diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15127-8.txt | 18502 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15127-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 221373 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15127.txt | 18502 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 15127.zip | bin | 0 -> 218805 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
7 files changed, 37020 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/15127-8.txt b/15127-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9daae3f --- /dev/null +++ b/15127-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18502 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd +ed.), by C. A. Toledano + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd ed.) + +Author: C. A. Toledano + +Release Date: February 21, 2005 [EBook #15127] + +Language: English and Spanish + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPANISH GRAMMAR *** + + + + +Produced by Curtis Weyant, Chuck Greif and the PG Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +=============================================================== +Transcriber's note: The details on the edition of the book that +was used to produce this eText, have been moved to the end of +this document for the benefit of those who might be interested. +=============================================================== + + + + PITMAN'S COMMERCIAL SPANISH GRAMMAR + + BY + + C. A. TOLEDANO + + 1917 + + + + + PREFACE + +With the best intention of justifying Messrs. PITMAN'S confidence in +entrusting me with the compilation of a Spanish Grammar to form part of +the series of "Commercial Grammars," I set to work to produce a book +which, while avoiding pedantry and the agglomeration of superfluous and +intricate rules which puzzle the student, should equally avoid falling +into the extreme of coarseness which debases the subject under study, or +the scrappiness resulting in gaps that perplex and discourage him. I +have tried to be brief and clear in the rules given. + +The vocabulary has been chosen carefully, avoiding the artificiality of +too much commercial technology, but keeping constantly in view the +object of the Series, viz., to produce grammars specially suitable for +students preparing for a commercial career. + +Whether I have succeeded in my efforts it is for the public to judge. I +can only say that, after more than twenty-five years' teaching of +Spanish in all its stages, privately, at the Manchester University and +in the large classes of our public Institutions, I have tried my best to +give the fruits of my experience to any interested young people who may +be eager to learn a language beautiful, noble, and most useful. + +I do not claim to have reached perfection. I only trust the book, such +as it presents itself, will be of real help to the student. + +C.A. TOLEDANO. + +MANCHESTER, 1911. + + + + + + COMMERCIAL SPANISH GRAMMAR + + + + + ALPHABET. + +A (_a_) G (_ge_) M (_eme_) Rr (_erre_) +B (_be_) H (_hache_) N (_ene_) S (_ese_) +C (_ce_) I (_i_) Ñ (_eñe_) T (_te_) +Ch (_che_) J (_jota_) O (_o_) U (_u_) +D (_de_) K (_ka_) P (_pe_) V (_ve_) +E (_e_) L (_ele_) Q (_cu_) X (_equis_) +F (_efe_) Ll (_elle_) R (_ere_) Y (_y griega_ or _ye_) +Z (_zeta_) + +K (_ka_) and W (_doble ve_) are only found in foreign words +used in Spanish. + + + PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS. + +_a_ as English a in f_a_ther +_e_[1] " a " f_a_te[2] +_i_ " i " magaz_i_ne +_o_[1] " o " n_o_te[2] +_u_ " u " r_u_le + +These five sounds _never_ vary, except that they are a little longer +when they are stressed and shorter when they are not, as Yo amo (I +love),[3] Amigo (friend), El cielo (heaven), Celeste (heavenly), Un +recibo (a receipt), Interés (interest), Yo como (I eat), Contar (to +count), Un buque (a ship), Una butaca (an armchair). + +_Y_ is considered a vowel in the conjunction _y_ (and), and at the end +of a word, as Rey (king), Hoy (to-day). + +[Footnote 1: _E_ and _o_ are sounded a little more open when they form +a diphthong with _i_ and when they precede _r_ followed by a consonant +or _r_ or _l_ final, as Fernando (Ferdinand), Un tercio (a third), El +tercer año (the third year), Porfiar (to insist), Amor (love), Español +(Spanish).] + +[Footnote 2: The _a_ and _o_ of "fate" and "note" are not _pure vowel +sounds_. In English the a is distinctly pronounced a-ee and o is +pronounced o-oo. + +In Spanish the first part _only_ of the two sounds is permissible.] + +[Footnote 3: The examples given with their English equivalents should be +learnt. + + + DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS. + +There are no Diphthongs or Triphthongs in the English sense of two or +three vowels meeting in one syllable and blending into a different +sound, as "pause," "plough." + +Every vowel is pronounced separately and each with its alphabetical +sound, only the two or three vowels occurring in one syllable are +pronounced rapidly, as Pausa (pause), Reino (kingdom), Cuenta (account), +Buey (ox). + +_A, E_ and _O_ never form diphthongs together. They may form diphthongs +and triphthongs only in combination with _I_ and _U_. + + + CONSONANTS. + +The Consonants are pronounced as in English with the following +exceptions: + +B is pronounced much more lightly than in English, with no pressure of +the lips, as Libro (book), Brevedad (brevity). + +C before _E_ and _I_--_th_ in "theatre," as La Cena (the supper), La +Cerveza (the beer). Otherwise pronounced _K_ as in English, as Caja +(case, box), Color (colour), Cúbico (cubic). + +Ch _always_ as _ch_ in "church" (never hard as in "monarch"), as +Chocolate (chocolate), Charla (prattle). + +D at the end of a word or after a vowel is pronounced very softly and +lightly, with a tinge of _th_ in "they," as Madrid, Amado (loved), +Encarnado (red). + +G before _E_ and _I_ is pronounced guttural, as El general (the +general), El giro (the draft, bill). This sound is equal to _ch_ in the +Scotch word "loch." In all other cases G is pronounced hard, as in the +English word "gay"; as Gato (cat), Gobierno (government), Gusto +(pleasure, taste). + +H is a mute letter. (Although in Andalusia it is aspirated in certain +words.) + +J is always guttural, as Juan (John), Jornalero (day labourer), Junio +(June), Reloj (watch, clock). + +Ll--_ly_, stronger than _li_ in "pavilion," as Belleza (beauty), Folleto +(leaflet). + +Ñ--ny, stronger than _ni_ in "pinion," as Niño (child), Caña (cane), El +otoño (autumn). + +Q is only used before _ue_ and _ui_ (and the _u_ is then _mute_), as +Querido (dear, beloved), Yo quiero (I want). + +R as in English, but it is always rolled, as Caro (dear, expensive), +Pérdida (loss). At the beginning of a word or when preceded by a +consonant it is rolled more strongly, as La rosa (the rose), Deshonra +(dishonour). + +Rr always rolled strongly, as Carro (cart), El ferrocarril (the +railway). + +S always pronounced as _s_ in "soap," and never as in "as" or "sure." + +T as in "tea," but never as _t_ in "nation." It must be pronounced +softly, not explosive, as Fortuna (fortune), Cuatro (four). + +V is pronounced much more lightly than in English, as Vino (wine), Vivir +(to live). By the common people _V_ is often confounded with _B_, but +educated Spaniards will always make the proper distinction. + +Y--Spanish _I_. + +Z--_th_ in "theatre," as Zarazas (cotton prints), Zorra (fox). + +NOTE.--In modern Spanish Z is not used before _E_ or _I_, its place +being supplied by _C_. + + + RULES ON PRONUNCIATION. + +RULE I.--Every letter is pronounced. There are no mute letters as _b_ in +"lamb" or _n_ in "autumn." + +EXCEPTIONS--_H_ is not sounded as already explained in the alphabet. _U_ +is not sounded in the following syllables: _que, qui, gue_ and _gui_, as +Quedar (to remain), Quinta (villa), Guerra (war), Águila (eagle), unless +the _u_ in _gue_ and _gui_ has the diaeresis, as Argüir (to argue), +Vergüenza (shame). + +RULE II.--No consonant is doubled except C and N. _C_ is found doubled +in words like Acceder (to accede) when one _C_ is hard--_k_ and the +other soft--_th_. + +_N_ is found doubled in words having the prefix _in_, as Innoble +(ignoble), Innavegable (unnavigable). Also in Perenne (perennial) and a +very few more words. + +_Ll_ and _Rr_ are treated as single letters. + +RULE III.--The _stress of the voice_ falls on the last syllable but one +in all words ending in a vowel or _S_ or _N_; otherwise it falls on the +last syllable, as Una factura (an invoice), Facturas (invoices), Hermano +(brother), Cartas (letters), Ellos tienen (they have), Azul (blue), +Abril (April), Labor (labour), Feliz (happy). + +In diphthongs and triphthongs the stress is not on _i_ or _u_, but falls +on _a_, _e_ or _o_, as Reina (queen), Gracia (grace), Igual (equal), +Cielo (heaven). + +When the diphthong is formed by _i_ and _u_ the last one bears the +stress, as Un viudo (a widower), La ciudad (the city), Luisa (Louise). + +The numerous exceptions to the above rule are all marked by the written +accent (´), as Facturó (he invoiced), Escribirá (he will write), Háblame +(speak to me), Inglés (English), Alemán (German), Útil (useful), Jóvenes +(young men). + +The stress of the voice should fall _distinctly_ on the proper syllable +according to the above rule, and the attention of the student must be +earnestly called to this very important point. + +A word in the plural maintains the stress on the same syllable as in its +singular, as El océano (the ocean), Océanos (oceans), Cálculo +(calculation), Cálculos (calculations), Inglés (Englishman), Ingleses +(Englishmen); except Carácter (character), Caracteres (characters), +Régimen (regime or rule), Regímenes (regimes or rules)--the latter +hardly ever used in the plural. + + + SIGNS. + + The Written Accent. + +The only accent in Spanish is (´). It is used-- + +(1) To mark the exceptions to the _Rule of Stress_. + +(2) To distinguish between two meanings of the same word, as El (the), +Él (he); De (of), Que él dé (that he may give); Se (3rd person reflexive +pronoun, "himself," etc.), Yo sé (I know); Más (more), Mas (but). + +(3) In the following words established by use, as "ó" or "ú" (or), +"é" (and), "á" (to).[4] + +(4) In some words when used interrogatively, as Quién? (who?), Qué? +(what?), Cuál? (which?), Cúyo? (whose?), Dónde? (where?). + +(5) On _I_ and _U_ when they occur together with _A, E_ or _O_, the _I_ +or _U_ not belonging to the same syllable, viz., not forming diphthong +with _A, E_ or _O_, as Filosofía (philosophy), El continúa (he +continues). + +(6) On _I_ following _U_ when the _I_ does not form a diphthong, but +stands as a separate syllable, as Concluído (concluded), Imbuído +(imbued). + +(7) On Éste (this), Ése and Aquél (that) when these words are stressed. + +[Footnote 4: According to the last edition of the Grammar of the +Spanish Academy, these words may now be written without the accent.] + + + Crema (Diaeresis). + +The diaeresis is placed over _u_ in "güe" and "güi" when the _u_ is to +be sounded.[5] + +[Footnote 5: In poetry also to divide an ordinary diphthong into two +syllables for the sake of rhythm.] + + Tilde. + +The tilde (~) is used on the letter _N_ to turn it into _Ñ_, as Mañana +(morning) (in old Spanish spelt Mannana). + + + Notes of Interrogation and Exclamation. + +These are used in Spanish both at the beginning and at the end of the +question or exclamation, as ¿Qué quiere V.? (what do you want?), +¡Cuántos sufrimientos! (how much suffering!). Note that at the beginning +they are reversed. + +The other signs of punctuation are used as in English. + +Capital letters are used as in English with the following exceptions-- + +(1) Adjectives of nationality are written with small letters, as Un +libro inglés (an English book). + +(2) Days of the week generally (and sometimes the months of the year) +are written with small letters. + + + DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES. + +After the first syllable each succeeding one _commences with a +consonant_, as a-for-tu-na-da-men-te (fortunately), except when a +prefix occurs before a primitive word,[6] as Organizar (to organise). + +[Footnote 6: A few minor exceptions will be learnt by practice.] + +Des-or-ga-ni-zar (to disorganise). + +When two consonants occur together one letter belongs to one syllable +and the other to the next, as-- + +Ac-ci-den-te (accident) Pe-ren-ne (perennial) Tem-po-ral-men-te +(temporarily) In-me-dia-to (immediate) + +EXCEPTION--_bl, br, pl, pr, cl, cr, dr, fl, fr, gl, gr_ and _tr_ are not +divided, as-- + +A-blan-dar (to soften) +Li-bro (book) +A-pla-zar (to postpone) +A-pre-ciar (to appreciate) +De-cla-mar (to declaim) +De-cre-tar (to decree) +A-me-dren-tar (to frighten) +Con-fla-gra-ción (conflagration) +Re-fren-dar (to countersign) +A-glo-me-rar (to agglomerate) +A-gran-dar (to enlarge) +En-con-trar (to meet) + +If any of these combinations occur together with a third consonant, this +of course will belong to the previous syllable, as + +Em-bro-llar (to entangle). + +If four consonants come together, two belong to the first syllable and +two to the next, as Obs-tru-ir (to obstruct). + +_Ll_ and _Rr_, being treated as single letters, must not be divided, +as-- + +Ba-lle-na (whale) +Una ca-lle (a street) +A-lla-nar (to level) +Tie-rra (earth) + + + + + LESSON I. + + THE ARTICLE. + + +The =Definite Article= in Spanish is + +=El= before a masculine[7] noun singular +=La= " feminine[7] " " + + +[Footnote 7: Spanish nouns are all masculine or feminine. There are no +_neuter nouns_.] + +as-- + +El hombre (the man)--La mujer (the woman) +El libro (the book)--La pluma (the pen) + + +El recibo (the receipt)--La cuenta (the account) + +=Los= before a masculine noun plural +=Las= " feminine " " + +as-- + +Los muchachos (the boys)--Las señoras (the ladies) +Los géneros (the goods)--Las facturas (the invoices) +Los lápices (the pencils)--Las cartas (the letters). + +The =Indefinite Article= is-- + + +=Un= before a masculine noun singular +=Una= " feminine " " + +as-- + +Un amigo (a friend)--Una amiga (a lady-friend) +Un padre (a father)--Una madre (a mother) + + +The Indefinite Article has no plural, but the Spanish plural forms +"unos" (masc.) and "unas" (fem.) translate the English words "some" or +"any," as Unos hermanos (some brothers), Unas hermanas (some sisters), +Unos tinteros (some inkstands), Unas mesas (some tables). (The Spanish +words "Algunos," "Algunas," are also used for the same purpose.) + +NOTE 1.--Before a feminine noun _singular_ commencing with _a_ or _ha_ +use =El= and =Un= instead of _La_ and _Una_ if such nouns are _stressed +on the first syllable_, as El águila (the eagle), El agua (the water), +El alma (the soul). (The plural is regular, as Las águilas (the +eagles).) + +NOTE 2.--The Definite Article has a "neuter form" which is =Lo=. _It +cannot be used before a noun_ but before other parts of speech used to +represent an abstract idea, as Yo amo lo bello (I love the beautiful, +viz., all that which is beautiful), Lo sublime (the sublime, viz., all +that which is sublime). + + + REGULAR VERBS. + +_1st Conjugation_. Hablar (to speak). _Pres. Part._ Hablando (speaking). +_Past Part._ Hablado (spoken). + +_Present Tense, Indicative Mood_. + + +Yo hablo (I speak) Nosotros (_m._) hablamos (we speak) + Nosotras (_f._) hablamos (we speak) + +Tú hablas[8] (thou speakest) Vosotros (_m._) habláis (you speak) + Vosotras (_f._) habláis (you speak) + +Él _or_ Ella habla (he or she speaks) Ellos (_m._) hablan (they speak) + Ellas (_f._) hablan (they speak) +Usted habla (you speak)[9]. Ustedes hablan (you speak).[9] + +[Footnote 8: The second person is only used in the familiar style, +practically when in English the 2nd person would be addressed as "John" +or "Frank" and not as "Mr. Smith" or "Mr. Brown."] + +[Footnote 9: This is called the polite way of addressing and is the +form in use. Note that the verb after it is in the _3rd person_, +because "Usted," "Ustedes" (which can be abbreviated as V. Vs.) are +contractions of Vuestra merced (your grace), Vuestras mercedes (your +graces). V. ama = your grace _loves_.] + +_2nd Conjugation_. Temer (to fear). +_Pres. Part._ Temiendo. _Past Part_. Temido. + +_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_. + +Yo temo Nosotros (_m._) temenos + Nosotras (_f._) temenos + +Tú temes Vosotros (_m._) teméis + Vosotras (_f._) teméis + +Él teme Ellos (_m._) temen +Ella teme Ellas (_f._) temen + +V. teme Vs. temen + +_3rd Conjugation_. Partir (to depart, to set out). +_Pres. Part._ Partiendo. _Past Part_. Partido. + +_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_. + +Yo parto Nosotros (_m._) partimos + Nosotras (_f._) partimos + +Tú partes Vosotros (_m._) partís + Vosotras (_f._) partís + +Él parte Ellos (_m._) parten +Ella parte Ellas (_f._) parten + +V. parte Vs. parten + + + + VOCABULARY. + +=á=, to, at +=amar=[10], to love +=el árbol=, the tree +=las botas=, the boots +=el capitán=, the captain +=la camisa=, the shirt +=la casaca=[11], the coat +=comprar=, to buy +=la flor=, the flower +=el hombre=, the man +=el hermano=, the brother +=la hermana=, the sister +=el joven=, the young man +=la joven=, the young woman +=el lápiz=, the pencil +=el libro=, the book +=la madre=, the mother +=mas=, but +=más=, more +=la mujer=, the woman +=nosotros tenemos=, we have +=el oro=, gold +=el padre=, the father +=los pantalones=, the trousers +=el papel=, the paper +=para=, for +=la plata=, silver +=la pluma=, the pen +=el sombrero=, the hat +=él tiene=, he has +=V. tiene=, you (_sing._) have +=Vs. tienen=, you (_pl._) have +=la tinta=, the ink +=el tintero=, the inkstand +=*tener=,[10] to have, to possess +=yo tengo=, I have +=el viejo=, the old man +=la vieja=, the old woman +=la virtud=, virtue + +[Footnote 10: The verbs given in this vocabulary and the following are +regular (i.e., they are conjugated respectively as the model verbs +given) _unless they are marked with an asterisk_.] + +[Footnote 11: _Or_ americana, _more used now_.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (1). + +Translate into English-- + +1. El hombre tiene una pluma. + +2. La mujer tiene un libro. + +3. ¿Tiene el padre un sombrero? + +4. Nosotros tenemos el tintero del (of the) joven. + +5. V. tiene el papel y (and) el lápiz de la madre. + +6. Vs. tienen la tinta y el papel. + +7. Las hermanas aman. + +8. El oro y la plata son preciosos (are precious) mas la virtud es (is) +más preciosa. + +9. La vieja y la joven compran flores (flowers). + +10. V. vende sombreros. + +11. Vs. tienen las cartas. + +12. ¿Compra[12] V. los pantalones? + +13. El Señor (Mr.) Brown es hermano de Juan (John). + +14. El sombrero, la americana, y las botas son míos (mine). + +15. ¿Habla V.? + +16. ¿Teme ella? + +17. Ellos parten. + +18. V. parte. + +19. Nosotros compramos géneros (goods) y vendemos flores. + +[Footnote 12: The auxiliary "Do" and "Did," used in English in +interrogative and negative sentences, are not translated in Spanish.] + + + EXERCISE 2 (2). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. The father, the mother, and the brother. + +2. A pencil, a pen, and an inkstand. + +3. The old man and the old woman. + +4. A hat and some boots. + +5. The shirt and the trousers. + +6. I buy the tree. + +7. He sells some flowers (flores). + +8. I fear. + +9. He fears. + +10. We sell. + +11. We set out. + +12. You (_sing._) set out. + +13. I buy. + +14. He sells. + +15. The brother and the sister sell. + +16. They speak to the (al) man. + +17. We set out for London (Londres). + +18. The old woman has the hat. + +19. The old man has the flower. + +20. Who (quién) has the ink and a pen? + +21. The father has the coat. + +22. Gold is precious (es precioso) but virtue is more precious +(preciosa). + +23. I sell paper to the woman. + +24. You (_sing._) fear. + +25. You (_plu._) buy some flowers. + +26. She speaks to the sister. + +27. The father and the mother of the captain. + + + + + LESSON II. + (Lección segunda.) + + THE ARTICLE (_contd._). + + +The definite article _El_ is contracted with the preposition _de_ (of or +from) into =Del= and with the preposition _A_, into _al_ as-- + +Del extranjero: Of _or_ from the foreigner. +Al caballero español: To the Spanish gentleman. + +These are the only contractions that occur in Spanish; with the other +prepositions the article simply follows, as-- + +By, for, with, in, on, without, behind, the father: +Por, Para, Con, En, Sobre, Sin, Tras, el padre. + +The following are the _principal cases_ in which the definite article is +used in Spanish and not in English-- + +1. Before nouns taken in a general sense, as-- + +El oro y la plata: Gold and silver. +Los hombres ó las mujeres: Men or women. + +2. Before titles denoting dignity and profession,[13] as-- + +El Señor Fulano: Mr. So-and-So. +El Rey Jorge V.: King George V. +El Profesor Rosales: Professor Rosales. + +The only exception is "Don" (Mr.), only used before Christian names, as +Don Francisco (Mr. Francis). + +3. Generally before each of several nouns following each other when they +are material possessions, as-- + +La casa y el jardín de mi hijo: My son's[14] house and garden. +Las puertas y las ventanas de mi casa: The doors and windows of my +house. + +But-- + +La diligencia, devoción, y virtud de mi primo: the diligence, devotion +and virtue of my cousin. + +4. Before a proper noun qualified by an adjective, as-- + +El valiente Juan: Brave John.[15] + +The following are the principal cases in which the indefinite article is +used in English and not in Spanish-- + +1. Before a noun following the verb "to be," or other similar verbs, +as-- + +Es capitán[16]: He is a captain. +Soy francés: I am a Frenchman. +Se hizo actor: He became an actor. +Le elegimos miembro de esta sociedad: We elect him a member of this +society. +Fué elegido miembro: He was elected a member. + +2. After "what" used in exclamations, as: Qué hermosa vista: What a fine +view! + +3. Before "hundred" and "thousand": 100--ciento, 1,000--mil. + +[Footnote 13: Except when vocative, viz., calling a person or as an +exclamation.] + +[Footnote 14: The 's = possessive does not exist in Spanish. "My son's +house" must always be translated as "the house of my son."] + +[Footnote 15: Except when vocative, viz., calling a person or as an +exclamation.] + +[Footnote 16: Except, of course, when we particularize, as--Es un capitán +que conocí en Paris: He is a captain I knew in Paris.] + + + _Imperfect Tense,[17] Indicative Mood_. + ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Hablar=. | =Temer=. | =Partir=. | ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +|Yo hablaba | Yo temía | Yo partía | +| (I spoke), etc. | (I feared), etc. | (I departed),etc. | +|Tú hablabas | Tú temías | Tú partías | +|Él _or_ Ella | Él _or_ Ella | Él _or_ Ella | +| hablaba | temía | partía | +|Nosotros) hablábamos | Nosotros) temíamos | Nosotros) partíamos | +|Nosotras) | Nosotras) | Nosotras) | +|Vosotros) hablabais | Vosotros) temíais | Vosotros) partíais | +|Vosotras) | Vosotras) | Vosotras) | +|Ellos) hablaban | Ellos) temían | Ellos) partían | +|Ellas) | Ellas) | Ellas) | +|V. hablaba (you | V. temía (you | V. partía (you | +| (_s._) spoke) | (_s._) feared) | (_s._) parted) | +|Vs. hablaban (you | Vs. temían (you | Vs. partían (you | +| (_pl._) spoke) | (_pl._) feared) | (_pl._) parted) | ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + _Past Definite,[17] Indicative Mood_. + ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Hablar=. | =Temer=. | =Partir=. | ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +|Hablé[18] | Temí[18] | Partí[18] | +| (I spoke), etc. | (I feared), etc. | (I departed), etc.| +|Hablaste | Temiste | Partiste | +|Habló | Temió | Partió | +|Hablamos | Temimos | Partimos | +|Hablasteis | Temisteis | Partisteis | +|Hablaron | Temieron | Partieron | +| | | | +|V. habló | V. temió | V. partió | +|Vs. hablaron | Vs. temieron | Vs. partieron | ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 17: The Imperfect tense describes a past action or state _in +progress_; the Past Definite narrates _an event_. Ex.: I met (_past def._)] +Charles, who wore (_imp._) a black hat: Encontré á Carlos quien llevaba +sombrero negro.] + +[Footnote 18: The Subject-Pronoun may be left understood, and is generally +omitted unless special stress is laid upon it.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=alemán=[19], German +=beber=, to drink +=bien=, well +=café=, coffee +=cerveza=, beer +=clavel=, carnation +=cliente=, client, customer +=comer=, to eat +=escribir=[20], to write +=estudiar=, to study +=exportar=, to export +=extranjero=, foreigner +=ferretería=, ironware +=grande= (_pl._ =grandes=), large +=hijo=, son +=hija=, daughter +=italiano=, Italian +=jardinero=, gardener +=leer=, to read +=mañana=, morning, to-morrow +=manzana=, apple +=máquina=, machine +=mesa=, table +=mi=, my +=mucho= (_m._), much +=mucha= (_f._), much +=muy=, very +=pera=, pear +=pero=, but +=pobre=, poor +=¿qué?= what? +=que=, that, who, which +=rosa=, rose +=su=, his, her, their +=su ... de V=., your +=té=, tea +=el ... de V=., your +=vino=, wine +=violeta=, violet + +[Footnote 19: Adjectives of nationality are written with small letters.] + +[Footnote 20: Past Participle is "Escrito," otherwise regular.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (3). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Mi hermano habla español (_or_ castellano). + +2. V. no habla francés. + +3. ¿Habla bien el alemán el primo de su amigo de V. (your friend)? + +4. No, Señor, el primo de mi amigo no habla bien el alemán pero habla +muy bien el inglés. + +5. ¿Cómo está (how is) su hermana de V.? + +6. Está muy bien, gracias (thank you). + +7. ¿Compra V. papel y tinta? + +8. Sí, Señor, y compro lápices y plumas. + +9. ¿Quién (who) compra zarazas (prints) y géneros blancos (whites)? + +10. El comerciante (merchant) que vino (came) de la Habana. + +11. ¿Quién vende máquinas y ferretería? + +12. Nosotros exportamos máquinas muy buenas al extranjero (abroad). + +13. Estos géneros son para los clientes de V. que parten mañana. + +14. ¿Ha hablado V. con Don Francisco? + +15. Sí, Señor, le hablé en la ciudad (in town). + +16. Las rosas, los claveles y las violetas del jardinero. + +17. El amor y respeto de mi hijo y de mi hija. + +18. Juan es francés y yo soy inglés. + +19. Le han elegido miembro de esta (this) sociedad. + +20. Las hermosas rosas sobre la mesa. + +21. V. tiene mil libras (£1,000) y yo tengo ciento. + + + EXERCISE 2 (4). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Do you speak Spanish? + +2. No, but I speak Italian well. + +3. Do your customers buy (any) goods? + +4. They buy machines and ironware, but my correspondent in Havana buys +prints in very large quantities (cantidades). + +5. Who sells paper and ink? + +6. The old man sells them (los vende). + +7. Who writes a letter? + +8. I write letters. + +9. Who drinks wine? + +10. I do not drink wine. + +11. Do you drink beer? + +12. I do not drink beer but I like (me gustan) coffee and tea. + +13. Poor John is my friend. + +14. What a beautiful (hermosa) rose! + +15. Do your brothers study French? + +16. Yes, and they study German. + +17. Who studies Italian? + +18. My sister-in-law studies Italian and French. + +19. The merchant (comerciante) was elected a member of your society. + +20. Mr. Brown is a captain. + +21. John set out for America. + +22. I like (me gusta) to study foreign languages (lenguas extranjeras). + + + + + LESSON III. + (Lección tercera.) + + THE NOUN. + + +The noun in Spanish has only two genders. + +=Nouns= denoting =male= beings are =Masculine=. + " " =female= " " =Feminine=. + +When there is no real gender, nouns are called masculine or feminine +according to their terminations. + +GENERAL RULE.--All nouns that terminate in _a, ión, d_, also abstract +nouns ending in _ez_, are feminine, as-- + +La villa: The town. La nación[21]: The nation. +La ciudad: The city or large town. La honradez: Honesty. +The other terminations are masculine. + +There are many exceptions to the above rule, principally in nouns ending +in _E_.[22] + +[Footnote 21: English words ending in "tion" end in _ción_ in Spanish. +(Note the accent.)] + +[Footnote 22: Appendix I--for reference only at this stage.] + + +=Formation of the Plural of Nouns=. + +Nouns ending in a vowel which is not _stressed_ and also nouns ending in +_E_ bearing the stress, add =S= to form the plural. + +All others add =Es=. + +EXCEPTIONS-- + +1. Nouns ending in _Z_ in the _sing._ change it into =Ces=. +2. Nouns ending in _S_ do not change _unless the last syllable_ is +stressed. + + +EXAMPLES-- + +El amo: The master. Los amos: The masters. +El cuñado: The brother-in-law. Los cuñados: The brothers-in-law. +La cuñada: The sister-in-law. Las cuñadas: The sisters-in-law. +El yerno: The son-in-law. Los yernos: The sons-in-law. +La nuera: The daughter-in-law. Las nueras: The daughters-in-law. +El árbol: The tree. Los árboles: The trees. +El examen: The examination. Los exámenes: The examinations. +El lápiz: The pencil. Los lápices: The pencils. +El ómnibus: The omnibus. Los ómnibus: The omnibuses. +El jabalí: The boar. Los jabalíes: The boars. + + +3. Nouns ending in _Y_ add =Es=, as-- + +El rey: The king. Los reyes: The kings. +La ley: The law. Las leyes: The laws. + +4. The following add only =S= to form the plural-- + +Papá, Mamá, Bajá (a pasha), Sofá (sofa).[23] + +[Footnote 23: Words ending in accented vowels are very few and the rule +for those ending in _á, ó, ú_ is not very strict.] + + +=Compound Nouns= form their plural according to sense, as-- + +Hijodalgo (a gentleman by birth), literally, "son of something"; _Plu._, +Hijosdalgo (literally, "sons of something "). +Ferrocarril (railway), literally, "iron railroad"; _Plu._, Ferrocarriles +(literally, "iron railroads"). + +Such nouns are rare.[24] + +[Footnote 24: A verb as a component part does not change, as El +portabandera (the standard-bearer), Los portabanderas (the +standard-bearers).] + + +=Haber= (to have), auxiliary.[25] =Tener= (to have, to possess). + +[Footnote 25: Viz. used only before the past participle of another verb, +as (Yo) he hablado (I have spoken).] + +_Pres. Part._, Habiendo. _Pres. Part._, Teniendo. +_Past Part._, Habido. _Past Part._, Tenido. + +_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood._ + +He (I have), etc. Tengo (I have, I possess), etc. +Has Tienes +Ha Tiene +Hemos Tenemos +Habéis Tenéis +Han Tienen + +_Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood._ + +Había (I had), etc. Tenía (I had, I possessed, etc.) +Habías Tenías +Había Tenía +Habíamos Teníamos +Habíais Teníais +Habían Tenían + +_Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood._ + +Hube (I had), etc. Tuve (I had, I possessed), etc. +Hubiste Tuviste +Hubo Tuvo +Hubimos Tuvimos +Hubisteis Tuvisteis +Hubieron Tuvieron + + + VOCABULARY. + +=allí=, there +=aquí=, here +=buscar=[26], to look for +=caballo=, horse +=caja=, box, case +=el capital=, the capital, money +=la capital=, the capital, town +=comprender=, to understand +=copiador=, copybook +=creer=, to believe, to think +=dependiente=, clerk +=factura=, invoice +=fardo=, bale +=Francés=, Frenchman +=girar=, to draw, (a bill of exchange) +=el idioma=, the language +=Inglés=, Englishman +=inteligencia=, intelligence +=mal=, badly +=muselina=, muslin +=nunca=, never +=país=, country +=pequeño=, little (_adj._) +=poco=, little (_adv._ and _subs._) +=el porta-ramillete= _or_ =florero=, the flower-stand +=¿quién?= who? whom? +=seda=, silk +=socio=, partner +=solamente=, only +=sólo=, (_adv._) only +=el tema=, the exercise + +[Footnote 26: Changes _c_ into _qu_ before _e_; otherwise regular.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (5). + +Translate into English-- + +1. ¿Comprende V. el español? + +2. No, Señor, estudio el portugués y mi hermano comprende el español +perfectamente (perfectly). + +3. ¿Quien escribe cartas? + +4. Los comerciantes escriben cartas y sus dependientes escriben las +facturas y algunas cosas más. + +5. Mi socio ha girado una letra (bill) desde (from) Viena (Vienna.) + +6. París, Berlín, Roma, y Petrograd son las capitales de Francia, +Alemania, Italia y Rusia. + +7. ¿Cómo se llaman (what are the names of) las capitales de España y +Portugal? Madrid y Lisboa. + +8. ¿Ha estado (been) V. en Holanda? + +9. No Señor, nunca he estado en aquel país. + +10. En este tema hay palabras que no se dan (are not given) en el +vocabulario. + +11. ¿Cuáles (which) son? Holanda, Portugal etcétera. + +12. Estas se dejan (are left) á la inteligencia de Vs. + +13. ¿No creen Vs. que son muy fáciles de comprender? (to understand). + +14. Sí, Señor, V. tiene razón[27] (you are right). + +15. Entonces, debemos (we must) continuar la lección. + +16. Muy bien. + +17. Debemos leer buenos libros y hablar en el idioma que estudiamos. + +[27] Lit. "you have reason." + + + EXERCISE 2 (6). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Do you study German? + +2. We study French and Italian, but my cousin studies English. + +3. Does he understand English? + +4. He understands English perfectly (perfectamente), but he speaks +Spanish badly. + +5. Does your sister speak Italian? + +6. No, she speaks only English. + +7. What does the Englishman buy? + +8. He buys a horse from the (al)[28] Frenchman. + +9. My cousin sold (past. def.) his horse to Peter (Pedro). + +10. John looks for his book and his paper. + +11. The copy book is (está) on the table. + +12. Henry (Enrique) must (debe) copy some letters. + +13. Who copies the letters here? + +14. Peter copies them (las copia).[29] + +15. Has Henry much paper? + +16. Yes, he has much paper but little ink. + +17. The roses and violets are in the flower-stand. + +18. The merchant has received (recibido) four bales of silk +handkerchiefs (pañuelo) and three cases of prints and muslins. + +[Footnote 28: "To buy from" is translated by "Comprar á."] + +[Footnote 29: The object pronoun precedes the verb in the indicative +mood.] + + + + LESSON IV. + (Lección cuarta.) + + THE ADJECTIVE. + + +The Adjective in Spanish agrees with the noun it qualifies, in gender +and number, as-- + +El periódico italiano: The Italian newspaper. +La prensa americana: The American press. + +It generally _follows the nouns_ as in the above examples, although +exceptions will be found, _e.g._, when the adjective recalls to our mind +a quality which _is already known to belong to it_, it generally +precedes the noun, as-- + +He visto sus hermosas flores: I have seen his beautiful flowers.[30] +Adjectives form their plural in the same way as nouns. + +[Footnote 30: His flowers are known (or supposed) to be beautiful, before +we say it.] + +=Formation of the Feminine of Adjectives=. + +Adjectives ending in _O_ change _O_ into =A=, as-- + +El sombrero blanco: The white hat. +La casaca blanca: The white coat. + +Adjectives of NATIONALITY which end in a consonant add =A= to form the +feminine, as-- + +El sastre francés: The French tailor. +La modista francesa: The French milliner. + +Adjectives ending in _N_ add =A= for the feminine, as-- + +Un hombre socarrón: A sly or cunning man. +Una sonrisa socarrona: A cunning smile. + +EXCEPT Joven (young), Común (common), and Ruin (base, sordid), which do +not change for the feminine. + +Adjectives ending in _or_ add =A= to form the feminine, as-- + +Un comerciante emprendedor: An enterprising merchant. +Una casa emprendedora: An enterprising firm. + +EXCEPT =Comparative= adjectives ending in _or_, as Mejor (better), Peor +(worse), which do not change for the feminine. + +There are a very few adjectives ending in _ete_ and _ote_. These change +into =eta= and =ota= for the feminine. + +Other adjectives do not change. + + ++------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+ +| Ser[31] (to be). | Estar[32] (to be). | ++------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+ +|_Pres. Part._, Siendo (being) | _Pres. Part._, | Estando (being) | +|_Past Part._, Sido (been) | _Past Part._, | Estado (been) | ++------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+ +|_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_. | _Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_. | +|Soy (I am), etc. Somos | Estoy (I am), etc. | Estamos | +|Eres Sois | Estás | Estáis | +|Es Son | Está | Están | ++------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+ +|_Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood_ | _Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood_. | +|Era (I was), etc. Éramos | Estaba (I was) etc.| Estábamos | +|Eras Erais | Estabas | Estabais | +|Era Eran | Estaba | Estaban | ++------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+ +|_Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood.| _Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood._ | +|Fuí (I was), etc. Fuimos | Estuve (I was), etc.| Estuvimos | +|Fuiste Fuisteis | Estuviste | Estuvisteis | +|Fué Fueron | Estuvo | Estuvieron | ++------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------+ + +[Footnote 31: =Ser= is used-- + +(1) To form the Passive voice as, Le amo (I love him), Soy amado de él +(I am loved by him). + +(2) To denote an inherent quality, viz., forming part and parcel with +the subject, as Este hombre es hábil (this man is clever).] + + +[Footnote 32: Estar is used-- + +(1) To denote state in locality, viz., _to be in a place_, as Estoy aquí +(I am here), Manchester está en Inglaterra (Manchester is in England) + +(2) To denote condition (as opposed to an inherent quality), as Este +hombre está cansado (this man is tired).] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=activo=, active +=ahora=, now +=un año=, a year +=aquel, ese= (_m._), that +=aquella, esa= (_f._), that +=bayeta=, baize +=célebre=, celebrated +=cima=, top +=criados=, men-servants +=criadas=, maid-servants +=el día=, the day +=ejército=, army +=encuadernado=, bound, (of books) +=escritorio=, writing-desk +=los fósforos=, the matches +=Gales=, Wales +=juventud=, youth, young age. +=el lacre=, the sealing-wax +=lectura=, reading +=limpiar=, to clean +=limpio=, clean +=mayormente=, especially +=médico=, doctor +=el monte=, the mountain +=la nieve=, the snow +=por tanto=, therefore +=puerta=, door +=siempre=, always +=sincero=, sincere +=soldado=, soldier +=terciopelo=, velvet +=vela=, candle +=ventana=, window + + + EXERCISE 1 (7). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Pedro es médico.[33] Él es buen médico. + +2. Era un célebre médico de la ciudad de París. + +3. Juan está[34] cansado y yo estoy enfermo. + +4. La lectura es útil[33] siempre y mayormente en la juventud. + +5. Aquel tintero es[33] de V. + +6. Este es un libro famoso[33] y está muy bien encuadernado.[34] + +7. Mi hermano es soldado.[35] + +8. Se ha alistado (he has enlisted) en el ejército inglés por cinco +(five) años. + +9. El Monte Snowdon está[36] en Gales. + +10. La ciudad del Cairo está[36] en Egipto. + +11. Las cimas de algunos montes están[37] cubiertas (covered) siempre de +nieve. + +12. ¿Siempre? + +13. Sí, siempre. + +14. Estos tinteros son limpiados todos los días (every day) por los +dependientes ó por las criadas. + +15. Estos tinteros están limpios ahora y siempre. + +16. Aquella ventana está rota (broken). + +17. Mi hermano está escribiendo. + +18. Es necesario. + +[Footnote 33: Quality.] + +[Footnote 34: A condition.] + +[Footnote 35: A quality (for the time being).] + +[Footnote 36: State in locality.] + +[Footnote 37: A condition.] + + + EXERCISE 2 (8). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Who is a good clerk? + +2. My brother-in-law is a good clerk but he is tired of working (de +trabajar).[38] + +3. The windows and doors are clean. + +4. Yes, they are cleaned every (cada) morning by the servants. + +5. He is speaking to his French friend. + +6. He is writing a letter to his mother. + +7. They are looking for some handkerchiefs. + +8. Have the merchants sold the velvet and the baize? + +9. Yes, they sold them (los vendieron) yesterday (ayer); also the muslin +and prints. + +10. Who bought them? (las compró). + +11. The Germans are a very active and hard-working (trabajador) nation, +and they deserve (merecen) therefore our sincere admiration. + +12. Where are the sealing-wax, the candle and the matches? + +13. Here they are on the writing-desk. + +14. Does the clerk understand German? + +15. Yes, very well. + +16. My partner and I will dine at (en) the Royal Hotel (Fonda Real). + +[Footnote 38: After a preposition the verb is in the infinitive mood.] + + + + + LESSON V. + (Lección quinta.) + + THE ADJECTIVE (_Contd._). + + +=COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES=. + + +The =positive degree= expresses the quality without any further idea of +comparison, as Feliz (happy), Rico (rich). + ++----------------------------------+----------------------------------+ +| _Comparative_. | _Superlative Relative_. | ++----------------------------------+----------------------------------+ +|Más feliz que (happier than). | El más feliz (the happiest). | +|Menos feliz que (less happy than).| El menos feliz (the least happy).| +|Tan rico como (as or so rich as). | | ++----------------------------------+----------------------------------+ + + +EXAMPLES-- + +Mi tío es más pobre que su hermano: My uncle is poorer than his brother. +Su mujer es menos rica que él: His wife is less rich than he. +Soy tan feliz como V.: I am as happy as you. +No es tan amable como su primo: He is not so amiable as his cousin. + + +_Superlative Absolute_. + +EXAMPLES-- + +Muy largo: Very long. Muy corto: Very short. + +Another way to form the Superlative Absolute[39] is by adding =ísimo= +instead of using _muy_. If the adjective ends in a vowel, this is elided +before adding _ísimo_. + +[Footnote 39: More rarely used and much more emphatic.] + +EXAMPLES-- + +Estas frutas son muy maduras: These fruits are very ripe. +Estas frutas son madurísimas: These fruits are very ripe indeed. +Estos tenderos son muy ricos: These shopkeepers are very rich. +Aquellos son riquísimos: Those (others) are very rich indeed. + +Before adding _ísimo_, adjectives ending in + +_ble_ change it into =bil=, as Amable, amabilísimo. +_co_ " " =qu=, as Rico, riquísimo. +_go_ " " =gu=, as Largo, larguísimo. + +Adjectives of more than three syllables ending in _ble_, adjectives +ending in two vowels, or in one vowel accented, should always take =muy= +and not add _ísimo_ for the Superlative Absolute. + +Besides the regular forms of the Comparative and Superlative degrees, +there are the following irregular forms-- + +Mejor (better). Óptimo (very +good or best). Peor (worse). Pésimo (very bad or worst). Mayor (larger). +Máximo (very large or largest). Menor (smaller). Mínimo (very small or +smallest). Superior (higher). Supremo (very high or highest). Inferior +(lower). Ínfimo (very low or lowest). + ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| _Future Tense,[40] Indic. Mood._ | +|--------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Hablar. | Temer. | Partir | +|--------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Hablaré | Temeré | Partiré | +| (I shall speak) | (I shall fear) | (I shall depart) | +| Hablarás | Temerás | Partirás | +| (thou wilt speak) | (thou wilt fear) | (thou wilt depart) | +| Hablará | Temerá | Partirá | +| (he/she will speak) | (he/she will fear) | (he/she will depart)| +| Hablaremos | Temeremos | Partiremos | +| (we shall speak) | (we shall fear) | (we shall depart) | +| Hablaréis | Temeréis | Partiréis | +| (you will speak) | (you will fear) | (you will depart) | +| Hablarán | Temerán | Partirán | +| (they will speak) | (they will fear) | (they will depart) | ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ + ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| _Conditional Mood_.[40] | +|--------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Hablar. | Temer. | Partir | +|--------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Hablaría | Temería | Partiría | +| (I should speak) | (I should fear) | (I should depart) | +| Hablarías | Temerías | Partirías | +| (thou wouldst speak) | (thou wouldst fear) | (thou wouldst...) | +| Hablaría | Temería | Partiría | +| (he/she would speak) | (he/she would fear) | (he/she would...) | +| Hablaríamos | Temeríamos | Partiríamos | +| (we should speak) | (we should fear) | (we should depart) | +| Hablaríais | Temeríais | Partiríais | +| (you would speak) | (you would fear) | (you would depart) | +| Hablarían | Temerían | Partirían | +| (they would speak) | (they would fear) | (they would depart)| ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 40: The Future Tense Indicative Mood and the Conditional +Mood are formed from the Infinitive Mood by adding to the Infinitive +the terminations: _é, ás, á, emos, éis, án_ for the future; and _ía, +ías, ía, íamos, íais, ían_ for the conditional mood.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=alguno,-a=,[41] some or any (_s._) +=algunos,-as=,[42] some or any (_pl._) +=amarillo=, yellow +=barba, barbas=, beard +=barbilla, barba=, chin +=blanco=, white +=boca=, mouth +=cabello=, hair +=cabeza=, head +=café, castaño=, brown, (dyed) +=cepillo=, brush +=cualquiera= (_s._),[43] any (affirmative) +=cualesquiera= (_pl._) any (affirmative) +=dientes=, teeth +=dinero=, money +=encarnado=, red +=escoba=, broom +=estampar=, to print (calico) +=la frente=, the forehead +=lengua=, tongue +=malo=,[44] bad, wicked +=manteca=, butter +=moreno=, brown, (natural colour) +=(la) nariz=, nose +=necesitar=, to want, to need, to be in want of. +=ninguno,-a= (_s._) any (after a negative) +=ningunos,-as= (_pl._) any (after a negative) +=el ojo=, the eye. +=padres=,[45] parents +=percal=, calico +=queremos=, we want +*=querer=, to want, to wish to have +=ellos quieren=, they want +=yo quiero=, I want +=V. quiere=, you want +=regla=, ruler +=si=, if +=la tez=, complexion +=un poco de=,[46] a little, some, or any +=verde=, green + +[Footnote 41: Before a masculine noun "Alguno" and "Ninguno" drop the +_o_, as Algún dinero (some money). The feminine "Alguna" and "Ninguna" +never changes.] + +[Footnote 42: Also _unos, unas_.] + +[Footnote 43: "Cualquiera" generally drops the _a_ before a noun, as +Cualquier libro (any book).] + +[Footnote 44: Before a masculine noun it drops the _o_, as Un mal +muchacho (a bad boy). The feminine is always "mala."] + +[Footnote 45: The masculine plural includes the plural of both genders, +as Los padres (the parents, father and mother), Los hermanos (the +brothers or the brother(s) and sister(s).)] + +[Footnote 46: Used for both genders, as Un poco de vino (a little wine), +Un poco de cerveza (a little beer).] + + + EXERCISE 1 (9). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Los percales estampados y los blancos están todos prontos para el +vapor (steamer) que partirá mañana. + +2. Necesitamos bayeta verde, amarilla y encarnada. + +3. Aquí tenemos una buena partida (lot) de zarazas café. + +4. Hemos hablado á una Señora de tez morena, cabeza hermosa y ojos +inteligentes. + +5. La frente, la boca, y la nariz forman parte de la cara (face). + +6. La barba ó barbilla es el remate (end) de la cara. + +7. También se llama barba ó barbas el pelo (hair) que crece (grows) en +ella (on it) á los hombres. + +8. Tengo un poco de dinero y algunos libros. + +9. Tenemos algunas cajas de pañuelos. + +10. El mal muchacho no tiene ninguna gana (inclination, desire) de +estudiar. + +11. Ningunos padres quieren comprar malos libros para sus hijos +(children). + +12. Si tiene V. algún azúcar (sugar) yo lo compraré. + +13. ¿Quiere su hermano (de V.) vender algunos libros? + +14. No, no quiere vender ningunos de sus libros. + +15. Mi cuñado no necesita comprar libros; tiene muchísimos, algunos +viejos (old), otros nuevos (new), y tres ó cuatro (three or four) +novísimos,[47] uno de ellos (of them) es bonísimo.[47] + +16. Cualquier libro es útil. + +[Footnote 47: Adjectives containing _ie_ or _ue_ change them into _e_ +and _o_ before adding _ísimo_, as Nuevo, novísimo; cierto, certísimo.] + + + + EXERCISE 2 (10). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I have some money. + +2. What goods do you want (wish to have)? + +3. I want some brown prints and some red calico. + +4. I have no (not any) red calico, but I must buy some (debo +comprar).[48] + +5. Do you want to sell me any? (venderme). + +6. There are (hay) many inkstands in this shop (tienda); do you want +any? (quiere V. alguno? or algunos?). + +7. Yes, I want some (alguno or algunos). + +8. Have you any[49] bread (pan)? + +9. Yes, I have some bread and cheese (tengo pan y queso). + +10. Any book will be useful. + +11. The teeth and the tongue are inside (dentro de) the mouth. + +12. The teeth want great attention. + +13. Yes, they must always be clean. + +14. We want to study Spanish because it is (es) very necessary in +commerce (en el comercio). + +15. If you study with attention you will soon (pronto) speak and write +Spanish very well. + +16. John speaks French very badly but he is studying it (lo está +estudiando) with much attention. + +17. Do you understand this lesson? + +18. Yes, I understand this lesson well; it is not very difficult. + +19. No lesson is difficult if we study with care (con cuidado). + + +[Footnote 48: "Some" and "any," following a verb and referring to a +singular noun previously mentioned, are not to be translated.] + +[Footnote 49: "Some" and "any" are generally not translated when they +are not used in a _partitive sense, i.e._, with an idea of a limited +quantity.] + + + + + LESSON VI. + (Lección sexta.) + + CARDINAL NUMBERS. + + +Uno,[50] una 1 Cuarenta 40 +Dos 2 Cuarenta y uno _or_ Cuarentiuno 41 +Tres 3 etc. etc. +Cuatro 4 Cincuenta 50 +Cinco 5 Sesenta 60 +Seis 6 Setenta 70 +Siete 7 Ochenta 80 +Ocho 8 Noventa 90 +Nueve 9 Ciento[52] 100 +Diez 10 Ciento y uno _or_ Cientiuno 101 +Once 11 Ciento y dos _or_ Cientidós, 102 +Doce 12 etc. etc. +Trece 13 Ciento diez 110 +Catorce 14 Doscientos,-as 200 +Quince 15 Trescientos,-as 300 +Diez y seis _or_ Dieciséis 16 Cuatrocientos,-as 400 +Diez y siete _or_ Diecisiete 17 Quinientos,-as 500 +Diez y ocho _or_ Dieciocho 18 Seiscientos,-as 600 +Diez y nueve _or_ Diecinueve 19 Setecientos,-as 700 +Veinte 20 Ochocientos,-as 800 +Veinte y uno _or_ Veintiuno[51] 21 Novecientos,-as 900 +Veinte y dos _or_ Veintidós, 22 Mil 1,000 + etc. etc. Dos mil, etc. 2,000 +Treinta 30 Cien[53] mil 100,000 +Treinta y uno _or_ Treintiuno, 31 Cien mil y uno 100,001 + etc. etc. Cien mil y diez 100,010 + Un millón 1,000,000 + +[Footnote 50: When immediately preceding a noun, "uno" becomes "un"] + +[Footnote 51: "Ciento" becomes "cien." ("Cien" is found instead of +"ciento," even standing alone.)] + +[Footnote 52: The duplicate forms are common to all the tens.] + +[Footnote 53: "Ciento" drops the _to_ also before "mil"; and of course +before "millón" (a noun).] + + +The conjunction "and" is always used between tens and units, as-- + +Veinte y una or veintiuna manzanas (21 apples). + +But it is generally omitted between hundreds and tens, as-- + +Doscientas treinta peras (230 pears). + +"Ciento" and "mil" are not preceded by "uno" except in 101,000, 201,000, +etc., to avoid ambiguity, as-- + +Doscientos mil soldados (200,000 soldiers). +Doscientas y un mil millas (201,000 miles). + +"One million inhabitants" is translated by Un millón _de_ habitantes. +(_Note_.--The _de_ cannot be omitted.) + +In the case of more than one million the word "millón" must be +plural--millones, as-- + +Cien millones de hombres (one hundred million men). + +As will have been observed, besides "uno," "doscientos," "trescientos," +etc., change the _os_ into =as= for the feminine. + + + +_Future Tense, Indicative Mood._ ++-----------------+----------------+---------------+----------------+ +|Haber.[54] |Tener.[54] |Ser.[55] | Estar. | +|Habré (I shall |Tendré (I shall |Seré (I shall | Estaré (I shall| +|have, etc., |have, etc., |be, etc.) | be, etc.) | +|auxiliary, to |denoting |(See foot-note,| (See foot-note,| +|be used with |possession) |Lesson IV.) | Lesson IV.) | +|past participles)| | | | +|Habrás |Tendrás |Serás | Estarás | +|Habrá |Tendrá |Será | Estará | +|Habremos |Tendremos |Seremos | Estaremos | +|Habréis |Tendréis |Seréis | Estaréis | +|Habrán |Tendrán |Serán | Estarán | ++-----------------+----------------+---------------+----------------+ + +_Conditional Mood._ ++-----------------+----------------+---------------+----------------+ +|Habría (I |Tendría (I |Sería | Estaría | +|(I should have, | (I should have,| (I should be) | (I should be) | +| etc.) | etc.) | | | +|Habrías |Tendrías |Serías | Estarías | +|Habría |Tendría |Sería | Estaría | +|Habríamos |Tendríamos |Seríamos | Estaríamos | +|Habríais |Tendríais |Seríais | Estaríais | +|Habrían |Tendrían |Serían | Estarían | ++-----------------+----------------+---------------+----------------+ + +[Footnote 54: The Future Indic. and the Cond. mood of "Haber" and +"Tener" are formed irregularly from the Infinitive mood, the _e_ after +the root _Hab_ being dropped, and after the root _Ten_ being changed +to d.] + +[Footnote 55: For reference only-- + _Ser_ (and not _Estar_) must be used: + + (1) Before nouns; (3) When denoting possession; + (2) When used impersonally; (4) Before Feliz, Infeliz, Rico, + Pobre.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=acabar de=,[56] to have just +=almacén=, warehouse +=aprender=, to learn +=ayudar=, to help +=bañar=, to wet, to bathe, to water +=bicicleta=, bicycle +=certísimo=, most certain +=discípulo=, pupil +=disfrutar=, to enjoy +=él es, ella es=,[57] it is +=ello= (_neuter_),[57] it +=este= (_m._), =esta= (_f._), this +=esto= (_neuter_),[58] this +=estos= (_m._), =estas= (_f._), these +=la fecha=, the date +=la gente=, the people +=hermosamente=, beautifully +=importancia=, importance +=La India=, India +=libre=, free +=maestro=, master, teacher +=la mayor parte=, most, the majority +=el mes=, the month +=mismo=, same +=novísimo=, brand new +=otro=, other, another +=el Sena=,[59] River Seine +=el Tajo=, River Tagus +=el Támesis=, River Thames +=también=, also, too +=tienda=, shop +=ventaja=, advantage + + +[Footnote 56: Followed by the verb in the infinitive mood, as Acabar de +escribir (to have just written).] + +[Footnote 57: "It" (subject) is most generally left understood, as "It +is useful" (Él, ella, _or_ ello) es útil.] + +[Footnote 58: Referring to a whole statement, as Esto _or_ ello es +justo. This or it (what you have just said) is right.] + +[Footnote 59: Names of rivers are masculine because the word "río" +(river) is understood.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (11). + +Translate into English-- + +1. La India es una posesión inglesa de grande importancia. + +2. El Sena es un río de Francia[60] y el Támesis es un río de +Inglaterra. + +3. Toledo, ciudad interesantísima de España bañada por el Tajo. + +4. La mayor parte de estos Españoles comen en esta fonda. + +5. Este año las tiendas están hermosamente decoradas. + +6. Es certísimo que los almacenes y las tiendas de esta calle disfrutan +de grandes ventajas. + +7. ¿De quién es esta regla? Es mía. + +8. ¿En que fecha escribió V. la carta? + +9. La escribí (I wrote it) ayer. + +10. Juan acaba de comprar una bicicleta novísima. + +11. Yo acabo de comprar cepillos de dientes y de cabello. + +12. La criada compró esta mañana una escoba. + +13. Necesitamos comprar manteca pero no la compramos porque no queremos +gastar dinero. + +14. La mayor parte de la gente no quiere gastarlo (to spend it). + +15. ¿Es bueno este vino? + +16. Es muy bueno y también no es caro. + +[Footnote 60: Names of countries should not take the article (the rule +is not very strict, however). EXCEPTIONS: La India, El Perú, El Japón +(Japan).] + + + EXERCISE 2 (12). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Foreigners in England enjoy many advantages. + +2. Yes, because England is a free country. + +3. Englishmen also enjoy the same advantages in other free countries. + +4. Does the teacher help his pupils? + +5. He does (Sí, Señor), but the pupils must study and learn their +lessons well and work diligently (diligentemente).[61] + +6. This morning I was writing a letter when my sister spoke of the +bicycle (which [62]) she wants to buy. + +7. Did you sell the muslins and prints (which) you bought last year (el +año pasado)? + +8. The merchant has drawn a bill at three months' date for (por) the +velvets (which [62]) he sold to the Spanish customer. + +9. Little and good is better than much and bad. + +10. John is a partner in that firm (casa). + +11. It is necessary to work. + +12. This is George's beautiful garden. + +13. It is a large garden with many flowers, roses, carnations, violets +and other plants (plantas). + +14. Who is here? + +15. Charles and Henry are here. + + +[Footnote 61: To form an adverb from an adjective add _mente_ as you add +"ly" in English. If the adjective changes for the feminine add _mente_ +to the feminine form, as rico (_m._), rica (_f._)--ricamente (richly).] + +[Footnote 62: Cannot be left understood in Spanish.] + + + + + LESSON VII. + (Lección séptima.) + + ORDINAL NUMBERS AND FRACTIONS. + + ++-------------------------------+-----------------------------+ +|Primero[63] 1st |Décimo sexto, etc. 16th| +|Segundo 2nd |Vigésimo 20th| +|Tercero 3rd |Trigésimo 30th| +|Cuarto 4th |Cuadragésimo 40th| +|Quinto 5th |Quincuagésimo 50th| +|Sexto 6th |Sexagésimo 60th| +|Séptimo (Sétimo) 7th |Septuagésimo 70th| +|Octavo 8th |Octogésimo 80th| +|Noveno (Nono) 9th |Nonagésimo 90th| +|Décimo 10th |Centésimo 100th| +|Décimo primero, Décimo |Ducentésimo 200th| +| primo, Undécimo, |Tricentésimo 300th| +| Onceno 11th |Cuadrigentésimo 400th| +|Décimo segundo, duodécimo, |Quingentésimo 500th| +| Doceno 12th |Sexcentésimo 600th| +|Décimo tercero, décimo |Septingentésimo 700th| +| tercio, Treceno 13th |Octingentésimo 800th| +|Décimo cuarto, |Novingentésimo 900th| +| catorceno 14th |Milésimo 1,000th| +|Décimo quinto, |Millonésimo 1,000,000th| +| quinceno 15th |Postrero, ultimo Last| ++-------------------------------+-----------------+-----------+ + +[Footnote 63: Ordinal adjectives agree in gender and number with the +noun they accompany or for which they stand. Final _o_ changes into _a_ +for the feminine, and the plural is formed by adding _s_.] + +"Primero," "tercero," and "Postrero" drop the =O= before a masculine +noun singular,[64] as-- + +El primer pedido: The first order. +El tercer lote: The third lot. +El postrer envío: The last shipment. + +But-- + +La primera entrega (_fem._): The first delivery. + +[Footnote 64: Eight words in all present this peculiarity, viz., uno, +alguno, ninguno, bueno, malo, primero, tercero, postrero (these last +two not always).] + +After "vigésimo" ordinal numbers are generally substituted by cardinal +numbers, as-- + +La página veintidós: Page 22nd. + +Dates are expressed by cardinal numbers instead of ordinal, as-- + +Madrid, 20 (de) Agosto (de) 1911: Madrid, 20th of August, 1911. + +EXCEPTION: El primero, as-- + +El 1° (primero) de Septiembre (1st September). + +Numbers following names of kings, etc., are ordinal up to the tenth; +then generally cardinal, as-- + +Felipe II. (segundo): Philip II. +Alfonso XIII. (trece): Alphonso XIII. + +Fractional numbers up to 1/10th are the same as ordinal numbers, +except-- + +(Un) medio: one half. +Un tercio (_not_ tercero): one-third. + +From 1/11th upwards, fractions are formed from cardinal numbers adding +to them the termination =avo=, as-- + +Un dieciseisavo[65]: 1/16. + +_Un_ need not be used before the fractions 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4, preceded by +an integer, as-- + +Uno y cuarto: One and a quarter. +Cuatro y tercio: Four and a third. +La mitad: The half. +La tercera parte: The 3rd part. +La cuarta parte: The 4th part. +La duodécima parte: The 12th part. + +[Footnote 65: If the cardinal number ends in a vowel, this is elided, as +veinte--un veintavo (1/20th). If it ends in _ce_ the _c_ is changed into +_z_ as, doce--un dozavo (1/12th).] + + +Collective Numbers. + +Un par: A pair. Una treintena: A set of 30.[66] +Una decena (half a score).[66] Una centena: A set of 100.[66] +Una docena (a dozen).[66] Un centenar: A set of 100.[66] +Una veintena: A score.[66] Un ciento: A set of 100.[66] + Un millar: A set of 1,000.[66] + + +[Footnote 66: Also the number approximately, as: Una treintena de +libros: (about 30 books).] + + +_Subjunctive Mood,[67] Present Tense_. ++---------------------+--------------------+----------------------+ +| =Hablar=. | =Temer=. | =Partir=. | ++---------------------+--------------------+----------------------+ +|Que yo hable (That I |Que tema (that I may|Que parta (that I may | +| may or shall | or shall fear).| or shall depart).| +| speak). | | | +| " tu hables | " temas | " partas | +| " él hable | " tema | " parta | +| " nosotros hablemos| " temamos | " partamos | +| " vosotros habléis | " temáis | " partáis | +| " ellos hablen | " teman | " partan | ++---------------------+--------------------+----------------------+ + +[Footnote 67: This tense is formed from the first person singular of the +present indicative by changing the last vowel into =e= for the 1st +conjugation and into =a= for the 2nd and 3rd conjugations. These remain +the ruling vowels throughout the tense. + +N.B.--The Subjunctive Mood occurs only in dependent sentences when the +action is not expressed in a positive manner but is doubtful or merely +contingent.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=actual=, present +=al por mayor, por menor=, wholesale, retail +=arroz=, rice +=artículo=, article +=asociación de obreros=, trade union +=blanquear=, to bleach +=ya caigo=, I understand, I see +=colocar=, to place +=*conseguir=, to get +=consignación=, consignment +=contenido=, contents +=decadencia=, decadence +=delegado=, delegate +=demasiado=, too, too much +=difícil=, difficult +=driles labrados=, figured drills +=driles lisos=, plain drills +=entrar á reinar=, to begin to reign +=escoger, *elegir=, to choose, to select +=extraño=, strange, queer, funny +=el germen=, the germ +=grueso=, thick, stout +=hallar=, to find +=ilustrado=, enlightened +=incluyendo=, enclosing +=limitar=, to limit +=mientrastanto=, meanwhile +=*obtener=, to get +=peso=, weight +=poder=, power +=podríamos=, we should be able to, might, could +=próximo=, next +=rebaja=, abatement +=rebajar, *reducir=, reduce, to abate +=reducción=, abatement, reduction +=reunión=, meeting +=*salir=, to come, to go, out +=*salir en=, to come to +=solo= (_adj._), alone +=sólo, solamente= (_adv._), only +=sujeto á=, subject to +=sumar=, to add +=tocino=, bacon +=tomar=, to take +=varios=, several +=verificarse=, to take place[68] +=*verse obligado á=, to be compelled to[69] + +[Footnote 68: Lit.: _to verify itself_.] + +[Footnote 69: Lit.: _to see oneself obliged_.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (13). + +Translate into English-- + +1. ¿Cuál envío han recibido Vs.? + +2. Nos han llegado el primero y el cuarto, pero el tercer lote no ha +llegado todavía. + +3. El postrer hombre á entrar en la reunión fué el delegado de la +asociación de obreros. + +4. ¿(A) cuánto por libra cuesta este tocino? + +5. Al por menor sale en seis peniques y cuarto, pero al por mayor +podríamos darlo á cinco y tercio ó talvez un poquito menos, digamos +(say) cinco y cinco dieciseisavos. + +6. ¿Puede V. sumar tres dozavos y siete quinzavos? + +7. Sí, Señor, esto hace ciento veintinueve cientiochentavos. + +8. ¡Qué fracción tan extraña! + +9. Lo es en efecto pero se da (it is given)[70] sólo por ejemplo. + +10. ¡Ah, ya caigo! + +11. Felipe II entró á reinar en 1556. Ningún soberano (sovereign) de +Europa podía competir en poder y en Estados con él, pero ya desde ese +tiempo se observan (are observed)[70] los gérmenes de la decadencia que +se verificó después. + +12. Alfonso XIII actual rey de España es un monarca ilustrado y +constitucional. + +13. La nueva España espera mucho de él. + +14. El primero y el quince de cada (each) mes, la Compañía efectúa +(effects) sus pagos. + +15. Hoy estamos á (to-day is) cinco de Junio de 1911. + +[Footnote 70: The verb with SE is _reflexive_ or _passive_: se da, _it +gives itself_ or _it is given_; se observan, _they observe themselves_ +or _are observed_.] + + + EXERCISE 2 (14). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I shall be compelled (me veré obligado á) to abandon this +undertaking. It is too difficult. + +2. We received a consignment of rice, but the price demanded (pedido), +2-15/16d. a lb., is too dear; we shall never be able (nunca podremos) to +get it; a better quality (calidad), whiter and stouter, was placed at +2-29/32d. but (sólo) a few days ago (hace algunos días). + +3. If you cannot sell your plain and figured drills at the figures +quoted it will be necessary to abate the price. + +4. I shall accept those bleached linens subject to an abatement of 5 per +cent. + +5. We shall consult our partners; meanwhile let us leave (dejemos)[71] +the matter in abeyance (en suspenso). + + +6. He has chosen several designs (diseños, dibujos) for his lot of +prints, but he finds that three of them are wrong (están equivocados). + +7. Some firms always give wrong (falsos, inexactos) weights in their +declarations. + +8. He ordered the wrong article (un ... por otro). + +9. You are wrong (V. se equivoca), it is the right (justo, exacto) +article. + +10. This cloth is finished on the wrong side (al revés). + +11. We received your favour (su atenta) of 10th instant (del corriente), +enclosing copy of your previous letter 1st ult. (p°, p°.) and have taken +note of its contents. + +12. By next mail (mala) we shall send you all the details required (que +Vs. necesitan). + +[Footnote 71: The Imperative Mood is like the Pres. Subj., except in the +2nd Person.] + + + + LESSON VIII. + (Lección octava.) + + PERSONAL PRONOUNS. + + +We shall divide the Personal Pronouns into Subject Pronouns and Object +Pronouns.[72] + +[Footnote 72: Grammarians often give the names-- + Nominative case for the Subject pronouns + Accusative " " " Direct object pronouns + Dative " " " Indirect object pronouns] + ++----------------------------------------------------+ +| Subject Pronouns. | ++--------------------------+-------------------------+ +|Yo (I) |Nosotros,-as (we) | +|Tú (thou) |Vosotros,-as (you) | +|Él (he, or it, _m._) |Ellos,-as (they) | +|Ella (she, or it, _f._) |Ello (_neuter_), | +| |(it, referring to a | +| | whole statement) | ++--------------------------+-------------------------+ + +Instead of "Tú" or "Vosotros,-as," =V=. and =Vs=. are used in general +conversation as already stated (the verb following in the 3rd person). + +N.B.--These pronouns are left understood when no emphasis is required or +where no ambiguity is possible, as-- + +(Yo) compro las telas: I buy the cloths. +(Él) gira las letras y firma las cartas: He draws the bills and signs +the letters. +(Ella) ha tenido una entrevista con su abogado: She has had an interview +with her barrister, lawyer or solicitor. + +But-- + +Yo he comprado la partida de ferretería y quincalla y no V.: _I_ have +bought the lot of ironware and small ware and not _you_. + + +=Object Pronouns=. + +These are divided into two classes--1. =Disjunctive=, viz., following a +preposition-- + + Mí (me) Nosotros-as (us) + Tí (thee) Vosotros-as (you) + Él (him, it, _m._) Ellos-as (them) + Ella (her, it, _f._) Ello (_neuter_) (it, referring + to a whole statement) + V. (you, sing.) Vs. (you, pl.) + + +EXAMPLES-- + +Ellos hablan de mí: They speak of me. +Nosotros trabajamos para él: We work for him. +Ella confía en tí, en V.: She trusts thee, you. +V. se declara contra ellos: You declare against them. + +2. =Conjunctive=, viz., _direct_ or _indirect object_ of verb (without a +preposition). + + Él me[73] ama (he loves me) Él nos ama (he loves us) + Él te ama (he loves thee) Él os ama (he loves you) + Él lo _or_ le ama (he loves Él los ama (he loves them, + him, it, _m._) _m._) + Él la ama (he loves her, Él las ama (he loves them, + or it, _f._) _f._) + +[Footnote 73: N.B.--In the conjunctive form the 1st and 2nd persons are +the same for both direct and indirect objects, but the 3rd pers. +differs.] + + +EXAMPLES of _Indirect Object_-- + +Él me da he gives me (to me) +Él te da he gives thee (to thee) +Él le da he gives him (to him), her (to her), it (to it) +Él nos da he gives us (to us) +Él os da he gives you (to you) +Él les da he gives them (to them, _m._ and _f._) + + +The direct and indirect object of verb may also be rendered by the +pronoun in the Disjunctive form preceded by =á=, as-- + +á mí me _or_ to me direct and indirect object +á tí thee _or_ to thee " " " " +á él him _or_ to him, " " " " + it _(m.) or_ " " " " + to it _(m.)_ " " " " +á ella her _or_ to her, " " " " + it _(f.) or_ " " " " + to it _(f.)_ " " " " +á nosotros-as us _or_ to us " " " " +á vosotros-as you _or_ to you " " " " +á ellos them _or_ " " " " + to them _(m.)_ " " " " +á ellas them _or_ " " " " + to them _(f.)_ " " " " + + +We have then a double form for the pronouns used as direct and indirect +object of verb--one Conjunctive, the other Disjunctive. + +The =Conjunctive= form is that in general use. + +The =Disjunctive= form is employed when emphasis or distinctness is +required. It is seldom used alone,[74] Spaniards preferring to use it as +a repetition after having used the Conjunctive form, as-- + +Él me ama á mí: He loves _me_. + +Él nos vende á nosotros géneros estampados y á V. +géneros de fantasía: He sells to _us_ printed cloth and to _you_ +fancies. + +Yo le quiero ver á él y no á ella: I wish to see _him_ and +not _her_. + +Déle V. el dinero á él y los libros á ella. +Give _him_ the money and _her_ the books. + +Dé V. el dinero á él y los libros á ella. +Give _him_ the money and _her_ the books. + +[Footnote 74: In sentences like "Le pagarán más que á mí" (they will pay +_him_ more than _me_), "me pagarán" is understood after _que_.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=acero=, steel +=antes=, before--in point of time +=asunto= (_not_ =sujeto=), the subject-matter +=Bolsa=, the Exchange +=calcular=, to calculate +=celebrarse=, to be celebrated, to take place +=compañía anónima=, limited company +=*concebir=, to conceive +=conjunción=, conjunction +=desfavorable=, unfavourable +=donde=, where +=emisión=, issue, of loans, etc. +=emplearse=, to be employed, to be used +=espalda=, shoulder (back) +=explicar= to explain +=explanar= to explain +=falta de aceptación=, non-acceptance +=falta de pago=, non-payment +=la frase=, the phrase, sentence +=ganancias y pérdidas=, profits and losses +=el gerente=, the manager +=*gobernar=, to govern +=*haber=, there to be[75] +=hay=, there is[75] +=hay=, there are +=el hecho=, the fact +=la ley=, the law +=llamar=, to call +=más adelante=, later on +=la mente=, the mind +=los negocios=, the business +=Pascua=, Easter +=posición=, position +=proyecto=, scheme, plan +=pues, entonces=, then +=regresar=, to come or go back +=*saber=, to know +=la semana pasada=, last week +=sírvase V=., please +=tenga la bondad de=, please +=tratar=, to try +=*valer=, to be worth +=valor=, courage +=*volver=, to turn, to go back, to turn back + +[Footnote 75: As an impersonal verb, "haber" makes "hay" instead of "ha" +in the Pres. Indicative.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (15). + +Translate into English-- + +1. ¿Usamos nunca el modo subjuntivo en una frase principal? + +2. No, Señor, aunque hay quien lo diga (some who say so). + +3. ¿Dónde lo empleamos pues? + +4. En frases dependientes de ciertos verbos y conjunciones. + +5. ¿Y cómo sabemos que después de éstos se debe emplear el verbo (must +be used) en subjuntivo? + +6. Porque entonces la acción del verbo es representada[76] sólo como +concebida en la mente y no se habla de ella como de un hecho. + +7. ¿Nos explicará V. esta regla otra vez más adelante? + +8. Sí. No hago más que introducir (I only introduce) el asunto. + +9. Tan pronto como (as soon as) volvemos la espalda, nuestros negocios +principian á sufrir. + +10. Un caballero no hace nunca nada en espalda de otro, sino que (but) +habla claro, y tiene el valor de sus opiniones. + +11. ¿Cuándo regresará el gerente del Banco? + +12. Estará de vuelta (he will be back) hoy en quince. + +13. Debe asistir á (attend) la reunión de Directores que se celebrará en +Londres á primeros del mes que viene (at the beginning of next month). + +14. El mercado de Coloniales (Colonial produce) carece de (lacks) +animación. + +15. Carecemos de noticias del vapor en que van los granos (carrying the +grain). + +16. ¿Cómo han salido Vs. de aquella especulación en las minas de cobre +(copper mines)? + +17. Hemos salido muy mal, la relación semestral (half-yearly report) de +la compañía hace constar (shows) una situación muy desfavorable y no +habrá dividendo este año. + +18. Talvez se remedien las cosas (things) el año próximo. + +19. Hay que esperarlo (let us hope so). + +[Footnote 76: _Or_ se representa.] + + + EXERCISE 2 (16). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We beg to confirm (confirmamos)[77] our cable (cable) of last week. + +2. They calculated their profits and losses. + +3. I calculate upon doing it (cuento con hacerlo) before Easter. + +4. This is not calculated to produce (no se cree que esto producirá) any +bad impression. + +5. He called him to his house. + +6. We take the liberty to call your attention to the position of your +account (nos tomamos la libertad de dirigir ...). + +7. The creditors were called (convocados) to a meeting. + +8. I was called away (tuve que ausentarme). + +9. I shall call at (pasaré por) the exchange. + +10. All the old issues were called in (se recogieron). + +11. The "Shannon" will call at (hará escala en) Cádiz. + +12. They will make a call (pedirán una cuota) of £1 per share. + +13. This steel is worth much less than that. + +14. It is not worth (no vale la pena de) buying. + +15. This limited company is worth (posee) £50,000. + +16. This scheme is worthy of study (merece ser estudiado). + +17. Please protest the bill in case of non-acceptance and then again for +non-payment. + +18. The law of supply and demand (demanda y oferta) governs the markets +of the world (mundo). + +19. The deeds (las actas) were all signed by a notary (notario). + +20. Kindly take due note (debida _or_ buena nota) of our signature at +foot (firma al pie). + +21. All our efforts (esfuerzos) have been of no avail (en balde, en +vano). + +22. In vain (en balde, en vano) we tried. + +[Footnote 77: Do not translate "beg" before an infinitive. + + + + + LESSON IX. + (Lección novena.) + + PERSONAL PRONOUNS (_contd._). + + +Pronouns in the Disjunctive form occupy the same position in the +sentence as they do in English. + +Pronouns in the Conjunctive form precede the verb, as-- + +Él los compró: He bought them. + +Yo le mostraré á V. mi libro mayor y mi diario: I shall show you my +ledger and journal or day-book. + +Mi cajero les pagará lo que les debo: My cashier will pay you what I owe +you. + +Nos ha exhibido su libro de facturas: He showed us his invoice book. + +Me cedió los valores y efectos en cartera: He made over to me his stock +of securities and bills. + +El corredor le vió en la agencia de los vapores: The broker saw him at +the steamship agent's. + + +EXCEPTIONS-- + +1. When a sentence begins with a verb, especially if the sentence is a +long one, the Conjunctive pronoun _may_ follow the verb, _except when +this is in the Subjunctive Mood_, as-- + +Bonificóle esta cantidad en cuenta corriente para no perder el cliente: +He credited him the amount in A/c current in order not to lose his +customer. + +N.B.--Students should not indulge in this liberty until they have +acquired practice in the language. In conversation this change seldom +occurs. When the change is used the Subject Pronoun is generally left +understood. + +2. When the verb is in the Infinitive Mood, Gerund, or Imperative +Mood,[78] the Conjunctive Pronoun _must_ follow, and is joined to the +verb to form one word: as-- + + +Lo mejor con estos géneros es venderlos en subasta: +The best thing with these goods is to sell them by auction. + +Abandonándole la ganancia acabaremos con el asunto: +By giving up the profit to him, we shall end the matter. + +Refiéralos V. á los armadores: Refer them to the shipowners. + +Hágannos Vs. esta bonificación: Make us this allowance. + +Cárguenos en cuenta este renglón: Debit this line to our account. + +Abónenle la suma que reclama: Credit him with the amount he claims. + +[Footnote 78: By Imperative Mood, we mean Imperative Mood Affirmative. +In Spanish there is no imperative mood negative, its place being taken by +the Present Subjunctive, as-- + + Háblale tú: Speak to him. + No le hables tú: Do not speak to him.] + + +If two Conjunctive pronouns meet, contrary to the English general rule, +the pronoun which stands as indirect object precedes the pronoun +standing as direct object,[79] as-- + +Ellos nos lo garantizan: They guarantee it to us. + +If these two pronouns are both in the 3rd person, the indirect object is +changed into =Se=, as-- + +Nosotros se lo vendimos: We sold it to him. +V. se lo mandó (á ella)[80]: You sent it to her. +Nosotros se lo aconsejamos (á ellos)[80]: We gave them that advice. +Yo se lo digo (á V.)[80]: I tell it to you. + +[Footnote 79: Combinations of _me_ and _te_ are _very rare_, and then _te_ +precedes whether direct or indirect object, the context clearly showing +the meaning. In such cases it is better, however, to use a disjunctive +form, for the indirect object, as-- + + Él te da á mí: He gives thee to me. + Él me da á tí: He gives me to thee.] + +[Footnote 80: _Á él, á ella, á V._, etc., may be added for clearness, when +otherwise ambiguity might occur.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=administrador=, manager (of a branch house, etc.) +=arancel=, custom-house tariff +=aviso=, advice, notice +=confianza=, trust, confidence +=constantemente=, constantly +=conveniente=, convenient, suitable +=correo=, post, post office +=*dar aviso=, to inform, to give notice to leave +=*dar aviso de despedida=, to give notice of dismissal +=de moda=, fashionable +=devolver=, to give or send back +=efectuar=, to effect +=favorable=, favourable +=fijar=, to fix +=holgazán, haragán=, lazy +=honrar=, to honour +=indicar=, to indicate, to point out +=largo=, long +=noticia, noticias=, news +=*poner en condiciones=, to enable +=por=, _or_ =de, su cuenta=, on his account +=el sobre=, the envelope +=tomar nota=, to take note, to notice +=venta=, sale + + + EXERCISE 1 (17). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Me aprecia. Te necesita. Le manda. Lo cree. Nos halla. Os busca. + +2. Son géneros de moda, los vende muy bien. + +3. Son buenas plumas, las usamos constantemente. + +4. Me escribe que te envía los sobres. + +5. Le indica el medio más conveniente. + +6. Nos honra con (with) su confianza. + +7. Os fija sus límites. + +8. Les da su cotización. + +9. Creernos. + +10. Mandarnos los presupuestos (estimates). + +11. Venderles á crédito. + +12. Dándonos sus instrucciones tan claras, nos pone en condiciones de +servirle á toda su satisfacción (his entire satisfaction). + +13. Dígannos Vs. (tell us) la verdad. + +14. Él me lo escribió. + +15. Nosotros te lo mandaremos. + +16. Él nos lo explicó. + +17. Yo os lo enviaré. + +18. Se lo escribiremos á él. + +19. Se lo explicaremos á ella. + +20. Compraron los géneros y se los vendieron á ellos. + +21. Vendieron las telas y se las mandaron á ellas. + +22. ¿Me lo dice V. (do you say) á mí? + +23. Sí, Señor, se lo digo á V. mismo (I say it to you yourself) + +24. Yo mismo lo mandé. + +25. V. mismo me lo ha escrito. + +26. Nosotros mismos no podríamos (could not) hacerlo mejor. + +27. Él me lo dió (gave) á mí, y yo se lo entregué á él. + +28. Su socio es mejor que él, y él es mejor que ella. + + + EXERCISE 2 (18). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Did you see (vió V.) the new Custom House tariff? + +2. Yes, I saw (ví) it. + +3. It is more favourable to us than the old. + +4. We sent it to the manager of our Liverpool branch (sucursal). + +5. We sent it to him yesterday; he will return it to us after he has +read it (después que lo haya leído). + +6. Did you give (dió V.) it (_m._) to me or to him? + +7. I gave (dí) it to you, not to him. + +8. Well (bien)! he says (dice) that he will not give it to me until you +tell him to do so (hasta que V. se lo diga). + +9. He took it with him, and we took it with us. + +10. I shall take it (_f._) with me.[81] + +11. Take it with thee.[81] + +12. It is a long letter, but it is necessary to write it to-day. + +13. Writing it to-day you are in time (á tiempo) for the post. + +14. Mr. So-and-So gave more money to you than to me. + +15. We have taken notice of it. + +16. Take due notice of the contents (del contenido) of the letter. + +17. Give him notice (aviso) of the sales you effected on (por) his +account. + +18. There is nothing worthy of notice (no hay nada de particular) in our +market to-day. + +19. I gave him notice because he is very lazy. + +20. This circumstance (circunstancia) must have escaped your notice +(debe habérsele pasado por alto). + +21. Do not take any notice of him (no le haga V. caso). + +22. I gave notice to my landlord (propietario). + +[Footnote 81: See next note.] + + + + + LESSON X. + (Lección décima.) + + REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. + + +These pronouns are not, of course, used as subject of the verb. They are +used as the object of the verb when this and the subject are the same. + +They are the same as the other personal pronouns, as-- + + Conjunctive form. Disjunctive form. + + myself me mí + thyself te tí + +EXCEPTION-- +3rd person for both genders & numbers: + se sí + + +EXAMPLES-- + +Él se ama: He loves himself. + +Ella se atribuye la culpa: She attributes the fault to herself. + +María habla siempre de sí[82]: Mary is always talking about herself. + +Nosotros nos divertimos al mismo tiempo que hacemos negocios: We enjoy +ourselves at the same time as we do business. + +Ellos se respetan á sí y á otros también: They respect themselves and +others too. + +_Mismo-a,-os,-as_, may be added to the disjunctive form for emphasis, +as-- + +María habla siempre de sí misma: Mary always speaks of herself. + +Ella se atribuye la culpa: She attributes the fault to herself. + +Ella se atribuye la culpa á sí: She attributes the fault to herself. +(more emphatic). + +Ella se atribuye la culpa á sí misma: She attributes the fault to +herself (still more emphatic). + +[Footnote 82: After _con_ (with) _si_ becomes Sigo; same change with +_mí_ and _tí_: conmigo, contigo, consigo, written in one word.] + + +The pronoun =Se= with any verb in the 3rd pers. sing. or plural may be +used to form the passive voice, as-- + +Se ha cerrado el almacén: The warehouse has been closed. + +Se han encaminado las reclamaciones á la Compañía de Seguros[83]: +The claims have been referred to the Insurance Company. + +[ootnote 83: This form is preferable when the "doer" is not mentioned.] + +=Se= followed by a verb in the 3rd pers. sing.[84] translates the +English "one," "people," "they" (_indefinite_), as the French "on" and +the German "man," as--- + +Se dice que habrá un alza[85] en el mercado: They say, _or_ it is said, +that there will be a rise in the market. + +Se cree que no habrá Reforma Arancelaria en Inglaterra: People think, +_or_ it is thought, that there will not be Tariff Reform in England. + +En la vejez se goza el fruto de una juventud laboriosa: In old age one +enjoys the fruits of active youth _or_ The fruits of active youth are +enjoyed in old age. + +[Footnote 84: Or we can use the 3rd pers. plur. of the verb without the +pronoun.] + +[Footnote 85: Or "una alza" (both used).] + + +As will be seen, this is really a form of the passive voice rendered by +"se," as "se goza" instead of "es gozado." But there are more typical +examples, as-- + +Los géneros se han fabricado en Irlanda y se los ha (_not_ han) plegado +como lienzos irlandeses: The goods were made in Ireland and they folded +them as Irish Linens. + +A Conjunctive Reflexive Pronoun, whether direct or indirect object, +always precedes any other conjunctive pronoun, as--- + +Yo me lo reservo: I reserve it for myself. +Nosotros nos lo guardamos: We keep it for ourselves. +Se me dice: It is said to me (it says itself to me). +Se les venden las telas: The cloths are sold to them. +Nosotros nos le confiamos: We entrust ourselves to him. +Vosotros os les empeñasteis en £1,000: You pledged yourselves to them +for £1,000. + + +_Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense_.[86] ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Hablar=. | =Temer=. | =Partir=. | ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +|Que yo hablase (that |Temiese (that I |Partiese (that I might,| +| I might, should or | might, should, or | should or would | +| would speak, etc.) | would fear, etc.) | depart, etc.) | +| " tú hablases |Temieses |Partieses | +| " él hablase |Temiese |Partiese | +| " nosotros hablásemos|Temiésemos |Partiésemos | +| " vosotros hablaseis |Temieseis |Partieseis | +| " ellos hablasen |Temiesen |Partiesen | ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 86: This tense is formed from the Past Def. by changing the +termination _ron_ of the 3rd pers. pl. into _se, ses, se, semos, seis +sen_, in all the three conjugations.