sap is sweet, and it is from the sap that the Maple
+Sugar is made.
+
+To obtain it, the tree is tapped by being bored with an augur. The sap
+flows through the hole thus made and is caught in vessels placed for the
+purpose.
+
+When the tree has yielded a certain amount of sap the holes are plugged,
+and then covered with wax, to stop the sap from flowing. If this were not
+done it would continue to flow until every drop was exhausted, and the
+tree would practically bleed to death.
+
+Maple trees are only tapped once in two years, so that they may have time
+to recover from the loss of sap, and thrive and grow into fine healthy
+trees, for the tapping of the trees by no means kills them. There are some
+maples in New York State that have been producing sugar for nearly one
+hundred years, and show no sign of decay, though they are still tapped
+when their season comes round.
+
+When the sap has been drawn from the tree it is generally boiled down
+until it crystallizes or sugars; it is then poured into moulds, and
+hardens; this is the favorite way among the farmers for keeping Maple
+Sugar.
+
+In former times no woman took part in the maple-sugar manufacture. The men
+used first to tap the trees, and then boil the sap over wood fires that
+they would build in the neighborhood of the sugar bush, as the maple grove
+is called.
+
+The men used iron kettles to boil the sugar, and did not take as much care
+as they might have done to see that the kettle was not rusty, or that no
+twigs or leaves fell in, and so a boiling of sugar sometimes would be
+spoiled.
+
+Nowadays the women go along to the sugaring with the men. The boiling is
+done under cover, and it is the duty of the women to see that the kettles
+are properly cleaned and scoured. As the men do not have to divide their
+attention between boiling the sugar and gathering the sap, and both
+processes are in the charge of special people, the result is that the
+sugar is much better.
+
+If you ever have a chance to go to a sugar camp, go. It is great fun.
+Shortly before the syrup sugars the boys and girls pour it on ice or snow,
+or into cold water; this hardens it so that it can be held in the fingers
+like candy. The process is called "waxing" sugar.
+
+                              GENIE H. ROSENFELD.
+
+
+
+
+INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.
+
+
+A NEW INKSTAND has lately been patented.
+
+The great trouble we all have with our ink is that it thickens so quickly
+if we are not very careful to cover the inkstand after using.
+
+The new ink-well, to save this trouble, is self-closing.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+One lid of the well is made in the shape of a half circle, and is fitted
+into a groove made to receive it.
+
+When a person wishes to dip the pen in the ink, the touch of the pen
+slides the curved lid back; and then directly the pen is drawn out, the
+lid slides back into place again and the ink is protected.
+
+
+NEW FLOWER-POT.--To people who really love flowers, the new
+flower-pot holder should prove a very great treasure.
+
+It is to be made in china, and very prettily decorated, and its novelty
+consists in the plan of making it with an upper and lower chamber.
+
+The upper part holds the flower-pot, and the lower collects the water that
+trickles through the pot, and keeps it away from the roots of the flower,
+thus preventing the plant from standing in water and rotting.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The upper and lower portions are connected by a perforated grating,
+through which the water is carried off.
+
+    G.H.R.
+
+
+
+
+LETTERS FROM OUR YOUNG FRIENDS.
+
+
+We have to acknowledge a great number of letters this week; so many,
+indeed, that want of space prevents publishing them all.
+
+From the Dartmouth Street School, Worcester, we have three letters.
+
+Etta H., Annie H., and Roy R. have sent us delightful little notes,
+telling us how much they enjoy THE GREAT ROUND WORLD.
+
+We must congratulate all three of our young friends on their excellent
+writing. They are among the best written letters we have received so far.
+Etta's is particularly clear and good.
+
+Frederic D. writes a second letter, asking about Crusoe's Island.
+
+We have heard nothing new about Juan Fernandez.
+
+We have, however, written to the Consul at Valparaiso and asked him if he
+can give us any information.
+
+We cannot get an answer for several weeks, but when we do all our doubts
+about Crusoe's Island will be set at rest.
+
+We thank Swift T., of Yonkers, for his very kind and friendly letter. It
+pleases us very much to know that our young friends like the paper and are
+anxious to receive it every week.