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=en la actualidad, al momento=, at present +=á menudo=, often +=acostumbrarse=, to accustom oneself +=admitir=, to acknowledge +=aparecer=, to appear +=aplicarse=, to apply oneself +=ayuda=, help +=boletín=, form, slip, price list +=caucho seco=, dry rubber +=cebada y avena=, barley and oats +=cifras=, figures +=la compra=, the purchase +=*contar (con)=, to count, to rely on +=la costumbre=, custom +=cualquiera=, any (_affirm._) +=cuidadosamente=, carefully +=declararse en quiebra=, to file one's petition in bankruptcy +=dedicarse=, to devote oneself +=dirigirse=, to address oneself +=escribirse=, to write to each other, to one another +=escuchar=, to listen to +=exacto=, exact, accurate +=firmeza=, firmness +=industria azucarera=, sugar industry +=los informes=, information +=lisonjearse=, to flatter oneself +=llamarse=, to be called +=el montaje=, the erection of machinery, etc. +=*moverse=, to be moved, driven (machinery) +=operadores=, dealers (on 'Change) +=partida=, lot (of goods) +=perfeccionar=, to perfect, improve (machinery) +=*reconocer=, to acknowledge +=recursos=, means += respetar=, to respect +=sección=, section +=tacharse=, to censure, to blame, oneself +=tejidos=, textiles, cloths +=últimamente=, lately +=únicamente=, solely, only + + + EXERCISE 1 (19). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Nos dirigimos á Vs. por informes sobre la casa cuyo (whose) nombre +aparece en el boletín adjunto. + +2. Se aplicaron á la industria azucarera y consiguieron buenos +resultados. + +3. Me he acostumbrado á este trabajo. + +4. Te has dedicado al comercio. + +5. Tiene mucha opinión de sí (mismo). + +6. Cuenta (he relies) consigo únicamente. + +7. Se debe pensar á sí y también á los otros. + +8. Estos tejidos se llaman "uniones." + +9. Las dos casas se escriben[87] en francés. + +10. Estos tornos y estas sierras mecánicas (these lathes and sawing +machines) se mueven por motor eléctrico. + +11. Se los ha perfeccionado mucho últimamente. + +12. ¿Se envían las máquinas en secciones? + +13. Sí, Señor, y se las marca cuidadosamente para facilitar el montaje. + +14. Se dice que llegaron grandes partidas de Cebada y Avena, ¿piensa V. +que influirán en los precios? + +15. Así se cree. + +16. Entonces resultará (or resultará pues) alguna ventaja para los +consumidores (consumers). + +17. No puedo tacharme de imprevidencia (want of foresight) por no +haberme abastecido (supplied, stocked) á tiempo, pues (because) carecía +de los recursos necesarios para hacerlo (to do so). + +[Footnote 87: Reflexive Pronouns in the plural are also Reciprocal.] + + + EXERCISE 2 (20). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I flatter myself that you will be pleased with (le gustarán) my +purchases seeing (visto) the firmness of prices at present. + +2. We consider ourselves lucky (dichosos de) not to have listened to +their advice (consejo). + +3. He is always speaking of himself and of his business. + +4. He found himself a loser (á perder). + +5. They declared themselves bankrupts (they filed their petition in +bankruptcy). + +6. They wrote to each other often. + +7. He respects himself. + +8. He himself respects old customs. + +9. We acknowledge we are wrong. + +10. We acknowledge receipt of your favour (acusamos recibo de). + +11. We shall gratefully acknowledge (agradeceremos infinito) any help +you may render (preste) to our friend. + +12. We hope you will be very accurate in your figures. + +13. The output (producto) for the first two months of the current year +was 18,668 lbs. dry rubber. + +14. The bill market (los cambios) was very firm to-day but there was +little doing (poco se hizo). + +15. Dealers were reluctant (se mostraron contrarios) to do business in +the securities. + +16. Rubber shares were lifeless (muy desanimadas), but prices were +maintained (se mantuvieron). + + + + + LESSON XI. + (Lección décima primera.) + + POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS. + + +A Possessive Adjective _accompanies a noun_; a Possessive pronoun +_stands for a noun_. + +The =Possessive Adjectives= are-- + ++-------------------------+----------------------------+ +|Mi (_m._ & _f., sing._) |my | +|Mis (_m._ & _f., plu._) |my | +|Tu (_m._ & _f., sing._) |thy | +|Tus (_m._ & _f., plu._) |thy | +|Su (_m._ & _f., sing._) |his, her, its, one's, their,| +| | your, (_polite_) | +|Sus (_m._ & _f., plu._) |his, her, its, one's, their,| +| | your, (_polite_) | +|Nuestro-a, os-a |our | +|Vuestro-a, os-as |your (_familiar_) | ++-------------------------+----------------------------+ + + +EXAMPLES-- + +Mi embarque: My shipment. +Nuestro arreglo: Our arrangement. +Su sinceridad: His, her, or their sincerity. +Tu beneficio: Thy benefit. +Sus fondos: His funds, capital. + + +_De él, de ella, de ellos, de V._, etc., may be added for the sake of +clearness, but are not needed when the sense is clear without them.[88] + +In the 3rd person (but not in the 1st and 2nd) instead of "su ... de +él," "su ... de V.," etc., we may say "el ... de él," "el ... de V.," +etc. + + +[Footnote 88: "De V." is added also for politeness ("V." being a title in +itself--your grace).] + + +The =Possessive Pronouns= are-- + +El mío, la mía, los míos, las mías (mine). +El tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas (thine). +El suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (his, hers, theirs, yours, +_polite_). +El nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las nuestras (ours). +El vuestro, la vuestra, los vuestros, las vuestras (yours _familiar_). + +The Possessive Pronoun must be preceded by the definite article except +when it follows the verb "to be" ("Ser") and ownership is asserted. + + +EXAMPLES-- + +Su casa es más importante que la mía: His firm is more important than +mine. + +V. ha acabado su trabajo, pero yo no he principiado el mío: You have +finished your work, but I have not started mine. + +Estos títulos y acciones son míos: These bonds and shares are mine +(viz., belong to me).[89] + +[Footnote 89: If the intention is only _to distinguish_ between one +object and another the article is maintained; as, Estas son mis acciones, +_aquellas_ son las de V. (these are my shares, _those_ are yours).] + + +=Possessive Adjectives Emphatic=. If any emphasis is placed on the +possessive adjectives, the forms of the possessive pronouns are used, +_following the noun_, as-- + +Quiero la maleta mía y no la de su amigo: I want _my_ portmanteau, not +your friend's. + +"A friend of mine," "a customer of yours" will be translated "un amigo +de los míos," "un cliente de los suyos," or also "un amigo mío," "un +cliente suyo," without the preposition _de_. + +The Possessive Pronoun preceded by the neuter article =lo= denotes +"property in general," as-- + +Lo mío (mine--that which is mine). +Lo nuestro (ours--that which belongs to us). +Lo suyo _or_ lo propio (one's own property). +Lo ajeno (other people's property (that which belongs to others)). + +In addressing a person translate "my," etc., by "mío," etc., as-- + +Amigo mío: My friend. +Muy Señor mío (usual introduction to a Spanish letter). + +But if the noun is qualified by an adjective, both "mi" and "mío" are +used ("mi" is more general), as Mi querido amigo (my dear friend). + + ++----------------------------------------------------------------+ +| _Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense (2nd Form)_.[90] | ++------------------------+------------------+--------------------+ +| Hablar. | Temer. | Partir. | ++------------------------+------------------+--------------------+ +| Que yo hablara |Temiera |Partiera Partieras | +| " tu hablaras |Temieras |Partiera | +| " el hablara |Temiera |Partiéramos | +| " nosotros habláramos|Temiéramos |Partierais | +| " vosotros hablarais |Temierais |Partieran | +| " ellos-as hablaran |Temieran | | ++------------------------+------------------+--------------------+ + +[Footnote 90: Used just the same as the 1st form; but it may also be +used instead of the Conditional Mood.] + ++-----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+ +| _Subjunctive Mood, Future Tense_.[91] | ++-----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+ +|Que yo hablare (that I |Temiere (that I |Partiere (that I | +| shall speak, etc.) | shall fear, etc.)| shall depart, etc.)| +| " tú hablares |Temieres |Partieres | +| " él hablare |Temiere |Partiere | +| " nosotros habláremos|Temiéremos |Partiéremos | +| " vosotros hablareis |Temiereis |Partiereis | +| " ellos-as hablaren |Temieren |Partieren | ++-----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+ + +[Footnote 91: Refers to a future doubtful action; little used. Its place +is generally supplied by the Present Subjunctive, and, after _si_ (if), +by the Present Indicative.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=*atenerse á= to adhere to +=*adherir á= to adhere to +=ajustar=, to adjust +=apresurarse á=, to hasten to. +=asegurar=, to secure +=avería=, average (damage by sea-water, etc.) +=buque=, ship +=buque de vapor=, steamer +=buque de vela=, sailing vessel +=cabida=, room, space +=codiciar=, to covet +=deber=, to owe, must +=debido á=, owing to +=dirección=, address +=encaminar=, to forward +=hierro=, iron +=mensual=, monthly +=mercado de granos=, grain market +=muestra=, sample +=petición=, request +=pormenores, detalles=, particulars, details +=por tanto=, =por eso=, therefore +=proporcionado=, =adecuado=, adequate +=puerto=, port +=relación=, report +=representante=, representative +=resto, restante=, remainder +=resultado=, result +=riesgo=, risk +(=á= _or_ =por) saldo=, (in) settlement +=satisfecho=, satisfied +=siguiente=, following +=someter=, to submit +=(la) sucursal=, branch house +=surtido=, assortment, selection +=vigas=, beams + + + EXERCISE 1 (21). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Su representante de V. me ha sometido sus (his) muestras y dentro de +pocos días haré un surtido. + +2. En seno (herewith) les enviamos nuestro precio corriente. + +3. Sírvase V. consignar los géneros á la orden mía y no á la (orden) del +Sr. Fulano, como lo hacía V. antes. + +4. Su casa y la mía están ambas (both) interesadas en esta especulación. + +5. Les embarcaremos sus vigas de hierro por el próximo vapor y las +(vigas) de su sucursal de Rosario con el buque siguiente. + +6. Nuestro buque de vela el "Nerón" saldrá (will leave) en breve +(shortly). + +7. Queremos lo nuestro pero no codiciamos lo ajeno. + +8. Nuestro catálogo contiene todos los pormenores necesarios. + +9. Debemos su nombre de V. al Sr. Fulano. + +10. Nos tomamos la libertad de solicitar sus apreciables órdenes. + +11. Á nuestro parecer (in our opinion) su clientela de V. es mejor que +la suya de él. + + + EXERCISE 2 (22). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We beg (tenemos el gusto de) to inform you that your order has been +placed at your prices owing to the fall experienced (que tuvimos) in our +market. + +2. In our monthly report, which we beg to enclose, we have stated +(consignado) the present position of our grain market. + +3. Please forward the enclosed letters to their address. + +4. Our risk would be great and therefore we must adhere to our request +of an adequate commission. + +5. The average having been adjusted we now hasten to enclose our cheque +for £59 16s. 9d. in settlement of your claim as per statement enclosed. + +6. Trusting (en la confianza que) you will be satisfied with (con _or_ +de) this result, we are, yours faithfully (somos de Vs. attos. y +S.S.Q.B.S.M.[92]). + +7. We have secured room for the remainder of your machinery in the +steamer leaving (que saldrá de) our port on the 10th prox. + +[Footnote 92: Atentos y seguros servidores (que besan sus manos). The +words in brackets are not used in South America and some Spanish firms +also omit them. Instead of q.b.s.m., Spaniards have lately adopted: +q.e.s.m. (que _estrechan_ sus manos).] + + + + + LESSON XII. + (Lección décima segunda.) + + DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS. + + +A demonstrative adjective _accompanies_ a noun and a demonstrative +pronoun _stands for_ a noun. + +The =Demonstrative Adjectives= are-- + ++----------------------+-----------------------------------------+ +|Este, esta (this). |Estos, estas[93] (these). | +|Ese, esa (that). |Esos, esas_[93]_ (those--near to the | +| | person addressed). | +|Aquel, aquella (that).|Aquellos, aquellas (those--removed | +| | from both speaker and addressee). | ++----------------------+-----------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 93: Sometimes "estotro," "estotra," "esotro," "esotra," but +these and other forms are obsolete.] + +The difference between _Ese_ and _Aquel_ is not strictly observed. +However, in cases like "this box," "that table," "that cupboard yonder," +use _ese_ for the nearer of the two removed from the speaker: "Esta +caja," "esa mesa," "aquel armario." + + +The =Demonstrative Pronouns= are the same as the above, with the +addition of-- + +Neuter form Esto, eso, aquello[94] (this, that). This has no plural and +is used-- + +1. In reference to a whole sentence, as-- + +El mercado del algodón está muy abatido; esto me desanima: The cotton +market is very flat; this disconcerts me. + +2. In reference to something pointed at, without referring to what the +thing is,[95] as-- + +¿Qué es eso? What is that? (thing there, whatever it may be.) + +_Este, ese, aquel_, etc., are accented when a stress is placed on them; +_Éste_ is also used for "the latter" and _Aquél_ for "the former."[96] + +Instead of _ese_, etc., _aquel_, etc., before _que_ and _de_, the +definite article is generally used, as-- + +El aumento de precio de hoy y el[97] que tuvimos ayer: The increase in +price to-day and that we had yesterday. + +La remesa anterior y la que haremos hoy: The previous shipment and that +we are sending to-day. + +El flete del aceite y el de los vinos: The freight on oil, and that on +wine. + +Mis documentos y los de mi jefe: My documents and those of my chief +(employer). + +Lo que (instead of "aquello que") escribo es la pura verdad: That which +(what) I write is the honest truth. + +[Footnote 94: "Eso" and "aquello" are used practically +indiscriminately.] + +[Footnote 95: French "ceci," "cela."] + +[Footnote 96: Esto es--namely, that is ...] + +[Footnote 97: It might appear to be an abbreviation of "aquel," but it +is not] so. + + +A preposition may precede _que_, as-- + +¿Qué libro es ese? Es el en que escribimos ayer: What book is that? It +is that in which we wrote yesterday. + +¿Qué carta quiere V.? La á que me referí ayer: What letter do you want? +That to which I referred yesterday. + +¿Qué plumas son estas? Son las con que yo escribía: What pens are these? +They are those with which I wrote. + + +_Esta_ translates the commercial phrase, "our place," "our market." + +_Esa_ translates the commercial phrase, "your place," "your market." + +As-- + +El mercado en esta está muy flojo: The market here is very slack. + +Nos dicen los armadores que el cargamento llegará á esa el 15 del mes +entrante: The shipowners inform us that the cargo will reach your town +on the 15th prox. + + ++---------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| _Subjunctive Mood, Present Tense_. | ++-------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+ +| =Haber=. | =Tener=. | =Ser=. | =Estar=. | ++-------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+ +|Que yo haya (that I|Tenga (that I |Sea (that I |Esté (that I | +| may have, etc.) | may have, etc.)| may be, etc.)| may be, etc.)| +| " tú hayas |Tengas |Seas |Estés | +| " el haya |Tenga |Sea |Esté | +| " nosotros |Tengamos |Seamos |Estemos | +| hayamos | | | | +| " vosotros |Tengáis |Seáis |Estéis | +| hayáis | | | | +| " ellos hayan |Tengan |Sean |Estén | ++-------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+ + + + VOCABULARY. + +=á ese respecto=, in that respect +=acusar=, to accuse, to show +=al menos=, at least +=barca á motor= motor-boat +=barca automóvil= motor-boat +=carriles, rieles, railes=, rails +=competidor, contrincante=, competitor, neighbour[98] +=condiciones=, terms +=contra=, against +=deprimir=, to depress +=descarga=, discharge, the discharging +=desgracia=, misfortune +=días de estadía=, lay days +=dificultad=, difficulty +=elevar=, to raise, to enhance +=está visto=, it is obvious +=evitar=, to avoid +=fletar=, to freight +=mar alborotada=, heavy sea +=mercado algodonero=, cotton market +=mina de carbón=, colliery +=*ofrecer=, to offer +=oscilación=, uncertainty, wavering, ups and downs +=perturbar=, to disturb +=sorprendente=, surprising +=suma redonda=, lump sum +=*volcar=, to capsize, to overturn + +[Footnote 98: Neighbour, _person living near_: vecino.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (23). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Debido á la última baja que se ha verificado en este mercado, podemos +ofrecerles una reducción de diez por ciento en los precios de esos +géneros. + +2. Está visto que el gobierno de aquella república no sólo no se ocupa +de elevar el crédito sino que tiene la desgracia de deprimirlo y de +perturbar el mercado bursátil (the money market). + +3. Se ha repetido en ésta la oscilación que hubo en la semana pasada. + +4. Los consolidados (the consolidated) han abierto á 82 y la Renta +Italiana á 101, habiendo bajado más tarde aquéllos á 81 1/2 y ésta á +100. + +5. El Amortizable 5% (the 5% Redeemable) subió hasta (to) 103. + +6. La revista del mercado algodonero acusa una baja en los futures y la +de la Bolsa un alza en todos los valores extranjeros. + +7. Esto es muy natural, aquéllo es sorprendente. + +8. Yo le digo ésto: lo haré. + +9. Eso me conviene. + + + EXERCISE 2 (24). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We shall ship these iron beams and those steel rails by a sailing +vessel which we intend to (intentamos) freight at (por) a lump sum, with +at least ten lay days for discharging. + +2. This will avoid any (toda) difficulty in that respect. + +3. A German motor-boat was making this week a trial run (excursión de +prueba) in a (con la) heavy sea when she capsized (y se volcó). + +4. The net profits of this year show (muestran, acusan) an increase of +£1,000. + +5. The working (la explotación) of those collieries has resulted in a +loss. + +6. Messrs. Brown & Co. of your city (de esa) have sent their agent over +(aquí) to make considerable purchases. + +7. We hastened to submit to them our best terms offering a credit of +nine months against their acceptances. + +8. These terms are better than those of our competitors. This is +certain. + + + + + LESSON XIII. + (Lección décima tercera.) + + RELATIVE PRONOUNS. + + ++------------+-----------+------------------------------------+ +| _Sing._ | _Plu._ | | ++------------+-----------+------------------------------------+ +|Quien |Quienes |(who, whom) | +|El cual |Los cuales |(who, whom _or_ which) | +|La cual |Las cuales | | +|Que | |(that) | +|Cuyo |Cuyos |(whose, _or_ of which (denoting | +|Cuya |Cuyas | possession)) | ++------------+-----------+------------------------------------+ + +_Quien_ is used for persons only. +_El cual_ and _que_ are used for persons and things. + + +EXAMPLES-- + +El agente á quien (_or_ al cual) hemos escrito: The agent to whom we +have written. + +¿Son aquéllas las partidas de azúcares de las cuales me habló V. ayer? +Are those the lots of sugar of which you spoke to me yesterday? + +Me acuerdo de las personas y las cosas que V. ha mencionado: I remember +the people and things that you mentioned. + +El buque cuya tripulación ha desembarcado: The ship whose crew has +landed. + +El comerciante á cuyo hijo hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we +have known. + +_Que_ is used very often instead of _quien_ and _el cual. Que_ is to be +preferred when the clause following is a mere complement of the +principal clause (preceding), and _Quien_ or _El cual_ only when the +following clause is considered not less in importance than the clause +preceding, viz., when it introduces _a new idea,[99] as-- + +¿Ha visto V. al viajante que nos visitó esta mañana? +Have you seen the traveller who called on us this morning? + +He conocido al banquero quien era hombre muy juicioso +y prudente: I knew the banker who was a very wise and +prudent man. + +[Footnote 99: This is practically saying: after a comma, only the use +of the comma is so arbitrary that we preferred to explain the rule +fully.] + + +After _ser_ and a noun or pronoun, translate "who" by _quien_, as-- + +Es él (Carlos) quien me lo ha dicho: It is he (Charles) who told it to +me. + + +After a preposition translate "whom" by _quien_ (pl., _quienes_)[100], +and "which" by _el cual (la cual_, etc.). + +[Footnote 100: "Que" is found but rarely.] + + +EXCEPTION-- + +After _á, con, de, en_, we can also translate "which" equally well by +_que_, or _el que, la que, los que, las que_.[101] + +[Footnote 101: "Que" or "El que" is found also after other prepositions +but rarely.] + + +"Which" relating to a whole sentence is _lo cual_ or _lo que_ +(naturally, because a whole sentence has no gender). + +Instead of _cuyo_ we may use _de quien, del cual, de que, del que_, as-- + +El buque, la tripulación del cual, de que, _or_ del que ha desembarcado: +The ship whose crew has landed. + +El comerciante al hijo de quien, _or_ del cual hemos conocido: The +merchant whose son we have known. + +"He who" is translated by _aquel que, el que_,[102] also _quien_. + +"She who" is translated by _aquella que, la[102] que_, also _quien_. + +"Those who" is translated by _aquellos que, los[102] que_, also +_quienes_. + +[Footnote 102: See Lesson XII.] + + +=Relative Pronouns= cannot be left out, understood, in Spanish, as-- + +El hombre á quien, _or_ que ví: The man I saw. + +Expressions as "The man I spoke to" must, of course, be rendered "The +man to whom I spoke" (El hombre á quien hablé). + +Expressions as "I recommend you Messrs. So-and-So than which no better +firm exists," are rendered "Le recomiendo á V. la casa de los Srs. +Fulanos de Tal que no la hay mejor (_or_ de la cual, _or_ de la que no +hay otra mejor)". + + ++---------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| _Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense_. | ++-------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+ +| =Haber=. | =Tener=. | =Ser=. | =Estar=. | +|Que yo hubiese |Tuviese (that I|Fuese (that I |Estuviese (that I| +| (that I might, | might, would,| might, would,| might, would, | +| would, or should| or should | or should | or should | +| have, etc.) | have, etc.) | be, etc.) | be, etc.) | +| " tú hubieses |Tuvieses |Fueses |Estuvieses | +| " él hubiese |Tuviese |Fuese |Estuviese | +| " nosotros |Tuviésemos |Fuésemos |Estuviésemos | +| hubiésemos | | | | +| " vosotros |Tuvieseis |Fueseis |Estuvieseis | +| hubieseis | | | | +| " ellos hubiesen |Tuviesen |Fuesen |Estuviesen | ++-------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+ + + + VOCABULARY. + +=amargo=, bitter +=armador de buques=, shipowner +=arreglar=, to arrange +=el bien=, the good +=buque, barco, navio=, boat +=cauto=, cautious +=*conocer=, to know through the senses, to be acquainted with +=deuda=, debt +=doloroso=, painful +=endosar=, to endorse +=enseñar=, to teach, to show +=esperar=, to expect, to hope, to wait +=estadísticas=, statistics +=falta=, want, absence of +=flojo=, slack +=fundar=, to found +=gratitud=, gratitude +=*hacer mención=, to mention +=herida=, wound, sting +=informar (de)=, to inform of, to acquaint with +=llevar chasco=, to be disappointed, to be baffled +=*negar=, to deny +=periódico=, newspaper +=premio=, reward, prize, premium +=robar=, to rob, to steal +=simpático=, pleasant, winsome, taking +=*tener empeño=, to be earnest, anxious about anything + + + EXERCISE 1 (25). + +Translate into English-- + +1. El hombre que me habló no es el á quien hemos escrito. + +2. Hé aquí (here is) el libro que me enseñó esta regla. + +3. He escrito al hombre que nos endosó la letra. + +4. He comprado el periódico que contiene aquellas estadísticas. + +5. He arreglado con el negociante quien (_or_ el cual) parece hombre muy +simpático. + +6. El corredor, quien (_or_ el cual) tiene mucho empeño en concluir la +transacción, me vino á ver otra vez (again) esta mañana. + +7. El capital, el cual se ha destinado á la explotación de las minas, es +intangible (cannot be touched). + +8. El hombre á quien (_or_ al cual) me refiero es armador de buques. + +9. El negociante de quien (_or_ del cual) le hablaba es integérrimo +(most upright). + +10. El asunto á que me refería (_or_ de que trataba). + +11. La pluma con que escribía y con la cual (_or_ con la que) puede +escribir V. + +12. La mina en que (_or_ en la cual) fundaba sus esperanzas. + +13. El dinero sobre el cual contaba. + +14. Los géneros para los cuales se dió (was given) la orden. + +15. ¿Es él quien lo quiere y á cuyo hijo (_or_ al hijo de quien) V. +conoce? + + + EXERCISE 2 (26). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. He who robs you of (roba) money robs you of little, but he who denies +you a debt of well-deserved gratitude robs you of more, which is +obvious. + +2. Those who deny this (nieguen, (_subj._)) have not experienced how +(cuán) painful is the sting of ingratitude. + +3. Those who do good should do it expecting ingratitude for (por) their +reward, then they will not be disappointed. + +4. It is a truth than which no bitterer exists. + +5. The steamer I have bought is a first-class boat. + +6. The little (pequeña) house I paid for. + +7. The firm I made mention of enjoys good credit. + +8. I wonder (me pregunto yo) if this is the engineer whose son is a +lawyer. + +9. Their market is very slack at present, which accounts for (explica) +the want of their remittances. + +10. I acquainted them with all the facts, which made them very cautious. + +11. We are acquainted with Mr. McIntyre (conocemos al), who is a +Scotchman. + +12. He is only an acquaintance (un conocido _or_ un conocimiento). + + + + + LESSON XIV. + (Lección décima cuarta.) + + INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. + + +These are the same as the relative pronouns, only they are written with +an accent-- + +¿Quién,-es? (who, whom?) +¿Cuál,-es? (which?) +¿Qué? (what?) +¿Cúyo,-a,-os,-as? (whose?) +¿De quién,-es[103]? (whose?) +¿Cuánto,-a,-os,-as? (how much, how many?) + +[Footnote 103: "De quién" is more usual than "Cúyo" in interrogations.] + + +_Cuál_ when interrogative is used without the definite article which +must accompany it when it is a relative pronoun. _Quién_, interrogative, +is never an adjective. + + +EXAMPLES-- + +¿Quién vino a verme? Who came to see me? + +¿Cuál arreglo le gusta á V. más? Which arrangement do you prefer? + +¿Cúyo es este lápiz? Whose is this pencil? _or_ Whose +¿Cúyo lápiz es este? pencil is this? +¿De quién es este lápiz? + +¿De quién recibió V. la consignación de madera? From whom did you +receive the consignment of timber? + +¿A quiénes nos refieren Vs. para informes? To whom do you refer us for +information? + +¿Cuánto me cobrará V.? How much will you charge me? + +_Cuál_ (which) is often used instead of the English "what", as-- + +¿Cuáles son sus intenciones? What are your intentions? + +_Qué_ is used in exclamatory sentences--"what a", as-- + +¡Qué lástima! What a pity! +¡Qué bonitos paños! What nice suitings![104] + +[Footnote 104: Before an adjective without a noun following "qué" +translates the English "how":--¡Qué bonito! how nice!] + +An emphatic _tan_ or _más_ may be inserted, thus-- + +¡Qué paño tan bonito! What a very nice suiting! +¡Qué hombre más rico! What a very rich man! + +_Cuál_ is used in exclamatory clauses instead of _cómo_ (how), as-- + +¡Cuál le han reducido las desgracias! How (_or_ to what a state) + misfortunes have reduced him! +¡Cuál la ví! How (_or_ in what a state) did I see her! + +_Cuánto_ is also used in exclamations, as-- + +¡Cuánto le agradezco su amabilidad! How much obliged I am for your +kindness! + +_Cual_ without article and without accent is used for "as," as-- + +Una casa (tal) cual yo la deseaba: A house (such) as I liked. + +Such expressions as "He wrote me a letter, which letter I still +possess," are translated "Me escribió una carta, cuya carta aun tengo." + + +_Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense (2nd form)_. + ++-----------------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+ + =Haber=. | =Tener=. | =Ser=. | =Estar=. | ++-----------------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+ +|Que yo hubiera |Tuviera |Fuera |Estuviera | +| " tú hubieras |Tuvieras |Fueras |Estuvieras | +| " él hubiera |Tuviera |Fuera |Estuviera | +| " nosotros hubiéramos|Tuviéramos |Fuéramos |Estuviéramos | +| " vosotros hubierais |Tuvierais |Fuerais |Estuvierais | +| " ellos hubieran |Tuvieran |Fueran |Estuvieran | ++-----------------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+ + + +_Subjunctive Mood, Future Tense._ + + ++-----------------------+--------------+------------+--------------+ +|Que yo hubiere (that |Tuviere (that |Fuere (that |Estuviere | +| I shall have, | I shall have,| I shall be,| (that I shall| +| etc.) | etc.) | etc.) | be, etc.) | +| " tú hubieres |Tuvieres |Fueres |Estuvieres | +| " él hubiere |Tuviere |Fuere |Estuviere | +| " nosotros hubiéremos|Tuviéremos |Fuéremos |Estuviéremos | +| " vosotros hubiereis |Tuviereis |Fuereis |Estuviereis | +| " ellos hubieren |Tuvieren |Fueren |Estuvieren | ++-----------------------+--------------+------------+--------------+ + + +_Imperative Mood_. (This mood is used to command or beg.) + ++--------+---------------------------------+---------------------------+ +|Hablar |Habla[105](speak thou, _sing_.) |Hablad (speak you, _plu._) | +|Temer |Teme (fear " ) |Temed (fear " ) | +|Partir |Parte (depart " ) |Partid (depart " ) | +|Haber |Hé[106] (have " ) |Habed (have " ) | +|Tener |Ten ( " " ) |Tened ( " " ) | +|Ser |Sé (be " ) |Sed (be " ) | +|Estar |Está ( " " ) |Estad ( " " ) | ++--------+---------------------------------+---------------------------+ + +[Footnote 105: The Imperative Mood has only a separate form for the 2nd +pers. sing. and plu. It has no 1st pers. sing. and the 1st pers. pl. and +3rd pers. sing. and pl. are taken from the Pres. Subj. + +The 2nd pers. pl. is derived from the Infinitive Mood by changing the +final _r_ into _d_--no exception. + +The 2nd pers. sing. is the same as the _3rd pers. sing. of the Pres. +Indicative_, with a few exceptions (among which are Haber, Tener, Ser).] + +[Footnote 106: Given as a form only, as Haber has no Imperative Mood in +modern Spanish, except in Héme, héte, héle, aquí, etc. (here I am, here +thou art, here he is, etc.), and in some other rare cases. + +N.B.--In Spanish there is no imperative negative, the Pres. Subj. +negative being used instead, as-- + + =Hablar=. No hables (do not (thou) speak). + No habléis (do not (you) speak).] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=*acordarse=, to remember +=me acuerdo=, I remember +=se acuerda=, he remembers +=cartera=, pocket-book, portfolio +=contestar á, responder á=, to answer +=*decir=, to say +=*devolver=, to return, give back +=devuelto=, given back +=devuelvo=, I return, give back +=digo=, I say +=dice=, he says +=dije=, I said +=dijo=, he said +=disgustado=, annoyed, disgusted, displeased +=flojedad=, slackness +=*hacer escala=, to call at (steamers) +=mucho me gusta=, I am very glad +=negativa=, refusal +=notas (billetes) de banco=, bank notes +=*oir=, to hear +=*perder=, to lose +=perdiendo=, losing +=*querer=, to want, to be willing to have +=quiero=, I want, I am willing to have +=quiere=, he wants, he is willing to have +=responder=,[107] to answer +=*seguir=, to continue +=sorpresa=, surprise + +[Footnote 107: "Responder"; past part., "respuesto"--otherwise regular.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (27). + +Translate into English-- + +1. ¿Quién respeta las leyes? + +2. ¿Cuáles leyes? + +3. Las de este país. ¿Qué dice V.? + +4. Lo que V. oye (you hear). + +5. Estos pañuelos y zarazas son cuales V. deseaba. + +6. Mucho me gusta saberlo. + +7. ¡Qué hermosas telas! ¡y baratas! + +8. ¡Cuánto pide V. por ellas? + +9 ¿Cuántos dividendos ha pagado esa Compañía? Tres. + +10. ¿Cuántos dijo V. (did you say)? + +11. Tres ó cuatro, no me acuerdo exactamente. + +12. ¿Cúya cartera es esta? + +13. Es la cartera de mi hermano, cuya cartera, como V. habrá sabido, la +perdió con £500 en notas de banco y le fué devuelta. + +14. ¿De quién es el cargamento cuyo conocimiento ha llegado? + +15. Es mío. + +16. ¿Qué libro es este? Es el mío. + +17. Ha seguido la flojedad en los valores, perdiendo mucho el +amortizable. + +18. Hubo pocas (few) transacciones en general. + +19. ¡Cuál lo hallamos! + +20. ¡Absolutamente desanimado! ¡Qué lastima! + + + EXERCISE 2 (28). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. What reduction can you make? + +2. Twopence a yard. + +3. Which of the two will you have (quiere V.)? + +4. What orders did you give? + +5. Whose goods are these? + +6. What a surprise! + +7. How much money did you receive? + +8. How many lots of white shirting have you placed? + +9. Did you answer all his letters? + +10. If we bought (si comprásemos) the (colonial) produce dearer than the +figure you indicated we should have to answer for it (seríamos +responsables). + +11. The cotton prints and union drills we sent you will answer your +requirements (corresponderán a sus necesidades). + +12. Mr. Pérez seems annoyed by your refusal. + +13. I am very sorry (lo siento mucho _or_ infinito) but it is not my +fault. + +14. I could not accept the rebate under (en) the circumstances. + +15. Has the steamer called at Málaga? + +16. I believe she has (que sí). + + + + + LESSON XV. + (Lección décima quinta.) + + INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS. + + +(Those marked with an asterisk are Pronouns only.) + +Alguno, *alguien (pronounced álguien), (some, somebody, anybody) +*Algo, alguna cosa (something, anything) +*Uno-a,-os-as (one, a person, some, some persons) +Uno á otro (one another, each other) +Uno ú otro (one or the other, either) +Uno y otro, ambos, entrambos (both) +Ni uno ni otro (neither the one nor the other) +Ni uno (not a single one) +Los otros, los demás (the others) +Mismo (same, self) +Cierto-a,-os-as (a certain, certain) +Cada (each) +*Cada uno, *cada cual (each, each one) +Otro (other, another[108]) +Todo (all, everything, every) +Todos (everybody, all) +Poco (little) +Pocos (few) +Unos pocos, unos cuantos (a few) +Mucho-a,-os-as (much, many) +Varios (several) +Cualquiera (_sing._), Cualesquiera (_pl._), (any, whichever) +*Quienquiera (_sing._), quienesquiera (_pl._), (any, whoever, whomever) +*Cualquiera cosa (anything, whatever) +Propio-a, os-as (own, self, same) +Tal (_sing._), tales (_pl._ such a, such) +*Fulano, zutano, mengano (So-and-So) +Cuanto (todo lo que), (all that which) +Cuantos (todos los que), (all those who) +Ninguno (no one, nobody, not any) +*Nada (nothing), *nadie (no one, nobody) +*Quien ... quien, *cual ... cual (some ... some) + +[Footnote 108: "Another" is "otro," not "un otro."] + + +_Cada_ is an adjective only, as-- + +Cada huelga de obreros daña la industria nacional: Each workmen's strike +injures national industry. + +_Alguien, algo, cada, nada, nadie_ are invariable, and the verb +accompanying them is always singular, as-- + +Alguien hizo un error de pluma: Somebody made a slip of the pen. + +Algo es mejor que el dinero, el honor: There is something better than +money, honour. + +¿Hay algo peor que la ingratitud? Is there anything worse than +ingratitude? + +Nada es absolutamente perfecto y nadie es infalible: Nothing is +absolutely perfect and nobody is infallible. + +Further difference in meaning between _alguien_ and _alguno_-- + +_Alguien_ refers to persons only, and cannot be followed by _de_. +_Alguno_ to persons or things, and may be followed by _de_,[109] as-- + +Alguien _or_ Alguno se ha quejado: Somebody has complained. + +Quiere naranjas y melocotones y yo tengo algunos: He wants oranges and +peaches, and I have some. + +Alguno de ellos lo hará: Someone amongst them will do it. + +The English "any," "anything," are translated by _alguno, alguna cosa +(algo)_ when interrogative; _ninguno, ninguna cosa (nada)_ when +negative; and _cualquiera, cualquiera cosa_ when affirmative, as-- + +¿Quiere V. algún refresco ó algo que comer? Do you want any +refreshments[110] or anything to eat? + +No quiero ningunos Holandillos: I do not want any Hollands. + +Cualquier(a) muchacho de escuela echaría de ver que estas Batistas +Victoria son más ordinarias: Any schoolboy could see that these Victoria +Lawns are of lower quality. + +_Alguno_ and _Ninguno_ are left understood oftener than in English, as-- + +¿Comprará V. (algunos) títulos de la nueva emisión? Will you buy any +stock of the new issue? + +Él no pide consejos: He does not ask any advice. + +When _nadie_ and _ninguno_, or any other =negative word=, as the adverb +_nunca_ (never), etc., precede a verb, no other negative is required; +but when they =follow= it, =no= (not) must precede the verb, as: No he +visto á nadie _or_ á nadie he visto: I have seen nobody. + +[Footnote 109: Same difference between _nadie_ and _ninguno_.] + +[Footnote 110: In Spanish the singular is found instead of the plural, +as: ¿Tiene V. algún libro que prestarme? (have you any books to lend +me?).] + + +Verbs ending in _car_ or _gar_ change the _c_ and _g_ into =qu= and =gu= +respectively before =e=, as-- + ++------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ +| | =Embarcar=[111] | =Cargar=[111] | +| |(to embark, to ship) | (to load) | +| _Past Def._ |Embarqué |Cargué | +| _Pres. Subj._ |Embarque,-ques, que, |Cargue,-gues,-gue, | +| |-quemos,-quéis,-quen.|-guemos,-guéis,-guen.| ++------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ + +[Footnote 111: The primary parts (except, of course, the Infinitive) will +be omitted in future _when they are regular_. The derivative parts will +also be omitted when they are _regularly formed from their primary +parts_ according to the rules given. See synopsis at the end of the +book.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=agricola=, agricultural +=amontonar=, to pile up +=apertura=, opening +=bajar=, to lower, to go or come down +=bonito=, pretty +=comarca=, region, district (of a country) +=detenidamente=, at length +=duplicar=, to double, to duplicate +=exigua=, slight, trifling +=fábricas de algodón=, cotton mills +=géneros alimenticios=, food stuffs +=*hacer caso=, to take notice +=hilador=, spinner +=impuesto=, tax +=(la) incertidumbre=, uncertainty +=industria=, industry +=legislatura=, parliamentary session +=ligero=, light (_adj._), slight, small +=limitación=, curtailment +=(la) luz=, light (_n._) +=*mantener=, to hold up, to maintain +=mejora=, improvement +=ministerio=, ministry +=obligaciones=, debentures +=olvidar=, to forget +=para que=, so that +=patria=, country, fatherland +=preferible=, preferable +=*prevalecer, reinar=, to prevail, to rule +=subir=, to go or come up +=tejedor=, weaver +=timbre=, stamp +=tomar la delantera á=, to take the start on. +=trigo=, wheat +=varios=, several +=vinícola=, wine (_adj._) + + + EXERCISE 1 (29). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Alguien pretende que se duplicará el impuesto del timbre sobre las +acciones y obligaciones de las compañías anónimas y que habrá algunos +que protestarán enérgicamente. + +2. Algo hay de eso y uno y otro partido político se interesan de la +cuestión pero ni uno de los periódicos locales echa luz sobre las +intenciones del ministerio. + +3. Los demás proyectos de ley con ciertas modificaciones se presentarán +(will be introduced) en esta misma legislatura, y cada uno se discutirá +detenidamente. + +4. Se anuncian varias empresas industriales en grande escala. + +5. Cuanto se hace es poco cuando se piensa en lo que se debería hacer +para que nuestros competidores no nos tomen la delantera. + +6. Cualquiera echa de ver (can see) eso. + +7. Cuantos hay que miran al verdadero interés de su patria deben olvidar +sus propios intereses en favor del fomento de la industria vinícola y +agrícola de esta comarca. + +8. Cada casa tiene su sistema propio. + +9. Yo no imito á Fulano, Zutano y Mengano, soy cauto y evito los +riesgos. + +10. Negocio papel extranjero, pero sólo letras bancarias, ó de firmas de +primera clase y con dos endosos, nada más. + + + EXERCISE 2 (30). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Somebody thinks that the imports of food-stuffs will increase. + +2. Some wheat buyers take little notice of the higher American cable +advices (las subidas que se han telegrafiado desde América). + +3. Weavers and spinners are all holding up their prices. + +4. Each week shows an improvement. + +5. We hear the same reports (noticias) from all quarters (partes). + +6. Neither of these machines will suit (conviene á) our requirements. + +7. We accept these bills but refuse the others. + +8. Anybody who has his own interests at heart will contribute to the +realisation of the scheme. + +9. I did all I could (podía) so that nothing should be lost (no se +perdiera nada). + +10. Some say the market will go up, some say it will go down, and such +is the position that one does not know (no sabe) what to do. + +11. Anything is preferable to this uncertainty. + +12. I have not seen anything so pretty before. + +13. Mail advices (los anuncios por la mala) from America report an +abnormal (anormal) curtailment of production in the United States Cotton +Mills. + +14. They cannot take the risk of piling up stocks when the demand is so +slight (exigua). + +15. Foreign Bourses.--Berlin. A weak tone ruled at the opening. During +the later dealings (operaciones posteriores) a slight (ligera) +improvement was noticeable (se observó). + + + + + LESSON XVI. + (Lección décima sexta.) + + THE VERB. + + +The verb is a word by which we affirm something. It is the essential +word in a sentence: without it (expressed or understood) no sentence can +be construed. + +Verbs are divided into Auxiliary, Transitive and Intransitive. + + +The Auxiliary verbs in Spanish are: Haber, Tener, Ser, Estar. + +_Haber_ is a true auxiliary because it helps to form compound +tenses[112] but it presents the following peculiarities-- + +1. It is used as an impersonal verb (as well as the verb _hacer_ which +is given here for the sake of completeness) for expressions of time, +as-- + +Dos años ha (_or_ ha dos años) _or_ hace dos años la exportación de los +Caldos españoles estaba muy floreciente: Two years ago the exportation +of Spanish wines and oils was very flourishing. + +Ha dos años (_or_ hace dos años) que la casa Guillermo Fernandez y Cía +está establecida en La Coruña como Comisionistas: The firm, G.F. & Co., +has been established in Corunna as Commission Agents these last two +years. + +¿Cuanto tiempo ha (_or_ hace) que estudia V. el castellano? How long +have you been studying Spanish? + +[Footnote 112: The Past Part. following "haber" IS ALWAYS INVARIABLE.] + + +2. It is also used impersonally as "there to be" (French, "y avoir"), +as-- + +Hay mucha pimienta, clavos, y canela en el mercado de Londres: There are +much pepper, cloves, and cinnamon in the London market. + +Sí, hubo muchas especias el año pasado también: Yes, there were many +spices last year also. + +Cuando estaba en El Cairo había miedo de que estallara algún motín: When +I was in Cairo there was the fear of some riots breaking out. + +(N.B.--Impersonal verbs are only used in the 3rd pers. singular.) + +In English we have "there is" and "there are," because "there to be" is +not used impersonally, the meaning being, e.g., "a man is there"; "two +men are there." In Spanish, however, _haber_ is used impersonally and +both "there is a man" and "there are two men" are translated "Hay un +hombre," "Hay dos hombres." + +It will be noticed that _Haber_ used for "there to be" makes _Hay_ +instead of _Ha_ for the present indicative. All its other tenses remain +unchanged: _había, hubo, habrá, habría_, etc. + +_Hay que_ followed by an Infinitive (French "il faut"), it is necessary +to ..., as-- + +Hay que tener mucho cuidado: It is necessary to be very careful. I, you, +etc., must be very careful. + +_Tener_ is generally a =principal= (viz., not an auxiliary) verb, used +to denote possession; but it is used sometimes as an =auxiliary= instead +of _haber_, as-- + +Tengo recibido su catálogo ilustrado y lista (or boletín) de precios: I +have received your illustrated catalogue with price list. + +Tenemos recibida[113] su apreciable carta de 20 del que rige (or del +corriente): We have received your favour of the 20th inst. + +¿Tiene V. recibidas las cotizaciones? Have you received the quotations? + +Los presupuestos, que tenemos recibidos del Trapiche para nuestro +Ingenio de la Habana: The estimates which we have received for the Sugar +Mill for our Factory in Havana. + +In all the preceding examples _tener_ used instead of _haber_ introduces +an additional idea of "=possession=". + +"He recibido su carta" might be followed, in Spanish, by "pero la he +perdido" (but I have lost it). "Tengo recibida su carta" implies that +the receiver holds it now. + +[Footnote 113: The Past Part. following "tener" agrees in gender and +number with the _direct object_.] + + +Sometimes this idea of possession is very distantly implied, as-- + +¿Qué me dice V.? tengo leído ese proyecto de Ley: What are you talking +about? I have read that (Parliamentary) Bill. + +Meaning that the effect of the reading is extant in the mind. + +Colloquially the people will use _tener_ for _haber_ without any +allusion to possession, but this should be avoided. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=anteayer=, the day before yesterday +=apresurar=, to hasten, to urge (_a._) +=apresurarse=, to hasten (_n._) +=apresurarse con sus órdenes=, to rush one's orders +=árbol de eje=, axle shaft +=cámara de comercio=, chamber of commerce +=cigüeña, árbol de cigüeña, cigüeñal=, crank-shaft +=compañía de ferrocarril=, railway company +=con manchas=, (designs)--spot +=con puntitas, con bolitas=, (designs) spot +=contestar=, to answer, to reply +=cuadritos=, (designs) checks +=cuenta simulada=, pro forma account +=culpa=, blame, fault +=daño=, damage, injury, breakdown +=de buena tinta=, from a good source +=derecho=, right +=duda=, doubt +=equivocarse=, to be mistaken +=existencias=, stocks of goods +=expedidor=, sender +=fecha de=, dated +=listados=, (designs) striped +=á listas, á rayas=, (designs) striped +=malcontento=, uneasiness, discontent +=mundial=, world (_adj._) +=próximamente=, about, approximately +=pues=, well +=redactar=, to write out +=repentinamente=, suddenly +=representación exclusiva=, sole agency +=responsabilidad=, responsibility +=retardar=, to delay, to be delayed +=*romperse=, to break (_n._) +=roto=, broken +=todavía=, yet +=vivir=, to live, to reside +=ya=, already + + + EXERCISE 1 (31). + +Translate into English-- + +1. En la Asociación de Agricultores de España (Society of Spanish +Agriculturists) dará mañana viernes á las seis y media de la tarde una +conferencia (lecture) el ilustrado Sr. Fulano. + +2. ¿Como mañana? ya la ha dado esta mañana. + +3. No sabía que la había dado ya. + +4. Pues tengo esta noticia de buena tinta y no hay duda que así es. + +5. Tenemos recibida su estimada, fecha de anteayer. + +6. Mucho tiempo ha que tengo proyectadas estas empresas. + +7. Habrá un mes que me escribió y no le he contestado todavía. + +8. La Cámara de Comercio de Londres votó, después de larga discusión, +una protesta contra el nuevo Tratado de Comercio con Cuba y redactó una +petición que será dirigida al gobierno. + +9. El vapor inglés "Raleigh" que sale para Montevideo ha recibido un +marconigrama anunciando que reina allí el malcontento político. + +10. El aviador acaba de batir el "record" mundial de velocidad y +distancia recorriendo (covering) ciento veintidós kilómetros en hora y +media, á saber (namely) próximamente 80 kilómetros por hora. + +11. No se equivoca V. en la interpretación de lo que hemos escrito +acerca de las facturas simuladas. + +12. El árbol de eje y el cigüeñal se han roto. + + + EXERCISE 2 (32). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Have you obtained the sole agency for (de) that firm? + +2. Not yet, but I hope to get it. + +3. How long have you been living in England? + +4. Two weeks ago prices were so high that buyers were rushing their +orders; now they have suddenly fallen to an unprecedented level (nivel +sin precedente). + +5. He has examined the samples and found that the designs of the light +grounds (fondos claros) are not as ordered. + +6. He also complains of the checks and stripes. + +7. The spot muslins have been delayed owing to a breakdown in the works +(la fábrica). + +8. The senders are trying to throw the blame on (á) the Railway Company, +but we have no right of claim (derecho de reclamar) against the latter +(ésta); it is they who (son ellos quienes) must indemnify us for the +loss. + +9. It is a well-founded (bien establecida) and respectable firm and they +will not deny their responsibility--there is no doubt about (de) that. + +10. Is it long since you received their last (última) letter? + +11. Have they been long established? (Hace mucho tiempo que....) + +12. They have been for 15 years. + +13. Our friends have large stocks but they say the market is looking up +(mejorando). + + + + + LESSON XVII. + (Lección décima séptima.) + + "SER" AND "ESTAR." + + +=Ser= is used as a true auxiliary, when it forms the passive voice. + +=Estar= is an auxiliary when it forms the progressive tenses, as + +Estoy escribiendo (I am writing). +Estaba escribiendo (he was writing). + +The difficulty in the employment of _ser_ and _estar_ is, by some, +unduly magnified. Others give the following rule-- + +_Ser_ denotes a permanent state. +_Estar_ "temporary" + +This rule should not be adopted because often it would not apply, as the +following two examples will show-- + +Él es soldado porque se ha alistado por dos años: He is a soldier as he +has enlisted for two years. + +Aquellos montes están eternamente cubiertos de nieve: Those mountains +are perpetually covered with snow. + +The following simple and true rules will enable the student to +understand the difference between _ser_ and _estar_ and to apply them +correctly. + + +_Ser_ is used-- + +1. To form the Passive Voice, as-- + +El cartero trajo las cartas--_Active_: The postman brought the letters. + +La carta fué traída[114] por el cartero--_Passive[115]_: The letter was +brought by the postman. + +[Footnote 114: The Past Part. following "Ser" and "Estar" agrees in +gender and number with the subject of these verbs.] + +[Footnote 115: Este cuarto es barrido todos los días (this room is swept +every day) is passive voice, because we speak of the _action_ of sweeping, +viz., somebody sweeps the room every day. Este cuarto está barrido--no +voice; "barrido" is used as an adjective to denote _state_ or +_condition_.] + +2. To denote an inherent[116] quality, as-- + +La nieve es blanca: Snow is white. +El hombre es mortal: Man is mortal. + +[Footnote 116: Inherence = a fixed state of being in another body. A +quality may be inherent "for the time being," as: Juan se ha alistado por +dos años, entonces _es soldado_: John has enlisted for two years, then he +is a soldier.] + + +_Estar_ is used to denote-- + +1. State in locality, viz., to be in a place, as-- + +Estoy aquí I am here. +Londres está en Inglaterra: London is in England. + +2. A condition, as-- + +Estoy candado: I am tired. +Está enfermo: He is ill. + + +SUPPLEMENTARY RULES. + +_Ser_ must be used-- + +1. Before any noun (even if an adjective or article intervenes), as-- + +Soy negociante: I am a merchant. + +Es un corredor de cambios bien conocido: He is a well-known exchange +broker. + +Son buenos valores: They are good securities. + +2. When "to be" is used to denote possession, as-- + +Los trapiches son de estos fabricantes: The sugar mills belong to these +makers. + +3. When "to be" us used impersonally, as-- + +Es necesario tomar medidas legales: It is necessary to take legal +proceedings. + +4. Before the words "Feliz," "Infeliz," "Pobre," and "Rico."[117] + +[Footnote 117: These are not, strictly speaking, "inherent qualities," +but they are spoken of as such.] + + +_Estar_ must, of course, be always used before Present Participles,[118] +as-- + +Está activando sus esfuerzos: He is making still further efforts. +Estamos extendiendo nuestras relaciones: We are extending our connection. + +[Footnote 118: A Pres. Part. can only express a condition, not a +quality.] + + + +Verbs ending in _cer_, _cir_, _ger_ and _gir_ change the _c_ into =z= +and the _g_ into =j= before _a_ or _o_ as-- + + ++----------------------+-----------------------+ +| =Vencer= (to win) | =Dirigir= (to direct)| ++----------------------+-----------------------+ +|_Pres. Indic._, venzo| dirijo | +|_Pres. Subj._, venza| dirija | ++----------------------+-----------------------+ + +Verbs ending in _guir_ and _quir_ change the _gu_ into =g= and the _qu_ +into =c= before _a_ or _o_, as-- + ++-------------------------+-------------------------+ +| =Distinguir= | =Delinquir=[119] | +| (to distinguish) |(to commit a delinquency)| ++-------------------------+-------------------------+ +|_Pres. Indic._, Distingo| Delinco | +|_Pres. Subj._, Distinga| Delinca | ++-------------------------+-------------------------+ + +[Footnote 119: The only verb ending in _quir_.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=acabar de=, to have just +=accesorio=, accessory +=activo y pasivo=, assets and liabilities +=antiguo=, old, ancient +=avería=, particular, particular average +=balance=, balance, balance sheet +=bastar=, to suffice, to be enough +=biela=, connecting rod +=caldera=, boiler +=cilindros=, cylinders +=citar=, to quote, to mention a passage +=*convenir=, to agree, to suit +=cotizar=, to quote prices +=cuenta de ganancias y pérdidas=, profit and loss account +=dejar=, to leave, to let +=disposición (á su)=, (at your) disposal +=durar=, to last +=el engranaje=, the gearing +=entregar=, to deliver +=equipo=, equipment +=es decir, ó sea= viz., namely +=á saber= viz., namely +=franco de porte=, carriage paid +=grifo=, cock (machinery) +=hasta la fecha=, (made up) to date +=huelga=, strike +=imprevisto=, unforseen +=á la izquierda=, to the left +=llegar á ser=, to become, to contrive to be +=*mantenerse=, to be maintained +=máquina=, machine, engine +=mercerizar=, to mercerize +=para con=, towards +=transporte seguido=, carriage forward +=porte pagadero al destino=, carriage forward +=presentar=, to present +=proveer=, to provide +=provisto (proveído)=, provided +=semejante=, similar +=*sentir=, to be sorry, to feel +=sin embargo=, however +=soportes, coginetes=, bearings +=tornillos=, screws +=transporte pagado=, carriage paid +=tubos=, tubes +=válvula=, valve +=el volante=, the fly-wheel +=y pico= (=veinte y pico=, etc.), odd, (twenty odd, etc.) + + + EXERCISE 1 (33). + +Translate into English-- + +1. La marca (the make) de estas máquinas y calderas es una de las más +antiguas. + +2. Son fabricadas en Inglaterra por los Srs. Fulano y Cía. + +3. Están aquí para su inspección y están todas provistas de sus +accesorios: cilindros, volantes, bielas, soportes, engranajes, válvulas +y tornillos. + +4. ¿No se fabrican también en Francia máquinas semejantes? + +5. Sí, Señor, estas á la izquierda son francesas y son buenas máquinas. + +6. Es cierto sin embargo que las inglesas son mejores y que están en +primera línea en la industria mundial. + +7. Los Srs. Fulano y Cía. han llegado á ser los primeros entre los +constructores que han comprendido que se podían entregar máquinas +excelentes á un precio relativamente bajo. + +8. Para no citar más que un ejemplo de la importancia de esta casa +basta decir que son suyas las 1,000 máquinas y +pico que se han exportado últimamente para Italia y la Argentina. + +9. Soy feliz de saberlo. + +10. Son fabricantes ricos y al mismo tiempo generosos para con los que +son pobres é infelices. + +11. Compraré diez fardos de Estampados Mercerizados si me los deja V. á +5-3/16 d. por yarda. + +12. Está bien; ¡está convenido! + + + EXERCISE 2 (34). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We have just received your Price List, but we are sorry to say your +prices are too dear. + +2. The cylinders and boilers are now ready. + +3. Every engine is sent out with its complete equipment, viz., tubes, +valves, cocks, etc. + +4. The Directors are preparing a balance sheet to be laid before (para +presentar á) the company at the next ordinary general meeting. + +5. It will show the assets and liabilities and a profit and loss account +made up to date. + +6. There will also be a report on the position and transactions of the +company. + +7. It is your action which has done us more harm (daño) than anything +else (cualquier otra cosa[120]). + +8. It is we (somos nosotros) who are tired of our agreement (convenio). + +9. The goods are at your disposal. + +10. We think the shares will be inactive (flojas). + +11. The demand for steel, iron and copper was very steady (firme) but it +is probable that it will not last. + +12. Are you rich? No, I am poor but I am happy. + +13. Our quotations will be maintained except in case of strikes or other +unforeseen circumstances. + +14. The four bales of linens will be delivered to you carriage paid, but +the boilers and (y sus) accessories you will receive (los recibirán) +carriage forward. + +15. The whole (todo) will be insured with particular average. + +[Footnote 120: Or: _=que nada más=_.] + + + + + LESSON XVIII. + (Lección décima octava.) + + TRANSITIVE VERBS. + + +A verb is Transitive when its action passes from the subject of the +action to the object. + +=Transitive Verbs= are divided into-- + +=1. Active= (when the subject of the verb stands for the doer or agent +of the action), as-- + +Renovamos nuestros ofrecimientos de servicios: We renew our offers of +services. + +=2. Passive= (when the subject of the verb stands for the real object of +the action, viz., when it suffers the action instead of doing it), as-- + +Los ofrecimientos de sus servicios nos fueron renovados en su último +escrito: His offers of services were renewed to us in his last letter. + +The Passive voice in Spanish is formed with the verb _ser_ as above, or +by using the =active voice= with the pronoun _se_, as-- + +Se nos renovaron los ofrecimientos de sus servicios: His offers, etc. + +Active verbs become reflexive when their subject and object are the same +person or thing, as-- + +Nos lisonjeamos poderlos servir por lo mejor de sus intereses: We +flatter ourselves that we can serve them to the best of their interests. + + +Reflexive verbs in the plural are also reciprocal, as-- + +Nos comprendemos: We understand each other. + +Nos escribimos muy frecuentemente: We write to each other very +frequently. + +"Uno á otro" and "los unos á los otros" may be added for greater +clearness, as-- + +Procuramos convencernos (á nosotros mismos). We try to convince +ourselves (each other). + +Procuramos convencernos (el uno al otro). We try to convince ourselves +(each other). + +The direct object of a transitive verb,[121] if a proper name of a +person or place, must be preceded by _á_, as-- + +Vimos al Señor Guillermo: We saw Mr. William. +Visitamos á Francia[122]: We visited France. + +[Footnote 121: With the exception of "Tener."] + +[Footnote 122: But not geographical names preceded by the article, as: +Avistamos La Habana (we sighted Havana).] + + +Á is also generally used before any noun =indicating= a person,[123] +as-- + +Empleamos á este corresponsal: We employ this correspondent. + +[Footnote 123: This part of the rule is not very strict, as we find it +sometimes omitted before persons, and at others used before names of +things, as: El hecho precedió á la palabra (the action preceded the +word).] + + +But _á_ should be avoided whenever it would engender confusion, or when +the verb governs an accusative and a dative at the same time, as-- + +Enviamos nuestro dependiente: We send our clerk. + +Recomendamos el Sr. Pérez á nuestro fabricante: We recommend Mr. Pérez +to our manufacturer. + +Á is also omitted when the noun following it does not refer to a +particular individual, but to =any= individual of a certain class, as-- + +Busco criado: I am looking for a servant. + +Juan no quiere socios en su empresa: John does not want any partners in +his undertaking. + + +Verbs whose root ends in _ll_ or _ñ_ take =e= and =o= instead of _ie_ +and _io_, as-- + ++------------------------------+-------------------------------+ +| =Bullir= (to boil). | =Gruñir= (to growl, grumble).| ++------------------------------+-------------------------------+ +|_Pres. Part._, Bullendo |Gruñendo | +|_Past Def._ Bulló, bulleron|Gruñó, gruñeron[124] | ++------------------------------+-------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 124: The Imperf. and Fut. Subj. follow the Past Def.] + +Verbs in whose conjugations _i_ should come =unstressed= between two +vowels change the unstressed _i_ into =y=, as-- + ++----------------------------------+ +| =Creer= (to believe). | ++----------------------------------+ +|_Pres. Part._, Creyendo. | +|_Past Def._, Creyó ... creyeron.| ++----------------------------------+ + +But the _Imperf. Indic._: creía, creías, creía, creíamos, creíais, +creían. + +Verbs ending in _zar_ change the _z_ into =c= before =e= (because, with +very few exceptions, _z_ is not used in modern Spanish before _e_ or +_i_), as-- + ++---------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Gozar= (to enjoy). | ++---------------------------------------------------------+ +|_Pres. Subj._, Goce, goces, goce, gocemos, gocéis, gocen.| +|_Past. Def._, Gocé ... | ++---------------------------------------------------------+ + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abedul=, birch +=abeto=, fir +=adjunto=, herewith +=agradable=, agreeable, pleasant +=arpillera=, bagging +=asegurar=, to insure +=atribuir=, to attribute +=el billar=, billiards +=bola=, ball +=calzado=, footwear +=camas, armazones de cama=, bedsteads +=carne seca=, jerked beef +=chalecos=, vests +=consignación=, consignment +=correas=, belts, belting (machinery) +=corresponsal=, correspondent +=egoísta=, selfish +=encaminar=, to forward +=entrar en el dique=, to dock (ships) +=fresno=, ash +=garbanzos=, Spanish or chick peas +=á grande velocidad=, by passenger train +=guisantes=, green peas +=habas=, broad beans +=haya=, beech +=hortalizas=, green vegetables +=instruir=, to instruct +=judías=, French beans +=latón=, brass +=la leche=, the milk +=loza=, crockery +=á pequeña velocidad=, by slow train +=pino=, pine +=plomo=, lead +=porcelana=, china +=productos químicos=, chemicals +=roble, encina=, oak +=rotura=, breakage +=semestre=, half-year +=suprimir=, to suppress, to leave out +=tacos=, billiard-cues +=el viaje=, the journey +=zinc=, zinc + + + EXERCISE 1 (35). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Estimamos en mucho á nuestros corresponsales y los servimos de la +mejor manera posible. + +2. Comunica el capitán del vapor "Ríos" que el jueves, al medio día, se +hallaba á seiscientas millas de Veracruz, sin novedad (all well). + +3. Hoy publica la Gaceta dos cuadros estadísticos (statistical tables) +formados por la Dirección general (Board) del Instituto Geográfico y +Estadístico, que expresan el movimiento de pasajeros por mar habido en +nuestro puerto durante el semestre pasado, y por los cuales se viene en +conocimiento (we can see) de la emigración é inmigración española. + +4. Desde el día 1° de Enero próximo satisfará (will pay) el calzado +extranjero 10% más de derecho de importación. + +5. Una comisión de Agricultores de Valencia visitó ayer tarde (yesterday +evening) al Presidente del Consejo (the Premier) para pedirle que se +suprima el impuesto sobre el transporte de hortalizas que establece la +nueva ley. + +6. Tiñendo estas telas con anilina se aumenta el coste de seis céntimos +por metro. + +7. Bulleron[125] la leche y la esterilizaron. + +8. Gocemos de las libertades á que tenemos derecho pero no abusemos de +ellas. + +9. Ellos creyeron lo que les dijimos (we said to them) y ya no nos +atribuyen intenciones egoístas. + +10. El Sr. Moreno sale para un viaje de negocios y visitará á Santo +Domingo y la Habana. + +11. He visto los Alpes y el Pirineo pero no el Himalaya. + +12. He visitado á España. + +[Footnote 125: "To boil" is generally _hervir_. Bullir is given as an +example of the conjugation.] + + + EXERCISE 2 (36). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Kindly see Mr. Marino and inform him that we shall soon send him a +consignment of timber, consisting of ash, beech, birch, fir, pine and +oak. + +2. We shall instruct our correspondent at Bilbao to forward to Vitoria +the brass, lead, tin (estaño), and zinc he holds (tiene) at our +disposal. + +3. By the boat (steamer) leaving (que sale) this week, we shall ship to +your consignment the bagging, belting, and bedsteads. + +4. The "María" docked yesterday with a cargo of broad beans, French +beans, green peas, and Spanish or chick peas. + +5. She also brings a parcel of jerked beef and canned tongues (lenguas +en latas). + +6. I have a friend who is a dealer in billiard tables, balls and cues. + +7. The candles and chemicals have been despatched last week. + +8. We flatter ourselves that we shall shortly be able to write to each +other pleasanter letters. + +9. We have insured the china and crockery free of particular average +(franco de), but we insured them against breakage at a (al) premium of +4%. + +10. Herewith please find claim (reclamo) for loss through (por) damage +in your last shipment of clocks and watches. + +11. Please send by slow train the coats, vests, and trousers and, by +passenger train, the remainder of the articles. + + + + + LESSON XIX. + (Lección décima nona.) + + INTRANSITIVE VERBS. + + +Intransitive verbs express a state, as "to live," "to sleep," or an +action that does not go beyond the doer, as "to go," "to walk." + +The Spanish language abounds in Intransitive Pronominal verbs, i.e., +verbs conjugated, same as the reflexive verbs, with a double pronoun =of +the same person= all through, as-- + + +=Quejarse= (to complain). + +_Pres. Indic._, Yo me quejo, tú te quejas, él se queja, nosotros nos +quejamos, vosotros os quejáis, ellos se quejan. + +_Fut. Indic._, Yo me quejaré, tú te quejarás, él se quejará, etc. + +These, of course, must not be confused with the Reflexive verbs. In the +reflexive verb, we have an action that passes from the doer and falls on +the doer itself, as-- + +Yo me amo: I love myself. + +Whilst in a neuter pronominal the action =does not go beyond the doer=. + +=Intransitive Pronominal Verbs= are of three kinds-- + +1. Those which are always pronominal, as-- + ++----------------------------+------------------------------+ +|Quejarse (to complain) |Jactarse (to boast) | +|Avergonzarse (to be ashamed)|Maravillarse[126] (to wonder) | +|Alegrarse[126] (to rejoice) |Proponerse[126] (to intend, to| +|Arrepentirse (to repent) | purpose) | +|Hacerse[126], volverse[126] |Desanimarse[126] (to feel | +| (to become) | discouraged) | ++----------------------------+------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 126: Some of these verbs may be also Transitive verbs with a +modified meaning, as: Alegrar (to gladden), Maravillar (to surprise), +Proponer (to propose). Here the pronominal form marks the difference +between Transitive and Intransitive.] + +2. A few which, when used pronominally, have their meaning intensified +or more or less modified, as-- + ++------------------------+----------------------------------+ +|Ir (to go) |Irse (to go away) | +|Reir (to laugh) |Reírse (to laugh at = suggesting | +| | scorn) | +|Entender (to understand)|Entenderse de paños (to be a judge| +| | of cloths) | +|Dormir (to sleep) |Dormirse (to fall asleep) | +|Correr (to run) |Correrse (to make a slip of the | +| | tongue). | ++------------------------+----------------------------------+ + +3. Many which may be used pronominally or otherwise without any +appreciable or definable modification of meaning, as-- + +Estar, estarse (to be) +Quedar, quedarse (to remain) +Casar (_con_), casarse (_con_), (to marry) +Pensar, pensarse (to think) +Yo pienso, _or_ me pienso que sí (I think so) +Me escapó de la memoria _or_ (it escaped my memory). +Se me escapó de la memoria (it escaped my memory). + +In the case of this third kind, students should not indulge freely in +the pronominal form, but should wait until they see it in the reading +of good books, because, although the meaning is practically the same in +all cases, still there are "finesses" of shade which practice alone can +teach. + + +=Irregular Verbs=. + +We shall give only those Primary Tenses which are irregular and the +Derivative Tenses when they are not formed regularly from the Primary +Tenses from which they are derived[127]-- + +[Footnote 127: For Primary and Derivative Tenses see Synopsis at the +end.] + ++---------------+--------------------------------------------+ +| | =Pensar= (to think).[128] | +|_Pres. Indic._,|Pienso-as-a, pensamos, pensáis, piensan. | +|_Pres. Subj._, |Piense-es-e, pensemos, penséis, piensen. | +|_Imperative_, |Piensa, pensad (_reg._). | ++---------------+--------------------------------------------+ +| | =Acordar= (to agree).[128] | +|_Pres. Indic._,|Acuerdo-as-a, acordamos, acordáis, acuerdan.| +|_Pres. Subj._, |Acuerde-es-e, acordemos, acordéis, acuerden.| +|_Imperative_, |Acuerda, acordad (_reg._). | ++---------------+--------------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 128: And its group; see Appendix VI.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=agitarse=, to agitate (_n._) +=algo=, something, anything (_interrog._) +=amenaza=, threat +=anticipación=, anticipation +=anticipar=, to anticipate +=anticipo=, advance +=arduo=, arduous, difficult +=baja=, decline +=bajo cubierta=, underdeck +=botones=, buttons +=callar=, to be silent, to abstain from saying +=camaradas=, comrades +=cepillo=, brush +=cinta=, ribbon +=cortarse=, to cut oneself, to stop short +=damascos=, damasks +=definitivo=, definite +=descuidar=, to neglect +=ejecutar=, to execute +=encaje de cortinas=, curtain lace +=espantarse=, to be frightened +=estiva=, stowage +=*imponer=, to impose +=impuesto=, imposed +=lienzo adamascado=, diaper +=pasas=, raisins +=patronos=, masters, employers of workmen +=prisa=, haste, hurry +=*producir=, to produce +=produje=, I produced +=produjeron=, they produced +=razón= (=á razón de=), at the rate of +=reglamento=, regulations +=sobre cubierta=, on deck +=sobre estadías=, demurrage +=sobrecargarse=, to overload oneself +=tonelada=, ton +=*traer=, to bring, to carry +=traje=, I brought, I carried +=tranquilo=, quiet +=uvas=, grapes +=vista= (=á la=), at sight + + + EXERCISE 1 (37). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Nuestros obreros se quejan del nuevo reglamento impuesto por los +Patronos. + +2. No se avergüenzan de decir que se arrepienten de no haber declarado +la huelga hace quince días y se alegran que sus camaradas en Francia se +agitan por el día de trabajo de ocho horas. + +3. Este problema se va haciendo cada día mas arduo. + +4. Voy á escribir una carta y después me iré. + +5. ¿Porqué ríe V.? + +6. Se ríe de mí sin duda porque no me espanto por sus amenazas, pero yo +sé bien lo que me hago (what I do) y V. no sabe lo que se dice. + +7. Este fabricante se entiende muy bien de paños. + +8. Nunca he visto á un hombre activo dormirse en medio de su trabajo. + +9. Quédese V. aquí, estése tranquilo y no piense á nada, su primo se +acuerda con V., me pienso verle esta tarde, y tal vez llegaremos á un +acuerdo común y definitivo. + +10. No deseo que piense V. que descuido la ejecución de sus órdenes á la +mayor brevedad (as soon as possible). + +11. Con la prisa me he corrido y he dicho algo que habría debido callar. + +12. Después de haber principiado á hablar muy bien se cortó y no pudo +hallar palabras para continuar. + + + EXERCISE 2 (38). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. You have anticipated my wishes. + +2. A further (nueva) decline in prices is anticipated (se prevé). + +3. We overloaded ourselves with stocks in anticipation (en la esperanza) +of large orders. + +4. To pay in anticipation. + +5. Thanking you in anticipation (anticipando las gracias, _or_ +agradeciéndoles de antemano) we remain. + +6. The news from the East (Levante) produced a bad effect on the market. + +7. To this effect (con este fin) I wrote him to draw (que girase) at +sight. + +8. Our efforts have all been to no effect (en balde). + +9. His plans have been carried into effect (llevados á cabo). + +10. The sailing vessel (velero) carried 800 tons of grapes and raisins, +600 under and 200 on deck. + +11. She used 5 lay days in loading (la carga), having therefore 3 days +left (quedándole), so that (así que) we do not think we shall have to +pay demurrage. + +12. The captain paid for stowage at the rate of 1s. per ton. + +13. The advance on account (á cuenta) of freight is £120. + +14. I wonder if everything will be in order? (¿Estará todo en orden?) + +15. I send you several patterns of curtain-lace, damasks, diapers, +ribbons, buttons, and brushes. + + + + + LESSON XX. + (Lección vigésima.) + + IMPERSONAL VERBS. + + +Impersonal verbs are those which are only conjugated in the 3rd pers. +sing, of all the tenses.[129] + +[Footnote 129: They are so called because they have no person or thing +as their subject.] + +The principal =Impersonal Verbs= are-- + +Llover-llueve (to rain, it rains) +Granizar (to hail) +Helar-hiela (to freeze, it freezes) +Lloviznar (to drizzle) +Nevar-nieva (to snow, it snows) +Relampaguear (to lighten) +Tronar-truena (to thunder, it thunders) +Alborear (to dawn) +Amanecer (to dawn) +Anochecer (to grow dark) + +The subject (generally understood) of Impersonal verbs is _ello_. +Sometimes we find the words _Dios_ or _el día_ expressed as subjects, +as-- + +Amanecerá Dios y veremos: Let us wait for the morning and then we shall +see. + +Amaneció el día: The day dawned. + +_Amanecer_ and _anochecer_ may be used as personal verbs, as-- + +Amanecimos en Madrid y anochecimos en Guadalajara: We were in Madrid at +daybreak and at nightfall in Guadalajara. + +Tú anocheciste bueno y amaneciste malo: You passed the night well, but +you had a bad morning. + +Many ordinary verbs are used sometimes impersonally, as-- + + +Bastar (to suffice). +Convenir (to suit). +Parecer (to appear). +Faltar[130] (to be wanting). +Hacer falta (to be wanted). +Suceder[131] (to happen). + +[Footnote 130: As a personal verb, it means also "to fail."] + +[Footnote 131: As a personal verb, it means also "to succeed."] + + +EXAMPLES-- + +Basta ganar la vida: It is enough to earn a living. + +No conviene explotar esta mina: It does not pay to exploit this mine. + +No parece justo que se aprovechen de este modo: It does not seem right +that they should take advantage in this way. + +Falta hacer algunos arreglos: Some arrangements are still wanting. + +Sucedió que se declaró en quiebra: It happened that he filed his +petition in bankruptcy. + + +In the sentences: + +Me bastan diez libras: £10 are enough for me. +Me parecen justas sus razones: His reasons seem to me to be right. +Le sucedieron muchas desgracias: Many misfortunes happened to him. + +the verb is =personal=, and this accounts for its being in the plural. +In "me bastan diez libras," "diez libras" is the subject. + +The verb is impersonal when referring to a whole statement, as-- + +(Ello) es necesario: It is necessary. + +Of _Haber_ and _Hacer_ as impersonal verbs, we have treated in Lesson +VIII and Lesson XVI. + +We add here that _Hacer_ is used impersonally before certain nouns to +denote the state of the weather or of the temperature, as-- + +Hace calor, frío, lluvia, viento, sol, etc.: It is warm, cold, rainy, +windy, sunny, etc. + +_Valer_ used impersonally = "to be better," as-- + +Más vale así: It is better so. + +Expressions like "¿Qué se dirá?" or "¿qué dirán?" (What will people +say?) may also be called impersonal uses of the verb. + + ++--------------------+----------------------------------------+ +| =Irregular Verbs= (_contd._). | ++--------------------+----------------------------------------+ +| =Andar= (to walk, to go). | +|_Past Def._, | Anduve,-iste,-uvo,-uvimos-uvisteis-uvieron.| ++--------------------+----------------------------------------+ +| =Dar= (to give). | +|_Pres. Indic._,| Doy,[132] das, da, damos, dais, dan. | +|_Pres. Subj._, | Dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den. | +|_Past Def._, | Dí, diste, dió, dimos, disteis, dieron. | ++--------------------+----------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 132: Only 6 verbs in Spanish do not end in _o_ in the 1st pers. +sing., pres. indic., viz., Doy (I give), Soy (I am), Estoy (I am), Voy +(I see), He (I have), Sé (I know).] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=algo=, somewhat +=asunto=, matter +=calor=, heat +=carranclanes, guingas=, ginghams +=cerrar el trato=, to conclude the bargain +=cheques=, cheques +=circular=, to circulate, to go round +=cobrar=, to collect (money) +=comprometer=, to compromise +=costa=, coast +=cuesta=, slope +=cuidar=, to take care +=cuidarse=, to take care of oneself +=decididamente=, decidedly +=decidir=, to decide +=después=, afterwards +=drogas=, drysalteries +=durante=, during +=faltar, hacer falta=, to be wanting, to be wanted +=el fin=, the end +=fustanes=, fustians +=gasa=, gauze +=gastos=, expenditure +=ingresos netos=, net revenue +=jamón=, ham +=letras=, bills of exchange +=maíz=, maize +=malbaratar=, to undersell +=mantas con franjas=, fringed blankets +=mercería=, haberdashery +=paseo=, promenade, walk, stroll +=puerto=, port, harbour +=recursos=, means +=*reducir=, to reduce +=reduje=, etc., I reduced, etc. +=reduzco, reduces=, etc., I reduce, etc. +=*seguir=, to follow, to continue +=sigo, sigues=, etc., I follow, etc. +=el temporal=, the storm +=*valer más=, to be preferable +=vencer=, to fall due +=vidriado=, glassware + + + EXERCISE 1 (39). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Amaneció el día hermoso pero algo frío. + +2. Hizo más calor después y por la tarde hizo _or_ sopló (blew) viento +fuerte. + +3. Anocheció cuando aun no habíamos llegado, pero como hacía luna el +paseo siguió siendo (continued to be) agradable. + +4. Ayer llovió, granizó, nevó y lloviznó sucesivamente todo el santo día +(the livelong day). + +5. Me parece que no le conviene de cerrar el trato con el banco bajo +estas condiciones. + +6. Me hace falta dinero pues es menester (it is necessary) +proporcionarme (to get) el importe que me falta para completar las +£1,000 que vencen el 15 del corriente. + +7. Más vale aceptar las condiciones del banco que tener que malbaratar +los géneros. + +8. Ande V. con cuidado (be careful) no sea (lest) que vaya V. á +comprometer su crédito. + +9. Reina por estas costas muy violento temporal á cuya consecuencia ha +resultado el vapor "Juan" con el árbol de la hélice (shaft of the screw) +roto, por lo cual hubo de ser traído á remolque á (to be towed into) +este puerto. + +10. El "Juan" navegaba con rumbo á (was bound for) Cádiz. + +11. Los modernos medios de fabricación de que disponemos, el +abaratamiento (cheapening) de la mano de obra (labour) y las +facilitaciones de que disfrutamos (we enjoy) merced á (thanks to) +nuestros cuantiosos (abundant) recursos, nos permiten, ahora más que +nunca, realizar nuestras ventas en condiciones que no cabe competencia +posible (which preclude ...). + +12. Hemos asegurado buenas partidas de fustanes, mantas con franjas, +gasas, y carranclanes. + + + EXERCISE 2 (40). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. San Paulo (Brazilian) Railway.--The net revenue for the half-year +from the main line (línea principal) amounted to £607,297 as against +(contra) £743,077 in 1909. + +2. The expenditure in England and the Interest on Stores (sobre los +depósitos) reduce the amount to £594,714. + +3. The Stock Exchange (la Bolsa) will be closed from this evening (esta +tarde) until next Monday morning. + +4. The turnover (giro) of the day's transactions has been small. + +5. Sentiment turned somewhat bearish (hubo disposición á la baja) +during the forenoon (la mañana), but became (se volvió) decidedly +bullish (á la alza) towards the end of the day. + +6. The following figures show the amount of bills and cheques which +passed through the banker's clearing-house (por el banco de liquidación) +during the week ended April 12th (que acabó el 12 de abril). + +7. We must not attach (atribuir) too much importance to the rumours (los +rumores, las especies) which are circulating in the market. + +8. You should take care that the bales are properly (bien) packed. + +9. I was ignorant of the fact that (no sabía que) he had been declared a +bankrupt. + +10. I shall do all that depends on me (de mí dependa) to collect the +money in full (por entero). + +11. As far as we are concerned (en cuanto á nosotros), we have decided +not to take (dar) any steps in the matter. + +12. We do not wish to throw good money after bad (echar la soga tras el +caldero).[133] + +13. We shall invoice by next mail your glassware and haberdashery. + +14. Ham is a drug in the market (no tiene salida). + +15. A good business is done at present in drysalteries. + +16. A good crop of maize is announced from Cape Town (desde el Cabo). + +[Footnote 133: Lit.: to throw the rope after the pail.] + + + + + LESSON XXI. + (Lección vigésima primera.) + + DEFECTIVE AND PRONOMINAL VERBS. + + +=Defective Verbs= are those only certain parts of which are in use, the +rest having never existed in the language or having died out of it. + +The principal ones are-- + +_Soler_. "To be wont," "to be accustomed to." Used in the pres. indic., +Suelo, sueles, suele, solemos, soleis, suelen; in the imperf. indic., +Solía, solías, etc.; and in the pres. perf., He solido, has solido, +etc., as-- + +En su juventud solía trabajar con ahinco--ahora ya ha aflojado un poco: +When he was young he used to work with fervour, now he begins to flag a +little. + +_Yacer_. "To lie"; generally on tombstones, as: Aquí yace: Here lies. + +(In poetry, but seldom in prose, it is found conjugated throughout.) + +_Salve_ and _Vale_ used in the Imperative for "Hail!" and "Farewell!" + +_Placer_ (to please). Generally used in "Plegue á Dios" (may it please +God) and "Pluguiera (pluguiese) á Dios" (might it please God). + +It is still used also in the 3rd pers. of Pres. Indic., Imperf. Indic, +and Past Def. (the Past Def. is "Plugo"). + + +EXAMPLES-- + +Mucho me place: It pleases me much. + +Plegue á Dios que no se declare la huelga: May it please God that a +strike is not declared. + +_Abolir_ (to abolish) is irregular like "mover" (viz., changes _o_ into +_ue_ when stressed). Its irregular parts are however never used, and are +substituted by giving a different turn to the sentence, as-- + +Digo que =se debe abolir= _instead of_ =se abuela=: I say that it must +be abolished. + +_Atañer_ (to bear upon) is only used in the 3rd pers., as-- + +Lo que atañe al asunto: What bears on the subject. + +Las noticias que atañen a nuestro proyecto: The news that bears on our +scheme. + +_Concerner_ (to concern) is only used in the pres. +participle--concerniendo (concerning) and in the 3rd persons, as: +concierne (it concerns), etc. + +=Pronominal Verbs= are verbs conjugated throughout with a double pronoun +of the same person, as-- + +_Amarse_--Yo me amo, tú te amas, el se ama, nosotros nos amamos, +vosotros os amais, ellos se aman. + +These are-- + +1. Reflexive Verbs (when the action falls back on the subject. See +Lesson XVIII), as--Yo me amo: I love myself. + +N.B.--The second pronoun must be direct object. If the second pronoun +is indirect object, the verb is called Transitive Pronominal, as-- + +Procurarse una clientela: To get a _clientèle_ (a connection). + +2. Intransitive Pronominal Verbs (see Lesson XIX). + +3. Intransitive Verbs made Pronominal from verbs ordinarily transitive +(see Lesson XIX), as-- + +Hacerse, Volverse: To become. + +La competencia se ha hecho imposible: Competition has become impossible. + +4. The 3rd pers. pronominal forms the Passive Voice, same as the verb +_ser_, as-- + +La sabiduría se alaba _or_ es alabada: Wisdom is praised. + +N.B.--If the doer is expressed after using _ser_ it may be preceded by +_de_ or _por_, as-- + +La sabiduría es alabada de _or_ por todos[134]: Wisdom is praised by +all. + +[Footnote 134: When the verb does not mean a physical action _de_ is +preferable.] + +If it is expressed after using _se_, =Por= must be used, as-- + +La sabiduría se alaba por todos: Wisdom is praised by all. (Grammar of +the Academy.) + +Pronominal Verbs are used in Spanish very frequently in conjunction with +the article to avoid the use of the possessive adjective before parts of +the body, or articles of dress,[135] as-- + +Me he quebrado la pierna: I broke my leg. + +Se ha dañado los ojos, _or_ la vista: He has damaged his eyes or +eyesight. + + +[Footnote 135: The article is most generally substituted for the +possessive pronoun referring to parts of the body or articles of dress, +whenever this can be done _without producing ambiguity_, as-- + + Me dió la mano: He gave me his hand. + Tiene los ojos azules: His eyes are blue. + Le cogí el brazo: I caught his arm. + Me duele la cabeza: My head aches. + Me lastiman las botas: My boots hurt me.] + + +=Irregular Verbs= (_contd._). + ++-----------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Entender=[136] (to understand). | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------+ +|_Pres. Indic._,| Entiendo-es-e, entendemos, entendéis, entienden.