+
+
+    DEAR EDITOR:
+
+    I want to say how glad I was when I heard from THE GREAT
+    ROUND WORLD that General Gomez had won a victory. I wish
+    that that brutal General Weyler had been killed instead of
+    General Maceo. Wasn't it extraordinary that all the trees in
+    India were covered with that queer stuff? I wonder how it got
+    there? Have any of the Hindustanees risen yet?
+
+    I am also very interested in the war Greece is having with
+    Turkey. I wish the powers would not interfere with Greece and
+    Turkey, but let them fight it out.
+
+    Your picture of a statue of King Arthur has a shield. We have a
+    photograph of a statue in a tomb at Innsbruck, but it has no
+    shield. Did Fischer make two statues?
+
+    I wish THE GREAT ROUND WORLD were published twice a
+    week.
+
+                        Yours very truly,
+                             WILLIAM THORN K.
+                   15 West Sixteenth Street, New York.
+    March 14, 1897.
+
+
+DEAR YOUNG FRIEND:
+
+The original statue of King Arthur had no shield, though it was evidently
+intended that it should have one. Some years ago an appropriate shield was
+made for it. The photographs are sometimes with it and sometimes without
+it, though as the statue stands now in the church it is with the shield as
+illustrated in THE GREAT ROUND WORLD.
+
+We have heard of no fresh rising in India; the plague and the famine are
+weakening the people so much that they have little spirit of revolt left.
+
+                                               EDITOR.
+
+
+We are gratified to print the following letter:
+
+    DEAR EDITOR:
+
+    We, the citizens of the Junior Republic, wish to thank you for
+    those magazines, THE GREAT ROUND WORLD, that you were
+    so kind to send to us.
+
+    We have entered them in our library and they are being read
+    thoroughly by the citizens. The article on our Republic in the
+    March 4th number of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD is exactly as
+    that which has taken place; and, considering that this article
+    was so truthful, we will use the Cuban and other news in your
+    magazine as our authority when we converse on those subjects of
+    which your magazine treats.
+
+                 Yours sincerely,
+
+    WILLIAM DAPPING, Judge Criminal Court.
+    C.G. SMITH, District Attorney.
+    JACOB G. SMITH, President of G.J.R.
+    C.W. BREWSTER, Secretary of State.
+    A. ANDERSON, President of Provident Fund.
+    LE ROY W. OLIVER, Congressman.
+    S.E. BROWN, Senate.
+    LOUIS FURHMAN, Keeper.
+    JAMES WESTERVELT.
+    T. HERNAN, Speaker of House.
+    L.M. YOUNG, Speaker of Senate.
+    EDWARD KING, Proprietor of Restaurant.
+    MAJOR HERVEY E. MILLER, Secretary of Treasury.
+
+
+    TO THE EDITOR:
+
+
+    We wish to extend to you and your friends a cordial invitation
+    to visit our Republic.
+
+                                 Yours,
+                THE CITIZENS, per WILLIAM DAPPING.
+
+    GEORGE JUNIOR REPUBLIC,
+         FREEVILLE, N.Y., March 17th, 1897.
+
+
+    DEAR EDITOR:
+
+    I enjoy your fascinating little magazine so much that I thought
+    I would write and tell you so. It has pleased me very much to
+    find that you encourage kindness to animals, for it is pathetic
+    to think how they patiently work for us with only bad treatment
+    as a reward. Do please write more about them, and their
+    undeserved sufferings. I think that your older subscribers would
+    like to read "Fabiola," by Cardinal Wiseman. It is a story of
+    ancient Rome, and the Christians of the catacombs; it is quite
+    an old book, but is as interesting as any that I have read.
+
+    As you are so kind about answering questions, perhaps you could
+    tell me of some magazine or shop (in New York) where I could
+    find authentic portraits of historic people, like Catherine de
+    Medici, Louis XI., Louis XII., etc. I do not want them to be too
+    expensive, and I do not want them to be fancy pictures. From a
+
+                                   FRIEND AND ADMIRER.
+
+    P.S.--Would you kindly tell me soon where I could get the
+    pictures here, as we leave New York May 1st, and I then will not
+    have a chance to profit by your advice?
+
+    NEW YORK, March 18th, 1897.
+
+The authentic portraits of historic people are all paintings. Dutton &
+Co., on Twenty-third Street, have a very fine collection of photographs of
+the famous pictures in foreign galleries, and you would most likely find
+what you wanted there.
+
+M. Knoedler & Co., 355 Fifth Avenue, near Thirty-fourth Street, have
+photogravures of many of the famous pictures. If you could not suit
+yourself at Dutton's you would be almost sure to at Knoedler's.
+
+
+    DEAR MR. EDITOR:
+
+    Have the astronomers succeeded in finding out whether people
+    live on the planet Mars or not? I am very much interested in it.
+    I saw a picture of President McKinley and his Cabinet the other
+    day. Senator John Sherman is Secretary of State. I hope
+    President McKinley will take more interest in Cuba than
+    President Cleveland has. I remain,
+
+                            Your fond reader,
+                                 HARVEY V.
+    SCOTLAND NECK, N.C., March 8th, 1897.
+
+
+DEAR HARVEY:
+
+It has been discovered that the air and conditions of the atmosphere on
+Mars are the same as those of our own planet, the Earth, and so
+astronomers have decided that Mars may be inhabited.    EDITOR.
+
+
+
+    DEAR MR. EDITOr:
+
+    I am nine years old, and like to read about Spain and Cuba in
+    your paper, THE GREAT ROUND WORLD, because it makes it
+    plainer to me than the daily papers do. A long time ago I wanted
+    to go there, but I have changed my mind. One reason why I wanted
+    to go was, Cuba has been fighting bravely, and the murderous
+    Spaniards have no mercy for men, women, or children, if they
+    sympathize with the Cubans.
+
+    Wishing your paper years of success, I remain,
+
+                              Your fond reader,
+                                    CHARLIE N.S.
+    SCOTTSVILLE, KANS., March 13th, 1897.
+
+
+    DEAR EDITOR:
+
+    I like THE GREAT ROUND WORLD much better than the
+    history I studied before it. The reason I like it is because it
+    tells the news of the world. I enjoy reading it so much, I am
+    glad to see another come. I hear so much about Cuba and Spain,
+    and other matters. Do you think there is any prospect of the
+    Cubans gaining independence?
+
+    I must stop now, but I still remain,
+
+                                 Your affectionate reader,
+                                                   FOREST V.
+    SCOTLAND NECK, N.C., March 8th, 1897.
+
+
+DEAR FOREST:
+
+We think it very likely that Cuba will gain her freedom before long.
+                                         EDITOR.
+
+
+    DEAR MR. EDITOr:
+
+    I want to tell you of two books I have been reading. One is
+    called "Scottish Chiefs," and the other is called "The Days of
+    Bruce." I like them both very much. The "Scottish Chiefs" is a
+    story of the days of Sir William Wallace, and describes very
+    vividly the battles that took place.
+
+    "The Days of Bruce" is written on the same order as "Scottish
+    Chiefs." It tells of all the Scottish lords, and how the Bruce
+    finally became King of Scotland.
+
+                                         Yours truly,
+                                                   HARVEY V.
+    SCOTLAND NECK, N.C., March 1st, 1897.
+
+
+We have received a new book for the little ones from Thompson, Brown &
+Co., Boston--"AEsop and Mother Goose." It is arranged as a First Reader,
+and a First Reader nowadays means something very bright and attractive.
+This book seems to be no exception to this rule. Price is 30 cents, but
+the publishers will mail your teacher a sample if eight (two-cent) stamps
+are sent them, for they wish teachers to see the book.
+
+
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT TO
+
+THE GREAT ROUND WORLD
+
+AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.
+
+
+There are certain things in history which every one _must_ know.
+
+You can get along very well without being able to tell when the battle of
+Crecy was fought. You will not be at all disgraced by not knowing how many
+were killed at Bosworth Field, nor how many ships were engaged at the
+battle of Trafalgar.
+
+But you _must_ know how England became England, how France came to be
+France, and Germany Germany. And yet you cannot know one of these things
+unless you know about the Roman Empire too, which like an old dead root
+underlies the greater part of Europe.
+
+Now I am going to tell you about the Ottoman Empire, or Turkey. And yet I
+find I must begin by talking about other things, and chiefly about that
+old dead Roman Empire, with which everything else is tangled up.