| +|_Pres. Subj._, | Entienda-as-a, entendamos, entendáis, entiendan.| +|_Imper. Mood_, | Entiende, entended (_reg._). | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 136: And its group (see Appendix IV)] + ++-----------------------------------------------------+ +| Mover[137] (to move). | ++-----------------------------------------------------+ +|_Pres. Indic._,| Muevo-es-e, movemos, movéis, mueven.| +|_Pres. Subj._, |Mueva-as-a, movamos, mováis, muevan. | +|_Imper. Mood_, |Mueve, moved (_reg._). | ++-----------------------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 137: And its group (see Appendix IV)] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=acusar recibo=, to acknowledge receipt +=ascensor=, lift, hoist +=bien estar=, well being +=colección=, collection, set of samples +=confiar á=, to entrust +=confiar en=, to trust in +=corresponder á las necesidades=, to meet the requirements +=corriente, el que rige=, inst. +=cucharas=, spoons +=cuchillo=, knife +=cueros=, hides +=*deshacerse=, to get rid of +=deshecho=, got rid of +=distrito=, district +=empacar=, to pack +=empaqué, etc=., I packed, etc. +=*establecerse=, to establish oneself +=me establezco, etc=., I establish myself, etc. +=fantasías=, fancies +=herramientas=, tools +=manga=, sleeve +=*manifestar=, to inform, to say by letter +=manifiesto, etc=., I inform, etc. +=moeres=, mohair +=nanquines=, nankeens +=pieles=, skins +=planchas de hierro=, sheet iron +=principio=, beginning +=telas para trajes= (=de Señora=), dress goods +=tenedores=, forks +=*torcer=, to twist +=tuerzo, etc=., I twist, etc. +=vale=, farewell, adieu +=viajante=, traveller (commercial) +=viajar=, to travel +=vivamente=, earnestly, vividly + + + EXERCISE 1 (41). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Sin ningunas de sus gratas á que referirnos dirigimos á Vs. la +presente para manifestarles que estando muy á corto (short) de fondos +nos hemos visto precisados (we have been obliged) á girar á su cargo (on +you) por el saldo de nuestra factura de Planchas de Hierro y +Herramientas. + +2. ¡Plegue á Dios que nuestros buenos deseos tengan pleno cumplimiento +(may be fully realised)! + +3. ¿Quiere V. encargarse (take charge) de ese asunto? + +4. Mucho me place (with much pleasure). + +5. Se dice que pronto se abolirá esta ley. + +6. Tendré mucho gusto que sea abolida (_not_ se abuela). + +7. Todo lo que atañe al desarrollo de la agricultura ó que concierne el +bien estar general del país me interesa vivamente. + +8. La honradez (honesty) es alabada de (_or_ por) todos pero nunca se +alaba tanto como por los de manga ancha (those who themselves are not +over-scrupulous). + +9. El comerciante después de haberse muy bien establecido se consumió el +capital en especulaciones bursátiles. + +10. Nos hemos deshecho de los cuchillos, tenedores y cucharas sin tanta +pérdida como temíamos. + +11. El cajero bajando en el ascensor se ha torcido el pie y se está en +casa guardando cama (in bed). + +12. ¿Entiende V. las razones porque ha de subir el cambio? + +13. Para que las entienda debo leer la revista de la Bolsa (Exchange +Review). + +14. Entienda V. que esto no ha de hacerse otra vez. ¡Entendido! + + + EXERCISE 2 (42). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. With reference to your esteemed order of 1st inst. for skins and +hides, we understand exactly what you want, but we much regret to say +that we are unable to get in (obtenerlos) at your limit. + +2. We acknowledge receipt of your favour (apreciable) of the 1st inst. +with note of purchase we are to make on (de _or_ por) your account, and +we shall report thereon (contestaremos, relataremos) by our next. + +3. We have picked up (escogido) a few suitable clearing lines (saldos), +which are awaiting shipment (se embarcarán) by next steamer. + +4. Stripes and checks.--Owing to a breakdown in the works these will not +be ready for (antes de) another fortnight. + +5. The goods were packed according to (de conformidad con) your +instructions, but we take no responsibility for sending them (haberlos +mandado) in bales instead of cases as usual (como de costumbre). + +6. We hand (pasamos) you enclosed the invoice amounting to (importando +en, ascendiendo a) £155 6s. 7d. to the debit of your account, value +(valor al) 15th inst. + +7. We can assure you that any (cualesquiera) orders entrusted to our +care (que se nos confíen) will receive careful attention. + +8. Our traveller will be in your district by the beginning of September, +and he will have much pleasure in waiting upon you (en visitarles) with +our full (completa) collection of dress goods and fancies. + +9. We hasten to offer you a lot of cheap mohairs and nankeens and hope +they will meet your requirements. + + Hoping to receive a favourable reply, + Yours faithfully, + SMITH AND Co. + + Prices are (van _or_ están) marked on (en) the samples. + S. & Co. (Vale).[138] + +[Footnote 138: Used instead of initialling a postscriptum.] + + + + + LESSON XXII. + (Lección vigésima segunda.) + + THE MOODS. + + +Mood is that form or modification of the Verb which marks the mode in +which an action is viewed or stated. + + +There are =5= moods in Spanish: one the Infinitive and =4= Finite, viz., +the Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, and Imperative. + + +The =Infinitive Mood= (Modo Infinitivo) represents the action or state +of being without any reference to time or person. The present and past +participles are parts of the Infinitive Mood. + +The Infinitive Mood may be used in the capacity of a noun either as +Subject or Object of the sentence. It is then generally (but not +necessarily) accompanied by the def. article, as-- + +El leer es útil: To read is useful. +Me es necesario el leer: It is necessary for me to read. + +The form of the Pres. Part. used in this capacity in English is +inadmissible in Spanish, e.g., we could never say "leyendo" for "el +leer" (or "la lectura"). + +The Infinitive Mood preceded by _á_ may have a passive meaning, as-- + +Una consignación á hacer _or also_ á hacerse (á ser hecha): A shipment +to be made. + +The Infinitive Mood preceded by _á_ may be used instead of the Finite +Mood introduced by "if," as-- + +Á saber yo que V. era accionista de aquella compañía, le habría +comunicado luego aquella relación: If I had known (or had I known) that +you were a shareholder in that society, I would have sent you at once +that report. +The =Present Participle= after "to be" is used in both languages to form +the continuous or progressive tenses; in Spanish this happens much less +frequently than in English, and only with verbs whose action implies +=duration of time= and besides when it is spoken of as =actually in +progress=. This form is never possible with the verb "to go," and is +very rarely found with "to come," as-- + +Miro aquellas Mantas y Terlices que me gustan: I am looking at those +Blankets and Tickings which I like. + +Grita: He is shouting. + +Nos escribe continuamente: He is continually writing us. + +Hoy como con el arquitecto: To-day I am dining with the architect. + +Estoy haciendo mi correspondencia, no puedo dejar el despacho: I am +writing my correspondence, I cannot leave the office. + +A =Preposition= before a Pres. Part. is either translated by a +preposition followed by the Infinitive Mood or by the Pres. Part. +without a Preposition, as-- + +Al ir _(or _yendo) á la Bolsa; On going to the Exchange. + +EXCEPTION-- + +After _en_ we find the Pres. Part. used with the following meaning--e.g. + +En acabando saldré: As soon as I have finished, I shall go out. + +"I, acting as trustee," is translated "Yo, procediendo como síndico"; +but "I wrote to the party acting as umpire" would be "Escribí á la +persona que funcionaba (_not_ funcionando) de árbitro." + +After "Intentar,"[139] "Ver," "Oir," "Sentir," and "Simular" the +Infinitive only can be used in Spanish, as-- + +[Footnote 139: Or verbs of similar meaning. + + Intento (_or_ pienso) hipotecar la casa: I intend mortgaging the + house. + Le veo pasar: I see him passing. + "My coming," "my going," etc., are translated: "El venir _or_ el + haber venido yo," etc.] + +The Past Part. may be used in an absolute manner, as-- + +Entregada la carta se fué: The letter (being) delivered, he went. + +Sellados los sobres, los echó al correo: Having sealed the envelopes he +posted them. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abogado=, lawyer, barrister +=bombas de aire=, air pumps +=*contribuir=, to contribute +=contribuyo, etc=., I contribute +=convenio=, agreement +=desperdiciar=, to waste +=diseño=, design +=embajador=, ambassador +=empeños=, obligations, engagements +=estación, temporada=, season +=Estados Unidos=, United States +=excelentemente=, excellently +=forma=, shape +=forros=, linings +=gorras=, caps +=*hacer frente=, to face, to meet (bills, etc.) +=honrar=, to honour +=locomotora=, locomotive +=malgastar=, to waste, to squander +=Navidad=, Christmas +=necesitar, desear=, to require +=paso= step +=*poner en conocimiento=, to inform +=ponerse de acuerdo=, to agree +=pormenores=, particulars +=presupuesto=, estimate +=proyectar=, to project, to plan +=representar=, to represent, to act for +=rizo del ala=, curl of the brim (of a hat) +=secretario=, secretary +=senado=, senate +=someter=, to submit +=supondré, etc=., I shall suppose, etc. +=*suponer=, to suppose +=supongo, etc=., I suppose, etc. +=supuse, etc=., I supposed, etc. +=tarea=, task +=tratado de arbitraje=, arbitration treaty +=varar=, to ground (a ship) +=variedad=, variety +=vendré, etc=., I shall come, etc. +=vengo, vienes, etc=., I come, etc. +=*venir=, to come +=vine, etc=., I came, etc. + + + EXERCISE 1 (43). + +Translate into English-- + +1. El escribir concisa y claramente contribuye al buen éxito (success) +de una casa comercial. + +2. Quedan muchos pasos á dar. + +3. Á suponer yo que no honrara sus aceptaciones no le habría concedido +el crédito. + +4. ¿Qué hace V.? + +5. Estoy escribiendo un presupuesto para una locomotora y cuatro bombas +de aire que se piden para Chile; en acabando mi tarea saldré (I shall +come out) con V. + +6. Debemos escribir al abogado que representa al Sr. Fulano para ponerle +en conocimiento de los pormenores que puedan interesarle. + +7. Sí, Señor, pensaba hacerlo mañana. + +8. Siento tener que informar á V. que he encontrado al Sr. Smith y le he +oído decir que no puede hacer frente á sus empeños. + +9. Ejecutada esta primera orden, y pagada que sea (once paid) le +manifestaré claramente que no me conviene continuar bajo estas +condiciones. + +10. Se asegura que el secretario del departamento de Estado y el +embajador de Inglaterra se han puesto de acuerdo, hace poco, sobre los +principales puntos del tratado de arbitraje proyectado por el Presidente +de los Estados Unidos. + +11. Se supone que dicho (said) convenio será sometido al senado antes de +Navidad. + +12. Se han recibido noticias de haber naufragado (shipwrecked) un buque +en la costa de Marruecos (Morocco) y de haber varado otro en Almería. + + + EXERCISE 2 (44). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I do not consider (no creo que) I have been fairly (equitativamente +_or_ bien) treated. + +2. Silk and Cotton Linings.--We note (nos enteramos de) your complaints +but you know they were bought as job lots (imperfectos) and in buying +such lots, one has to put up with (conformarse con) some +imperfections (defectos, imperfecciones). + +3. The hats and caps have turned out (salido) excellently. + +4. The former (aquéllos) are exactly of the shape and curl you require +and the latter (éstas) include (abarcan) a large variety of designs. + +5. They will reach you (le llegarán) in plenty of time (con bastante +anticipación) for the coming (entrante) season. + +6. Please report (hacer sus comentos) on samples as soon as received +(luego que las reciban). + +7. Reading good papers is necessary to keep oneself posted up +(mantenerse al corriente), but reading the sensational news (noticias +sensacionales) of a certain press (prensa) is wasting one's time. + +8. Are you going to Spain this year? + +9. I do not think so, my correspondent is coming to England. + +10. We shall write to the gentleman acting as secretary to send us (que +nos envíe) a copy of the report. + +11. Did you hear him saying that? + +12. I regret having to inform you that once I have paid what I owe (to +owe = deber), I shall not continue my transactions with your firm. + + + + + LESSON XXIII. + (Lección vigésima tercera.) + + THE MOODS (_contd._). + + +The =Indicative Mood= (Modo Indicativo) is that form of the verb that +expresses the action in a =positive manner=, as a =fact=. + +The =Conditional Mood= (Modo Condicional)[140] affirms like the +Indicative Mood in a positive manner, =but subject to a condition=. + +The =Imperative Mood= is used to command or to beg. This mood has only +one tense and one distinct form of person: the second, as-- + +Habla tú: Speak thou. +Hablad vosotros: Speak ye _or_ you. + +The 1st pers. sing, does not occur and the other persons are taken from +the Present Subjunctive.[141] + +In the 3rd person (and sometimes even the 1st plural) the pres. subj. +may take the place of the Imperative used affirmatively. This becomes +apparent by the use of _Que_, which precedes the Subjunctive and when an +object pronoun occurs in the sentence, as-- + +Escríbalo él _or_ Que lo escriba él: Let him write it. + +There is no Imperative Mood negative in Spanish.[142] + +[Footnote 140: English form: (auxiliary) should + verb for 1st persons; +(auxiliary) would + verb for 2nd and 3rd persons.] + +[Footnote 141: With only one exception-- + =Ir= (to go). 1st pers. pl., Pres. Subj.--Vayamos. 1st pers. pl., + Imperative--Vayamos _or_ vamos (more used).] + +[Footnote 142: It is borrowed entirely from the Pres. Subjunctive, as: +No hables, no hable, no hablemos, no habléis, no hablen. The difference +is of course, only apparent in the 2nd person.] + + +=The Subjunctive Mood=. + +This mood offers some difficulty to English students; this arises from +the fact that in English this mode of viewing the action of the verb is +often rendered by the indicative mood or by the semi-auxiliary verbs +"may," "might," "should," "would." + +=Note=.--The Spanish rule on the Subjunctive mood must be therefore +applied irrespective of the English construction. + +GENERAL RULE. + +The Subjunctive Mood can only be used in dependent clauses, as-- + +Yo quiero que él venga: I wish him to come. +Yo quiero que él vaya: I wish him to go. + +And then, only when, by reason of what precedes in the Principal Clause, +the action of the Subordinate verb is not expressed in a positive manner +(i.e., as a fact) but as merely contingent (i.e., only conceived in the +mind), as-- + +Yo declare que él vino (_or_ vendría): I say that he came + _or_ that he would come. +Yo espero que él venga: I hope that he may come. +Yo esperaba que él viniese: I hoped that he might, _or_ + would come. + +SPECIAL RULES. + +I. A verb in a dependent clause is placed (generally) in the Subjunctive +Mood after verbs expressing an action, or emotion of the mind, when the +subjects of the principal and of the subordinate verbs are different. + +EXAMPLES of principal verbs which govern the following verb in the +Subjunctive Mood-- + +aconsejar (to advise) +alegrarse de que (to be glad that) +avergonzarse de que (to be ashamed that) +conceder (to grant) +conseguir (to obtain) +desear (to desire) +esperar (to hope) +evitar (to avoid) +impedir (to hinder) +mandar (to order) +querer (to wish) +rogar (to ask, to beg) +sentir (to regret) +temer (to fear) +confiar en que (to trust) + +N.B.--(_a_) If the 2nd verb should have the same subject, use the +Infinitive Mood, as-- + +Deseo que venga: I wish him to come. +Deseo venir: I wish to come. + +(_b_) After verbs expressing joy, shame, sorrow, or fear, the Indicative +may be used instead of the Subjunctive. + +(_c_) After "mandar" (to order) the subordinate verb is often in the +Infinitive instead of the Subjunctive, as-- + +Mándele V. que lo haga: Order him to do it. +Mándeselo V. hacer: Order him to do it. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=agradar, favorecer=, to oblige +=almacenero, dependiente de almacén=, warehouseman +=celebrar=, to be glad of +=colorido=, colouring +=*complacer=, to oblige +=complazco, etc=., I oblige, etc. +=(el) cortapluma=, penknife +=cortésmente=, politely +=coste flete y seguro=, cost, freight and insurance +=*dar las gracias=, to hank +=demora=, delay +=*demostrar confianza=, to show confidence +=deplorar=, to deplore +=dictados=, dictates +=en seguida=, at once +=franco de avería particular=, free of particular average +=*hacer una remesa=, to send a remittance +=intereses=, interests +=justificarse=, to justify oneself +=mucho=, much, exceedingly, greatly +=navajas de afeitar=, razors +=obrar=, to act +=patines=, skates +=primer dependiente=, chief clerk +=propio=, own +=*rogar=, to beg, to request +=ruego, etc=., I beg, etc. +=sin novedad=, safe and sound +=tela para pantalones=, trousering +=tijeras=, scissors + + + EXERCISE 1 (45). + +Translate into English-- + +1. En nuestra anterior les rogámos[143] nos enviasen una muestra de las +telas de nuestros competidores. + +2. Celebraremos mucho que encuentren ventaja en el cambio de vía (route) +que hemos adoptado para sus envíos. + +3. Siento haber hecho este error y siento también que mi primer +dependiente no me lo haya hecho observar. + +4. Me avergüenzo que por culpa de un dependiente de almacén negligente +haya recibido V. un género por otro (the wrong goods). + +5. Nunca me avergüenzo de hablar á las claras (openly, clearly). + +6. No podemos ni deberíamos querer impedir á los otros que piensen como +quieran; lo que sí debemos hacer es aconsejar á todos que obren según +los dictados de su propia conciencia. + +7. Lo que me esté bien (is my duty) hacer lo haré. + +8. Espero me mande pronto los coloridos para las telas para pantalones. + +9. Deploro que él quiera justificarse con argumentos que se quiebran de +sutiles (which do not stand the light of day). + +10. Explícate para que te entienda. + +11. No te justifiques con malas razones (by quibbling). + +12. Explíqueme V. de que se trata (what it is about). + +13. No le explique V. más de lo necesario. + +[Footnote 143: The 1st pers. plural Past Definite of the 1st Conjugation +may take an accent to distinguish it from the Present Indicative.] + + + EXERCISE 2 (46). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We should like to do more business with your firm. + +2. You would greatly oblige (us) by sending us a remittance. + +3. He would do well to write it to them. + +4. Let him write at once. + +5. We hope you may arrive safe and sound, and we advise you to take care +of yourself. + +6. From what we can gather (por lo que tenemos entendido) the firm is +doing a successful (buenos) business. + +7. We trust this information will be of service (de utilidad) to you. + +8. The documents appear to be in order and we hope there will be no +difficulty. + +9. We are glad the goods have arrived before the time stipulated +(estipulado). + +10. We do not want you to lose any money; on the contrary, we wish you +to realise a substantial (buena) profit. + +11. Tell the clerk to write more politely. + +12. Order them to do it quickly. + +13. I may come (es posible que venga) to-morrow. + +14. We notice (observamos) that the Razors, Scissors, Penknives and +Skates are ready to be shipped, and trust (confiamos) that, as announced +(nos anunciaron Vs.), they will come to hand (llegaran á manos) without +delay. + +15. We thank you for the confidence you have shown in us which we hope +to justify and you may be sure that we shall do our best for (por) your +interests. + +16. I request you kindly to insure the cargo against total loss or +f.p.a.[144] + +17. Sell at 21s. c.i.f.[145] + +[Footnote 144: Free of particular average.] + +[Footnote 145: Cost, insurance, freight.] + + + + + LESSON XXIV. + (Lección vigésima cuarta.) + + THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (_contd._). + + +II. The Subjunctive Mood is used after Impersonal verbs, as + +Es menester que lo haga: It is needful that he does it. +Es necesario que lo haga: It is necessary that he does it. + + +EXCEPTIONS-- + +1. When the Impersonal Verb expresses certainty, as-- + +Es cierto que lo hará: It is certain that he will do it. + +2. When the dependent verb has not its own subject, both the following +constructions are correct-- + +Es necesario hacerlo: It must be done +Es necesario que se haga: It must be done + +III. The Subjunctive Mood is used after the following locations--- + +Antes que (before) +En caso que (in case) +De miedo que (lest) +Por más que (however much, although) +Sin que (without) +Para que (so that) +Á menos que (unless) +Salvo que (except that) +Con tal que (provided that) +Sea que (whether ... or) +Aunque (even if) + + +IV. The Subjunctive Mood is generally used after the following +locations, when the action refers to future time, but the Indicative is +used when the action refers to the past or present-- + +Después que (after) +Aunque (although) +De modo que (so that) +No obstante que (notwithstanding) +Cuandoquiera que (whenever) +Hasta que (until) +Luego que (as soon as) +Quienquiera que (whoever) +Comoquiera que (however) +Cualquiera que (whichever, whoever) +Dondequiera que (wherever) +El 1°, 2°, 3°, etc., que (the 1st 2nd 3rd, etc., that) +El único que (the only one that) +El solo que (the only one that) +El último que (the last that) +Nada que (nothng that) +Ninguo, nadie que (no one that) +El mejor (or any other superlative) que (the best etc., that) + + +E.g.-- + +Escribió de modo que su padre quedó contento: He wrote so that his +father remained content. + +Escriba V. de modo que su padre quede contento: Write so that your +father may remain content. + +Le pagué aunque no hizo su trabajo: I paid him, although he did not do +his work. + +No le pagaré aunque haga su trabajo: I shall not pay him although he may +do his work. + + +The above rules have liberties and exceptions to be learnt by practice, +generally turning on whether the action is intended to be alluded to =as +a fact= or as =a mere conception=. + + +V. The Subjunctive Mood is used after _cuando, así como, luego que_ and +similar expressions when the action of the verb refers =to the future=, +as-- + +Lo haré cuando tenga tiempo: I shall do it when I have time. + +N.B.--The Future Subjunctive is often used in this case. + + +VI. The Subjunctive Mood is used after _si_ (conditional _if_) when the +context requires the following verb in the past form, as-- + +Lo haría si tuviese (tuviera) dinero: I should do it if I had money. + +N.B.--If the context requires the verb in the present form, the +Indicative Present must be used, as-- + +Lo hago si tengo tiempo: I do it if I have time. + +Lo haré si tengo tiempo: I shall do it if I have time. + +When, as in the latter example a future time is indicated, the Future +Subjunctive may be used instead of the Pres. Indicative, as-- + +Lo haré si tuviere tiempo: I shall do it if (ever) I have time. + + +VII. After _como_ the Subjunctive Mood is used idiomatically but not +necessarily, as-- + +Como le vió le habló: As soon as he saw him he spoke to him. + +Como le viese le habló: On seeing him he spoke to him. + + +VIII. After _creer, pensar, opinar,_ and similar verbs, the following +verb is generally in the Indicative; but after _no creer,_ etc., the +verb is in the Subjunctive mood. After _creer,_ etc., used +interrogatively, the verb may be Indicative or Subjunctive. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abacá=, Manilla hemp +=calcetines=, half-hose, socks +=cáñamo=, hemp +=cancelar=, to cancel +=coger=, to catch +*=conseguir=, to succeed in +=contado (al)=, (in) cash +=dificultad=, difficulty +=un dineral=, a mint of money +=encogerse=, to shrink +=equivocarse=, to be mistaken +=la gente=, the people +=mecanismo=, mechanism, contrivance +=medias=, stockings, hose +=ocurrir=, to happen +=perfeccionar=, to perfect +=persona=, person +=por mas que=, however much, whatever +*=probar=, to prove, to attempt, to try +=pruebo, etc=., I try, etc. +*=reconvenir=, to reprimand +=repasar=, to look over +*=saber=, to know +=se, sabes, sabe, etc=., I know, etc. +=sepa, sepas, sepa, etc=., I may know, +*=ser menester=, to be necessary +=telefonear=, to telephone +=trabajo=, work +=yute=, jute + + + EXERCISE 1 (47). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Es conveniente (proper) y aun absolutamente necesario que se acabe +esta cuestión. + +2. Es cierto que se acabará. + +3. Es posible que suba el mercado; tal vez suba más de lo que se crea. + +4. Es el único cliente que no haya pagado su factura. + +5. Es menester pues escribirle y apremiarle para que cumpla con su deber +(to fulfil his duty). + +6. Antes que escriba V., repase sus libros para que no haya miedo de que +haya ocurrido alguna equivocación (mistake). + +7. Á menos que pague le citaremos ante los Tribunales (we shall summon +him) de miedo que otros sean pagados con nuestro dinero. + +8. Por más que V. diga, las medias, calcetines, y guantes no son iguales +á las muestras que sirvieron de base (as a basis) al contrato. + +9. Sin que V. me lo diga lo haré, salvo que intervenga algun +contratiempo (any hitch should happen) y con tal que, ínterin (in the +meantime) llegue su remesa. + +10. Sea que llegue, sea que no, V. debería hacerlo aunque le fuese en +ello todo su capital (all your capital were at stake). + +11. Telefonee V. cuando quiera. + +12. Celebrare lo haga luego que le sea posible. + +13. Así como sepa algo le telefoneare. + +14. Enviaría las zarazas si estuviese seguro que no me viniera (_imp. +subj._ of venir) después con quejas. + +15. No creo que cueste muy cara esta seda. + +16. No me parece que salio ventajosa aquella transacción. + + + EXERCISE 2 (48). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. It is impossible for us to obtain the goods. + +2. He spoke as if he were sure of it. + +3. I may (es posible que) accept your price, provided you pay cash. + +4. It is certain the white shirtings have shrunk too much in bleaching +(en el blanqueo). + +5. He insisted until he paid him something and now he will continue to +insist until he pays him something more. + +6. The foreign correspondent (el corresponsal de lenguas extranjeras) +did his work so that his employer was satisfied. + +7. Write clearly so that people may read your writing (su letra) without +difficulty. + +8. Whenever I spoke to him he was very polite, therefore, I shall put +(diré) a word in his favour whenever I can do so. + +9. I reprimanded him notwithstanding that he was my son, and I shall do +so whenever it is necessary in spite of his being now a man. + +10. The first to come was the office-boy (muchacho, hortera [joc.]), and +he will be the last to go (á salir). + +11. The first firm that attempts it will burn its fingers (se cogerá los +dedos). + +12. He was the only one who understood us. + +13. He is not the only one who is mistaken. + +14. They will not be the only persons who will be mistaken. + +15. Whoever succeeds in perfecting this contrivance will be sure to make +(es seguro que hará) a mint of money. + +16. We shall be thankful if you will cancel our order for flax, hemp, +Manilla hemp and jute. + + + + + LESSON XXV. + (Lección vigésima quinta.) + + THE TENSES. + + +The Tenses in Spanish being mostly used as in English, we shall only +call attention to such of the principal differences between the two +languages as have not yet been treated. + +=Present--= + +The English emphatic Present, "I do say," must be expressed by "Lo digo +en efecto," "lo digo de veras," "lo digo sí." + +"I do" with a verb understood after, as "Do you understand? I do" is +translated by "Sí," "Sí, señor," or "Sí entiendo." + +"Are you an engineer? Yes, I am"; "He is generous with me, and I am with +him"; "He is my surety, and I am his"; must be translated by "Es V. +ingeniero? Sí, lo soy"; "Es generoso conmigo y yo lo soy con él"; "Él es +mi fiador y yo lo soy suyo." + + +=Past--= + +The English language has one form of Simple Past--I wrote. + +In Spanish this is translated by-- + +Yo escribía (Imperf. Indic.) or + +Yo escribí (Past Definite), according to sense. + +It is most important to learn the difference between the Imperfect +Indicative and the Past Definite (or Preterite), because these two +tenses admit of no compromise in Spanish. + +The =Imperfect Indicative=[146] _describes_ an action or state which was +_present_ when another past action took place, or another past state +existed. + +[Footnote 146: Or Descriptive Past.] + +The =Past Definite= or =Preterite=[147] _narrates_ an event.[148] + +[Footnote 147: Or Narrating Past (this is why it is often called the +Historical Past).] + +[Footnote 148: "Napoleon I died in 1821" is an event. "I fell" is +grammatically also an event.] + +Consequently, it will be understood that whilst the Past Def. refers to +"one point of time" or "several =separate= points of time," the +Imperfect embraces a whole indefinite period. + +The following examples will show clearly the different functions of +these two tenses-- + +Le escribí una vez (_or_ dos o tres veces) mientras él viajaba en +Argentina: I wrote to him once (or two or three times) whilst he +travelled[149] in Argentina. + +[Footnote 149: Travelled--was travelling, but notice that in Spanish we +would also have the progressive form--"estaba viajando."] + +Encontré á Luis, quien llevaba levita negra: I met Louis, who wore[150] +a black frock-coat. + +[Footnote 150: Wore--was wearing. Here in Spanish the progressive form +"estaba llevando" would not be admissible because there is _no real +progressive action_.] + +Hacía grandes negocios cuando residía en Chile: I had a large business +when I resided in Chili. + +Los Cartagineses eran un pueblo comercial y emprendedor: The +Carthagenians were a commercial and enterprising people. + +Él estaba allí cuando yo llegué: He was there when I arrived. + +Él leía al entrar yo en el bufete del abogado: He was reading when I +entered the lawyer's office. + +En Inglaterra trabajaba[151] ocho horas cada día: In England I worked +(used to work) eight hours a day. + +[Footnote 151: As will be seen, the English "was" followed by a pres. +part. or the expression "used to be" may always be rendered by the +Spanish Imperfect, but the Spanish progressive form also exists: +"Estaba leyendo" (he was reading), and "used to" has its equivalent +"solía":--"Solía trabajar 8 horas" (he used to work 8 hours).] + +Cada mes recibiamos nuestro sueldo: Each month we received (used to +receive) our pay. + +Ayer cerré el contrato: Yesterday I signed the contract. + +Las pipas de vino resultaron averiadas: The casks of wine were damaged. + +Trabajé en Inglaterra 5 años[152]; Viví dos años en Londres y tres en +Manchester: I worked 5 years in England; I lived two years in London and +three in Manchester. + +[Footnote 152: This _is_ "a period of time," but it is _definite_.] + +As will be seen in all the examples of the Imperfect, the action or +state is described as "existing in the past." + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abarrotado=, glutted, cram full +=acorazado=, iron-clad +=ajo=, garlic +=alerta=, on the alert, on the look out +=brisa=, breeze +=cebollas=, onions +=conducta=, conduct, behaviour +=contrabando=, contraband +=cosecha=, harvest, harvest-time, crop +*=dar en el clavo=, to hit it +=dátiles=, dates +=encogido=, shrivelled, shrunk +=fruta=, fruit +=granadas=, pomegranates +=guardias aduaneras=, custom house officials +=higos=, figs +=inmaturo=, verde, unripe +=limones=, lemons +=llevar=, to carry, to wear +=matute=, smuggling +=mirar=, to look +=moscatel=, muscatel grapes +=naranja=, orange +¡=ojo=! attention! +=olvidar=, to forget +=pasas de Corinto=, currants +=podrido=, rotten +=por decirlo así=, so to say, as it were +*=querer decir=, to mean +=recobrar=, to recover +=reprensible=, objectionable +=resumir=, to recapitulate, to state briefly +=sinnúmero=, a large number, innumerable +=travesía=, journey by sea + + + + EXERCISE 1 (49). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Cuando yo era más joven y me gustaba viajar, hacía la travesía de +Liverpool á Las Palmas todos los años. + +2. Estuve allí la última vez en 1905 principalmente para recobrar mi +salud, pero como viaje de negocios también tuvo muy buen éxito. + +3. No había entonces como la hay hoy en día tanta competencia en ese +comercio. + +4. Cuando llegó el buque á La Coruña había un sinnúmero de guardias +aduaneras alerta, pues se decía que llevaba muchos géneros de +contrabando. + +5. ¿Qué quiere decir género de matute? + +6. De matute es lo mismo que de contrabando y matutero ó contrabandista +es el que introduce tales géneros. + +7. No sabía esta palabra antes, pero ya no la olvidaré. + +8. ¿Ha aprendido V. bien la diferencia entre el preterito y el +imperfecto? + +9. Perfectamente y voy á resumírsela en dos palabras--El uno es pasado, +pasado y nada más, el otro es un presente de lo pasado por decirlo así; +¡mire V.! "Encontré á Carlos": pasado absoluto; "Llevaba sombrero +blanco"; pasado _hoy_, presente _entonces_; ¿qué le parece á V.? + +10. Me parece que V. ha dado en el clavo y estoy satisfecho. + +11. Y ahora ¡ojo! en la aplicación y ¡no olvidar! + + + EXERCISE 2 (50). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I believe his behaviour is most (muy) objectionable. + +2. And I do also. + +3. Did you receive the B/L for the cargo (cargamento) of oranges and +grapes from Seville? + +4. I did; and I expect a good parcel (partida) of muscatels from +Valencia as well. + +5. Are these the lemons, onions and pomegranates you were expecting? + +6. They are. + +7. I am sorry they were delayed so long because now the market is +glutted with fruit. + +8. He is my friend and I am his. + +9. We received this year three cargoes of bananas from the Canary +Islands (Islas Canarias). Six were consigned to us last year, but we +used to receive many more when we sent our traveller in those islands at +harvest time. + +10. Ten thousand boxes of currants, 3,000 of figs, and 4,561 of dates +were sold by auction. + +11. There had not been such large quantities offered for a long time +(hacía mucho tiempo que). + +12. The iron-clad "Achilles" left yesterday for Vigo. The sea was +perfectly calm although a light breeze blew, _or_ was blowing (soplaba +_not_ estaba soplando), from the S.W. (sudoeste). + +13. The commission-agent (comisionista) went by the three o'clock train. + +14. When I went to say good-bye to him (para despedirme de 61) he was +writing (escribía _or_ estaba escribiendo) a letter. + +15. The cargo was examined and it was found that some of the fruit was +unripe, some shrivelled or frost-bitten (tomada por la escarcha), and a +parcel of garlic was rotten and had to be destroyed. + + + + + LESSON XXVI. + (Lección vigésima sexta.) + + THE TENSES (_contd._). + + +Uses of the Past Definite (or Preterite) and the Present Perfect (as: Yo +he comprado: I have bought). + +According to the English rule, the Past Def. (or Preterite) should be +used to narrate events which happened in the past, in a period of time +which does not include the present moment as-- + +Yo lo compre el ano pasado: I bought it last year. + +The Present Perfect (called in Spanish Preterito Compuesto) should be +used when the period of time includes the present moment, as-- + +He fletado muchos buques: I have chartered many ships. + +By following this rule students will always be correct, but we must +notice that in Spanish we find the "Preterito compuesto" often used +instead of the Past Definite-- + +1. When the period, although entirely past, is not defined, as-- + +Le ha facturado la quincalla: He invoiced him the smallware. + +2. When although entirely past and definite, it is very recent, as--Se +lo he dicho hace un momento: I told him a moment ago. + +N.B.--Plegue a Dios que el año que hoy empieza sea mas feliz que lo ha +sido el pasado: May it please God that the year which commences to-day +may be happier than the last has been (Grammar of the Academy).[153] + +[Footnote 153: Here the Present Perfect is used in both languages, +because _the effects reach up to the present moment_.] + +The English Compound Past--"I had spoken"--is rendered by "yo había +hablado" or "yo hube hablado." + +"Yo había hablado" is in general use. + +"Yo hube hablado" is used only after _cuando, luego que, inmediatamente +que_; viz., when the action is represented as _immediately_ preceding +another. + +N.B.--The Past Def. Simple may always take its place. + +Cuando hube declarado mis intenciones, Cuando declaré mis intenciones, +se convenció--When I declared my intentions, he was convinced. + +The =Future Indicative=, (as well as the =Conditional Mood=) are used in +Spanish oftener than in English to denote probability, as-- + +Habrá 20 hombres aquí: I dare say there are 20 men here. + +¿Le habré dado este derecho? Have I, perchance, given him this right? + +¿Tendría miedo talvez? Was he afraid, perhaps? + +The =Future Progressive=, is not used in Spanish when its place may be +taken by the ordinary Future Simple, as-- + +Le escribire mañana: I shall be writing him to-morrow. + +But-- + +Cuando él venga yo estare escribiendo: When he comes I shall be writing. + +The =Present Subjunctive= in Spanish refers to time present or future; +for time future, its place may be taken by the future Subj. (little +used).[154] + +[Footnote 154: Except after "cuando" (but not in conversation), as--Se +lo diré cuando venga _or_ cuando viniere: I shall tell it him when he +comes. The Fut. Subj. is also used (not in conversation) after _si_ +instead of Pres. Indic., as--Le serviré si la ocasión se ofrece _or_ se +ofreciere: I shall serve him if the occasion presents itself.] + + +=Use of Tenses of the Subjunctive Mood=. + +The verb in the Subj. Mood is put in the Present tense when the +preceding verb is in the Pres. Indic., Future Indic. (simple) or +Imperative, as-- + +Quiero que él lo haga: I want him to do it. +Querré " " ": I shall want " "" +Quiere tú " " ": Want (thou) " "" + +Otherwise the verb in the Subjunctive is in the Imperfect tense. + +N.B.--When the preceding verb is in the "preterito compuesto," e.g., "he +dicho," when "he dicho" stands exactly for the English "I have told," it +governs the Pres. Subj., as-- + +Le he dicho que se vaya: I have told him to go. + +But if it stands for the English "I told," it governs the Imperfect +Subj., as + +Le dije (he dicho) que se fuese: I told him to go. + +When the preceding verb is in the Future Perfect, the verb in the +Subjunctive may be put in the Present when its action does not refer to +the past, as-- + +Habré querido que trabaje hoy o mañana: I shall have (may have) wanted +him to work to-day or to-morrow. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=*adquirir=, to acquire +=alquilar=, to rent, to hire, to take or give on lease +=arado=, plough +=boni cación, rebaja=, allowance +=cargar=, to charge +=ceder=, to yield, to sell, to cede, to warrant make over +=cédula de aduana=, custom house +=colmo=, climax, record +=color firme, sólido=, fast colour +=contrarrestar=, to check +=de otra manera=, otherwise +=desarrollar=, to develop +=empréstito=, loan +=época=, epoch, period, time +=explotar=, to exploit, to work +=igualar, hermanar=, to match +=*invertir=, to invest (money) +=justificar=, to justify, to warrant +=material rodante=, rolling stock (railway) +=no bien=, as soon a | +=pana (acordonada)=, cords (corduroy) +=perspectivas=, prospects +=piezas de repuesto=, spare pieces (machinery) +=puros, cigarros, tabacos=, cigars +=quinta=, villa +=rastrillos=, harrows +=rechazar=, to reject +=reja=, ploughshare +=revocar=, contramandar, to countermand +*=tener cuenta=, to pay, viz., to be advantageous +=terreno=, land +=traspaso=, goodwill +=trilladora=, threshing-machine + + + + EXERCISE 1 (51). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Le he dado ayer las Cédulas de Aduana. + +2. Le hemos cedido el traspaso de aquel negocio por £500. + +3. Le he dicho que los fondos (stocks), obligaciones, ú otros valores +cualesquiera (whatsoever) han de depositarse en manos seguras. + +4. Yo le había explicado que la Compañía se había constituído para +comprar, alquilar (take on lease) ó adquirir de otra manera y explotar y +desarrollar cualesquier minas ó terrenos metalíferos; pero no bien le +hube anunciado (_or_ le anuncié) que se trataba de terrenos situados en +el Asia Menor, se rehusó á tomar las acciones que le había ofrecido. + +5. Es que tendría sus razones. + +6. Había unos cincuenta puros en aquella caja. + +7. Deseo que V. invierta su dinero en esta empresa como deseaba el ano +pasado que V. lo invirtiese en el Empréstito del Gobierno Austríaco +(Austrian). + +8. Le diré que se apresure a despachar los arados con sus rejas y piezas +de repuesto, los rastrillos, y las trilladoras. + +9. Tal vez mi socio le habra dicho que lo haga. + +10. Sí, le ha escrito ayer que no retardase el embarque pues hacen mucha +falta, hemos excedido la época fijada para la entrega y no nos tendría +cuenta que la Sociedad Agrícola nos los rechazara. + + + EXERCISE 2 (52). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We wrote them nothing to warrant such action. + +2. I warranted him (garantizar) this would not be repeated. + +3. The cloth was warranted fast colour. + +4. He resorted to extreme means in order to bring about (llegar á) a +solution of the difficulty. + +5. In the past year the climax of prosperity was reached. + +6. Large orders for railway rolling stock were countermanded on account +of (á causa de) the feared political complications. + +7. Velvet and Cord manufacturers have curtailed their production with a +view (á fin de) to check the downward (á la baja) tendency of prices. + +8. I matched his sample and I secured the order. + +9. Did you hear from your traveller lately? + +10. They charged us too much, we can buy on spot (en el mercado) much +cheaper. + +11. Spot cotton (el algodón disponible) was quoted yesterday one point +higher than the day before, but futures declined (bajaron) 3/32 + +12. Perhaps there are better prospects of the growing crop (nueva +cosecha) at present. + +13. Do not be long (no tarde V.) in making up your mind (decidirse de) +one way or the other. + +14. No, I shall soon decide what to do, but I must have a little time +for reflection. I cannot bind myself on the spot (al punto). + +15. Some of the prints have grease spots (manchas de aceite) and we must +refuse to accept them unless under (a menos que nos haga) a reasonable +allowance. + +16. He has a villa in a delightful spot (sitio) in the country (campo). + + + + + LESSON XXVII. + (Lección vigesima séptima.) + + THE AUXILIARY VERBS. + + +_Tener_ and _haber_ are used for the English "to have," followed by an +infinitive, as-- + +Tienen que acabar el trabajo para fines de Enero: They have to finish +the work for the end of January. + +Hemos de seguir los consejos de los peritos en la materia: We have to +follow the advice of those expert in the matter. + +In such cases _Tener_ is followed by _que_ and _Haber_ by _de_.[155] The +former indicates compulsion or necessity, the latter a moral or +self-imposed duty. + +_Haber de_ translates also "to be to,"[155] as-- + +¿Quién ha de hacer este viaje? Who is to go on this journey? + +_Tener de_ is used in threats-- + +Tengo de llevarlo ante el tribunal: I shall take him before the court. + +"Tener que hacer, que escribir, que comer" and similar expressions +translate also "to have something to do, to write, to eat," as-- + +Hoy tengo que hacer: To-day I have something to do, I am busy. + +Tengo mucho que hacer: I have much to do. + +Tenemos que comer por todo el día: We have something to eat which will +suffice for the whole day. + +_Haber_ is used as a principal verb instead of _Tener_ in-- + +Haber menester de algo: To need something. + +He aquí el muchacho, etc.[156]: Here is the boy (behold the boy here, +etc.). + +Héme aquí _or_ héteme[157] aquí, etc.: Here I am (behold me here, etc.). + +It also survives in some legal phrases, as-- + +Fué habido el reo: The culprit was captured. + +Los hijos habidos en su primera mujer: The children by his first wife. + +And in some idioms, as-- + +Allá se las haya: That is his business. + +Habérselas con uno: To dispute with anybody. + +_Tener_ translates the English "to be" in such phrases as-- + +Tener hambre, sed, sueño, calor, frío, vergüenza, and miedo: To be +hungry, thirsty, sleepy, warm, cold, ashamed, and afraid. + +Also speaking of age-- + +Tengo veinte años: I am twenty years old. + +[Footnote 155: In all these cases _deber_ may be used instead.] + +[Footnote 156: _He_--imperative mood of _haber_.] + +[Footnote 157: The _te_ is the "ethical dative" (which is much more used +in Spanish than in English).] + + +And in-- + +Tener razón: To be right. + +And-- + +No tener razón _or_ Dejar de tener razón: To be wrong. + +We said that the past participle when used with _Tener_ agrees with the +direct object, as-- + +Tengo leídas las cartas: I have read the letters. + +But when there is no direct object, of course the past participle +remains invariable, as-- + +Tengo entendido que....[158]: I have heard that.... + +[Footnote 158: This use of _tener_ for _haber_, especially with no +direct obj. following is in general to be avoided; in this example, +however, "tengo entendido," the phrase has more force than "he +entendido." It implies that the mind is full with the effect of the +communication.] + ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Conocer= (to know)[159] | +| (changes _c_ into =zc= before _a_ or _o_). | ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ +|_Pres. Indic._, conozco. | +|_Pres. Subj._, conozca-as-a-amos-áis-an. | ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Hacer= (to do or make). | ++--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ +|_Past Part._, |Hecho. | +|_Pres. Indic._,|Hago. | +|_Past Def._, |Hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicisteis, hicieron.| +|_Fut. Indic._, |Haré, harás, hará, haremos, haréis, harán. | +|_Imp. Mood_, |Haz, haced (_reg._). | ++--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 159: Model verb for all those ending in _cer_ or _cir_ +preceded by a vowel, except _cocer_ (conj. like _mover_), _mecer_ +(_reg._) and _hacer_. (Those ending in _ducir_ are further irreg. in the +Past Definite.) + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abrigar=, to shelter, to nourish (the hope) +=acciones preferentes=, preference shares +=agudo=, sharp, keen +=aplazar=, to postpone +=asistir=, to assist, to attend +=atendible=, plausible +=atrasado=, overdue +=caldos=, wines and oils (collectively) +=consabido=, in question, aforesaid +=cuenta de venta=, account sale +=dedicarse=, to devote oneself +=dejar sin efecto=, to cancel +=delicado de salud=, in indifferent health +=desfavorable, contrario=, unfavourable, adverse +=*deshacerse de=, to part with +=domicilio=, registered office of a company, also residence +=en este momento=, at the present moment +=ensayo=, trial, venture +=equidad=, fair dealing +=*haber menester=, to need +=indemnización=, indemnity +=junta de acreedores=, meeting of creditors +=liquidar=, to liquidate, to settle, to clear off goods, etc. +=mediería, artículos de punto=, hosiery +=pagaré=, promissory note, note of hand +=palacio=, palace +=plazo=, term +=respiro=, breath, breathing time, days of grace for payment, delay +=retirar=, to withdraw +(los) =reunidos=, those present +=*tener en cuenta=, to take into consideration +=trabajar, *ir, á porfía=, to vie with each other +=trámites de la ley=, legal means +=viaje de ida=, outward voyage +=viaje de vuelta=, inward voyage + + + EXERCISE 1 (53). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Tengo que hacer hoy y no podré dedicarme á la correspondencia. + +2. Si V. no quiere liquidar el consabido asunto tendré de apelar á los +trámites de la ley. + +3. V. no habrá menester de tanto pues abrigo las mejores intenciones y +lo que pido es sólo unas pocas semanas de respiro. + +4. He aquí pues lo que se ha de hacer, V. me firmará un pagaré para fin +de Febrero y queda entendido que no concederé después ninguna extensión +del plazo. + +5. Si entonces V. no satisface su deuda mi abogado dará los pasos +necesarios y V. será responsable de (liable for) los gastos y perjuicios +habidos y por haber (damages accrued and to accrue). + +6. La Compañía Nacional de Transportes (carriage) ha instalado su +domicilio en el nuevo Palacio de la Libertad. + +7. Dicha Sociedad tiene un capital de un millón de pesetas; la mitad en +acciones preferentes y la mitad en ordinarias. + +8. Se ha verificado la junta de acreedores del Sr.... á la cual no +asistió el principal interesado por encontrarse delicado de salud. + +9. Los reunidos han decidido aplazar dicha junta hasta el 20 del +corriente. + +10. Fundándose en atendibles razones nuestro corresponsal deja sin +efecto el pedido que nos había confiado. + + + EXERCISE 2 (54). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We shall have to take in the hosiery although it is slightly (un +poquito) overdue. + +2. We have to give the example of fair dealing ourselves. + +3. Who is to decide on the subject of the indemnity due to the captain +of the ship? + +4. If we want to withdraw the goods without producing (presentar) a B/L. +we shall have to sign an indemnity (indemnidad). + +5. We have received the account sale for our wines and oils and regret +the venture has not turned out as well as we expected. + +6. We found a great difficulty in parting with our surplus (excesivas) +stock, of which we had to dispose (disponer) at prices very much +reduced. + +7. We are unable to inform you to what extent (hasta qué punto) you may +calculate on (contar con) our remittance, as much will depend on +circumstances over which we have no control (independientes de nuestra +voluntad). + +8. The rate (el tipo) of the insurance premium is 6/-per cent. on the +outward and 5/-per cent. on the homeward voyage. + +9. I very much question the advisability (dudo mucho la ventaja) of +putting prices up at the present moment when so many adverse +circumstances have to be taken into consideration. + +10. As a matter of fact (en efecto) most of us (la mayor parte de +nosotros) think it would be better to reduce them somewhat (algo) now +that competition is so keen. + +11. They vie with each other in cutting prices down (reducir) with the +result that profits are ridiculously low (irrisorios). + + + + + LESSON XXVIII. + (Lección vigésima octava.) + + THE ADVERBS. + + +Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. + +The following are the principal Spanish adverbs-- + +Abajo (below) +Además (besides) +Adelante, delante (before, in point of place) +Ahora (now) +*Alrededor, *entorno (around) +Amenudo, á menudo (often) +*Antes (before, in point of time) +Antes, antes bien (rather) +Anoche (last night) +Anteanoche (the night before last) +Apenas, así que (as soon as) +Aquí, acá (here, hither) +Allí, allá (there, thither) +De aquí, de allí (hence, thence) +Aun, todavía (still, yet) +Ayer (yesterday) +Anteayer (the day before yesterday) +Bastante (sufficiently) +Bien (well) +*Cerca (near) +*Debajo (under) +*Por debajo (underneath) +Demasiado (too, too much) +*Dentro (within) +*Después (after, afterwards) +*Detrás (behind) +Donde[160] (where) +En breve (shortly) +*Encima (upon, above) +*Enfrente (opposite) +Entonces (then) +*Fuera (outside) +Hacia (towards) +Hacia adelante (forwards) +Hacia abajo (downwards) +Hasta (till, until) +Hoy (to-day) +*Junto (next) +*Lejos (far) +Luego (presently, soon, then) +Mañana (to-morrow) +Mal (badly) +Más (more) +Mejor (better) +Menos (less) +Mientras (whilst) +Mientras tanto (in the meantime) +Mucho (much) +Muy[161] (very) +Nunca, jamás (never) +Ni ... ni ... (neither ... nor ...) +Ni tampoco (not either) +Peor (worse) +Pronto (soon) +Tal vez, acaso, quizá, quizás (perhaps) +Tan, así (so) +Tanto (so much) +Tarde (late) +Temprano (early) +Ya[162] (already) + + +[Footnote 160: After verbs of motion also "á donde." After verbs of rest +also "en donde."] + +[Footnote 161: Used as in English, but always _muy_ before a past part., +as: Muy apreciado (much esteemed). Such phrases as "He is rich but not +very" are translated "Es rico pero no mucho _or_ tanto."] + +[Footnote 162: _Ya_ is also used for "now." "Ya no"--no longer.] + +Those marked with an asterisk may govern a noun or pronoun through the +preposition _de_ with the exception of _junto_, which governs these +words through _á_. + +Adverbs may be formed from adjectives as in English. + +The English termination _ly_ is rendered by =mente= _added to the +feminine form_ of the adjective, when this changes for the feminine. + +Adverbs are compared like the adjectives, but the superlative relative +of adverbs is formed with _lo más_, and _lo menos_, as-- + +Es el más rico: He is the richest. + +Esta adornado lo más ricamente posible: It is ornamented in the richest +manner possible. + +Es el menos exacto: He is the least exact. + +Cotice lo menos que pueda: Quote the least you can. + +Besides the primitive adverbs given in our list, there are many +adverbial locutions-- + +á toda prisa (with all speed). +á la española (in the Spanish fashion). +á troche y moche, á trochimoche (in a slipshod way). +con blandura (gently). +de mala gana (unwillingly). +de vez (_or_ de cuando) en cuando (from time to time). +tal cual vez (once in a while). +un si es, no es (ever so little). + +When an adverb is followed by a verb in English _que_ must be inserted +in Spanish before a finite mood and _de_ before an infinitive, as-- + +Después de venir (after coming). + +Después que vino (after he came). + +The phrases "I say so," " I think it is (so)," "I do not think so," are +rendered "Digo que si" (or "lo digo"), "Creo que sí" (or "lo creo"), +"Creo que no" (or "no lo creo"). + +Some adjectives are used adverbially, as in English, without the +addition of _mente_, as-- + +Vender barato, caro (to sell cheap, dear). + +Hablar alto, bajo (to speak loud, low). + +When two or more adverbs ending in _mente_ occur in the same sentence, +the termination is added only to the last, as-- + +Escribe clara,[163] concisa[163] y elegantemente: He writes clearly, +concisely and elegantly. + +[Footnote 163: Notice "clara" and "concisa" in the feminine.] + + + =Caer= (to fall). + +_Pres. Ind._, Caigo -- -- -- -- -- +_Pres. Subj._, Caiga, caigas, caiga, caigamos, caigáis, caigan. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=á duras penas=, with great difficulty +=á la larga=, m the long run +=á medida que=, in proportion as +=á mejor andar=, at best +=á plazos=, in instalments +=ajeno=, averse +=apagado= extinguished, dull (colours) +=*asentar=, to book (an order) +=chillones=, gaudy, screaming (colours) +=claro=, light (colours) +=claro y redondo= (quite clearly) +=columna=, column +=con el corazón en la mano=, quite candidly +=confeccionar=, to make up +=*confesar=, to confess +=conservas alimenticias=, preserves +=definir=, to define (also to settle) +=dificultad=, difficulty +=ensayo=, trial, proof, venture +=escoger=, to choose +=exceder=, to exceed +=facilidad=, ease, facility +=fijo=, fixed, firm +=fondos=, grounds (pictures, cloth) +=gana= (=de buena, de mala=), willingly, unwillingly +=ganga=, a bargain +=langosta=, lobster +=mariscos=, shell-fish +=muestrarios=, pattern cards, sets +=oscuro=, dark +=paquete=, packet, parcel +=*(no) poder menos de ..=., not to be able to help +=puntos=, points, spots (in prints) +=restos=, remnants +=sacar=, to pull out, to get out, to get back +=sardinas=, sardines +=satines brochados=, brocaded satins +=serie=, series +=sin mirar á gastos=, regardless of expense +=sobrio=, quiet (colour) +=solidez=, solidity +=tomar á mal=, to take amiss +=vivo=, vivid, bright (colours) + + + EXERCISE 1 (55). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Tiene V. (there is) tanta variedad de dibujos que verdaderamente +cuesta dificultad (it is difficult) el escoger entre diseños con flores, +con puntos, con rayas, y cuadritos. + +2. Con facilidad sin embargo (however) podrá V. hacer un surtido entre +las dos series que le enviamos, de fondos claros y oscuros, y de colores +vivos, chillones, sobrios, y apagados. + +3. Desde algún tiempo á esta parte tratan Vs. los negocios tan á +trochimoche que ya no sabemos á que atenernos (what to think of it). + +4. Hago esta consignación de mala gana y le confieso claro y redondo que +siguiendo V. á vender tan barato y á plazos tan largos no me tendrá +cuenta hacerle otros envíos sino por su propia cuenta ó contra pedidos +fijos de los clientes. + +5. Clara y concisamente es como se deben escribir las cartas +comerciales. + +6. Á la par que Vs. (same as yourselves) no somos ajenos á la idea de +hacer algún ensayo en la importación de langosta, mariscos, sardinas, y +conservas alimenticias, pero debemos ir á medias en cualquiera +transacción que se decida. + +7. Creo que á duras penas sacará su dinero y á mejor andar tendrá que +perder todo su trabajo. + +8. Á medida que aumenten los ingresos se aumentarán los dividendos. + +9. Recibirá V. en paquete asegurado los nuevos muestrarios que se han +confeccionado sin mirar á gastos. + +10. Estos restos son una verdadera ganga y además, podrá V. pagarlos al +contado ó á plazos largos (easy) como más le convenga. + +11. Dejaremos en suspenso su reclamo hasta definirlo personalmente en su +próximo viaje á Inglaterra. + +12. No puede menos de admitir (to admit) que á la larga esto no puede +convenirme, y espero que V. no lo tome á mal que se lo exponga con el +corazón en la mano. + + + EXERCISE 2 (56). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. After writing you by last mail we are informed by the maker of the +Brown Linens (lienzos morenos) that he will be able to book your order +which will be delivered before the end of next month. + +2. The Brocaded Satins will range between (costarán desde) 4d. and 5d. a +yard, and we shall ship them within six weeks but only after receiving +your letter confirming them. + +3. These shapes are not worn (gastan, llevan) outside England. + +4. Not far from here and next to the Bank there is the Insurance Office, +which is much admired for its solidity and fine appearance. + +5. It cost £20,000 and they never thought it would exceed half that +amount. + +6. Perhaps it is too large an outlay (gasto) for the Company, but there +was no money wasted. + +7. The columns in the porch have cost so much because they are of the +best Carrara marble (mármol). + +8. Whilst we admit that the prints sent may have been just a little bit +(un si es no es) off shade (diferentes al color pedido) your claim is +quite out of the question. + +9. Towards the beginning of the autumn our Mr. So-and-So will make a +trip (hará un viaje) to your place, and he will have the honour of +waiting upon you (de visitarles) with our latest novelties (novedades). + +10. You do not understand how it is possible that your neighbours are +able to undersell you (vender más bajo que V.), nor can we make it out +(explicárnoslo) either. + + + + + LESSON XXIX. + (Lección vigésima nona.) + + THE PREPOSITIONS. + + +Prepositions join words together to mark certain relations between them. + +The principal prepositions are-- + +Á (at, to) +Ante (before--in point of place) +Bajo (under) +Con (with) +Contra, en contra de (against) +De (of, from) +Desde (since, from) +En (in) +Entre (between, among) +Hacia (towards) +Hasta (till, as far as, even) +Para (for the purpose of, for, in order to) +Por (for, by, because of) +Según (according to) +Sin (without) +Sobre (upon) +Tras, tras de (behind) +Para con (una persona),[164] (towards, with, a person) + +[Footnote 164: "Fué muy generoso para conmigo": He was very generous +with me.] + + +Many verbs take in Spanish a different preposition than in English. Some +verbs take a preposition in one language and none in the other, as-- + +Depender de una promesa: To depend on a promise. +Convenir en una transacción: To agree to a compromise. +Confiar en un desconocido: To trust a perfect stranger. +Regalarle un cheque: To present him with a cheque. + +The use of the correct preposition according to the verb it follows is +best learnt by practice. In the second part of the grammar, the student +will be helped with a list of the most characteristic differences +between the two languages. The Spanish construction is not quite so +rigid in this respect as is the English. + +Difference between _de_ and _desde_ both translating "from"--=De= mark +the origin only, as: + +Esta seda viene de Italia: This silk comes from Italy--it is Italian +silk. + + +=Desde= calls attention to distance of time or space, as-- + +Desde el 1° de Enero se estableció en comercio por cuenta propia: From +the 1st of January, he started in business on his own account. + +He viajado desde Londres hasta Calcuta en tantos días: I travelled from +London to Calcutta in so many days. + + +The chief difficulty in the employment of the Spanish prepositions is +the use of _Por_ and _Para_-- + +=Por= is used-- + +1. To denote agency = by[165]; as-- + +Es tenido en gran cuenta por sus amigos: He is thought much of by his +friends. + +Este establecimiento fué fundado por mi bisabuelo: This establishment +was founded by my great-grandfather. + +[Footnote 165: After the passive voice of verbs denoting mental action +when formed by _ser_, _Por_ is elegantly substituted by _De_, as: Son +amados por _or_ de sus padres (they are loved by their parents). But: Se +aman por sus padres.] + +2. To denote the _motive_ of an action, as-- + +Lo hizo por envidia: He did it for (out of) envy. + +3. To denote equivalency of any kind, as-- + +Cinco peniques por libra: Fivepence for a pound--per pound. + +Trocar un producto por otro: To exchange one product for another. + +Considerar á uno bueno por £1,000: To consider somebody as good for +£1,000. + +Por mejor le envié yo como viajante: I sent you to travel, holding you +for a better man. + +Tienda por tienda, prefiero esta: Of the two shops I prefer this. + +4. To denote distribution, as-- + +Vinieron cinco por cinco: They came five by five. + +=Para= is used-- + +1. To denote the object of an action (generally "to" or "in order to"), +as-- + +Trabajo para ganarme la vida: I work to (in order to) earn my living. + +2. To denote destination (or direction), as-- + +El tren sale para Valencia: The train leaves for Valencia. + +Esta cédula es para el Sr. Fulano: This warrant is for Mr. So-and-So. + +Voy para casa: I am going towards home. + +Many idiomatic uses of _Por_ and _Para_ must be learnt by practice. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abogar=, to plead +=acceder=, to accede +=afanarse=, to exert oneself, to take much trouble +=ahorrar=, to save +=ajuste=, adjustment +=á la verdad=, really +=altos hornos=, blast furnaces, foundries +=amarillo=, yellow, buff +=amistad=, friendship +=aparentar=, to show outwardly +=aprovecharse=, to take advantage of, to avail oneself +=aproximarse=, to approach, to draw near +=automóvil=, motor-car +=azadas=, hoes +=azadones=, pick-axes +=azuelas=, adzes +=bultos=, packages +=cizallas=, shears +=croquis=, sketch +=diseñador=, draughtsman +=*disponer=, to dispose, to arrange +=echar al correo=, to (throw into the) post +=empeoramiento=, deterioration +=en blanco=, blank +=estancia=, stay +=(un) fardín, un cuarto=, a farthing, a trifling amount +=*forzar=, to force, to strain +=hachuelas=, hatchets +=hilar=, to spin +=largo de talle=, full, complete +=lingotes de hierro=, pig-iron +=martillo=, hammer +=molestia=, trouble +=moratoria=, extension of time (for payment) +=palas=, shovels +=para= (=estar=), (to be) on the point of ... +=picos=, picks +=plomo=, slate, lead colour +=por= (=estar por escribir=), to be (yet) unwritten +=previsión=, foresight +=los síntomas=, the symptoms +=suspender los pagos=, to stop payments +=tejer=, to weave +=tenazas=, tongs +=textil=, textile +=*trocar=, to barter, to exchange +=yerno, hijo político=, son-in-law + + + EXERCISE 1. (57) + +Translate into English-- + +1. De España nos vienen las ricas uvas y las jugosas (juicy) naranjas, +además de minerales--de hierro y cobre. + +2. El viaje por mar desde España á Inglaterra tarda de cuatro á seis +días. + +3. Desde el año 1900 hasta el 1910 aumentó mucho la población del Reino +Unido. + +4. Los Altos Hornos de Bilbao se han construido para la producción de +lingotes de hierro. + +5. La Sociedad reúne poderosos elementos (commands great resources) para +la fabricación de toda clase de maquinaria para la hiladura y la +tejeduría del algodón. + +6. Los bultos se embarcaron directamente por los fabricantes mismos. + +7. El empaque y el transporte cuestan lo mismo y precio por precio +preferimos ahorrarnos molestias. + +8. Por un falso sentido de honor aquella casa forzó su crédito para no +tener que pedir moratorias, dando esto por resultado el empeoramiento de +su posición. + +9. Compré un automóvil por £1,000 mas lo troqué con este que vale á la +verdad £1,500 dando sólo £200 por la diferencia. + +10. Disponga V. las piezas tantas por parte. + +11. Á una veintena por vez colocámos aquellos picos, palas, azadas, +azadones, hachuelas, azuelas, martillos, cizallas, y tenazas. + +12. Se presentó por su yerno, abogó por él por una hora larga de talle, +todo por su hija, pues por el chico (young man, lit., child) maldita la +gana que tendría (he would not have liked the idea) de afanarse tanto +por él. + +13. Haré por colocar sus driles blancos, plomo, y amarillos (buff) para +los cuales me dió orden verbal su Sr. hijo durante su estancia aquí y +que se despacharán por (_or_ por la vía de) Burdeos y Cartagena. + +14. Nuestro mercado sigue muy encalmado sin que por el momento presente +síntomas de mejora. + +15. La primera carta está para echarse al correo pero la segunda y la +tercera quedan aun por escribir. + + + EXERCISE 2 (58). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. He offers a loan to avoid all risk that the house should fall. + +2. It would not be possible for it to fall unless the Textile Bank +should stop payments. + +3. His office is opposite ours and we have him thus under our eyes. + +4. With all the weight of the evidence (las pruebas) you have collected +(recogido), it would be very risky to proceed against him from such a +distance. + +5. Between one thing and the other I did not know what to choose, so I +left them to settle the matter between themselves. + +6. These sketches have been made by our draughtsman for our customers, +the owners of the Sugar Mill in Parahyba. + +7. He did the work for the pleasure of it but would not (no quiso) +charge a farthing for it. + +8. The packets arrived two by two. + +9. I accede willingly for the sake of old friendship (por la antigua +amistad que nos une). + +10. As the time of the year is drawing near when your firms effect their +purchases in this country, we beg to address you to renew the offer of +our services. + +11. We shall be extremely glad if you will avail yourselves of our +offers and send us orders for some of your requirements. + +12. The adjustment of the average per S.S. "Nile" is still hanging fire +(todavía pendiente), but we are pushing the Insurance Co. to our utmost +(todo lo posible) for a speedy settlement. + +13. For a (para) foreigner he understands English methods very well +indeed. + +14. Being (por ser) so young he shows a good deal of (mucho) tact and +foresight. + + + + + LESSON XXX. + (Lección trigésima.) + + THE CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS. + + +Conjunctions join sentences together; also independent words. + +The principal conjunctions are-- + + +*Á menos que (unless) +Á pesar de (in spite of) +Así como (just as) +Así que, de suerte que (so that) +*Afín de que, *Para que (that--in order that) +Aunque, bien que, si bien (although, even if) +*Bien ... bien (whether ... or) +Como (as) +*Con tal que (provided) +Con que (so) +*Cuando (if) +Mas, pero, empero[166] (but) +Sino (but--after a negative[167]) +Ni ... ni (neither ... nor) +No sea que* (lest, also perhaps) +No obstante (nevertheless) +Ó ... ó[168] (either ... or) +Ora ... ora[168] (now ... now--with indic. mood) +Porqué, porque (why, because) +Portanto (therefore) +Puesto que[169] (seeing that) +Pues (since) +Que (that) +Si (if, whether) +Sin embargo (however, notwithstanding) +Según (according) +Siquiera (at least, even) +Y[170] (and) +Ya ... ya[171] (whether ... or--with subj. mood) +Ya que (since, seeing that) + + +[Footnote 166: _Empero_ is used same as _pero_ at the beginning of a +sentence.] + +[Footnote 167: Unless a _finite_ verb follows, as: No tengo dinero pero +gozo de buena reputación (I have no money but I enjoy a good reputation).] + +[Footnote 168: Before words commencing with _o_ or _ho_, it changes into +_ú_.] + +[Footnote 169: In old Spanish it had the meaning of "even if."] + +[Footnote 170: Before words commencing with _i_, also _hi_ not followed +by a vowel, use _é_, as: "Padre é hijo," but "Nieve y hielo."] + +[Footnote 171: "Ora ... ora" and "ya ... ya" both mean "now ... now" +(with indic. mood), and "whether ... or" (with subj. mood).] + + +The conjunctions marked with an asterisk are always followed by a verb +in the Subjunctive Mood. + +The English "either" is generally left understood, as-- + +Exportaciones ó importaciones: Either exports or imports. + +"Either" following a negative--_tampoco_, as-- + +No quiero comprar Títulos de Gobierno ni Obligaciones de Ferrocarriles +tampoco: I do not wish to buy Government Stock, nor Railway Stocks +either. + + +=Interjections=, being mere exclamations, do not stand in grammatical +relation to any other word in the sentence. + +They are elliptical sentences, as-- + +¡Oh! (I am surprised, etc.). + +The principal Interjections in Spanish are the following-- + +caramba, cáspita (these express practically all kinds of emotions) +ay[172] (oh! grief or threat) +bah, ca, quiá (humph!) +ce, hola, ola (I say!) +chito, chitón (shut up!) +cuidado, ¡ojo! (attention! look out!) +ea (come!) +he (hey) +húy (oh! physical pain) +ojalá (oh, that) +por Dios (for heaven's sake) +tate, zape (what! (surprise)) +tonterías (nonsense!) +uf (oh! weariness or fatigue) + +[Footnote 172: This can govern a noun or pronoun, as--¡Ay de mí! Woe to +me! ¡Ay de Pedro! Woe to Peter!] + +As well as _Ah_ or _Ha_, _Oh_ or _O_ as in English, and many words used +as exclamations, as-- + +¡Silencio! ¡calle! ¡calle la boca (silence! hush! shut your mouth!) +¡vamos! (much used), (come! come now!) +¡que lástima! (what a pity!) +¡poco á poco! (gently, Sir!) +¡héteme[173] aquí! (here I am!) +¡hételos[173] aquí! (here they are, etc.) + +[Footnote 173: _Te_--ethical dative.] + + + ++-------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Caber= (to be able to contain = to hold) | +| (to be able to be contained = to go in) | +|_Pres. Indic._, Quepo. | +|_Past Def._, Cupe, cupiste, cupo, cupimos, cupisteis, cupieron. | +|_Fut. Indic._, Cabré, cabrás, cabrá, cabremos, cabréis, cabrán. | ++---------------+---------------------------------------------------+ +| | =Poder= (to be able). | +|_Pres. Part._, | Pudiendo. | +|_Pres. Indic._,| Puedo, puedes, puede, ... pueden. | +|_Imp. Mood_, | NONE. | +|_Past Def._, | Pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudisteis, pudieron.| +|_Fut. Indic._, | Podré, podrás, podrá, podremos, podréis, podrán. | ++---------------+---------------------------------------------------+ + + + VOCABULARY. + +=aficionado (á)=, fond of +=aflojar=, to relax +=ansioso=, eager +=*apetecer=, to desire, to covet +=bastante bien=, fairly well +=berzas, coles= (f.), cabbages +=buscar=, to look for, to search +=buscarse=, to bring upon oneself +=cauteloso, cauto=, cautious +=conexiones=, connections, couplings (machinery) +=contrincante=, neighbour, competitor +=detenidamente=, fully +=disturbado, transtornado=, disturbed, upset +=engranajes=, gearings +=escala=, scale +=hortelano=, fruit gardener +=inquilino=, tenant +=ir á=, to lead to +=llantas=, tyres +=*moler=, to grind +=operaciones=, operations, dealings +=perro=, dog +=plaza=, market place, square, place +=*poner al corriente=, to inform +=refrán=, proverb +=repentino=, sudden +=resortes=, springs (mach.) +=sosa=, soda +=tambores=, drums +=traspapelado=, mislaid (of papers) + + + EXERCISE 1 (59). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Á menos que los giros vengan acompañados de los conocimientos y +facturas comerciales y consulares (invoices and consular invoices) no +los recogeremos. + +2. Le remito poder en forma (regular power of attorney) para que V. +pueda representarme y hacer mis veces ahí. + +3. Cuando me pague lo que me debe veremos lo que proceda hacer (what +ought to be done). + +4. V. no hace mención en su atenta de los engranajes, conexiones, +llantas y resortes de nuestro pedido 2 del que rige, no sea que se haya +traspapelado nuestra orden. + +5. Para comprar barato no hay sino que pagar puntualmente sus facturas. + +6. Aunque es hombre muy difícil de tratar, sus órdenes son muy +apetecidas de los fabricantes porque su palabra una vez empenada +(pledged) es oro molido (as good as gold). + +7. Aunque me pagara más no se lo daría pues ya tengo empeñada mi +palabra. + +8. Así como le vió le puso al corriente de las circunstancias. + +9. Con tal que el mercado afloje un tantico procuraré plazar su orden +para 50 tambores de sosa, á su límite. + +10. Con que nuestros contrincantes se porten con lealtad no tenemos +derecho de quejarnos de su competencia. + +11. Según lo prueba la experiencia más vale ir cautelosos en aquellos +mercados. + +12. No deseo buscarme molestias ni meterme en camisa de once varas +(meddle in other people's business). + +13. Hace como el perro del hortelano que no come las berzas ni las deja +comer. + +14. ¡Caramba! ¿Se viene V. con refranes en una gramática comercial? + +15. ¡Calle, hombre! Todos los caminitos van á la plaza (all roads lead +to Rome); los españoles son muy aficionados á los refranes. + + + EXERCISE 2 (60). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. These 200 pieces will not go in that case, it is too small. + +2. I do not think they will, either. + +3. I cannot say anything before I see the result, but I shall be able to +tell you something definite to-morrow. + +4. Not being able to compete, he has withdrawn from the market. + +5. I could not confirm the agreement last week. + +6. I believe I could buy a parcel of wheat cheaper to-day unless there +should be a sudden rise. + +7. In spite of all his efforts, he was obliged to file his petition. + +8. Although the market here is firm, we have hopes (esperamos) that +prices will relax in view of the bearish tone (tendencia á la baja) +shown in the Liverpool market yesterday. + +9. The enclosed pattern is rather (algo) poor; still, as it appears to +sell well in Central Africa, I should be glad if you would see your way +(decidirse) to manufacture it at our price. + +10. The new presses (prensas) work fairly well; there is, however, room +(lugar) for improvement, and our engineer will write you fully on some +proposed modifications. + +11. He signed the documents without even (siquiera) reading them, so +upset was he by the news the mail had just brought him; therefore we +shall be obliged if you will kindly send them back for his perusal and +return (para que los examine y se los envíe otra vez). + +12. Provided you take a lease of these premises (tome en arriendo este +local) for a period of ten years, I shall make the necessary +alterations, since I am very eager to have you as a tenant. + +13. Although the demand for money is no longer so strong, the market is +still under the control (dominio) of the Bank of England, to which it is +now indebted for (debe) a considerable amount, and dealings are but on a +comparatively small scale. + + + + + PART II + + + + + LESSON XXXI. + (Lección trigésima primera.) + + THE ARTICLE. + + +The =Definite Article= is used in Spanish and not in English (besides +rules given in Lesson II)-- + +1. Before the seasons of the year-- + ++------------------------------------------------+ +|La primavera (spring) El otoño (autumn) | +|El verano (summer) El invierno (winter)| +| | +|And the four cardinal points: | +| | +|El norte (North) El este (East) | +|El sur (South) El oeste (West) | ++------------------------------------------------+ + +2. Before the hour of the day (with the words _hora, horas,_ +understood), as-- + +Es la una: It is one o'clock. +Son las dos y cuarto: It is a quarter past two. +Son las tres y cinco: It is five minutes past three. +Son las cuatro menos diez: It is ten minutes to four. +Las cinco y media: Half-past five. + +3. Optionally, before the proper name of a woman used colloquially, as-- + +La Maria (Mary, our Mary). + +4. Optionally, before the days of the week, especially when preceded by +"on" in English, as-- + +Vendré el sábado: I shall come on Saturday. + +5. Before the names of the following countries-- + +El Perú, La India, El Japón. + +And some towns to be learnt by practice, as-- + +La Coruña, El Havre, El Cairo, El Ferrol, etc. + +Although found sometimes before the names of countries in general, this +example should not be followed. + +The Definite Article is used in English and not in Spanish-- + +1. Before numbers following names of sovereigns, etc., as-- + +Carlos I (primero), Charles I (the first) +Alfonso XIII (trece), Alphonso XIII (the thirteenth) + +2. In titles of books, headings, etc., as--Historia de la Inquisición +(The History of the Inquisition). + +3. Before words in apposition, as--Madrid, capital de España (Madrid, +the capital of Spain). + +But-- + +Alfonso el Sabio (Alphonso the Wise) +Juana la Loca (Jane the Mad) +because these are "titles." + +The =Indefinite Article= is used in English and not in Spanish +(besides rules in Lesson II)-- + +1. Before words in apposition, as-- +Rubio y Cía., casa importantísima de la Habana: Rubio +& Co., a most important firm in Havana. + +2. In titles of books, headings, etc., as-- +Lista de los géneros pedidos: A list of goods required. + +3. In "such a," "so ... a," as-- +Tal amigo: Such a friend. +Tan buen amigo: So good a friend, such a good friend. + +4. In "a half" (medio), "a quarter" (cuarto), "a third" +(tercio), in the case of an integer preceding, as-- +Uno y medio (1-1/2) Cinco y tercio (penknife/3) +Dos y cuarto (2-1/4) + +Occasionally the article is omitted before other fractions. + +5. Before _otro_, as-- +Otra quiebra: Another bankruptcy. + +Before weights and measures the definite article is used in Spanish +instead of the indefinite used in English, as-- + +Dos chelines la libra: Two shillings a pound. +Cinco pesetas el metro _or_ por metro: 5 pesetas a metre. + +The =Definite Article= is omitted before _casa_ and _palacio_ when they +are spoken of as places usually frequented by the person in question-- + +Iré á casa del ingeniero: I shall go to the engineer's house. +El Rey volvió ayer a palacio: The King returned yesterday to the palace. + +The article must not be employed before a noun used after a preposition +in an adjectival capacity, as-- + +Una viga de hierro (_not_ del hierro): An iron beam. + +The tendency of the Spanish language is to omit the indefinite article +whenever, by such omission the sense is not obscure, as-- + +Tengo intención de marcharme: I have a mind to go. +Vino con dolor de cabeza: He came with a headache. +Le dió cuenta de lo sucedido: He gave him an account of +all that had happened. +Este caballero tiene mucho _or_ grande ingenio: This +gentleman has a great talent. + +The =Neuter= article _lo_ cannot precede a noun used _as such,_ but it +may (elegantly) precede a noun used adjectively, as-- + +Todo me gusta en el, lo amigo, lo ciudadano, lo caballero: + +I like everything in him: the friend, the citizen, the gentleman. + + + + + VOCABULARY. + +administrador, manager +anteriormente, previously +anunciar, to advertise +apacible, mild +armadura, frame, framing (mach.) +atajo, short cut +buen éxito, success +comprometerse, to undertake +edificio, building +empresa, undertaking +experimentar, to experience +grabados (géneros), embossed (goods) +hilado, yarn +intentar,*tener intención, to intend +junto á, coupled with +práctico, practical +*proponerse, to have in view +(á) rayas, striped (goods) +recto, straightforward +riqueza, wealth +sencillo, plain +suceder, to succeed, to happen +tenedores, holders (of securities, etc.) +tratar, to conduct (business) +vara, Spanish yard. + + + + + EXERCISE 1 (61). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Eran las doce y media del domingo antepasado (before last), apacible +dia, que, aunque estamos en otoño, parecía mas dia de primavera, la +Maria me acompañaba, aquella Señora del Perú que ha viajado tanto en la +India y el Japón y cuyo marido y el mio eran tan amigos. + +2. Íbamos a casa de la Señora. + +3. La Coruña es ciudad de Galicia. + +4. Carlos V., Emperador de Alemania es el mismo monarca que reinó en +España con el título de Carlos I desde 1517 á 1551. + +5. Luis XIV de Francia no tenía sino cinco años de edad cuando sucedió á +su padre Luis XIII en 1643. + +6. El principio de su reinado fué dirigido por Mazarín, italiano muy +fino (shrewd), y astuto conocedor de los hombres. + +7. ¿Qué dice ese papel? + +8. Lista de los accesorios que se dan con cada máquina. + +9. Tan ventajosas condiciones no se hallan en ningunas otras Compañias +para el seguro de la vida. + +10. Tales administradores, valen un tesoro (are worth their weight in +gold); de ellos depende el buen éxito de las empresas. + +11. Otro dependiente como el Sr. Arboleda no lo hallarán entre mil. + +12. Estos cuadritos y rayas cuestan 45 céntimos el metro, y estos +mercerizados y grabados valen 40 céntimos la vara. + +13. ¿Qué es la vara? + +14. Es medida española que equivale á =835= milimetros y 9 décimas ó +cerca de =33= pulgadas inglesas. + + + + + EXERCISE 2 (62). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. An "iron framing" is a framing made of iron, but a "steam engine" +(máquina a vapor) is an engine moved by steam. + +2. I had the intention of giving more such examples but I believe one is +enough. + +3. In the construction of this building the architect had in view both +the beautiful and the practical. + +4. Yes, see how (cuán) elegant and at the same time how solid these +columns are! + +5. Business conducted through us (por nuestro medio) is different from +the many advertised systems and promised short cuts to wealth which are +dangled before the eyes of the (con que se deslumbra al) public. + +6. Our plan is a plain (sencillo), straightforward method of operating +by which we undertake to implicitly carry out (cumplir con) the +instructions of our customers. + +7. Our best advice and service are always at your command (a su +disposición). + +8. "Kaffirs" have resorted to (han llegado) a state of idleness +(inercia) coupled with steadily (más y más) sagging (aflojados) prices. + +9. Holders of spot cotton have again experienced quite a brisk inquiry +(una demanda muy activa) from spinners, who have freely (abundantemente) +covered forward sales (para sus entregas futuras) of yarn. + +10. They also took up large lines (grandes cantidades) of cotton +previously contracted for (contratadas). + +11. The total turnover (las ventas totales) was not quite as good as +expected. + + + + + LESSON XXXII. + (Lección trigéima segunda.) + + THE NOUN. + + +1. The gender of names of countries, provinces, and towns is according +to their termination (Lesson III), but those ending in _d_ are generally +masculine. + +Exceptions are found, the names "ciudad" or "pueblo" being then +understood. + +2. Names of trees are masculine, those of fruits are feminine. + +EXCEPTIONS-- + ++--------------------------------+----------------------------+ +|La higuera (the fig-tree) |El melocotón (the peach) | +|La palma (the palm-tree) |El albérchigo (the peach) | +|La viña (the vine-tree) |El durazno (the apricot) | +|El dátil (the date) |El albaricoque (the apricot)| +|El pistacho (the pistachio-nut) |El mango (the mango) | +|El higo (the fig) | | ++--------------------------------+----------------------------+ + +And a few more. + +3. A masculine article is used with other parts of speech whole +sentences used substantively, as-- + +Quiero un sí ó un no claro: I want a clear (decisive) yes or no. + +El aprender es útil: Learning is useful. + +El que lo haya hecho sin consultarme no puede serme de grande gusto: +That he did it without consulting me is certainly not pleasing to me. + +A list of principal exceptions to the rule given on Spanish gender by +termination is given in Appendix I. + +To the rules for the formation of the plural (Lesson III) we shall add-- + +1. Family names ending in _z_ unstressed do not change-- + +Juan Fernández But--El Sr. Ruiz +Los Señores Fernández Los Señores Ruices + +2. The names of the vowels pluralize in _es_-- +Las aes, las ees, las íes, las oes, las úes. + +3. Some Latin words used in Spanish, as--Accessit, déficit, fiat, +ultimatum, agnus dei, etc., do not change for the plural, +except--Album--álbumes. + +For other peculiarities of number see Appendix II. Collective nouns in +Spanish are generally followed by the verb in the singular, as--La gente +piensa: People think. + +But after a collective noun, indefinite in its meaning, the verb may +follow in the plural, as--Una cantidad de géneros se vendió, _or_ +vendieron en subasta: A quantity of goods was or were sold by auction. + +N.B.