+
+It was during the reign of Augustus Caesar, the first Roman Emperor, that
+Christ was born. So the Roman Empire was always just the age of the
+Christian era.
+
+For the first three centuries, and while it was fiercely fighting the new
+Christianity, its power seemed invincible. It spread upon every side,
+toward the East as far as Asia, and in the West as far as the Atlantic.
+Gaul (or France and Spain) and Britain were gathered in by this insatiable
+power.
+
+But the Romans could not conquer Germany. Instead of that, the Germans or
+Goths were always pressing down into Italy, and even thundered at the
+gates of Rome.
+
+So harassed were the Romans by these terrible barbarians that at last they
+could no longer spare their legions in distant provinces. So Britain was
+dropped. And then, as she grew more decrepit and feeble, France got away
+from her too, and the Germans (who were already in Spain) took that fair
+land (France) into their own strong, rough keeping.
+
+In the year 323, the Roman Emperor Constantine became a Christian. The
+Empire threw off its old Greek paganism and adopted Christianity.
+
+Constantine determined to remove his capital far into the East, away from
+the terrible Goths. There was on the shores of the Bosphorus an old Greek
+city named Byzantion. This he chose for his capital, and called it
+Constantinople. So the Empire was divided into an "Eastern" and a
+"Western" Empire, with two Emperors, one at Rome and the other at
+Constantinople, or, as it was sometimes called, Byzantium.
+
+Although the Empire was now richer in emperors, and had two Caesars instead
+of one, it rapidly became a mere shadow of what it once was; and all
+because of those terrible, ignorant, but iron-willed Goths, who not only
+would not be conquered, but were not satisfied until they had hammered to
+pieces the greatest Empire the world had ever seen.
+
+The Eastern Empire with its beautiful Constantinople was in the country of
+the Ancient Greeks. The Greek language was the one spoken there; and while
+it had not the glory of the old imperial city of Rome, it had another sort
+of splendor.
+
+It became the centre of the most brilliant intelligence of the world at
+that time. There were men great in learning, in art, in literature, and a
+polished civilization which was chiefly Greek and became less and less
+Roman.
+
+All this was very dazzling in a way. But the days of the great ascendency
+of the Roman Empire were gone. A new star had arisen in the West.
+
+Charlemagne, a German, was in the year 800 crowned Emperor of the Holy
+Roman Empire at Rome, and had displaced the Caesars as the head of
+Christendom.
+
+Besides that, the "Bishop of Rome," as he was once called, had now become
+the Pope, the Vicar of Christ on Earth; and as the power of the rival
+emperors declined, the power of the Pope increased; so that Rome, as the
+spiritual head of Christendom, was now superior to Constantinople.
+
+While the Goths were breaking in pieces the Roman Empire, and while
+Constantinople was growing in splendor, important events were happening in
+far-off Asia.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the year 569, there was born in Arabia a child who altered the whole
+course of history. His name was Mahomet.
+
+As the Mahometan religion has always been a scourge and a curse, you would
+naturally suppose its founder was a bad man. But on the contrary he was a
+very good man, and had a great desire to make his people better.
+
+The Arabians had a corrupt form of idolatry which came from the Persians,
+and worshipped not one, but a great many gods.
+
+Mahomet sincerely believed that he was inspired by the one true and great
+God to overthrow this old religion and to establish a pure and true one.
+
+Under this inspiration he wrote the Koran, which is the Mahometan Bible.
+This book told them of the sins they must not commit, and of the joys
+which hereafter awaited those who should be faithful to the teachings of
+the one God and his prophet Mahomet.
+
+The fatal element in this religion was its cruelty. The Prophet had
+declared that it should be enforced with the sword, that it should be: the
+Koran--or death!
+
+It spread with the fury of a conflagration. The Arabs, or Saracens, as
+they were called, conquered Persia and Syria and Egypt. After that they
+began to look enviously at Constantinople and to dream of universal empire
+like the Romans. They were not a horde of ignorant barbarians like the
+Goths. They came from an ancient seat of learning, and their leaders were
+men of knowledge and attainments far beyond anything existing in Europe at
+that time.
+
+In the year 710, like a flock of vultures a great Mahometan host swooped
+down upon Christian Europe.
+
+Spain was the extreme western limit of the Roman Empire. It was the plan
+of these terrible Saracens, after conquering Spain, to sweep over the
+Pyrenees into France. Then another Saracen army, after conquering
+Constantinople, was to flow westward, and the two streams would meet at
+Rome.
+
+It was a very nice plan--for the Saracens! But they did _not_ get over the
+Pyrenees. Nor did they take Constantinople until six hundred years later.
+So they were content to establish themselves firmly in Spain and upon the
+African coast opposite, and bided their time.
+
+After the occupation of Northern Africa and Spain, they were no longer
+call Saracens, but Moors. They lingered in Spain until the discovery of
+America; and the final expulsion of the Moors from the Spanish peninsula,
+which was effected with great cruelty, took place during the reign of
+Ferdinand and Isabella. They made Spain beautiful, and they made it great.
+
+When the Goths flowed in a rough torrent over Southern Europe they effaced
+civilization. But this Saracen wave of conquest bore on its crest--but
+only on its crest--art, refinements, and culture of a type unknown to
+Europe. The twilight of the Middle Ages was illumined by a revival of
+Greek culture at Constantinople, and by Saracenic art and erudition in
+Spain.
+
+For seven hundred years they remained in Spain, which still bears traces
+of their beautiful architecture; and the Middle Ages would have been
+darker still but for the enriching stores of knowledge brought into Europe
+by the Asiatic people.
+
+So in the 8th century there were two great empires in Europe: the Roman
+and the Mahometan.
+
+The one had passed its meridian and was swiftly declining. The other, with
+irresistible energy, and with the vigor of a terrible youth, made men
+tremble for the fate of Christendom.
+
+This Saracen Empire now stretched from the heart of Asia to the outer
+confines of Europe. So, like the Roman, it was divided into its Eastern
+and Western parts with two Caliphs (or Emperors): one at Bagdad, in Asia
+and the other at Cordova in Spain.
+
+A part of their possessions in the East was the spot the most sacred in
+the world to Christians. Palestine, the land hallowed by the birth, life,
+and death of Christ, was held by these infidels, whose religion required
+them to insult and degrade the very name of Christ, and offered rich
+rewards for exterminating His followers.
+
+This led to the most heroic event in all history. The annals of the world
+record nothing more astonishing than the Crusades.
+
+When one man offers up fortune and life for a sentiment, he is regarded as
+one different from his fellows. If an entire nation does it, it is still
+more amazing. But that all the nations of a Continent, forgetting their
+own private ambitions and interests, laying aside enmities and jealousies
+among themselves, should unite, and for two centuries pour out life and
+treasure, and expend all their energies upon an object which could bring
+nothing but sacrifice--no material reward,--this is a spectacle the world
+has seen but once, will never see again, and will never cease to wonder
+at!
+
+When Peter the Hermit came from Jerusalem at the close of the eleventh
+century, and with burning eloquence told of the desecration of the Holy
+Places in Palestine, and of the sufferings of the small band of Christians
+in the Holy City, Europe rose as one man.
+
+From sovereign to serf there was not one dissenting voice. If it took
+uncounted lives, and all the treasure of Europe, the Cross, and not the
+Crescent, should wave over the Holy Land.
+
+The kingdoms united in one great "European Concert." And for what purpose?
+_To drive the Mahometans out of that very land where another "European
+Concert" is ingeniously striving to keep them undisturbed to-day,_ and to
+rescue a little handful of Christians counted by units, where now they
+call to us by thousands!
+
+And is this what 700 years of civilization has done for us?
+
+It may have been a madness, a wild and fruitless expenditure of life,
+treasure, and happiness. But I think it must have been a sight which
+gladdened the angels in heaven, to see such a mighty outpouring of
+generous sacrifice, without one selfish end in view.
+
+People of all ranks, rich and poor alike, gave out of their abundance or
+their poverty; abandoned homes, happiness, everything, and flocked to the
+standards of the Cross.
+
+The sufferings of this impetuous host may be imagined, but never
+described. No railroads, no telegraphs, no skilled commissariat with
+careful provision for sustenance.