--The tendency of the language is in favour of the singular. + +=Poner= (to put, to place). + +_Past Part.,_ Puesto. +_Pres. Indic.,_ Pongo.[174] +_Imper. Mood,_ Pon ... poned ...[175] +_Past Def.,_ Puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusisteis, pusieron. +_Future Indic.,_ Pondré, pondras, pondrá, pondremos, pondéis, pondrán. + +=Querer= (to want a thing or person, to love a person, to be willing). + +_Pres. Indic.,_ Quiero, quieres, quiere,--,--, quieren. [176] +_Past Def.,_ Quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisisteis, quisieron. +_Fut. Indic., _Querré, querrás, querrá, querremos, querréis, querrán. + +[Footnote 174: Verbs which are irregular in the Pres. Indic. 1st person +singular only, have the same irregularity in the present subj. all +through.] + +[Footnote 175: The 1st person pi. and 3rd pers. sing. and pl. of the +Imperative Mood are taken from the Subj. Mood.] + +[Footnote 176: Verbs which in the pres. indic. are irregular in the 1st, +2nd and 3rd pers. sing. and 3rd pers. pl. have the same irregularities in +the pres. subj. in the same persons.] + + +=Saber= (to know). + +_Pres. Indic., _Sé, . . . +_Pres. Subj., _Sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepáis, sepan. +_Past Def., _Supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supisteis, supieron. +_Fut. Indic., _Sabré, sabrás, sabrá, sabremos, sabréis, sabrán. + + VOCABULARY. + +=apuro=, straits, embarrassment +=armas blancas=, side arms +=armas de fuego=, fire-arms +=*atravesar=, to traverse, to cross +=campos=, fields +=cierre=, lock-out +=compensar=, to compensate, to make good +=*darse a partido=, to yield, to submit +=disturbio=, disturbance +=enfurecido, furioso=, furious (enfuriated) +=enseñanza=, teaching +=*escarmentar=, to take warning +=fracaso=, failure +=la fuente=, the fountain, source +=fuerza motriz=, motive power +=fundarse en=, to base upon +=huelga=, strike (of workmen) +=huerta=, orchard +=infinidad (una)=, an infinite number +=interior=, interior, inland +=limitar=, to confine, to limit +=mejorar=, to improve +=minero=, miner +=obrero=, workman +=orillas=, banks of a river +=palmera=, date palm +=población=, villa, town +=póliza de seguro=, insurance policy +=prescindir de=, to dispense with +=regadío=, irrigation +=rieles=, rails +=tal cual= (of goods), as they are, as they were +=tomar en consideración=, to take into consideration, to entertain +=turba=, crowd (motley) +=virtualmente=, practically, virtually + + + EXERCISE 1 (63). + +Translate into English-- + +1. La palmera., el pistacho, y la higuera crecen en Andalucía pero los +dátiles, los pistachos y los higos que se venden en el mercado inglés +provienen principalmente de Berberia, de Grecia y Esmirna (Smyrna). + +2. En los recientes disturbios en la provincia de Champaña muchas viñas +se han destruido por las turbas enfurecidas. + +3. Explíqueme V. el cómo y el cuando del asunto (all about the affair) y +luego (then) considerare yo el pro y el contra. + +4. Á mi no me importa el que dirán (what people will say). + +5. La industria del hierro es una de las principales fuentes de riqueza +del Reino Unido. + +6. Las máquinas de toda especie, los buques de vapor, los rieles de +ferrocarriles, las herramientas mecánicas y agrícolas, las armas +blancas y de fuego y una infinidad de otros objetos se deben á esa +industria. + +7. En el norte de Espana, especialmente en Bilbao se trabaja el hierro +en grande escala. + +8. El río que atraviesa dicha población presta (gives) fuerza motriz á +varias fábricas situadas en sus orillas, y sirve también al regadío de +los campos y huertas. + +9. Escarmentados por el fracaso de la huelga de los mineros, los obreros +hiladores se dieron á partido admitiendo las condiciones ofrecidas por +los patronos, evitando así el cierre. + +10. Patronos y obreros deberían trabajar armoniosamente y fundados en la +justicia; el capital y el trabajo no pueden prescindir el uno del otro. + + + EXERCISE 2 (64). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. The steamer ran aground on the Spanish coast but the crew were saved. + +2. People are apt to forget (se olvida facilmente de) the teachings of +history (historia). + +3. His action has put me in a serious embarrassment. + +4. I put it as a condition that the bills be drawn against delivery of +B/L and insurance policy. + +5. They placed all their trust in their agent. + +6. I do not mean to say that they wanted to deceive him. + +7. When prices improve we shall be willing (estaremos dispuestos) to +sell. + +8. I do not know what effect this had on the market. + +9. If I knew, I should be able to act accordingly (de conformidad). + +10. I do not think he knows (_subj._) what suits him best. + +11. The Directors are not in the least (absolutamente) disposed to +launch upon (lanzarse a) a large foreign trade, so that the operations +of the concern (compañía _or_ casa) remain confined practically to the +inland market. + +12. We received a claim on our last shipment but we refused to +(rehusamos de) entertain it as the goods were jobs (géneros imperfectos) +and were sold as they were with all faults (imperfecciones). + +13. We are sorry our customers should have suffered any loss, but we +cannot make it good, and we shall stand our ground (insistiremos en +eso). + + + + + LESSON XXXIII. + (Lección trigésima tercera.) + + AUGMENTATIVE AND DIMINUTIVE TERMINATIONS + + +(see also Appendix IV). + +Examples in English-- + +Ball, balloon +Book, booklet +Lad, laddie +Man, manikin + +These terminations are frequent in Spanish, especially the diminutive. + +_On_ (_m._), _ona_ (_f._)[177] denote augmentation, as-- + +Libro, book +Librón, large book + +[Footnote 177: Feminine nouns, however, generally take =on= and become +masculine, as-- + + Un mujerón: A tall woman. + Except when ambiguity might arise, as: + + Un muchachón: A tall or big boy Una muchachona: A tall or big girl.] + + +_ito_ (_m._), _ita_ (_f._), _ico_ (_m._), _ica_ (_f._) + +Denote diminution (to which an idea of endearment is always attached +which is natural in Spanish when speaking of little objects in the +ordinary way.) + +If for any reason disparagement or insignificance is suggested then +_illo, illa, uelo, uela_, are used instead. + +Other terminations less used are _azo, acho, onazo, achón, ote, astro, +aco_, and a few others (augmentative, suggesting (generally) +disparagement); _ete, in, ino, itito, itico, itillo_, and a few others +(diminutive). If a noun ends in a vowel, this is elided[178] before +adding the termination. + +[Footnote 178: If a noun ends in _n_ (except proper names like "Juan") +or _r, ito, ico, illo, uelo_, change into =cito, cico, cillo, zuelo=. If +a noun of one syllable ends in a consonant, or a noun of two syllables +ends in _e_ or _ío_, or contains a diphthong, _ito, ico_, etc., change +into =ecito, ecico=, etc. If a noun of one syllable ends in a vowel, +_ito, ico_, etc., become =ececito, ececico=, etc. Other slight changes +occur also.] + + +The Augmentative and Diminutive terminations have no determinate +meaning: they are vague and indefinite and consequently when preciseness +is required we must use the adjectives "grande," "pequeño," etc. (which +can be employed conjointly with the terminations), as-- + +Me dió dos librones gruesos y tres libritos delgados: He gave me two +heavy big books and three small ones. + +Students should use the terminations _on_ and _ito_ but no others until +they become familiar with them with reading, as they cannot be used +indiscriminately with all nouns. + +The termination _azo_ serves also to indicate an injury or explosion +from a weapon, as-- + +Un sablazo (a sabre-cut) +Un puñetazo (a blow with the fist) +Un navajazo (a stab with a knife) +Un cañonazo (a cannon-shot) + +With some weapons some other terminations are used-- + +Una cuchillada (same as navajazo) +Una paliza (a thrashing with a stick) + + +=Traer= (to bring). + +_Pres. Part._, Trayendo (_i_ unstressed between two vowels always +changes into _y_). +_Pres. Indic._, Traigo. +_Past Def._, Traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=actitud=, actitude +=agiotista=, stock-jobber +=alejarse=, to go away +=aludir á=, to allude, to hint +=apurado de dinero=, short of money +=apurar=, to purify, to exhaust +=calcular=, to calculate, to reckon +=callar=, to keep silent, to omit speaking +=cambiar=, to change, to alter +=consignar=, to consign, to record +=contrato social=, articles of partnership +=cordobán=, morocco leather +=despacio=, slowly +=despreciable=, despicable +=dinero efectivo=, cash +=discutir=, to discuss +=especulación=, speculation, venture +=garrote=, cudgel, stick +=*impedir=, to hinder, to preclude +=ladrón=, thief +=(el) matiz=, shade +=*mover=, to move, to actuate +=mozalbete=, beardless youth +=*quebrantamiento=, breakage, break down +=reflejo=, reflection +=*seguir=, to pursue +=sin ton ni son=, without rhyme or reason +=sombrero de copa=, silk hat +=vejete=, diminutive old man +=vocablo=, vocable, word + + + EXERCISE 1 (65). + +Translate into English-- + +1. El agiotista que V. ve allí, aquel hombrón con el sombrerote de copa, +ha hecho un fortunazo en sus especulaciones bursátiles (stock exchange +speculations). + +2. Aquel vejete que le acompaña con ese mozalbete su hijo me ha vendido +una partidilla de Cordobán muy baratita. + +3. Librazo, libraco, librote, libracho son todos variaciones de "libro," +como también librito, librillo, libreto, librete, libretín, librejo que +son sus formas diminutivas. + +4. Libreta es diminutive de "libra"; se usa también por pan de una +libra; "libreto" es el de una ópera; el cuadernito de papel de fumar es +"librillo." + +5. Estas graduaciones ó matices del sentido se deben aprender con la +práctica y se deben usar naturalmente sin afectación como reflejo del +profundo conocimiento de la lengua, y no copiados de un diccionario "sin +ton ni son" como se dice en español. + +6. Por ejemplo, "librazo, libracho, y librote" se refieren más al +aspecto del libro. "Libracos" mas a los despreciables por su contenido. + +7. También se debe notar que algunas terminaciones convienen á ciertos +vocablos y á otros no, por ejemplo hay "libraco" y "pajarraco" pero esta +terminación no puede tomarla el sustantivo "hombre." + +8. En fin con lo dicho y con lo consignado en el apéndice IV el +estudiante tiene bastante por ahora. + +9. Con la República en Portugal acabadita de proclamar, nos vemos +apuradillos de dinero pues los clientes portugueses van despacito en sus +remesas. + +10. Callandito se vino el ladronzuelo y se alejó sin ser visto. + +11. Cuchilladas, pistolazos, revolveradas, y aún garrotazos son raros en +Inglaterra; el Inglés se bate a puñetazo limpio (with his fist) cuando +es de la hampa (a rough), y cuando es caballero no se bate aunque si +llega el caso es muy capaz de dar muy buena cuenta de sí. + + + EXERCISE 2 (66). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. If you cannot command (no puede disponer de) cash, we shall have to +alter our price lists as our prices will have to be reckoned on a +different basis; they will be a little dearer. + +2. I am bound to say that there is some very strong opinion on this side +(de este lado) against the course your Government intends to pursue in +the matter. + +3. The situation has been complicated by the breakdown of the +arrangement we had made with our carriers (agentes de transporte). + +4. I believe that the reason actuating Mr. Melero's attitude (mueve al +Sr. M. en su) towards us, a reason which he hinted more than once in his +correspondence, is that his articles of partnership with his friends in +Rosario preclude him from entertaining (tomar en consideración) any new +ventures. + +5. At the monthly meeting of the Council of the Chamber of Commerce +(Consejo de la Cámara de Comercio) the Japanese tariff was discussed on +a (tras) communication from the Board of Trade ("Board of Trade," +Ministerio de Comercio). + + + + + LESSON XXXIV. + (Lección trigésima cuarta.) + + THE ADJECTIVE. + + +The position of qualifying adjectives is generally after the noun, +especially + +1. Those denoting physical qualities, as-- + +Un hombre ciego: A blind man. +Una mesa redonda: A round table. +Paño negro: Black cloth. + +2. Those denoting nationality, as-- + +Quincalla inglesa: British hardware. + +3. Those derived from verbs, as-- + +Mercancía averiada: Damaged goods. + +The above rule is subject to many exceptions for the sake of euphony or +to give more than the ordinary prominence to the adjective or the noun; +however, the following rule will be found a reliable general one, and it +is in fact the informing principle of all special rules given in the +various grammars-- + +An adjective used as an epithet should precede the noun; if used as a +distinguishing word it should follow. + +By an adjective used as an epithet, we mean one calling to mind a +quality known (or supposed) to belong to the noun, as-- + +No perdió el aliento el valiente general: The brave general did not lose +courage. + +By a distinguishing word we mean one used to indicate the quality of a +noun as compared with another of the same species, as-- + +Quiero comprar maquinaria barata: I wish to buy cheap machinery. + +The Partitive Adjectives "some" and "any" are left out in translation +when they do not convey the idea of limited quantity. When they do, +"algún," "un poco de" (_sing._), "algunos" and "unos" (_pl._) are used. + +"Un poco de" and "unos" convey the idea of a more limited quantity or +number than "alguno" and "algunos." + +The following few examples are calculated to make it clear as regards +the various shades of meaning-- + +¿Tiene V. alfombras? Have you any carpets? + +Tengo algún azúcar para vender: I have some sugar to sell. + +¿Quiere V. un poco de papel? Will you have some paper? + +Yo tengo algunas obligaciones: I have some debentures. + +He recibido algunos cigarros, le reservaré unas cajas de los mejores: I +received some cigars; I shall reserve for you some boxes of the best +quality. + +One adjective preceding two or more nouns agrees in gender and number +with the first only, as-- + +La nueva caldera y accesorios gustó (_or_ gustaron) mucho al cliente: +The new boiler and accessories pleased the customer very much. + +N.B.--If a verb intervenes the adjective is generally plural, and in +case of different genders is pl. masc., as-- + +Adjuntos remitimos factura y conocimiento: Enclosed we send invoice and +bill of lading. + +When the adjective follows two or more nouns, it is put in the plural, +as-- + +El trigo y el maíz están sostenidos: Wheat and maize are firm. + +If the nouns are of different genders, the adjective is pl. masc., as-- + +El encaje y las guarniciones han salido caros: The lace and trimmings +came out dear. + + +EXCEPTION-- + +When all the several nouns preceding the adjective are in the plural, +and all referring to things (not persons), the adjective _may_ be made +to agree in gender with the noun last mentioned, as-- + +Los tornillos y las tuercas están bien ajustados (_or_ ajustadas): The +screws and nuts are well adjusted. It is better to avoid this +construction + +(1) By saying "las tuercas y los tornillos están bien ajustados." + +(2) By using an adjective having the same termination for masculine and +feminine. + +(3) By giving a different turn to the sentence, as: "Son de buen ajuste". + +Adjectives that qualify the fem. _nada_ (nothing) are always used in the +masculine-- + +Nada bueno espero de él: I expect nothing good from him. + +Adjectives referring to titles of individuals are placed in the gender +of the persons bearing those titles, as-- + +V. (contraction of Vuestra Merced) es muy buen amigo: You are a very +good friend. + +Adjectives of colour derived from a noun, as "violeta" (violet), "rosa" +(pink), "chocolate" (chocolate), etc., do not take the mark of the +plural, the words "color de" being understood before them, as-- + +Guantes crema: Cream gloves. + + + +=Valer= (to be worth). + +_Pres. Indic._, Valgo. +_Fut. Indic._, Valdré, valdrás, valdrá, valdremos, valdréis, valdrán. +_Imper. Mood_, Val _or_ vale.... + + + VOCABULARY. + +=aceite=, oil +=aflojar=, to slacken +=ajuste de averia=, average adjustment +=almacenes fiscales=, bonded ware houses +=carne en salmuera=, pickled beef +=comarca=, region +=conceder=, to grant, to allow +=cosecha=, crop, harvest +=cueros=, hides +=exiguo=, small, insignificant, slender +=incluir=, to include, to enclose +=incluso=, included +=incluyendo=, including +=íntegro=, upright, integer, whole +=interino=, interim +=juicioso=, sensible +=linones, olanes=, lawns +=manteca de puerco, lardo=, lard +=pieles=, skins +=productos accesorios=, by-products +=sebo=, tallow +=tarjeta=, card +=tasajo=, jerked beef +=tierno=, tender +=viajante=, commercial traveller[179] + +[Footnote 179: Traveller (passenger, tourist)--Viajero.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (67). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Benéficas lluvias han caído en toda la comarca, y las tiernas plantas +prometen abundante cosecha si siguen favorables las condiciones +climatológicas (climatic). + +2. Las compras baratas no resultan siempre lo que se llama "gangas" +(bargains) pues es necesario también que sean de calidad conveniente y +adecuada para el mercado á que se las destine. + +3. He recibido una consignación de carne en salmuera, lenguas en latas +(canned tongues), tasajo, sebo, margarina, manteca de puerco (_or_ +lardo), y productos accesorios que espero poder colocar bien. + +4. Me enviaron también un poco de aceite de margarina, heces de sebo +(tallow greaves), hueso molido (bone-meal) y tripas de buey (ox casings) +baratas. + +5. ¿Ha vendido V. algo de estas? + +6. No, pero he vendido un poco de sebo. + +7. ¿ No ha recibido V. cueros y pieles? + +8. No, estos no pertenecen á mi ramo de negocios (line of business). + +9. Ha entrado mucho té este mes en los almacenes fiscales y además algún +café de Costa Rica. + +10. La magnífica colección de muestras y tarjetas para reclamo +(advertisement) que nos trajo ese viajante nos han gustado muchísimo. + +11. El ajuste de avería y el cheque por la indemnización concedida van +inclusos. + +12. Tanto los provechos como las pérdidas son exiguos (_or_ exiguas). + +13. No hay nada (de) extraordinario en que afloje el mercado. + +14. V. es hombre integro y su Señora es mujer juiciosa. + +15. Le tomaré algunas piezas de prueba de estos linones rosa y crema +pero nada de estos estampados chocolate. + + + EXERCISE 2 (68). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We have to acknowledge the receipt of your esteemed letter of the 1st +inst., which brought us £640 on L. & Sons, payable August 10th. + +2. Carried forward (á la vuelta). Brought forward (de la vuelta). + +3. Brown sugars have been rather brisk for some time (desde algún +tiempo). + +4. The manufacturer has discontinued making the old article. + +5. The Directors of the Z Company announce an interim (provisorio) +dividend for the first six months of the current year at the rate of 10 +per cent. per annum. + +6. Reuter's Paris correspondent telegraphs that earnest representations +are being made by the British Chamber of Commerce in Paris to the French +Customs Administration (Administración de Aduanas) concerning the recent +change in the classification of yarns wound on bobbins (en bobinas), a +matter which seriously affects Lancashire interests. + +7. The great object (objeto principal) the meeting had in view was the +promotion of further (el abrir nuevas vías al) progress and (y á la) +civilisation. That necessarily implied fewer appeals to the arbitrament +of the sword (que deberían disminuir los casos de apelar á la espada) +and (y ser) more frequent appeals to the remedy of reason. + + + + + LESSON XXXV. + (Lección trigésima quinta.) + + THE ADJECTIVE (_contd._). + + +=Degrees of Comparison=. + +"As ... as" and "so ... as" are translated "tan ... como," "as much ... +as" and "so much ... as" are translated "tanto-a,-os-as ... como" or +"cuanto." + +N.B.--_Cuan_ may be used instead of _como_ before an adjective as-- + +Tan razonable en precio cuan apreciado por la buena calidad: As +reasonable in price as it is appreciated for its good quality. + +"The more ... the more" is translated "cuanto más ... tanto más"; also +"más ... más" (without the article). + +"Than whom," "than which" is translated as follows-- + +Sedas floreadas italianas que no las hay mejores en el mercado: Italian +flowered silks, than which there are no better on the market. + +Adjectives ending in _io_ (not _ío_) drop the whole diphthong before +adding _ísimo_, as-- + +Amplio--Amplísimo (very ample). + +EXCEPT Agrio--Agriísimo (very sour). + +Those ending in _z_ change of course the _z_ into c, as-- + +Feliz--felicísimo[180] (very happy). + +[Footnote 180: _Z_ should not occur before _e_ and _i_ in modern Spanish.] + +The irregular superlatives _óptimo, pésimo, máximo, mínimo, ínfimo_ and +_supremo_ are used very sparingly, but they are found both as +superlative absolute and superlative relative, as-- + +Esta es una cantidad ínfima: It is an infinitesimal amount. + +El precio mínimo[181]: The minimum price. + +[Footnote 181: Although improperly, we often find "más mínimo" (más +ínfimo, etc.).] + +El supremo bien de la vida es hacer á otros felices: The highest +blessing of life is to make others happy. + +The irregular comparatives _mejor_ and _peor_ are in general use. + +_Mayor_ and _menor_ refer more generally to age (older, elder, and +younger). + +"_Inferior_" and "_superior_" are generally used as their English +equivalents. + +The expressions "a larger building," "a higher tree," etc., are +generally rendered "un edificio más grande," "un árbol más alto," etc. + +Irregular superlatives-- + +Acre (sour) Acérrimo +Amigo (friendly) Amicísimo +Antiguo (ancient) Antiquísimo +Áspero (harsh) Aspérrimo +Benéfico (beneficent) Beneficentísimo +Benévolo (benevolent) Benevolentísimo +Célebre (celebrated) Celebérrimo +Fiel (faithful) Fidelísimo +Íntegro (upright) Integérrimo +Libre (free), Libérrimo +Magnífico (magnificent) Magnificentísimo +Mísero (miserable) Misérrimo +Munífico (munificent) Munificentísimo +Pobre (poor), Paupérrimo, _and_ Pobrísimo (more used) +Sabio (wise) Sapientísimo +Sagrado (holy) Sacratísimo +Salubre (healthy) Salubérrimo +Simple (simple) Simplicísimo +--Ubérrimo (most fruitful) + +Some of the best modern authors write "buenísimo," "nuevísimo," etc., +regularly without substituting the diphthong by the pure vowel, as +"bonísimo," "novísimo," notwithstanding the shifting of the stress.[182] + +[Footnote 182: See Note 47.] + +Substantives used as adjectives admit of comparison, as-- + +Es tan caballero _or_ más caballero que sus contrincantes: He is as (or +more) gentlemanly as (than) his neighbours (competitors). + +"Than" followed by a number, unless the sentence be negative, is +translated by _de_. + +"Than" followed by a finite verb is _de lo que_, as-- + +Cumple más de lo que promete: He accomplishes more than he promises. + +But-- + +Hablar Español es más difícil que escribirlo: To speak Spanish is more +difficult than to write it. + +The following expressions are translated-- + +Él le lleva seis años: He is older than you by six years. + +Esta tela cuesta cinco peniques menos la yarda: This cloth is cheaper by +five pence a yard. + +Esta casa es diez años más antigua: This firm is older by ten years. + +Es tan poderoso que domina el mercado: He is so powerful as to control +the market. + +=Ver= (to see). +_Past Part._, Visto. +_Pres. Indic._, Veo[183] ... + +[Footnote 183: It forms the pres. subj., Vea, veas, etc. +_Imperf. Indic._, Veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veíais, veían.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=acaudalado=, rich, wealthy +=*advertir=, to notice +=alcalde=, mayor +=alfombrada=, carpeting +=añadir=, to add +=apagarse=, to go out (fire) +=atraicionar=, to betray +=boticario=, chemist +=caja fuerte=, safe +=calorífero=, stove +=carbón (de piedra)=, coal +=carbón (vegetal)=, charcoal +=carpeta=, writing-pad +=casillero=, pigeon-holes +=certificar=, to certify, to register (in the post) +=chimenea=, chimney +=contestar=, to answer +=echar al correro=, to post +=ensartar=, to string (beads), to file (papers) +=escaño=, stool +=estante=, book-shelf +=franqueo=, postage +=guardafuego=, fender +=guardapapeles, ensartapapeles=, paper files +=humear=, to smoke (chimney) +=lacre=, sealing wax +=legajo=, bundle (of papers) +=librarse=, to get rid of +=mano de papel secante=, quire of blotting-paper +=pupitre=, writing desk +=sello=, seal +=el sobre=, the envelope +=sujeta papeles=, paper fasteners + + + EXERCISE 1 (69). + +Translate into English-- + +1. La casa de Rioja a y Cía. es tan respetable por su buena fama (name) +como por lo acaudalados que son sus propietarios. + +2. Sí, es más estimada que cualquiera otra. + +3. Dicen que tiene más de £150,000 de capital. + +4. Es muy rica en efecto, pero no creo que su capital ascienda á más que +£100,000. + +5. Cuanto más corriente en sus tratos es un negociante, tanto mejor le +resultan sus transacciones. + +6. Estas son alfombradas de Bruselas que no las hay mejores en todo el +mundo. + +7. Tenemos un campo (field) amplísimo para nuestras operaciones, las +cuales hasta aquí han tenido felicísimo resultado. + +8. Nuestros géneros son todos de óptima calidad y á precios ínfimos. + +9. Es de interés supremo para nosotros el dar los mejores productos á +precios mínimos. + +10. La cantidad máxima no ha de exceder 500 kilógramos. + +11. El hermano mayor es notario y alcalde del pueblo, el menor es +boticario. + +12. La ciudad de Cádiz es antiquísima; fundóse en el siglo XV antes de +la era vulgar por los Fenicios. + +13. El clima de Valparaíso es salubírrimo. + +14. Fidelísimo criado, no quiso atraicionar á su amo que había sido +beneficentísimo para con él. + +15. Euclides fué celebérrimo geómetra. + + + EXERCISE 2 (70). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I wish to straighten (poner en orden) the desk on (en) my table. + +2. My pad is full of papers; I must get rid (librarme) of them. + +3. Will you put all those answered letters in that shelf; You will find +the pigeon-holes alphabetically arranged, put each letter in the proper +bundle. + +4. These others are filed away in that letter-file, alphabetically also. + +5. Put the file in the safe; we always keep it under lock and key (bajo +llave). + +6. Now give me a quire of blotting-paper, pens, nibs (puntitas), +paper-fasteners and the stamp-rack (porta-estampillas). + +7. These envelopes go into the waste-paper basket (cestilla). + +8. Fetch that stool, please; place it before that desk (banco). + +9. See to the (hacer atención al) fire, it is going out, poke it +(removerlo) a little and add some coal. + +10. This is the coal scuttle (caja del carbón), the shovel (la pala) and +the poker (atizador) are near the fender. + +11. Hot-water pipes (tubos) are preferable to fires or stoves. + +12. Yes, our chimney always smokes; it is a nuisance (¡que fastidio! +¡que barbaridad!). + +13. Post these letters. Stamp them (póngales los sellos) and notice +there are some to be registered (para certificar). + +14. Do not forget to put the stamp of the firm (casa). + +15. If any weigh in excess (demasiado), it does not matter (no importa); +put the excess postage. + +16. Seal that envelope; here are the seal and sealing-wax. + + + + + LESSON XXXVI. + (Lección trigésima sexta.) + + THE ADJECTIVE (_contd_.). + + +The adjective _grande_ (great, large) may _precede_ or follow a noun. + +If it precedes it _may_ drop the final syllable. When _grande_ (or +_gran_) precedes it generally refers more to quality than to size, but +this rule is not strict _at all_, as much is left to the tone of the +voice and also to gesture. + +When "Santo" means "holy" it is always written in full. +When "Santo" means "saint" it drops the "to" before the name following. + +EXCEPTIONS-- + +Santo Tomás (or Tomé), Santo Domingo, and Santo Torribio. + +But--La isla de San Tomás (the Island of St. Thomas, West Indies). + +Some adjectives alter their meaning according as they precede or follow +a noun, as-- + +Cierto hombre: A certain man. (Not "un cierto.") +Una noticia cierta: A certain (sure) news. + +Un pobre escritor: A poor writer--of little worth. +Un escritor pobre: An impecunious writer. + +Un simple favor: A simple favour. +Un favor simple: A simple favour. + +Un simple soldado: A simple (plain) soldier. +Un hombre simple: A simple man, a simpleton. + +"One" and "ones" after an adjective are always left untranslated. "Man" +and "woman" in the majority of cases are also omitted, as-- + +Tengo algunos buenos: I have some good ones. +Un francés, una francesa: A Frenchman, a Frenchwoman. + +Numeral adjectives used for measurement are translated as follows-- + +Una plataforma de 30 pies de largo y seis pies de ancho (_also_ de 30 +pies por seis): A platform 30 feet long by six feet wide. + +Este tanque tiene 16 pies de profundidad: This tank is 16 feet deep. + +"In" after a superlative relative is rendered by _de_, as-- + +Es el negociante más próspero de la ciudad: He is the most successful +merchant in the city. + +The proportional adjectives are-- + +El doble (the double) +El triple (3 fold) +El cuádruplo (4 fold) +El quíntuple (5 fold) +El séxtuple (6 fold) +El décuplo (10 fold) +El céntuplo (100 fold) +Siete veces tanto (7 fold) +Ocho veces tanto (8 fold). Etc., etc. + +The adjective is used also adverbially, oftener in Spanish than in +English, as-- + +Hablar claro, alto, bajo, fuerte: To speak clearly, loudly, softly, +strongly. + +Comprar caro, barato: To buy dear, cheap. + +Ir derecho: To go straight. + +Tener fuerte: To hold fast. + +Exclamó ufano, cortés, enfadado, bondadoso: He proudly, courteously, +angrily, kindly exclaimed. + +Justo ha llegado una carta: A letter has just arrived. + +Adjectives have a governing power through a preposition and then the +preposition to be used belongs to the "idiom" of the language. Practice +will make perfect. + +The following are some examples in which the construction differs from +the English-- + +Afable á, _or_ con, _or_ para con todos: Affable to all. +Agradecido á los beneficios: Grateful for the favours. +Agudo de ingenio: Sharp-witted. +Ajeno de la verdad: Foreign to truth. +Alegre de cascos: Light-headed. +Blanco de tez: fair-complexioned. +Cargado de espaldas: Round-shouldered. +Codicioso, deseoso de dinero: Greedy, wishing for money. +Cercano á su fin: Nearing his end. +¡Desdichado de mí!: Unhappy me! +Difícil de comprender: Hard to understand. +Dotado de buenas partes: Endowed with good parts. +Duro de cabeza (de mollera), de corazón: Hard-headed, hard-hearted. +Evidente para todo el mundo: Evident to all. +Fácil de explicar: Easy to explain. +Falto de juicio: Lacking in judgment. +Hermoso de ver: Beautiful to see. +Lleno de cerveza, de vino: Full of (or with) beer, wine. +Mayor _or_ Menor de edad: Of age, under age. +Pequeño de tamano: Small in size. +Rico de virtudes: Rich in virtues. +Seco (enjuto) de carnes: Spare in flesh. +Sorprendido de la noticia: Surprised at the news. +Tardo á comprender: Slow in understanding. +Triste de aspecto: Sad in countenance. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=á la par=, at the same time +=las Antillas=, the West Indies +=atropellar por=, to infringe, + to trample upon, also to run down (vehicles, etc.) +=blando=, gentle, soft +=chaconada=, jacconet +=ciencia=, science, wisdom +=corto=, short, brief +=desarme=, disarmament +=deseoso=, wishful, eager +=dique=, dock +=doctrina=, doctrine, knowledge +=equivocarse=, to make a mistake +=fletar=, to freight, to charter +=forros estampados=, printed linings +=hidalguía=, chivalry, nobleness, gentlemanly principles +=imponerse á=, to command +=inconveniencia=, unsuitability, impropriety +=el inconveniente=, inconvenience +=ladrillos refractarios=, firebricks +=lástima=, pity, compassion +=nivel=, level +=principal=, principal, chief, leading +=quejarse (de)=, to complain +=responsable=, responsible +=rizados, crespolinas=, crimps +=tío=, uncle, also a coarse fellow[184] +*=tropezar=, to stumble +=ufano=, proud, full of dignity +=velero=, sailing vessel, sailer + +[Footnote 184: Also used before names instead of "Señor" among country +folks.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (71). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Gran lastima es, si lastima grande que las grandes naciones no se +pongan de acuerdo para proclamar el desarme general. + +2. Santa vida fué la de San Francisco de Asis. + +3. Aun los racionalistas respetan a este Santo como también a la +profunda doctrina de Santo Tom as de Aquino. + +4. Ciertos nombres se imponen al respeto universal. + +5. Es cosa cierta que la virtud puede ser patrimonio del hombre pobre +como del rico. + +6. Pobre excusa seria el pretender haberlo hecho por un simple favor +pues esto no convencería a los hombres más simples. + +7. El hombre más sabio del mundo puede equivocarse alguna vez, llegue á +donde llegare su ciencia (however great, etc.) + +8. Si V. me diera el doble, el triple, el quintuple, y aun seis, diez ó +cien veces tanto, no cometería esa indelicadeza, atropellando por las +leyes de la hidalguía y del honor. + +9. El orador habla claro, metafórico, alto, bajo, fuerte, y blando según +lo exija el argumento y las circunstancias pero se le demanda que tenga +por bianco (to have for his aim) la virtud y el progreso. + +10. Ande V. derecho y tenga fuerte que no vaya (lest you) á tropezar y á +caerse. + +11. Cortés y ufano á la par, repuso: "soy pobre mas soy honrado." + +12. Justo lo que debía contestar. + +13. Los estudiantes más agudos de ingenio son á veces un tantico alegres +de cascos. + +14. No importa (never mind), son todos deseosos de aprender y afables +con su profesor que además de ser cojo de un pie ya está cercano á su +fin. + +15. Este tío es duro de cabeza aunque sea dotado de buenas partes. + + + EXERCISE 2 (72). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We are open (dispuestos) to charter a small steamer or a sailing +vessel for St. Thomas in the West Indies. + +2. We can offer you a small one for a voyage out and home (de ida y +vuelta). + +3. The heating surface (superficie de caldeo) is (es de) 20' X 15'. + +4. These warehouses are 30' long, 20' wide (de ancho) and 15 feet high +(de alto). + +5. Some are built with stone and mortar (son de mampostería), others +with firebricks, and they are the best in the docks. + +6. Last week nothing was doing (no se hacía) on 'Change, but' to-day +leading operators are distinctly bullish (trabajan distintamente por la +alza) and have acquired a further large holding (y se han afianzado +mucho más), being more convinced than ever that prices will climb[185] +(subirán) to a much higher level. + +7. Meanwhile the market is getting dangerously overbought (el exceso de +compras en el mercado se hace peligroso). + +8. He gave me too short a notice (aviso) and the consequence was 20 +bales were short shipped (no se expidieron). + +9. He now complains of being short of (que le faltan) printed linings, +jacconets and crimps, also of short measure (de falta de medida) in some +of the cloth invoiced. + +10. Their orders fall short (son mucho menos) of what we expected. + +11. We have run short of (se nos ha acabado) the raw material. + +12. Our correspondents are short-staffed (no tienen bastante personal), +hence their delaying often to send out (y por tanto a menudo retardan el +envío de) our invoices, which is a great inconvenience. + +[Footnote 185: To climb--_Trepar_.] + + + + + LESSON XXXVII. + (Lección trigésima séptima.) + + THE PRONOUN. + + +The pronouns _Nos_ and _Vos_ are used for the 1st and 2nd person +_singular_, respectively, in poetry and high-flown prose. + +_Nos_ is used in Royal decrees; and _Vos_ often to translate the French +"vous" and English "you" in novels. They require the verb in the plural +and any occurring adjective in the singular, masculine or feminine +according to the sex represented-- + +Nos el Rey somos justo: We the King are just. + +Vos Doña Catalina sois generosa: You, Lady Catherine, are generous. + +A subject pronoun following "to be" and preceding a relative may be +followed by a verb in the 1st or 3rd person, as-- + +Soy yo quien giré _or_ giró aquella letra: It is I who drew that bill. + +Two or more personal pronouns used as subjects of one verb require the +verb in the plural, and in the 1st person in preference to the 2nd and +3rd, and 2nd in preference to 3rd, as-- + +Yo y tú (_or_ yo y él) vamos; tú y él vais. + +A conjunctive pronoun should precede the verb in the Indic. Cond. and +Subj. moods, but with the verb in the Indic. or Cond. mood a great +latitude is allowed for the sake of euphony or emphasis. The principal +idea is to give thereby more prominence to the verb, as-- + +Entreguéle los bultos, acordéle toda facilidad para el pago y quise +acabarlo todo amistosamente. + +The conjunctive pronouns _lo, le_, are both used for "him," "it" (_m._), +(direct object); the second is more generally used for a person, but no +distinction is strictly observed. + +_Lo_ (not _le_) should however be used for "it," referring to a whole +statement. + +_Lo_ translates often the English "so," as-- + +Lo digo: I say it, I say so. + +Ya lo creo: I should think so. + +The conjunctive dative (indirect object) should be _le_ for both genders +(_sing._). _La_ instead of _le_ for the feminine is however permissible +and is used by the best writers. + +_Les_ instead of _los_ is often found in the accusative (direct object), +masculine plural, but this should not be imitated. + +When a conjunctive pers. pronoun follows the verb, the subject pronoun +must also follow, as-- + +Dígolo yo (_not_ yo dígolo): I say so. + +Otherwise the position of the subject pronoun in relation to the verb is +very arbitrary, the general practice being, of course, to put it before +unless the sentence is interrogative. + +The conj. pronouns _nos_ and _os_ following a verb in the Imperative +mood require the elision of the _s_ and _d_ termination of the verb, +as-- + +Escribámonos: Let us write to each other. + +Escribíos: Write to each other. + +Conjunctive pronouns are used to substitute the possessive adjective +before parts of the body or articles of dress, as-- + +Me quebré el brazo: I broke my arm. + +Se lastimó el dedo: He hurt his finger. + +Se puso el sombrero: He put on his hat. + +Also-- + +Me han impuesto una multa sobre los géneros: They have inflicted a fine +on my goods. + +And in all similar cases when by doing this the possessive may be +avoided without creating confusion. + +A somewhat similar use of these pronouns is the "ethical" dative, as-- + +Póngame aquí un clavo: Put me a nail here. + +Castígueme este muchacho para que aprenda: Punish this boy (for me) so +that he may learn. + +Córteme el pelo á este muchacho: Cut this boy's hair. + +This "ethical dative" shows the person _interested in the action. Its +use is much more frequent in Spanish than in English. + + +=Conducir= (model verb for all ending in _ducir_; to conduct, to lead). + +_Pres. Indic._, Conduzco---------- + +_Pres. Subj._, Conduzca, conduzcas, conduzca, conduzcamos, conduzcáis, +conduzcan. + +_Past Def._, Conduje, condujiste, condujo, condujimos, condujisteis, +condujeron.[186] + +[Footnote 186: Not "condujieron." Imp. Subj., of course, Condujese, etc.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abordar=, to board, to accost, to approach +=*abrir agua=, to spring a leak +=ajeno=, belonging to others, outward +*=andar en cuestiones=, to dispute +=barrica=, cask +=cabo=, corporal +=¿cómo no?= yes, of course I will +*=cubrir (p.p. cubierto)=, to cover +*=dar dos pasos=, to take a stroll +*=dar la lengua=, to chat, to parley +=despejar=, to clear +=devanarse los sesos=, to rack one's brains +=difunto=, late, deceased +=estallar=, to burst, to explode, to break out +=formal=, formal, respectable +*=ir repitiendo, etc=., to keep repeating, etc. +=jefe del despacho=, manager +=llevarse bien=, to get on well together +=lograr=, to contrive, to attain +=machacar=, to hammer, to insist +=mandato=, order, injunction +=melindroso=, squeamish, very particular +=multa=, fine, penalty +=Noruego=, Norwegian +=peligro=, danger +=remolcar=, to tow +=sacar en limpio=, to make out +¡=santo y bueno=! that is all very well +=sargento=, sergeant +=transportar=, to transport, to convey +=tul bordado=, embroidered tulle +=vender gato por liebre=, to cheat +¡=vaya=! come (exclam.) + + + EXERCISE 1 (73) + +Translate into English-- + +1. ¿Vió V. á la Señora (the wife) del Coronel? + +2. Víla ayer y la dí el recado del Sr. Mayor. + +3. ¿Este cabo se lleva bien con sus soldados? + +4. Lo creo, me lo ha dicho el sargento. + +5. Bueno fuera írselo repitiendo al jefe para que abrevie, si puede ser. + +6. Á mi no me cuente para nada (do not take me into account), valdríale +mejor verse con (see) el jefe del despacho. + +7. Á él le gusta dar la lengua, vaya á hablarle. + +8. No le conozco, V. se hace cargo (you understand) que me resulta +dificultoso el abordarle, y lo mismo da (it is the same) hablar con V. + +9. V. se equivoca, va mucho de Pedro á Pedro (there is a great +difference between the two) y en cuanto á su timidez no sea V. +melindroso y tenga presente que el que no se atreve no pasa la mar +(nothing venture, nothing have). + +10. Para no andar en más cuestiones seguiré su mandato (I shall do as +you tell me). + +11. ¡Que tenga V. buena suerte! + +12. Me devané los sesos procurando sacar en limpio lo que quería decir +la carta pero no me fué posible y dí al diablo con el hato y el garabato +(I gave up the whole confounded thing) como se suele decir. + +13. Me puse el sombrero y me fuí para dar dos pasos y despejarme la +cabeza. + +14. Sr. Juan, V. machaca desde muchos días sobre que le debo dar alguna +orden á Don José, pues para darles gusto á ambos salúdemele V. mucho +(give him my kind regards), en su primera carta y dígale que me envíe +luego 500 piezas de tul bordado repetición de mi pedido anterior, mismos +matices. + + + EXERCISE 2 (74). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. It is I who conveyed (trasmitir) that information to him. + +2. The goods were conveyed by the Ship Canal (el canal marítimo). + +3. Have you made it clear (lo ha explicado claramente) that the risk +will be covered whether the casks travel by steamer or other conveyance +(medio de trasporte)? + +4. Our agent contrived to get the fine refunded (hacerse refundir); he +wrote us so. + +5. The vessel sprang a leak and was in danger but she spoke (habló con +la bocina á) a Norwegian steamer, who gave her assistance and towed her +to (al) Havre. + +6. The conditions you have put forth (presentado) are altogether +unacceptable. + +7. Put him in the way (muéstrele V. el modo) of conducting his business +without depending on (de) outward assistance. + +8. He conducted his late employer's (jefe) business quite +satisfactorily. + +9. Had I feared he would not conduct his own affairs properly (bien) I +should not have financed (comanditado) him. + +10. He puts a wrong construction to my words (interpreta mal). + +11. He owes us some money and keeps putting us off (y nos va dando +largas). + +12. He has put off his journey (diferido, aplazado). + +13. If you wish me to do business with your goodselves (su estimada +casa) you must put me on (concederme) the best possible terms. + +14. The alarming news from India has put our market out of gear +(descompuesto). + +15. Mr. Núñez was dreadfully put out (terriblemente desconcertado) by +the news that the revolution had broken out in Ecuador. + +16. We must put up with (soportar) some inconvenience. + +17. We shall put an end to (acabaremos) this exercise. + + + + + LESSON XXXVIII. + (Lección trigésima octava.) + + THE PRONOUN. (_contd._). + + +Such expressions as "I did it myself," "You write it yourself," "we +spoke to him himself," are translated "Yo mismo lo hice," "V. mismo lo +escribe," "Le hablamos á él mismo." + +Notice the following idiomatic uses of _Lo, La, Los, Las_ with the verbs +_haber_ and _hacer_-- + +¿Hay dinero? Is there money?--Sí, lo hay: Yes, there is some. + +¿Hay pasividades? Are there any liabilities?--Sí, las hay: Yes, there +are some. + +¿Hace dos días? Is it two days ago?--No, no los hace: No, it is not. + +¿Hace una semana? Is it a week ago?--Sí, la hace: Yes, it is. + +¿Hace falta escribir? Is it necessary to write?--La hace, mucho: Yes, +very necessary. + +In the case of two verbs governing each other as "ir á ver" (to go and +see), "mandar hacer" (to have made), etc., a conjunctive pronoun, +occurring, may be taken by either verb, as-- + +Irle á ver _or_ ir á verle: To go and see him. + +Mandarlo hacer _or_ Mandar hacerlo: To have it made. + +An object pronoun _after a preposition_ may often be either ordinary or +reflexive as in English, as-- + +Los abogados han zanjado el asunto entre sí _or_ entre ellos: The +lawyers compromised the matter amongst themselves (or them). + +Of course _él, ella, ellos, ellas_, cannot be used with reference to +"V." "Vs."-- + +Vs. lo han arreglado entre sí _or_ entre Vs. (_but not_ entre ellos): +You have arranged it between yourselves. + + +=Demonstrative Pronouns=. + +Old Spanish forms now obsolete or seldom used-- + +Aqueste, etc., aquese, etc., for este, ese, etc. + +Estotro, esotro, etc., for este otro, ese otro, etc. + +The English expressions "I have not seen him these three months," etc., +should be translated "Hace _or_ ha tres meses que no le veo," "Hace _or_ +ha tres meses que no le he visto," "No le he visto (_or_ no le veo) +desde hace tres meses," "Hace (_or_ ha) tres meses desde que le ví la +última vez." + +"I have been writing these three hours," is translated "Hace tres horas +que escribo (estoy escribiendo)," "Escribo" (estoy escribiendo) desde +hace tres horas. + + +=Relative Pronouns=. + +_Cuyo_ in reality a relative possessive pronoun is often used as a pure +relative instead of _el cual_ followed by a noun, as-- + +Lo dí a un cliente, cuyo cliente lo pasó á un amigo de él: + +I gave it to a customer which customer handed it to a friend of his. + +The correct grammatical construction would be "el cual cliente"; but +however much some grammarians disclaim this employment of _cuyo_, it is +in the language and found in the best books and therefore must be +accepted. + + +=Indefinite Pronouns=. + +The Indefinite Pronouns _algo_ and _nada_ followed by an adjective, +generally (but not necessarily) take =de= before the adjective, as-- + +Tengo algo (de) bueno: I have something good. +No tengo nada (de) bueno: I have nothing good. + +_Un nada_ is used as a noun, as-- + +Un nada le asusta: A nothing frightens him. + +_La nada_--nothingness. + + ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Sentir= (to feel, to regret). | +|_Pres. Part._, |Sintiendo. | +|_Pres. Indic._,|Siento, sientes, siente ... sienten. | +|_Pres. Subj._, |Sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientan. | +|_Past Def._, | -- -- -- sintió -- -- -- sintieron.| ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Pediz= (to ask, to request). | +|_Pres. Part._, |Pidiendo. | +|_Pres. Indic._,|Pido, pides, pide -- -- -- -- piden. | +|_Pres. Subj._, |Pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis, pidan. | +|_Past Def._, | -- -- -- pidió -- -- -- pidieron. | ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Dormir= (to sleep).[187] | +|_Pres. Part._, |Durmiendo. | +|_Pres. Ind._, |Duermo, duermes, duerme ... duermen. | +|_Pres. Subj._, |Duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmáis, duerman. | +|_Past Def._, | -- -- -- durmió -- -- -- durmieron.| ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + +[Footnote 187: "Morir" is conjugated like "dormir," but has its past part. +"muerto." N.B.--"Muerto" is also a double form of the past part. of +"matar" (to kill), as--Le han muerto: They have killed him.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=adeudar=, to debit, to pay (duty) +=atrasado=, in arrears, behind +=ce por be=, with all particulars, minutely +=chapas=, plates +*=contar=, to count, to relate +=discreto=, sensible, judicious, discreet +=dispensar=, to excuse +=echar á perder=, to spoil, to wreck +=empeoramiento=, turn for the worse +*=estar en poco de=, to be within an inch of +=grano de anis=, a trifling matter +*=hacer de las suyas=, to play one's pranks +*=hacer el obsequio=, to do the favour +=informe=, report +=mandar buscar=, to send for +=obligar=, to compel +*=obtener=, to obtain, to bring about +=pesado=, heavy +=quehaceres=, occupations, business +=reglamento=, regulation, bye-laws +=remesa=, remittance, shipment +=revista=, review +=rodajas (de goma)=, rubber heels (revolving) +=tacones (de goma)=, rubber heels (shaped) +=taller=, workshop +=tonto=, simpleton, foolish +=tornillos=, screws + + + EXERCISE 1 (75). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Yo mismo escribo al Sr. Mendoza para decirle que puede hacer sus +pedidos á Vs. directamente pues, por mi parte no tengo inconveniente en +que así se haga. + +2. Si dicho Señor envía pedidos ¿hace falta avisarle á V.? + +3. Sí, la hace, y les ruego tengan la bondad de decírmelo á fin de poner +á Vs. en conocimiento de las condiciones en que deben hacerse las +remesas, etc. + +4. ¿Hace ocho días que Ilegó el informe de la comisión? + +5. Creo que no los hace todavía. + +6. Tengo los muestrarios aquí, voy á dárselos á V. + +7. Se los voy á devolver en seguida. + +8. Nuestro agente y los corresponsales arreglarán esto entre ellos (_or_ +entre sí). + +9. Hace tres meses que no recibimos las revistas semanales de ese +mercado, las hemos pedido continuamente y siempre en balde. + +10. Nuestros aduaneros cobran todo el peso (charge full weight) por sus +tacones y rodajas como si fuera goma solamente siendo así que vienen +juntos con sus chapas y tornillos, cuyos hierros, claro es, no debían +(deberían) adeudar el mismo derecho. + +11. No sucedió nada de extraordinario para justificar su acción que en +poco estuvo de echarlo todo á perder. + +12. Hágame V. el obsequio de contármelo todo, pues no es ningún grano de +anís. + +13. Sentarse[188] pues y se lo contaré ce por be. + +14. Dispense V. que le haya hecho esperar, tuve que despachar á mi +chauffeur. + +15. Es V. muy dueño, pero acuérdese V. que primero los quehaceres y +después los placeres. + +16. V. es hombre discrete y lo que es yo, soy un pobre ton to. + +17. Vamos é ver de que se trata. + +18. ¿Ha hecho V. alguna de las suyas? + +[Footnote 188: Notice the Imperative Infinitive.] + + + EXERCISE 2 (76). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I regret having left the newspapers at the workshop, but I shall send +for them. + +2. He regretted the turn for the worse in the market which compelled him +to request us to ask our friend for a guarantee. + +3. English manufacturers are not asleep. + +4. They have been asleep for many years but now they are wide awake (se +han despertado bien) to the necessity of adopting up-to-date methods +(modernos, á la altura de los tiempos) and adapting themselves to the +requirements of the consumers. + +5. Manufacturers are selling every day but usually (generalmente) in +small lots. + +6. Shirting makers want more money and find difficulty in getting it. + +7. Dhooties (dhooties) and jacconets are now so well sold that producers +(productores) will only book (aceptan órdenes) at good prices. + +8. Heavy textiles (telas) are too stiff for general attention (demasiado +firmes para atraer á los compradores) but makers are not hungry for +(ansiosos de obtener) orders. + +9. Indian business was barely (apenas) of normal dimensions +(proporciones). + +10. Will you set the books on that shelf (estante) and set (colocar) +those papers in order? + +11. The term you have set me (fijado) is too short. + +12. They ought to set a (dar) good example. + +13. He set about it (puso mano á la obra) at once. + +14. Setting aside the (prescindiendo del) fact that he is behind with +his payments, he does us great harm by running down (desacreditando) our +goods. + +15. Winter has set in (principiado) and heavy cloths are in great +request. + +16. I have set my mind on (me he decidido á) this venture. + +17. A movement has been set on foot (iniciado) to bring about the +revision of the bye-laws. + + + + + LESSON XXXIX. + (Lección trigésima nona.) + + THE VERB. + + +All intransitive verbs in Spanish are conjugated with the auxiliary verb +_haber_, as-- + +Ha venido: He has or is come. + +A verb that governs an infinitive through a certain preposition, as-- + +Convenimos en hacerlo: We agreed upon doing it. + +should drop the preposition when a finite verb follows. + +N.B.--Many such verbs, however, may preserve the preposition even before +a finite mood, as-- + +Convenimos que, _or_ en que, lo hiciesen: We agreed that they should do +it. + +When the subject of a verb is a collective noun, the verb is placed in +the singular (see Lesson XXXII for exception). + +When a compound subject _follows_ the verb, this may agree in number and +person with the first subject only, as-- + +Nos ha llegado la circular y los impresos que la acompañaban: We +received the circular and the printed matter which accompanied it. + +The ambiguity between a Reflexive verb plural and a Reciprocal verb is +avoided thus-- + +Se comprometen á sí (á sí mismos--emphatic): They commit themselves. + +Se comprometen el uno al ótro, _or_ los unos á los otros: They commit +each other. + +A Reflexive verb is that in which the second pronoun of the same person +as the subject, is the _direct object_ of the action, as-- + +Ellos se comprometen: They commit themselves. + +But when the second pronoun stands for the indirect object, the verb is +only intransitive pronominal, as-- + +Él se procuró un empleo: He procured for himself an employment. + + +=The Passive Voice=. + +The Passive voice formed with _ser_ occurs much less in Spanish than in +English. + +When the "doer" is not expressed the active voice with _se_ generally +takes its place, as-- + +Los niños se aman _or_ Se ama[189] á los niños: Children are loved. + +[Footnote 189: Notice Sing. number.] + +When the "doer" is mentioned the following construction is often used-- + +Á estos niños los aman sus padres: These children are loved by their +parents. + +The English present participle used substantively is rendered in Spanish +by a noun or by the infinitive mood of the verb generally preceded by +the definite article, as-- + +El cambio de las condiciones: The changing of the terms. +El cambiar las condiciones: The changing of the terms. + +Su comunicación á las autoridades de la Aduana, +El escribir _or_ el haber escrito él á las autoridades de la Aduana: +His writing to the custom-house authorities. + +El vender á crédito á largos plazos no es un principio sano: +Selling on credit with long terms is not a sound practice. + +Prefiero comprar disponible (_or_ las compras de disponible): +I prefer spot buying. + +=_The English gerund following "by" is translated by the gerund without +preposition or by the infinitive preceded by _con_, as--_= + +Depositando (_or_ con depositar) sus acciones se puso en perfecta regla: +By depositing his shares, he put himself in order. + +The Spanish verbal forms ending in _ante_ and _iente_, as: Amante +(lover), tratante (dealer), dependiente (clerk), etc., used to be termed +"present participles," and the analogous forms "amando" (loving), +"tratando" (treating), "dependiendo" (depending), etc., "gerunds," but +this has now taken the place of both forms, used as verbs, and the forms +in _ante_ and _iente_ are classed as other parts of speech, according to +their meaning, as-- + +Amante de la música (_adj._): Fond of music. +Un tratante en trigos (_noun_): A dealer in wheat. +Un dependiente de comercio (_noun_): A commercial clerk. +Durante la exposicion (_prep._): During the exhibition. +Mediante su ayuda (_prep._): By means of his help. +No obstante que vino (_conj._): Notwithstanding his coming. +¡Corriente! (_interj._): All right! done! + +=Huir= (to flee).[190] + +_Pres. Indic._, Huyo, huyes, huye ... huyen. _Pres. Subj._, Huya, huyas, +huya, huyamos, huyáis, huyan. + +[Footnote 190: Model for all verbs ending in "uir" (with "u" sounded).] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=acabado=, finish (cloth) +=acudir=, to have recourse, to attend, to run to +=á las claras=, plainly, clearly +=apresto=, size, also finish (cloth) +=aprovecharse=, to take advantage +=bomba de doble efecto=, double-acting pump +=burlarse=, to make fun of, to trifle with +=chucherías=, pretty trifles +*=convenir en=, to agree to +=engañifas=, tricks +=escandaloso=, scandalous, shocking +=granjearse=, to win over +*=hacer ver=, to show +*=herir=, to wound, to cut (fig.) +=mediar=, to come between, to intervene, to take place in the meantime +*=no tener pelo de tonto=, not to be a simpleton +=quitar=, to take away +*=reducir á un mínimo=, to reduce to a minimum, to minimise +*=saber á punto fijo=, to know for certain +=sospechar=, to suspect +=suave=, soft, mellow, gentle +=subsanar=, to correct, to rectify +=tacto=, feel (_n._), touch (_n._) +=voluntad=, will, goodwill, favour + + + EXERCISE 1 (77). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Á mí no me venga con estas engañifas que no tengo pelo de tonto. + +2. Me hace regalos de algunas chucherías para granjearse mi voluntad y +aprovecharse después. + +3. ¿Sabe V. á punto fijo que son estas sus intenciones? + +4. Mediaron algunas cosillas que me han hecho sospechar algo de eso y de +mí nadie se burla. + +5. V. debe de equivocarse y sólo por sospechas no debe quitarle su +amistad. + +6. Estas hermosas calderas de alta presión las han construido en +Inglaterra y estas bombas de doble efecto las han importado de los +Estados Unidos. + +7. El conceder él mayores facilidades á los compradores le ha hecho +conseguir una extensa clientela. + +8. Con uniformarse á mis disposiciones (orders, instructions) él +cumplirá con su deber y yo quedaré mas contento. + +9. No soy amante de disputas, mis dependientes podrán asegurarle que +durante mi larga carrera y no obstante que no faltaron ocasiones, no +acudí una sola vez á los Tribunales. + + + EXERCISE 2 (78). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. The long and short of the matter is that (en pocas palabras) we had +agreed he was to do it. + +2. This is nothing short of dishonesty (esto se llama falta de honradez, +nada menos). + +3. No matter what he will say (diga lo que dijere) I am sure he will +have to pay. + +4. The estimate and the sketches attached reached us just in (á) time. + +5. The cloth was run (plegada) in pieces of 20 yds. exactly, the +consequence being that some pieces were found by the customer to be with +cuts (cortes). + +6. It is of no use (es inútil) our struggling any longer (por más +tiempo) against adversity. + +7. Your writing in that strain (en aquel tono) shows plainly that their +action has cut you to the quick (profundamente). + +8. By selling in time he managed (logró) to minimise the loss. + +9. The shocking abuses that existed under the monarchy are being (se +van) corrected by the Republican Government. + +10. We shall show them that our firm is not to be trifled with. + +11. These stuffs are too heavily sized and the finish is not +sufficiently mellow. + +12. Their feel is not clothy (no tienen bastante cuerpo al tacto). + +13. This defect will be made right in future deliveries. + + + + + LESSON XL. + (Lección cuadragéseima.) + + THE VERB (_contd._). + + +As in English, several past participles may be used with an active +meaning, as-- + +Un hombre leído: A well-read man (for a man who has read much and well). + +The following are some examples-- + +Agradecido (grateful) +Atrevido (bold, daring) +Bien hablado (a courteous speaker) +Callado (taciturn) +Cansado (tiresome) +Comedido (thoughtful, considerate) +Corrido[191] (acute, artful) +Divertido (amusing) +Entendido (experienced, conversant) +Experimentado (experienced, expert) +Sufrido (patient) + +[Footnote 191: With a passive meaning it is "abashed."] + +=The Tenses=. + +The periphrastic or progressive conjugation: "I am buying," "I was +selling," "I shall be buying," etc., exists in Spanish with the +following differences from English:-- + +In the present and the past it is used, but only when the action +embraces a certain length of time, otherwise the simple form "I buy," "I +sold" _(imperf. indic.)_ must be used, as-- + +Fulano se arrojaba por la ventana (_not_ se estaba arrojando). + +The Spanish Academy gives this example as of an action more or less +instantaneous: So-and-So was throwing himself out of the window. + +The periphrastic form is inadmissible unless one is _actually engaged_ +in the action, as: + +Hoy como con mi amigo (_not_ "estoy comiendo," because not actually +engaged in the action): To-day I am dining with my friend. + +In the future this construction is permissible only in such cases as-- + +Cuando venga mañana, yo estaré escribiendo: To-morrow when he comes, I +shall be writing. + +The periphrastic form never happens with the verb _ir_ (to go), and +seldom with _venir_ (to come). + +The English present perfect (preterite compuesto) "I have done" is often +used in Spanish for the past definite "I did," when the period of time +in which the action took place is not specified. + +The Spanish Academy gives-- + +Siempre que he ido á Madrid he visitado el Prado _for_ Whenever I went +to Madrid I visited the Prado. + +We even find "ayer he hecho esto ó aquello" for "yesterday I did this or +that," and this is accounted for by the "nearness" of the period +elapsed. Although colloquially this does not sound at all so badly as in +English, well-educated Spaniards will take care to avoid it. + +The second or bye-form of the imperfect subjunctive may be used also for +the conditional mood, as-- + +Se lo diera si lo tuviese _instead of_ se lo daría, etc.: I should give +it to him if I had it. + +It is also found (in books, not in conversation) for the compound +imperfect indicative, especially after _que_, as-- + +Los consejos que le diera (_for_ que le había dado): The advice which I +had given him. + +In old Spanish, and even now in poetry, we find it used for every one of +the compound past tenses. + + +=General Observations=. + +The verb "to come" should be rendered in Spanish by _ir_ when the person +is not in the place in question at the time of speaking or writing, as-- + +¿Quiere V. venir aquí á mi casa mañana? Will you come here to my house +to-morrow? + +Hoy estoy indispuesto pero mañana iré á verle: To-day I am unwell (out +of sorts), but to-morrow I shall come to see you. + +La vi escribir: I saw her writing; viz., I saw her write. + +La vi escribiendo: I saw her writing; viz., whilst she was writing. + +The emphatic word in an English sentence is often and more elegantly +translated by a paraphrase in Spanish-- + +¿Es verdad que ha comprado los géneros? _Has_ he bought the goods? + +¿Es él quien ha comprado los géneros? Has _he_ bought the goods? + +¿De veras ha comprado los géneros? Has he _bought_ the goods? + +¿Pues son los géneros lo que ha comprado? Has he bought _the goods_? + +Esta transacción hubo de arruinarle: This transaction was within an ace +of ruining him. + +"I believe myself to be clever," etc., is not translated "Yo me creo ser +hábil," but "Yo me creo (_or_ considero) hábil," or "Yo creo ser hábil," +or "Creo que soy hábil." + + +=Decir (to say, to tell)=. + +_Pres. Part_., Diciendo. _Past Part_., Dicho. +_Pres. Indic_., Digo, dices, dice,--,--, dicen. +_Pres. Subj_., Diga, digas, diga, digamos, digáis, digan. +_Imp. Mood_, Dí ... +_Past Def. Indic_., Dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijisteis, dijeron. +_Future Indic_., Diré, dirás, dirá, diremos, diréis, dirán. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=agrupación=, group, muster +=aislado=, isolated, hedged in +=alcalde=, mayor +=arreglo amistoso=, friendly understanding +=capataz=, foreman +=carta de naturaleza=, certificate of naturalization +=cifras=, figures +*=dar pasos=, to take steps +=dedicarse=, to devote oneself +=derechos protectores=, protective duties +=diputación= provincial, provincial council +=elaborar=, to elaborate +=genio=, temper +=inquietarse=, to feel uneasy +*=no tenerlas todas consigo=, to feel uneasy +*=irse en rodeos=, to beat about the bush +=labor indígena=, native labour +=pequeñeces=, trifling matters +=perspectivas=, prospects +=plan=, plan[192] (idea) +=proyecto=, project, scheme +=repasar=, to go through +=resultado=, result +=(de) resultas de=, in consequence of, as a result of +=vecino=, inhabitant, ratepayer[193] +=vuelta de correo (á), (by) return of post + +[Footnote 192: Plan, sketch = "Plano."] + +[Footnote 193: Vecino = ratepayer who has acquired certain rights after +a certain period of residence.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (79). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Las leyes de España declaran: Son españoles todas las personas +nacidas en territorio español, los hijos de padre ó madre españoles +aunque hayan nacido fuera de España, y los extranjeros que hayan +obtenido del Gobierno Español carta de naturaleza, ó sean vecinos de +cualquier pueblo de España. + +2. Añaden que los extranjeros pueden establecerse y dedicarse libremente +á sus profesiones en territorio español; pero ningún extranjero puede +ejercer en España cargo alguno que represente autoridad. + +3. Los miembros del Concejo ó cabildo ó ayuntamiento ó corporación +municipal se llaman Concejales ó regidores. + +4. En España el alcalde de Madrid es nombrado libremente por el +Gobierno; el alcalde de las localidades cuya población no baje de 6,000 +habitantes es nombrado por el Gobierno de entre los concejales, los +demás alcaldes son nombrados por el voto de su compañeros concejales. + +5. Los cargos concejiles son gratuitos. + +6. La Diputación Provincial es la agrupación de los varios municipios de +cada provincia, y se reúne dos veces al año en la capital de la +provincia. + + + EXERCISE 2 (80). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. The foreman is grateful for his master's kindness. + +2. The Director is elaborating a bold scheme for establishing, in a +foreign country hedged in by protective duties, a factory worked by +native labour under an English manager (gerente) and experienced English +instructors. + +3. If this plan reaches concretion (se verifica) he will be going abroad +shortly, when he will find that his agents will be taking already the +preliminary steps. + +4. The Director himself is coming towards us, he will tell you more +about it. + +5. I am going to attend to several trifling matters which however want +looking after (hay que cuidar). + +6. Whenever (siempre que) I decided on (he decidido) a thing, I have +always acted on my decision (la he puesto en ejecución). + +7. I tell you if I had a larger stock, I should feel rather uneasy at +(con) the prospects of the market. + +8. Come and see me to-morrow at my office and we shall come (llegaremos) +to a friendly understanding without beating about the bush. + +9. He told me the figures did not compare well with (no eran buenas en +comparación de) those of last year. + +10. Please go through the accounts again and tell me the result by +return of post. + +11. Short reckonings make long friends (las cuentas claras y el +chocolate espeso). + +12. He lost money as a result of his bad temper. + + + + + LESSON XLI. + (Lección cuadragésima primera.) + + THE VERB (_contd._). + + +_Ser_ and _Estar_. Such expressions as "Smoking is prohibited," etc., +are translated either "Es prohibido fumar" or "Está prohibido fumar." +Both translations are grammatically correct ("Está prohibido fumar" is +the general expression in this particular case). + +If we say "Es prohibido fumar," we are referring to the "doer" of the +action: "Es prohibido _por la ley, por la policia, por los jefes_, etc., +etc."--a case of passive voice. + +If we say "Está prohibido fumar" we have no "doer" in our mind, but only +the thing itself = a case of "a condition of things" resulting from the +action (the prohibition). + + +=EXAMPLE--= + +El fumar es prohibido por el jefe, por esto está prohibido fumar en +nuestro despacho: Smoking is prohibited by our employer (viz., our +employer prohibits smoking), therefore it is not allowed in our office. + +_The above example is given for the sake of illustration by contrast; in +practice, of course, such oddities are avoided._ + +The English expressions, "It is I, you, he, we, they, who ..." must be +rendered in Spanish by "Soy yo, es V., somos nosotros, etc., quien _or_ +quienes ..."; i.e., the English impersonal "it is" must be made +personal in Spanish. + +We said that verbs may have a different government in the two languages, +as-- + +Colgar de un clavo: To hang on a nail. + +Entrar en una casa: To enter a house. + +This, one of the points for which rules cannot be laid, belongs to the +idiom of the language, and practice is the only master (see Appendix V +for a list of the most conspicuous differences) In reading, together +with the meaning of a verb, _ascertain its government._ + +Some peculiarities of Spanish verbs-- + +_Acabar de_, followed by an infinitive, translates the English "to have +just," followed by a past participle, as-- + +Acaba de flotarse una sociedad: A company has just been floated. + +_Acertar á_, followed by an infinitive, translates "to happen," as-- + +Acertaron á pasar cuando ella estaba asomada á la ventana: They happened +to pass when she was looking out of the window. + +Acertó a ser viernes aquel día: That day happened to be a Friday. + +_Alegrarse de, Celebrar_--"to be glad to," "to rejoice at." + +Me alegro mucho de la noticia; Celebro mucho la noticia: I am glad of +the news. + +(Before an infinitive _de_ is omitted after "alegrarse," as: Me alegro +decirle: I am glad to tell you.) + +_Caber_ (see Lesson XXX) is used figuratively in many locutions-- + +No cabe en nosotros tal acción: We are not capable of such an action. + +No cabe en sí de gozo: He is beside himself with joy. + +Le cupo el premio gordo: it was his lot or luck to get the chief prize. + +No se puede saber lo que le cabrá á uno en suerte: One cannot know what +one's lot will be. + +Esta tela es de calidad que no cabe más: This cloth is perfection +itself. + +No caber en sí: To be puffed up with pride. + + + +=Ir= (to go). + +_Pres. Part._, Yendo.[194] +_Pres. Indic._, Voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van. +_Pres. Subj._, Vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayáis, vayan. +_Imper. Mood_, Ve ... vayamos _or_ vamos ... +_Imperf. Indic._, Iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, ibais, iban. +_Past Def. Indic._, Fuí, fuiste, fué, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron. + +[Footnote 194: No word in Spanish commences with "ie." Hence the change +into "ye."] + + +=Oir= (to hear). + +_Pres. Indic._, Oigo. + +Salir (to go out). + +_Pres. Indic._, Salgo. +_Pres. Subj._, Salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgáis, salgan. +_Imp. Mood_, Sal . . . +_Fut. Indic._, Saldré, saldrás, saldrá, saldremos, saldréis, saldrán. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=arrancar=, to wrench, to squeeze out +=biblioteca=, public library +=codicia=, greed, covetousness +*=darsele á uno de una cosa=, to matter +=desgraciado=, unfortunate +=deslumbrar=, to dazzle +=factura simulada=, pro forma invoice +=fiesta del comercio=, bank holiday +=fomento=, development, encouragement +*=hacer impresión=, to impress +=hacienda=, finance, property +=(no) perdonar nada=, to leave no stone unturned +=próxima=, near, approaching +*=regir=, to rule, to govern, to control +=sacar=, to pull out, to get out +=sin perjuicio de=, excepting +*=tener a su cargo=, to have in charge +*=tener en poco=, to think little of + + + EXERCISE 1 (81). + +Translate into English-- + +1. El Gobierno en España se compone de ocho ministerios. + +2. El Ministerio de Estado trata de las relaciones de España con los +demás Estados y corresponde al "Foreign Office" inglés. + +3. El de Gracia y Justicia tiene á su cargo todos los asuntos relativos +á la Administración de Justicia y alorden eclesiástico. + +4. El de la Guerra que es lo mismo que nuestro "War Office." + +5. El de Hacienda, el Ministerio de Marina, el Ministerio de la +Gobernación (Ministry of the Interior) que vigila y dirige todos los +negocios y asuntos propios del Gobierno y administración civil del +Estado, así generales como locales, sin perjuicio de las atribuciones de +los ayuntamientos y Diputaciones provinciales, el Ministerio de Fomento +(Ministry of P. Works) que rige todo lo relative á la agricultura, +industria, comercio, obras, públicas, montes (forests), minas, y +estadísticas. + +6. Este corresponde más ó menos al inglés "Board of Trade;" y el +Ministerio de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes que tiene á su cargo +cuanto se refiere á la enseñanza, bellas artes, archivos, bibliotecas, y +museos, y que representa aproximadamente al "Board of Education." + + + EXERCISE 2 (82). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. It is I who shall leave for Paris (saldré para) now that the matter +is arranged. + +2. I am going out as I hear somebody calling me. + +3. Go, but do not be long. + +4. Yesterday you went for a few minutes but it was an hour before you +returned (no volvió antes de). + +5. We have just heard of his approaching visit to England. + +6. It happened to be on a bank holiday and our offices (oficinas) were +of course closed on that day. + +7. We shall be glad if you will kindly instruct (dé instrucciones á) +your cashier to pay our account. + +8. We have the pleasure of enclosing the pro forma invoices. + +9. I am incapable of so much greed. + +10. I am sorry to have to tell you that the cargo by the s.s. "Maria" +was lost through the vessel stranding (por haber varado) on (en) the +Spanish coast. + +11. Coming back from having seen (á vuelta de haber visto) the machine +working (en función) he told us how favourably impressed he had been. + +12. He was dazzled by the brilliant prospects set before him. + +13. This is nothing to me. + +14. There is nothing or very little to be got out of that firm. + +15. I have left no stone unturned to squeeze something out of this +unfortunate business but it has been of no avail. + +16. He thinks nothing of our work. + + + + + LESSON XLII. + (Lección cuadragésima segunda.) + + THE VERB (_contd_.). + + +_Caer_ has several idiomatic uses-- + +Este vestido le cae bien: This dress fits her well. +Caer en gracia: To fall into the good graces of one. +La puerta cae á oriente: The door is on the east side. +Ya caigo, ya caigo en ello: Now I understand. +Caerse redondo: To fall flat. + + +_Dar_-- + +Dar en el clavo (= acertar): To hit it. +Dar por concedido, dar de barato: To grant for the sake of argument. +Lo doy por bueno: I consider it as good. +Dar los naipes: To deal cards. +Dar la enhorabuena, el pésame, los buenos días: To congratulate, to + condole with, to wish good day. +Dar la hora: To strike the hour. +Dar en caprichos: To give oneself up to whims. +Dar en un error: To incur an error. +Darse preso: To give oneself up. +Darse al estudio: To apply or devote oneself to study. +Dar á creer: To make believe. +Dar con una persona: To come across a person. +No se me da nada: I do not care a bit. +Ahí me las den todas: I do not care a bit. + +Many other idioms are formed with _dar_ for which a good dictionary +should be consulted. + + +_Dejar de_--to cease from, to omit, to fail to. + +Dejemos de hablar: Let us cease talking. +Dejó de hacerme la remesa que me había prometido: He omitted to send me + the remittance he promised me. +No dejaré de ejecutar su orden: I shall not fail to execute your order. + + +_Echar_ (to throw) forms also many idioms for which the dictionary +should be consulted-- + +Echar á correr, á reir, etc.: To start running, laughing, etc. +Echar á perder: To spoil, to ruin. +Echar de beber: To pour out drink. +Echar de ver: To perceive, to notice. +Esto se echa de ver: This is obvious. +Echar menos or de menos: To miss, to feel the want of. +Echar la llave, el cerrojo, la tranca: To lock, to bolt, to bar (the + door). +Echar la culpa: To lay the blame. +Echar mano: To lay hold, to lay hands upon. +Echar un cigarillo, un puro: To smoke a cigarette, a cigar. + + +_Estar_--"to be." + +Estar en que: To be of opinion. +Estar por: To be in favour of. +Estar para: To be on the point of. +Estar por hacer: To be yet to be done. + + +_Faltar_--"to fail," "to be wanting." + +Faltó a la promesa: He failed to his promise. +Me faltan cinco duros: I am short of five dollars. +N.B.--"Me hacen falta cinco duros" is "I need five dollars." + +_Guardarse de_--"to take care" (to guard against). + +It carries with it a negative meaning. + +Me guardaré bien de hacerlo: I shall take care _not_ to do it. ("I shall +take care to do it" would be translated "cuidaré de hacerlo.") + +_Hacerse, Ponerse, Volverse, Llegar á ser_, translate the English "to +become," when this is not rendered by turning the English adjective into +a verb, as-- + +Se hizo todo un inglés: He became quite an Englishman. +Se puso colorado: He became red in the face. +Se volvió loco de contento: He became mad with joy. +Llegó á ser famoso: He became famous. +Se enriqueció: He became rich. + + +_Hacer_ (_or mandar_) _hacer una cosa_--"to have a thing done." + +Me hice enviar los bultos: I had the packages sent to me. +Hice escribir una carta: I had a letter written. + + +_Llevar_--"to carry," "to wear." +Llevar á mal: To take amiss. +Llevarse bien con todos: To get on with everybody. +Llevarse chasco: To be disappointed. +Llévese V. estos valores: Take these securities with you. + +_Meter bulla_--"to make a noise," "to shout," "to clamour." + +_Volver_ (to return, i.e., to come or go again) is used before an +infinitive to denote a repetition of its action-- + +Volver á decir: To say again. +Decir otra vez: To say again. +Decir de nuevo: To say again. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abonar=, to speak for a person, to recommend +=actas=, deeds (writings) +=amén de=, besides +=apenas=, barely, scarcely +*=arrepentirse=, to repent +=bergantín=, brig +=concluir un trato=, to strike a bargain +=contramaestre de filatura=, master spinner +=conveniente para=, becoming +=cregüelas=, osnaburgs +=crespones=, crêpons +*=dar cuenta=, to report +=destajista=, contractor +=discutir=, to discuss +=dobladillo de ojo (con)=, hemstitched +=empeñar=, to engage +=en regla=, in order +=escrito=, writing (_n._), letter +*=exponerse á=, to expose oneself to, to encounter +=fidedigno=, trustworthy +=fracasar=, to fall through +=goleta=, schooner +=hundimiento=, subsidence +=pañuelos de luto=, black-bordered handkerchiefs +*=poner pleito=, to bring an action +=posición=, position, standing +*=probar fortuna=, to try one's luck +=proceder= (_n_.), proceeding, behaviour +=redactar=, to draw up (deeds), to write out +=repulgados, dobladillados=, hemmed +=suelo=, ground, soil +=telas rizadas=, crimps +=vencer=, to win, to fall due + + + EXERCISE 1 (83). + +Translate into English-- + +1. En contestación á su estimada carta pésanos (we are sorry) deberles +notificar que hasta ahora no hemos podido dar con los crespones que nos +han pedido. + +2. Obra en nuestro poder su apreciable del 3 del que rige con orden para +cregüelas, pañuelos de algodón de luto, dobladillados (_or_ repulgados) +y pañuelos de lino con dobladillo de ojo, y no dejaremos de darles +cuenta detallada de lo que hayamos hecho, en nuestro próximo escrito. + +3. El destajista echó a construir pero abandonó la obra á medio hacer. + +4. Estamos en que se arrepintió de su contrato y nuestros Directores +están por ponerle pleito. + +5. Escriben de Brasil que les hace falta un contramaestre de filatura. + +6. Conozco á un joven que debería ser competente pero me guardaré de +empeñarle sin obtener informes fidedignos que le abonen. + +7. De resultas de un hundimiento en el suelo sufrió daños de importancia +el cuerpo del edificio amén de haberse caído la chimenea. + +8. La goleta y el bergantín temen exponerse al fuerte viento. + + + EXERCISE 2 (84). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. He wants to make us believe that the price at which he sold them +barely covers his cost. + +2. I do not care whether he gains or loses; I have ceased to take an +interest in his affairs. + +3. Now I understand, and I shall not fail to take care not to do it in +future. + +4. He started laughing, and there the matter ended (así se acabó la +cosa). + +5. He was on the point of striking a bargain with him, but it fell +through at the last moment and now everything is to be discussed again. + +6. He failed to present himself at the creditors' meeting, and he has +therefore forfeited (perdido) his right of opposition (de oponerse). + +7. He became very cautious after the experience he had. + +8. He became very rich by his fortunate deals (especulaciones) in +railway shares. + +9. The bill falls due on the 15th inst. + +10. This proceeding is not becoming a firm of your standing. + +11. The deeds are not in order: please do not take amiss my requesting +you to have them drawn up again. + +12. I expected to see him, but I was disappointed. + +13. Do not clamour so much, and try your luck again. + + + + + LESSON XLIII. + (Lección cuadragésima tercera.) + + THE VERB (_contd._). + + +The English verbs "shall," "will," "should," "would," "may," "might," +when used as auxiliary verbs (viz., as mere signs of the future tense, +conditional or subjunctive moods respectively) are rendered by the +corresponding terminations of the Spanish verb[195]-- + +I shall go: Iré. +Thou wilt go: Irás. +We should go: Iríamos. +You would go: Vs. irían. +I hope he may succeed: Deseo que tenga buen éxito. +I wished he might come: Deseaba que viniese. + +[Footnote 195: "Shall," "should," "will," "would," are also rendered by +the Subjunctive Mood when according to the Spanish rules the verb should +be Subjunctive. Example-- + + It is (was) possible that he will (would) have to work late: + Es (era) posible que tenga (tuviese) que trabajar tarde.] + + +When they are used as principal verbs they are translated by _Deber_ +(shall, should), _Querer_ (will and would), and _Poder_ (may and might), +as-- + +You shall go: V. debe ir. +You may speak: V. puede hablar. +I will not buy more: No quiero comprar más. +You should accept our terms: Vs. deberían[196] aceptar nuestras + condiciones. + +We would willingly see that done: Quisiéramos mucho verlo hacer. + +[Footnote 196: The Imperfect Indicative _debía, podía, quería,_ is often +used for "debería," "podría," and "querría." This occurs also with other +verbs, colloquially: Yo se lo daba si estuviese aquí _for_ Yo selo daría +si estuviese aquí.] + + +"Can" is translated by the pres. or future of _Poder_-- + +I can do it now: Puedo hacerlo ahora. +I can do it next month: Puedo _or_ Podré hacerlo el mes próximo. + +"Could" is translated by the imperfect indicative or the conditional +mood of _Poder_-- + +I did it whenever I could: Lo hacía siempre que podía. +I could do it if I had the necessary means: Podría hacerlo si tuviese +los medics necesarios. + +"Would," meaning "used to," is, of course, translated by the imperfect +indicative-- + +When he was in Paris he would sit in the cafés for hours: Cuando estaba +en Paris se pasaba horas enteras en los cafés. + +"Should he do," etc., is translated "if he should do," etc. (si lo +hiciese).[197] + +"If I were to go" is translated "if I went" (si fuese). + +[Footnote 197: After _si_ (if--Conditional) the verb is present +indicative or imperfect subjunctive (see Lesson XXIV).] + + +"Can" is translated by _saber_ when the faculty expressed is the result +of _learning_, as-- + +Can you play the piano? ¿Sabe V. tocar el pianoforte? + +"To be to," "to have to" are translated by _Tener que, Haber de_ or +_Deber_ (see Lesson XXVII), as-- + +Who is to write out that invoice? ¿Quién ha de (debe) escribir aquella + factura? +I have to be very careful: He de ser muy cuidadoso. +I shall have to work hard: Tendró que trabajar fuerte. + +"Let" as a principal verb is translated by _dejar_ or _permitir;_ as an +auxiliary it corresponds to the Spanish imperative mood-- + +Let him speak: Déjele V. hablar, or Permítale V. que hable. +Let him ask for it and we shall give it to him: Pídalo (_or_ que lo +pida) y se lo daremos. + +"To let (or hire) a house"--"alquilar (una casa)"--I have let my house: +He alquilado mi casa. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abogar por=, to plead for +=acoger=, to receive +=agasajar=, to welcome +=apurar=, to clear up, to investigate +=arrancar=, to wrench, to pull out, also to date from +*=atender á=, to attend +=clases nocturnas=, evening classes +=condiciones=, terms +*=convenir en=, to agree, to acquiesce +=cruzados=, twills[198] +=culpado=, at fault +*=despedir=, to dismiss +=desteñido=, faded +=detallado=, detailed, circumstantial +=estrenar=, to use or wear a thing for the first time +=estrenarse=, to commence, to make a start +=farditos=, trusses[199] +=fiados, book debts +=el idioma, la lengua=, language +=malversar=, to embezzle +=nansús=, nainsooks +=negociado=, division (Gov. Office) +=oportunidad=,, opportunity, chance +=pagaré=, promissory note, bill +=parte=, report +=perfeccionar=, to perfect +=por poder=, per pro +=tiro, largura=, length +=tomar vuelo=, to develop, to increase + +[Footnote 198: Also Aterlizados, asargados, diagonales.] + +[Footnote 199: Small bales.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (85). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Quiso acogerme generosamente en su casa, en donde fuí atendido y +agasajado durante el tiempo de mi estancia en X. + +2. Le agradecería de veras una orden pues aun no me he estrenado hoy, y +V. debería dármela pues me la tiene prometida. + +3. Los cruzados y los nansús se han puesto en farditos y estos se han +empacado cada cuatro en un fardo. + +4. Avisamos á Vs. el envío por correo, de cortes (cuttings) de toda la +serie y observarán que son telas de muy buena vista (very sightly) y se +pueden pedir en cualquier tiro. + +5. Les aconsejamos no tarden en colocar sus pedidos para lo que +necesiten. + +6. Este negocio tomará mucho vuelo con el tiempo (in time). + +7. Arrancan de muchos años los abuses que se cometen en ese Negociado. + +8. Se han malversado cantidades de importancia. + +9. El Ministro está ocupado en apurar los hechos, estando decidido á +castigar severamente á los que resultarán culpados. + + + EXERCISE 2 (86). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I shall make out a list of my book debts. + +2. You would break (faltaría á) your word if you did not plead for him. + +3. He should explain his conduct, otherwise he will be dismissed. + +4. We shall oblige (contentar) him, but it must be under certain +conditions. + +5. He is sending me to the Court (Tribunal) that I may watch (seguir) +that interesting case (proceso). + +6. He sent his nephew here that he might learn our business methods +(métodos comerciales) and perfect his knowledge of the English language. + +7. You may see for yourself (V. mismo) that the state of the market will +not justify (no justifica) buying (el comprar) at present. + +8. They might be a little easier in their dealings. + +9. Can you claim an indemnity for non-fulfilment of contract? + +10. They could square up the account by signing[200] promissory notes at +4 and 6 months' time. + +11. They ought to forewarn their agents. + +12. He would insist on saying we were in the wrong. + +13. Should they acquiesce to the terms of the arrangements, we authorise +you to sign it per pro. + +14. Had he known the cloth was faded he would not have taken receipt of +(admitido) the bale. + +15. Mr. Gómez is to visit the Estate (terreno) and send a circumstancial +report. + +16. I shall let him attend (asistir á) the evening classes at the +Manchester School of Technology. + +17. It is only fair that (es muy justo que) he should have a chance of +mastering (aprender á fondo) the art of spinning and weaving. + +18. If he would only devote (si á lo menos dedicase) his attention (to +it). + +[Footnote 200: See page 162.] + + + + + LESSON XLIV. + (Lección cuadragésima cuarta.) + + THE ADVERB. + + +The natural position of the adverb is after the verb, as-- + +El convendría de muy buena gana: He would willingly consent. + +But a great liberty is allowed in this respect, as-- + +Seguramente firmaría el endoso: He would certainly sign the endorsement. + +Siempre se lo voy repitiendo: I keep always repeating it to him. + +_Mucho_ is the only adverb which does not generally admit of "very" for +the superlative; it takes _ísimo_ instead. However "muy mucho" is found, +especially when used jocularly. + +To the adverbs given in Lesson XXVIII we add the following adverbs and +adverbial locutions-- + +Á la noche (at night) +Á manos llenas (profusely) +Á ojos cegarritas (blindly) +Á ojos vistas (obviously) +Á pie juntillas (firmly) +Á rienda suelta (recklessly) +Á todo escape (at full speed) +Ayer tarde _or_ por la tarde (yesterday evening) +Cuanto antes (as soon as possible) +De buena, mala gana (willingly, unwillingly) +De buenas á buenas (willingly) +De buenas á primeras (at first sight, straight away) +De hoy en quince (to-day fortnight) +Hoy hace quince días (just a fortnight ago) +De propósito (on purpose) +De tiempo en tiempo (from time to time) +Día sí, y otro no (every other day) +Mañana por la mañana (to-morrow morning) +Nunca jamás (never--emphatic) +Para siempre jamás (for ever and ever) +Pasado mañana (the day after to-morrow) +Por mal (bien) que (however badly (well)) +Por poco (nearly, but for little) +Tal cual vez (once in a while) + +EXAMPLES-- + +Nunca jamás en la vida he hecho esto: _Never_ in my life have I done +this. + +Por poco se rompió la cabeza: He nearly broke his head. +Por mal que le salga: Badly as it may turn out for him. + +Adverbs ending in _mente_ are often substituted by _con_ with a noun, +as-- + +Con lujo--lujosamente (luxuriantly). +Con dificultad--difícilmente (with difficulty). + +This, of course, is found also in English but is more frequently done in +Spanish. + +_Recientemente_ is generally abbreviated into _recién_ before a past +participle, as-- + +El recién llegado (the newly arrived). +El recién venido (the newly arrived). +El recién nacido (the new born). + +_Aquí, acá, allí, allá._ + +_Aquí_ and _allí_ are more circumscribed than _acá_ and _allá_-- + +Venga acá cuando necesite algo: Come here when you want anything. +Allá, en su tierra esto se hace: There in your country this is done. +Aquí estoy y aquí me quedo: Here I am, and here I remain. +Ponga este paquete allí: Put this packet there. + +_Ahí_--there (near the person spoken to[201]) also means your city, your +country, there (in correspondence). + +[Footnote 201: Rule not strictly observed.] + +Si los precios ahí son razonables podrá hacerse mucho negocio: If prices +over there are reasonable, a large business can be done. + +_Por ahí_ = about. + +¿Cuántos había? ¿40? Por ahí: How many were there? 40? About that +number. + + +_No_ is used often redundantly-- + +Mejor es sufrir que no hacer sufrir: It is better to suffer than to make +others suffer. + +Temo que no llegue demasiado temprano[202]: I am afraid he will arrive +too early. + +[Footnote 202: This sentence is ambiguous, because it might mean the +opposite: Temo que no llegue demasiado temprano sino demasiado tarde. +The tone of the voice must be relied upon or a different construction +must be used.] + + +=Venir (to come)=. + +_Pres. Part., _Viniendo. +_Pres. Indic., _Vengo, vienes, viene,--,--, vienen. +_Pres. Subj., _Venga, vengas, venga, vengamos, vengáis, vengan. +_Imper. Mood, _Ven ... +_Past Def., _Vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinisteis, vinieron. +_Fut. Indic., _Vendré, vendrás, vendrá, vendremos, vendréis, vendrán; + + + VOCABULARY. + +=á ciegas, á ojos cegarritas=, blindly +=agotar=, to drain, to exhaust +=al amor de=, near, beside +=aparentar=, to appear +=basto=, common, inferior, coarse +=de bien á mejor=, better and better +=cabal=, upright, just +=de cabo á rabo=, from top to bottom rom end to end +=el efectivo=, the cash, the money +=en efectivo, en metálico=, in cash +=enterarse=, to get to know +=escuchar=, to listen +=esquela=, note +=etiqueta=, rótulo, ticket, label +=hombre llano=, sincere, rough-and-ready man +=loza=, crockery +=medida=, measurement +=medrar=, to prosper +*=ponerse á sus anchas=, to make oneself comfortable +=porcelana=, china +=quebranto=, mishap, misfortune, loss +*=salir en=, to come up to +=silla=, chair +=solicitado=, sought after +=un si es no es=, just a trifle +*=venir á menos=, to come down in the world, to decline +=vidriado=, glassware + + + EXERCISE 1 (87). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Desde nuestra última revista no se puede decir que haya habido mucha +variación en nuestro mercado aunque se nota algo más de firmeza y los +precios aparentan ser un si es no es más caros. + +2. Siempre solicitados los géneros bastos á precios baratos. + +3. Entregué la esquela al anciano señor quien, sentado al amor del +fuego, la leyó de cabo á rabo y, como hombre llano que es me dijo de +buenas á primeras que no queriendo obrar á ciegas, daría su contestación +en un par (couple) de días. + +4. ¿Sabía V. que la casa Fernández había venido tan á menos? + +5. No, no me había enterado, la tuve siempre por casa fabricante de +loza, porcelana, y vidriado, cuyos negocios iban de bien á mejor. + +6. Medraron al principio pero ya han decaído mucho. + +7. Lo siento de veras. Es muy de deplorar porque el Sr. Fernández es +hombre muy cabal. + +8. Invirtió una porción de dinero en el ferrocarril aereo (overhead) de +N.; eso también le causó algún quebranto. + +9. Pobrecito, no le faltaba más (that was the last stroke). + +10. ¡Qué[203] barato es esto! + +[Footnote 203: Qué before an adjective = how. (Cuán can also be used.)] + + + EXERCISE 2 (88). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I would gladly accede to your request if it were in my power. + +2. We are always impressing upon (llamando la atención de) our +warehousemen the importance of marking the measurement on the tickets. + +3. Besides being loose (fugitives) colours they are not half so (nada +tan) bright as they should be. + +4. They advertise profusely and from time to time they issue new +illustrated catalogues. + +5. Soon (cuanto antes) they will start (principiarán á) issuing them in +foreign languages. + +6. I never saw a better kept set of books (libros). + +7. I was nearly caught in the India Rubber boom, but fortunately I +managed to get off (pude librarme) without burning my fingers (cogerme +los dedos). + +8. Come here, my friend, and listen to me. + +9. Here in England things are managed (se hacen) on a different basis +altogether (de una manera enteramente distinta). + +10. Take that chair there and make yourself comfortable. + +11. How much do you require (le hace falta), £100? + +12. About that. + +13. I was afraid (que no) you were going to ask me for more and that +would have drained all our available (que tenemos) cash. + +14. How much will the packages come to? + +15. Say (digamos) £100 averaging one with the other (calculando uno con +otro). + + + + + LESSON XLV. + (Lección cuadragésima quinta.) + + THE PREPOSITION. + + +One word should not be used in Spanish governed by two different +prepositions, as-- + +He is an admirer of and a contributor to the "Times": Es admirador del +"Times" y colabora en ese periódico. + +The man I spoke with and wrote to: El hombre con quien hablé y al cual +escribí. + + +However, we find the same construction as in English in cases of +_antithesis_, as-- + +Con ó sin él: With or without him. + +El billete cuesta 20 pesetas desde ó hasta Madrid: The ticket is 20 +ptas. from or to Madrid. + + +The Spanish Academy condemns this use, however. + +As will have been noticed before, a preposition governing a word cannot +be used _after_ the word it governs, as-- + +The work[204] which I referred to: La obra á la cual referí. + +[Footnote 204: Work, artistic, literary, scientific--"obra." Work, +manual, or mental--"trabajo."] + + +The preposition _con_ followed by an infinitive translates the English +"by," followed by the present participle-- + +Con enseñar se aprende: By teaching one learns. + + +The preposition _desde_ refers to "distance of time or space," as-- + +He marchado desde mi casa: I walked from my house. + +However, _desde_ may be used instead of _de_ before names of countries +or cities-- + +Me escribieron desde Barcelona: They wrote me from Barcelona. + + +_Para_ may be used together with _con_ = "towards"-- + +Fué muy bueno conmigo, para mí, _or_ para conmigo. + +"_En_ acabando[205] lo haré" has the meaning of "I shall do it as soon +as I have finished." + +[Footnote 205: _En_ is the only preposition which may govern a pres. +participle, generally with the meaning given above.] + + +We add the following idiomatic uses of _Por_ and _Para_ to what we said +about these two prepositions in Lesson XXIX: + +_Por_ may translate "on behalf of," "for the sake of," "in favour of," +"during," "through"-- + +Habló por el proyecto de ley: He spoke in favour of the bill. +Se presentó por la casa: He appeared on behalf of the firm. +Por la paz y buena armonía concedemos lo que V. pide: For the sake of + peace we allow what you ask. +Les sirvió por cinco años: He served them during five years. +Trabaja por la mañana: He works during (in) the morning. +Vino por París: He came through Paris. +Cotizar por un artículo: To quote for an article. +Yo por mí (_or_ por mi parte) prefiero comprar al contado: I, for one, + prefer to buy for cash. +Por[206] rico que sea, no tendrá suficientes recursos: No matter how + rich he is, he will not have sufficient means. +Es demasiado avaro por ser tan rico: for such a rich man, he is too + miserly. +Caro por caro prefiero géneros ingleses: If I have to pay a dear price, + I prefer English goods. +Por sí ó por no: In any case, should it be so or not. +Ir (venir) por: To go (come) for. +Enviar por el médico: To send for the doctor. +Por holgazán perdió el empleo: He lost his employment through laziness. +Por bién ó por mal: Willy-nilly. +Vendré por la Navidad: I shall come by Christmas. +Por si acaso: In case that. + +[Footnote 206: _Por_ has always this meaning before an adjective or +adverb.] + + +No sirve para más: He is good for nothing else. +Venir para la Pentecostés: To come for Whitsuntide. +Esto no es para menos: The thing (or occasion) is worth it. +Para español (_or_ por ser español) es muy alto: He is very tall for a + Spaniard. +Tener grande consideración para este hombre: To have great respect for + this man. +Dar pedidos para ferretería, ollería, y maquinaría: To give orders for + ironware, hollow-ware and machinery. +Es demasiado avaro para ser tan rico: He is too miserly to be so rich. + +_Sin_--"without"-- + +Poseía £10,000 sin los bienes raíces que heredó de su padre: +He owned £10,000 besides the real property he inherited from his father. + +_Según_--"according to"-- + +Según y como: That depends. + +_So_ instead of _bajo_ is used in the following expressions-- + +So capa de: Under the cloak of. + +So pretexto de: Under the pretext of. + +And in a few other such phrases. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=acabado, aderezo=, finish (cloth) +=acolchados=, quiltings +=admitir=, to admit, to accept +=agente exclusivo=, sole agent +=alfombradas=, carpetings +=á no ser así=, were it not so, otherwise +=anclar=, to anchor +=arreglo=, agreement +=bajista=, bearish (exchange) +=cablegrama=, cablegram, cable +=capataz=, foreman +=conceder=, to grant +=coquillos=, jeans +=disposición=, disposition, disposal +=empeñarse=, to pledge oneself +=en su ramo=, in your line +=exclusividad=, exclusive sale +=fama=, fame, reputation, name +=frazadas de algodón=, cotton blankets +=lento=, remiss +=nombrar=, to appoint +=palo de mesana=, mizzen mast +=palo mayor=, main mast +=por escrito=, in writing +=postergar=, to put off, to delay +=proveerse=, to supply oneself +=tapetes=, carpet rugs +*=tener inconveniente=, to have an objection +=tomar en consideración=, to take into consideration, to entertain +=trinquete=, foremast + + + EXERCISE 1 (89). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Con ser abiertamente (manifestly) bajista la especulación, las +acciones mineras se han sostenido. + +2. Desde Barcelona ha llegado un radiograma avisando que había anclado +en ese puerto el vapor "Cibeles" con el trinquete roto y el palo mayor y +el de mesana también dañados. + +3. El jefe es muy bondadoso para con sus empleados. + +4. Dos cajas de coquillos y una de pañuelos de andrinópolis (turkey red) +nos vinieron por Burdeos (Bordeaux), los acolchados, las alfombradas, +los tapetes y las frazadas de algodón se embarcaron por mar. + +5. Por la buena fama de su casa no debería postergar por más tiempo el +pago. + +6. Por sí ó por no mejor sería proveerse. + +7. El capataz fué al Director por órdenes. + +8. Por bien ó por mal tendrá que admitir los géneros pues se han +fabricado por su cuenta y tenemos su orden por escrito para ellos. + +9. Se alarmó mucho, pues el asunto no era para menos. + +10. Para género de algodón el acabado (or aderezo) es todo lo que se +puede desear. + +11. Por ser género de algodón esta tela es de muy buena vista. + +12. Es demasiado barato para ser de lana. + +13. Si desea V. obtener órdenes debe tener mucha consideración para los +corresponsales. + +14. No puedo prometerle entrega para 1° de Junio exactamente, pero haré +por efectuarla por esa fecha. + +15. ¿Conoce V. el refrán: "No hay mal que por bien no venga"? (It is an +ill wind that blows nobody good.) + + + EXERCISE 2 (90). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. This sample looks very nice for an imitation. + +2. It being in your line, I thought I ought to give you the first chance +(hacerle la primera oferta) in case it would tempt you (por si acaso le +animara á comprar). + +3. To begin with you would have to engage the cloth to us (darnos la +exclusividad). + +4. I have no objection provided you guarantee a certain turnover +(venta). + +5. He was appointed sole agent for the whole of Mexico through the +recommendation of his brother-in-law, and his agreement with the firm is +for 3 years certain (fijos). + +6. That will bring him (le producirá) £500 a year if it brings him a +penny (por lo menos). + +7. Being such an important concern (casa) they do not pay their staff +very handsomely (generosamente). + +8. They are too remiss with (en) their payments to be such important +people. + +9. I very nearly pledged myself to grant him the exclusive sale of my +article. + +10. These are his instructions for the disposal of his goods + +11. However clear they may be, we must have his cable confirmed by a +letter. + +12. Therefore we cannot entertain your offer for the present. + +13. It cannot be helped, otherwise (Tenga paciencia, si fuese posible) +we would do everything for you. + + + + + LESSON XLVI. + (Lección cuadragésima sexta.) + + THE PREPOSITION (_contd._) + + +To the uses of _Por_ must be added the following (optional)-- + +After the following verbs: + +Agradecer (por) el favor: To be grateful or to be thankful for the +favour. + +Aguardar _or_ esperar (por) alguno: To wait for somebody. + +Pedir (por) una cosa: To ask for (request) something. + +Preguntar (por) una cosa: To ask for (to inquire about) something. + +He pagado por él cinco chelines _or_ lo he pagado cinco chelines: I paid +five shillings for it. + +Buscar (por) alguno ó alguna cosa: To look for somebody or something. + +Dispensar (por) el error: To excuse the error. + +Further uses of the Spanish prepositions different from the English, and +forming idioms-- + +A caballo (on horseback) +Á ciegas (blindly) +Á consecuencia de esto (in consequence of this) +Á deshora (inopportunely) +Á duras penas (with great efforts) +Á esconditas (covertly) +Á fe de caballero (upon the word of a gentleman) +Á gatas (on all fours) +Á hurtadillas (stealthily) +Á la española (in the Spanish fashion) +Á la mesa (at table) +Al antojo de uno (after one's fancy) +Á la tarde (in the afternoon) +A la verdad (in truth) +Al descuido y con cuidado (studiously careless) +Á lo largo del río (along the river) +Á lo que parece (to all appearances) +Hecho a máquina (made by machinery) +Á pie (on foot) +Á poco de escribir (shortly after having commenced writing) +Á propósito (opportunely, à propos) +Á regañadientes (reluctantly) +Á saberlo yo (had I known it) +Á sangre fría (in cold blood) +Á sus anchas, anchuras (at one's ease) +A tiro de cañón (within cannon shot) +Es más hábil que yo, con mucho (he is cleverer than I by far) +Con ser amigo y todo (although he be a friend) +Contra el norte (facing the north) +De año en ano (from year to year) +De balde (for nothing, gratis) +De bóbilis (without effort) +De broma (in jest) +De buenas á buenas (willingly) +De buenas a primeras (straight away) +De capa caída (crestfallen) +De contado (of course) +De día, etc. (by day, etc.) +De jaleo (on the spree) +De luto (in mourning) +De mejor en mejor (from better to better) +¡Ay _or_ Infeliz de mí! (woe to me!) +De miedo (through fear) +Anteojos de oro (gold spectacles) +De patitas (on shanks' pony) +De peor en peor (from bad to worse) +De perillas (venir) (quite opportunely, à propos) +El picaruelo de Perico (that young rascal Perico) +De pies á cabeza (from head to foot) +De puntillas (on tiptoe) +De repente (suddenly) +Del todo (at all) +De veras (in truth) +Dos á dos (two by two) +Está en casa (he is at home) +En estas condiciones (under these conditions) +En señal de aprecio (as a mark of esteem) +Entrecano (gray-haired) +Entre dos aguas (doubtful, perplexed) +Entre la espada y la pared (between the devil and the deep sea) +Nos dió 5 pesetas para repartir entre yo[207] y mi hermano + (he gave us 5 pesetas to be divided between my brother and me) +Hasta la vista (good-bye for the present) +Hasta los animales tienen gratitud (even animals feel gratitude) +Sobre las diez (at about ten o'clock) +Tiene sobre los treinta (he is about thirty years old) +Sobre más 6 menos (a little more or less) +Tras la pérdida el escarnio (besides the loss the scoffing) + +[Footnote 207: _Entre_ is generally followed by the nominative case +unless it means "to" as--Dijo entre sí. He said to himself.] + +About different prepositions used in Spanish and English after certain +verbs, see also Appendix V. + +The following are the principal compound prepositions-- + +Acerca de (relating to, concerning) +Á despecho de (in spite of) +Á pesar de (in spite of) +Antes de (before--in point of time) +Cerca de (near) +Junto á (near) +Conforme á (according to) +Con respecto á (with respect to) +Respecto de (with respect to) +Debajo de (under) +Dentro de (inside) +Después de (after) +Encima de (on, or over) +En cuanto á (as to) +En frente de (opposite) +Frente á (opposite) +En lugar de (instead of) +En vez de (opposite) + + + VOCABULARY. + +=acordonado=, corded +=agujas=, needles +=alechugado=, frilled +=alemaniscos=, linen damasks +=alfileres=, pins +=antojo=, whim, caprice +=árbitro=, arbitrator +=arreglado=, reasonable (price) +=arrollar=, to roll +=batas=, wrappers (ladies') +=bodega=, cellar, also hold (ship) +=chales=, shawls +=dedales=, thimbles +=desinteresarse=, to abandon +*=desplegar=, to unfold +=dictamen=, award, decision +=entrepuentes=, between decks +=festoneados=, scalloped +=gratificación=, gratuity +=guarniciones, adornos=, trimmings +=lanillas para banderas=, buntings +=listados de algodón=, cotton stripes +=logro=, attainment +=ovillos de algodón=, cotton balls +=pañol, carbonera=, bunker (ships') +=pintura=, paint +=rehusar=, to decline +=sábanas=, bed sheets +=subasta=, auction +=tablillas=, boards +=tablones=, planks +=terliz=, ticking +=terreno=, land, property +=trencilla=, braid + + + EXERCISE 1 (91). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Agradezco (por) el interés demostrado á mi amigo y la actividad +desplegada en facilitarle el logro de sus fines. + +2. Hemos dado diez mil duros por este terreno y no lo hemos pagado +demasiado caro. + +3. No puede V. rehusar los alemaniscos y quedarse con los géneros para +sábanas y los terlices, á su antojo. + +4. Á la verdad las agujas y alfileres han resultado algo caros como +también los dedales pero las trencillas, guarniciones, y ovillos de +algodón son á precio muy arreglado. + +5. Vino muy á deshora y á poco de haberse sentado nos declaró que no +esperaría. + +6. Estos chales á 4 chelines y estos listados de algodón á 5 peniques la +yarda son de balde, no lo decimos de broma. + +7. Accedió á nuestra propuesta de buenas á buenas y de buenas á primeras +nos depositó la suma de 1,000 francos. + +8. Los fondos austríacos van de peor en peor y por eso está nuestro +parroquiano de capa caída. + +9. En tales condiciones preferimos desinteresarnos del proyecto. + +10. Estuvimos entre dos aguas por algún tiempo, pero una vez puestos +entre la espada y la pared (once we are so hard pressed) no nos queda +más sino hablar claro, y ¡lo dicho! + + + EXERCISE 2 (92). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. They await the result of the inquiry (información). + +2. We forward you the papers relating to the Arbitrator's award. + +3. He paid for the Buntings 5d. a yard. + +4. In consequence of your having outstepped (excedido) our instructions, +we must decline all responsibility with respect to delivery. + +5. We have put boards inside the pieces according to our usual custom; +we did not know you wanted them rolled. + +6. Our new offices will be next to the Oil and Paint Stores (almacén), +and opposite the General Post Office (casa de correos). + +7. The planks used under the bales for dunnage (la estiva) were sold +almost for nothing, in spite of our request to hold them at our +disposal. + +8. The steamer can carry 4,000 bales a little more or less if she fills +her holds and takes cargo between decks. + +9. She will take that quite easily and a few hundred bales more in her +bunkers. + +10. As a mark of our appreciation (estima) we authorize a gratuity to +the Captain of £5. + +11. The salvage (salvamento) has been sold partly by auction and partly +by private treaty. + +12. To all appearances the corded and frilled wrappers are superior to +the scalloped. + + + + + LESSON XLVII. + (Lección cuadragiésima séptima.) + + THE CONJUNCTION. + + +_Si_ (if and whether). + +_Si_ used for "whether" may be followed by a verb in any mood and tense +as in English-- + +No sé si habrá buena cosecha este año: I do not know whether there will +be a good crop this year. + +No pudo, _or_ supo, decirme si me entregaría los pagarés para la fecha +convenida: He could not tell me whether he would be able to hand me the +promissory notes for the date agreed upon. + +_Si_ used as the conditional "if," is followed by the verb in the +present indicative or imperfect subjunctive, as-- + +Si viene hoy le pagaré: If he comes to-day, I shall pay him. + +Si viene mañana le pagaré[208]: If he comes to-morrow I shall pay him. + +Le dije que si viniese le pagaría: I told him that if he came I should +pay him. + +[Footnote 208: When the action refers to the future the "future +subjunctive" may be used instead, but this is rarely done. _It +emphasises the uncertainty._] + + +The sense will determine the tense to be used. + +Notice the following idiomatic uses of _si_ (not conditional)-- + +Si soy (fuí) malo! Well, I am (was) wicked! +¡Si será (sería) tan necia! Can (could) she be so foolish! +¿Si vendría? I wonder will he come! +¡Si se lo había dicho yo mil veces! But I had told him so many times! + +Other idiomatic uses of this _si_ will be learnt by practice (all more +or less pleonastic as in the above examples). + +We have said that "but" is translated by _sino_ after a negative unless +a finite verb follows. Therefore, "Not to buy but to sell" is translated +"No comprar sino vender." + +After a negative a finite verb may be preceded by _sino que_ instead of +_pero_ in cases like the following examples-- + +No compró sino que vendió: He did not buy but (on the contrary) he sold. +No sólo que es barato sino que es de muy buena calidad: +Not only is it cheap, but it is (also) of a very good quality. + +_Ni ... ni_--"neither ... nor" (same as all negative words) when +following a verb requires _No_ to precede the verb, as-- + +No acepta ni esto ni aquello: He accepts neither this nor that. + +But--Ni esto ni aquello quiere aceptar. + +_Pues_--"seeing that" or "since" is used often for "then," "but," "well" +(used as an interjection). + +Pues que lo haga: Let him do it then. + +Quiso desobedecerme, pues vera su falta: He _would_ disobey me, but he +will see his fault. + +Pues (_or_ pues bien) ¡que hay ahora! Well! what is the matter now? + +We shall conclude the lesson with the different meanings of _Ya_ +(sometimes used also redundantly). They are given for the sake of +completeness although _Ya_ in its different uses belongs to different +parts of speech-- + +Ya lo ha hecho: He has done it already. +Ya lo hará: He will do it yet. +Ya no se hace esto: This is done no longer. +Ya consienten, ya rehusan: Now they consent, now they refuse. +Ya consientan, ya rehusen: Whether they consent, etc. +Haré cuanto quieras si ya no me pides lo imposible: +I shall do anything you wish if you do not ask (unless you ask) me + for impossibilities. +Ya que escribió: Since (seeing that) he wrote. +Ya ve V.: You see now. +Ya voy: I am coming. +Ya se ve: It is evident. +Ya, ya: Yes, of course. + + + VOCABULARY. + +*=abolir=, to abolish +*=advertir=, to warn +=alegar=, to allege +=al revés=, on the wrong side +=barnices=, varnishes +=barrica=, cask +=batista de algodón=, cambric +=baúl=, trunk +=betunes=, blacking +=bicicleta=, bicycle +=botines=, boots +=bramante=, twine +=bufandas=, mufflers +=buje=, hub +=cerradura=, lock +=chanclos=, goloshes +=cintos de seda=, silk sashes +=cinturones de cuero=, leather belts +=colchas de plumón=, down quilts +=consignatario=, consignee +=ejecutar=, to execute, to put through +*=hacer escala=, to call at (ships) +=llantas=, tyres +=maleta=, portmanteau +=mango=, handle +=marca=, brand, mark +=merma=, loss, leakage, shortage +=muebles de bejuco=, rattan furniture +=niquelado=, nickel-plated +*=perder cuidado=, not to worry +=rayos=, rays, spokes (wheels) +=reborde=, rim, flange +=remolacha=, beetroot +=rezumar=, to leak +=tejido elástico=, webbing +=zapatos=, shoes + + + EXERCISE 1 (93). + +Translate into English-- + +1. No sé si habrá vapor de la Trasatlántica en fecha conveniente. + +2. Si lo hay lo preferiré. + +3. Esos vapores arrancan (start) de Liverpool y hacen escalas en varios +puertos. + +4. Ignoraba si habría servicio mensual en la línea de Canarias. + +5. Mandé quinientas piezas Batista de algodón si la hubiese en +existencia. + +6. Quiero un baúl y una buena maleta de piel de Rusia con cerradura +niquelada si las hay (_or_ hubiere). + +7. Pierda V. Cuidado ¡si las hay de toda especie! + +8. ¿Si me venderá esos muebles de bejuco? + +9. ¿Cómo no? si ya se lo tiene prometido. + +10. El comercio del caucho se ha desarrollado mucho, se usa ahora en +grande escala no sólo para llantas neumáticas de bicicletas y otras +piezas (parts) sino también para gomas de automóviles. + +11. No sólo tengo que cambiar el mango de mi bicicleta sino reemplazar +los rebordes y componer el buje y algunos rayos de la rueda. + +12. No es posible hallar botines de señoras y zapatos más elegantes que +los de nuestra marca, ni se pueden conseguir más baratos en parte +alguna. + +13. Pues que me facture esos bramantes (twine) y ese yute y cáñamo. + +14. Ya he colocado un pedido para bufandas y ya veré si me tiene cuenta +pero no mande barnices ni betunes pues ya no trato en estos artículos. + +15. Ya, ya. V. se ha dedicado ya á los géneros en pieza, si no me +engaño, pues V. ya dice una cosa ya otra. + +16. ¡Señor Juan! Ya voy (I am coming). + + + EXERCISE 2 (94). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Whether he puts through my order for leather belts and silk sashes or +not, I do not much mind, but if he should oblige me, I would do him a +good turn (le haría algún servicio) if the opportunity presents itself. + +2. If the webbing and down quilts are good, I shall not begrudge (no me +pesará) the advance in price. + +3. Can it be true (si) that the gate or octroi duty (el impuesto de +consumos) is going to be abolished in Spain? + +4. Well (pues) the Government has presented a bill to that effect and I +hope we shall soon see the octroi offices (fielatos) abolished. + +5. The broker was warned that the quality was only fair average +(mediana). + +6. Beetroot has been largely planted in the province of Granada and is +now in great request for the sugar industry. + +7. We strove hard (nos hemos esforzado mucho) to introduce the new brand +and we have gained our point[209] at last. + +8. The cloth was folded on the wrong side and we anticipate some +difficulty on that score (por esta razón). + +9. The consignees claim shortage (indemnización por falta de contenido). + +10. They allege that the casks were leaking and that there was +consequently a loss of thirty gallons (galones). + +[Footnote 209: To gain one's point: Salir con la suya.] + + + + + VOCABULARY. + + I. SPANISH-ENGLISH. + +=A= + +=abacá=, Manilla hemp +=abajo=, below +=abaratamiento=, cheapening +=abarcar=, to embrace, to include +=abarrotado=, glutted, cram full +=abastecerse=, to supply oneself +=abasto=, supply +=abedul=, birch +=abeto=, fir +=ablandar=, to soften +=abogado=, lawyer, solicitor, barrister +=abogar=, to plead +=abolir=, to abolish +=abonar=, to speak for, to recommend, to credit +=abordar=, to accost, to approach, to board +=abrigar=, to shelter, to cherish (hope) +=abril=, April +=abrir=, to open +=abrir agua=, to leak +=absolutamente=, absolutely +=abuso=, abuse +=acá, aquí=, here +=acabado=, finish (cloth) +=acabar=, to finish +=acabar de ..=., to have just +=acaudalado=, rich, wealthy +=acceder=, to accede +=accidente=, accident +=acciones=, actions, shares +=acciones preferences=, preference shares +=accionista=, shareholder +=aceite=, oil +=acerca de=, relating to +=acero=, steel +=acertar á=, to happen, to contrive +=acoger=, to admit, to receive +=acolchado=, quilting +=aconsejar=, to advise, to counsel +=acorazado=, iron-clad +=acordar=, to agree +=acordarse=, to remember +=acordonado=, corded +=acreditar=, to credit +=actas=, acts, deeds +=actitud=, attitude +=active=, active +=activo y pasivo=, assets and liabilities +=actual=, present, current, instant (month) +=acudir=, to attend, to have recourse to +=acusar=, to accuse, to show +=adecuado, proporcionado=, adequate +=aderezo=, finish (cloth) +=adeudar=, to debit +=adherir á=, to adhere to +=adjunto=, enclosed, herewith +=administrador=, manager (of a branch house, etc.) +=admitir=, to admit, to accept, to acknowledge +=adornos=, trimmings +=adquirir=, to acquire +=á duras penas=, with great effort +=advertir=, to notice, to warn +=aéreo=, overhead +=afanarse=, to exert oneself, to take much trouble +=aficionado á=, fond of +=aflojar=, to relax +=afortunadamente=, fortunately +=agasajar=, to welcome +=agencia=, agency +=agiotista=, stock-jobber +=aglomerar=, to agglomerate +=Agosto=, August +=agotar=, to drain, to exhaust +=agradable=, agreeable, pleasant +=agradar=, to oblige +=agradecer=, to thank, to be obliged for +=agrandar=, to enlarge +=agrícola=, agricultural +=agrio=, sour +=agrupación=, group, muster +=agua=, water +=agudo=, sharp, keen +=águila=, eagle +=aguja=, needle +=ahí=, there +=ahora=, now +=ahorrar=, to save, to economise +=aislado=, hedged in, isolated +=(lo) ajeno=, other people's property +=ajeno á=, averse to, foreign to +=ajo=, garlic +=ajustar=, to adjust +=ajuste=, adjustment +=á la larga=, in the long run +=á la verdad=, in truth +=albaricoque=, apricot +=alborear=, to dawn +=alcalde=, mayor +=alcista=, bull, bullish (exch.) +=alechugado=, frilled +=alegar=, to allege +=alegrar=, to gladden +=alegrarse=, to rejoice +=alejarse=, to go away +=alemanisco=, linen damask +=alerta=, alert +=alfiler=, pin +=alfombra=, carpet +=algo=, something, anything, somewhat, rather +=algodón=, cotton +=algodón disponible=, spot cotton +=algodonero (mercado)=, cotton market +=alguno=, some, any +=aliento=, courage +=alistar=, to enlist +=allá, allí=, there +=allanar=, to level, to facilitate +=allí, allá=, there +=alma=, soul +=almacén=, warehouse +=almacenero=, warehouseman +=almacenes fiscales=, bonded warehouses +=al menos=, at least +=alquilar=, to rent, to hire, to give or take on lease +=al revés=, on the wrong side +=altos hornos=, blast furnaces, foundry +=aludir á=, to allude, to hint +=un alza=, a rise (price) +=una alza=, a rise (price) +=amabilidad=, kindness +=amanecer=, to dawn +=amar=, to love +=amargo=, bitter +=amarillo=, yellow, buff +=ambos=, both +=á medida que=, in proportion as +=amedrentar=, to frighten +=á mejor andar=, at best +=amén de=, besides +=á menos que=, unless +=á menudo=, often i +=americana=, coat, jacket +=amigo=, friend +=amistad=, friendship +=amistoso=, friendly +=amo=, master +=amontonar=, to heap up, to pile up +=amor=, love +=amplio=, ample +=añadir=, to add +=ancho=, width, wide +=anclar=, to anchor +=andar=, to walk, to go +=Andrinópolis (pañuelos de)=, Turkey red (handkerchiefs) +=año=, year +=anochecer=, to grow dark +=ansioso de=, anxious, eager to +=anteayer=, the day before yesterday +=anterior=, anterior, previous +=antes (de)=, before (time), formerly +=anticipatión=, anticipation +=anticipo=, advance +=antiguo=, ancient, old +=antojo=, caprice, whim +=anular=, cancelar, to cancel +=anunciar=, to advertise +=apacible=, mild (colour) +=apagado=, extinguished, quiet +=apagarse=, to go out (fire) +=aparecer=, to appear, to make one's appearance +=aparentar=, to show outwardly +=apelar=, to appeal +=apenas=, scarcely +=apertura=, opening +=á pesar de=, in spite of +=apetecer=, to desire, to covet +=aplazar=, to postpone +=á plazos=, by instalments +=apreciar=, to appreciate +=aprender=, to learn +=apremiar=, to press, to urge +=apresto=, finish (cloth) +=apresurar=, to hasten (_a_), to urge +=apresurarse=, to hasten (_n_) +=aprovecharse=, to take advantage, to avail oneself of +=aproximarse=, to approach, to draw near +=apurar=, to exhaust, to investigate, to purify +=apuro=, embarrassment +=aquel, that +=aquí=, here +=arado=, plough +=arancel=, Custom House tariff +=árbitro=, arbiter, umpire +=árbol=, tree +=árbol de eje=, axle-shaft +=archivos=, archives +=arduo=, arduous, difficult +=argüir=, to argue +=armadores=, shipowners +=armadura=, frame, framing (mach.) +=armario=, cupboard +=armas blancas=, side-arms +=armas de fuego=, fire-arms +=armazón de cama=, bedstead +=arpillera=, bagging +=arquitecto=, architect +=arrancar=, to squeeze out, to wrench, to start from +=arreglado=, reasonable +=arreglar=, to arrange, to settle +=arreglo=, arrangement +=arrepentirse=, to repent +=arriesgado=, dangerous +=arrollar=, to roll +=arroz=, rice +=asamblea=, meeting +=asargado=, twill +=ascensor=, lift, hoist +=asegurar=, to insure, to secure +=asentar=, to seat, to book (orders) +=asistir=, to assist, to attend +=asociación de obreros=, trade union +=asunto=, subject, matter, question, affair +=atajo=, short cut +=atañer=, to bear upon +=atención=, attention +=atender á=, to attend +=atendible=, plausible +=atenta (su)=, (your) favour +=aterlizado=, twill +=atizador=, poker +=atraer=, to attract +=atraicionar=, to betray +=atrasado=, overdue +=atravesar=, to cross +=atrevido=, bold, daring +=atribución=, attribution +=atribuir=, to attribute +=atropellar por=, to infringe, to run down +=aumento=, increase +=aunque=, although, even if +=automóvil=, motor-car +=avaro, avariento=, miser, miserly +=avena=, oats +=averia=, average, damage +=avergonzarse=, to be ashamed +=aviso=, advice, notice +=avistar=, to sight +=ayer=, yesterday +=ayudar=, to help +=azadas=, hoes +=azadones=, pick-axes +=azúcar=, sugar +=azuelas=, adzes +=azul=, blue + + +=B= + +=baja=, decline, fall (in prices, etc.) +=bajá=, pasha +=bajar=, to go, to come down +=bajista=, bear, bearish (exch.) +=bajo cubierta=, under deck +=balde (de)=, gratis, for nothing +=balde (en)=, in vain, of no avail +=ballena=, whale +=bañar=, to wet, to bathe, to water +=banco=, bank, bench, desk +=banco de liquidación=, clearing-house +=barato=, cheap +=barba, barbas=, beard +=barbilla, barba=, chin +=barco, navío, buque=, ship, boat +=barniz=, varnish +=barrer=, to sweep +=barrica=, cask +=base=, basis +=bastante bien=, pretty well +=bastar=, to suffice, to be enough +=basto=, coarse, common, inferior +=bata=, wrap +=batista, batiste=, lawn +=baúl=, trunk +=bayeta=, baize +=beber=, to drink +=belleza=, beauty +=beneficio=, benefit +=benéfico=, beneficent +=benévolo=, benevolent +=bergantín=, brig +=berzas=, cabbages +=betún=, blacking +=biblioteca=, library +=bicicleta=, bicycle +=biela=, connecting rod +=bien=, well +=(el) bien=, (the) good +=bien estar=, well-being +=billar=, billiards +=bisabuelo=, great grandfather +=blanco=, white +=blanco (_n_)=, aim +=blando=, gentle, soft +=blanquear=, to bleach +=bobina=, bobbin +=boca=, mouth +=bocina=, megaphone +=bodega=, cellar, hold (ship) +=bola=, ball +=boletín=, form, slip, price list +=bolsa=, Exchange, Bourse +=bombas de aire=, air pumps +=bondadoso=, kind +=bonificar=, to make an allowance, a rebate +=bonito=, pretty +=bordado=, embroidered +=botas=, boots +=boticario=, chemist +=botines=, boots +=botón=, button +=bramante=, twine +=brazo=, arm +=brevedad=, brevity, shortness +=(á la mayor) brevedad=, as soon as possible +=brisa=, breeze +=brochado=, brocade +=buey=, ox +=bufanda=, muffler +=bufete de abogado=, lawyer's office +=buje=, hub +=bullir=, to boil +=bultos=, packages +=buque, barco, navío=, ship, boat +=buque á motor=, automóvil, motor-boat +=buque de vapor=, steamer +=buque de vela=, sailing vessel +=burlarse=, to make fun of, to trifle with +=bursátil (mercado)=, money market +=buscar=, to look for, to search +=buscarse=, to bring upon oneself + + +=C= + +=cabal=, just, upright +=caballero=, señor, gentleman +=caballo=, horse +=caber=, to be able to contain, to be able to be contained +=cabeza=, head +=cabida=, room, space +=cable=, cable +=cablegrama=, cablegram +=cabo=, corporal, end +=cada=, each, every +=caer=, to fall +=caída=, fall (_n._) +=café, coffee +=café, castaño=, brown (dyed) +=caja=, case, box +=cajero=, cashier +=calcetines, socks, half hose +=calcular, to calculate +=cálculo=, calculation +=caldera=, boiler +=caldero=, small cauldron, bucket +=caldos=, wines and oils (collectively) +=calidad=, quality +=callar=, to be silent, to abstain from saying +=calle=, street +=calor=, heat, warmth +=calorífero=, stove +=calzado=, footwear +=cama=, bed, bedstead +=cambiar=, to alter, to exchange +=cambio, los cambios=, change; the Bill Market +=camisa=, shirt +=(el) campo=, (the) country, (the) countryside +=campo=, field +=caña=, cane +=cáñamo=, hemp +=cancelar, anular=, to cancel +=canela=, cinnamon +=cansar=, to tire +=cantidad=, quantity (also amount) +=capataz=, foreman +=el capital=, the capital (money) +=la capital=, the capital (town) +=capitán=, captain +=cara=, face +=carbón (de piedra)=, coal +=carbón (vegetal)=, charcoal +=carbonera, pañol=, bunker +=carecer (de)=, to lack +=cargamento=, cargo +=cargar=, to load, to debit +=carne, carne seca=, flesh, meat, jerked beef +=carne en salmuera=, pickled beef +=caro=, dear, expensive +=carpeta=, writing pad +=carranclanes, guingas=, ginghams +=carril=, rail +=carriles, rieles, railes=, rails +=carro=, cart +=carta=, letter +=cartera=, pocket-book, portfolio +=cartero=, postman +=casa=, house, firm +=casaca=, coat, jacket +=casar=, to marry +=casarse=, to marry +=casillero=, pigeon-holes +=castaño, café=, brown (dyed) +=castellano=, Castillian, Spanish +=castigar=, to punish, to chastise +=catálogo=, catalogue +=caucho, goma elástica=, rubber +=cauteloso=, cautious +=cauto=, cautious +=cebada=, barley +=cebolla=, onion +=ceder=, to cede, to yield, to make over +=cédula=, warrant +=celebrar=, to be glad of +=celebrarse=, to be celebrated, to take place (meetings, etc.) +=célebre=, celebrated +=celeste=, heavenly, sky-blue +=cena=, supper +=cepillo=, brush, _also_ plane +=cerca de=, near (_prep._) +=cercano=, near (_adj._) +=cerradura=, lock +=cerrar=, to close, to shut +=cerrar (con llave)=, to lock +=cerrar el trato=, to conclude the bargain +=certificar=, to certify, to register (letters, etc.) +=cerveza=, beer +=cestilla=, waste-paper basket +=ciego=, blind +=cielo=, heaven, sky +=cien, ciento=, hundred +=ciencia=, science, wisdom +=cierre=, lock-out +=cierto=, certain +=cifras=, figures +=cigarros, tabacos, puros=, cigars +=cigüeñal=, crank shaft +=cilindro=, cylinder, roller +=cima=, top +=cinta=, ribbon +=cinto=, sash +=cinturón=, belt +=circular=, to circulate, to go round +=citar=, to quote, to cite, to mention a passage, etc. +=citar ante los tribunales=, to summon +=ciudad=, city +=cizallas=, shears +=claramente=, clearly +=claras (a las)=, openly, clearly +=claro=, clear, clearly, light (colour) +=claro y redondo=, quite openly +=clavel=, carnation +=clavos=, nails, cloves +=cliente=, client, customer +=clientela=, custom, _clientèle_, connection +=clima (el)=, climate +=climatológico=, climatic +=cobrar=, to charge, to collect (money) +=cobre=, copper +=cocer=, to bake, to cook +=codicia=, greed +=codiciar=, to covet +=coger=, to catch, to capture +=col=, cabbage +=colcha de plumón=, down quilt +=colección=, collection, set (of patterns) +=colgar=, to hang +=colmo=, climax, record +=colocar=, to place +=coloniales=, colonial produce +=color firme, sólido=, fast colour +=color falso, fugitive=, loose colour +=coloridos=, colourings +=columna=, column +=comanditar=, to finance +=comarca=, region, district (of a country) +=comedido=, considerate, thoughtful +=comenzar=, empezar, to commence +=comer=, to eat +=comercial=, commercial +=comerciante=, negociante, merchant +=comercio=, commerce, trade +=comisionista=, commission agent +=como, ¿cómo?= as, how? +=compañía anónima (por acciones)=, limited company +=compensar=, to compensate, to make good +=competidor, contrincante=, competitor, neighbour +=complacer, agradar, favorecer=, to oblige +=completo=, complete, full +=compra=, purchase +=comprar=, to buy +=comprender=, entender, to understand +=comprometerse=, to compromise, to commit oneself, to prejudice, to + undertake +=común=, common +=concebir=, to conceive +=conceder=, to grant +=concejo, cabildo, ayuntamiento, municipality +=concerner=, to concern +=concisamente=, concisely +=condiciones=, terms +=conducir=, to lead +=conducta=, conduct, behaviour +=con el corazón en la mano=, quite candidly +=conexiones=, connections, couplings +=confeccionar=, to make up +=conferencia=, lecture +=confesar=, to confess +=confianza=, confidence, trust +=confiar (á)=, to entrust +=confiar (en)=, to trust +=(de) conformidad (con)=, in accordance with, agreeable to +=conforme a=, according to +=conocer=, to know a person, an object +=conocimiento, conocido=, acquaintance +=conocimiento=, bill of lading +=consabido=, in question +=conseguir, obtener=, to get, to obtain, to succeed in +=consejo=, advice +=conservas alimenticias=, preserves +=considerar=, to consider +=consignación=, consignment +=consignar=, to consign, to record +=consignatario=, consignee +=consumidor=, consumer +=contado (al)=, (for) cash +=con tal que=, provided that +=contar=, to count, to relate +=contar con=, to calculate, to reckon upon +=(el) contenido=, the contents +=contentar=, to oblige +=contento=, content, contentment +=contestar, responder=, to answer, to reply +=continuamente=,, continually +=continuar=, to continue +=contra, en contra de=, against +=contrabando=, contraband +=contramaestre de filatura=, master spinner +=contramandar, revocar=, to countermand, to revoke +=contrario=, unfavourable, contrary, adverse +=contratiempo=, hitch +=contrato=, contract, written agreement +=contribuir=, to contribute +=contrincante, competidor=, competitor, neighbour +=convencer=, to convince +=conveniente=, convenient, suitable +=convenio=, agreement +=convenir=, to agree, to suit +=convocar=, to call together (to a meeting) +=copa, sombrero de=, silk hat +=copiador=, copy book +=coquillos=, jeans +=cordobán=, morocco leather +=correas=, belts (machine), belting +=corredor=, broker +=correo=, the post +=correr=, to run +=correrse=, to make a slip of the tongue +=correspondencia=, correspondence +=corresponder a las necesidades=, to meet the requirements +=corresponsal=, correspondent +=corrido=, acute, artful +=corriente=, current, inst. +=cortapluma=, penknife +=cortarse=, to cut oneself, to stop short (in middle of speech) +=corte=cutting +=cortésmente=, politely, courteously +=corto=, brief, short +=cosa=, thing +=cosecha=, harvest, crop, harvest time +=costa=, coast +=coste, flete y seguro (c.f.s.)=, c.i.f., cost, insurance, freight +=costumbre=, custom, habit +=cotización=, quotation +=cotizar=, to quote (prices) +=crédito=, credit +=creer=, to believe, to think +=cregüelas=, osnaburgs +=crema=, cream +=crespolinas=, crimps +=criada=, maidservant +=criado=, manservant +=croquis=, sketch +=cruzados=, twills +=cuadritos=, checks +=cuadro=, picture, table (figures) +=cualquiera=, any _(affirm.)_ +=cualquiera=, whoever, whichever +=cuando=, when +=cuandoquiera (que)=, whenever +=cuantioso=, abundant, ample +=cuarto=, apartment, room, quarter +=cuarto=, fardín, farthing, a trifling amount +=cúbico=, cubic +=cubrir, cubierto=, cover, covered +=cucharas=, spoons +=cuchilla=, knife +=cuenta=, account, statement +=cuenta de venta=, account sales +=cuenta simulada, pro= forma account +=cueros=, hides +=cuerpo=, body +=cuesta=, slope +=cuestión=, question +=cuidadosamente=, carefully +=cuidar=, to take care +=cuidarse=, to take care of oneself +=culpa=, fault, blame +=culpado=, at fault +=cumplir (con)=, to fulfil, to accomplish +=cuñada=, sister-in-law +=cuñado=, brother-in-law +=cuota=, quota +=cuyo=, whose + + +=CH= + +=chaconadas=, jaconets +=chal=, shawl +=chaleco=, vest, waistcoat +=charla=, prattle, gossip +=chanclos=, goloshes +=chapa=, plate (metal) +=chelín=, shilling +=cheque=, cheque +=chillones=, gaudy (colours) +=chimenea=, chimney +=chocolate=, chocolate +=chucherías=, pretty trifles + + +=D= + +=damasco=, damask +=dañar=, to damage +=daño=, damage, injury, breakdown +=dar=, to give +=dar aviso al proprietario=, to give notice to leave +=dar cuenta=, to report +=dar en el clavo=, to hit it +=dar las gracias=, to give thanks +=darse á partido=, to yield, to submit +=dátiles=, dates +=debajo (de)=, under +=deber=, to owe, must +=debido á=, owing to +=de buena tinta (tener)=, from a good source (to have) +=decadencia=, decadence +=decididamente=, decidedly +=decidir, decidirse=, to decide, to make up one's mind +=decir=, to say, to tell +=declamar=, to declaim +=declarar=, to declare +=declararse en quiebra=, to file one's petition in bankruptcy +=decretar=, to decree +=dedal=, thimble +=dedicarse=, to devote oneself +=defecto=, defect, imperfection +=definir=, to define, also to settle +=definitivo=, definite +=dejar=, to leave, to let +=dejar sin efecto=, to cancel (orders, etc.) +=delegado=, delegate +=delicado de salud=, in indifferent health +=delinquir=, to commit a delinquency +=demanda y oferta=, supply and demand +=demandar=, to demand +=demasiado=, too, too much +=de miedo que=, lest +=de modo que=, so that +=demora=, delay +=demostrar confianza á=, to show confidence in +=dentro (de)=, inside, within +=depender (de)=, to depend (upon) +=dependiente=, clerk +=deplorar=, to deplore +=depósito=, deposit, depôt, store +=deprimir=, to depress +=derecho=, right, straight, customs, duty +=desanimado=, lifeless, stagnant (market) +=desanimar (se)=, to disconcert, to feel discouraged +=desarme=, disarmament +=desarrollar=, to develop +=descarga=, discharge, unloading +=descomponer=, to put out of gear +=desconcertar=, to put out, to upset +=descuidar=, to neglect +=desdichado=, unfortunate, unhappy +=desear=, to wish +=desembarcar=, to load +=deseoso=, eager, wishful +=desfavorable=, unfavourable +=desgracia=, misfortune +=deshacerse (de)=, to get rid of +=deshonra=, dishonour +=desinteresarse=, to abandon +=deslumbrar=, to dazzle +=despacho, escritorio, oficina=, office +=despacio=, slowly +=despedida (aviso de)=, dismissal (notice of) +=despejar=, to clear +=desperdiciar=, to waste +=despertar=, to wake up +=desplegar=, to unfold +=despreciable=, despicable +=después=, after, afterwards +=destajista=, contractor +=desteñir=, to fade +=detalles=, details +=detenidamente=, at length +=detallado=, detailed +=detrás=, behind +=deuda=, debt +=devanarse los sesos=, to rack one's brains +=devoción=, devotion +=devolver=, to return, to give or send back +=(el) día=, the day +=diagonales=, twills +=diario=, day book +=días de estadía=, lay days +=días de contra estadía=, days of demurrage +=dibujos, diseños=, designs +=diccionario=, dictionary +=dichoso=, lucky +=Diciembre=, December +=dictamen=, award, decision +=dientes=, teeth +=diferente=, different +=diferir=, to defer, to postpone +=difícil=, difficult +=dificultad=, difficulty, also objection +=difunto=, late, deceased +=diligencia=, diligence +=diligentemente=, diligently +=(un) dineral=, (a) mint of money +=dinero=, money +=dinero efectivo=, cash, ready money +=Dios=, God +=dique=, dock +=dirección=, address, direction +=dirigir=, to direct +=dirigirse=, to address oneself +=discípulo=, pupil +=discreto=, discreet, sensible +=disculpar=, to excuse +=discutir=, to discuss +=diseños, dibujos=, designs +=diseñador=, draughtsman +=disfrutar (de)=, to enjoy +=disgustado=, annoyed, disgusted, displeased +=dispensar=, to excuse +=disponer=, to dispose, to arrange +=disponible=, available, spot (cotton) +=disposición=, disposition, disposal, instruction +=distinguir=, to distinguish +=distinto=, different +=distrito=, district +=disturbado=, disturbed, upset +=disturbio=, disturbance +=divertirse=, to enjoy oneself +=doblar, duplicar=, to double, to duplicate +=dobladillado=, hemmed +=con dobladillo de ojo=, hemstitched +=docena=, dozen +=doctrina=, doctrine, knowledge +=documento=, document +=doler=, to hurt, to ache, to pain +=dolor=, pain, sorrow +=dolor de cabeza=, headache +=doloroso=, painful +=domicilio=, residence, registered office of a company +=Domingo=, Sunday +=dominio=, dominion, control +=donde (¿dónde?)=, where +=dondequiera que=, wherever +=dormir=, to sleep +=dormirse=, to fall asleep +=dril=, drill +=duda=, doubt +=dudar=, to doubt, to question +=duplicar, doblar=, to duplicate, to double +=durante=, during +=durar=, to last + + +=E= + +=echar=, to throw, to cast +=echar á perder=, to spoil, to ruin, to wreck +=echar al correo=, to post +=edificio=, local, building +=efectuar=, to effect +=ejecutar=, to execute +=ejército=, army +=elaborar=, to elaborate +=elegantemente=, elegantly, stylishly +=elegir, escoger=, to choose, to select +=elevar=, to raise, to enhance, to put up +=embajador=, ambassador +=embarcar=, to embark, to ship +=embarque=, shipment +=embrollar=, to entangle, to cheat +=emisión=, issue +=emitir=, to issue +=empacar=, to pack +=empeñar=, to engage, to pawn, to pledge +=empeño (tener)=, to be earnest, anxious about anything +=empeños=, obligations, engagements +=empeoramiento=, turn for the worse, deterioration +=empezar, comenzar=, to commence +=emplear=, to employ +=emplearse=, to be employed, used for +=emprendedor=, enterprising +=empresa=, undertaking, concern, enterprise +=empréstito=, loan +=en breve=, shortly +=encaje=, lace +=encaminar=, to forward +=encargarse (de)=, to take charge +=encarnado=, red +=en caso que=, in case +=encina, roble=, oak +=encojerse=, to shrink +=encojido=, shrunk, shrivelled +=en contra de=, against +=encontrar=, to meet, to find +=encuadernar=, to bind (books) +=endosar=, to endorse +=en efectivo, en metálico=, in cash +=Enero=, January +=enfadado=, angry +=enfermo, malo=, ill +=enfurecido=, furious, infuriated +=engañifa=, trick +=engranaje=, gearing +=en latas=, canned +=en regla=, in order +=ensartapapeles=, file +=ensartar=, to file papers, to string beads +=ensayo=, trial, proof, venture +=en seguida=, at once +=enseñanza=, teaching +=enseñar=, to teach, to show +=entender, comprender=, to understand +=entenderse de=, to be a judge of +=enterarse=, to get to know +=entero (por)=, in full +=entonces=, then, at that time +=entrante, próximo=, next +=entrar (en)=, to enter +=entre=, between, amongst +=entrega=, delivery +=entregar=, to deliver, to hand (personally) +=entrepuentes=, between decks +=enviar, mandar=, to send +=envidia=, envy +=envió=, shipment +=época=, epoch, time, period +=equidad=, equity, fairness, fair dealing +=equipo=, equipment +=equitativo=, fair +=equivocación=, mistake +=equivocarse=, to make a mistake, to be mistaken +=error=, mistake, error +=escala=, ladder, scale +=escala (hacer)=, to call at (steamers) +=escandaloso=, scandalous, shocking +=escaño=, stool +=escapar, huir=, to escape +=escarcha (tornado por la)=, frost-bitten +=escarmentar=, to take warning +=escoba=, broom +=escoger, elegir=, to choose, to select +=escribir (se)=, to write, to write to each other +=escrito=, letter, writing (_n_.) +=escritor=, writer +=escritorio=, writing desk, office +=escuchar=, to listen +=es decir, á saber=, viz. +=ese, a, o=, that +=esfuerzo=, effort +=espada=, sword +=espalda=, shoulder +=espaldas=, back +=español=, Spanish +=espantarse=, to be frightened +=especias=, spices +=especie=, species, kind, rumour, news +=especulación=, deal, speculation +=esperar=, to hope, to wait for, to expect +=espeso=, thick +=esposo-a=, husband, wife +=esquela=, note +=establecer (se)=, to establish, to establish oneself +=estación, temporada=, season +=estadística=, statistics +=estallar=, to break out, to burst +=estampar=, to print (cloth) +=estancia=, stay +=estante=, bookshelf +=estaño=, tin +=estar, estarse=, to be +=este,-a,-o=, this +=este=, east +=estima=, appreciation, esteem +=estiva=, stowage +=estrenar=, to use or wear for the first time +=estrenarse=, to make a start +=estudiar=, to study +=estufa=, stove +=eternamente=, eternally, for ever +=etiqueta=, ticket, label +=evitar=, to avoid +=exacto=, exact, accurate +=examen=, examination +=exceder=, to exceed, to overstep +=exclusive=, exclusive, sole +=exhibir=, to show, to exhibit +=exigir=, to require +=exiguo=, slender, slight, small +=existencias=, stocks +=éxito=, result +=éxito (bueno, malo)=, success, failure +=expedidor=, sender +=experimentar=, to experience, to experiment +=experto=, experienced +=explicar, explanar=, to explain +=explotar=, to exploit, to work (mines, etc.) +=exponerse á=, to encounter, to expose oneself to +=exportación=, export, exportation +=exportador=, exporter, shipper +=extender=, to extend, to stretch +=extranjero=, foreigner, foreign, _also_ abroad +=extraño=, strange, queer + + +=F= + +=fábrica de algodón=, cotton mill +=fabricante=, manufacturer +=facilidad=, ease, facility +=factura=, invoice +=facturar=, to invoice +=falta=, want, absence of, fault, blame +=falta de aceptación, de pago=, non-acceptance, non-payment +=faltar=, to be wanting, to be necessary, to fail +=fama=, fame, reputation, name +=famoso=, famous +=fantasías=, fancies +=fardín, cuarto=, farthing, a trifling amount +=fardito=, truss +=fardo=, bale +=favorable=, favourable +=favorecer=, to oblige +=Febrero=, February +=fecha=, date +=fecha de=, dated +=feliz=, happy +=ferretería=, ironware +=ferrocarril=, railway +=festoneado=, scalloped +=fiador=, surety +=fiados=, book debts +=fidedigno=, trustworthy +=fiel=, faithful +=fielato=, octroi office +=fiesta del comercio=, bank holiday +=fijar=, to fix +=fijo=, fixed, firm +=filosofía=, philosophy +=firma=, signature +=firmar=, to sign +=firmeza=, firmness +=(el) fin=, the end +=fino=, shrewd +=fletar=, to charter, to freight +=flete=, freight +=flojedad=, slackness +=flojo=, slack +=flor=, flower +=floreciente=, flourishing +=folleto=, leaflet +=fomento=, development, encouragement +=fonda=, hotel, hotel +=fondo=, bottom, ground (colour) +=fondos=, funds, capital +=forma=, shape +=formal=, formal, respectable +=forro=, lining +=fortuna=, fortune +=forzar=, to force, to strain +=fósforos=, matches +=fracasar=, to fall through +=fracaso=, failure +=franco de averia particular=, f.p.a. (free particular average) +=franco de porte, tra(n)sporte pagado=, carriage paid +=franja=, fringe +=franqueo=, postage +=frase=, phrase, sentence +=frazada=, blanket +=frecuentemente=, frequently +=(la) frente=, forehead +=(el) frente=, front +=fresno=, ash +=frío= (_adj_. and _n_), cold +=fruta=, fruit +=fruto=, fruit of labour, etc. +=fuente=, fountain, source +=fuerte=, strong, fast, firm +=fuerza motriz=, motive power +=fugitivo= loose (colours) +=fulano=, so and so +=funcionar de, proceder (como)=, to act as +=fundar=, to found +=furioso=, furious +=fustán=, fustian + + +=G= + +=galón=, gallon +=gana=, inclination, desire +=gana, de buena, mala=, willingly, unwillingly +=ganancias y pérdidas=, profit and loss +=ganar=, to gain, to earn +=ganga=, a bargain, cheap lot +=garabato=, clothes hook +=garantizar=, to guarantee, to warrant +=garbanzos=, Spanish peas +=garrote=, stick, cudgel +=gastar=, to spend, to spoil; also to wear (usually) +=gato=, cat, jack (machinery) +=general=, general +=géneros=, goods +=géneros alimenticios=, food-stuffs +=géneros imperfectos=, jobs +=generoso=, generous +=genio=, temper +=gente (la)=, people +=gerente=, manager +=girar=, to draw (a bill), to turn +=giro=, bill, draft, also turnover +=gobernar=, to govern +=gobierno=, government +=goleta=, schooner +=goma elástica, caucho=, rubber +=gorra (gorro)=, cap +=gorrión=, sparrow +=gozar=, to enjoy +=grabado=, embossed +=gracia=, grace, gracefulness +=graduación=, gradation, degree +=granadas=, pomegranates +=grande (gran)=, great, large +=grande velocidad (á)=, by fast train +=granizar=, to hail +=granjearse=, to win over +=granos, mercado de=, grain, grain market +=gratificación=, gratuity +=gratitud=, gratitude +=gratuito=, gratuitous, honorary +=grifo=, cock (machinery) +=gris=, grey +=grito=, cry, shout +=grueso=, thick +=gruñir=, to growl, to grumble, to grunt +=guante=, glove +=guardafuego=, fender +=guardapapeles=, file +=guardar=, to keep +=guardar cama=, to lie in bed +=guardias aduaneras=, custom house officials +=guarnición=, trimming +=guerra=, war +=guingas, carranclanes=, ginghams +=guisantes=, green peas +=gustar=, to please +=gustar (á uno)=, to like + + +=H= + +=habas=, broad beans +=haber=, to have, there to be +=haber menester=, to need +=habérselas con uno=, to dispute, to wrangle, to vie with +=hábil=, clever +=habitantes=, inhabitants +=hablar=, to speak +=hacer=, to do, to make +=hacer caso=, to take notice +=hacer constar=, to show, to demonstrate +=hacer falta=, to be wanted +=hacer frente=, to face, to meet (bills, etc.) +=hacerse=, to become +=hacer una remesa=, to send a remittance +=hachuelas (hachas)=, hatchets (axes) +=hacienda=, property, shop, stores +=hallar, encontrar=, to find +=hambre=, hunger +=hampa=, vagabonds (company of) +=hasta que=, until +=hasta la fecha=, to date +=hasta que punto=, to what extent +=hato=, wearing apparel, bundle of clothes +=hay=, there is, there are +=haya=, beech +=heces de sebo=, tallow, greaves +=hecho=, fact, action +=helar=, to freeze +=(la= _or_ =el) hélice=, the screw (of a boat) +=herida=, wound, sting +=herir=, to wound, to cut (fig.) +=hermano=, brother +=hermosamente=, beautifully +=hermoso=, beautiful, fine, handsome +=herramientas=, tools +=hervir=, to boil +=hidalguía=, nobleness, chivalry +=hielo=, escarcha, frost +=hierro=, iron +=higos=, figs +=higuera=, fig tree +=hija política, nuera=, daughter-in-law +=hijo=, son +=hijodalgo=, gentleman by birth, squire +=hijo político, yerno=, son-in-law +=hilador=, spinner +=hilados=, yarn +=hilar=, to spin +=hinchazón=, boom +=hipoteca, mortgage +=hipotecar=, to mortgage +=historia=, history +=holandas=, hollands +=holgazán=, lazy +=hombre=, man +=hombre llano=, rough-and-ready man +=honor=, honour +=honradez=, honesty +=honrar=, to honour +=hora=, hour +=hortelano= (fruit) gardener +=hortera=, office boy (jocularly) +=hoy=, to-day +=huelga=, strike +=huerta=, orchard +=hueso=, bone +=huir, escapar=, to flee, to escape +=humear=, to smoke (of a chimney) +=hundimiento=, subsidence + + +=I= + +=el idioma=, the language +=igual=, equal +=igualar=, to equal, to match +=ilustrado=, enlightened +=ilustrar=, to illustrate +=ilustre=, illustrious +=impedir=, to hinder +=imperfectos=, job lots +=imponer=, to impose, also to inform +=importaciones=, imports +=importancia=, importance, amount +=importar=, to matter +=importar (en)=, to amount to +=importe=, amount +=imprimir (impreso)=, to print (printed) +=imprevidencia=, want of foresight +=imprevisto=, unforeseen +=impuesto=, tax +=impuesto de consumos=, octroi duties +=incertidumbre=, uncertainty +=incluir=, to enclose, to include +=inconveniencia=, unsuitability, impropriety +=inconveniente=, inconvenience +=indemnidad=, indemnity, signed guarantee +=indemnización=, indemnity (compensation for loss) +=indicar=, to indicate, to point out +=indígena=, native +=industria=, industry +=inercia=, idleness, inertia +=infeliz=, unhappy +=ínfimo=, infinitesimal +=infinidad=, an infinite number +=informe=, report +=informes=, information(s), references +=informar (de)=, to inform of, to acquaint with +=ingeniero=, engineer +=ingratitud=, ingratitude +=ingresos netos=, net revenue +=inmaturo, verde=, unripe +=inmediato=, immediate +=innavegable=, unnavigable +=innoble=, ignoble +=inquilino=, tenant +=inquietarse=, to feel uneasy +=integro=, integer, whole, upright +=inteligencia=, intelligence +=intención=, intention +=intentar=, to intend +=interés=, interest +=interesante=, interesting +=ínterin (en el)=, in the meantime +=interino=, interim +=interior=, interior, inland +=intervista=, interview +=interpretar=, to interpret +=invertir=, to invest (money) +=invierno=, winter +=ir=, to go, to lead to +=irrisorio=, laughable, absurd, ridiculously low (of prices) +=irse=, to go away +=isla=, island +=izquierda=, left + + +=J= + +=jabalí=, boar +=jactarse=, to boast +=jamón=, ham +=jardín=, garden +=jardinero=, gardener +=jefe=, employer, chief +=jornalero=, day-labourer +=joven=, young, young man, young woman +=judías=, French beans +=Jueves=, Thursday +=jugoso=, juicy +=juicioso=, judicious, wise +=Julio=, July +=Junio=, June +=junta de acreedores=, meeting of creditors +=junto á=, near to, coupled with +=justificar=, to justify, to warrant +=justificarse=, to justify oneself +=justo=, right, just, fair +=jute, yute=, jute +=juventud=, youth, young age + + +=L= + +=la labor=, labour +=laborioso=, laborious, hard-working +=labrado=, figured--brocaded +=lacre=, sealing-wax +=lado=, side +=ladrillos refractarios=, fire bricks +=ladrón=, thief +=lana=, wool +=langosta=, lobster +=lanillas para banderas=, bunting +=lápiz=, pencil +=lardo=, lard +=largo=, long +=largo de talle=, abundant, full +=largura=, length +=lástima=, pity +=latón=, brass +=lección=, lesson +=la leche=, milk +=lectura=, reading +=leer=, to read +=legajo=, bundle (of papers) +=legislatura=, (parliamentary) session +=lejos=, far away +=lengua=, tongue, language +=lento=, slow, remiss +=letra=, bill of exchange, handwriting +=levita=, frock-coat +=la ley=, the law +=libra=, pound sterling, pound weight +=librarse=, to get rid of +=libre=, free +=libro=, book +=libro de facturas=, invoice book +=libro mayor=, ledger +=liebre=, hare +=lienzos=, linens +=lienzos adamascados=, diapers +=lienzos morenos=, brown (unbleached) linens +=ligero=, slight, light +=limitación=, curtailment, limitation +=limitar=, to limit +=límite=, limit +=limones=, lemons +=limpiar=, to clean +=limpio=, clean +=lingotes de hierro=, pig-iron +=lino=, flax +=linón, olán=, lawn +=liquidar=, to liquidate, to settle, to clear off (goods) +=líquido, neto=, nett +=liso=, plain, smooth +=lisonjearse=, to flatter oneself +=lista, boletín=, price list +=listados=, striped (goods) +=el local=, the building, the premises +=loco=, mad +=locomotora=, locomotive +=lograr=, to contrive, to attain +=logro=, attainment +=el lote, la partida=, lot +=loza=, crockery +=luchar=, to fight, to struggle against +=luego=, at once, then +=luego que=, as soon as +=en lugar de=, instead of +=Lunes=, Monday +=luto=, mourning + + +=LL= + +=llamar=, to call +=llamarse (me llamo)=, to be called (my name is) +=llantas=, tyres +=llegar=, to arrive +=llegar á ser=, to become, to contrive to be +=lleno=, full +=llevar=, to carry, to wear, to take +=llevar á cabo=, to carry into effect +=llevar chasco=, to be disappointed, to be baffled +=llevarse bien=, to get on well +=llover=, to rain +=lloviznar=, to drizzle +=lluvia=, rain + + +=M= + +=maceta, portaramillete (portarramillete), florero=, flower-stand +=machacar=, to hammer, to insist +=madera=, timber, wood +=madre=, mother +=maestro=, teacher, master +=maíz=, maize +=mal=, badly +=mala, correo=, post +=malbaratar=, to undersell +=malcontento=, uneasiness, discontent +=maleta=, portmanteau +=malgastar=, to waste, to squander +=malo=, bad, wicked, _also_ ill +=malversar=, to embezzle +=mampostería=, masonry +=mancha=, spot, stain +=mandar=, to order, to send +=mandar buscar=, to send for +=mandato=, order (injunction) +=manga=, sleeve (_also_ hose, pump) +=de manga ancha=, not over-scrupulous +=mango=, handle +=manifestar=, to manifest, to inform, to say (in a letter) +=mano=, hand, quire +=mano de obra=, labour +=manta=, blanket +=manteca= (S. America, =mantequilla=), butter +=manteca de puerco=, lard +=mantener=, to maintain, to hold up +=mantenerse=, to maintain oneself, to be maintained +=manzana=, apple +=mañana=, to-morrow, the morning +=máquina á =vapor, steam engine +=maquinaria=, machinery +=mar alborotada=, heavy sea +=maravillar=, to surprise +=maravillarse=, to wonder +=marca=, mark, brand +=marcharse=, to go away +=margarina=, margarine +=marido=, husband +=mariscos=, shell fish +=mármol=, marble +=martes=, Tuesday +=martillos=, hammers +=Marzo=, March +=mas=, but +=más=, more +=más adelante=, later on +=material rodante=, rolling-stock +=(el) matiz=, shade of colour +=matute=, smuggling +=Mayo=, May +=mayor=, larger +=mayormente=, especially +=(la) mayor parte=, most +=mecanismo=, mechanism, contrivance (machinery of the law, etc.) +=mecer=, to stir (a liquid), to rock (acradle, etc.) +=mediana=, average +=mediar=, to intervene +=medias=, hose, stockings +=médico=, doctor, physician +=medida=, measure +=mediería=, hosiery +=medio=, half, means +=medrar=, to prosper +=mejor=, better +=mejora, mejoría=, improvement, looking up (market) +=mejorar=, to improve +=melindroso=, squeamish, very particular +=melocotones=, peaches +=mención (hacer)=, to mention +=mencionar=, to mention +=menester=, necessary, needful +=menor=, smaller +=mensual=, monthly +=(la) mente=, the mind +=mercado=, market +=mercancía=, merchandise, goods +=merced á=, thanks to +=mercería=, haberdashery +=merma=, leakage +=mes=, month +=mesa=, table +=método=, method +=metro=, metre +=miedo=, fear +=miembro=, member +=mientras=, while +=mientras tanto=, meanwhile +=miércoles=, Wednesday +=mil=, thousand +=milla=, mile +=millón=, million +=mina de carbón=, coal-mine, colliery +=minero=, miner +=mínimo=, minimum +=ministro-erio=, minister, ministry +=mirar=, to look +=mismo=, same, self +=la mitad=, the half +=modista=, milliner +=modo=, way, manner +=moer=, mohair +=moler=, to grind +=montaje=, mounting (machinery) +=monte, montaña=, mount, mountain +=moratoria, moratorium=, time extension for payment +=moreno=, brown, natural colour +=moroso, lento=, remiss, slow (in payments) +=mortal=, mortal +=mostrar=, to show +=motín=, riot +=mover=, to move +=mozalbete=, beardless youth +=muchacho=, boy, lad +=mucho=, much, exceedingly, greatly +=muebles de bejuco=, rattan furniture +=muestra=, sample +=muestrarios=, pattern cards, sets +=mujer=, woman, wife +=multa=, a fine, penalty +=mundial=, world (_adj_.) +=mundo=, world +=todo el mundo=, everybody +=muselina=, muslin +=museo=, museum +=muy=, very + + +=N= + +=nación=, nation +=nada=, nothing +=nanquín, mahón=, nankeen +=nansú=, nainsook +=naranjas=, oranges +=nariz=, nose +=naufragar (se)=, to wreck (to be shipwrecked) +=navaja de afeitar=, razor +=Navidad=, Christmas +=navío, barco, buque=, ship, boat +=necesario=, necessary +=necesitar=, to want, to need +=negar=, to deny +=negarse=, to refuse +=negativa=, refusal +=negociado=, division (gov. office) +=negociante=, merchant +=negocio(s)=, business +=negro=, black +=neto, líquido=, nett +=neumático=, pneumatic +=nevar=, to snow +=nieve=, snow +=ninguno=, no one, any (after _neg_.) +=niño=, child +=niquelado=, nickel-plated +=nivel=, level +=no bien=, as soon as +=noche=, evening, night +=nombrar=, to appoint +=nombre=, name +=no obstante=, notwithstanding +=norte=, north +=no sea que=, lest +=notas de banco=, bank notes +=noticia(s)=, news +=Noviembre=, November +=novísimo=, brand new +=nuera, hija política=, daughter-in-law +=nuevo=, new +=numero=, number +=nunca=, ever, never + + +=O= + +=objeto=, object +=obligación=, bond, debenture, obligation. +=obligar=, to compel +=obligarse=, to bind oneself +=obrar=, to operate, to work, to act +=obrero=, workman +=obsequio=, favour +=observar=, to observe, to remark, to notice +=obstruir=, to obstruct +=obtener, conseguir=, to get, to obtain, to succeed in. +=ocasión=, occasion +=océano=, ocean +=Octubre=, October +=ocurrir=, to occur, to happen +=oeste=, west +=oficina, escritorio, despacho=, office +=ofrecer=, to offer +=ofrecimiento=, offer +=oir=, to hear +¡=ojo=! attention, look out +=el ojo=, the eye +=olanes, linones=, lawns +=ollería=, hollow-ware +=olvidar (se)=, to forget +=ómnibus=, omnibus +=operaciones=, dealings, operations +=operadores=, dealers (on 'Change), operators +=oponerse=, to oppose +=oportunidad=, opportunity, chance +=óptimo=, very good, excellent +=orden=, order +=ordinario=, ordinary +=organizar=, to organize +=orilla=, bank (river), selvedge +=oro=, gold +=otoño=, autumn +=otro=, other +=ovillo (de algodón)=, ball (of cotton) + + +=P= + +=padre=, father +=padres=, parents +=pagadero=, payable +=pagar=, to pay +=pagaré=, promissory note, note of hand +=página=, page +=paila, tacho=, pan (sugar manuf.) +=país=, country (nation) +=pájaro=, bird +=palabra=, word +=palacio=, palace +=palas=, shovels, spades +=palmera=, date-palm +=palo de mesana=, mizzen mast +=palo mayor=, main mast +=pan=, bread, loaf +=pana=, velveteen +=pana acordonada=, cords, corduroy +=paño=, cloth, suiting +=pañol, carbonera=, bunker +=pantalones=, trousers +=pañuelo=, handkerchief +=papel=, paper +=papel secante=, blotting-paper +=paquete=, packet, parcel +=par=, pair, couple +=á la par=, at the same time +=para, por=, for +=para con=, towards +=para que=, so that +=parecer=, to appear, to seem +=el parte=, the report +=la parte=, the part +=partida=, lot, parcel (of goods) +=partir=, to depart, to set out +=pasar=, to pass, to hand +=pasar por=, visitar, to call at +=pasársele por alto á uno=, to escape one's notice. +=pasas (de Corinto)=, raisins, currants +=Pascua=, Easter +=paseo=, promenade, walk, stroll +=el pasivo, pasividades=, liabilities +=paso=, step +=dar pasos=, to take steps +=patines=, skates +=patria=, country, fatherland +=patronos=, masters (of workmen) +=pausa=, pause +=paz=, peace +=pedido=, order +=pedir=, to ask, to demand +=peligro=, danger +=peligroso, arriesgado=, dangerous +=pelo=, hair +=penique=, penny +=pensar (se)=, to think +=Pentecostés=, Whitsuntide +=(á) pequeña velocidad=, (by) slow train +=pequeñeces=, trifles +=pequeño=, small, little (_adj_.) +=pera=, pear +=percal=, calico +=perder=, to lose +=pérdida=, loss +=perenne=, perennial +=perfeccionar=, to perfect +=perfectamente=, perfectly +=perfecto=, perfect +=periódico=, newspaper +=perito=, expert +=perjuicios=, damages +=pero=, but +=perro=, dog +=perspectivas=, prospects +=perturbar=, to disturb +=pesado=, heavy +=peso=, weight +=pésimo=, very bad +=petición=, request, petition +=picos=, picks +=(al) pie=, (at) foot +=piel=, skin +=pierna=, leg +=piezas de repuesto=, spare pieces (machinery) +=pimienta=, pepper +=pino=, pine +=pintura=, paint +=pipa=, cask, pipe +=pistola=, pistol +=placer=, to please, pleasure +=plan=, plan (idea) +=planchas de hierro=, sheet iron +=plano=, plan (sketch) +=planta=, plant +=plata=, silver +=plaza=, market-place, square, place (town) +=plazo=, term +=plegar=, to fold +=plomo=, lead (slate-colour) +=pluma=, pen +=población=, villa, town +=pobre=, poor +=poco=, little (_adv_. and _subs_.) +=poder=, to be able +=poder= (_n_.), power, power of attorney +=(no) poder menos de=, not to be able to help ... +=poderoso=, powerful +=podrido=, rotten +=póliza de seguro=, insurance policy +=poner=, to put, to place +=poner al corriente=, to inform +=poner en conocimiento=, to inform, to acquaint with +=poner en condiciones=, to enable +=poner pleito=, to bring an action +=por, para=, for +=porcelana=, china +=por decirlo así=, so to say, as it were +=por de contado=, of course +=porfiar=, to insist +=por más que=, however much, although +=(al) por mayor, por menor=, wholesale, retail +=pormenores=, particulars, details +=porta estampillas=, stamp-rack +=portabandera=, standard-bearer +=portanto=, therefore +=portaramillete (portarramillete) maceta=, flower-stand +=porte pagadero al destine, tra(n)sporte seguido=, carriage forward +=portes, franqueo=, postage +=pórtico=, porch +=poseer=, to possess, to be worth +=posición=, position, standing +=postergar=, to delay, to put off +=práctico=, practical +=preceder=, to precede +=precio=, price +=precioso=, precious +=preferible=, preferable +=preliminar=, preliminary +=premio=, reward, prize, premium +=prescindir de=, to dispense with +=presentar=, to present, to lay before, to produce, to introduce + one person to another +=prestar=, to lend, to render (help) +=presupuesto=, estimate +=prevalecer, reinar=, to prevail, to rule +=prever=, to foresee, to anticipate +=previsión=, foresight +=prima=, premium +=primavera=, spring +=primer dependiente=, chief clerk +=primo-a=, cousin +=principal=, principal, chief, leading +=principiar=, to commence +=principio=, beginning +=prisa=, speed, haste, hurry +=probar=, to try, to prove, to attempt +=proceso=, process, case, lawsuit +=producir=, to produce +=producto=, product, produce, output +=productos accesorios=, bye-products +=productos químicos=, chemicals +=profesor=, professor +=prohibir=, to prohibit +=pronto=, quick, speedy, soon +=propietario=, landlord, owner +=propio=, own +=proponer=, to propose +=proponerse=, to intend, to purpose +=proporcionado, adecuado=, adequate +=proveer= (_p.p._), =provisto (proveído)=, to provide +=provisorio=, interim +=próximamente=, about, approximately (also shortly) +=próximo=, next +=proyecto=, scheme, plan, project +=proyecto de ley=, parliamentary bill +=prudente=, prudent +=pruebas=, proofs, trials, evidence +=publicar=, to publish +=pueblo=, people, town, village +=puerco=, pig +=puerta=, door +=puerto=, port, harbour +=pues=, then, well... +=puntitas=, pen-nibs +=(al) punto=, (on) the spot +=puntos=, points, dots, spots (in prints) +=pupitre=, desk +=puros, tabacos, cigarros=, cigars + + +=Q= + +=que=, that, who, which +=¿que?= what? +=quebrantamiento=, breakdown +=quebranto=, mishap, misfortune, loss +=quedar(se)=, to remain +=quehaceres=, business, occupations +=queja=, complaint +=quejarse=, to complain +=querer=, to want, to wish to have +=querer decir=, to mean +=querido=, beloved, dear +=queso=, cheese +=quiebra=, bankruptcy +=quien=, who, whom +=quienquiera (que)=, whoever +=quincalla=, smallware +=quinta=, villa +=quitar=, to take away + + +=R= + +=radiograma=, wireless +=ramo=, branch, line (of business) +=rastrillos=, harrows +=rayas=, stripes +=rayos=, spokes, rays +=razón=, reason +=a razón de=, at the rate of +=tener razón=, to be right +=reanudar=, to resume +=rebaja, reducción=, abatement, reduction, rebate +=reborde=, rim, flange +=rechazar=, to reject, to discard +=recibir=, to receive +=recibo=, receipt, reception +=reclamación, reclamo=, claim +=reclamar=, to claim +=reclamo=, advertisement +=recobrar=, to recover +=recoger=, to gather, to collect, to take up +=recomendar=, to recommend +=reconocer, admitir=, to acknowledge +=reconvenir=, to scold +=recto=, straightforward, straight +=recursos=, means, resources +=redactar=, to draw up (deeds) +=redondo=, round +=reducción, rebaja=, reduction, abatement, rebate +=reducir=, to reduce +=referir=, to refer +=reflejo=, reflection +=reforma arancelaria=, tariff reform +=refrán=, proverb +=refrendar=, to countersign +=refresco=, refreshment +=refundir=, to refund +=regadío=, irrigation +=regalar=, to present +=régimen=, rule, regime +=regir=, to rule +=regla=, rule, ruler +=en regla=, in order +=reglamentos=, regulations, bye-laws +=regresar=, to come back +=rehusar, negarse á=, to refuse +=reina=, queen +=reinar=, to reign, to rule, to prevail +=reino=, kingdom +=reir=, to laugh +=reírse=, to laugh at, to mock +=rejas=, ploughs +=relación=, report +=relampaguear=, to lighten +=reloj=, watch, clock +=remesa=, remittance, also shipment +=remitir=, to remit, to send +=remolacha=, beetroot +=remolcar, traer a remolque=, to tow, to take in tow +=remover=, to remove, to stir, to poke (the fire) +=renglón=, line +=reo=, culprit +=reparar=, to notice +=repasar=, to go over, to look over +=repentino=, sudden +=repetir=, to repeat +=reprensible=, objectionable +=representación exclusiva=, sole agency +=representante=, representative, agent +=representar=, to represent, to act for +=requerir=, to require +=repulgado, dobladillado=, hemmed +=reservar=, to reserve +=residir=, to reside +=resortes=, springs +=con respecto á, respecto de=, with respect to +=respetar=, to respect +=respeto=, respect +=respire=, breath, breathing-time +=responder=, to answer +=responsible=, responsible (liable for) +=resto, restante=, remainder +=restos=, remnants +=resultado=, result +=resumir=, to recapitulate, to state briefly +=retardar=, to delay, to be delayed +=(los) reunidos=, those present +=reunión=, meeting +=al revés=, on the wrong side +=revista=, review +=revocar, contramandar=, to revoke, to countermand +=rey=, king +=rezumar=, to leak +=ricamente=, richly +=rico=, rich +=riesgo=, risk +=río=, river +=riqueza=, wealth +=rizados, crespolinas=, crimps +=rizo (del ala)=, curl (of the brim of a hat) +=robar=, to rob, to steal +=roble, encina=, oak +=rodajas de goma=, rubber heels (revolving) +=rogar=, to ask, to beg, to require +=rollo=, roll +=romperse= (_p. p._, =roto=), to break +=rosa=, rose, pink +=rotura=, breakage +=ruin=, base, sordid +=rumbo=, course (of a ship) +=rumor, especie=, rumour + + +=S= + +=sábado=, Saturday +=sábana=, sheet (bed) +=(á) saber, es decir, viz=. +=saber=, to know (through the mind), to know by heart +=sabio=, wise +=sacar=, to draw out, to get or pull out, + to derive, to get back (one's money) +=saldo=, settlement, clearing line +=salir=, to come out, to go out (up) +=salir en=, to come up to (amount) +=salubre=, healthy +=salvamento=, salvage +¡=salve=! hail! +=santo=, holy, saint +=sardinas=, sardines +=sargento=, sergeant +=sastre=, tailor +=satines brochados=, brocaded satins +=satisfecho=, satisfied +=sea que=, whether +=sebo (heces de)=, tallow (greaves) +=secretario=, secretary +=sed=, thirst +=seda=, silk +=según=, according to +=seguir=, to continue, to follow +=seguro=, sure, insurance +=sellar=, to seal +=sello=, seal, postage-stamp +=semana=, week +=semejante=, similar +=semestre=, half-year +=Senado=, Senate +=señal=, sign, mark +=sencillo=, plain, simple +=señor=, gentleman +=señora=, lady +=sentir=, to feel, to be sorry +=ser=, to be +=(la) serie=, series +=ser menester=, to be necessary +=servicio=, service +=servir=, to serve +=Setiembre=, September +=si=, if +=sí=, oneself +=sí=, yes +=silla=, chair +=siempre= always +=sierra mecánica=, sawing machine +=(un) si es no es=, just a little bit, ever so little +=siguiente=, following +=simpático=, pleasant, winsome, taking +=simple=, single, simple, plain +=sin, sin que=, without +=sinceridad=, sincerity +=sincere=, sincere +=síndico=, trustee +=sin embargo=, notwithstanding however +=sin mirar a gastos=, regardless of expense +=sin novedad=, safely, all well, safe and sound +=(un) sinnúmero=, a large number, innumerable +=sin precedente=, unprecedented +=(los) síntomas=, symptoms +=sitio=, spot, place +=sobre=, on, upon +=sobre= (_n._), envelope +=sobrecargarse=, to overload oneself +=sobre cubierta=, on deck +=sobrestadía=, demurrage +=sobrios=, quiet (colours) +=socarrón=, sly, cunning +=sociedad=, society +=sociedad anónima= _or_ =por acciones=, limited company +=socio=, partner +=soda, sosa=, soda +=sofá=, sofa, couch +=soga=, rope +=sol=, sun +=solamente, sólo=, only (_adv_.) +=soldado=, soldier +=soler=, to be wont, to be accustomed to +=solicitar=, to solicit +=solidez=, solidity +=solo=, only (_adj_.) +=sombrero=, hat +=sombrero de copa=, silk hat +=someter=, to submit +=sonrisa=, smile +=soplar=, to blow +=soportar=, to put up with +=soportes=, bearings +=sorprendente=, surprising +=sorpresa=, surprise +=sosa, soda=, soda +=sospechar=, to suspect +=su=, his, her, its, their, your +=suave=, soft, mellow, gentle +=(en) subasta=, (by) auction +=subir=, to go, to come, up +=subsanar=, to correct +=suceder=, to happen, to succeed +=sucursal=, branch house +=sueldo=, salary, wages +=suelo=, ground (soil) +=sueño=, sleep +=suerte=, fortune, luck +=sufrimiento=, suffering +=sufrir=, to suffer +=sujetapapeles=, paper fasteners +=suma=, sum, addition +=sumar=, to add +=suma redonda=, lump sum +=superficie=, surface +=suponer=, to suppose +=suprimir=, to suppress +=sur, sud=, south +=surtido=, assortment, selection +=suspender los pagos=, to stop payments +=(en) suspense=, (in) abeyance + + +=T= + +=tabacos, cigarros, puros=, cigars +=tablilla=, board +=tablón=, plank +=tacharse=, to blame or censure oneself +=tacho, paila, pan= (sugar manuf.) +=tacones=, heels +=tacos=, cues (billiard) +=tacto=, feel, touch, tact +=tal=, such +=tal cual=, as it is +=talvez=, perhaps +=taller=, workshop +=también=, also, too, as well +=tambor=, drum (machinery, etc.) +=tampoco=, neither, either (after _neg_.) +=tan .... como=, so, as .... as +=tapete=, carpet, rug +=tarde=, afternoon, evening, late +=tardo=, slow +=tarea=, task +=tarjeta=, card +=tasajo=, jerked beef +=té=, tea +=tejedor=, weaver +=tejer=, to weave +=tejido elástico=, webbing +=tejidos=, textiles, cloths +=tela=, cloth +=telar=, loom +=telas para trajes (de señora)=, dress goods +=telas para pantalones=, trouserings +=telefonear=, to telephone +=tema= (_m._), the exercise +=tema= (_f._), the fear +=temporada, estación=, season +=temporal=, tormenta, storm +=temporalmente=, temporarily +=temprano=, early +=tenazas=, tongs +=tendero=, shopkeeper +=tenedores=, forks, holders +=tener=, to have, to hold +=tener cuenta=, to pay (to be advantageous) +=tener en cuenta=, to take into consideration, to bear in mind +=tercio=, third +=terciopelo=, velvet +=terliz=, ticking +=terreno=, land, estate +=tesoro=, treasure +=textil=, textile +=(la) tez=, complexion +=tienda=, shop +=tierno=, tender +=tijeras=, scissors +=timbre=, stamp +=tinta=, ink +=tintero=, inkstand +=tío,-a=, uncle, aunt +=tiro, largura=, length +=títulos=, bonds +=tocino=, bacon +=todavía=, yet, still +=todo,-a,-os,-as=, all, every +=tomar=, to take +=tomar a mal=, to take amiss +=tomar la delantera=, to take the start on +=tomar vuelo=, to develop, to increase +=tonelada=, ton +=tonto=, simpleton, foolish +=torcer=, to twist +=tormenta=, temporal, storm +=tornillos=, screws +=torno=, lathe +=trabajador=, hard-working +=trabajar=, to work +=trabajar, ir, á porfía=, to vie with +=trabajo=, work +=traer=, to bring, to carry +=traer á remolque (remolcar)=, to tow, to take in tow +=trámites (de la ley)=, routine of the law, legal means +=tranquilo=, quiet, calm +=transportar=, to transport, to convey +=tra(n)sporte pagado (franco de porte)=, carriage paid +=tra(n)sporte seguido, porte pagadero al destino=, carriage forward +=trapiche=, sugar mill +=trasmitir=, to convey +=traspapelado=, mislaid (of a paper) +=traspaso=, goodwill (of a business) +=Tratado de arbitraje=, Arbitration Treaty +=tratar=, to conduct (business), to treat, to try, to endeavour +=travesía=, journey by sea (crossing) +=tren=, train +=trencilla=, braid +=tribunal=, court +=trigo=, wheat +=trilladores=, threshing (machines) +=trinquete=, foremast +=tripas de buey=, ox-casings +=tripulación=, crew +=triste=, sad +=trocar=, to exchange +=tronar=, to thunder +=tropezar=, to stumble +=tubo=, pipe +=tuercas=, nuts (mach.) +=turba=, crowd (motley) + + +=U= + +=ufano=, proud +=últimamente=, lately +=únicamente=, solely, only +=útil=, useful +=utilidad=, utility, usefulness, service, profit +=uvas=, grapes + + +=V= + +=vacío=, empty +¡=vale=! farewell! +=valer=, to be worth +=valer la pena=, to be worth while +=valer más=, to be preferable +=valiente=, brave +=valor=, value, worth, courage +=valores=, securities +=válvula=, valve +=vapor=, steamer +=vara=, Spanish yard +=varar=, to ground (ships) +=variedad=, variety +=varios=, several +=vecino=, neighbour, inhabitant, ratepayer +=veintena=, score +=vejez=, old age +=vela=, candle, sail +=velero=, sailing vessel +=vencer=, to win, to fall due +=vender=, to sell +=venir=, to come +=venir á menos=, to come down in the world, to decline +=venta=, sale +=ventaja=, advantage +=ventana=, window +=ver=, to see +=verano=, summer +=verdad=, truth +=verde=, green +=vergüenza=, shame +=verificarse=, to take place +=vez, veces=, time, times +=en vez de=, instead of +=vía=, way, route, via +=viajador=, traveller, navigator +=viajante=, traveller (commercial) +=viajar=, to travel +=viaje de ida=, outward journey (trip) +=viaje de vuelta=, homeward journey (trip) +=viajero=, traveller, tourist, etc. +=vida=, life, living +=vidriado=, glass ware +=viejo=, old +=viento=, wind +=Viernes=, Friday +=viga=, beam +=vigilar=, to watch over +=villa, población=, town +=viñas=, vineyards +=vinícola=, wine (_adj._) +=vino=, wine +=violeta=, violet +=virtualmente=, practically +=virtud=, virtue +=visitar=, to visit, to call upon, to wait upon +=vista=, sight, view +=á la vista=, at sight +=visto que=, seeing that +=viudo=, widower +=vivamente=, vividly, earnestly +=vivir=, to live, to reside +=vivo=, alive, lively, vivid, bright (colour) +=vocablo, palabra=, word +=vocabulario=, vocabulary +=volante=, fly-wheel +=volar=, to fly +=volcar=, to capsize +=voluntad=, will, goodwill +=volver=, to turn, to go, to come back +=volverse=, to become +=á la vuelta=, carried forward +=de la vuelta=, brought forward + + +=Y= + +=ya=, already, now, yet, etc. +=yacer=, to lie +=yerno, hijo político=, son-in-law +=y pico (20 y pico, etc.)