+
+Thousands perished by the way. Thousands more by the sword. And although
+for a brief time the Cross floated over Jerusalem, it was only a fleeting
+vision.
+
+The Saracens recovered what they had lost, and the Crescent waved
+triumphant above the Holy Land,--_and does so still._
+
+At this time there was a wandering, warlike people living far beyond in
+Asia called Turks. They had not settled homes, and had for centuries been
+straying into the lands by the Mediterranean, which were held by an
+Asiatic race remotely connected with them.
+
+They had long ago embraced the religion of Mahomet, and by the time of the
+Crusades there was a goodly portion of them sprinkled throughout the
+Saracen dominions. In fact, it is asserted that most of the outrages in
+Palestine which led to the Crusades were the work of Turkish Mahometans,
+rather than the Saracens.
+
+One day, about the year 1250 (during the last days of the Crusades), one
+of these marauding bands of Turks under the leadership of a man named
+Etrogruhl came unexpectedly within sight of a battle which was being
+fought between two armies in Asia-Minor.
+
+He did not know who were fighting, nor what they were fighting about. But
+he led his 400 horsemen pell-mell into the thick of the fray, to help what
+seemed the losing side.
+
+This decided the fate of the battle; and it turned out that they had been
+aiding the Sultan of Iconium, the great ruler of that land.
+
+In gratitude for this service, the Sultan gave to Etrogruhl a large piece
+of territory, and he became the chief of a clan in this beautiful tract of
+land, which was all his own, bordering on the Byzantine Empire (as it was
+then called), and almost within sight of the Bosphorus and the city of
+Constantinople.
+
+This was the beginning of the great Turkish Empire.
+
+Othman, the son of this nameless adventurer, for whom the Ottoman Empire
+was named, was the first of a line of thirty-five sovereigns reaching
+down to our own time--where his descendant sits in Constantinople to-day
+defying and confounding European statesmanship.
+
+The first thing we hear of this young Othman is that he fell in love. The
+beautiful "moon-faced" maiden was the daughter of a learned Doctor of
+Laws, who scorned the idea of giving his daughter to this obscure young
+person.
+
+But Othman had a dream, which changed all that. He dreamed that a full
+moon came from the doctor's breast and sank into his own. Immediately a
+great outspreading tree arose from his loins, and over it hung a crescent
+moon. Suddenly a great wind came and dashed the Crescent over against the
+Cross and the Crown of Constantine, and broke it into pieces.
+
+So the moon-faced maiden was given to Othman just one hundred and seventy
+years before the Crescent did break the Crown of Constantine in pieces.
+
+Etrogruhl's clan grew apace; and so did his territory: the one by
+accessions from other wandering Turkish tribes, and the other by extending
+it by force as he had a chance. Then the Sultan of Iconium died, and his
+land and authority were divided among ten states, of which Etrogruhl's was
+one. So now he was an independent ruler with none to call him to account.
+
+In the mean time his son Othman had developed great ability as a warrior
+and as a leader. He had met the armies of the Byzantine Emperor, and had
+defeated them, and had captured fortresses and cities. And the Emperor
+from the roof of his palace at Constantinople had seen across the
+Bosphorus the smoke of his burning towns and villages. So when his father
+died and Othman came into his inheritance, he found himself the ruler of a
+powerful and inspiring state, and the Ottoman Empire had commenced its
+extraordinary career of conquest.
+
+His son and successor, Orkhan, inherited the same commanding qualities and
+the kind of ability required to organize a new state.
+
+By one terrible stroke of genius he created the most effective military
+organization which has ever been known--one which, from that time down to
+our own century, was the terror of Europe and of Asia.
+
+He conceived the idea of exterminating Christianity by means of
+Christians.
+
+The plan was, every year to enroll 1,000 Christian boys taken from the
+Christian families captured in war. Only the finest were selected. They
+must be very young, so that they would have no ties to remember, no human
+sympathies to enfeeble them.
+
+These boys were placed under a rigid military training, with rich rewards
+and indulgences for zeal and aptitude, and terrible disgrace and
+punishment for the reverse.
+
+They were familiarized with awful atrocities, their sensibilities
+destroyed, and at the same time intelligence rendered acute by severe
+intellectual training.
+
+In this way was developed the strongest, the fiercest military corps, the
+most terrible instrument for the use of despotic power, ever created by
+subtle craft or employed by fanaticism.
+
+They were called the Janizaries. And the very name struck a terror which
+almost conquered in advance.
+
+When Orkhan led his first 1,000 boys to a dervish priest to bless them,
+he flung the sleeve of his robe over the head of one of them, and asked
+that the great God of Mahomet would make "their arrows keen, and their
+swords deadly."
+
+Thereafter, the dervish cap which they wore had always a long sleeve-like
+pendant behind. And the prayer of the dervish was certainly answered.
+
+One thousand boys recruited these ranks every year; and as the years
+rolled into centuries, the organization became a more and more terrible
+instrument of vengeance in the hands of the Sultan, whose body-guard it
+formed.
+
+The line of Sultans following Othman was characterized by intellectual
+force of a high order. There was a swelling and irresistible tide of
+conquest which moved not only toward Europe, but into Asia. One tribe
+after another was absorbed, until all the strongholds of the old Saracen
+Empire were in the hands of the Sultans, who replaced the Caliphs; and
+like them were not alone temporal rulers, but the representatives of
+Mahomet himself.
+
+Composed in this way of a great heterogeneous mass of races, hostile to
+each other, and to the Turk, the Ottoman Empire had but one element common
+to all. That was its religion. The Sultan stood to them in the place of
+the Prophet--hence they dared not defy nor resist his will. And it is this
+power of religious fanaticism which not alone created the Empire, but has
+held it together long after its vital forces have departed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the year 1453 the dream of Othman was realized. The long-hoped-for and
+long-dreaded event had come. Constantinople was in the hands of the Turks!
+
+No event since the Christian era had been more momentous, more fraught
+with good and with evil.
+
+The Ottoman Power had secured the most beautiful, the most coveted, and
+the most impregnable position in Europe.
+
+But Europe was strangely enriched by the result. Driven out of its old
+home, Greek culture took refuge in other places, and what had been the
+exclusive possession of a few became the heritage of a continent.
+
+Literature, fine arts, and music were revolutionized under the influence
+of Greek scholars who were refugees flying from the Turks. The period now
+set in which is known as the _Renaissance_. That is, art and intellectual
+life were born into a new and higher form by the introduction of Greek
+ideals.
+
+The Sultan's palace, court, and the ceremonial attending him had now
+become like a fairy-tale in its splendor. He was approached as if he were
+a god. Men prostrated themselves in his presence, and spoke in whispers.
+
+No man's head was more insecure on his shoulders than his Grand Vizier's.
+A mistake, a failure, and off it went!
+
+Quick to discern ability, no sooner did a Sultan see a man who he thought
+could serve him--however low his station--than he clutched the unfortunate
+subject and placed him in high and responsible position.
+
+In vain did the wretched man protest his unfitness for such an honor.
+
+The Grand Vizier was next in authority to the Sultan himself, and was
+treated like a king. But a favorite form of curse was, "May you be Grand
+Vizier to the Sultan!"
+
+When great European Ambassadors were presented to the Sultan at
+Constantinople, each one was taken separately, and, with a courtier
+holding him by the arm on each side, he was led like a prisoner into the
+great presence in awful silence.
+
+There was the Sultan cross-legged on his divan, his turban and his robes
+blazing with jewels. He did not deign to speak nor even to look at the
+Ambassador, gazing away fixedly and with stony indifference as he was
+presented.
+
+One of the first acts of a new Sultan was to kill all of his brothers, if
+he had any, or any one else who could possibly conspire to get his throne.
+
+It was an effectual way of destroying conspiracies in the germ, as we do
+disease, and was a custom much honored.
+
+An amiable English historian describes one of the Sultans as being an
+exalted character, pure, upright, and virtuous. He regrets that this
+admirable man did blind his only son and have three brothers bowstringed
+(strangled). But it was "the only blemish on his character"! Happy Turkey,
+to have such an historian!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When "Suleyman the Magnificent" was Sultan in 1550, the Ottoman Empire had
+reached its zenith. Its eastern frontier was in the heart of Asia, it held
+Egypt and the Northern Coast of Africa, and its European frontier reached
+that of Austria and Russia. It included, with the exception of Rome, every
+city famous in biblical or classical history.