=, odd (20 odd, etc.) +=yute, jute=, jute + + +=Z= + +=zanjar=, to compromise +=zapatos=, shoes +=zarazas=, cotton prints +=zinc=, zinc +=zorra=, fox + + + + + II. ENGLISH-SPANISH. + + +=A= + +=to abandon=, abandonar, desinteresarse +=abatement=, rebaja, reducción +=(in) abeyance=, (en) suspenso +=to be able=, poder +=to abolish=, abolir +=about=, próximamente, aproximadamente +=abroad=, al extranjero +=absence of=, falta de +=absolutely=, absolutamente +=absurd=, irrisorio +=abundant=, cuantioso, largo de talle +=abuse=, abuso +=to accede=, acceder +=accident=, accidente +=to accomplish=, cumplir +=according to=, según, conforme á +=to accost=, abordar +=account sales=, cuenta de venta +=accurate=, exacto +=to accuse=, acusar +=to be accustomed=, soler +=to ache=, doler +=acute, artful=, corrido +=to acknowledge=, reconocer, admitir +=to acknowledge receipt=, acusar recibo +=to acquaint with=, informar, poner en conocimiento +=acquaintance=, conocimiento, conocido +=to acquire=, adquirir +=to act=, obrar +=to act as=, funcionar de, proceder como +=to act for=, representar +=action=, acción +=active=, activo +=acts=, actas +=to add=, añadir +=to add=, sumar +=addition=, suma +=address=, dirección +=to address oneself (to)=, dirigirse (á) +=adequate=, adecuado, proporcionado +=to adhere=, adherir +=to adjust=, ajustar +=adjustment=, ajuste +=to admit=, admitir, acoger +=advance=, anticipo +=advantage=, ventaja +=to take advantage=, aprovecharse +=to be advantageous=, tener cuenta +=adverse=, contrario +=to advertise=, anunciar +=advertisement=, anuncio, reclamo +=advice=, aviso, consejo +=to advise=, avisar +=adzes=, azuelas +=affair=, asunto +=after=, después +=afternoon=, tarde +=against=, contra, en contra de +=agency (sole)=, agencia, representación exclusiva +=to agglomerate=, aglomerar +=to agree=, convenir, acordar +=agreeable=, agradable +=agreement=, contrato, convenio, arreglo +=agricultural=, agrícola +=aim=, blanco +=air pumps=, bombas de aire +=alert=, alerta +=alive=, vivo +=to allege=, alegar +=to allude to, to hint=, aludir a +=to make an allowance=, bonificar +=already=, ya +=also=, también +=to alter=, cambiar +=although=, aunque, por más que +=altogether, quite=, de todo punto +=always=, siempre +=ambassador=, embajador +=amount=, importe, cantidad +=to amount to=, importar en +=ample=, amplio, cuantioso +=to anchor=, anclar +=ancient=, antiguo +=angry=, enfadado +=annoyed=, disgustado +=to answer=, contestar, responder +=anterior=, anterior +=to anticipate=, prever +=anticipation=, anticipatión +=anxious to=, ansioso de +=to be anxious to=, tener empeño +=anyone=, alguno +=anything=, algo +=apartment=, cuarto +=to appeal=, apelar +=to appear=, aparecer, parecer +=apple=, manzana +=to appoint=, nombrar +=to appreciate=, apreciar +=appreciation=, estima +=to approach=, aproximarse, abordar +=approximately=, próximamente +=April=, Abril +=arbiter=, árbitro +=Arbitration Treaty=, Tratado de Arbitraje +=architect=, arquitecto +=archive=, archive +=arduous=, arduo +=to argue=, argüir +=arm=, brazo +=army=, ejército +=to arrange=, arreglar, disponer +=arrangement=, arreglo +=to arrive=, llegar +=ash=, fresno +=as it is=, tal cual +=as it were=, por decirlo así +=to ask=, pedir, rogar +=assets and liabilities=, active y pasivo +=to assist=, asistir +=as soon as=, no bien, luego que +=as soon as possible=, á la mayor brevedad +=assortment=, surtido +=as well=, también +=at best=, á mejor andar +=at foot=, al pie +=at least=, al menos +=at length=, detenidamente +=at once=, en seguida, luego +=at sight=, á la vista +=to attain=, lograr +=attainment=, logro +=to attempt=, probar +=to attend=, asistir, atender á +=attention=, atención +=attention=! ¡ojo! ¡atención! +=at the rate of=, á razón de +=attitude=, actitud +=to attract=, atraer +=to attribute=, atribuir +=attribution=, atribución +=(by) auction=, (en) subasta +=August=, Agosto +=autumn=, otoño +=to avail oneself of=, aprovecharse de +=available=, disponible +=average=, mediano, término medio, avería +=free of particular average=, franco de avería particular +=averse to=, ajeno á +=to avoid=, evitar +=award=, dictamen +=axe=, hacha +=axle-shaft=, árbol de eje + + +=B= + +=back=, espalda +=bacon=, tocino +=bad=, malo +=very bad=, pésimo +=badly=, mal +=to be baffled=, llevar chasco +=bagging=, arpillera +=baize=, bayeta +=to bake=, cocer +=ball=, bola +=ball (of cotton)=, ovillo (de algodón) +=bank=, banco +=bank holiday=, fiesta del comercio +=bank notes=, billetes, notas de banco +=bank (river)=, orilla +=bankruptcy=, quiebra +=bargain (cheap purchase)=, ganga +=barley=, cebada +=barrister=, abogado +=base=, sordid, ruin +=basis=, base +=to bathe=, bañar +=batiste=, batista +=to be=, estar, estarse, ser +=beam=, viga +=beard=, barba, barbas +=beardless youth=, mozalbete +=bearings=, soportes, cojinetes +=to bear in mind=, tener en cuenta +=bearish, bear= (exch.), bajista +=beautiful=, hermoso +=beauty=, belleza +=to become=, hacerse, volverse, llegar á ser +=bed, bedstead=, cama, armazón de cama +=beech=, haya +=beef (jerked)=, carne (seca) +=beer=, cerveza +=beetroot=, remolacha +=before (time)=, antes (de) +=before (place)=, ante, delante de +=to beg=, rogar +=beginning=, principio +=behaviour=, conducta +=behind=, detrás +=to believe=, creer +=beloved=, querido +=below=, abajo +=belt=, cinturón +=belting (machinery)=, correas +=bench=, banco +=beneficent=, benéfico +=benefit=, beneficio +=besides=, amén de +=to betray=, atraicionar +=better=, mejor +=between, amongst=, entre +=between decks=, entrepuentes +=bicycle=, bicicleta +=bill=, giro +=billiards=, billar +=bill market=, los cambios +=bill of exchange=, letra +=bill of lading=, conocimiento +=to bind (books)=, encuadernar +=to bind oneself=, obligarse +=birch=, abedul +=black=, negro +=blacking=, betún +=blame=, culpa +=to blame oneself=, tacharse +=blanket=, manta, frazada +=blast furnace=, altos hornos +=blind=, ciego +=blotting paper=, papel secante +=to blow=, soplar +=blue=, azul +=boar=, jabalí +=board=, tablilla +=to board=, abordar +=boat=, buque, navío, barco +=bobbin=, bobina +=body=, cuerpo +=to boil=, hervir, bullir +=boiler=, caldera +=bold, daring=, atrevido +=bond=, obligación, título +=bonded warehouses=, almacenes fiscales +=bone=, hueso +=to book (orders)=, asentar +=book=, libro +=book debts=, fiados +=book-shelf=, estante +=boom=, hinchazón +=boot=, bota +=boots=, botines +=both=, ambos +=bourse=, bolsa +=box=, caja +=boy=, muchacho +=braid=, trencilla +=branch=, ramo +=branch house=, sucursal +=brand=, marca +=brand new=, novísimo +=bread=, pan +=breakdown=, quebrantamiento, daño +=to break out=, estallar +=breath=, respiro +=breathing-time=, respiro +=breeze=, brisa +=brevity=, brevedad +=brief=, corto +=brig=, bergantín +=to bring=, traer +=to bring an action=, poner pleito +=to bring upon oneself=, buscarse +=brisk=, activo, animado +=broad beans=, habas +=brocade=, brocado, tela labrada +=broker=, corredor +=broom=, escoba +=brother=, hermano +=brother-in-law=, cuñado +=brought forward=, de la vuelta +=brown=, moreno +=brush=, cepillo +=bucket=, cubo, caldero +=building=, edificio, local +=bullish, bull (exch.)=, alcista +=bundle (of papers)=, legajo (de papeles) +=bunker=, carbonera, pañol +=bunting=, lanillas para banderas +=to burst=, estallar +=business=, negocio, negocios +=business (occupations)=, quehaceres +=but=, pero, mas +=butter=, manteca, mantequilla (S. America) +=button=, botón +=bye-law=, reglamento +=bye-products=, productos accesorios + + +=C= + +=cabbages=, berzas, coles +=cable=, cable +=cablegram=, cablegrama +=to calculate=, calcular +=to calculate on=, contar con +=calculation=, cálculo +=calico=, percal +=to call=, llamar +=to be called=, llamarse +=to call at=, hacer escala (ships), pasar por, visitar +=to call together=, convocar +=to be called=, llamarse +=calm=, tranquilo +=to cancel=, anular +=candidly=, con el corazón en la mano +=candle=, vela +=cane=, caña +=canned=, en latas +=cap=, gorra, gorro +=caprice, whim=, antojo +=to capsize=, volcar +=captain=, capitán +=to capture=, coger +=card=, tarjeta +=care=, cuidado +=to take care=, cuidar +=carefully=, cuidadosamente +=cargo=, cargamento +=carnation=, clavel +=carpet=, alfombra, tapete +=carriage forward=, tra(n)sporte seguido, + porte pagadero al destino +=carriage paid=, tra(n)sporte pagado, franco de porte +=carried forward=, á la vuelta +=to carry=, llevar, traer +=to carry into effect=, llevar á cabo +=cart=, carro +=case=, caja +=case, lawsuit=, proceso +=in case=, en caso que +=cash=, dinero efectivo +=for cash=, al contado +=in cash=, en efectivo, en metálico +=cashier=, cajero +=cask=, barrica, pipa +=to cast=, echar +=castillian=, castellano +=cat=, gato +=catalogue=, catálogo +=to catch=, coger +=cauldron (small)=, caldero +=cautious=, cauteloso, cauto +=to cede=, ceder +=to be celebrated=, celebrarse +=celebrated=, célebre +=cellar=, bodega +=to censure, to blame, oneself=, tacharse +=certain=, cierto +=to certify=, certificar +=chair=, silla +=change=, cambio +=to change=, cambiar +=charcoal=, carbón vegetal +=to charge=, cobrar +=to take charge=, encargarse +=to charter=, fletar +=cheap=, barato +=cheapening=, abarata miento +=cheese=, queso +=chemicals=, productos químicos +=chemist=, boticario +=cheque=, cheque +=to cherish (the hope)=, abrigar +=chief=, principal +=child=, niño +=chimney=, chimenea +=chin=, barba, barbilla +=chivalry=, hidalguía +=chocolate=, chocolate +=to choose=, escoger, elegir +=Christmas=, Navidad +=cigars=, cigarros, puros, tabacos +=cinnamon=, canela +=to circulate=, circular +=to cite=, citar +=city=, ciudad +=claim=, reclame, reclamación +=to claim=, reclamar +=clean=, limpio +=to clean=, limpiar +=clear=, claro +=to clear=, despejar +=clearing-house=, banco de liquidación +=clearing-line=, saldo +=clearly=, claramente, claro +=clerk (chief)=, dependiente (primer) +=clever=, hábil +=client=, cliente +=climate=, el clima +=climatic=, climatológico +=climax=, colmo +=clock=, reloj +=cloth=, tela, tejido, paño +=cloves=, clavos +=coal=, carbón de piedra +=coal-mine=, mina de carbón +=coarse=, basto +=coast=, costa +=coat=, americana, casaca +=cock (machinery)=, grifo +=coffee=, café +=cold=, frío +=to collect (money)=, recoger, cobrar +=collection=, colección +=colliery=, mina de carbón +=colonial produce=, coloniales +=colour (fast, loose)=, color (sólido, firme, falso, fugitivo) +=colourings=, coloridos +=column=, columna +=to come=, venir +=to come back=, regresar, volver +=to come down=, bajar +=to come down in the world=, venir á menos +=to come out=, salir +=to come up to (an amount)=, salir en +=to commence=, comenzar, empezar, principiar, estrenarse +=commerce=, comercio +=commercial=, comercial +=commission agent=, comisionista +=to commit oneself=, comprometerse +=common=, común, basto +=company (limited)=, compañia anónima, por acciones +=to compel=, obligar +=to compensate=, compensar +=competitor=, competidor, contrincante +=to complain=, quejarse +=complete=, completo +=complexion=, la tez +=to compromise=, zanjar, comprometer +=to conceive=, concebir +=to concern=, concerner +=concern=, empresa +=concisely=, concisamente +=to conclude (a bargain)=, concluir, cerrar (un trato) +=conduct=, conducta +=to conduct (business)=, tratar +=to confess=, confesar +=confidence=, confianza +=connecting rod=, biela +=connection=, conexión +=connection=, _clientéle_, clientela +=to consider=, considerar +=considerate, thoughtful=, comedido +=to consign=, consignar +=consignee=, consignatario +=consignment=, consignación +=consumer=, consumidor +=contain, to be able to=, _or_ =to be able + to be contained=, caber +=content, contentment=, contento +=contents=, contenido +=continually=, continuamente +=to continue=, continuar, seguir +=contraband=, contrabando +=contract=, contrato +=contractor=, destajista +=contrary=, contrario +=to contribute=, contribuir +=contrivance=, mecanísmo, medio +=to contrive to be=, llegar á ser +=to contrive=, lograr +=control=, dominio +=convenient=, conveniente +=to convey=, tra(n)sportar, transmitir +=to convince=, convencer +=to cook=, cocer +=copper=, cobre +=copy book=, copiador +=corded=, acordonado +=cords, corduroy=, pana acordonada +=corporal=, cabo +=to correct=, subsanar, corregir +=correspondence=, correspondencia +=correspondent=, corresponsal +=cost, insurance and freight (C.I.F.)=, costo, + flete y seguro (C.F.S.) +=cotton (spot)=, algodón disponible +=cotton market=, mercado algodonero +=cotton mill=, fábrica de algodón +=cotton prints=, zarazas +=to counsel=, aconsejar +=to count=, contar +=to countermand=, contramandar, revocar +=to countersign=, refrendar +=country=, país, patria, campo +=couple=, par +=coupled with=, junto á +=couplings=, conexiones +=courage, valor=, aliento, ánimo +=course (of ship)=, rumbo +=of course=, por de contado +=court=, tribunal +=courteously=, cortésmente +=cousin=, primo +=to cover=, cubrir +=covered=, cubierto +=to covet=, codiciar +=cram full=, abarrotado +=crank-shaft=, árbol de cigüeñal +=cream=, crema +=credit=, crédito +=to credit=, abonar, acreditar +=creditors' meeting=, junta de acreedores +=crew=, tripulación +=crimps=, crespolinas, rizados +=crockery=, loza +=crop=, cosecha +=to cross=, atravesar, cruzar +=crowd (motley)=, turba +=cry=, grito +=cubic=, cúbico +=cudgel=, garrote +=cue (billiards)=, taco +=culprit=, reo +=cupboard=, armario +=curl (of hat brim)=, rizo (del ala) +=currant=, pasas de Corinto +=current=, actual, corriente +=curtailment=, limitación +=custom=, costumbre +=customer=, cliente +=custom house official=, guardia aduanera +=custom house tariff=, arancel +=customs=, derechos +=to cut=, cortar +=to cut (fig.)=, herir +=cutting=, corte +=cylinder=, cilindro + + +=D= + +=damage=, avería, daño, perjuicio +=to damage=, dañar +=damask=, damasco +=danger=, peligro +=dangerous=, arriesgado peligroso +=daring, bold=, atrevido +=date=, fecha +=date palm=, palmera +=to date, up to date=, hasta la fecha +=dated=, fecha de +=dates=, dátiles +=daughter-in-law=, nuera, hija política +=to dawn=, alborear, amanecer +=day=, día +=lay day=, día de estadía +=days of demurrage=, días de contraestadía +=day before yesterday=, anteayer +=day book=, diario +=to dazzle=, deslumbrar +=dealers=, operadores +=fair dealing=, equidad +=deal=, especulación +=to deal=, tratar +=dealings=, operaciones +=dear=, caro, querido +=debenture=, obligación +=to debit=, adeudar, cargar, debitar +=debt=, deuda +=decadence=, decadencia +=deceased=, difunto +=December=, Diciembre +=to decide=, decidir, decidirse +=decidedly=, decididamente +=decision=, decisión, dictamen +=below deck=, bajo cubierta +=on deck=, sobre cubierta +=to declaim=, declamar +=to declare=, declarar +=decline=, baja +=to decline=, venir á menos +=to decree=, decretar +=deeds=, hechos +=deeds (law)=, actas +=defect=, defecto +=to defer=, diferir +=to define=, definir +=definite=, definitivo +=degree=, grado, graduación +=delay=, demora +=to delay=, demorar, postergar +=delegate=, delegado +=to commit a delinquency=, delinquir +=to deliver=, entregar +=delivery=, entrega +=to demand=, pedir, demandar +=demurrage=, sobrestadía +=to deny=, negar +=to depend on=, depender de +=to deplore=, deplorar +=depôt=, depósito +=to depress=, deprimir +=to derive=, sacar +=design=, dibujo, diseño +=desire=, gana, deseo +=to desire=, apetecer, desear +=desk=, pupitre, banco +=writing desk=, escritorio +=despicable=, despreciable +=detailed=, detallado +=details=, detalles, pormenores, particulares +=deterioration=, empeoramiento +=to develop=, desarrollar, tomar vuelo +=development=, desarrollo, fomento +=to devote oneself=, dedicarse +=devotion=, devoción +=diapers=, lienzos adamascados +=dictionary=, diccionario +=different=, diferente, distinto +=difficult=, difícil, arduo +=difficulty=, dificultad +=diligence=, diligencia +=to direct=, dirigir +=disappointed (to be)=, llevar chasco +=disarmament=, desarme +=to discard=, rechazar +=to discharge=, descargar +=to disconcert=, desanimar +=to feel discouraged=, desanimarse +=discreet=, discreto +=to discuss=, discutir +=disgusted=, disgustado +=dishonour=, deshonra +=to dispense with=, prescindir de +=displeased=, disgustado +=to dispose=, disponer +=to distinguish=, distinguir +=district=, distrito +=disturbance=, disturbio +=disturbed=, perturbado, disturbado +=division (Govt. office)=, negociado +=to do=, hacer +=dock=, dique +=doctor=, médico +=doctrine=, doctrina +=document=, documento +=dog=, perro +=door=, puerta +=dot=, punto +=doubt=, duda +=down quilt=, colcha de plumón +=dozen=, docena +=draft=, giro +=to drain=, agotar +=draughtsman=, diseñador +=to draw a bill=, girar +=to draw near=, aproximarse +=to draw out=, sacar +=to draw up (deeds)=, redactar +=dress goods=, telas para trajes +=drill=, dril +=to drizzle=, lloviznar +=drum (machinery)=, tambor +=to duplicate=, duplicar +=during=, durante + + +=E= + +=each=, cada +=eager=, ansioso, deseoso +=eagle=, águila +=early=, temprano +=to earn=, ganar +=to be earnest=, tener empeño +=earnestly=, vivamente +=ease=, facilidad +=east=, este +=Easter=, Pascua +=to eat=, comer +=to economise=, ahorrar, economizar +=to effect=, efectuar +=effort=, esfuerzo +=with great effort=, á duras penas +=either= (after _negative_), tampoco +=to elaborate=, elaborar +=elegantly=, elegantemente +=to embark=, embarcar +=embarrassment=, embarazo apuro +=to embezzle=, malversar +=embossed=, grabado +=to embrace=, abrazar, abarcar +=embroidered=, bordado +=to employ=, emplear +=to be employed=, emplearse +=employer=, jefe +=empty=, vacío +=to enable=, poner en condiciones +=to enclose=, incluir, adjuntar +=enclosed=, adjunto +=to encounter=, exponerse á, arrostrar +=encouragement=, fomento, estímulo +=end=, cabo, fin +=to endeavour, to treat, to try=, tratar +=to endorse=, endosar +=to engage=, empeñar +=engagement=, empeño +=engine=, máquina +=engineer=, ingeniero +=to enhance=, elevar +=to enjoy=, gozar, disfrutar de +=to enjoy oneself=, divertirse +=to enlarge=, agrandar +=enlightened=, ilustrado +=to enlist=, alistar +=to be enough=, bastar +=to entangle=, embrollar +=to enter=, entrar en +=enterprise=, empresa +=enterprising=, emprendedor +=to entrust=, confiar á +=envy=, envidia +=epoch=, época +=equal=, igual +=to equal=, igualar +=equipment=, equipo +=equity=, equidad +=error=, error +=to escape=, escapar +=to escape one's notice=, pasársele por alto á uno +=especially=, mayormente +=to establish=, establecer +=to esteem=, estimar +=eternally=, eternamente +=this evening=, esta tarde +=ever=, nunca +=for ever=, eternamente +=every=, cada +=everybody=, todo el mundo, todos +=exact=, exacto +=examination=, examen +=to exceed=, exceder +=exceedingly=, mucho +=excellent, very good=, óptimo +=to exchange=, trocar, cambiar +=exclusive=, exclusivo +=to excuse=, dispensar, disculpar +=to execute=, ejecutar +=exercise (gram.)=, tema (el) +=to exert oneself=, afanarse +=to exhaust=, apurar, agotar +=to exhibit=, exhibir +=to expect=, esperar +=to experience=, experimentar +=experienced=, experto +=to experiment=, experimentar +=expert=, perito +=to explain=, explicar, explanar +=to exploit=, explotar +=export=, exportación +=exporter=, exportador +=to expose oneself to=, exponerse á, arrostrar +=to extend=, extender +=extension of time for payment=, moratorium, moratoria +=extinguished=, apagado +=eye=, ojo + + +=F= + +=face=, cara +=to face=, hacer frente +=to facilitate=, allanar +=facility=, facilidad +=fact=, hecho +=to fade=, desteñir +=to fail=, faltar +=failure=, éxito malo +=failure=, fracaso +=fair=, equitativo, justo +=fairness=, equidad +=faithful=, fiel +=to fall=, caer +=fall= (_n._), caída, baja +=to fall due=, vencer +=to fall through=, fracasar +=fame=, fama +=famous=, famoso +=fancies=, fantasías +=far away=, lejos +=farewell=! ¡vale! +=farthing=, fardín +=by fast train=, á grande velocidad +=father=, padre +=fatherland=, patria +=fault=, falta +=at fault=, culpado +=favour=, obsequio +=favourable=, favorable +=fear=, miedo, tema (_f._) +=February=, Febrero +=feel=, tacto +=to feel=, sentir +=fender=, guardafuego +=few=, pocos, (-as) +=field=, campo +=fig-tree=, higuera +=to fight=, batirse, luchar, pelear +=figured=, labrado +=figures=, cifras +=file=, ensartapapeles, guardapapeles +=to file (papers), to string (beads)=, ensartar +=to file a petition in bankruptcy=, declararse en quiebra +=to finance=, comanditar +=to find=, encontrar, hallar +=fine=, hermoso +=fine= (_n._), multa +=finish=, acabado, apresto, aderezo +=to finish=, acabar +=fir=, abeto +=fire-arms=, armas de fuego +=firebricks=, ladrillos refractarios +=firm, fast, strong=, fuerte +=firm=, casa +=firm= (_adj._), firme, fijo +=firmness=, firmeza +=to fix=, fijar +=fixed=, fijo +=to flatter oneself=, lisonjearse +=flange=, reborde +=flax=, lino +=flourishing=, floreciente +=flower=, flor +=flower-stand=, portaramillete (portarramillete), maceta, florero +=to fly=, volar +=fly-wheel=, volante +=to fold=, plegar +=to follow=, seguir +=fond of=, aficionado á +=food-stuffs=, géneros alimenticios +=foolish=, tonto +=at foot=, al pie +=footwear=, calzado +=for=, para, por +=to force=, forzar +=forehead=, la frente +=foreign=, extranjero +=foreign to=, ajeno á +=foreigner=, extranjero +=foreman=, capataz +=foremast=, trinquete +=fork=, tenedor +=form=, boletín, forma +=formal=, formal +=formerly=, antes +=fortunately=, afortunadamente +=fortune=, fortuna, suerte +=to forward=, encaminar +=to found=, fundar +=foundry=, altos hornos +=fountain=, fuente +=fox=, zorra +=frame,-ing (mach.)=, armadura +=free=, libre +=free of particular average (F.P.A.)=, franco de avería particular +=to freeze=, helar +=freight=, flete +=to freight=, fletar +=French beans=, judías +=frequently=, frecuentemente +=Friday=, viernes +=friend=, amigo +=friendly=, amistoso +=friendship=, amistad +=to frighten=, amedrentar +=to be frightened=, espantarse +=frilled=, alechugado +=fringe=, franja +=frock coat=, levita +=front=, el frente +=frost=, hielo, escarcha +=frost-bitten=, tornado por la escarcha +=fruit=, fruta +=fruit= (of labour), fruto +=full=, lleno +=in full=, entero (por) +=funds=, fondos +=furious=, enfurecído, furioso +=furniture=, muebles +=blast furnace=, altos hornos +=fustian=, fustán + + +=G= + +=to gain=, ganar +=gallon=, galón +=garden=, jardín +=gardener=, jardinero, hortelano +=to gather=, recoger +=gaudy= (colour), chillón +=gearing=, engranaje +=general=, general +=generous=, generoso +=gentle=, blando, suave +=gentleman=, señor +=gentleman by birth=, hidalgo (hijodalgo) +=to get=, conseguir, obtener +=to get back= (money), sacar +=to get on well=, llevarse bien +=to get out=, sacar +=to get to know=, enterarse +=ginghams=, guingas, carranclanes +=to give=, dar +=to give back=, devolver +=to give on lease=, alquilar +=to give thanks=, dar las gracias +=to gladden=, alegrar +=glassware=, vidriado +=glove=, guante +=glutted=, abarrotado +=to go=, ir, andar +=to go away=, marcharse, alejarse +=God=, Dios +=to go down=, bajar +=gold=, oro +=goloshes=, chanclos +=good=, bueno, el bien +=goods=, géneros +=goods, merchandise=, mercancía +=goodwill=, voluntad +=goodwill= (of a business), traspaso +=to go out=, salir +=to go out (fire)=, apagarse +=to go over=, repasar +=to go round=, circular +=gossip=, charla +=to govern=, gobernar +=government=, gobierno +=grace, gracefulness=, gracia +=gradation=, gradación +=grain=, grano +=grain market=, mercado de granos +=to grant=, conceder +=grape=, uva +=gratis=, de balde +=gratitude=, gratitud +=gratuitous=, gratuito +=gratuity=, gratificación +=great=, gran, grande +=great grandfather=, bisabuelo +=greatly=, mucho +=greed=, codicia +=green=, verde +=green peas=, guisantes +=grey=, gris +=to grind=, moler +=ground=, suclo +=group=, grupo, agrupación +=to grow dark=, anochecer +=to guarantee=, garantir, garantizar + + +=H= + +=to hail=, granizar +=hail=! ¡salve! +=hair=, cabello=, pelo +=half=, medio=, la mitad +=ham=, jamón +=to hammer=, machacar +=hammers=, martillos +=hand=, mano +=to hand=, pasar, entregar +=handkerchief=, pañuelo +=handle=, mango +=to hang=, colgar +=to happen=, ocurrir, suceder, acertar á +=harbour=, puerto +=hard=, duro +=hare=, liebre +=harrows=, rastrillos +=harvest, harvest time=, cosecha +=haste=, prisa +=to hasten=, apresurar (se) +=hat=, sombrero +=hatchets=, hachuelas +=to have=, tener, haber +=to have just=, acabar de +=head=, cabeza +=headache=, dolor de cabeza +=health (indifferent)=, delicado de salud +=healthy=, salubre +=to heap up=, amontar +=to hear=, oir +=heat=, calor +=heaven=, cielo +=heavy=, pesado +=heavy sea=, mar alborotada +=hedged in=, aislado +=heels=, tacones +=to help=, asistir, ayudar +=help (not to be able to)=, no poder menos de +=hemmed=, dobladillado, repulgado +=hemp, Manilla hemp=, cáñamo, abacá +=hemstitched=, con dobladilla de ojo +=her=, su +=here=, aquí, acá +=herewith=, adjunto +=hides=, cueros +=to hinder=, impedir +=to hint, to allude=, aludir á +=to hire=, alquilar +=his=, su +=history=, historia +=to hit it=, dar en el clavo +=hitch=, contratiempo +=hoist=, ascensor +=hold (ship)=, bodega +=to hold=, tener +=to hold up=, mantener +=holder=, tenedor +=hollow-ware=, ollería +=holy, saint=, santo +=honesty=, honradez +=honorary=, honorario, gratuito +=honour=, honor +=to honour=, honrar +=hook (clothes)=, garabato +=horse=, caballo +=hose=, manga +=hose (half)=, medias, calcetines +=hosiery=, mediería +=hotel=, fonda, hotel +=hour=, hora +=house, firm=, casa +=house (branch)=, sucursal +=hub=, buje +=hundred=, cien, ciento +=hurry=, prisa +=to hurt=, doler +=husband=, marido, esposo + + +=I= + +=if=, si +=idleness, inertia=, inercia +=ignoble=, innoble +=ill=, enfermo, malo +=to illustrate=, ilustrar +=illustrious=, ilustre +=immediate=, inmediato +=imperfection=, defecto +=importance=, importancia +=imports=, importaciones +=to impose=, imponer +=impropriety=, inconveniencia +=to improve=, mejorar +=improvement=, mejora, mejoría +=in case=, en caso que +=inclination=, gana +=to include=, incluir, abarcar +=inconvenience=, inconveniente +=to increase=, aumentar, tomar vuelo +=indemnity=, indemnización +=to indicate=, indicar +=industry=, industria +=inferior=, inferior, basto +=an infinite number=, una infinidad +=infinitesimal=, ínfimo +=to inform=, imponer, informar +=information=, informes +=to infringe=, atropellar por +=in full=, por entero +=infuriated=, enfurecido +=ingratitude=, ingratitud +=inhabitants=, habitantes, vecinos +=injunction=, mandato +=injury=, daño +=ink=, tinta +=inkstand=, tintero +=in order=, en regla, de conformidad +=in proportion as=, á medida que +=inside=, dentro de +=to insist=, insistir, porfiar, machacar +=by instalments=, á plazos +=instant (month)=, actual, corriente +=instead of=, en lugar de, en vez de +=instruction=, disposición, instrucción +=insurance=, seguro +=insurance policy=, póliza de seguro +=to insure=, asegurar +=intelligence=, inteligencia +=to intend=, proponerse, intentar +=intention=, intención +=interest=, interés +=interesting=, interesante +=interim=, provisorio, interino +=interior=, interior +=to interpret=, interpretar +=to intervene=, intervenir, mediar +=interview=, intervista +=in the long run=, á la larga +=to introduce (one to another)=, presentar +=in truth=, á la verdad +=in vain=, en balde +=to invest=, invertir (dinero) +=to investigate=, averiguar, apurar +=to invoice=, facturar +=invoice=, factura +=invoice book=, libro de facturas +=irrigation=, regardío +=iron=, hierro +=iron-clad=, acorazado +=iron, pig=, lingotes de hierro +=ironware=, ferretería +=island=, isla +=isolated=, aislado +=to issue=, emitir, publicar +=its=, su + + +=J= + +=Jack (machinery)=, gato +=jacket=, americana, chaqueta, casaca +=jaconets=, chaconadas +=January=, Enero +=jeans=, coquillos +=jerked beef=, carne seca, tasajo +=jobs=, géneros imperfectos +=journey (by sea)=, travesía +=homeward journey=, viaje de vuelta +=outward journey=, viaje de ida +=judicious=, juicioso +=juicy=, jugoso +=July=, Julio +=June=, Junio +=just=, justo, cabal +=just a little bit=, un si es no es +=jute=, jute, yute +=to justify=, justificar + + +=K= + +=keen=, agudo +=kind=, bondadoso +=kindness=, amabilidad +=king=, rey +=kingdom=, reino +=knife=, cuchillo +=to know (a person, thing)=, conocer +=to know (by heart)=, saber +=knowledge=, conocimiento, doctrina + + +=L= + +=label=, etiqueta, rótulo +=labour=, labor, mano de obra +=laborious=, laborioso +=lace=, encaje +=to lack=, carecer, faltar +=lad=, muchacho +=lady=, señora +=land=, terreno +=landlord=, propietario +=language=, el idioma, la lengua +=lard=, lardo, manteca de puerco +=large=, grande +=large number=, (un) sinnúmero +=larger=, mayor +=to last=, durar +=late (deceased)=, difunto +=late=, tarde +=lately=, últimamente +=later=, más adelante +=lathe=, torno +=to laugh, to laugh at=, reirse +=law=, ley +=lawns=, linones, olanes, batistas +=lawsuit=, proceso +=lawyer=, abogado +=to lay before one=, presentar +=lay days=, días de estadía +=lazy=, holgazán +=lead=, plomo +=to lead=, conducir +=to leak=, abrir agua, rezumar +=leakage=, merma +=to learn=, aprender +=to leave=, dejar +=ledger=, libro mayor +=left=, izquierda +=leg=, pierna +=legal means=, trámites de la ley +=lemon=, limón +=to lend=, prestar +=lesson=, lección +=lest=, no sea que, de miedo que +=to let=, dejar +=letter=, carta, escrito +=level=, nivel +=to level=, allanar +=liabilities=, pasivo, pasividades +=liable for=, responsable +=library=, biblioteca +=to lie in bed=, guardar cama +=life=, vida +=lifeless=, desanimado +=lift=, ascensor +=light (colour)=, claro +=to lighten=, relampaguear +=to like=, gustar á uno +=limit=, límite +=to limit=, limitar +=limitation=, limitación +=limited company=, sociedad anónima, por acciones +=line=, línea +=line (of business)=, ramo +=linen damask=, alemanisco +=linens=, lienzos +=linens (unbleached)=, lienzos morenos +=lining=, forro +=to liquidate=, liquidar +=to listen=, escuchar +=little=, poco (_adv._), pequeño (_adj._) +=to live=, vivir +=lively=, vivo +=living=, vida +=to load=, cargar +=loaf=, pan +=loan=, empréstito +=lobster=, langosta +=lock=, cerradura +=to lock=, cerrar con llave +=lock-out=, cierre +=locomotive=, locomotora +=long=, largo +=to look=, mirar +=to look for=, buscar, apetecer +=looking up (market)=, haber mejora en +=look out=! ¡ojo!, atención! +=to look over=, repasar +=loom=, telar +=loose colours=, colores fugitives +=to lose=, perder +=loss=, pérdida quebranto +=lot=, partida +=cheap lot=, ganga +=job lot=, imperfectos +=to love=, amar +=love=, amor +=luck=, suerte +=lucky=, dichoso, afortunado +=lump sum=, suma redonda + + +=M= + +=machine=, máquina +=machinery=, maquinaria +=mad=, loco +=maidservant=, criada +=to maintain (oneself)=, mantener (se) +=maize=, maíz +=to make=, hacer +=to make a mistake=, equivocarse +=to make a slip of the tongue=, correrse +=to make a start=, principiar, estrenarse +=main mast=, palo mayor +=to make fun of=, burlarse +=to make good=, compensar +=to make one's appearance=, aparecer +=to make over=, ceder +=to make up=, confeccionar +=to make up one's mind=, decidir (se) +=man=, hombre +=manager=, gerente, administrador +=to manifest=, manifestar +=manner=, manera, modo +=manservant=, criado +=manufacturer=, fabricante +=marble=, mármol +=March=, Marzo +=margarine=, margarina +=mark=, marca, señal +=market=, mercado +=market-place=, plaza +=to marry=, casar (se) con +=masonry=, mampostería +=master=, amo, maestro +=master spinner=, contramaestre de filatura +=to match=, igualar +=matches=, fósforos +=matter=, asunto +=to matter=, importar +=May=, mayo +=mayor=, alcalde +=means=, medio +=in the meantime=, en el ínterin +=meanwhile=, mientras tanto +=measure=, medida +=meat=, carne +=mechanism=, mecanísmo +=to meet=, encontrar +=to meet (bills)=, hacer frente +=to meet requirements=, corresponder á las necesidades +=meeting=, reunión, junta, mitín +=megaphone=, bocina +=mellow=, suave +=member=, miembro +=to mention=, citar, mencionar, hacer mención +=merchandise, goods=, mercancía +=merchant=, comerciante, negociante +=method=, método +=metre=, metro +=mild=, apacible +=mile=, milla +=milk=, la leche +=milliner=, modista +=million=, millón +=mind=, la mente +=miner=, minero +=minimum=, mínimo +=minister=, ministro +=ministry=, ministerio +=mint of money=, dineral +=miser, miserly=, avaro, avariento +=misfortune=, desgracia, quebranto +=mishap=, quebranto, contratiempo +=mislaid (of a paper)=, traspapelado +=mistake=, equivocación, error +=mizzen mast=, palo de mesana +=to mock=, reírse +=mohair=, moer +=Monday=, lunes +=money=, dinero +=money market=, mercado bursátil +=month=, mes +=monthly=, mensual +=moratorium=, moratoria +=more=, más +=morning=, mañana +=morocco leather=, cordobán +=mortgage=, hipoteca +=to mortgage=, hipotecar +=mother=, madre +=motive power=, fuerza motriz +=motor-car=, automóvil +=motor-boat=, barca á motor, automóvil +=mountain=, monte, montaña +=mounting (machinery)=, montaje +=mourning=, luto +=mouth=, boca +=to move=, mover +=much=, mucho +=muffler=, bufanda +=municipality=, concejo, cabildo, ayuntamiento, corporación +=museum=, museo +=muslin=, muselina +=must=, deber +=muster=, agrupación + + +=N= + +=nail=, clavo +=nainsook=, nansú +=name=, nombre, fama +=nankeen=, nanquín +=nation=, nación, país +=native=, indígena +=near= (_adj._), cercano +=near to=, junto a, cerca de +=necessary=, necesario +=to be necessary=, ser menester +=to need=, haber menester, precisar +=needle=, aguja +=neighbour=, competitor, contrincante, vecino, prójimo +=neither=, tampoco +=net=, neto, líquido +=net revenue=, ingresos netos +=new=, nuevo +=news=, noticias +=newspaper=, periódico +=next=, próximo +=nickel-plated=, niquelado +=night, evening=, noche +=nobleness=, hidalguía nobleza +=non-acceptance=, falta de aceptación +=no one=, ninguno +=north=, norte +=nose=, nariz +=note=, esquela, nota +=note of hand=, pagaré +=nothing=, nada +=for nothing=, de balde +=notice=, aviso +=notice (of dismissal)=, aviso de despedida +=to notice=, advertir, reparar +=notwithstanding=, no obstante, sin embargo +=November=, Noviembre +=now=, ahora +=number=, número +=nuts (mach.)=, tuercas + + +=O= + +=oak=, roble, encina +=oats=, avena +=object=, objeto +=objection=, dificultad +=objectionable=, reprensible +=obligation=, empeño, obligación +=to oblige=, complacer, agradar, contentar +=to observe=, observar +=to obstruct=, obstruir +=to obtain=, conseguir, obtener +=occasion=, ocasión +=occupations=, quehaceres +=to occur=, ocurrir +=ocean=, océano +=October=, Octubre +=Octroi duties=, impuesto de consumos +=octroi office=, fielato +=odd (20 odd)=, y pico (veinte y pico) +=of course=, por de contado +=offer=, ofrecimiento, oferta +=to offer=, ofrecer +=office=, oficina, despacho +=office (lawyer's)=, bufete (de abogado) +=office boy (jocularly)=, hortera +=of no avail=, de balde +=often=, á menudo +=oil=, aceite +=old=, viejo, antiguo +=old age=, vejez +=omnibus=, ómnibus +=on=, sobre +=on deck=, sobre cubierta +=onion=, cebolla +=only= (_adj._), solo +=only= (_adv._), sólo, solamente +=to open=, abrir +=opening=, apertura +=openly=, á las claras, claro y redondo +=to operate=, obrar +=operations=, operaciones +=operator=, operador +=opportunity=, oportunidad +=to oppose=, oponerse á +=orange=, naranja +=orchard=, huerta, huerto +=to order=, mandar, pedir +=order=, orden, pedido, encargo +=ordinary=, ordinario +=to organise=, organizar +=osnaburgs=, cregüelas +=other=, otro +=other people's property=, (lo) ajeno +=output=, producto +=overdue=, atrasado +=overhead=, aereo +=to overload oneself=, sobrecargarse +=to overstep=, exceder +=to owe=, deber +=owing to=, debido á +=own=, propio +=ox=, buey +=ox casings=, tripas, de buey + + +=P= + +=to pack=, empacar +=packages=, bultos +=packet=, paquete +=page=, página +=pain=, dolor +=to pain=, doler +=painful=, doloroso +=paint=, pintura +=pair=, par +=palace=, palacio +=pan (sugar manuf.)=, tacho, paila +=paper=, papel +=paper fasteners=, sujetapapeles +=parcel=, paquete, partida +=parents=, padres +=parliamentary bill=, proyecto de ley +=parliamentary session=, legislatura +=part=, la parte +=partner=, socio +=pasha=, bajá +=to pass=, pasar +=pattern sets or cards=, muestrarios +=to pawn=, empeñar +=pause=, pausa +=to pay=, pagar +=to pay (to be advantageous)=, tener cuenta +=payable=, pagadero +=peace=, paz +=peaches=, melocotones +=pen=, pluma +=penalty=, multa +=pencil=, lápiz +=penknife=, cortapluma +=pen-nibs=, puntitas +=penny=, penique +=people=, gente, pueblo +=pepper=, pimienta +=perennial=, perenne +=perfect=, perfecto +=to perfect=, perfeccionar +=perfectly=, perfectamente +=perhaps=, talvez +=petition=, petición +=phrase=, frase +=philosophy=, filosofía +=physician=, médico +=pickled beef=, carne en salmuera +=picks=, picos +=pig=, puerco +=pig-iron=, lingotes de hierro +=pigeon-holes=, casillero +=pin=, alfiler +=pine=, pino +=pink (col.)=, rosa +=pipe=, tubo, pipa +=pistol=, pistola +=to place=, colocar, poner +=place=, plaza, sitio +=plain=, sencillo, simple +=plan (idea)=, plan, proyecto +=plan (sketch)=, piano +=plane=, cepillo +=plank=, tablón +=plant=, planta +=plate (metal)=, chapa +=plausible=, atendible +=pleasant, winsome, taking=, simpático +=to please=, gustar, placer +=pleasure=, placer +=pledge=, empeñar +=plough=, arado +=pneumatic=, neumático +=pocket-book=, cartera +=point=, punto +=to point out=, indicar +=to poke (fire)=, remover +=poker=, atizador +=politely=, cortésmente +=pomegranates=, granadas +=poor=, pobre +=porch=, pórtico +=port=, puerto +=portfolio=, cartera +=portmanteau=, maleta +=position=, posición +=possess=, poseer +=post=, correo, mala +=to post=, echar al correo +=postage=, franqueo, portes +=postman=, cartero +=to postpone=, aplazar, diferir +=pound=, libra +=power of attorney=, poder +=powerful=, poderoso +=practical=, práctico +=practically=, virtualmente +=to precede=, preceder +=precious=, precioso +=preferable=, preferible +=preference shares=, acciones preferentes +=to prejudice=, comprometer +=preliminary=, preliminar +=premium=, premio, prima +=present=, actual, presente +=to present=, presentar, regalar +=those present=, los reunidos +=preserves=, conservas alimenticias +=to press=, apremiar +=pretty=, bonito +=to prevail=, prevalecer, reinar +=previous=, anterior +=price=, precio +=price list=, boletín, lista +=principal=, principal +=to print, printed=, imprimir, impreso +=cotton prints=, zarazas, estampados +=prize=, premio +=to produce=, presentar, producir +=product=, producto +=professor=, profesor +=profit and loss=, ganancias y pérdidas +=pro forma account=, cuenta simulada +=to prohibit=, prohibir +=project=, proyecto +=promenade=, paseo +=promissory note=, pagaré +=property=, hacienda, propiedad +=to propose=, proponer +=proof=, ensayo, prueba +=prospects=, perspectivas +=to prosper=, medrar +=proud=, ufano +=to prove=, probar +=proverb=, refrán +=to provide=, proveer +=provided that=, con tal que +=prudent=, prudente +=to punish, to chastise=, castigar +=pupil=, discípulo +=to purchase=, comprar +=to purify, to exhaust, to investigate=, apurar +=to purpose=, proponerse +=to put=, poner +=to put off=, postergar +=to put out=, desconcertar +=to put out of gear=, descomponer +=to put up=, llevar +=to put up with=, soportar + + +=Q= + +=quality=, calidad +=quantity=, cantidad +=quarter=, cuarto +=queen=, reina +=queer=, extraño +=question=, cuestión, asunto +=in question=, consabido +=to question=, dudar, preguntar +=quick=, pronto +=quiet=, tranquilo, sobrio, apagado (colour) +=quilting=, acolchado +=quire=, mano +=quite candidly=, con el corazón en la mano +=quota=, cuota +=quotation=, cotización, (cita) +=to quote=, citar, cotizar + + +=R= + +=to rack one's brains=, devanarse los sesos +=rails=, carriles, rieles, railes +=railway=, ferrocarril +=rain=, lluvia +=to rain=, llover +=raisins=, pasas +=ratepayer=, contribuyente, vecino +=rattan furniture=, muebles de bejuco +=rays=, rayos +=razor=, navaja de afeitar +=to read=, leer +=reading=, lectura +=ready=, pronto, listo +=ready money=, dinero efectivo +=reason=, razón +=reasonable=, razonable, arreglado +=rebate=, rebaja, reducción +=to make a rebate=, bonificar +=to recapitulate=, resumir +=receipt=, recibo +=to receive=, acoger, recibir +=reception=, recibo +=to recommend=, recomendar, abonar +=record=, colmo +=to record=, consignar +=to have recourse=, acudir á +=to recover=, recobrar +=red=, encarnado, rojo +=to reduce=, reducir +=reduction=, rebaja, reducción +=to refer=, referir +=references=, informes +=to reflect=, reflexionar +=reflection=, reflejo +=refreshment=, refresco +=to refund=, refundir +=refusal=, negativa +=to refuse=, rehusar, negarse á +=regardless of expense=, sin mirar á gastos +=region=, comarca +=to register (letters, etc.)=, certificar +=registered office (of a firm)=, domicilio +=regulations=, reglamentos +=to reign=, reinar +=to reject=, rechazar +=to rejoice=, alegrarse +=to relate=, contar, dar cuenta +=relating to=, acerca de +=to remain=, quedar +=remainder=, resto, restante +=to remark=, observar +=remiss=, lento, moroso +=to remit, to send=, remitir +=remittance=, remesa +=remnants=, restos +=to remove=, remover, quitar +=to render help=, prestar ayuda +=to rent=, alquilar +=to repeat=, repetir +=to repent=, arrepentirse +=to reply=, contestar, responder +=report=, informe, parte, relación +=to report=, dar cuenta +=to represent=, representar +=representative=, representante +=reputation=, fama +=request=, petición +=to require=, requerir, exigir +=requirements=, necesidades +=to reserve=, reservar +=to reside=, residir, vivir +=residence=, domicilio +=resources=, recursos +=respect=, respeto +=to respect=, respetar +=respectable=, formal, respetable +=with respect to=, con respecto á, respecto de +=result=, resultado +=to resume=, reanudar +=retail=, al por menor +=to return=, devolver, regresar +=revenue=, ingresos +=review=, revista +=to revoke=, revocar +=reward=, premio +=ribbon=, cinta +=rice=, arroz +=rich, richly=, rico, acaudalado, ricamente +=to get rid of=, librarse, deshacerse de +=ridiculously low (of prices)=, irrisorio +=right=, derecho, justo +=to be right=, tener razón +=rim=, reborde +=riot=, motín +=rise=, alza, aumento +=risk=, riesgo, peligro +=risky=, arriesgado, peligroso +=river=, río +=to rob=, robar +=to rock (a cradle)=, mecer +=roll=, rollo +=to roll=, arrollar +=roller=, cilindro +=room=, cuarto, cabida +=rope=, soga +=rose=, rosa +=rotten=, podrido +=rough and ready man=, hombre llano +=round=, redondo +=route=, vía +=rubber=, caucho, goma elástica +=rubber heels (revolving)=, rodajas de goma +=rug=, tapete +=to ruin=, echar á perder, arruinar +=to rule=, regir, gobernar, dominar, reinar +=rule=, regla, régimen +=ruler=, regla +=rumour=, rumor, especie +=to run=, correr +=to run down=, atropellar +=to run to=, acudir á + + +=S= + +=sad=, triste +=safely=, sin novedad, á salvamento +=sail=, vela +=sailing vessel=, velero=, buque=, de vela +=saint, holy=, santo +=salary=, sueldo +=sale=, venta +=salvage=, salvamento +=same=, mismo +=sardines=, sardinas +=sash=, cinto +=satins (brocaded)=, satines (brochados) +=satisfied=, satisfecho +=Saturday=, Sábado +=to save=, ahorrar +=sawing machine=, sierra mecánica +=to say=, decir, manifestar +=scalloped=, festoneado +=scandalous=, escandaloso +=scarcely=, apenas +=schooner=, goleta +=science=, ciencia +=scissors=, tijeras +=to scold=, reconvenir +=score=, veintena +=screw (of a boat)=, hélice (el _or_ la) +=screws=, tornillos +=not over-scrupulous=, de manga ancha +=scuttle=, caja de carbón +=seal=, sello +=to seal=, sellar +=sealing-wax=, lacre +=to search=, buscar +=season=, estación, temporada +=to seat=, asentar +=secretary=, secretario +=to secure=, asegurar +=securities=, valores +=to see=, ver +=seeing that=, visto que +=to seem=, parecer +=to select=, elegir, escoger +=selection=, surtido +=to sell=, vender +=selvedge=, orilla +=senate=, senado +=to send=, enviar, mandar, remitir +=to send back=, devolver +=to send a remittance=, hacer una remesa +=to send for=, mandar buscar +=sensible=, discreto, juicioso +=sentence=, frase +=September=, Setiembre +=sergeant=, sargento +=series=, la serie +=to serve=, servir +=service=, servicio, utilidad +=session (parliamentary)=, legislatura +=to set out=, partir +=set of patterns=, muestrario +=to settle=, arreglar, definir, liquidar +=settlement=, saldo +=several=, varios +=shade (of colour)=, el matiz +=shame=, vergüenza +=shape=, forma +=share=, acción +=shareholder=, accionista +=sharp=, agudo +=shawl=, chal +=shears=, cizallas +=sheet (bed)=, sábana +=shell-fish=, mariscos +=to shelter=, abrigar +=shilling=, chelín +=ship=, barco, buque, navío +=to ship=, embarcar +=shipment=, remesa, embarque +=shipowners=, armadores +=shipper=, exportador +=shirt=, camisa +=shocking=, escandaloso +=shoes=, zapatos +=shop=, tienda +=shopkeeper=, tendero +=short=, corto +=short cut=, atajo +=shortly=, en breve=, próximamente +=shoulder=, espalda +=shout=, grito +=shovel=, pala +=to show=, mostrar, acusar, exhibir, hacer constar, enseñar +=shrewd=, fino +=to shrink=, encojerse +=shrivelled=, encojido +=shrunk=, encojido +=side=, lado +=side arms=, armas blancas +=sight=, vista +=to sight=, avistar +=sign=, señal +=to sign=, firmar +=signature=, firma +=signed guarantee=, indemnidad +=to be silent=, callarse +=silk=, seda +=silk hat=, sombrero de copa +=silver=, plata +=similar=, semejante +=simpleton=, tonto, necio +=sincere=, sincero +=sincere man=, hombre llano +=sincerity=, sinceridad +=single, simple, plain=, simple +=sister-in-law=, cuñada +=skates=, patines +=sketch=, croquis +=skin=, piel +=sky=, cielo +=sky-blue=, azul celeste +=slack=, flojo +=slackness=, flojedad +=slate colour=, plomo +=sleep=, sueño +=to sleep=, dormir +=slender=, exiguo +=slight=, exiguo, ligero +=slip=, boletín, volante +=slope=, cuesta +=slow=, lento, moroso, tardo +=by slow train=, á pequeña velocidad +=slowly=, despacio +=sly=, socarrón +=small=, pequeño, exiguo +=smaller=, menor +=smallware=, quincalla +=smile=, sonrisa +=to smoke (of a chimney)=, humear +=smooth=, liso +=smuggling=, matute +=to snow=, nevar +=snow=, nieve +=so and so=, fulano +=so, as ... as=, tan ... como +=society=, sociedad +=socks=, calcetines +=soda=, soda, sosa +=sofa=, el sofá +=soft=, blando, suave +=to soften=, ablandar +=soil=, suelo +=soldier=, soldado +=sole=, exclusivo +=solely=, únicamente +=to solicit=, solicitar +=solicitor=, abogado (procurador legal) +=solidity=, solidez +=some=, algún, alguno, algunos, unos +=something=, algo +=somewhat=, algo +=soon=, pronto +=sordid=, ruin +=sorrow=, dolor +=to be sorry=, sentir +=so that=, de modo que, para que +=so to say=, por decirlo así +=sour=, agrio +=source=, fuente, manantial +=source (to have from a good)=, tener de buena tinta +=south=, sur, sud +=space=, cabida +=spades=, palas +=Spanish=, español +=Spanish peas=, garbanzos +=spare pieces (machinery)=, piezas de repuesto +=sparrow=, gorrión +=to speak=, hablar +=to speak for=, abonar +=species=, especie +=speculation=, especulación +=speed=, prisa +=speedy=, pronto +=to spend=, gastar +=spices=, especias +=to spin=, hilar +=spinner=, hilador +=in spite of=, á pesar de +=to spoil=, gastar, echar á perder +=spoon=, cuchara +=spokes=, rayos +=spot=, mancha, punto, sitio +=spot cotton=, algodón disponible +=spring=, resorte +=spring (season)=, primavera +=squeamish=, melindroso +=to squeeze out=, exprimir, arrancar +=squire=, hijodalgo, hidalgo +=stain=, mancha +=stamp=, timbre +=stamp-rack=, porta-estampillas +=stamps (postage)=, sellos +=standard-bearer=, porta-bandera +=standing=, posición +=to start from=, arrancar de +=statement=, cuenta +=statistics=, estadísticas +=stay=, estancia +=to steal=, robar +=steam-engine=, máquina á vapor +=steamer=, buque de vapor, vapor +=steel=, acero +=step=, paso +=stick=, garrote +=still=, todavía +=sting=, herida (fig.) +=to stir=, remover +=stockings=, medias +=stock-jobber=, agiotista +=stocks=, existencias +=stool=, escaño +=to stop payment=, suspender los pagos +=to stop short in the middle of one's speech=, cortarse +=stores=, depósitos, almacenes +=storm=, temporal, tormenta +=stove=, estufa, calorífero +=stowage=, estiva +=straight=, derecho +=straightforward=, recto, leal +=to strain=, forzar +=strange=, extraño +=street=, calle +=to stretch=, extender +=strike=, huelga +=striped goods=, listados +=stripes=, rayas +=stroll=, paseo +=strong, fast, firm=, fuerte +=to struggle against=, luchar +=to study=, estudiar +=to stumble=, tropezar +=subject=, asunto +=to submit=, someter +=subsidence=, hundimiento +=to succeed=, suceder +=to succeed in=, conseguir, obtener +=success=, buen éxito +=such, such a=, tal +=sudden=, repentino +=to suffer=, sufrir +=suffering=, sufrimiento +=to suffice=, bastar +=sugar=, azúcar +=sugar mill=, trapiche +=suitings=, paños +=sum=, suma +=summer=, verano +=to summon=, citar ante los tribunales +=sun=, sol +=Sunday=, domingo +=supper=, cena +=to suppose=, suponer +=to suppress=, suprimir +=supply and demand=, demanda y oferta +=to supply oneself=, abastecerse +=surety=, fiador +=surface=, superficie +=to surprise=, maravillar +=surprising=, sorprendente +=to suspect=, sospechar +=to sweep=, barrer +=sword=, espada +=symptoms=, síntomas + + +=T= + +=table=, mesa +=table (of figures)=, cuadro +=tact=, tacto +=tailor=, sastre +=to take=, tomar +=to take amiss=, tomar á mal +=to take away=, quitar +=to take care (of oneself)=, cuidar(se) +=to take charge=, encargarse +=to take into consideration=, tener en cuenta +=to take into tow=, traer á remolque, remolcar +=to take much trouble=, afanarse +=to take notice=, hacer caso +=to take on lease=, alquilar, tomar en arriendo +=to take place=, verificarse +=to take steps=, dar pasos +=to take the start=, tomar la delantera +=to take up=, recoger +=tallow greaves=, heces de sebo +=tariff reform=, reforma arancelaria +=task=, tarea +=tax=, impuesto +=tea=, té +=to teach=, enseñar +=teaching=, enseñanza +=teeth=, dientes +=to telephone=, telefonear +=to tell=, decir +=temper=, genio +=temporarily=, temporalmente +=tenant=, inquilino +=tender=, tierno +=term=, plazo +=terms=, condiciones +=textile=, textil +=textiles=, tejidos +=to thank=, agradecer +=thanks to ... =, merced á ... +=that=, ese,-a,-o, aquel-lla-llo, que +=their=, su +=then=, entonces, luego, pues +=there=, allá, allí, ahí +=therefore=, portanto +=there is=, =there are=, hay +=there to be=, haber +=thick=, grueso, espeso +=thief=, ladrón +=thimble=, dedal +=thing=, cosa +=to think=, creer, pensar +=third= (_frac_.), tercio +=thirst=, sed +=this=, este,-a,-o +=thousand=, mil +=threshing machines=, trilladores +=to throw=, echar +=to thunder=, tronar +=Thursday=, jueves +=ticket, etiqueta=, rótulo +=ticking=, terliz +=timber=, madera +=time=, tiempo, época +=at the same time=, al mismo tiempo, á la par que +=tin=, estaño +=to tire=, cansar +=to-day=, hoy +=ton=, tonelada +=tongs=, tenazas +=tongue=, lengua +=too (also)=, también +=too, too much=, demasiado +=tools=, herramientas +=top=, cima +=touch=, tacto +=to tow=, traer á remolque, remolcar +=towards=, para con, hacia +=to what extent?=, ¿hasta qué punto? +=town=, ciudad, población, villa, pueblo +=trade=, comercio +=trade union=, asociación de obreros +=train=, tren +=to transport=, tra(n)sportar +=to travel=, viajar +=traveller= (commercial), viajante +=traveller= (tourist, etc.), viajero +=treasure=, tesoro +=to treat=, =to try=, =to endeavour=, tratar +=tree=, árbol +=trial=, prueba, ensayo +=trick=, engañifa +=trifles=, pequeñeces +=to trifle with=, burlarse +=trifling amount=, una friolera +=trimmings=, guarniciones, adornos +=trouserings=, telas para pantalones +=trousers=, pantalones +=trunk=, baúl +=truss=, fardito +=trust=, confianza +=trustworthy=, fidedigno +=to trust=, confiar +=trustee=, síndico +=truth=, verdad +=to try=, probar, tratar +=Tuesday=, martes +=Turkey red handkerchiefs=, pañuelos de Andrinópolis +=turn for the worse=, empeoramiento +=to turn=, volver +=turnover=, giro +=twill=, asargado, cruzado, aterlizado, diagonal +=twine=, bramante +=to twist=, torcer +=tyres=, llantas + + +=U= + +=umpire=, árbitro +=uncertainty=, incertidumbre +=uncle=, tío +=under=, debajo de +=to undersell=, malbaratar +=to understand=, comprender, entender +=to undertake=, comprometerse, emprender +=undertaking=, empresa +=uneasiness=, malcontento +=unfavorable=, desfavorable +=to unfold=, desplegar +=unforeseen=, imprevisto +=unhappy, unfortunate=, desdichado, infeliz +=unless=, á menos que +=unloading=, descarga +=unnavigable=, innavegable +=unprecedented=, sin precedente +=unripe=, inmaturo, verde +=unsuitability=, inconveniencia +=until=, hasta que +=unwillingly=, de mala gana +=upon=, sobre +=upright=, íntegro, cabal +=to upset=, desconcertar +=to urge=, apremiar, apresurar +=to use for the first time=, estrenar +=useful=, útil +=usefulness=, utilidad +=utility=, utilidad + + +=V= + +=vagabonds, (company of)=, hampa +=value=, valor +=valve=, válvula +=variety=, variedad +=varnish=, el barniz +=velvet=, terciopelo +=velveteen=, pana +=venture=, ensayo +=very=, muy +=vest=, chaleco +=via=, vía +=to vie with=, trabajar, ir, á porfía, habérselas con +=view=, vista +=villa=, quinta +=village=, pueblo +=vineyards=, viñas +=violet=, violeta +=virtue=, virtud +=to visit=, visitar +=vivid=, vivo +=vividly=, vivamente +=viz=., es decir, á saber +=vocabulary=, vocabulario + + +=W= + +=wages=, sueldo +=waistcoat=, chaleco +=to wait for=, esperar +=to wait upon=, visitar +=to wake up=, despertar +=walk=, paseo +=to walk=, andar +=to want=, necesitar, querer +=to be wanted=, hacer falta +=to be wanting=, faltar +=want of foresight=, imprevidencia +=war=, guerra +=warehouse=, almacén +=warehouseman=, almacenero, dependiente de almacén +=to warn=, advertir +=to take warning=, escarmentar +=warrant=, cédula +=to warrant=, justificar +=to waste=, desperdiciar, malgastar +=waste-paper basket=, cestilla +=watch=, reloj +=to watch over=, vigilar +=water=, agua +=way=, manera, modo, vía +=wealth=, riqueza +=wealthy=, acaudalado +=to wear=, gastar, llevar +=to wear for the first time=, estrenar +=wearing apparel=, vestidos, ropa, hato +=to weave=, tejer +=weaver=, tejedor +=webbing=, tejido elástico +=Wednesday=, miércoles +=week=, semana +=weight=, peso +=to welcome=, agasajar +=well=, bien, pues +=west=, oeste +=to wet=, bañar +=whale=, ballena +=what=, qué (_inter_.), lo que +=wheat=, trigo +=when=, cuando +=whenever=, cuandoquiera +=where=, donde +=wherever=, dondequiera +=whether=, si, sea que +=which=, que, el cual +=whichever=, cualquiera +=while=, mientras +=whim=, antojo +=Whitsuntide=, Pentecostés +=white=, blanco +=who=, que, quien, el cual +=whoever=, quienquiera, cualquiera +=wholesale=, al por mayor +=whom=, quien +=whose=, cuyo +=wicked=, malo +=widower=, víudo +=width=, anchura, ancho +=wife=, mujer, esposa +=will=, voluntad +=to win=, vencer +=to win over=, granjearse +=wind=, viento +=window=, ventana +=wine=, vino +=wine (_adj_.)=, vinícolo +=winsome=, simpático +=winter=, invierno +=wireless=, radiograma +=wise=, juicioso, sabio +=to wish=, desear +=to wish to have=, querer +=wishful=, deseoso +=with great effort=, á duras penas +=within=, dentro de +=without=, sin, sin que +=woman=, mujer +=to wonder=, maravillarse +=to be wont=, soler +=wood=, madera +=wool=, lana +=word=, palabra, vocablo +=to work=, trabajar, obrar +=to work (mines)=, explotar +=workman=, obrero, operario +=workshop=, taller +=world=, mundo +=world (_adj_.)=, mundial +=worth=, valor +=to be worth=, poseer, valer +=to be worth while=, valer la pena +=wound=, herida +=to wound=, herir +=wrap=, bata +=wreck=, naufragar +=to wreck=, echar á perder +=to wrench=, arrancar +=to write=, escribir +=to write to each other=, escribirse +=writer=, escritor +=writing (_n_.)=, letra, escríto +=writing desk=, escritorio +=writing pad=, carpeta +=written agreement=, contrato +=to wrangle with someone=, habérselas con uno +=on the wrong side=, al revés + + +=Y= + +=yard=, yarda +=yard (Spanish)=, vara +=yarn=, hilado +=year=, año +=yellow=, amarillo +=yes=, sí +=yesterday=, ayer +=yet=, todavía, aun +=to yield, to submit=, ceder, darse á partido +=young=, joven +=young age=, juventud +=young man, woman=, joven +=youth=, juventud + + +=Z= + +=zinc=, zinc + + + + + APPENDIX I + +PRINCIPAL EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE ON SPANISH GENDER BY TERMINATION + + +1. Words of Greek etymology ending in _ma_-- + +El dilema (the dilemma) +El diploma (the diploma) +El epigrama (the epigram) +El problema (the problem) +El síntoma (the symptom) +El telegrama (the telegram) + +etc., etc. + +But La amalgama (the amalgamation) +La diadema (the diadem) +La estratagema (the stratagem) +La proclama (the proclamation) + +2. Most of the compound nouns (very few in number)-- + +El cortaplumas (the penknife) +El guardacosta (the coasting-vessel) +El paraguas (the umbrella) +El tirabala (the popgun) + +3. El día (the day) + +El Etna (Etna (volcano)) +El mapa (the map) +El sofá (the sofa) +El Volga [210] (the Volga) +And all words ending in accented _a_. + +[Footnote 210: And all rivers and mountains ending in _a_.] + +4. Masculine nouns ending in _d_-- + +El adalid (the warrior or chieftain) +El ardid (the trick) +El ataúd (coffin) +El césped (the turf, lawn) +El sud (the south) + +5. Masculine nouns ending in _ión_-- + +El embrión (the embryo) +El gorrión (the sparrow) +El morrión (parts of an armour) +El sarampión (measles) + +6. Feminine nouns ending in _i_ or _y_-- + +La diócesi (the diocese) +La grey (the flock) +La ley (the law) +La metrópoli (the metropolis) + +Almost all. + +7. Feminine noun ending in _j_-- +La troj (the granary) + +8. Feminine nouns ending in _l_-- + +La cal (lime) +La capital (capital--town) +La cárcel (prison) +La col (cabbage) +La miel (honey) +La piel (skin) +La sal (salt) +La señal (signal) +La vocal (vowel) + +And a few more. + +9. Feminine nouns ending in _n_-- + +La cargazón (the load) +La crin (the horsehair) +La desazón (the ailment) +La imagen (the image) +La razón (the reason) +La sinrazón (the injustice) +La sartén (the frying-pan) +La sien (the temple) + +Almost all. + +10. Feminine nouns ending in _o_-- + +La mano (the hand) + +Only word, excepting "nao" (ship), now obsolete, and "seo" (cathedral), +little used. + +11. Feminine nouns ending in _r_-- + +La flor (the flower) +La labor (the needlework) +La segur (the axe) + +Almost all. + +12. Feminine nouns ending in _s_-- + +La bilis (the bile) +La crisis (the crisis) +La elipsis (ellipsis) +La lis (fleur-de-lis) +La mies (the crop) +La perífrasis (the periphrase) +La tos (the cough) + +And a few others. + +13. Feminine noun ending in _u_-- + +La tribu (the tribe) + +14. Feminine nouns ending in _z_-- + +La codorniz (the partridge) +La cerviz (the cervix) +La cruz (the cross) +La coz (the back-kick) +La luz (the light) +La nariz (the nose) +La nuez (the nut) +La pez (the pitch) +La voz (the voice) +La raíz (the root) +La tez (the complexion) +La vez (the time, once, etc., etc.) + +And a few others less important. + +15. Feminine nouns ending in _e_. (This is the most numerous list of +exceptions)-- + +Las aves (the birds) +La barbarie (the barbarity) +La base (the basis) +La calle (the street) +La carne (the flesh) +La fiebre (the fever) +La fuente (the fountain) +El hambre (_f._), (the hunger) +La mente (the mind) +La noche (the night) +La parte (the part) +La quiete (the quiet) +La sangre (the blood) +La serpiente (the serpent) +La torre (the tower) + +Besides the masculine and feminine genders, some nouns are called: de +género común, epiceno, and ambiguo. The noun is called "de género común" +(common gender) when with the same termination it may indicate both a +male and female being by using a different article-- + +Un--una albacea (an executor, executrix) +Un--una artista (an artist, artiste) +Un--una Belga[211] (a Belgian) +Un--una idiota (an idiot) +Un--una indígena (a native) +Un--una mártir (a martyr) +Un--una reo (a culprit) +Un--una culpable (a culprit) +Un--una gimnasta (a gymnast) +Un--una homicida (a murderer, a murderess) +Un--una suicida (one who commits suicide) +Un--una testigo (a witness) + +[Footnote 211: And so all nouns of nationality ending in _a_ or _e_.] + +The noun is called Epicene when, with the same termination and the same +article, it indicates both male and female-- + +El águila (the eagle--male and female) +El buitre (the vulture--male and female) +El avestruz (the ostrich--male and female) +La rata (the rat--male and female) + +Distinction would be made by adding "macho" or "hembra." + +El águila macho (the eagle--male) +El avestruz hembra (the ostrich--female) + +N.B.--Most of the names of animals belong to this class. + +The term "ambiguo" is applied to nouns which are masculine or feminine, +with different meaning, or the gender of which is not well defined-- + + Análasis (analysis), doubtful gender +El aroma (the aroma) La aroma (the acacia flower) +La _or_ el arte (the art) Los _or_ Las artes +Las bellas artes (the arts, generally _fem_.) + (the fine arts, always _fem_.) +La barba (the beard) El barba (a character in Spanish + plays) +El cabecilla (chieftain or ringleader La cabecilla (the little head) + of rebels) +El calavera (the madcap) La calavera (the skull) +El canal (the canal) La canal (the gutter) +El capital (money) La capital (the town) +El cólera (cholera) La cólera (wrath) +El cometa (comet) La cometa (the kite, _toy_) +El corte (the cut) La corte (the court) +El cura (the priest) La cura (the cure) +El doblez (the fold) La doblez (duplicity) +El _or_ la dote (dowry), generally Las dotes (good parts, gifts), + _fem_. in the _pl_. always _fem_. +El fantasma (the phantom) La fantasma (the bogie-man) +El frente (the front) La frente (the forehead) +El haz (the sheaf) La haz (face, surface) +Lente (lenses), doubtful gender +La orden (command, order for El orden (order); as, buen orden + goods, etc.) (good order) +Las sagradas órdenes (holy orders) Las varias órdenes (various religious + orders) +El parte (report) La parte (part) +El pendiente (ear-ring) La pendiente (slope) +El pez (fish) La pez (pitch) +El tema (exercise, theme) La tema (fear, obstinacy) +Tilde (~), doubtful gender + + +"Mar" (sea) is either Masc. or fem., but names of particular seas are +all masculine-- + +El mar rojo (the Red Sea) +El mar Caspio (the Caspian Sea) + +The compounds of "mar" are feminine-- + +Baja mar (low sea) +Pleamar (high water) + +The following masculine nouns have their equivalent feminine formed by +inflexion. + +N.B.--We omit those in which the inflexion consists of the change of the +last vowel to _a_, or the addition of _a_, as-- + +El autor, la autora (the author, authoress) +El holgazán, la holgazana (the lazy man, lazy woman) +El primo, la prima (the cousin, _masc._ and _fem._) +El vecino, la vecina (the neighbour, _masc._ and _fem._) + +El abad (abbot) La abadesa (abbess) +El actor (actor) La actriz (actress) +El barón (baron) La baronesa (baroness) +El canónigo (canon) La canonesa (canoness) +El cantor (singer) La cantatriz (singer) +El conde (count) La condesa (countess) +El diacono (deacon) La diaconisa (deaconess) +El duque (duke) La duquesa (duchess) +El elector (elector) La electriz (electress) +El emperador (emperor) La emperatriz (empress) +El filósofo (philosopher) La filosofesa (philosopher) +El gallo (cock) La gallina (hen) +El héroe (hero) La heroína (heroine) +El poeta (poet) La poetisa (poetess) +El principe (prince) La princesa (princess) +El profeta (prophet) La profetisa (prophetess) +El rey (king) La reina (queen) +El sacerdote (priest) La sacerdotisa (priestess) +El vizconde (viscount) La vizcondesa (viscountess) +El Zar (czar) La Zarina (czarina) + +Notice also-- + +El asistente (assistant) La asistenta (assistant) +El infante (child under 7; La infanta (child; Span. Royal + also Span., Royal Prince) Princess) +El pariente (relative) La parienta (relative) +El presidente (president) La presidenta (president) +El sirviente (manservant) La sirvienta (maidservant) + +There are only a few more of this class. + +N.B.-- + +Un abogado makes in the fem. Una muger abogado +Un médico " " " " " médico +Un comadrón " " " " comadre (midwife) + +The following nouns of persons and animals have two different forms to +represent the two sexes-- + +El buey (ox) La vaca (cow) +El caballo (stallion) La yegua (mare) +El carnero (ram) La oveja (ewe) +El fraile (friar) La soror (sister) +El hombre (man) La muger (woman) +El macho cabrío or cabrón (he-goat) La cabra (she-goat) +El marido (husband) La muger (the wife) +El padre (father) La madre (mother) +El padrastro (step-father) La madrastra (step-mother) +El padrino (god-father) La madrina (god-mother) +El toro (bull) La vaca (cow) +El yerno (son-in-law) La nuera (daughter-in-law) + +Many names of animals are either common, as-- + +El ánade, la ánade (the duck) +El liebre, la liebre (the hare) +El tigre, la tigre (the tiger, tigress) + +Or they change _o_ of the masculine into _a_ or add _a_, to form the +feminine, as-- + +Un ganso (a gander) Una gansa (a goose) +Un león (the lion) Una leona (a lioness) +Un mulo (a mule) Una mula (a she-mule) +Un pollino (an ass) Una pollina (a she-ass) + +Most are epicene as already stated (p. 246). + + + + + APPENDIX II + +SPANISH COMMON NOUNS, IN ORDINARY USE, WHICH ARE USED ONLY IN THE PLURAL + +Afueras (environs) +Aguaderas (frames to carry water) +Albricias (reward for good news--also used as interjection: joy! joy!!) +Andas (stretcher, also frame for carrying an image) +Calendas (calends) +Calzoncillos (drawers) +Carnestolendas (carnival) +Celos (jealously--"Celo"--zeal) +Hacer cosquillas (to tickle) +Despabilladoras (snuffers) +Enaguas (skirt) +Fauces (gullet) +Modales (manners) +Mientes--also Mente (the mind) +Parrillas (gridiron) +Puches (sort of fritters) +Tenazas (tongs, pincers) +Tijeras (scissors) +Tinieblas (utter darkness) +Víveres (victuals) +Zaragüelles (kind of breeches) + +Note the following-- + +Á ciegas (blindly) +Á ojos cegarritas (blindly) +Á horcajadas (astride) +Á hurtadillas (on the sly) +Á sabiendas (knowingly) +De puntillas (on tiptoe) +Á tientas (groping) +De bóbilis bóbilis (without toil) +De bruces (on all fours) +En ayunas (fasting) +En volandas (in the air, off one's feet) + +The following plurals, besides the ordinary, have also a different +meaning from the singular-- + +El alfiler (pin) Los alfileres (pins, pin-money) +El día (day) Los días (days, birthday) +La esposa (wife) Las esposas (wives, handcuffs) +El grillo (the cricket) Los grilles (crickets, shackles) +La letra (letter) Las letras (letters--literary knowledge) +El padre (father) Los padres[212] (fathers, parents) + +[Footnote 212: In the same manner all masculine plurals include also the +plurals of both genders, as: Hermanos (brothers, also brothers and +sisters).] + +We make the following remarks on the plural of compound words. + +The elements which concur to the formation of compound nouns are-- + + A B +Verbs Adjectives +Prepositions Nouns +Adverbs Participles +Conjunctions Pronouns +Prefixes + + +GENERAL RULE-- + +The elements in A are invariable except: + +Un bullebulle (busybody), Unos bullebulles +Un quehacer (occupation), Unos quehaceres +Pasapasa (sleight of hand), Pasapasas (sleight of hand tricks) + +The elements in B take the mark of the plural: + +Alzacuello (minister's collar) Alzacuellos +Alzapaño (curtain hook), Alzapañios +Andaniño (child's cart), Andaniñios +Antepasado (ancestor), Antepasados +Ave María (a prayer), Ave Marías +Cualquiera (whatever), Cualesquiera +Entremetido (intruder, busybody), Entremetidos +Gentilhombre (man of gentle birth), Gentileshombres +Guardafuego (fire-guard), Guardafuegos +Hijodalgo (squire), Hijosdalgo +Pasamano (handrail, lace-edgings), Pasamanos +Pasatiempo (pastime), Pasatiempos +Picaparte (latch or latchkey), Picapartes +Pisaverde (beau), Pisaverdes +Portaestandarte (standard bearer), Portaestandartes +Portafusil (musket-sling), Portafusiles +Puercoespín (porcupine), Puercosespines +Quienquiera (whoever), Quienesquiera +Quitasol (parasol), Quitasoles +Ricahembra (woman of gentle birth), Ricashembras +Sobrecama (counterpane), Sobrecamas +Sobredicho (aforesaid), Sobredichos +Tapaboca (slap on the mouth), Tapabocas +Tirabotón (button-hook), Tirabotones + +N.B.--When the second of the two words commences with _r_ this letter +should be doubled-- + +Ropa (clothes), guardarropa (wardrobe), guardarropas (pl.) + +In compound nouns (very rare) formed of two nouns of which the first +stands as an adjective to the second, the first noun remains invariable, +the second only taking the mark of the plural-- + +Ferrocarril (railway), Ferrocarriles +Madreselva (honeysuckle), Madreselvas + +In the following compound nouns formed of an adjective and a noun, the +adjective remains invariable in the plural, as-- + +Bajamar (low tide), Bajamares +Bajorelieve (bas-relief), Bajorelieves +Belladona (belladonna), Belladonas +Blancomanjar (blanc-mange), Blancomanjares +Plenamar (full tide), Plenamares +Salvoconducto (safe conduct), Salvoconductos +Salvaguardia (safeguard), Salvaguardias +Santa Bárbara (powder magazine), Santa Bárbaras + +In compound nouns formed of two words, the first of which has suffered +the loss or change of a letter, this first component remains +invariable-- + +(N.B.