+
+Europe was dismayed at this advancing and irresistible power.
+
+But there is a moment in the history of empires when they reach a climax.
+Then comes a decline,--a time when conquest ceases, and they are content
+to defend what they already possess; and finally are glad if they be
+permitted to exist at all!
+
+Such a moment of climax arrived to the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth
+century. The three centuries which have followed have been a gradual and
+sure decline.
+
+The growth of a New Power beyond the Black Sea,--of Russia,--and brilliant
+combinations by leaders in Hungary, Poland, and Austria, arrested the
+fatal advance. Then came the struggle to keep instead of to acquire.
+Hungary and Poland were torn from her, and the dismemberment had begun.
+
+With these losses came loss of prestige at home, and revolts and internal
+disorders. The Janizaries could no longer be trusted. They were open to
+bribes, intriguing, and a source of danger rather than strength; and
+finally a reforming Sultan touched a mine of gunpowder which led under
+their barracks, and they were exterminated, the bowstring and sword
+finishing the few which had escaped.
+
+At this very time (1826) the Greek peninsula had just wrung her freedom
+from Turkey and was electing her new king.
+
+Servia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Bulgaria (1876), one after another revolted,
+and was made autonomous, or self-governing, by the Powers of Europe. Thus
+was formed a group of states known as the Balkans, which made a bulwark
+of neutral territory between Europe and the dissolving and decaying
+Empire.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1850 Nicholas, the Czar of Russia, determined to take the Christians in
+Turkey under his own protection. This gave to Russia a virtual
+Protectorate over the Turkish dominions, and excited the jealousy of
+England and France.
+
+Affecting to think it was an unfair advantage, and an infringement upon
+the rights of Turkey, those two countries united in a great war upon
+Russia. This was known as the Crimean War, which ended disastrously for
+Russia and placed the persecuted Christians under the combined protection
+of Europe.
+
+England and France have made little use since of a right which they
+purchased with thousands of precious lives!
+
+The present Sultan, Abdul Hamid, is the thirty-fifth in descent from
+Othman.
+
+He is the most luxurious and the most powerful barbarian in the world!
+
+As he sits surrounded by six thousand attendants, eating his pancakes
+without table or plate or knife and fork, he is sovereign over lands in
+three Continents.
+
+Absolute lord over some of the richest provinces in the world, surrounded
+by a fabulous luxury at Constantinople, he is still one of the most abject
+and miserable of beings.
+
+This man, known as the "Great Assassin," whose will is law, and whose nod
+is death to millions of people, is as ignorant as a child, as nervously
+timid as an hysterical woman, and as he cowers in the palace of his
+ancestors, he trembles at an approaching footstep.
+
+It is his own subjects that he really fears. The Powers could depose--but
+his subjects can assassinate.
+
+The Sultan knows, and the Powers know, that when they demand a vigorous
+policy in defence of the Christians they are asking and he is assenting to
+an impossibility.
+
+The millions of wild, turbulent people whom he rules only endure his
+authority because he stands to them in the place of the Prophet. But the
+Prophet taught death to non-Mussulmans.
+
+Should he really be true to his word, and try to bring Kurds and Arnauts
+to justice, in defence of Christians, his army would revolt, and his
+subjects would depose him in an hour--and deposition would mean death!
+
+It needs all his inherited craft and cunning to keep his head upon his
+shoulders at the best of times. And the talk of reforms in the Ottoman
+Empire is an idle and diplomatic fiction.
+
+The last stage is reached. The question is whether this Empire, reeking
+with crimes, red-handed from the blood of Christians in Armenia, a scourge
+in the past, and an offence to the moral sense of humanity in the
+present,--shall be permitted longer to exist?
+
+Shall I tell you how this question is being answered to-day?
+
+I am ashamed to write it!
+
+Six Christian Powers, after exhausting the resources of diplomacy, are
+bombarding Christians in Crete in defence of "the Integrity of the Ottoman
+Empire"!
+
+                                       MARY PLATT PARMELE.
+
+Copyrighted 1897, By WILLIAM BEVERLEY HARISON.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World And What Is
+Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 22, April 8, 1897, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD ***
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