--Many such words are found in Spanish.) + +Artimaña (trick), Artimañas +Barbicano (white-bearded man), Barbicanos +Barbilindo (beardless man), Barbilindos +Boquirrubio (rosy-lipped), Boquirrubios +Cojitranco (lame fellow--disparagingly), Cojitrancos +Cuellierguido (stiff-necked man), Cuellierguidos +Gallipavo (turkey), Gallipavos +Manirroto (spendthrift), Manirrotos +Marisabidilla (blue stocking), Marisabidillas +Ojinegro (black-eyed), Ojinegros +Ojizarco (blue-eyed), Ojizarcos +Patizambo (bandy-legged), Patizambos +Pechicolorado (robin redbreast), Pechicolorados +Pleamar (high tide), Pleamares +Tragicomedia (tragi-comedy), Tragicomedias +Viandante (wayfarer), Viandantes + +The following make their plural as follows-- + +Bancarrota (bankruptcy), Bancarrotas +Coliflor (cauliflower), Coliflores +Dares y tomares (wrangling), used only in _pl._ +Dimes y diretes (ifs, ands and buts), used only in _pl._ +Don Diego de noche (four o'clocks--flower), Don Diegos de noche +Maritornes (ill-shaped woman), Maritornes +Parabién (compliment), Parabienes +Vaivén (vibration), Vaivenes + +The following are examples of the large class of nouns (compound) formed +with a verb or adverb and a plural noun and which are used for both +numbers-- + +Azotacalles (idler) +Buscavidas (pryer) +Cortaplumas (penknife) +Chupaflores (humming-bird) +Destripaterrones (navvy) +Lavamanos (wash-hand stand) +Limpiabotas (boot-black) +Matamoros (boaster) +Mondadientes (toothpick) +Papahueros (ninny) +Papamoscas (ninny) +Papanatas (ninny) +Paracaídas (parachute) +Paraguas (umbrella) +Pelagatos (ragamuffin) +Pintamonas (slap-dasher or bad partner) +Sacacorchos (corkscrew) +Salvavidas (life-boats) +Sepancuantos (slap or blow) + +The following also are used for both numbers without alteration-- + +Correveidile (tale-bearer) +Hazmereir (laughing-stock) +Metomentodo (busybody) +Paternoster (Lord's Prayer) +Quitaipón (ornament for headstall of draught beasts) +Sábelotodo (presumptious man) +Sinvergüenza (barefaced man) + + + + + APPENDIX III + +PRINCIPAL NAMES OF COUNTRIES, TOWNS, ETC., (WITH CORRESPONDING SPANISH +ADJECTIVES) + + +Abisinia (abisinio), Abyssinia +Adrianópolis, Adrianopole +África (africano), Africa +Álava (alaveño, alavés), Alava +Albania (albanés), Albania +Alcalá de Henares (complutense), Alcalá +Alemania (alemán), Germany +Alicante (alicantino), Alicante +Alsacia (alsaciano), Alsatia +Amberes, Antwerp +América (americano), America +Andalucía (andaluz), Andalusia +Antillas (antillano), West Indies +Arabia (árabe, arábigo), Arabia +Aragón (aragonés), Arragon +Argel (argelino), Algiers +Argentina (argentine), Argentine +Armenia (armenio), Armenia +Asia (asiático), Asia +Atenas (ateniense), Athens +Austria (austríaco), Austria +Ávila (abulense), Avila +Barcelona (barcelonés), Barcelona +Basilea, Basle +Baviera (bávaro), Bavaria +Belén, Bethlehem +Bélgica (belga, bélgico), Belgium +Bilbao (bilbaíno), Bilbao +Bohemia (bohemo), Bohemia +Bolivia (boliviano), Bolivia +Bolonia (boloñés), Bologna +Brasil (brasileño), Brazil +Bretaña (bretón), Brittany +Brujas, Bruges +Bruselas, Brussels +Buenos Aires (bonaerense, porteño), Buenos Aires +Bulgaria (búlgaro), Bulgaria +Burdeos, Bordeaux +Burgos (burgalés), Burgos +Cádiz (gaditano), Cadiz +Calabria (calabrés), Calabria +Caldea (caldeo), Chaldaea +Canadá (canadiense), Canada +Canarias (canario), Canary Islands +Caracas (caraqueño), Caracas +Cartago (cartaginés), Carthage +Castilla (castellano), Castille +Cataluña (catalán), Catalonia +Cerdeña (sardo), Sardinia +Chile (chileno), Chili +China (chino), China +Colombia (colombiano), Colombia +Copenhague, Copenhagen +Córdoba (cordobés), Cordova +Córcega (corso), Corsica +Corfú (corfiota), Corfu +Dardanelos, Dardenelles +Dinamarca (danés, dinamarqués), Denmark +Dresde, Dresden +Ecuador (ecuatoriano), Equador +Egipto (egipcio), Egypt +Escocia (escocés), Scotland +Esmirna, Smyrna +España (español), Spanish +Estocolmo, Stockholm +Etiopia (etíope), Ethiopia +Europa (europeo), European +Extremadura (extremeño) Extremadura +Fenicia (fenicio), Phoenician +Filipinas (filipino), Philippine Islands +Flandes (flamenco), Flanders +Florencia (florentino), Florentine +Francia (francés), France +Gales (galés), Wales +Galicia (gallego), Galicia (Spain) +Gascuña (gascón), Gascony +Génova (genovés), Genoa +Gibraltar (gibraltareño), Gibraltar +Ginebra (ginebrino), Geneva +Gran Bretaña (británico), Great Britain +Granada (granadino), Granada +Grecia (griego), Greece +Guadalajara (guadalajareño), Guadalajara +Guatemala (guatemalteco), Guatemala +Guipúzcoa (guipuzcoano), Guipuzcoa +Habana (habanero, habano), Havannah +Holanda (holandés), Holland +Honduras (hondureño), Honduras +Hungría (húngaro), Hungary +India (indios), India +Inglaterra (inglés), England +Irlanda (irlandés), Ireland +Italia (italiano), Italy +Japón (japonés), Japan +La Mancha (manchego), La Mancha +León (leonés), Leon (Spain) +Lieja, Liège +Lima (limeño), Lima +Liorna (liornés), Leghorn +Lisboa (lisbonense), Lisbon +Lombardia (lombardo), Lombardy +Londres (londinense), London +Macedonia (macedonio), Macedonia +Madrid (madrileño), Madrid +Málaga (malagueño), Malaga +Malta (maltés), Malta +Mallorca (mallorquín), Majorca +Maracaibo (maracaibero), Maracaibo +Marruecos (marroquí), Morocco +Marsella (marsellés), Marseilles +Menorca (menorquín), Minorca +Méjico (mejicano), Mexico +Murcia (murciano), Murcia +Nápoles (napolitano), Naples +Navarra (navarro), Navarre +Normandia (normando), Normandy +Noruega (noruego), Norway +Pamplona (pamplonés), Pamplona +Paraguay (paraguayano), Paraguay +Paris (parisiense), Paris +Persia (persa _or_ persiano), Persia +Perú (peruano), Peru +Piamonte (piamontés), Piedmont +Polonia (polaco), Poland +Portugal (portugués), Portugal +Puerto Rico (portorriqueño), Porto Rico +Roma (romano), Rome +Rumania (rumano), Roumania +Rusia (ruso), Russia +Saboya (saboyardo), Savoy +Sajonia (sajón), Saxony +Salamanca (salmantino, salamanques), Salamanca +Salvador (salvadoreño), Salvador +San Sebastian (donostiarra), San Sebastian +Serbia (serbio), Serbia +Sevilla (sevillano), Seville +Sicilia (siciliano), Sicily +Suecia (sueco), Sweden +Suiza (suizo), Switzerland +Tetuán (tetuaní), Tetuan +Troya (troyano), Troy +Túnez (tunecino), Tunis +Turquía (turco), Turkey +Uruguay (uruguayano), Uruguay +Valencia (valenciano), Valencia +Valladolid (valisoletano), Valladolid +Varsovia (varsoviano), Warsaw +Vascongadas, Provincias (vascongado, vascuence), Basque Provinces +Venecia (veneciano), Venice +Venezuela (venezolano), Venezuela +Vera Cruz (veracruzano), Vera Cruz +Viena (vienés), Vienna +Vigo (vigués), Vigo +Vitoria (vitoriano), Vitoria +Yucatán (yucateco), Yucatan +Zaragoza (zaragozano), Zaragoza + + + + + APPENDIX IV + + AUGMENTATIVES AND DIMINUTIVES[213] + +[Footnote 213: The terminations _ón_ and _ito_ or _ico_ may be taken by +practically all nouns (avoiding cacophony, as: Pantalonón, +habitacionóna, etc.); the others may not and consequently should not be +used by students, until learnt by practice.] + +Bestiecita (little beast) +Bestiezuela (little beast) (disparaging) +Chiquito (little child) +Chiquitín (little child) +Florecita (little flower) +Florecilla (little flower) (insignificant) +Hombrón (big, tall man) +Hombrote (big, tall man) (disparaging) +Hombracho (big, tall man) (disparaging) +Hombrachón (big, tall man) (disparaging) +Hombrazo (big, tall man) (disparaging) +Hombronazo (big, tall man) (disparaging) +Juanito (little John) +Labradorcito (little labourer) +Lagarto--Lagartija (little lizard) +Lío--Liecito (little bundle) +Librón (large, big book) +Librazo (large, big book) (disparaging) +Libracho (large, big book) (disparaging) +Librote (large, big book) (disparaging) +Llavín (little key, latchkey) +Manuel--Manolo (little Manuel) +Manuel--Manolito (little Manuel) +Madrecita (little mother) +Madrecica (little mother) +Pajarraco (big bird) (disparaging) +Papelón (large paper) +Plazoleta (little square) +Reinecita (little queen) +Tamborcito[214] (little drum) +Tamborcico (little drum) + +[Footnote 214: _Ito_ is more Castillian. _Ico_ is more Aragonese. They +are both used.] + +We repeat that the peculiarity of Augmentative and Diminutive +terminations (with the exception of the Augment. _on_, which denotes +only increase) is that besides the idea of increase or diminution a +further disparaging or endearing meaning is implied although not +_distinctly defined_. + +These terminations in many cases substitute the use of adjectives to +great advantage, and are largely used by Spaniards, especially the +diminutives which, for this reason, should be carefully noticed. + +A diminutive noun can also be further qualified by an adjective, as-- + +Mi padre me regaló este gracioso librito: My father made me a +present of this pretty little book. + +Diminutives can be made of Augmentatives and vice-versa-- + +Escoba (broom), Escobilla, Escobillón +Sala (drawing-room), Salón, Saloncillo + +If a masculine noun ends in _a_ its diminutive also ends in _a_-- + +Un drama (drama), Un dramita +Un poema (poem), Un poemita + +But not nouns that indicate male persons-- + +Papá (Papa), Papaíto + +Although _ón_ and _ote_ are generally augmentative terminations, in the +following words and a few more, they are used as diminutives-- + +Calle (street) Callejón (narrow street, alley) +Carro (cart) Carretón (little cart) +Isla (island) Islote (little barren island) +Torre (tower) Torrejón (turret) + + +Besides Augmentative and Diminutive terminations, there are some +terminations which, without indicating increase or decrease, are used to +indicate disparagement pure and simple-- + +Calducho (bad broth) +Gentualla (mob) +Gentuza (insignificant people) +Libraco (nasty book) +Madrastra (step-mother) +Medicastro (bad doctor) +Mujeruca (old wife, gossip) +Poetastro (bad poet) + + +The Augmentative and Diminutive terminations (especially the latter) are +found added to adjectives and, although more rarely, to other parts of +speech also. They must be learnt by practice, however, as they cannot be +used indiscriminately. + +EXAMPLES-- + +El picarillo (picaruelo) quiere el otro cuello que es más blanquito: The +little rogue wants the other collar which is nice and clean (lit., +whiter). + +Como me gusta la blanca nieve acabadita de caer: How pretty is the snow +just newly fallen. + +Mira á aquella chica tan bien vestidita de azul: Look at that little +girl so prettily dressed in blue + +Vino callandito: He came in as quietly as a mouse. + +Vive cerquita de nuestra casa: He lives quite close to our house. + +Poquito á poco hila la vieja el copo (proverb): Little by little the old +woman spins her distaff (Slow and sure wins the race) + +Translation of the English "ish" after colours-- + +Amarillento (yellowish) +Azulado (bluish) +Azulino (bluish) +Blanquecino (whitish) +Morenito (brownish) +Que tira á moreno (brownish) +Negruzco (blackish) +Pardusco (greyish) +Que tira á pardo ó gris (greyish) +Rojizo (reddish) +Verdoso (greenish) +Verdusco (greenish) + +Notice also-- + +Anaranjado (orange-coloured) +Avellanado (nut-coloured, tawny) +Celeste (sky-blue) +Dorado (golden) +Pajizo (straw-coloured) +Perlino (pearl-coloured) +Plateado (silvery) +Rosado (rose-coloured, pink, rosy) +Terreo (ashen-pale) +Trigueño (brown, wheat-coloured) + + + + + APPENDIX V + +VERBS WHICH DIFFER IN REGIMEN FROM THEIR ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. EXTRACTED +FROM THE GENERAL LIST OF THE GRAMMAR OF THE SPANISH ACADEMY[215] + +[Footnote 215: This list is comprehensive, but not exhaustive; some of +these verbs, besides the preposition given, may be followed by others. +Practice in reading is the best master.] + +Abordar (una nave) á (_or_ con) otra: To board (a ship). +Abrasarse en deseos: To be burning with desire. +Abundar de (_or_ en) riquezas: To abound with riches. +Abusar de la amistad: To abuse friendship. +Acertar con la casa: To find the right house. +Adelantarse á otros: To take the start on others. +Admirarse de un suceso: To wonder at an event. +Aficionarse á alguna cosa: To grow fond of anything. +Alejarse de su tierra: To depart from one's country. +Alimentarse con (_or_ de) yerbas: To feed on vegetables. +Anticiparse á otro: To forestall another. +Apiadarse con los pobres: To have pity on the poor. +Aportar á Barcelona: To put into Barcelona. +Apreciar en mucho: To appreciate highly. +Arder de cólera: To burn with anger. +Armarse de paciencia: To arm oneself with patience. +Arrimarse á la pared: To lean against the wall. +Arrostrar (con (_or_ por)) los peligros: To face the dangers. +Atender (á) los negocios: To attend to business. +Aventajarse á otros: To excel others. + +Bañar con (de _or_ en) lágrimas: To bathe with tears. +Barbear con la pared: To run against the wall. +Brindar á la salud de alguno: To drink the health of someone. +Brindar con regalos: To give presents. +Burlarse de algo: To laugh at something. + +Caber de pies: There to be standing room. +Calificar de docto: To call one learned. +Cambiar una cosa con (_or_ por) otra: To exchange one thing for another. +Campar por su respeto: To keep to oneself. +Carecer de medios: To lack means. +Casar _or_ casarse con alguno: To marry someone. +Cesar de correr: To cease running. +Cifrar su dicha en la virtud: To make one's happiness consist in virtue. +Clavar á (_or_ en) la pared: To nail on the wall. +Cojear del pie derecho: To limp with the right foot. +Colgar de un clavo: To hang on a nail. +Colmar de mercedes: To load with benefits. +Comerciar con su crédito: To trade on one's credit. +Comprar de (_or_ á) una persona: To buy from someone. +Comprar al fiado: To buy on credit. +Comprometerse á pagar: To undertake to pay. +Confiar en (_or_ de) alguno: To trust anybody. +Conservarse con (_or_ en) salud: To keep in good health. +Contar con su auxilio: To count on his help. +Contravenir á la ley: To contravene the law. +Convenir al enfermo: To suit the patient. +Correr con los gastos: To undertake the expense. +Cortar por lo sano: To cut short (an argument, etc.). +Cumplir á uno hacer una cosa: To be one's duty to do something. +Chancearse con alguno: To joke with someone. + +Dañarse del pecho: To injure one's chest. +Dar con la carga en el suelo: To throw down the load. +Dar con quien lo entiende: To come across someone who understands it. +Dar contra un poste: To knock against a post. +Dar de barato: To grant for argument's sake. +Darse por vencido: To give it up. +Decir bien una cosa con otra: To match well together. +Decir para sí: To say to oneself. +Dejar de escribir: To cease writing, to fail to write. +Demandar ante el juez (_or_ en juicio): To summon. +Depender de alguno: To be dependent on someone. +Desayunarse con chocolate: To breakfast on chocolate. +Desconfiar de alguno: To mistrust one. +Descuidarse de (_or_ en) su obligación: To neglect one's duty. +Desfallecer de ánimo: To lose courage. +Deshacerse de los géneros: To get rid of the goods. +Detestar de la mentira: To hate lying. +Disfrutar de buena renta: To enjoy a good income. +Doblar por un difunto: To sound the death knell. +Dudar de alguna cosa: To doubt something. + +Echar en tierra: To throw on the ground. +Echar de casa: To turn out of the house. +Echar de ver una cosa: To perceive (realise) a thing. +Echarla de rico: To assume airs of a rich man. +Embelesarse con alguna cosa: To go into raptures over anything. +Embutir de algodón: To stuff with cotton. +Enajenarse de alguna cosa: To do away with anything. +Encargarse de algún negocio: To undertake a business. +Encontrarse con un amigo: To meet a friend. +Encuadernar á la rústica, en pasta: To bind in paper covers, in boards. +Escarmentar con la desgracia: To take warning from misfortune. +Esmerarse en alguna cosa: To take pains with anything. + +Fiarse á (de, en) alguno: To trust in anyone. +Firmar de propria mano: To sign with one's own hand. +Forrar de (con, en) pieles: To line with skins. +Fumar en pipa: To smoke the pipe. + +Girar á cargo de alguno: To draw on someone. +Girar sobre París: To draw on Paris. +Guardarse de alguno: To guard against anybody. +Gustar de bromas: To be fond of joking. + +Habérselas con otros: To wrangle, to have a bone to pick, to vie with +Hacer de galán en un drama: To take the part of principal actor in a drama. +Herir de muerte: To wound fatally. +Hincarse de rodillas: To fall on one's knees. +Hocicar con (contra, en) alguna cosa: To run against anything. + +Igualar (igualarse) á (_or_ con) otro: To equal another, to match. +Indemnizar del perjuicio: To indemnify for the loss. +Influir con el jefe: To influence the chief. +Insistir en (sobre) una cosa: To insist on something. +Inspirar una idea á alguno: To inspire anybody with an idea. +Inundar de (_or_ en) agua: To flood with water. + +Librar á cargo de un banquero: To draw on a banker. +Librar una letra sobre Paris: To draw a bill on Paris. +Lindar (una tierra) con otra: To border on another. +Llegar á la posada: To reach the inn. +Llevarse bien con el vecino: To get on well with the neighbour. +Llover á cantaros: To rain in bucketfuls. + +Maravillarse con (_or_ de) una noticia: To be surprised at some news. +Marcar á fuego: To brand. +Mejorar de condición: To improve in condition. +Mejorar en tercio y quinto: To improve greatly. + +Oler á rosas: To smell of roses. + +Parecerse á otro: To be similar to another. +Pensar en (sobre) alguna cosa: To think of something. +Pensar para sí: To think to oneself. +Perecerse de risa: To die with laughter. +Pintar de azul: To paint blue. +Poblar de árboles: To plant with trees. +Ponerse á escribir: To commence writing. +Prescindir de una cosa: To dispense with anything. +Presumir de rico: To feign riches. +Proveer á la necesidad pública: To provide the needs of the public. + +Quedar á deber: To remain owing. +Quedarse con lo ajeno: To keep other people's property. + +Rebosar de alegría: To teem with joy. +Recibir á cuenta: To receive on account. +Recibir de criado: To admit as a servant. +Recibir por esposa: To receive as a wife. +Reclamar á fulano: To claim from so and so. +Responder á la pregunta: To answer the question. +Reventar de risa: To burst with laughter. +Rodear de una pared: To surround with a wall. + +Saber á vino: To taste of wine. +Salirse con la suya: To have one's own way. +Salvarse á nado: To save oneself by swimming. +Sentarse á la mesa: To sit down at table. +Soñar con ladrones: To dream of thieves. +Suplicar (apelar) de la sentencia: To appeal against the sentence. + +Tachar de ligero: To tax one with levity. +Tener á menos hablar á uno: Not to deign to speak to one. +Tenerse de pie: To stand on foot. +Teñir de (en) negro: To dye black. +Tomar á pecho: To take to heart. +Tomar hacia la derecha: To turn to the right. +Trabajar á destajo: To do work by the job. +Trabarse de palabras: To quarrel. +Transportar á lomo: To carry on one's back. + +Varar en la playa: To run aground. +Velar á los muertos: To watch over the dead. +Vengarse de una ofensa: To avenge an insult. +Vengarse en el ofensor: To avenge oneself on the offender. +Venir á casa: To come home. +Ver de hacer algo: To try and do something. +Vestir á la moda: To dress in the fashion. +Vestir de máscara: To dress in fancy dress. +Vestirse de paño: To dress in cloth. +Vivir á su gusto: To live after one's taste. + + + CONJUGATION OF THE REGULAR AND AUXILIARY VERBS + +The Simple tenses only are given--Compound tenses are formed with the +verb "haber" followed by the past participle. + ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| Infinitive | | | | | +| Mood. | Hablar | Temer | Partir | Tener | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Pres. Part. | Hablando | Temiendo | Partiendo | Teniendo | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Past Part. | Hablado | Temido | Partido | Tenido | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Indic. Pres. | Hablo | Temo | Parto | Tengo | +| | Hablas | Temes | Partes | Tienes | +| | Habla | Teme | Parte | Tiene | +| | Hablamos | Tememos | Partimos | Tenemos | +| | Habláis | Teméis | Partís | Tenéis | +| | Hablan | Temen | Parten | Tienen | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Indic. Imperf. | Hablaba | Temía | Partía | Tenía | +| | Hablabas | Temías | Partías | Tenías | +| | Hablaba | Temía | Partía | Tenía | +| | Hablábamos | Temíamos | Partíamos | Teníamos | +| | Hablabais | Temíais | Partíais | Teníais | +| | Hablaban | Temían | Partían | Tenían | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +|Past Def. | Hablé | Temí | Partí | Tuve | +| | Hablaste | Temiste | Partiste | Tuviste | +| | Habló | Temió | Partió | Tuvo | +| | Hablámos | Temimos | Partímos | Tuvimos | +| | Hablasteis | Temisteis | Partisteis | Tuvisteis | +| | Hablaron | Temieron | Partieron | Tuvieron | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Future | Hablaré | Temeré | Partiré | Tendré | +| | Hablarás | Temerás | Partirás | Tendrás | +| | Hablará | Temerá | Partirá | Tendrá | +| | Hablaremos | Temeremos | Partiremos | Tendremos | +| | Hablaréis | Temeréis | Partiréis | Tendréis | +| | Hablarán | Temerán | Partirán | Tendrán | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Conditional. | Hablaría | Temería | Partiría | Tendría | +| | Hablarías | Temerías | Partirías | Tendrías | +| | Hablaría | Temería | Partiría | Tendría | +| | Hablaríamos| Temeríamos | Partiríamos | Tendríamos | +| | Hablaríais | Temeríais | Partiríais | Tendríais | +| | Hablarían | Temerían | Partirían | Tendrían | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Subj. Pres. | Hable | Tema | Parta | Tenga | +| | Hables | Temas | Partas | Tengas | +| | Hable | Tema | Parta | Tenga | +| | Hablemos | Temamos | Partamos | Tengamos | +| | Habléis | Temáis | Partáis | Tengáis | +| | Hablen | Teman | Partan | Tengan | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Subj. Imperf. | Hablase | Temiese | Partiese | Tuviese | +|(1st form) | Hablases | Temieses | Partieses | Tuvieses | +| | Hablase | Temiese | Partiese | Tuviese | +| | Hablásemos | Temiésemos | Partiésemos | Tuviésemos | +| | Hablaseis | Temieseis | Partieseis | Tuvieseis | +| | Hablasen | Temiesen | Partiesen | Tuviesen | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Subj. Imperf. | Hablara | Temiera | Partiera | Tuviera | +|(2nd form) | Hablaras | Temieras | Partieras | Tuvieras | +| | Hablara | Temiera | Partiera | Tuviera | +| | Habláramos | Temiéramos | Partiéramos | Tuviéramos | +| | Hablarais | Temierais | Partierais | Tuvierais | +| | Hablaran | Temieran | Partieran | Tuvieran | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Subj. Future. | Hablare | Temiere | Partiere | Tuviere | +| | Hablares | Temieres | Partieres | Tuvieres | +| | Hablare | Temiere | Partiere | Tuviere | +| | Habláremos | Temiéremos | Partiéremos | Tuviéremos | +| | Hablareis | Temiereis | Partiereis | Tuviereis | +| | Hablaren | Temieren | Partieren | Tuvieren | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Imperative. | Habla | Teme | Parte | Ten | +| | Hable | Tema | Parta | Tenga | +| | Hablemos | Temamos | Partamos | Tengamos | +| | Hablad | Temed | Partid | Tened | +| | Hablen | Teman | Partan | Tengan | ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ + +Auxiliary Verbs + ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| Infinitive | | | | +| Mood. | Haber | Ser | Estar | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Pres. Part. | Habiendo | Siendo | Estando | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Past Part. | Habido | Sido | Estado | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Indic. Pres. | He | Soy | Estoy | +| | Has | Eres | Estás | +| | Ha | Es | Está | +| | Hemos | Somos | Estamos | +| | Habéis | Sois | Estáis | +| | Han | Son | Estan | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Indic. Imperf. | Había | Era | Estaba | +| | Habías | Eras | Estabas | +| | Había | Era | Estaba | +| | Habíamos | Éramos | Estábamos | +| | Habíais | Erais | Estabais | +| | Habían | Eran | Estaban | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Past Def. | Hube | Fuí | Estuve | +| | Hubiste | Fuiste | Estuviste | +| | Hubo | Fué | Estuvo | +| | Hubimos | Fuimos | Estuvimos | +| | Hubisteis | Fuisteis | Estuvisteis | +| | Hubieron | Fueron | Estuvieron | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Future | Habré | Seré | Estaré | +| | Habrás | Serás | Estarás | +| | Habrá | Será | Estará | +| | Habremos | Seremos | Estaremos | +| | Habréis | Seréis | Estaréis | +| | Habran | Serán | Estarán | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Conditional. | Habría | Sería | Estaría | +| | Habrías | Serías | Estarías | +| | Habría | Sería | Estaría | +| | Habríamos | Seríamos | Estaríamos | +| | Habríais | Seríais | Estaríais | +| | Habrían | Serían | Estarían | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Subj. Pres. | Haya | Sea | Esté | +| | Hayas | Seas | Estés | +| | Haya | Sea | Esté | +| | Hayamos | Seamos | Estemos | +| | Hayáis | Seáis | Estéis | +| | Hayan | Sean | Estén | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Subj. Imperf. | Hubiese | Fuese | Estuviese | +| (1st form) | Hubieses | Fueses | Estuvieses | +| | Hubiese | Fuese | Estuviese | +| | Hubiésemos | Fuesemos | Estuviesemos | +| | Hubieseis | Fueseis | Estuvieseis | +| | Hubiesen | Fuesen | Estuviesen | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Subj. Imperf. | Hubiera | Fuera | Estuviera | +| (2nd form) | Hubieras | Fueras | Estuvieras | +| | Hubiera | Fuera | Estuviera | +| | Hubiéramos | Fueramos | Estuvieramos | +| | Hubierais | Fuerais | Estuvierais | +| | Hubieran | Fueran | Estivieran | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Subj. Future | Hubiere | Fuere | Estuviere | +| | Hubieres | Fueres | Estuvieres | +| | Hubiere | Fuere | Estuviere | +| | Hubiéremos | Fuéremos | Estuviéremos | +| | Hubiereis | Fuereis | Estuviereis | +| | Hubieren | Fueren | Estuvieren | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Imperative | Hé | Sé | Está | +| | Haya | Sea | Esté | +| | Hayamos | Seamos | Estemos | +| | Hayed | Sed | Estad | +| | Hayan | Sean | Estén | ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ + +DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "SER" AND "ESTAR" (for easy reference). + +Ser is used-- + i. To form the Passive Voice. + ii. To denote an inherent quality. + +Estar is used-- + i. To denote state in locality, viz., "to be" in a place. + ii. To denote condition (as opposed to inherent quality). + +SUPPLEMENTARY RULES. + +Use Ser-- + i. Before a noun (even if an adjective or an article intervenes). + ii. When "to be" is used impersonally. + iii. When "to be" denotes possession. + iv. Before _pobre_, _rico_, _felis_, and _infeliz_. + + + + + + =APPENDIX VI= + +PRINCIPAL VERBS, THE LAST ROOT VOWEL OF WHICH CHANGES INTO A DIPHTHONG +WHEN THE STRESS OF THE VOICE FALLS ON IT, AS--- + + +=Pensar= (to think). + +_Pres. Ind._, Pienso, piensas, piensa,--,--, piensan. +_Pres. Subj._, Piense, pienses, piense,--,--, piensen. +_Imperative_, Piensa, piense,--,--, piensen. + + +=Entender= (to understand). + +_Pres. Ind._, Entiendo, entiendes, entiende,--,--, entienden. +_Pres. Subj._, Entienda, entiendas, entienda,--,--, entiendan. +_Imperative_, Entiende, entienda,--,--, entiendan. + + +=Sentir= (to feel). + +_Pres. Ind._, Siento, sientes, siente,--,--, sienten. +_Pres. Subj._, Sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos,[217] sintáis,[217] +sientan. +_Imperative_, Siente, sienta, sintamos,[217]--, sientan. + + +=Acordar= (to agree). + +_Pres. Ind._, Acuerdo, acuerdas, acuerda,--,--, acuerdan. +_Pres. Subj._, Acuerde, acuerdes, acuerde,--,--, acuerden. +_Imperative_, Acuerda, acuerde,--,--, acuerden. + + +=Mover= (to move). + +_Pres. Ind._, Muevo, mueves, mueve,--,--, mueven. +_Pres. Subj._, Mueva, muevas, mueva,--,--, muevan. +_Imperative_, Mueve, mueva,--,--, muevan. + + +=Dormir= (to sleep).[216] + +_Pres. Ind._, Duermo, duermes, duerme,--,--, duermen. +_Pres. Subj._, Duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos,[217] durmáis,[217] +duerman. +_Imperative_, Duerme, duerma, durmamos,[217]--, duerman. + +[Footnote 216: _Morir_ (to die) is the only verb conjugated like +_Dormir_; but past part. _Muerto_.] + +[Footnote 217: Notice the additional irregularities.] + + + +Principal Verbs conjugated like "Pensar"-- + +Acertar (to hit the mark) +Acrecentar (to increase) +Alentar (to encourage) +Apretar (to squeeze) +Arrendar (to lease, to hire) +Asentarse (to sit down) +Aterrar (to pull down) +Atravesar (to cross) + +Calentar (to warm) +Cegar (to blind) +Cerrar (to shut, to close) +Comendar (to commend) +Comenzar (to begin) +Confesar (to confess) + +Desmembrar (to dismember) +Despertar (to awake) + +Empedrar (to pave) +Empezar (to begin) +Encerrar (to shut in) +Enmendar (to correct) + +Gobernar (to govern) + +Manifestar (to manifest) +Mentar (to mention) + +Negar (to deny) + +Plegar (to fold) + +Quebrar (to break) + +Recomendar (to recommend) +Reventar (to burst) + +Temblar (to tremble) +Tentar (to tempt, to attempt) +Tropezar (to stumble) + + +Principal Verbs conjugated like "Entender"-- + +Ascender (to go up) +Atender (to attend) + +Condescender (to condescend) +Contender (to contend) + +Defender (to defend) +Descender (to descend) + +Encender (to light) +Extender (to extend) + +Perder (to lose) + +Tender (to stretch) + +Verter (to shed, to spill) + + +Principal Verbs conjugated like "Sentir"-- + +Adherir[218] (to adhere) +Adquirir[218] (to acquire) +Advertir[218] (to notice, to warn) +Arrepentirse (to repent) +Asentir (to assent) + +Consentir (to consent) + +Erguir (to erect, to raise) + +Hervir (to boil) + +Mentir (to lie) + +[Footnote 218: And all in _erir, irir, ertir_.] + + +Principal Verbs conjugated like "Acordar"-- + +Acostarse (to go to bed) +Almorzar (to breakfast) +Apostar (to bet) +Aprobar (to approve) +Avergonzarse (to be ashamed) + +Colgar (to hang) +Consolar (to comfort) +Contar (to relate) +Costar (to cost) + +Encontrar (to meet) + +Forzar (to force) + +Hollar (to tread) + +Mostrar (to show) + +Poblar (to people) +Probar (to prove) + +Recordar (to remind, to remember) +Renovar (to renew) +Rodar (to roll) +Rogar (to pray) + +Soldar (to solder) +Soltar (to loosen) +Sonar (to sound) +Soñar (to dream) + +Tostar (to toast) +Trocar (to exchange, to barter) + +Volar (to fly) + + +Principal Verbs conjugated like "Mover"-- + +Absolver (_And all in _olver_) (to absolve) + +Cocer (to bake, to cook) + +Demoler (to demolish) +Doler (to ache) + +Moler (to grind) +Morder (to bite) + +Oler (to smell)[219] + +[Footnote 219: _Huelo_, etc., (because no words begin with _ue_).] + +Promover (to promote) + +Soler (to be accustomed) + +Torcer (to twist) + + + +LIST OF PRINCIPAL VERBS CONJUGATED LIKE "PEDIR"-- + +Ceñir (And all in _eñir_) (to gird) +Competir (to compete) +Concebir (to conceive) +Corregir (to correct) + +Derretir (to melt) + +Elegir (to elect, to select) +Embestir (to run down, to assail) + +Freir (to fry) + +Gemir (to moan) + +Impedir (to prevent) + +Medir (to measure) + +Regir (to rule, to govern) +Reir (to laugh) +Repetir (to repeat) + +Seguir (to follow) +Servir (to serve) + +Vestir (to dress, to clothe) + + +END + + + +================================================== +Transcriber's note: The edition of this book that +was used to produce the document is as follows: +================================================== + +PITMAN'S COMMERCIAL SPANISH GRAMMAR + +BY + +C. A. TOLEDANO + +LATE LECTURER IN THE VICTORIA UNIVERSITY, MANCHESTER; EXTERNAL EXAMINER, +UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM; H.M. ASSISTANT INSPECTOR FOR SPANISH; SPANISH +MASTER AT THE MANCHESTER MUNICIPAL SCHOOL OF COMMERCE, MANCHESTER +ATHENAEUM, ETC. + +_SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED_ + +LONDON + +SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD., 1 AMEN CORNER, E. C. BATH, NEW YORK AND +MELBOURNE _UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME_ + +2s 6d net + +=PITMAN'S COMMERCIAL FRENCH GRAMMAR=. By F.W.M DRAPER, M A. (Cantab.), +_Licencié ès Lettres_. + +=ITALIAN=. By LUIGI RICCI, AND =GERMAN=. By JETHRO BITHELL + + + + +=KEY TO COMMERCIAL SPANISH GRAMMAR= + +In crown 8vo, cloth, 66 pp, 2s. net. + +For Complete List of Pitman's Language Text-books, see Catalogue +contained at the end of this book. + +PRINTED BY SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD, LONDON, BATH, NEW YORK AND +MELBOURNE + +A MI SEÑOR PADRE, + +--LO QUE PUEDO _Reprinted_, 1917 + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar +(2nd ed.), by C. A. Toledano + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPANISH GRAMMAR *** + +***** This file should be named 15127-8.txt or 15127-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/1/2/15127/ + +Produced by Curtis Weyant, Chuck Greif and the PG Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/15127-8.zip b/15127-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a37ecd --- /dev/null +++ b/15127-8.zip diff --git a/15127.txt b/15127.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dcbc2c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/15127.txt @@ -0,0 +1,18502 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd +ed.), by C. A. Toledano + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd ed.) + +Author: C. A. Toledano + +Release Date: February 21, 2005 [EBook #15127] + +Language: English and Spanish + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPANISH GRAMMAR *** + + + + +Produced by Curtis Weyant, Chuck Greif and the PG Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +=============================================================== +Transcriber's note: The details on the edition of the book that +was used to produce this eText, have been moved to the end of +this document for the benefit of those who might be interested. +=============================================================== + + + + PITMAN'S COMMERCIAL SPANISH GRAMMAR + + BY + + C. A. TOLEDANO + + 1917 + + + + + PREFACE + +With the best intention of justifying Messrs. PITMAN'S confidence in +entrusting me with the compilation of a Spanish Grammar to form part of +the series of "Commercial Grammars," I set to work to produce a book +which, while avoiding pedantry and the agglomeration of superfluous and +intricate rules which puzzle the student, should equally avoid falling +into the extreme of coarseness which debases the subject under study, or +the scrappiness resulting in gaps that perplex and discourage him. I +have tried to be brief and clear in the rules given. + +The vocabulary has been chosen carefully, avoiding the artificiality of +too much commercial technology, but keeping constantly in view the +object of the Series, viz., to produce grammars specially suitable for +students preparing for a commercial career. + +Whether I have succeeded in my efforts it is for the public to judge. I +can only say that, after more than twenty-five years' teaching of +Spanish in all its stages, privately, at the Manchester University and +in the large classes of our public Institutions, I have tried my best to +give the fruits of my experience to any interested young people who may +be eager to learn a language beautiful, noble, and most useful. + +I do not claim to have reached perfection. I only trust the book, such +as it presents itself, will be of real help to the student. + +C.A. TOLEDANO. + +MANCHESTER, 1911. + + + + + + COMMERCIAL SPANISH GRAMMAR + + + + + ALPHABET. + +A (_a_) G (_ge_) M (_eme_) Rr (_erre_) +B (_be_) H (_hache_) N (_ene_) S (_ese_) +C (_ce_) I (_i_) N (_ene_) T (_te_) +Ch (_che_) J (_jota_) O (_o_) U (_u_) +D (_de_) K (_ka_) P (_pe_) V (_ve_) +E (_e_) L (_ele_) Q (_cu_) X (_equis_) +F (_efe_) Ll (_elle_) R (_ere_) Y (_y griega_ or _ye_) +Z (_zeta_) + +K (_ka_) and W (_doble ve_) are only found in foreign words +used in Spanish. + + + PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS. + +_a_ as English a in f_a_ther +_e_[1] " a " f_a_te[2] +_i_ " i " magaz_i_ne +_o_[1] " o " n_o_te[2] +_u_ " u " r_u_le + +These five sounds _never_ vary, except that they are a little longer +when they are stressed and shorter when they are not, as Yo amo (I +love),[3] Amigo (friend), El cielo (heaven), Celeste (heavenly), Un +recibo (a receipt), Interes (interest), Yo como (I eat), Contar (to +count), Un buque (a ship), Una butaca (an armchair). + +_Y_ is considered a vowel in the conjunction _y_ (and), and at the end +of a word, as Rey (king), Hoy (to-day). + +[Footnote 1: _E_ and _o_ are sounded a little more open when they form +a diphthong with _i_ and when they precede _r_ followed by a consonant +or _r_ or _l_ final, as Fernando (Ferdinand), Un tercio (a third), El +tercer ano (the third year), Porfiar (to insist), Amor (love), Espanol +(Spanish).] + +[Footnote 2: The _a_ and _o_ of "fate" and "note" are not _pure vowel +sounds_. In English the a is distinctly pronounced a-ee and o is +pronounced o-oo. + +In Spanish the first part _only_ of the two sounds is permissible.] + +[Footnote 3: The examples given with their English equivalents should be +learnt. + + + DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS. + +There are no Diphthongs or Triphthongs in the English sense of two or +three vowels meeting in one syllable and blending into a different +sound, as "pause," "plough." + +Every vowel is pronounced separately and each with its alphabetical +sound, only the two or three vowels occurring in one syllable are +pronounced rapidly, as Pausa (pause), Reino (kingdom), Cuenta (account), +Buey (ox). + +_A, E_ and _O_ never form diphthongs together. They may form diphthongs +and triphthongs only in combination with _I_ and _U_. + + + CONSONANTS. + +The Consonants are pronounced as in English with the following +exceptions: + +B is pronounced much more lightly than in English, with no pressure of +the lips, as Libro (book), Brevedad (brevity). + +C before _E_ and _I_--_th_ in "theatre," as La Cena (the supper), La +Cerveza (the beer). Otherwise pronounced _K_ as in English, as Caja +(case, box), Color (colour), Cubico (cubic). + +Ch _always_ as _ch_ in "church" (never hard as in "monarch"), as +Chocolate (chocolate), Charla (prattle). + +D at the end of a word or after a vowel is pronounced very softly and +lightly, with a tinge of _th_ in "they," as Madrid, Amado (loved), +Encarnado (red). + +G before _E_ and _I_ is pronounced guttural, as El general (the +general), El giro (the draft, bill). This sound is equal to _ch_ in the +Scotch word "loch." In all other cases G is pronounced hard, as in the +English word "gay"; as Gato (cat), Gobierno (government), Gusto +(pleasure, taste). + +H is a mute letter. (Although in Andalusia it is aspirated in certain +words.) + +J is always guttural, as Juan (John), Jornalero (day labourer), Junio +(June), Reloj (watch, clock). + +Ll--_ly_, stronger than _li_ in "pavilion," as Belleza (beauty), Folleto +(leaflet). + +N--ny, stronger than _ni_ in "pinion," as Nino (child), Cana (cane), El +otono (autumn). + +Q is only used before _ue_ and _ui_ (and the _u_ is then _mute_), as +Querido (dear, beloved), Yo quiero (I want). + +R as in English, but it is always rolled, as Caro (dear, expensive), +Perdida (loss). At the beginning of a word or when preceded by a +consonant it is rolled more strongly, as La rosa (the rose), Deshonra +(dishonour). + +Rr always rolled strongly, as Carro (cart), El ferrocarril (the +railway). + +S always pronounced as _s_ in "soap," and never as in "as" or "sure." + +T as in "tea," but never as _t_ in "nation." It must be pronounced +softly, not explosive, as Fortuna (fortune), Cuatro (four). + +V is pronounced much more lightly than in English, as Vino (wine), Vivir +(to live). By the common people _V_ is often confounded with _B_, but +educated Spaniards will always make the proper distinction. + +Y--Spanish _I_. + +Z--_th_ in "theatre," as Zarazas (cotton prints), Zorra (fox). + +NOTE.--In modern Spanish Z is not used before _E_ or _I_, its place +being supplied by _C_. + + + RULES ON PRONUNCIATION. + +RULE I.--Every letter is pronounced. There are no mute letters as _b_ in +"lamb" or _n_ in "autumn." + +EXCEPTIONS--_H_ is not sounded as already explained in the alphabet. _U_ +is not sounded in the following syllables: _que, qui, gue_ and _gui_, as +Quedar (to remain), Quinta (villa), Guerra (war), Aguila (eagle), unless +the _u_ in _gue_ and _gui_ has the diaeresis, as Argueir (to argue), +Vergueenza (shame). + +RULE II.--No consonant is doubled except C and N. _C_ is found doubled +in words like Acceder (to accede) when one _C_ is hard--_k_ and the +other soft--_th_. + +_N_ is found doubled in words having the prefix _in_, as Innoble +(ignoble), Innavegable (unnavigable). Also in Perenne (perennial) and a +very few more words. + +_Ll_ and _Rr_ are treated as single letters. + +RULE III.--The _stress of the voice_ falls on the last syllable but one +in all words ending in a vowel or _S_ or _N_; otherwise it falls on the +last syllable, as Una factura (an invoice), Facturas (invoices), Hermano +(brother), Cartas (letters), Ellos tienen (they have), Azul (blue), +Abril (April), Labor (labour), Feliz (happy). + +In diphthongs and triphthongs the stress is not on _i_ or _u_, but falls +on _a_, _e_ or _o_, as Reina (queen), Gracia (grace), Igual (equal), +Cielo (heaven). + +When the diphthong is formed by _i_ and _u_ the last one bears the +stress, as Un viudo (a widower), La ciudad (the city), Luisa (Louise). + +The numerous exceptions to the above rule are all marked by the written +accent ('), as Facturo (he invoiced), Escribira (he will write), Hablame +(speak to me), Ingles (English), Aleman (German), Util (useful), Jovenes +(young men). + +The stress of the voice should fall _distinctly_ on the proper syllable +according to the above rule, and the attention of the student must be +earnestly called to this very important point. + +A word in the plural maintains the stress on the same syllable as in its +singular, as El oceano (the ocean), Oceanos (oceans), Calculo +(calculation), Calculos (calculations), Ingles (Englishman), Ingleses +(Englishmen); except Caracter (character), Caracteres (characters), +Regimen (regime or rule), Regimenes (regimes or rules)--the latter +hardly ever used in the plural. + + + SIGNS. + + The Written Accent. + +The only accent in Spanish is ('). It is used-- + +(1) To mark the exceptions to the _Rule of Stress_. + +(2) To distinguish between two meanings of the same word, as El (the), +El (he); De (of), Que el de (that he may give); Se (3rd person reflexive +pronoun, "himself," etc.), Yo se (I know); Mas (more), Mas (but). + +(3) In the following words established by use, as "o" or "u" (or), +"e" (and), "a" (to).[4] + +(4) In some words when used interrogatively, as Quien? (who?), Que? +(what?), Cual? (which?), Cuyo? (whose?), Donde? (where?). + +(5) On _I_ and _U_ when they occur together with _A, E_ or _O_, the _I_ +or _U_ not belonging to the same syllable, viz., not forming diphthong +with _A, E_ or _O_, as Filosofia (philosophy), El continua (he +continues). + +(6) On _I_ following _U_ when the _I_ does not form a diphthong, but +stands as a separate syllable, as Concluido (concluded), Imbuido +(imbued). + +(7) On Este (this), Ese and Aquel (that) when these words are stressed. + +[Footnote 4: According to the last edition of the Grammar of the +Spanish Academy, these words may now be written without the accent.] + + + Crema (Diaeresis). + +The diaeresis is placed over _u_ in "guee" and "guei" when the _u_ is to +be sounded.[5] + +[Footnote 5: In poetry also to divide an ordinary diphthong into two +syllables for the sake of rhythm.] + + Tilde. + +The tilde (~) is used on the letter _N_ to turn it into _N_, as Manana +(morning) (in old Spanish spelt Mannana). + + + Notes of Interrogation and Exclamation. + +These are used in Spanish both at the beginning and at the end of the +question or exclamation, as ?Que quiere V.? (what do you want?), +iCuantos sufrimientos! (how much suffering!). Note that at the beginning +they are reversed. + +The other signs of punctuation are used as in English. + +Capital letters are used as in English with the following exceptions-- + +(1) Adjectives of nationality are written with small letters, as Un +libro ingles (an English book). + +(2) Days of the week generally (and sometimes the months of the year) +are written with small letters. + + + DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES. + +After the first syllable each succeeding one _commences with a +consonant_, as a-for-tu-na-da-men-te (fortunately), except when a +prefix occurs before a primitive word,[6] as Organizar (to organise). + +[Footnote 6: A few minor exceptions will be learnt by practice.] + +Des-or-ga-ni-zar (to disorganise). + +When two consonants occur together one letter belongs to one syllable +and the other to the next, as-- + +Ac-ci-den-te (accident) Pe-ren-ne (perennial) Tem-po-ral-men-te +(temporarily) In-me-dia-to (immediate) + +EXCEPTION--_bl, br, pl, pr, cl, cr, dr, fl, fr, gl, gr_ and _tr_ are not +divided, as-- + +A-blan-dar (to soften) +Li-bro (book) +A-pla-zar (to postpone) +A-pre-ciar (to appreciate) +De-cla-mar (to declaim) +De-cre-tar (to decree) +A-me-dren-tar (to frighten) +Con-fla-gra-cion (conflagration) +Re-fren-dar (to countersign) +A-glo-me-rar (to agglomerate) +A-gran-dar (to enlarge) +En-con-trar (to meet) + +If any of these combinations occur together with a third consonant, this +of course will belong to the previous syllable, as + +Em-bro-llar (to entangle). + +If four consonants come together, two belong to the first syllable and +two to the next, as Obs-tru-ir (to obstruct). + +_Ll_ and _Rr_, being treated as single letters, must not be divided, +as-- + +Ba-lle-na (whale) +Una ca-lle (a street) +A-lla-nar (to level) +Tie-rra (earth) + + + + + LESSON I. + + THE ARTICLE. + + +The =Definite Article= in Spanish is + +=El= before a masculine[7] noun singular +=La= " feminine[7] " " + + +[Footnote 7: Spanish nouns are all masculine or feminine. There are no +_neuter nouns_.] + +as-- + +El hombre (the man)--La mujer (the woman) +El libro (the book)--La pluma (the pen) + + +El recibo (the receipt)--La cuenta (the account) + +=Los= before a masculine noun plural +=Las= " feminine " " + +as-- + +Los muchachos (the boys)--Las senoras (the ladies) +Los generos (the goods)--Las facturas (the invoices) +Los lapices (the pencils)--Las cartas (the letters). + +The =Indefinite Article= is-- + + +=Un= before a masculine noun singular +=Una= " feminine " " + +as-- + +Un amigo (a friend)--Una amiga (a lady-friend) +Un padre (a father)--Una madre (a mother) + + +The Indefinite Article has no plural, but the Spanish plural forms +"unos" (masc.) and "unas" (fem.) translate the English words "some" or +"any," as Unos hermanos (some brothers), Unas hermanas (some sisters), +Unos tinteros (some inkstands), Unas mesas (some tables). (The Spanish +words "Algunos," "Algunas," are also used for the same purpose.) + +NOTE 1.--Before a feminine noun _singular_ commencing with _a_ or _ha_ +use =El= and =Un= instead of _La_ and _Una_ if such nouns are _stressed +on the first syllable_, as El aguila (the eagle), El agua (the water), +El alma (the soul). (The plural is regular, as Las aguilas (the +eagles).) + +NOTE 2.--The Definite Article has a "neuter form" which is =Lo=. _It +cannot be used before a noun_ but before other parts of speech used to +represent an abstract idea, as Yo amo lo bello (I love the beautiful, +viz., all that which is beautiful), Lo sublime (the sublime, viz., all +that which is sublime). + + + REGULAR VERBS. + +_1st Conjugation_. Hablar (to speak). _Pres. Part._ Hablando (speaking). +_Past Part._ Hablado (spoken). + +_Present Tense, Indicative Mood_. + + +Yo hablo (I speak) Nosotros (_m._) hablamos (we speak) + Nosotras (_f._) hablamos (we speak) + +Tu hablas[8] (thou speakest) Vosotros (_m._) hablais (you speak) + Vosotras (_f._) hablais (you speak) + +El _or_ Ella habla (he or she speaks) Ellos (_m._) hablan (they speak) + Ellas (_f._) hablan (they speak) +Usted habla (you speak)[9]. Ustedes hablan (you speak).[9] + +[Footnote 8: The second person is only used in the familiar style, +practically when in English the 2nd person would be addressed as "John" +or "Frank" and not as "Mr. Smith" or "Mr. Brown."] + +[Footnote 9: This is called the polite way of addressing and is the +form in use. Note that the verb after it is in the _3rd person_, +because "Usted," "Ustedes" (which can be abbreviated as V. Vs.) are +contractions of Vuestra merced (your grace), Vuestras mercedes (your +graces). V. ama = your grace _loves_.] + +_2nd Conjugation_. Temer (to fear). +_Pres. Part._ Temiendo. _Past Part_. Temido. + +_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_. + +Yo temo Nosotros (_m._) temenos + Nosotras (_f._) temenos + +Tu temes Vosotros (_m._) temeis + Vosotras (_f._) temeis + +El teme Ellos (_m._) temen +Ella teme Ellas (_f._) temen + +V. teme Vs. temen + +_3rd Conjugation_. Partir (to depart, to set out). +_Pres. Part._ Partiendo. _Past Part_. Partido. + +_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_. + +Yo parto Nosotros (_m._) partimos + Nosotras (_f._) partimos + +Tu partes Vosotros (_m._) partis + Vosotras (_f._) partis + +El parte Ellos (_m._) parten +Ella parte Ellas (_f._) parten + +V. parte Vs. parten + + + + VOCABULARY. + +=a=, to, at +=amar=[10], to love +=el arbol=, the tree +=las botas=, the boots +=el capitan=, the captain +=la camisa=, the shirt +=la casaca=[11], the coat +=comprar=, to buy +=la flor=, the flower +=el hombre=, the man +=el hermano=, the brother +=la hermana=, the sister +=el joven=, the young man +=la joven=, the young woman +=el lapiz=, the pencil +=el libro=, the book +=la madre=, the mother +=mas=, but +=mas=, more +=la mujer=, the woman +=nosotros tenemos=, we have +=el oro=, gold +=el padre=, the father +=los pantalones=, the trousers +=el papel=, the paper +=para=, for +=la plata=, silver +=la pluma=, the pen +=el sombrero=, the hat +=el tiene=, he has +=V. tiene=, you (_sing._) have +=Vs. tienen=, you (_pl._) have +=la tinta=, the ink +=el tintero=, the inkstand +=*tener=,[10] to have, to possess +=yo tengo=, I have +=el viejo=, the old man +=la vieja=, the old woman +=la virtud=, virtue + +[Footnote 10: The verbs given in this vocabulary and the following are +regular (i.e., they are conjugated respectively as the model verbs +given) _unless they are marked with an asterisk_.] + +[Footnote 11: _Or_ americana, _more used now_.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (1). + +Translate into English-- + +1. El hombre tiene una pluma. + +2. La mujer tiene un libro. + +3. ?Tiene el padre un sombrero? + +4. Nosotros tenemos el tintero del (of the) joven. + +5. V. tiene el papel y (and) el lapiz de la madre. + +6. Vs. tienen la tinta y el papel. + +7. Las hermanas aman. + +8. El oro y la plata son preciosos (are precious) mas la virtud es (is) +mas preciosa. + +9. La vieja y la joven compran flores (flowers). + +10. V. vende sombreros. + +11. Vs. tienen las cartas. + +12. ?Compra[12] V. los pantalones? + +13. El Senor (Mr.) Brown es hermano de Juan (John). + +14. El sombrero, la americana, y las botas son mios (mine). + +15. ?Habla V.? + +16. ?Teme ella? + +17. Ellos parten. + +18. V. parte. + +19. Nosotros compramos generos (goods) y vendemos flores. + +[Footnote 12: The auxiliary "Do" and "Did," used in English in +interrogative and negative sentences, are not translated in Spanish.] + + + EXERCISE 2 (2). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. The father, the mother, and the brother. + +2. A pencil, a pen, and an inkstand. + +3. The old man and the old woman. + +4. A hat and some boots. + +5. The shirt and the trousers. + +6. I buy the tree. + +7. He sells some flowers (flores). + +8. I fear. + +9. He fears. + +10. We sell. + +11. We set out. + +12. You (_sing._) set out. + +13. I buy. + +14. He sells. + +15. The brother and the sister sell. + +16. They speak to the (al) man. + +17. We set out for London (Londres). + +18. The old woman has the hat. + +19. The old man has the flower. + +20. Who (quien) has the ink and a pen? + +21. The father has the coat. + +22. Gold is precious (es precioso) but virtue is more precious +(preciosa). + +23. I sell paper to the woman. + +24. You (_sing._) fear. + +25. You (_plu._) buy some flowers. + +26. She speaks to the sister. + +27. The father and the mother of the captain. + + + + + LESSON II. + (Leccion segunda.) + + THE ARTICLE (_contd._). + + +The definite article _El_ is contracted with the preposition _de_ (of or +from) into =Del= and with the preposition _A_, into _al_ as-- + +Del extranjero: Of _or_ from the foreigner. +Al caballero espanol: To the Spanish gentleman. + +These are the only contractions that occur in Spanish; with the other +prepositions the article simply follows, as-- + +By, for, with, in, on, without, behind, the father: +Por, Para, Con, En, Sobre, Sin, Tras, el padre. + +The following are the _principal cases_ in which the definite article is +used in Spanish and not in English-- + +1. Before nouns taken in a general sense, as-- + +El oro y la plata: Gold and silver. +Los hombres o las mujeres: Men or women. + +2. Before titles denoting dignity and profession,[13] as-- + +El Senor Fulano: Mr. So-and-So. +El Rey Jorge V.: King George V. +El Profesor Rosales: Professor Rosales. + +The only exception is "Don" (Mr.), only used before Christian names, as +Don Francisco (Mr. Francis). + +3. Generally before each of several nouns following each other when they +are material possessions, as-- + +La casa y el jardin de mi hijo: My son's[14] house and garden. +Las puertas y las ventanas de mi casa: The doors and windows of my +house. + +But-- + +La diligencia, devocion, y virtud de mi primo: the diligence, devotion +and virtue of my cousin. + +4. Before a proper noun qualified by an adjective, as-- + +El valiente Juan: Brave John.[15] + +The following are the principal cases in which the indefinite article is +used in English and not in Spanish-- + +1. Before a noun following the verb "to be," or other similar verbs, +as-- + +Es capitan[16]: He is a captain. +Soy frances: I am a Frenchman. +Se hizo actor: He became an actor. +Le elegimos miembro de esta sociedad: We elect him a member of this +society. +Fue elegido miembro: He was elected a member. + +2. After "what" used in exclamations, as: Que hermosa vista: What a fine +view! + +3. Before "hundred" and "thousand": 100--ciento, 1,000--mil. + +[Footnote 13: Except when vocative, viz., calling a person or as an +exclamation.] + +[Footnote 14: The 's = possessive does not exist in Spanish. "My son's +house" must always be translated as "the house of my son."] + +[Footnote 15: Except when vocative, viz., calling a person or as an +exclamation.] + +[Footnote 16: Except, of course, when we particularize, as--Es un capitan +que conoci en Paris: He is a captain I knew in Paris.] + + + _Imperfect Tense,[17] Indicative Mood_. + ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Hablar=. | =Temer=. | =Partir=. | ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +|Yo hablaba | Yo temia | Yo partia | +| (I spoke), etc. | (I feared), etc. | (I departed),etc. | +|Tu hablabas | Tu temias | Tu partias | +|El _or_ Ella | El _or_ Ella | El _or_ Ella | +| hablaba | temia | partia | +|Nosotros) hablabamos | Nosotros) temiamos | Nosotros) partiamos | +|Nosotras) | Nosotras) | Nosotras) | +|Vosotros) hablabais | Vosotros) temiais | Vosotros) partiais | +|Vosotras) | Vosotras) | Vosotras) | +|Ellos) hablaban | Ellos) temian | Ellos) partian | +|Ellas) | Ellas) | Ellas) | +|V. hablaba (you | V. temia (you | V. partia (you | +| (_s._) spoke) | (_s._) feared) | (_s._) parted) | +|Vs. hablaban (you | Vs. temian (you | Vs. partian (you | +| (_pl._) spoke) | (_pl._) feared) | (_pl._) parted) | ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + _Past Definite,[17] Indicative Mood_. + ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Hablar=. | =Temer=. | =Partir=. | ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +|Hable[18] | Temi[18] | Parti[18] | +| (I spoke), etc. | (I feared), etc. | (I departed), etc.| +|Hablaste | Temiste | Partiste | +|Hablo | Temio | Partio | +|Hablamos | Temimos | Partimos | +|Hablasteis | Temisteis | Partisteis | +|Hablaron | Temieron | Partieron | +| | | | +|V. hablo | V. temio | V. partio | +|Vs. hablaron | Vs. temieron | Vs. partieron | ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 17: The Imperfect tense describes a past action or state _in +progress_; the Past Definite narrates _an event_. Ex.: I met (_past def._)] +Charles, who wore (_imp._) a black hat: Encontre a Carlos quien llevaba +sombrero negro.] + +[Footnote 18: The Subject-Pronoun may be left understood, and is generally +omitted unless special stress is laid upon it.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=aleman=[19], German +=beber=, to drink +=bien=, well +=cafe=, coffee +=cerveza=, beer +=clavel=, carnation +=cliente=, client, customer +=comer=, to eat +=escribir=[20], to write +=estudiar=, to study +=exportar=, to export +=extranjero=, foreigner +=ferreteria=, ironware +=grande= (_pl._ =grandes=), large +=hijo=, son +=hija=, daughter +=italiano=, Italian +=jardinero=, gardener +=leer=, to read +=manana=, morning, to-morrow +=manzana=, apple +=maquina=, machine +=mesa=, table +=mi=, my +=mucho= (_m._), much +=mucha= (_f._), much +=muy=, very +=pera=, pear +=pero=, but +=pobre=, poor +=?que?= what? +=que=, that, who, which +=rosa=, rose +=su=, his, her, their +=su ... de V=., your +=te=, tea +=el ... de V=., your +=vino=, wine +=violeta=, violet + +[Footnote 19: Adjectives of nationality are written with small letters.] + +[Footnote 20: Past Participle is "Escrito," otherwise regular.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (3). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Mi hermano habla espanol (_or_ castellano). + +2. V. no habla frances. + +3. ?Habla bien el aleman el primo de su amigo de V. (your friend)? + +4. No, Senor, el primo de mi amigo no habla bien el aleman pero habla +muy bien el ingles. + +5. ?Como esta (how is) su hermana de V.? + +6. Esta muy bien, gracias (thank you). + +7. ?Compra V. papel y tinta? + +8. Si, Senor, y compro lapices y plumas. + +9. ?Quien (who) compra zarazas (prints) y generos blancos (whites)? + +10. El comerciante (merchant) que vino (came) de la Habana. + +11. ?Quien vende maquinas y ferreteria? + +12. Nosotros exportamos maquinas muy buenas al extranjero (abroad). + +13. Estos generos son para los clientes de V. que parten manana. + +14. ?Ha hablado V. con Don Francisco? + +15. Si, Senor, le hable en la ciudad (in town). + +16. Las rosas, los claveles y las violetas del jardinero. + +17. El amor y respeto de mi hijo y de mi hija. + +18. Juan es frances y yo soy ingles. + +19. Le han elegido miembro de esta (this) sociedad. + +20. Las hermosas rosas sobre la mesa. + +21. V. tiene mil libras (L1,000) y yo tengo ciento. + + + EXERCISE 2 (4). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Do you speak Spanish? + +2. No, but I speak Italian well. + +3. Do your customers buy (any) goods? + +4. They buy machines and ironware, but my correspondent in Havana buys +prints in very large quantities (cantidades). + +5. Who sells paper and ink? + +6. The old man sells them (los vende). + +7. Who writes a letter? + +8. I write letters. + +9. Who drinks wine? + +10. I do not drink wine. + +11. Do you drink beer? + +12. I do not drink beer but I like (me gustan) coffee and tea. + +13. Poor John is my friend. + +14. What a beautiful (hermosa) rose! + +15. Do your brothers study French? + +16. Yes, and they study German. + +17. Who studies Italian? + +18. My sister-in-law studies Italian and French. + +19. The merchant (comerciante) was elected a member of your society. + +20. Mr. Brown is a captain. + +21. John set out for America. + +22. I like (me gusta) to study foreign languages (lenguas extranjeras). + + + + + LESSON III. + (Leccion tercera.) + + THE NOUN. + + +The noun in Spanish has only two genders. + +=Nouns= denoting =male= beings are =Masculine=. + " " =female= " " =Feminine=. + +When there is no real gender, nouns are called masculine or feminine +according to their terminations. + +GENERAL RULE.--All nouns that terminate in _a, ion, d_, also abstract +nouns ending in _ez_, are feminine, as-- + +La villa: The town. La nacion[21]: The nation. +La ciudad: The city or large town. La honradez: Honesty. +The other terminations are masculine. + +There are many exceptions to the above rule, principally in nouns ending +in _E_.[22] + +[Footnote 21: English words ending in "tion" end in _cion_ in Spanish. +(Note the accent.)] + +[Footnote 22: Appendix I--for reference only at this stage.] + + +=Formation of the Plural of Nouns=. + +Nouns ending in a vowel which is not _stressed_ and also nouns ending in +_E_ bearing the stress, add =S= to form the plural. + +All others add =Es=. + +EXCEPTIONS-- + +1. Nouns ending in _Z_ in the _sing._ change it into =Ces=. +2. Nouns ending in _S_ do not change _unless the last syllable_ is +stressed. + + +EXAMPLES-- + +El amo: The master. Los amos: The masters. +El cunado: The brother-in-law. Los cunados: The brothers-in-law. +La cunada: The sister-in-law. Las cunadas: The sisters-in-law. +El yerno: The son-in-law. Los yernos: The sons-in-law. +La nuera: The daughter-in-law. Las nueras: The daughters-in-law. +El arbol: The tree. Los arboles: The trees. +El examen: The examination. Los examenes: The examinations. +El lapiz: The pencil. Los lapices: The pencils. +El omnibus: The omnibus. Los omnibus: The omnibuses. +El jabali: The boar. Los jabalies: The boars. + + +3. Nouns ending in _Y_ add =Es=, as-- + +El rey: The king. Los reyes: The kings. +La ley: The law. Las leyes: The laws. + +4. The following add only =S= to form the plural-- + +Papa, Mama, Baja (a pasha), Sofa (sofa).[23] + +[Footnote 23: Words ending in accented vowels are very few and the rule +for those ending in _a, o, u_ is not very strict.] + + +=Compound Nouns= form their plural according to sense, as-- + +Hijodalgo (a gentleman by birth), literally, "son of something"; _Plu._, +Hijosdalgo (literally, "sons of something "). +Ferrocarril (railway), literally, "iron railroad"; _Plu._, Ferrocarriles +(literally, "iron railroads"). + +Such nouns are rare.[24] + +[Footnote 24: A verb as a component part does not change, as El +portabandera (the standard-bearer), Los portabanderas (the +standard-bearers).] + + +=Haber= (to have), auxiliary.[25] =Tener= (to have, to possess). + +[Footnote 25: Viz. used only before the past participle of another verb, +as (Yo) he hablado (I have spoken).] + +_Pres. Part._, Habiendo. _Pres. Part._, Teniendo. +_Past Part._, Habido. _Past Part._, Tenido. + +_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood._ + +He (I have), etc. Tengo (I have, I possess), etc. +Has Tienes +Ha Tiene +Hemos Tenemos +Habeis Teneis +Han Tienen + +_Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood._ + +Habia (I had), etc. Tenia (I had, I possessed, etc.) +Habias Tenias +Habia Tenia +Habiamos Teniamos +Habiais Teniais +Habian Tenian + +_Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood._ _Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood._ + +Hube (I had), etc. Tuve (I had, I possessed), etc. +Hubiste Tuviste +Hubo Tuvo +Hubimos Tuvimos +Hubisteis Tuvisteis +Hubieron Tuvieron + + + VOCABULARY. + +=alli=, there +=aqui=, here +=buscar=[26], to look for +=caballo=, horse +=caja=, box, case +=el capital=, the capital, money +=la capital=, the capital, town +=comprender=, to understand +=copiador=, copybook +=creer=, to believe, to think +=dependiente=, clerk +=factura=, invoice +=fardo=, bale +=Frances=, Frenchman +=girar=, to draw, (a bill of exchange) +=el idioma=, the language +=Ingles=, Englishman +=inteligencia=, intelligence +=mal=, badly +=muselina=, muslin +=nunca=, never +=pais=, country +=pequeno=, little (_adj._) +=poco=, little (_adv._ and _subs._) +=el porta-ramillete= _or_ =florero=, the flower-stand +=?quien?= who? whom? +=seda=, silk +=socio=, partner +=solamente=, only +=solo=, (_adv._) only +=el tema=, the exercise + +[Footnote 26: Changes _c_ into _qu_ before _e_; otherwise regular.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (5). + +Translate into English-- + +1. ?Comprende V. el espanol? + +2. No, Senor, estudio el portugues y mi hermano comprende el espanol +perfectamente (perfectly). + +3. ?Quien escribe cartas? + +4. Los comerciantes escriben cartas y sus dependientes escriben las +facturas y algunas cosas mas. + +5. Mi socio ha girado una letra (bill) desde (from) Viena (Vienna.) + +6. Paris, Berlin, Roma, y Petrograd son las capitales de Francia, +Alemania, Italia y Rusia. + +7. ?Como se llaman (what are the names of) las capitales de Espana y +Portugal? Madrid y Lisboa. + +8. ?Ha estado (been) V. en Holanda? + +9. No Senor, nunca he estado en aquel pais. + +10. En este tema hay palabras que no se dan (are not given) en el +vocabulario. + +11. ?Cuales (which) son? Holanda, Portugal etcetera. + +12. Estas se dejan (are left) a la inteligencia de Vs. + +13. ?No creen Vs. que son muy faciles de comprender? (to understand). + +14. Si, Senor, V. tiene razon[27] (you are right). + +15. Entonces, debemos (we must) continuar la leccion. + +16. Muy bien. + +17. Debemos leer buenos libros y hablar en el idioma que estudiamos. + +[27] Lit. "you have reason." + + + EXERCISE 2 (6). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Do you study German? + +2. We study French and Italian, but my cousin studies English. + +3. Does he understand English? + +4. He understands English perfectly (perfectamente), but he speaks +Spanish badly. + +5. Does your sister speak Italian? + +6. No, she speaks only English. + +7. What does the Englishman buy? + +8. He buys a horse from the (al)[28] Frenchman. + +9. My cousin sold (past. def.) his horse to Peter (Pedro). + +10. John looks for his book and his paper. + +11. The copy book is (esta) on the table. + +12. Henry (Enrique) must (debe) copy some letters. + +13. Who copies the letters here? + +14. Peter copies them (las copia).[29] + +15. Has Henry much paper? + +16. Yes, he has much paper but little ink. + +17. The roses and violets are in the flower-stand. + +18. The merchant has received (recibido) four bales of silk +handkerchiefs (panuelo) and three cases of prints and muslins. + +[Footnote 28: "To buy from" is translated by "Comprar a."] + +[Footnote 29: The object pronoun precedes the verb in the indicative +mood.] + + + + LESSON IV. + (Leccion cuarta.) + + THE ADJECTIVE. + + +The Adjective in Spanish agrees with the noun it qualifies, in gender +and number, as-- + +El periodico italiano: The Italian newspaper. +La prensa americana: The American press. + +It generally _follows the nouns_ as in the above examples, although +exceptions will be found, _e.g._, when the adjective recalls to our mind +a quality which _is already known to belong to it_, it generally +precedes the noun, as-- + +He visto sus hermosas flores: I have seen his beautiful flowers.[30] +Adjectives form their plural in the same way as nouns. + +[Footnote 30: His flowers are known (or supposed) to be beautiful, before +we say it.] + +=Formation of the Feminine of Adjectives=. + +Adjectives ending in _O_ change _O_ into =A=, as-- + +El sombrero blanco: The white hat. +La casaca blanca: The white coat. + +Adjectives of NATIONALITY which end in a consonant add =A= to form the +feminine, as-- + +El sastre frances: The French tailor. +La modista francesa: The French milliner. + +Adjectives ending in _N_ add =A= for the feminine, as-- + +Un hombre socarron: A sly or cunning man. +Una sonrisa socarrona: A cunning smile. + +EXCEPT Joven (young), Comun (common), and Ruin (base, sordid), which do +not change for the feminine. + +Adjectives ending in _or_ add =A= to form the feminine, as-- + +Un comerciante emprendedor: An enterprising merchant. +Una casa emprendedora: An enterprising firm. + +EXCEPT =Comparative= adjectives ending in _or_, as Mejor (better), Peor +(worse), which do not change for the feminine. + +There are a very few adjectives ending in _ete_ and _ote_. These change +into =eta= and =ota= for the feminine. + +Other adjectives do not change. + + ++------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+ +| Ser[31] (to be). | Estar[32] (to be). | ++------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+ +|_Pres. Part._, Siendo (being) | _Pres. Part._, | Estando (being) | +|_Past Part._, Sido (been) | _Past Part._, | Estado (been) | ++------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+ +|_Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_. | _Pres. Tense, Indic. Mood_. | +|Soy (I am), etc. Somos | Estoy (I am), etc. | Estamos | +|Eres Sois | Estas | Estais | +|Es Son | Esta | Estan | ++------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+ +|_Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood_ | _Imperf. Tense, Indic. Mood_. | +|Era (I was), etc. Eramos | Estaba (I was) etc.| Estabamos | +|Eras Erais | Estabas | Estabais | +|Era Eran | Estaba | Estaban | ++------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+ +|_Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood.| _Past Def. Tense, Indic. Mood._ | +|Fui (I was), etc. Fuimos | Estuve (I was), etc.| Estuvimos | +|Fuiste Fuisteis | Estuviste | Estuvisteis | +|Fue Fueron | Estuvo | Estuvieron | ++------------------------------+---------------------+-----------------+ + +[Footnote 31: =Ser= is used-- + +(1) To form the Passive voice as, Le amo (I love him), Soy amado de el +(I am loved by him). + +(2) To denote an inherent quality, viz., forming part and parcel with +the subject, as Este hombre es habil (this man is clever).] + + +[Footnote 32: Estar is used-- + +(1) To denote state in locality, viz., _to be in a place_, as Estoy aqui +(I am here), Manchester esta en Inglaterra (Manchester is in England) + +(2) To denote condition (as opposed to an inherent quality), as Este +hombre esta cansado (this man is tired).] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=activo=, active +=ahora=, now +=un ano=, a year +=aquel, ese= (_m._), that +=aquella, esa= (_f._), that +=bayeta=, baize +=celebre=, celebrated +=cima=, top +=criados=, men-servants +=criadas=, maid-servants +=el dia=, the day +=ejercito=, army +=encuadernado=, bound, (of books) +=escritorio=, writing-desk +=los fosforos=, the matches +=Gales=, Wales +=juventud=, youth, young age. +=el lacre=, the sealing-wax +=lectura=, reading +=limpiar=, to clean +=limpio=, clean +=mayormente=, especially +=medico=, doctor +=el monte=, the mountain +=la nieve=, the snow +=por tanto=, therefore +=puerta=, door +=siempre=, always +=sincero=, sincere +=soldado=, soldier +=terciopelo=, velvet +=vela=, candle +=ventana=, window + + + EXERCISE 1 (7). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Pedro es medico.[33] El es buen medico. + +2. Era un celebre medico de la ciudad de Paris. + +3. Juan esta[34] cansado y yo estoy enfermo. + +4. La lectura es util[33] siempre y mayormente en la juventud. + +5. Aquel tintero es[33] de V. + +6. Este es un libro famoso[33] y esta muy bien encuadernado.[34] + +7. Mi hermano es soldado.[35] + +8. Se ha alistado (he has enlisted) en el ejercito ingles por cinco +(five) anos. + +9. El Monte Snowdon esta[36] en Gales. + +10. La ciudad del Cairo esta[36] en Egipto. + +11. Las cimas de algunos montes estan[37] cubiertas (covered) siempre de +nieve. + +12. ?Siempre? + +13. Si, siempre. + +14. Estos tinteros son limpiados todos los dias (every day) por los +dependientes o por las criadas. + +15. Estos tinteros estan limpios ahora y siempre. + +16. Aquella ventana esta rota (broken). + +17. Mi hermano esta escribiendo. + +18. Es necesario. + +[Footnote 33: Quality.] + +[Footnote 34: A condition.] + +[Footnote 35: A quality (for the time being).] + +[Footnote 36: State in locality.] + +[Footnote 37: A condition.] + + + EXERCISE 2 (8). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Who is a good clerk? + +2. My brother-in-law is a good clerk but he is tired of working (de +trabajar).[38] + +3. The windows and doors are clean. + +4. Yes, they are cleaned every (cada) morning by the servants. + +5. He is speaking to his French friend. + +6. He is writing a letter to his mother. + +7. They are looking for some handkerchiefs. + +8. Have the merchants sold the velvet and the baize? + +9. Yes, they sold them (los vendieron) yesterday (ayer); also the muslin +and prints. + +10. Who bought them? (las compro). + +11. The Germans are a very active and hard-working (trabajador) nation, +and they deserve (merecen) therefore our sincere admiration. + +12. Where are the sealing-wax, the candle and the matches? + +13. Here they are on the writing-desk. + +14. Does the clerk understand German? + +15. Yes, very well. + +16. My partner and I will dine at (en) the Royal Hotel (Fonda Real). + +[Footnote 38: After a preposition the verb is in the infinitive mood.] + + + + + LESSON V. + (Leccion quinta.) + + THE ADJECTIVE (_Contd._). + + +=COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES=. + + +The =positive degree= expresses the quality without any further idea of +comparison, as Feliz (happy), Rico (rich). + ++----------------------------------+----------------------------------+ +| _Comparative_. | _Superlative Relative_. | ++----------------------------------+----------------------------------+ +|Mas feliz que (happier than). | El mas feliz (the happiest). | +|Menos feliz que (less happy than).| El menos feliz (the least happy).| +|Tan rico como (as or so rich as). | | ++----------------------------------+----------------------------------+ + + +EXAMPLES-- + +Mi tio es mas pobre que su hermano: My uncle is poorer than his brother. +Su mujer es menos rica que el: His wife is less rich than he. +Soy tan feliz como V.: I am as happy as you. +No es tan amable como su primo: He is not so amiable as his cousin. + + +_Superlative Absolute_. + +EXAMPLES-- + +Muy largo: Very long. Muy corto: Very short. + +Another way to form the Superlative Absolute[39] is by adding =isimo= +instead of using _muy_. If the adjective ends in a vowel, this is elided +before adding _isimo_. + +[Footnote 39: More rarely used and much more emphatic.] + +EXAMPLES-- + +Estas frutas son muy maduras: These fruits are very ripe. +Estas frutas son madurisimas: These fruits are very ripe indeed. +Estos tenderos son muy ricos: These shopkeepers are very rich. +Aquellos son riquisimos: Those (others) are very rich indeed. + +Before adding _isimo_, adjectives ending in + +_ble_ change it into =bil=, as Amable, amabilisimo. +_co_ " " =qu=, as Rico, riquisimo. +_go_ " " =gu=, as Largo, larguisimo. + +Adjectives of more than three syllables ending in _ble_, adjectives +ending in two vowels, or in one vowel accented, should always take =muy= +and not add _isimo_ for the Superlative Absolute. + +Besides the regular forms of the Comparative and Superlative degrees, +there are the following irregular forms-- + +Mejor (better). Optimo (very +good or best). Peor (worse). Pesimo (very bad or worst). Mayor (larger). +Maximo (very large or largest). Menor (smaller). Minimo (very small or +smallest). Superior (higher). Supremo (very high or highest). Inferior +(lower). Infimo (very low or lowest). + ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| _Future Tense,[40] Indic. Mood._ | +|--------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Hablar. | Temer. | Partir | +|--------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Hablare | Temere | Partire | +| (I shall speak) | (I shall fear) | (I shall depart) | +| Hablaras | Temeras | Partiras | +| (thou wilt speak) | (thou wilt fear) | (thou wilt depart) | +| Hablara | Temera | Partira | +| (he/she will speak) | (he/she will fear) | (he/she will depart)| +| Hablaremos | Temeremos | Partiremos | +| (we shall speak) | (we shall fear) | (we shall depart) | +| Hablareis | Temereis | Partireis | +| (you will speak) | (you will fear) | (you will depart) | +| Hablaran | Temeran | Partiran | +| (they will speak) | (they will fear) | (they will depart) | ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ + ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| _Conditional Mood_.[40] | +|--------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Hablar. | Temer. | Partir | +|--------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Hablaria | Temeria | Partiria | +| (I should speak) | (I should fear) | (I should depart) | +| Hablarias | Temerias | Partirias | +| (thou wouldst speak) | (thou wouldst fear) | (thou wouldst...) | +| Hablaria | Temeria | Partiria | +| (he/she would speak) | (he/she would fear) | (he/she would...) | +| Hablariamos | Temeriamos | Partiriamos | +| (we should speak) | (we should fear) | (we should depart) | +| Hablariais | Temeriais | Partiriais | +| (you would speak) | (you would fear) | (you would depart) | +| Hablarian | Temerian | Partirian | +| (they would speak) | (they would fear) | (they would depart)| ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 40: The Future Tense Indicative Mood and the Conditional +Mood are formed from the Infinitive Mood by adding to the Infinitive +the terminations: _e, as, a, emos, eis, an_ for the future; and _ia, +ias, ia, iamos, iais, ian_ for the conditional mood.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=alguno,-a=,[41] some or any (_s._) +=algunos,-as=,[42] some or any (_pl._) +=amarillo=, yellow +=barba, barbas=, beard +=barbilla, barba=, chin +=blanco=, white +=boca=, mouth +=cabello=, hair +=cabeza=, head +=cafe, castano=, brown, (dyed) +=cepillo=, brush +=cualquiera= (_s._),[43] any (affirmative) +=cualesquiera= (_pl._) any (affirmative) +=dientes=, teeth +=dinero=, money +=encarnado=, red +=escoba=, broom +=estampar=, to print (calico) +=la frente=, the forehead +=lengua=, tongue +=malo=,[44] bad, wicked +=manteca=, butter +=moreno=, brown, (natural colour) +=(la) nariz=, nose +=necesitar=, to want, to need, to be in want of. +=ninguno,-a= (_s._) any (after a negative) +=ningunos,-as= (_pl._) any (after a negative) +=el ojo=, the eye. +=padres=,[45] parents +=percal=, calico +=queremos=, we want +*=querer=, to want, to wish to have +=ellos quieren=, they want +=yo quiero=, I want +=V. quiere=, you want +=regla=, ruler +=si=, if +=la tez=, complexion +=un poco de=,[46] a little, some, or any +=verde=, green + +[Footnote 41: Before a masculine noun "Alguno" and "Ninguno" drop the +_o_, as Algun dinero (some money). The feminine "Alguna" and "Ninguna" +never changes.] + +[Footnote 42: Also _unos, unas_.] + +[Footnote 43: "Cualquiera" generally drops the _a_ before a noun, as +Cualquier libro (any book).] + +[Footnote 44: Before a masculine noun it drops the _o_, as Un mal +muchacho (a bad boy). The feminine is always "mala."] + +[Footnote 45: The masculine plural includes the plural of both genders, +as Los padres (the parents, father and mother), Los hermanos (the +brothers or the brother(s) and sister(s).)] + +[Footnote 46: Used for both genders, as Un poco de vino (a little wine), +Un poco de cerveza (a little beer).] + + + EXERCISE 1 (9). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Los percales estampados y los blancos estan todos prontos para el +vapor (steamer) que partira manana. + +2. Necesitamos bayeta verde, amarilla y encarnada. + +3. Aqui tenemos una buena partida (lot) de zarazas cafe. + +4. Hemos hablado a una Senora de tez morena, cabeza hermosa y ojos +inteligentes. + +5. La frente, la boca, y la nariz forman parte de la cara (face). + +6. La barba o barbilla es el remate (end) de la cara. + +7. Tambien se llama barba o barbas el pelo (hair) que crece (grows) en +ella (on it) a los hombres. + +8. Tengo un poco de dinero y algunos libros. + +9. Tenemos algunas cajas de panuelos. + +10. El mal muchacho no tiene ninguna gana (inclination, desire) de +estudiar. + +11. Ningunos padres quieren comprar malos libros para sus hijos +(children). + +12. Si tiene V. algun azucar (sugar) yo lo comprare. + +13. ?Quiere su hermano (de V.) vender algunos libros? + +14. No, no quiere vender ningunos de sus libros. + +15. Mi cunado no necesita comprar libros; tiene muchisimos, algunos +viejos (old), otros nuevos (new), y tres o cuatro (three or four) +novisimos,[47] uno de ellos (of them) es bonisimo.[47] + +16. Cualquier libro es util. + +[Footnote 47: Adjectives containing _ie_ or _ue_ change them into _e_ +and _o_ before adding _isimo_, as Nuevo, novisimo; cierto, certisimo.] + + + + EXERCISE 2 (10). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I have some money. + +2. What goods do you want (wish to have)? + +3. I want some brown prints and some red calico. + +4. I have no (not any) red calico, but I must buy some (debo +comprar).[48] + +5. Do you want to sell me any? (venderme). + +6. There are (hay) many inkstands in this shop (tienda); do you want +any? (quiere V. alguno? or algunos?). + +7. Yes, I want some (alguno or algunos). + +8. Have you any[49] bread (pan)? + +9. Yes, I have some bread and cheese (tengo pan y queso). + +10. Any book will be useful. + +11. The teeth and the tongue are inside (dentro de) the mouth. + +12. The teeth want great attention. + +13. Yes, they must always be clean. + +14. We want to study Spanish because it is (es) very necessary in +commerce (en el comercio). + +15. If you study with attention you will soon (pronto) speak and write +Spanish very well. + +16. John speaks French very badly but he is studying it (lo esta +estudiando) with much attention. + +17. Do you understand this lesson? + +18. Yes, I understand this lesson well; it is not very difficult. + +19. No lesson is difficult if we study with care (con cuidado). + + +[Footnote 48: "Some" and "any," following a verb and referring to a +singular noun previously mentioned, are not to be translated.] + +[Footnote 49: "Some" and "any" are generally not translated when they +are not used in a _partitive sense, i.e._, with an idea of a limited +quantity.] + + + + + LESSON VI. + (Leccion sexta.) + + CARDINAL NUMBERS. + + +Uno,[50] una 1 Cuarenta 40 +Dos 2 Cuarenta y uno _or_ Cuarentiuno 41 +Tres 3 etc. etc. +Cuatro 4 Cincuenta 50 +Cinco 5 Sesenta 60 +Seis 6 Setenta 70 +Siete 7 Ochenta 80 +Ocho 8 Noventa 90 +Nueve 9 Ciento[52] 100 +Diez 10 Ciento y uno _or_ Cientiuno 101 +Once 11 Ciento y dos _or_ Cientidos, 102 +Doce 12 etc. etc. +Trece 13 Ciento diez 110 +Catorce 14 Doscientos,-as 200 +Quince 15 Trescientos,-as 300 +Diez y seis _or_ Dieciseis 16 Cuatrocientos,-as 400 +Diez y siete _or_ Diecisiete 17 Quinientos,-as 500 +Diez y ocho _or_ Dieciocho 18 Seiscientos,-as 600 +Diez y nueve _or_ Diecinueve 19 Setecientos,-as 700 +Veinte 20 Ochocientos,-as 800 +Veinte y uno _or_ Veintiuno[51] 21 Novecientos,-as 900 +Veinte y dos _or_ Veintidos, 22 Mil 1,000 + etc. etc. Dos mil, etc. 2,000 +Treinta 30 Cien[53] mil 100,000 +Treinta y uno _or_ Treintiuno, 31 Cien mil y uno 100,001 + etc. etc. Cien mil y diez 100,010 + Un millon 1,000,000 + +[Footnote 50: When immediately preceding a noun, "uno" becomes "un"] + +[Footnote 51: "Ciento" becomes "cien." ("Cien" is found instead of +"ciento," even standing alone.)] + +[Footnote 52: The duplicate forms are common to all the tens.] + +[Footnote 53: "Ciento" drops the _to_ also before "mil"; and of course +before "millon" (a noun).] + + +The conjunction "and" is always used between tens and units, as-- + +Veinte y una or veintiuna manzanas (21 apples). + +But it is generally omitted between hundreds and tens, as-- + +Doscientas treinta peras (230 pears). + +"Ciento" and "mil" are not preceded by "uno" except in 101,000, 201,000, +etc., to avoid ambiguity, as-- + +Doscientos mil soldados (200,000 soldiers). +Doscientas y un mil millas (201,000 miles). + +"One million inhabitants" is translated by Un millon _de_ habitantes. +(_Note_.--The _de_ cannot be omitted.) + +In the case of more than one million the word "millon" must be +plural--millones, as-- + +Cien millones de hombres (one hundred million men). + +As will have been observed, besides "uno," "doscientos," "trescientos," +etc., change the _os_ into =as= for the feminine. + + + +_Future Tense, Indicative Mood._ ++-----------------+----------------+---------------+----------------+ +|Haber.[54] |Tener.[54] |Ser.[55] | Estar. | +|Habre (I shall |Tendre (I shall |Sere (I shall | Estare (I shall| +|have, etc., |have, etc., |be, etc.) | be, etc.) | +|auxiliary, to |denoting |(See foot-note,| (See foot-note,| +|be used with |possession) |Lesson IV.) | Lesson IV.) | +|past participles)| | | | +|Habras |Tendras |Seras | Estaras | +|Habra |Tendra |Sera | Estara | +|Habremos |Tendremos |Seremos | Estaremos | +|Habreis |Tendreis |Sereis | Estareis | +|Habran |Tendran |Seran | Estaran | ++-----------------+----------------+---------------+----------------+ + +_Conditional Mood._ ++-----------------+----------------+---------------+----------------+ +|Habria (I |Tendria (I |Seria | Estaria | +|(I should have, | (I should have,| (I should be) | (I should be) | +| etc.) | etc.) | | | +|Habrias |Tendrias |Serias | Estarias | +|Habria |Tendria |Seria | Estaria | +|Habriamos |Tendriamos |Seriamos | Estariamos | +|Habriais |Tendriais |Seriais | Estariais | +|Habrian |Tendrian |Serian | Estarian | ++-----------------+----------------+---------------+----------------+ + +[Footnote 54: The Future Indic. and the Cond. mood of "Haber" and +"Tener" are formed irregularly from the Infinitive mood, the _e_ after +the root _Hab_ being dropped, and after the root _Ten_ being changed +to d.] + +[Footnote 55: For reference only-- + _Ser_ (and not _Estar_) must be used: + + (1) Before nouns; (3) When denoting possession; + (2) When used impersonally; (4) Before Feliz, Infeliz, Rico, + Pobre.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=acabar de=,[56] to have just +=almacen=, warehouse +=aprender=, to learn +=ayudar=, to help +=banar=, to wet, to bathe, to water +=bicicleta=, bicycle +=certisimo=, most certain +=discipulo=, pupil +=disfrutar=, to enjoy +=el es, ella es=,[57] it is +=ello= (_neuter_),[57] it +=este= (_m._), =esta= (_f._), this +=esto= (_neuter_),[58] this +=estos= (_m._), =estas= (_f._), these +=la fecha=, the date +=la gente=, the people +=hermosamente=, beautifully +=importancia=, importance +=La India=, India +=libre=, free +=maestro=, master, teacher +=la mayor parte=, most, the majority +=el mes=, the month +=mismo=, same +=novisimo=, brand new +=otro=, other, another +=el Sena=,[59] River Seine +=el Tajo=, River Tagus +=el Tamesis=, River Thames +=tambien=, also, too +=tienda=, shop +=ventaja=, advantage + + +[Footnote 56: Followed by the verb in the infinitive mood, as Acabar de +escribir (to have just written).] + +[Footnote 57: "It" (subject) is most generally left understood, as "It +is useful" (El, ella, _or_ ello) es util.] + +[Footnote 58: Referring to a whole statement, as Esto _or_ ello es +justo. This or it (what you have just said) is right.] + +[Footnote 59: Names of rivers are masculine because the word "rio" +(river) is understood.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (11). + +Translate into English-- + +1. La India es una posesion inglesa de grande importancia. + +2. El Sena es un rio de Francia[60] y el Tamesis es un rio de +Inglaterra. + +3. Toledo, ciudad interesantisima de Espana banada por el Tajo. + +4. La mayor parte de estos Espanoles comen en esta fonda. + +5. Este ano las tiendas estan hermosamente decoradas. + +6. Es certisimo que los almacenes y las tiendas de esta calle disfrutan +de grandes ventajas. + +7. ?De quien es esta regla? Es mia. + +8. ?En que fecha escribio V. la carta? + +9. La escribi (I wrote it) ayer. + +10. Juan acaba de comprar una bicicleta novisima. + +11. Yo acabo de comprar cepillos de dientes y de cabello. + +12. La criada compro esta manana una escoba. + +13. Necesitamos comprar manteca pero no la compramos porque no queremos +gastar dinero. + +14. La mayor parte de la gente no quiere gastarlo (to spend it). + +15. ?Es bueno este vino? + +16. Es muy bueno y tambien no es caro. + +[Footnote 60: Names of countries should not take the article (the rule +is not very strict, however). EXCEPTIONS: La India, El Peru, El Japon +(Japan).] + + + EXERCISE 2 (12). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Foreigners in England enjoy many advantages. + +2. Yes, because England is a free country. + +3. Englishmen also enjoy the same advantages in other free countries. + +4. Does the teacher help his pupils? + +5. He does (Si, Senor), but the pupils must study and learn their +lessons well and work diligently (diligentemente).[61] + +6. This morning I was writing a letter when my sister spoke of the +bicycle (which [62]) she wants to buy. + +7. Did you sell the muslins and prints (which) you bought last year (el +ano pasado)? + +8. The merchant has drawn a bill at three months' date for (por) the +velvets (which [62]) he sold to the Spanish customer. + +9. Little and good is better than much and bad. + +10. John is a partner in that firm (casa). + +11. It is necessary to work. + +12. This is George's beautiful garden. + +13. It is a large garden with many flowers, roses, carnations, violets +and other plants (plantas). + +14. Who is here? + +15. Charles and Henry are here. + + +[Footnote 61: To form an adverb from an adjective add _mente_ as you add +"ly" in English. If the adjective changes for the feminine add _mente_ +to the feminine form, as rico (_m._), rica (_f._)--ricamente (richly).] + +[Footnote 62: Cannot be left understood in Spanish.] + + + + + LESSON VII. + (Leccion septima.) + + ORDINAL NUMBERS AND FRACTIONS. + + ++-------------------------------+-----------------------------+ +|Primero[63] 1st |Decimo sexto, etc. 16th| +|Segundo 2nd |Vigesimo 20th| +|Tercero 3rd |Trigesimo 30th| +|Cuarto 4th |Cuadragesimo 40th| +|Quinto 5th |Quincuagesimo 50th| +|Sexto 6th |Sexagesimo 60th| +|Septimo (Setimo) 7th |Septuagesimo 70th| +|Octavo 8th |Octogesimo 80th| +|Noveno (Nono) 9th |Nonagesimo 90th| +|Decimo 10th |Centesimo 100th| +|Decimo primero, Decimo |Ducentesimo 200th| +| primo, Undecimo, |Tricentesimo 300th| +| Onceno 11th |Cuadrigentesimo 400th| +|Decimo segundo, duodecimo, |Quingentesimo 500th| +| Doceno 12th |Sexcentesimo 600th| +|Decimo tercero, decimo |Septingentesimo 700th| +| tercio, Treceno 13th |Octingentesimo 800th| +|Decimo cuarto, |Novingentesimo 900th| +| catorceno 14th |Milesimo 1,000th| +|Decimo quinto, |Millonesimo 1,000,000th| +| quinceno 15th |Postrero, ultimo Last| ++-------------------------------+-----------------+-----------+ + +[Footnote 63: Ordinal adjectives agree in gender and number with the +noun they accompany or for which they stand. Final _o_ changes into _a_ +for the feminine, and the plural is formed by adding _s_.] + +"Primero," "tercero," and "Postrero" drop the =O= before a masculine +noun singular,[64] as-- + +El primer pedido: The first order. +El tercer lote: The third lot. +El postrer envio: The last shipment. + +But-- + +La primera entrega (_fem._): The first delivery. + +[Footnote 64: Eight words in all present this peculiarity, viz., uno, +alguno, ninguno, bueno, malo, primero, tercero, postrero (these last +two not always).] + +After "vigesimo" ordinal numbers are generally substituted by cardinal +numbers, as-- + +La pagina veintidos: Page 22nd. + +Dates are expressed by cardinal numbers instead of ordinal, as-- + +Madrid, 20 (de) Agosto (de) 1911: Madrid, 20th of August, 1911. + +EXCEPTION: El primero, as-- + +El 1 deg. (primero) de Septiembre (1st September). + +Numbers following names of kings, etc., are ordinal up to the tenth; +then generally cardinal, as-- + +Felipe II. (segundo): Philip II. +Alfonso XIII. (trece): Alphonso XIII. + +Fractional numbers up to 1/10th are the same as ordinal numbers, +except-- + +(Un) medio: one half. +Un tercio (_not_ tercero): one-third. + +From 1/11th upwards, fractions are formed from cardinal numbers adding +to them the termination =avo=, as-- + +Un dieciseisavo[65]: 1/16. + +_Un_ need not be used before the fractions 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4, preceded by +an integer, as-- + +Uno y cuarto: One and a quarter. +Cuatro y tercio: Four and a third. +La mitad: The half. +La tercera parte: The 3rd part. +La cuarta parte: The 4th part. +La duodecima parte: The 12th part. + +[Footnote 65: If the cardinal number ends in a vowel, this is elided, as +veinte--un veintavo (1/20th). If it ends in _ce_ the _c_ is changed into +_z_ as, doce--un dozavo (1/12th).] + + +Collective Numbers. + +Un par: A pair. Una treintena: A set of 30.[66] +Una decena (half a score).[66] Una centena: A set of 100.[66] +Una docena (a dozen).[66] Un centenar: A set of 100.[66] +Una veintena: A score.[66] Un ciento: A set of 100.[66] + Un millar: A set of 1,000.[66] + + +[Footnote 66: Also the number approximately, as: Una treintena de +libros: (about 30 books).] + + +_Subjunctive Mood,[67] Present Tense_. ++---------------------+--------------------+----------------------+ +| =Hablar=. | =Temer=. | =Partir=. | ++---------------------+--------------------+----------------------+ +|Que yo hable (That I |Que tema (that I may|Que parta (that I may | +| may or shall | or shall fear).| or shall depart).| +| speak). | | | +| " tu hables | " temas | " partas | +| " el hable | " tema | " parta | +| " nosotros hablemos| " temamos | " partamos | +| " vosotros hableis | " temais | " partais | +| " ellos hablen | " teman | " partan | ++---------------------+--------------------+----------------------+ + +[Footnote 67: This tense is formed from the first person singular of the +present indicative by changing the last vowel into =e= for the 1st +conjugation and into =a= for the 2nd and 3rd conjugations. These remain +the ruling vowels throughout the tense. + +N.B.--The Subjunctive Mood occurs only in dependent sentences when the +action is not expressed in a positive manner but is doubtful or merely +contingent.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=actual=, present +=al por mayor, por menor=, wholesale, retail +=arroz=, rice +=articulo=, article +=asociacion de obreros=, trade union +=blanquear=, to bleach +=ya caigo=, I understand, I see +=colocar=, to place +=*conseguir=, to get +=consignacion=, consignment +=contenido=, contents +=decadencia=, decadence +=delegado=, delegate +=demasiado=, too, too much +=dificil=, difficult +=driles labrados=, figured drills +=driles lisos=, plain drills +=entrar a reinar=, to begin to reign +=escoger, *elegir=, to choose, to select +=extrano=, strange, queer, funny +=el germen=, the germ +=grueso=, thick, stout +=hallar=, to find +=ilustrado=, enlightened +=incluyendo=, enclosing +=limitar=, to limit +=mientrastanto=, meanwhile +=*obtener=, to get +=peso=, weight +=poder=, power +=podriamos=, we should be able to, might, could +=proximo=, next +=rebaja=, abatement +=rebajar, *reducir=, reduce, to abate +=reduccion=, abatement, reduction +=reunion=, meeting +=*salir=, to come, to go, out +=*salir en=, to come to +=solo= (_adj._), alone +=solo, solamente= (_adv._), only +=sujeto a=, subject to +=sumar=, to add +=tocino=, bacon +=tomar=, to take +=varios=, several +=verificarse=, to take place[68] +=*verse obligado a=, to be compelled to[69] + +[Footnote 68: Lit.: _to verify itself_.] + +[Footnote 69: Lit.: _to see oneself obliged_.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (13). + +Translate into English-- + +1. ?Cual envio han recibido Vs.? + +2. Nos han llegado el primero y el cuarto, pero el tercer lote no ha +llegado todavia. + +3. El postrer hombre a entrar en la reunion fue el delegado de la +asociacion de obreros. + +4. ?(A) cuanto por libra cuesta este tocino? + +5. Al por menor sale en seis peniques y cuarto, pero al por mayor +podriamos darlo a cinco y tercio o talvez un poquito menos, digamos +(say) cinco y cinco dieciseisavos. + +6. ?Puede V. sumar tres dozavos y siete quinzavos? + +7. Si, Senor, esto hace ciento veintinueve cientiochentavos. + +8. iQue fraccion tan extrana! + +9. Lo es en efecto pero se da (it is given)[70] solo por ejemplo. + +10. iAh, ya caigo! + +11. Felipe II entro a reinar en 1556. Ningun soberano (sovereign) de +Europa podia competir en poder y en Estados con el, pero ya desde ese +tiempo se observan (are observed)[70] los germenes de la decadencia que +se verifico despues. + +12. Alfonso XIII actual rey de Espana es un monarca ilustrado y +constitucional. + +13. La nueva Espana espera mucho de el. + +14. El primero y el quince de cada (each) mes, la Compania efectua +(effects) sus pagos. + +15. Hoy estamos a (to-day is) cinco de Junio de 1911. + +[Footnote 70: The verb with SE is _reflexive_ or _passive_: se da, _it +gives itself_ or _it is given_; se observan, _they observe themselves_ +or _are observed_.] + + + EXERCISE 2 (14). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I shall be compelled (me vere obligado a) to abandon this +undertaking. It is too difficult. + +2. We received a consignment of rice, but the price demanded (pedido), +2-15/16d. a lb., is too dear; we shall never be able (nunca podremos) to +get it; a better quality (calidad), whiter and stouter, was placed at +2-29/32d. but (solo) a few days ago (hace algunos dias). + +3. If you cannot sell your plain and figured drills at the figures +quoted it will be necessary to abate the price. + +4. I shall accept those bleached linens subject to an abatement of 5 per +cent. + +5. We shall consult our partners; meanwhile let us leave (dejemos)[71] +the matter in abeyance (en suspenso). + + +6. He has chosen several designs (disenos, dibujos) for his lot of +prints, but he finds that three of them are wrong (estan equivocados). + +7. Some firms always give wrong (falsos, inexactos) weights in their +declarations. + +8. He ordered the wrong article (un ... por otro). + +9. You are wrong (V. se equivoca), it is the right (justo, exacto) +article. + +10. This cloth is finished on the wrong side (al reves). + +11. We received your favour (su atenta) of 10th instant (del corriente), +enclosing copy of your previous letter 1st ult. (p deg., p deg..) and have taken +note of its contents. + +12. By next mail (mala) we shall send you all the details required (que +Vs. necesitan). + +[Footnote 71: The Imperative Mood is like the Pres. Subj., except in the +2nd Person.] + + + + LESSON VIII. + (Leccion octava.) + + PERSONAL PRONOUNS. + + +We shall divide the Personal Pronouns into Subject Pronouns and Object +Pronouns.[72] + +[Footnote 72: Grammarians often give the names-- + Nominative case for the Subject pronouns + Accusative " " " Direct object pronouns + Dative " " " Indirect object pronouns] + ++----------------------------------------------------+ +| Subject Pronouns. | ++--------------------------+-------------------------+ +|Yo (I) |Nosotros,-as (we) | +|Tu (thou) |Vosotros,-as (you) | +|El (he, or it, _m._) |Ellos,-as (they) | +|Ella (she, or it, _f._) |Ello (_neuter_), | +| |(it, referring to a | +| | whole statement) | ++--------------------------+-------------------------+ + +Instead of "Tu" or "Vosotros,-as," =V=. and =Vs=. are used in general +conversation as already stated (the verb following in the 3rd person). + +N.B.--These pronouns are left understood when no emphasis is required or +where no ambiguity is possible, as-- + +(Yo) compro las telas: I buy the cloths. +(El) gira las letras y firma las cartas: He draws the bills and signs +the letters. +(Ella) ha tenido una entrevista con su abogado: She has had an interview +with her barrister, lawyer or solicitor. + +But-- + +Yo he comprado la partida de ferreteria y quincalla y no V.: _I_ have +bought the lot of ironware and small ware and not _you_. + + +=Object Pronouns=. + +These are divided into two classes--1. =Disjunctive=, viz., following a +preposition-- + + Mi (me) Nosotros-as (us) + Ti (thee) Vosotros-as (you) + El (him, it, _m._) Ellos-as (them) + Ella (her, it, _f._) Ello (_neuter_) (it, referring + to a whole statement) + V. (you, sing.) Vs. (you, pl.) + + +EXAMPLES-- + +Ellos hablan de mi: They speak of me. +Nosotros trabajamos para el: We work for him. +Ella confia en ti, en V.: She trusts thee, you. +V. se declara contra ellos: You declare against them. + +2. =Conjunctive=, viz., _direct_ or _indirect object_ of verb (without a +preposition). + + El me[73] ama (he loves me) El nos ama (he loves us) + El te ama (he loves thee) El os ama (he loves you) + El lo _or_ le ama (he loves El los ama (he loves them, + him, it, _m._) _m._) + El la ama (he loves her, El las ama (he loves them, + or it, _f._) _f._) + +[Footnote 73: N.B.--In the conjunctive form the 1st and 2nd persons are +the same for both direct and indirect objects, but the 3rd pers. +differs.] + + +EXAMPLES of _Indirect Object_-- + +El me da he gives me (to me) +El te da he gives thee (to thee) +El le da he gives him (to him), her (to her), it (to it) +El nos da he gives us (to us) +El os da he gives you (to you) +El les da he gives them (to them, _m._ and _f._) + + +The direct and indirect object of verb may also be rendered by the +pronoun in the Disjunctive form preceded by =a=, as-- + +a mi me _or_ to me direct and indirect object +a ti thee _or_ to thee " " " " +a el him _or_ to him, " " " " + it _(m.) or_ " " " " + to it _(m.)_ " " " " +a ella her _or_ to her, " " " " + it _(f.) or_ " " " " + to it _(f.)_ " " " " +a nosotros-as us _or_ to us " " " " +a vosotros-as you _or_ to you " " " " +a ellos them _or_ " " " " + to them _(m.)_ " " " " +a ellas them _or_ " " " " + to them _(f.)_ " " " " + + +We have then a double form for the pronouns used as direct and indirect +object of verb--one Conjunctive, the other Disjunctive. + +The =Conjunctive= form is that in general use. + +The =Disjunctive= form is employed when emphasis or distinctness is +required. It is seldom used alone,[74] Spaniards preferring to use it as +a repetition after having used the Conjunctive form, as-- + +El me ama a mi: He loves _me_. + +El nos vende a nosotros generos estampados y a V. +generos de fantasia: He sells to _us_ printed cloth and to _you_ +fancies. + +Yo le quiero ver a el y no a ella: I wish to see _him_ and +not _her_. + +Dele V. el dinero a el y los libros a ella. +Give _him_ the money and _her_ the books. + +De V. el dinero a el y los libros a ella. +Give _him_ the money and _her_ the books. + +[Footnote 74: In sentences like "Le pagaran mas que a mi" (they will pay +_him_ more than _me_), "me pagaran" is understood after _que_.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=acero=, steel +=antes=, before--in point of time +=asunto= (_not_ =sujeto=), the subject-matter +=Bolsa=, the Exchange +=calcular=, to calculate +=celebrarse=, to be celebrated, to take place +=compania anonima=, limited company +=*concebir=, to conceive +=conjuncion=, conjunction +=desfavorable=, unfavourable +=donde=, where +=emision=, issue, of loans, etc. +=emplearse=, to be employed, to be used +=espalda=, shoulder (back) +=explicar= to explain +=explanar= to explain +=falta de aceptacion=, non-acceptance +=falta de pago=, non-payment +=la frase=, the phrase, sentence +=ganancias y perdidas=, profits and losses +=el gerente=, the manager +=*gobernar=, to govern +=*haber=, there to be[75] +=hay=, there is[75] +=hay=, there are +=el hecho=, the fact +=la ley=, the law +=llamar=, to call +=mas adelante=, later on +=la mente=, the mind +=los negocios=, the business +=Pascua=, Easter +=posicion=, position +=proyecto=, scheme, plan +=pues, entonces=, then +=regresar=, to come or go back +=*saber=, to know +=la semana pasada=, last week +=sirvase V=., please +=tenga la bondad de=, please +=tratar=, to try +=*valer=, to be worth +=valor=, courage +=*volver=, to turn, to go back, to turn back + +[Footnote 75: As an impersonal verb, "haber" makes "hay" instead of "ha" +in the Pres. Indicative.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (15). + +Translate into English-- + +1. ?Usamos nunca el modo subjuntivo en una frase principal? + +2. No, Senor, aunque hay quien lo diga (some who say so). + +3. ?Donde lo empleamos pues? + +4. En frases dependientes de ciertos verbos y conjunciones. + +5. ?Y como sabemos que despues de estos se debe emplear el verbo (must +be used) en subjuntivo? + +6. Porque entonces la accion del verbo es representada[76] solo como +concebida en la mente y no se habla de ella como de un hecho. + +7. ?Nos explicara V. esta regla otra vez mas adelante? + +8. Si. No hago mas que introducir (I only introduce) el asunto. + +9. Tan pronto como (as soon as) volvemos la espalda, nuestros negocios +principian a sufrir. + +10. Un caballero no hace nunca nada en espalda de otro, sino que (but) +habla claro, y tiene el valor de sus opiniones. + +11. ?Cuando regresara el gerente del Banco? + +12. Estara de vuelta (he will be back) hoy en quince. + +13. Debe asistir a (attend) la reunion de Directores que se celebrara en +Londres a primeros del mes que viene (at the beginning of next month). + +14. El mercado de Coloniales (Colonial produce) carece de (lacks) +animacion. + +15. Carecemos de noticias del vapor en que van los granos (carrying the +grain). + +16. ?Como han salido Vs. de aquella especulacion en las minas de cobre +(copper mines)? + +17. Hemos salido muy mal, la relacion semestral (half-yearly report) de +la compania hace constar (shows) una situacion muy desfavorable y no +habra dividendo este ano. + +18. Talvez se remedien las cosas (things) el ano proximo. + +19. Hay que esperarlo (let us hope so). + +[Footnote 76: _Or_ se representa.] + + + EXERCISE 2 (16). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We beg to confirm (confirmamos)[77] our cable (cable) of last week. + +2. They calculated their profits and losses. + +3. I calculate upon doing it (cuento con hacerlo) before Easter. + +4. This is not calculated to produce (no se cree que esto producira) any +bad impression. + +5. He called him to his house. + +6. We take the liberty to call your attention to the position of your +account (nos tomamos la libertad de dirigir ...). + +7. The creditors were called (convocados) to a meeting. + +8. I was called away (tuve que ausentarme). + +9. I shall call at (pasare por) the exchange. + +10. All the old issues were called in (se recogieron). + +11. The "Shannon" will call at (hara escala en) Cadiz. + +12. They will make a call (pediran una cuota) of L1 per share. + +13. This steel is worth much less than that. + +14. It is not worth (no vale la pena de) buying. + +15. This limited company is worth (posee) L50,000. + +16. This scheme is worthy of study (merece ser estudiado). + +17. Please protest the bill in case of non-acceptance and then again for +non-payment. + +18. The law of supply and demand (demanda y oferta) governs the markets +of the world (mundo). + +19. The deeds (las actas) were all signed by a notary (notario). + +20. Kindly take due note (debida _or_ buena nota) of our signature at +foot (firma al pie). + +21. All our efforts (esfuerzos) have been of no avail (en balde, en +vano). + +22. In vain (en balde, en vano) we tried. + +[Footnote 77: Do not translate "beg" before an infinitive. + + + + + LESSON IX. + (Leccion novena.) + + PERSONAL PRONOUNS (_contd._). + + +Pronouns in the Disjunctive form occupy the same position in the +sentence as they do in English. + +Pronouns in the Conjunctive form precede the verb, as-- + +El los compro: He bought them. + +Yo le mostrare a V. mi libro mayor y mi diario: I shall show you my +ledger and journal or day-book. + +Mi cajero les pagara lo que les debo: My cashier will pay you what I owe +you. + +Nos ha exhibido su libro de facturas: He showed us his invoice book. + +Me cedio los valores y efectos en cartera: He made over to me his stock +of securities and bills. + +El corredor le vio en la agencia de los vapores: The broker saw him at +the steamship agent's. + + +EXCEPTIONS-- + +1. When a sentence begins with a verb, especially if the sentence is a +long one, the Conjunctive pronoun _may_ follow the verb, _except when +this is in the Subjunctive Mood_, as-- + +Bonificole esta cantidad en cuenta corriente para no perder el cliente: +He credited him the amount in A/c current in order not to lose his +customer. + +N.B.--Students should not indulge in this liberty until they have +acquired practice in the language. In conversation this change seldom +occurs. When the change is used the Subject Pronoun is generally left +understood. + +2. When the verb is in the Infinitive Mood, Gerund, or Imperative +Mood,[78] the Conjunctive Pronoun _must_ follow, and is joined to the +verb to form one word: as-- + + +Lo mejor con estos generos es venderlos en subasta: +The best thing with these goods is to sell them by auction. + +Abandonandole la ganancia acabaremos con el asunto: +By giving up the profit to him, we shall end the matter. + +Refieralos V. a los armadores: Refer them to the shipowners. + +Hagannos Vs. esta bonificacion: Make us this allowance. + +Carguenos en cuenta este renglon: Debit this line to our account. + +Abonenle la suma que reclama: Credit him with the amount he claims. + +[Footnote 78: By Imperative Mood, we mean Imperative Mood Affirmative. +In Spanish there is no imperative mood negative, its place being taken by +the Present Subjunctive, as-- + + Hablale tu: Speak to him. + No le hables tu: Do not speak to him.] + + +If two Conjunctive pronouns meet, contrary to the English general rule, +the pronoun which stands as indirect object precedes the pronoun +standing as direct object,[79] as-- + +Ellos nos lo garantizan: They guarantee it to us. + +If these two pronouns are both in the 3rd person, the indirect object is +changed into =Se=, as-- + +Nosotros se lo vendimos: We sold it to him. +V. se lo mando (a ella)[80]: You sent it to her. +Nosotros se lo aconsejamos (a ellos)[80]: We gave them that advice. +Yo se lo digo (a V.)[80]: I tell it to you. + +[Footnote 79: Combinations of _me_ and _te_ are _very rare_, and then _te_ +precedes whether direct or indirect object, the context clearly showing +the meaning. In such cases it is better, however, to use a disjunctive +form, for the indirect object, as-- + + El te da a mi: He gives thee to me. + El me da a ti: He gives me to thee.] + +[Footnote 80: _A el, a ella, a V._, etc., may be added for clearness, when +otherwise ambiguity might occur.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=administrador=, manager (of a branch house, etc.) +=arancel=, custom-house tariff +=aviso=, advice, notice +=confianza=, trust, confidence +=constantemente=, constantly +=conveniente=, convenient, suitable +=correo=, post, post office +=*dar aviso=, to inform, to give notice to leave +=*dar aviso de despedida=, to give notice of dismissal +=de moda=, fashionable +=devolver=, to give or send back +=efectuar=, to effect +=favorable=, favourable +=fijar=, to fix +=holgazan, haragan=, lazy +=honrar=, to honour +=indicar=, to indicate, to point out +=largo=, long +=noticia, noticias=, news +=*poner en condiciones=, to enable +=por=, _or_ =de, su cuenta=, on his account +=el sobre=, the envelope +=tomar nota=, to take note, to notice +=venta=, sale + + + EXERCISE 1 (17). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Me aprecia. Te necesita. Le manda. Lo cree. Nos halla. Os busca. + +2. Son generos de moda, los vende muy bien. + +3. Son buenas plumas, las usamos constantemente. + +4. Me escribe que te envia los sobres. + +5. Le indica el medio mas conveniente. + +6. Nos honra con (with) su confianza. + +7. Os fija sus limites. + +8. Les da su cotizacion. + +9. Creernos. + +10. Mandarnos los presupuestos (estimates). + +11. Venderles a credito. + +12. Dandonos sus instrucciones tan claras, nos pone en condiciones de +servirle a toda su satisfaccion (his entire satisfaction). + +13. Digannos Vs. (tell us) la verdad. + +14. El me lo escribio. + +15. Nosotros te lo mandaremos. + +16. El nos lo explico. + +17. Yo os lo enviare. + +18. Se lo escribiremos a el. + +19. Se lo explicaremos a ella. + +20. Compraron los generos y se los vendieron a ellos. + +21. Vendieron las telas y se las mandaron a ellas. + +22. ?Me lo dice V. (do you say) a mi? + +23. Si, Senor, se lo digo a V. mismo (I say it to you yourself) + +24. Yo mismo lo mande. + +25. V. mismo me lo ha escrito. + +26. Nosotros mismos no podriamos (could not) hacerlo mejor. + +27. El me lo dio (gave) a mi, y yo se lo entregue a el. + +28. Su socio es mejor que el, y el es mejor que ella. + + + EXERCISE 2 (18). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Did you see (vio V.) the new Custom House tariff? + +2. Yes, I saw (vi) it. + +3. It is more favourable to us than the old. + +4. We sent it to the manager of our Liverpool branch (sucursal). + +5. We sent it to him yesterday; he will return it to us after he has +read it (despues que lo haya leido). + +6. Did you give (dio V.) it (_m._) to me or to him? + +7. I gave (di) it to you, not to him. + +8. Well (bien)! he says (dice) that he will not give it to me until you +tell him to do so (hasta que V. se lo diga). + +9. He took it with him, and we took it with us. + +10. I shall take it (_f._) with me.[81] + +11. Take it with thee.[81] + +12. It is a long letter, but it is necessary to write it to-day. + +13. Writing it to-day you are in time (a tiempo) for the post. + +14. Mr. So-and-So gave more money to you than to me. + +15. We have taken notice of it. + +16. Take due notice of the contents (del contenido) of the letter. + +17. Give him notice (aviso) of the sales you effected on (por) his +account. + +18. There is nothing worthy of notice (no hay nada de particular) in our +market to-day. + +19. I gave him notice because he is very lazy. + +20. This circumstance (circunstancia) must have escaped your notice +(debe habersele pasado por alto). + +21. Do not take any notice of him (no le haga V. caso). + +22. I gave notice to my landlord (propietario). + +[Footnote 81: See next note.] + + + + + LESSON X. + (Leccion decima.) + + REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. + + +These pronouns are not, of course, used as subject of the verb. They are +used as the object of the verb when this and the subject are the same. + +They are the same as the other personal pronouns, as-- + + Conjunctive form. Disjunctive form. + + myself me mi + thyself te ti + +EXCEPTION-- +3rd person for both genders & numbers: + se si + + +EXAMPLES-- + +El se ama: He loves himself. + +Ella se atribuye la culpa: She attributes the fault to herself. + +Maria habla siempre de si[82]: Mary is always talking about herself. + +Nosotros nos divertimos al mismo tiempo que hacemos negocios: We enjoy +ourselves at the same time as we do business. + +Ellos se respetan a si y a otros tambien: They respect themselves and +others too. + +_Mismo-a,-os,-as_, may be added to the disjunctive form for emphasis, +as-- + +Maria habla siempre de si misma: Mary always speaks of herself. + +Ella se atribuye la culpa: She attributes the fault to herself. + +Ella se atribuye la culpa a si: She attributes the fault to herself. +(more emphatic). + +Ella se atribuye la culpa a si misma: She attributes the fault to +herself (still more emphatic). + +[Footnote 82: After _con_ (with) _si_ becomes Sigo; same change with +_mi_ and _ti_: conmigo, contigo, consigo, written in one word.] + + +The pronoun =Se= with any verb in the 3rd pers. sing. or plural may be +used to form the passive voice, as-- + +Se ha cerrado el almacen: The warehouse has been closed. + +Se han encaminado las reclamaciones a la Compania de Seguros[83]: +The claims have been referred to the Insurance Company. + +[ootnote 83: This form is preferable when the "doer" is not mentioned.] + +=Se= followed by a verb in the 3rd pers. sing.[84] translates the +English "one," "people," "they" (_indefinite_), as the French "on" and +the German "man," as--- + +Se dice que habra un alza[85] en el mercado: They say, _or_ it is said, +that there will be a rise in the market. + +Se cree que no habra Reforma Arancelaria en Inglaterra: People think, +_or_ it is thought, that there will not be Tariff Reform in England. + +En la vejez se goza el fruto de una juventud laboriosa: In old age one +enjoys the fruits of active youth _or_ The fruits of active youth are +enjoyed in old age. + +[Footnote 84: Or we can use the 3rd pers. plur. of the verb without the +pronoun.] + +[Footnote 85: Or "una alza" (both used).] + + +As will be seen, this is really a form of the passive voice rendered by +"se," as "se goza" instead of "es gozado." But there are more typical +examples, as-- + +Los generos se han fabricado en Irlanda y se los ha (_not_ han) plegado +como lienzos irlandeses: The goods were made in Ireland and they folded +them as Irish Linens. + +A Conjunctive Reflexive Pronoun, whether direct or indirect object, +always precedes any other conjunctive pronoun, as--- + +Yo me lo reservo: I reserve it for myself. +Nosotros nos lo guardamos: We keep it for ourselves. +Se me dice: It is said to me (it says itself to me). +Se les venden las telas: The cloths are sold to them. +Nosotros nos le confiamos: We entrust ourselves to him. +Vosotros os les empenasteis en L1,000: You pledged yourselves to them +for L1,000. + + +_Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense_.[86] ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Hablar=. | =Temer=. | =Partir=. | ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ +|Que yo hablase (that |Temiese (that I |Partiese (that I might,| +| I might, should or | might, should, or | should or would | +| would speak, etc.) | would fear, etc.) | depart, etc.) | +| " tu hablases |Temieses |Partieses | +| " el hablase |Temiese |Partiese | +| " nosotros hablasemos|Temiesemos |Partiesemos | +| " vosotros hablaseis |Temieseis |Partieseis | +| " ellos hablasen |Temiesen |Partiesen | ++--------------------------------------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 86: This tense is formed from the Past Def. by changing the +termination _ron_ of the 3rd pers. pl. into _se, ses, se, semos, seis +sen_, in all the three conjugations.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=en la actualidad, al momento=, at present +=a menudo=, often +=acostumbrarse=, to accustom oneself +=admitir=, to acknowledge +=aparecer=, to appear +=aplicarse=, to apply oneself +=ayuda=, help +=boletin=, form, slip, price list +=caucho seco=, dry rubber +=cebada y avena=, barley and oats +=cifras=, figures +=la compra=, the purchase +=*contar (con)=, to count, to rely on +=la costumbre=, custom +=cualquiera=, any (_affirm._) +=cuidadosamente=, carefully +=declararse en quiebra=, to file one's petition in bankruptcy +=dedicarse=, to devote oneself +=dirigirse=, to address oneself +=escribirse=, to write to each other, to one another +=escuchar=, to listen to +=exacto=, exact, accurate +=firmeza=, firmness +=industria azucarera=, sugar industry +=los informes=, information +=lisonjearse=, to flatter oneself +=llamarse=, to be called +=el montaje=, the erection of machinery, etc. +=*moverse=, to be moved, driven (machinery) +=operadores=, dealers (on 'Change) +=partida=, lot (of goods) +=perfeccionar=, to perfect, improve (machinery) +=*reconocer=, to acknowledge +=recursos=, means += respetar=, to respect +=seccion=, section +=tacharse=, to censure, to blame, oneself +=tejidos=, textiles, cloths +=ultimamente=, lately +=unicamente=, solely, only + + + EXERCISE 1 (19). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Nos dirigimos a Vs. por informes sobre la casa cuyo (whose) nombre +aparece en el boletin adjunto. + +2. Se aplicaron a la industria azucarera y consiguieron buenos +resultados. + +3. Me he acostumbrado a este trabajo. + +4. Te has dedicado al comercio. + +5. Tiene mucha opinion de si (mismo). + +6. Cuenta (he relies) consigo unicamente. + +7. Se debe pensar a si y tambien a los otros. + +8. Estos tejidos se llaman "uniones." + +9. Las dos casas se escriben[87] en frances. + +10. Estos tornos y estas sierras mecanicas (these lathes and sawing +machines) se mueven por motor electrico. + +11. Se los ha perfeccionado mucho ultimamente. + +12. ?Se envian las maquinas en secciones? + +13. Si, Senor, y se las marca cuidadosamente para facilitar el montaje. + +14. Se dice que llegaron grandes partidas de Cebada y Avena, ?piensa V. +que influiran en los precios? + +15. Asi se cree. + +16. Entonces resultara (or resultara pues) alguna ventaja para los +consumidores (consumers). + +17. No puedo tacharme de imprevidencia (want of foresight) por no +haberme abastecido (supplied, stocked) a tiempo, pues (because) carecia +de los recursos necesarios para hacerlo (to do so). + +[Footnote 87: Reflexive Pronouns in the plural are also Reciprocal.] + + + EXERCISE 2 (20). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I flatter myself that you will be pleased with (le gustaran) my +purchases seeing (visto) the firmness of prices at present. + +2. We consider ourselves lucky (dichosos de) not to have listened to +their advice (consejo). + +3. He is always speaking of himself and of his business. + +4. He found himself a loser (a perder). + +5. They declared themselves bankrupts (they filed their petition in +bankruptcy). + +6. They wrote to each other often. + +7. He respects himself. + +8. He himself respects old customs. + +9. We acknowledge we are wrong. + +10. We acknowledge receipt of your favour (acusamos recibo de). + +11. We shall gratefully acknowledge (agradeceremos infinito) any help +you may render (preste) to our friend. + +12. We hope you will be very accurate in your figures. + +13. The output (producto) for the first two months of the current year +was 18,668 lbs. dry rubber. + +14. The bill market (los cambios) was very firm to-day but there was +little doing (poco se hizo). + +15. Dealers were reluctant (se mostraron contrarios) to do business in +the securities. + +16. Rubber shares were lifeless (muy desanimadas), but prices were +maintained (se mantuvieron). + + + + + LESSON XI. + (Leccion decima primera.) + + POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS. + + +A Possessive Adjective _accompanies a noun_; a Possessive pronoun +_stands for a noun_. + +The =Possessive Adjectives= are-- + ++-------------------------+----------------------------+ +|Mi (_m._ & _f., sing._) |my | +|Mis (_m._ & _f., plu._) |my | +|Tu (_m._ & _f., sing._) |thy | +|Tus (_m._ & _f., plu._) |thy | +|Su (_m._ & _f., sing._) |his, her, its, one's, their,| +| | your, (_polite_) | +|Sus (_m._ & _f., plu._) |his, her, its, one's, their,| +| | your, (_polite_) | +|Nuestro-a, os-a |our | +|Vuestro-a, os-as |your (_familiar_) | ++-------------------------+----------------------------+ + + +EXAMPLES-- + +Mi embarque: My shipment. +Nuestro arreglo: Our arrangement. +Su sinceridad: His, her, or their sincerity. +Tu beneficio: Thy benefit. +Sus fondos: His funds, capital. + + +_De el, de ella, de ellos, de V._, etc., may be added for the sake of +clearness, but are not needed when the sense is clear without them.[88] + +In the 3rd person (but not in the 1st and 2nd) instead of "su ... de +el," "su ... de V.," etc., we may say "el ... de el," "el ... de V.," +etc. + + +[Footnote 88: "De V." is added also for politeness ("V." being a title in +itself--your grace).] + + +The =Possessive Pronouns= are-- + +El mio, la mia, los mios, las mias (mine). +El tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas (thine). +El suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (his, hers, theirs, yours, +_polite_). +El nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las nuestras (ours). +El vuestro, la vuestra, los vuestros, las vuestras (yours _familiar_). + +The Possessive Pronoun must be preceded by the definite article except +when it follows the verb "to be" ("Ser") and ownership is asserted. + + +EXAMPLES-- + +Su casa es mas importante que la mia: His firm is more important than +mine. + +V. ha acabado su trabajo, pero yo no he principiado el mio: You have +finished your work, but I have not started mine. + +Estos titulos y acciones son mios: These bonds and shares are mine +(viz., belong to me).[89] + +[Footnote 89: If the intention is only _to distinguish_ between one +object and another the article is maintained; as, Estas son mis acciones, +_aquellas_ son las de V. (these are my shares, _those_ are yours).] + + +=Possessive Adjectives Emphatic=. If any emphasis is placed on the +possessive adjectives, the forms of the possessive pronouns are used, +_following the noun_, as-- + +Quiero la maleta mia y no la de su amigo: I want _my_ portmanteau, not +your friend's. + +"A friend of mine," "a customer of yours" will be translated "un amigo +de los mios," "un cliente de los suyos," or also "un amigo mio," "un +cliente suyo," without the preposition _de_. + +The Possessive Pronoun preceded by the neuter article =lo= denotes +"property in general," as-- + +Lo mio (mine--that which is mine). +Lo nuestro (ours--that which belongs to us). +Lo suyo _or_ lo propio (one's own property). +Lo ajeno (other people's property (that which belongs to others)). + +In addressing a person translate "my," etc., by "mio," etc., as-- + +Amigo mio: My friend. +Muy Senor mio (usual introduction to a Spanish letter). + +But if the noun is qualified by an adjective, both "mi" and "mio" are +used ("mi" is more general), as Mi querido amigo (my dear friend). + + ++----------------------------------------------------------------+ +| _Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense (2nd Form)_.[90] | ++------------------------+------------------+--------------------+ +| Hablar. | Temer. | Partir. | ++------------------------+------------------+--------------------+ +| Que yo hablara |Temiera |Partiera Partieras | +| " tu hablaras |Temieras |Partiera | +| " el hablara |Temiera |Partieramos | +| " nosotros hablaramos|Temieramos |Partierais | +| " vosotros hablarais |Temierais |Partieran | +| " ellos-as hablaran |Temieran | | ++------------------------+------------------+--------------------+ + +[Footnote 90: Used just the same as the 1st form; but it may also be +used instead of the Conditional Mood.] + ++-----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+ +| _Subjunctive Mood, Future Tense_.[91] | ++-----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+ +|Que yo hablare (that I |Temiere (that I |Partiere (that I | +| shall speak, etc.) | shall fear, etc.)| shall depart, etc.)| +| " tu hablares |Temieres |Partieres | +| " el hablare |Temiere |Partiere | +| " nosotros hablaremos|Temieremos |Partieremos | +| " vosotros hablareis |Temiereis |Partiereis | +| " ellos-as hablaren |Temieren |Partieren | ++-----------------------+-------------------+---------------------+ + +[Footnote 91: Refers to a future doubtful action; little used. Its place +is generally supplied by the Present Subjunctive, and, after _si_ (if), +by the Present Indicative.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=*atenerse a= to adhere to +=*adherir a= to adhere to +=ajustar=, to adjust +=apresurarse a=, to hasten to. +=asegurar=, to secure +=averia=, average (damage by sea-water, etc.) +=buque=, ship +=buque de vapor=, steamer +=buque de vela=, sailing vessel +=cabida=, room, space +=codiciar=, to covet +=deber=, to owe, must +=debido a=, owing to +=direccion=, address +=encaminar=, to forward +=hierro=, iron +=mensual=, monthly +=mercado de granos=, grain market +=muestra=, sample +=peticion=, request +=pormenores, detalles=, particulars, details +=por tanto=, =por eso=, therefore +=proporcionado=, =adecuado=, adequate +=puerto=, port +=relacion=, report +=representante=, representative +=resto, restante=, remainder +=resultado=, result +=riesgo=, risk +(=a= _or_ =por) saldo=, (in) settlement +=satisfecho=, satisfied +=siguiente=, following +=someter=, to submit +=(la) sucursal=, branch house +=surtido=, assortment, selection +=vigas=, beams + + + EXERCISE 1 (21). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Su representante de V. me ha sometido sus (his) muestras y dentro de +pocos dias hare un surtido. + +2. En seno (herewith) les enviamos nuestro precio corriente. + +3. Sirvase V. consignar los generos a la orden mia y no a la (orden) del +Sr. Fulano, como lo hacia V. antes. + +4. Su casa y la mia estan ambas (both) interesadas en esta especulacion. + +5. Les embarcaremos sus vigas de hierro por el proximo vapor y las +(vigas) de su sucursal de Rosario con el buque siguiente. + +6. Nuestro buque de vela el "Neron" saldra (will leave) en breve +(shortly). + +7. Queremos lo nuestro pero no codiciamos lo ajeno. + +8. Nuestro catalogo contiene todos los pormenores necesarios. + +9. Debemos su nombre de V. al Sr. Fulano. + +10. Nos tomamos la libertad de solicitar sus apreciables ordenes. + +11. A nuestro parecer (in our opinion) su clientela de V. es mejor que +la suya de el. + + + EXERCISE 2 (22). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We beg (tenemos el gusto de) to inform you that your order has been +placed at your prices owing to the fall experienced (que tuvimos) in our +market. + +2. In our monthly report, which we beg to enclose, we have stated +(consignado) the present position of our grain market. + +3. Please forward the enclosed letters to their address. + +4. Our risk would be great and therefore we must adhere to our request +of an adequate commission. + +5. The average having been adjusted we now hasten to enclose our cheque +for L59 16s. 9d. in settlement of your claim as per statement enclosed. + +6. Trusting (en la confianza que) you will be satisfied with (con _or_ +de) this result, we are, yours faithfully (somos de Vs. attos. y +S.S.Q.B.S.M.[92]). + +7. We have secured room for the remainder of your machinery in the +steamer leaving (que saldra de) our port on the 10th prox. + +[Footnote 92: Atentos y seguros servidores (que besan sus manos). The +words in brackets are not used in South America and some Spanish firms +also omit them. Instead of q.b.s.m., Spaniards have lately adopted: +q.e.s.m. (que _estrechan_ sus manos).] + + + + + LESSON XII. + (Leccion decima segunda.) + + DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS. + + +A demonstrative adjective _accompanies_ a noun and a demonstrative +pronoun _stands for_ a noun. + +The =Demonstrative Adjectives= are-- + ++----------------------+-----------------------------------------+ +|Este, esta (this). |Estos, estas[93] (these). | +|Ese, esa (that). |Esos, esas_[93]_ (those--near to the | +| | person addressed). | +|Aquel, aquella (that).|Aquellos, aquellas (those--removed | +| | from both speaker and addressee). | ++----------------------+-----------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 93: Sometimes "estotro," "estotra," "esotro," "esotra," but +these and other forms are obsolete.] + +The difference between _Ese_ and _Aquel_ is not strictly observed. +However, in cases like "this box," "that table," "that cupboard yonder," +use _ese_ for the nearer of the two removed from the speaker: "Esta +caja," "esa mesa," "aquel armario." + + +The =Demonstrative Pronouns= are the same as the above, with the +addition of-- + +Neuter form Esto, eso, aquello[94] (this, that). This has no plural and +is used-- + +1. In reference to a whole sentence, as-- + +El mercado del algodon esta muy abatido; esto me desanima: The cotton +market is very flat; this disconcerts me. + +2. In reference to something pointed at, without referring to what the +thing is,[95] as-- + +?Que es eso? What is that? (thing there, whatever it may be.) + +_Este, ese, aquel_, etc., are accented when a stress is placed on them; +_Este_ is also used for "the latter" and _Aquel_ for "the former."[96] + +Instead of _ese_, etc., _aquel_, etc., before _que_ and _de_, the +definite article is generally used, as-- + +El aumento de precio de hoy y el[97] que tuvimos ayer: The increase in +price to-day and that we had yesterday. + +La remesa anterior y la que haremos hoy: The previous shipment and that +we are sending to-day. + +El flete del aceite y el de los vinos: The freight on oil, and that on +wine. + +Mis documentos y los de mi jefe: My documents and those of my chief +(employer). + +Lo que (instead of "aquello que") escribo es la pura verdad: That which +(what) I write is the honest truth. + +[Footnote 94: "Eso" and "aquello" are used practically +indiscriminately.] + +[Footnote 95: French "ceci," "cela."] + +[Footnote 96: Esto es--namely, that is ...] + +[Footnote 97: It might appear to be an abbreviation of "aquel," but it +is not] so. + + +A preposition may precede _que_, as-- + +?Que libro es ese? Es el en que escribimos ayer: What book is that? It +is that in which we wrote yesterday. + +?Que carta quiere V.? La a que me referi ayer: What letter do you want? +That to which I referred yesterday. + +?Que plumas son estas? Son las con que yo escribia: What pens are these? +They are those with which I wrote. + + +_Esta_ translates the commercial phrase, "our place," "our market." + +_Esa_ translates the commercial phrase, "your place," "your market." + +As-- + +El mercado en esta esta muy flojo: The market here is very slack. + +Nos dicen los armadores que el cargamento llegara a esa el 15 del mes +entrante: The shipowners inform us that the cargo will reach your town +on the 15th prox. + + ++---------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| _Subjunctive Mood, Present Tense_. | ++-------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+ +| =Haber=. | =Tener=. | =Ser=. | =Estar=. | ++-------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+ +|Que yo haya (that I|Tenga (that I |Sea (that I |Este (that I | +| may have, etc.) | may have, etc.)| may be, etc.)| may be, etc.)| +| " tu hayas |Tengas |Seas |Estes | +| " el haya |Tenga |Sea |Este | +| " nosotros |Tengamos |Seamos |Estemos | +| hayamos | | | | +| " vosotros |Tengais |Seais |Esteis | +| hayais | | | | +| " ellos hayan |Tengan |Sean |Esten | ++-------------------+-----------------+---------------+---------------+ + + + VOCABULARY. + +=a ese respecto=, in that respect +=acusar=, to accuse, to show +=al menos=, at least +=barca a motor= motor-boat +=barca automovil= motor-boat +=carriles, rieles, railes=, rails +=competidor, contrincante=, competitor, neighbour[98] +=condiciones=, terms +=contra=, against +=deprimir=, to depress +=descarga=, discharge, the discharging +=desgracia=, misfortune +=dias de estadia=, lay days +=dificultad=, difficulty +=elevar=, to raise, to enhance +=esta visto=, it is obvious +=evitar=, to avoid +=fletar=, to freight +=mar alborotada=, heavy sea +=mercado algodonero=, cotton market +=mina de carbon=, colliery +=*ofrecer=, to offer +=oscilacion=, uncertainty, wavering, ups and downs +=perturbar=, to disturb +=sorprendente=, surprising +=suma redonda=, lump sum +=*volcar=, to capsize, to overturn + +[Footnote 98: Neighbour, _person living near_: vecino.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (23). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Debido a la ultima baja que se ha verificado en este mercado, podemos +ofrecerles una reduccion de diez por ciento en los precios de esos +generos. + +2. Esta visto que el gobierno de aquella republica no solo no se ocupa +de elevar el credito sino que tiene la desgracia de deprimirlo y de +perturbar el mercado bursatil (the money market). + +3. Se ha repetido en esta la oscilacion que hubo en la semana pasada. + +4. Los consolidados (the consolidated) han abierto a 82 y la Renta +Italiana a 101, habiendo bajado mas tarde aquellos a 81 1/2 y esta a +100. + +5. El Amortizable 5% (the 5% Redeemable) subio hasta (to) 103. + +6. La revista del mercado algodonero acusa una baja en los futures y la +de la Bolsa un alza en todos los valores extranjeros. + +7. Esto es muy natural, aquello es sorprendente. + +8. Yo le digo esto: lo hare. + +9. Eso me conviene. + + + EXERCISE 2 (24). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We shall ship these iron beams and those steel rails by a sailing +vessel which we intend to (intentamos) freight at (por) a lump sum, with +at least ten lay days for discharging. + +2. This will avoid any (toda) difficulty in that respect. + +3. A German motor-boat was making this week a trial run (excursion de +prueba) in a (con la) heavy sea when she capsized (y se volco). + +4. The net profits of this year show (muestran, acusan) an increase of +L1,000. + +5. The working (la explotacion) of those collieries has resulted in a +loss. + +6. Messrs. Brown & Co. of your city (de esa) have sent their agent over +(aqui) to make considerable purchases. + +7. We hastened to submit to them our best terms offering a credit of +nine months against their acceptances. + +8. These terms are better than those of our competitors. This is +certain. + + + + + LESSON XIII. + (Leccion decima tercera.) + + RELATIVE PRONOUNS. + + ++------------+-----------+------------------------------------+ +| _Sing._ | _Plu._ | | ++------------+-----------+------------------------------------+ +|Quien |Quienes |(who, whom) | +|El cual |Los cuales |(who, whom _or_ which) | +|La cual |Las cuales | | +|Que | |(that) | +|Cuyo |Cuyos |(whose, _or_ of which (denoting | +|Cuya |Cuyas | possession)) | ++------------+-----------+------------------------------------+ + +_Quien_ is used for persons only. +_El cual_ and _que_ are used for persons and things. + + +EXAMPLES-- + +El agente a quien (_or_ al cual) hemos escrito: The agent to whom we +have written. + +?Son aquellas las partidas de azucares de las cuales me hablo V. ayer? +Are those the lots of sugar of which you spoke to me yesterday? + +Me acuerdo de las personas y las cosas que V. ha mencionado: I remember +the people and things that you mentioned. + +El buque cuya tripulacion ha desembarcado: The ship whose crew has +landed. + +El comerciante a cuyo hijo hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we +have known. + +_Que_ is used very often instead of _quien_ and _el cual. Que_ is to be +preferred when the clause following is a mere complement of the +principal clause (preceding), and _Quien_ or _El cual_ only when the +following clause is considered not less in importance than the clause +preceding, viz., when it introduces _a new idea,[99] as-- + +?Ha visto V. al viajante que nos visito esta manana? +Have you seen the traveller who called on us this morning? + +He conocido al banquero quien era hombre muy juicioso +y prudente: I knew the banker who was a very wise and +prudent man. + +[Footnote 99: This is practically saying: after a comma, only the use +of the comma is so arbitrary that we preferred to explain the rule +fully.] + + +After _ser_ and a noun or pronoun, translate "who" by _quien_, as-- + +Es el (Carlos) quien me lo ha dicho: It is he (Charles) who told it to +me. + + +After a preposition translate "whom" by _quien_ (pl., _quienes_)[100], +and "which" by _el cual (la cual_, etc.). + +[Footnote 100: "Que" is found but rarely.] + + +EXCEPTION-- + +After _a, con, de, en_, we can also translate "which" equally well by +_que_, or _el que, la que, los que, las que_.[101] + +[Footnote 101: "Que" or "El que" is found also after other prepositions +but rarely.] + + +"Which" relating to a whole sentence is _lo cual_ or _lo que_ +(naturally, because a whole sentence has no gender). + +Instead of _cuyo_ we may use _de quien, del cual, de que, del que_, as-- + +El buque, la tripulacion del cual, de que, _or_ del que ha desembarcado: +The ship whose crew has landed. + +El comerciante al hijo de quien, _or_ del cual hemos conocido: The +merchant whose son we have known. + +"He who" is translated by _aquel que, el que_,[102] also _quien_. + +"She who" is translated by _aquella que, la[102] que_, also _quien_. + +"Those who" is translated by _aquellos que, los[102] que_, also +_quienes_. + +[Footnote 102: See Lesson XII.] + + +=Relative Pronouns= cannot be left out, understood, in Spanish, as-- + +El hombre a quien, _or_ que vi: The man I saw. + +Expressions as "The man I spoke to" must, of course, be rendered "The +man to whom I spoke" (El hombre a quien hable). + +Expressions as "I recommend you Messrs. So-and-So than which no better +firm exists," are rendered "Le recomiendo a V. la casa de los Srs. +Fulanos de Tal que no la hay mejor (_or_ de la cual, _or_ de la que no +hay otra mejor)". + + ++---------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| _Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense_. | ++-------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+ +| =Haber=. | =Tener=. | =Ser=. | =Estar=. | +|Que yo hubiese |Tuviese (that I|Fuese (that I |Estuviese (that I| +| (that I might, | might, would,| might, would,| might, would, | +| would, or should| or should | or should | or should | +| have, etc.) | have, etc.) | be, etc.) | be, etc.) | +| " tu hubieses |Tuvieses |Fueses |Estuvieses | +| " el hubiese |Tuviese |Fuese |Estuviese | +| " nosotros |Tuviesemos |Fuesemos |Estuviesemos | +| hubiesemos | | | | +| " vosotros |Tuvieseis |Fueseis |Estuvieseis | +| hubieseis | | | | +| " ellos hubiesen |Tuviesen |Fuesen |Estuviesen | ++-------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+ + + + VOCABULARY. + +=amargo=, bitter +=armador de buques=, shipowner +=arreglar=, to arrange +=el bien=, the good +=buque, barco, navio=, boat +=cauto=, cautious +=*conocer=, to know through the senses, to be acquainted with +=deuda=, debt +=doloroso=, painful +=endosar=, to endorse +=ensenar=, to teach, to show +=esperar=, to expect, to hope, to wait +=estadisticas=, statistics +=falta=, want, absence of +=flojo=, slack +=fundar=, to found +=gratitud=, gratitude +=*hacer mencion=, to mention +=herida=, wound, sting +=informar (de)=, to inform of, to acquaint with +=llevar chasco=, to be disappointed, to be baffled +=*negar=, to deny +=periodico=, newspaper +=premio=, reward, prize, premium +=robar=, to rob, to steal +=simpatico=, pleasant, winsome, taking +=*tener empeno=, to be earnest, anxious about anything + + + EXERCISE 1 (25). + +Translate into English-- + +1. El hombre que me hablo no es el a quien hemos escrito. + +2. He aqui (here is) el libro que me enseno esta regla. + +3. He escrito al hombre que nos endoso la letra. + +4. He comprado el periodico que contiene aquellas estadisticas. + +5. He arreglado con el negociante quien (_or_ el cual) parece hombre muy +simpatico. + +6. El corredor, quien (_or_ el cual) tiene mucho empeno en concluir la +transaccion, me vino a ver otra vez (again) esta manana. + +7. El capital, el cual se ha destinado a la explotacion de las minas, es +intangible (cannot be touched). + +8. El hombre a quien (_or_ al cual) me refiero es armador de buques. + +9. El negociante de quien (_or_ del cual) le hablaba es integerrimo +(most upright). + +10. El asunto a que me referia (_or_ de que trataba). + +11. La pluma con que escribia y con la cual (_or_ con la que) puede +escribir V. + +12. La mina en que (_or_ en la cual) fundaba sus esperanzas. + +13. El dinero sobre el cual contaba. + +14. Los generos para los cuales se dio (was given) la orden. + +15. ?Es el quien lo quiere y a cuyo hijo (_or_ al hijo de quien) V. +conoce? + + + EXERCISE 2 (26). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. He who robs you of (roba) money robs you of little, but he who denies +you a debt of well-deserved gratitude robs you of more, which is +obvious. + +2. Those who deny this (nieguen, (_subj._)) have not experienced how +(cuan) painful is the sting of ingratitude. + +3. Those who do good should do it expecting ingratitude for (por) their +reward, then they will not be disappointed. + +4. It is a truth than which no bitterer exists. + +5. The steamer I have bought is a first-class boat. + +6. The little (pequena) house I paid for. + +7. The firm I made mention of enjoys good credit. + +8. I wonder (me pregunto yo) if this is the engineer whose son is a +lawyer. + +9. Their market is very slack at present, which accounts for (explica) +the want of their remittances. + +10. I acquainted them with all the facts, which made them very cautious. + +11. We are acquainted with Mr. McIntyre (conocemos al), who is a +Scotchman. + +12. He is only an acquaintance (un conocido _or_ un conocimiento). + + + + + LESSON XIV. + (Leccion decima cuarta.) + + INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. + + +These are the same as the relative pronouns, only they are written with +an accent-- + +?Quien,-es? (who, whom?) +?Cual,-es? (which?) +?Que? (what?) +?Cuyo,-a,-os,-as? (whose?) +?De quien,-es[103]? (whose?) +?Cuanto,-a,-os,-as? (how much, how many?) + +[Footnote 103: "De quien" is more usual than "Cuyo" in interrogations.] + + +_Cual_ when interrogative is used without the definite article which +must accompany it when it is a relative pronoun. _Quien_, interrogative, +is never an adjective. + + +EXAMPLES-- + +?Quien vino a verme? Who came to see me? + +?Cual arreglo le gusta a V. mas? Which arrangement do you prefer? + +?Cuyo es este lapiz? Whose is this pencil? _or_ Whose +?Cuyo lapiz es este? pencil is this? +?De quien es este lapiz? + +?De quien recibio V. la consignacion de madera? From whom did you +receive the consignment of timber? + +?A quienes nos refieren Vs. para informes? To whom do you refer us for +information? + +?Cuanto me cobrara V.? How much will you charge me? + +_Cual_ (which) is often used instead of the English "what", as-- + +?Cuales son sus intenciones? What are your intentions? + +_Que_ is used in exclamatory sentences--"what a", as-- + +iQue lastima! What a pity! +iQue bonitos panos! What nice suitings![104] + +[Footnote 104: Before an adjective without a noun following "que" +translates the English "how":--iQue bonito! how nice!] + +An emphatic _tan_ or _mas_ may be inserted, thus-- + +iQue pano tan bonito! What a very nice suiting! +iQue hombre mas rico! What a very rich man! + +_Cual_ is used in exclamatory clauses instead of _como_ (how), as-- + +iCual le han reducido las desgracias! How (_or_ to what a state) + misfortunes have reduced him! +iCual la vi! How (_or_ in what a state) did I see her! + +_Cuanto_ is also used in exclamations, as-- + +iCuanto le agradezco su amabilidad! How much obliged I am for your +kindness! + +_Cual_ without article and without accent is used for "as," as-- + +Una casa (tal) cual yo la deseaba: A house (such) as I liked. + +Such expressions as "He wrote me a letter, which letter I still +possess," are translated "Me escribio una carta, cuya carta aun tengo." + + +_Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense (2nd form)_. + ++-----------------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+ + =Haber=. | =Tener=. | =Ser=. | =Estar=. | ++-----------------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+ +|Que yo hubiera |Tuviera |Fuera |Estuviera | +| " tu hubieras |Tuvieras |Fueras |Estuvieras | +| " el hubiera |Tuviera |Fuera |Estuviera | +| " nosotros hubieramos|Tuvieramos |Fueramos |Estuvieramos | +| " vosotros hubierais |Tuvierais |Fuerais |Estuvierais | +| " ellos hubieran |Tuvieran |Fueran |Estuvieran | ++-----------------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+ + + +_Subjunctive Mood, Future Tense._ + + ++-----------------------+--------------+------------+--------------+ +|Que yo hubiere (that |Tuviere (that |Fuere (that |Estuviere | +| I shall have, | I shall have,| I shall be,| (that I shall| +| etc.) | etc.) | etc.) | be, etc.) | +| " tu hubieres |Tuvieres |Fueres |Estuvieres | +| " el hubiere |Tuviere |Fuere |Estuviere | +| " nosotros hubieremos|Tuvieremos |Fueremos |Estuvieremos | +| " vosotros hubiereis |Tuviereis |Fuereis |Estuviereis | +| " ellos hubieren |Tuvieren |Fueren |Estuvieren | ++-----------------------+--------------+------------+--------------+ + + +_Imperative Mood_. (This mood is used to command or beg.) + ++--------+---------------------------------+---------------------------+ +|Hablar |Habla[105](speak thou, _sing_.) |Hablad (speak you, _plu._) | +|Temer |Teme (fear " ) |Temed (fear " ) | +|Partir |Parte (depart " ) |Partid (depart " ) | +|Haber |He[106] (have " ) |Habed (have " ) | +|Tener |Ten ( " " ) |Tened ( " " ) | +|Ser |Se (be " ) |Sed (be " ) | +|Estar |Esta ( " " ) |Estad ( " " ) | ++--------+---------------------------------+---------------------------+ + +[Footnote 105: The Imperative Mood has only a separate form for the 2nd +pers. sing. and plu. It has no 1st pers. sing. and the 1st pers. pl. and +3rd pers. sing. and pl. are taken from the Pres. Subj. + +The 2nd pers. pl. is derived from the Infinitive Mood by changing the +final _r_ into _d_--no exception. + +The 2nd pers. sing. is the same as the _3rd pers. sing. of the Pres. +Indicative_, with a few exceptions (among which are Haber, Tener, Ser).] + +[Footnote 106: Given as a form only, as Haber has no Imperative Mood in +modern Spanish, except in Heme, hete, hele, aqui, etc. (here I am, here +thou art, here he is, etc.), and in some other rare cases. + +N.B.--In Spanish there is no imperative negative, the Pres. Subj. +negative being used instead, as-- + + =Hablar=. No hables (do not (thou) speak). + No hableis (do not (you) speak).] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=*acordarse=, to remember +=me acuerdo=, I remember +=se acuerda=, he remembers +=cartera=, pocket-book, portfolio +=contestar a, responder a=, to answer +=*decir=, to say +=*devolver=, to return, give back +=devuelto=, given back +=devuelvo=, I return, give back +=digo=, I say +=dice=, he says +=dije=, I said +=dijo=, he said +=disgustado=, annoyed, disgusted, displeased +=flojedad=, slackness +=*hacer escala=, to call at (steamers) +=mucho me gusta=, I am very glad +=negativa=, refusal +=notas (billetes) de banco=, bank notes +=*oir=, to hear +=*perder=, to lose +=perdiendo=, losing +=*querer=, to want, to be willing to have +=quiero=, I want, I am willing to have +=quiere=, he wants, he is willing to have +=responder=,[107] to answer +=*seguir=, to continue +=sorpresa=, surprise + +[Footnote 107: "Responder"; past part., "respuesto"--otherwise regular.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (27). + +Translate into English-- + +1. ?Quien respeta las leyes? + +2. ?Cuales leyes? + +3. Las de este pais. ?Que dice V.? + +4. Lo que V. oye (you hear). + +5. Estos panuelos y zarazas son cuales V. deseaba. + +6. Mucho me gusta saberlo. + +7. iQue hermosas telas! iy baratas! + +8. iCuanto pide V. por ellas? + +9 ?Cuantos dividendos ha pagado esa Compania? Tres. + +10. ?Cuantos dijo V. (did you say)? + +11. Tres o cuatro, no me acuerdo exactamente. + +12. ?Cuya cartera es esta? + +13. Es la cartera de mi hermano, cuya cartera, como V. habra sabido, la +perdio con L500 en notas de banco y le fue devuelta. + +14. ?De quien es el cargamento cuyo conocimiento ha llegado? + +15. Es mio. + +16. ?Que libro es este? Es el mio. + +17. Ha seguido la flojedad en los valores, perdiendo mucho el +amortizable. + +18. Hubo pocas (few) transacciones en general. + +19. iCual lo hallamos! + +20. iAbsolutamente desanimado! iQue lastima! + + + EXERCISE 2 (28). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. What reduction can you make? + +2. Twopence a yard. + +3. Which of the two will you have (quiere V.)? + +4. What orders did you give? + +5. Whose goods are these? + +6. What a surprise! + +7. How much money did you receive? + +8. How many lots of white shirting have you placed? + +9. Did you answer all his letters? + +10. If we bought (si comprasemos) the (colonial) produce dearer than the +figure you indicated we should have to answer for it (seriamos +responsables). + +11. The cotton prints and union drills we sent you will answer your +requirements (corresponderan a sus necesidades). + +12. Mr. Perez seems annoyed by your refusal. + +13. I am very sorry (lo siento mucho _or_ infinito) but it is not my +fault. + +14. I could not accept the rebate under (en) the circumstances. + +15. Has the steamer called at Malaga? + +16. I believe she has (que si). + + + + + LESSON XV. + (Leccion decima quinta.) + + INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS. + + +(Those marked with an asterisk are Pronouns only.) + +Alguno, *alguien (pronounced alguien), (some, somebody, anybody) +*Algo, alguna cosa (something, anything) +*Uno-a,-os-as (one, a person, some, some persons) +Uno a otro (one another, each other) +Uno u otro (one or the other, either) +Uno y otro, ambos, entrambos (both) +Ni uno ni otro (neither the one nor the other) +Ni uno (not a single one) +Los otros, los demas (the others) +Mismo (same, self) +Cierto-a,-os-as (a certain, certain) +Cada (each) +*Cada uno, *cada cual (each, each one) +Otro (other, another[108]) +Todo (all, everything, every) +Todos (everybody, all) +Poco (little) +Pocos (few) +Unos pocos, unos cuantos (a few) +Mucho-a,-os-as (much, many) +Varios (several) +Cualquiera (_sing._), Cualesquiera (_pl._), (any, whichever) +*Quienquiera (_sing._), quienesquiera (_pl._), (any, whoever, whomever) +*Cualquiera cosa (anything, whatever) +Propio-a, os-as (own, self, same) +Tal (_sing._), tales (_pl._ such a, such) +*Fulano, zutano, mengano (So-and-So) +Cuanto (todo lo que), (all that which) +Cuantos (todos los que), (all those who) +Ninguno (no one, nobody, not any) +*Nada (nothing), *nadie (no one, nobody) +*Quien ... quien, *cual ... cual (some ... some) + +[Footnote 108: "Another" is "otro," not "un otro."] + + +_Cada_ is an adjective only, as-- + +Cada huelga de obreros dana la industria nacional: Each workmen's strike +injures national industry. + +_Alguien, algo, cada, nada, nadie_ are invariable, and the verb +accompanying them is always singular, as-- + +Alguien hizo un error de pluma: Somebody made a slip of the pen. + +Algo es mejor que el dinero, el honor: There is something better than +money, honour. + +?Hay algo peor que la ingratitud? Is there anything worse than +ingratitude? + +Nada es absolutamente perfecto y nadie es infalible: Nothing is +absolutely perfect and nobody is infallible. + +Further difference in meaning between _alguien_ and _alguno_-- + +_Alguien_ refers to persons only, and cannot be followed by _de_. +_Alguno_ to persons or things, and may be followed by _de_,[109] as-- + +Alguien _or_ Alguno se ha quejado: Somebody has complained. + +Quiere naranjas y melocotones y yo tengo algunos: He wants oranges and +peaches, and I have some. + +Alguno de ellos lo hara: Someone amongst them will do it. + +The English "any," "anything," are translated by _alguno, alguna cosa +(algo)_ when interrogative; _ninguno, ninguna cosa (nada)_ when +negative; and _cualquiera, cualquiera cosa_ when affirmative, as-- + +?Quiere V. algun refresco o algo que comer? Do you want any +refreshments[110] or anything to eat? + +No quiero ningunos Holandillos: I do not want any Hollands. + +Cualquier(a) muchacho de escuela echaria de ver que estas Batistas +Victoria son mas ordinarias: Any schoolboy could see that these Victoria +Lawns are of lower quality. + +_Alguno_ and _Ninguno_ are left understood oftener than in English, as-- + +?Comprara V. (algunos) titulos de la nueva emision? Will you buy any +stock of the new issue? + +El no pide consejos: He does not ask any advice. + +When _nadie_ and _ninguno_, or any other =negative word=, as the adverb +_nunca_ (never), etc., precede a verb, no other negative is required; +but when they =follow= it, =no= (not) must precede the verb, as: No he +visto a nadie _or_ a nadie he visto: I have seen nobody. + +[Footnote 109: Same difference between _nadie_ and _ninguno_.] + +[Footnote 110: In Spanish the singular is found instead of the plural, +as: ?Tiene V. algun libro que prestarme? (have you any books to lend +me?).] + + +Verbs ending in _car_ or _gar_ change the _c_ and _g_ into =qu= and =gu= +respectively before =e=, as-- + ++------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ +| | =Embarcar=[111] | =Cargar=[111] | +| |(to embark, to ship) | (to load) | +| _Past Def._ |Embarque |Cargue | +| _Pres. Subj._ |Embarque,-ques, que, |Cargue,-gues,-gue, | +| |-quemos,-queis,-quen.|-guemos,-gueis,-guen.| ++------------------+---------------------+---------------------+ + +[Footnote 111: The primary parts (except, of course, the Infinitive) will +be omitted in future _when they are regular_. The derivative parts will +also be omitted when they are _regularly formed from their primary +parts_ according to the rules given. See synopsis at the end of the +book.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=agricola=, agricultural +=amontonar=, to pile up +=apertura=, opening +=bajar=, to lower, to go or come down +=bonito=, pretty +=comarca=, region, district (of a country) +=detenidamente=, at length +=duplicar=, to double, to duplicate +=exigua=, slight, trifling +=fabricas de algodon=, cotton mills +=generos alimenticios=, food stuffs +=*hacer caso=, to take notice +=hilador=, spinner +=impuesto=, tax +=(la) incertidumbre=, uncertainty +=industria=, industry +=legislatura=, parliamentary session +=ligero=, light (_adj._), slight, small +=limitacion=, curtailment +=(la) luz=, light (_n._) +=*mantener=, to hold up, to maintain +=mejora=, improvement +=ministerio=, ministry +=obligaciones=, debentures +=olvidar=, to forget +=para que=, so that +=patria=, country, fatherland +=preferible=, preferable +=*prevalecer, reinar=, to prevail, to rule +=subir=, to go or come up +=tejedor=, weaver +=timbre=, stamp +=tomar la delantera a=, to take the start on. +=trigo=, wheat +=varios=, several +=vinicola=, wine (_adj._) + + + EXERCISE 1 (29). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Alguien pretende que se duplicara el impuesto del timbre sobre las +acciones y obligaciones de las companias anonimas y que habra algunos +que protestaran energicamente. + +2. Algo hay de eso y uno y otro partido politico se interesan de la +cuestion pero ni uno de los periodicos locales echa luz sobre las +intenciones del ministerio. + +3. Los demas proyectos de ley con ciertas modificaciones se presentaran +(will be introduced) en esta misma legislatura, y cada uno se discutira +detenidamente. + +4. Se anuncian varias empresas industriales en grande escala. + +5. Cuanto se hace es poco cuando se piensa en lo que se deberia hacer +para que nuestros competidores no nos tomen la delantera. + +6. Cualquiera echa de ver (can see) eso. + +7. Cuantos hay que miran al verdadero interes de su patria deben olvidar +sus propios intereses en favor del fomento de la industria vinicola y +agricola de esta comarca. + +8. Cada casa tiene su sistema propio. + +9. Yo no imito a Fulano, Zutano y Mengano, soy cauto y evito los +riesgos. + +10. Negocio papel extranjero, pero solo letras bancarias, o de firmas de +primera clase y con dos endosos, nada mas. + + + EXERCISE 2 (30). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Somebody thinks that the imports of food-stuffs will increase. + +2. Some wheat buyers take little notice of the higher American cable +advices (las subidas que se han telegrafiado desde America). + +3. Weavers and spinners are all holding up their prices. + +4. Each week shows an improvement. + +5. We hear the same reports (noticias) from all quarters (partes). + +6. Neither of these machines will suit (conviene a) our requirements. + +7. We accept these bills but refuse the others. + +8. Anybody who has his own interests at heart will contribute to the +realisation of the scheme. + +9. I did all I could (podia) so that nothing should be lost (no se +perdiera nada). + +10. Some say the market will go up, some say it will go down, and such +is the position that one does not know (no sabe) what to do. + +11. Anything is preferable to this uncertainty. + +12. I have not seen anything so pretty before. + +13. Mail advices (los anuncios por la mala) from America report an +abnormal (anormal) curtailment of production in the United States Cotton +Mills. + +14. They cannot take the risk of piling up stocks when the demand is so +slight (exigua). + +15. Foreign Bourses.--Berlin. A weak tone ruled at the opening. During +the later dealings (operaciones posteriores) a slight (ligera) +improvement was noticeable (se observo). + + + + + LESSON XVI. + (Leccion decima sexta.) + + THE VERB. + + +The verb is a word by which we affirm something. It is the essential +word in a sentence: without it (expressed or understood) no sentence can +be construed. + +Verbs are divided into Auxiliary, Transitive and Intransitive. + + +The Auxiliary verbs in Spanish are: Haber, Tener, Ser, Estar. + +_Haber_ is a true auxiliary because it helps to form compound +tenses[112] but it presents the following peculiarities-- + +1. It is used as an impersonal verb (as well as the verb _hacer_ which +is given here for the sake of completeness) for expressions of time, +as-- + +Dos anos ha (_or_ ha dos anos) _or_ hace dos anos la exportacion de los +Caldos espanoles estaba muy floreciente: Two years ago the exportation +of Spanish wines and oils was very flourishing. + +Ha dos anos (_or_ hace dos anos) que la casa Guillermo Fernandez y Cia +esta establecida en La Coruna como Comisionistas: The firm, G.F. & Co., +has been established in Corunna as Commission Agents these last two +years. + +?Cuanto tiempo ha (_or_ hace) que estudia V. el castellano? How long +have you been studying Spanish? + +[Footnote 112: The Past Part. following "haber" IS ALWAYS INVARIABLE.] + + +2. It is also used impersonally as "there to be" (French, "y avoir"), +as-- + +Hay mucha pimienta, clavos, y canela en el mercado de Londres: There are +much pepper, cloves, and cinnamon in the London market. + +Si, hubo muchas especias el ano pasado tambien: Yes, there were many +spices last year also. + +Cuando estaba en El Cairo habia miedo de que estallara algun motin: When +I was in Cairo there was the fear of some riots breaking out. + +(N.B.--Impersonal verbs are only used in the 3rd pers. singular.) + +In English we have "there is" and "there are," because "there to be" is +not used impersonally, the meaning being, e.g., "a man is there"; "two +men are there." In Spanish, however, _haber_ is used impersonally and +both "there is a man" and "there are two men" are translated "Hay un +hombre," "Hay dos hombres." + +It will be noticed that _Haber_ used for "there to be" makes _Hay_ +instead of _Ha_ for the present indicative. All its other tenses remain +unchanged: _habia, hubo, habra, habria_, etc. + +_Hay que_ followed by an Infinitive (French "il faut"), it is necessary +to ..., as-- + +Hay que tener mucho cuidado: It is necessary to be very careful. I, you, +etc., must be very careful. + +_Tener_ is generally a =principal= (viz., not an auxiliary) verb, used +to denote possession; but it is used sometimes as an =auxiliary= instead +of _haber_, as-- + +Tengo recibido su catalogo ilustrado y lista (or boletin) de precios: I +have received your illustrated catalogue with price list. + +Tenemos recibida[113] su apreciable carta de 20 del que rige (or del +corriente): We have received your favour of the 20th inst. + +?Tiene V. recibidas las cotizaciones? Have you received the quotations? + +Los presupuestos, que tenemos recibidos del Trapiche para nuestro +Ingenio de la Habana: The estimates which we have received for the Sugar +Mill for our Factory in Havana. + +In all the preceding examples _tener_ used instead of _haber_ introduces +an additional idea of "=possession=". + +"He recibido su carta" might be followed, in Spanish, by "pero la he +perdido" (but I have lost it). "Tengo recibida su carta" implies that +the receiver holds it now. + +[Footnote 113: The Past Part. following "tener" agrees in gender and +number with the _direct object_.] + + +Sometimes this idea of possession is very distantly implied, as-- + +?Que me dice V.? tengo leido ese proyecto de Ley: What are you talking +about? I have read that (Parliamentary) Bill. + +Meaning that the effect of the reading is extant in the mind. + +Colloquially the people will use _tener_ for _haber_ without any +allusion to possession, but this should be avoided. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=anteayer=, the day before yesterday +=apresurar=, to hasten, to urge (_a._) +=apresurarse=, to hasten (_n._) +=apresurarse con sus ordenes=, to rush one's orders +=arbol de eje=, axle shaft +=camara de comercio=, chamber of commerce +=cigueena, arbol de cigueena, cigueenal=, crank-shaft +=compania de ferrocarril=, railway company +=con manchas=, (designs)--spot +=con puntitas, con bolitas=, (designs) spot +=contestar=, to answer, to reply +=cuadritos=, (designs) checks +=cuenta simulada=, pro forma account +=culpa=, blame, fault +=dano=, damage, injury, breakdown +=de buena tinta=, from a good source +=derecho=, right +=duda=, doubt +=equivocarse=, to be mistaken +=existencias=, stocks of goods +=expedidor=, sender +=fecha de=, dated +=listados=, (designs) striped +=a listas, a rayas=, (designs) striped +=malcontento=, uneasiness, discontent +=mundial=, world (_adj._) +=proximamente=, about, approximately +=pues=, well +=redactar=, to write out +=repentinamente=, suddenly +=representacion exclusiva=, sole agency +=responsabilidad=, responsibility +=retardar=, to delay, to be delayed +=*romperse=, to break (_n._) +=roto=, broken +=todavia=, yet +=vivir=, to live, to reside +=ya=, already + + + EXERCISE 1 (31). + +Translate into English-- + +1. En la Asociacion de Agricultores de Espana (Society of Spanish +Agriculturists) dara manana viernes a las seis y media de la tarde una +conferencia (lecture) el ilustrado Sr. Fulano. + +2. ?Como manana? ya la ha dado esta manana. + +3. No sabia que la habia dado ya. + +4. Pues tengo esta noticia de buena tinta y no hay duda que asi es. + +5. Tenemos recibida su estimada, fecha de anteayer. + +6. Mucho tiempo ha que tengo proyectadas estas empresas. + +7. Habra un mes que me escribio y no le he contestado todavia. + +8. La Camara de Comercio de Londres voto, despues de larga discusion, +una protesta contra el nuevo Tratado de Comercio con Cuba y redacto una +peticion que sera dirigida al gobierno. + +9. El vapor ingles "Raleigh" que sale para Montevideo ha recibido un +marconigrama anunciando que reina alli el malcontento politico. + +10. El aviador acaba de batir el "record" mundial de velocidad y +distancia recorriendo (covering) ciento veintidos kilometros en hora y +media, a saber (namely) proximamente 80 kilometros por hora. + +11. No se equivoca V. en la interpretacion de lo que hemos escrito +acerca de las facturas simuladas. + +12. El arbol de eje y el cigueenal se han roto. + + + EXERCISE 2 (32). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Have you obtained the sole agency for (de) that firm? + +2. Not yet, but I hope to get it. + +3. How long have you been living in England? + +4. Two weeks ago prices were so high that buyers were rushing their +orders; now they have suddenly fallen to an unprecedented level (nivel +sin precedente). + +5. He has examined the samples and found that the designs of the light +grounds (fondos claros) are not as ordered. + +6. He also complains of the checks and stripes. + +7. The spot muslins have been delayed owing to a breakdown in the works +(la fabrica). + +8. The senders are trying to throw the blame on (a) the Railway Company, +but we have no right of claim (derecho de reclamar) against the latter +(esta); it is they who (son ellos quienes) must indemnify us for the +loss. + +9. It is a well-founded (bien establecida) and respectable firm and they +will not deny their responsibility--there is no doubt about (de) that. + +10. Is it long since you received their last (ultima) letter? + +11. Have they been long established? (Hace mucho tiempo que....) + +12. They have been for 15 years. + +13. Our friends have large stocks but they say the market is looking up +(mejorando). + + + + + LESSON XVII. + (Leccion decima septima.) + + "SER" AND "ESTAR." + + +=Ser= is used as a true auxiliary, when it forms the passive voice. + +=Estar= is an auxiliary when it forms the progressive tenses, as + +Estoy escribiendo (I am writing). +Estaba escribiendo (he was writing). + +The difficulty in the employment of _ser_ and _estar_ is, by some, +unduly magnified. Others give the following rule-- + +_Ser_ denotes a permanent state. +_Estar_ "temporary" + +This rule should not be adopted because often it would not apply, as the +following two examples will show-- + +El es soldado porque se ha alistado por dos anos: He is a soldier as he +has enlisted for two years. + +Aquellos montes estan eternamente cubiertos de nieve: Those mountains +are perpetually covered with snow. + +The following simple and true rules will enable the student to +understand the difference between _ser_ and _estar_ and to apply them +correctly. + + +_Ser_ is used-- + +1. To form the Passive Voice, as-- + +El cartero trajo las cartas--_Active_: The postman brought the letters. + +La carta fue traida[114] por el cartero--_Passive[115]_: The letter was +brought by the postman. + +[Footnote 114: The Past Part. following "Ser" and "Estar" agrees in +gender and number with the subject of these verbs.] + +[Footnote 115: Este cuarto es barrido todos los dias (this room is swept +every day) is passive voice, because we speak of the _action_ of sweeping, +viz., somebody sweeps the room every day. Este cuarto esta barrido--no +voice; "barrido" is used as an adjective to denote _state_ or +_condition_.] + +2. To denote an inherent[116] quality, as-- + +La nieve es blanca: Snow is white. +El hombre es mortal: Man is mortal. + +[Footnote 116: Inherence = a fixed state of being in another body. A +quality may be inherent "for the time being," as: Juan se ha alistado por +dos anos, entonces _es soldado_: John has enlisted for two years, then he +is a soldier.] + + +_Estar_ is used to denote-- + +1. State in locality, viz., to be in a place, as-- + +Estoy aqui I am here. +Londres esta en Inglaterra: London is in England. + +2. A condition, as-- + +Estoy candado: I am tired. +Esta enfermo: He is ill. + + +SUPPLEMENTARY RULES. + +_Ser_ must be used-- + +1. Before any noun (even if an adjective or article intervenes), as-- + +Soy negociante: I am a merchant. + +Es un corredor de cambios bien conocido: He is a well-known exchange +broker. + +Son buenos valores: They are good securities. + +2. When "to be" is used to denote possession, as-- + +Los trapiches son de estos fabricantes: The sugar mills belong to these +makers. + +3. When "to be" us used impersonally, as-- + +Es necesario tomar medidas legales: It is necessary to take legal +proceedings. + +4. Before the words "Feliz," "Infeliz," "Pobre," and "Rico."[117] + +[Footnote 117: These are not, strictly speaking, "inherent qualities," +but they are spoken of as such.] + + +_Estar_ must, of course, be always used before Present Participles,[118] +as-- + +Esta activando sus esfuerzos: He is making still further efforts. +Estamos extendiendo nuestras relaciones: We are extending our connection. + +[Footnote 118: A Pres. Part. can only express a condition, not a +quality.] + + + +Verbs ending in _cer_, _cir_, _ger_ and _gir_ change the _c_ into =z= +and the _g_ into =j= before _a_ or _o_ as-- + + ++----------------------+-----------------------+ +| =Vencer= (to win) | =Dirigir= (to direct)| ++----------------------+-----------------------+ +|_Pres. Indic._, venzo| dirijo | +|_Pres. Subj._, venza| dirija | ++----------------------+-----------------------+ + +Verbs ending in _guir_ and _quir_ change the _gu_ into =g= and the _qu_ +into =c= before _a_ or _o_, as-- + ++-------------------------+-------------------------+ +| =Distinguir= | =Delinquir=[119] | +| (to distinguish) |(to commit a delinquency)| ++-------------------------+-------------------------+ +|_Pres. Indic._, Distingo| Delinco | +|_Pres. Subj._, Distinga| Delinca | ++-------------------------+-------------------------+ + +[Footnote 119: The only verb ending in _quir_.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=acabar de=, to have just +=accesorio=, accessory +=activo y pasivo=, assets and liabilities +=antiguo=, old, ancient +=averia=, particular, particular average +=balance=, balance, balance sheet +=bastar=, to suffice, to be enough +=biela=, connecting rod +=caldera=, boiler +=cilindros=, cylinders +=citar=, to quote, to mention a passage +=*convenir=, to agree, to suit +=cotizar=, to quote prices +=cuenta de ganancias y perdidas=, profit and loss account +=dejar=, to leave, to let +=disposicion (a su)=, (at your) disposal +=durar=, to last +=el engranaje=, the gearing +=entregar=, to deliver +=equipo=, equipment +=es decir, o sea= viz., namely +=a saber= viz., namely +=franco de porte=, carriage paid +=grifo=, cock (machinery) +=hasta la fecha=, (made up) to date +=huelga=, strike +=imprevisto=, unforseen +=a la izquierda=, to the left +=llegar a ser=, to become, to contrive to be +=*mantenerse=, to be maintained +=maquina=, machine, engine +=mercerizar=, to mercerize +=para con=, towards +=transporte seguido=, carriage forward +=porte pagadero al destino=, carriage forward +=presentar=, to present +=proveer=, to provide +=provisto (proveido)=, provided +=semejante=, similar +=*sentir=, to be sorry, to feel +=sin embargo=, however +=soportes, coginetes=, bearings +=tornillos=, screws +=transporte pagado=, carriage paid +=tubos=, tubes +=valvula=, valve +=el volante=, the fly-wheel +=y pico= (=veinte y pico=, etc.), odd, (twenty odd, etc.) + + + EXERCISE 1 (33). + +Translate into English-- + +1. La marca (the make) de estas maquinas y calderas es una de las mas +antiguas. + +2. Son fabricadas en Inglaterra por los Srs. Fulano y Cia. + +3. Estan aqui para su inspeccion y estan todas provistas de sus +accesorios: cilindros, volantes, bielas, soportes, engranajes, valvulas +y tornillos. + +4. ?No se fabrican tambien en Francia maquinas semejantes? + +5. Si, Senor, estas a la izquierda son francesas y son buenas maquinas. + +6. Es cierto sin embargo que las inglesas son mejores y que estan en +primera linea en la industria mundial. + +7. Los Srs. Fulano y Cia. han llegado a ser los primeros entre los +constructores que han comprendido que se podian entregar maquinas +excelentes a un precio relativamente bajo. + +8. Para no citar mas que un ejemplo de la importancia de esta casa +basta decir que son suyas las 1,000 maquinas y +pico que se han exportado ultimamente para Italia y la Argentina. + +9. Soy feliz de saberlo. + +10. Son fabricantes ricos y al mismo tiempo generosos para con los que +son pobres e infelices. + +11. Comprare diez fardos de Estampados Mercerizados si me los deja V. a +5-3/16 d. por yarda. + +12. Esta bien; iesta convenido! + + + EXERCISE 2 (34). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We have just received your Price List, but we are sorry to say your +prices are too dear. + +2. The cylinders and boilers are now ready. + +3. Every engine is sent out with its complete equipment, viz., tubes, +valves, cocks, etc. + +4. The Directors are preparing a balance sheet to be laid before (para +presentar a) the company at the next ordinary general meeting. + +5. It will show the assets and liabilities and a profit and loss account +made up to date. + +6. There will also be a report on the position and transactions of the +company. + +7. It is your action which has done us more harm (dano) than anything +else (cualquier otra cosa[120]). + +8. It is we (somos nosotros) who are tired of our agreement (convenio). + +9. The goods are at your disposal. + +10. We think the shares will be inactive (flojas). + +11. The demand for steel, iron and copper was very steady (firme) but it +is probable that it will not last. + +12. Are you rich? No, I am poor but I am happy. + +13. Our quotations will be maintained except in case of strikes or other +unforeseen circumstances. + +14. The four bales of linens will be delivered to you carriage paid, but +the boilers and (y sus) accessories you will receive (los recibiran) +carriage forward. + +15. The whole (todo) will be insured with particular average. + +[Footnote 120: Or: _=que nada mas=_.] + + + + + LESSON XVIII. + (Leccion decima octava.) + + TRANSITIVE VERBS. + + +A verb is Transitive when its action passes from the subject of the +action to the object. + +=Transitive Verbs= are divided into-- + +=1. Active= (when the subject of the verb stands for the doer or agent +of the action), as-- + +Renovamos nuestros ofrecimientos de servicios: We renew our offers of +services. + +=2. Passive= (when the subject of the verb stands for the real object of +the action, viz., when it suffers the action instead of doing it), as-- + +Los ofrecimientos de sus servicios nos fueron renovados en su ultimo +escrito: His offers of services were renewed to us in his last letter. + +The Passive voice in Spanish is formed with the verb _ser_ as above, or +by using the =active voice= with the pronoun _se_, as-- + +Se nos renovaron los ofrecimientos de sus servicios: His offers, etc. + +Active verbs become reflexive when their subject and object are the same +person or thing, as-- + +Nos lisonjeamos poderlos servir por lo mejor de sus intereses: We +flatter ourselves that we can serve them to the best of their interests. + + +Reflexive verbs in the plural are also reciprocal, as-- + +Nos comprendemos: We understand each other. + +Nos escribimos muy frecuentemente: We write to each other very +frequently. + +"Uno a otro" and "los unos a los otros" may be added for greater +clearness, as-- + +Procuramos convencernos (a nosotros mismos). We try to convince +ourselves (each other). + +Procuramos convencernos (el uno al otro). We try to convince ourselves +(each other). + +The direct object of a transitive verb,[121] if a proper name of a +person or place, must be preceded by _a_, as-- + +Vimos al Senor Guillermo: We saw Mr. William. +Visitamos a Francia[122]: We visited France. + +[Footnote 121: With the exception of "Tener."] + +[Footnote 122: But not geographical names preceded by the article, as: +Avistamos La Habana (we sighted Havana).] + + +A is also generally used before any noun =indicating= a person,[123] +as-- + +Empleamos a este corresponsal: We employ this correspondent. + +[Footnote 123: This part of the rule is not very strict, as we find it +sometimes omitted before persons, and at others used before names of +things, as: El hecho precedio a la palabra (the action preceded the +word).] + + +But _a_ should be avoided whenever it would engender confusion, or when +the verb governs an accusative and a dative at the same time, as-- + +Enviamos nuestro dependiente: We send our clerk. + +Recomendamos el Sr. Perez a nuestro fabricante: We recommend Mr. Perez +to our manufacturer. + +A is also omitted when the noun following it does not refer to a +particular individual, but to =any= individual of a certain class, as-- + +Busco criado: I am looking for a servant. + +Juan no quiere socios en su empresa: John does not want any partners in +his undertaking. + + +Verbs whose root ends in _ll_ or _n_ take =e= and =o= instead of _ie_ +and _io_, as-- + ++------------------------------+-------------------------------+ +| =Bullir= (to boil). | =Grunir= (to growl, grumble).| ++------------------------------+-------------------------------+ +|_Pres. Part._, Bullendo |Grunendo | +|_Past Def._ Bullo, bulleron|Gruno, gruneron[124] | ++------------------------------+-------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 124: The Imperf. and Fut. Subj. follow the Past Def.] + +Verbs in whose conjugations _i_ should come =unstressed= between two +vowels change the unstressed _i_ into =y=, as-- + ++----------------------------------+ +| =Creer= (to believe). | ++----------------------------------+ +|_Pres. Part._, Creyendo. | +|_Past Def._, Creyo ... creyeron.| ++----------------------------------+ + +But the _Imperf. Indic._: creia, creias, creia, creiamos, creiais, +creian. + +Verbs ending in _zar_ change the _z_ into =c= before =e= (because, with +very few exceptions, _z_ is not used in modern Spanish before _e_ or +_i_), as-- + ++---------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Gozar= (to enjoy). | ++---------------------------------------------------------+ +|_Pres. Subj._, Goce, goces, goce, gocemos, goceis, gocen.| +|_Past. Def._, Goce ... | ++---------------------------------------------------------+ + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abedul=, birch +=abeto=, fir +=adjunto=, herewith +=agradable=, agreeable, pleasant +=arpillera=, bagging +=asegurar=, to insure +=atribuir=, to attribute +=el billar=, billiards +=bola=, ball +=calzado=, footwear +=camas, armazones de cama=, bedsteads +=carne seca=, jerked beef +=chalecos=, vests +=consignacion=, consignment +=correas=, belts, belting (machinery) +=corresponsal=, correspondent +=egoista=, selfish +=encaminar=, to forward +=entrar en el dique=, to dock (ships) +=fresno=, ash +=garbanzos=, Spanish or chick peas +=a grande velocidad=, by passenger train +=guisantes=, green peas +=habas=, broad beans +=haya=, beech +=hortalizas=, green vegetables +=instruir=, to instruct +=judias=, French beans +=laton=, brass +=la leche=, the milk +=loza=, crockery +=a pequena velocidad=, by slow train +=pino=, pine +=plomo=, lead +=porcelana=, china +=productos quimicos=, chemicals +=roble, encina=, oak +=rotura=, breakage +=semestre=, half-year +=suprimir=, to suppress, to leave out +=tacos=, billiard-cues +=el viaje=, the journey +=zinc=, zinc + + + EXERCISE 1 (35). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Estimamos en mucho a nuestros corresponsales y los servimos de la +mejor manera posible. + +2. Comunica el capitan del vapor "Rios" que el jueves, al medio dia, se +hallaba a seiscientas millas de Veracruz, sin novedad (all well). + +3. Hoy publica la Gaceta dos cuadros estadisticos (statistical tables) +formados por la Direccion general (Board) del Instituto Geografico y +Estadistico, que expresan el movimiento de pasajeros por mar habido en +nuestro puerto durante el semestre pasado, y por los cuales se viene en +conocimiento (we can see) de la emigracion e inmigracion espanola. + +4. Desde el dia 1 deg. de Enero proximo satisfara (will pay) el calzado +extranjero 10% mas de derecho de importacion. + +5. Una comision de Agricultores de Valencia visito ayer tarde (yesterday +evening) al Presidente del Consejo (the Premier) para pedirle que se +suprima el impuesto sobre el transporte de hortalizas que establece la +nueva ley. + +6. Tinendo estas telas con anilina se aumenta el coste de seis centimos +por metro. + +7. Bulleron[125] la leche y la esterilizaron. + +8. Gocemos de las libertades a que tenemos derecho pero no abusemos de +ellas. + +9. Ellos creyeron lo que les dijimos (we said to them) y ya no nos +atribuyen intenciones egoistas. + +10. El Sr. Moreno sale para un viaje de negocios y visitara a Santo +Domingo y la Habana. + +11. He visto los Alpes y el Pirineo pero no el Himalaya. + +12. He visitado a Espana. + +[Footnote 125: "To boil" is generally _hervir_. Bullir is given as an +example of the conjugation.] + + + EXERCISE 2 (36). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Kindly see Mr. Marino and inform him that we shall soon send him a +consignment of timber, consisting of ash, beech, birch, fir, pine and +oak. + +2. We shall instruct our correspondent at Bilbao to forward to Vitoria +the brass, lead, tin (estano), and zinc he holds (tiene) at our +disposal. + +3. By the boat (steamer) leaving (que sale) this week, we shall ship to +your consignment the bagging, belting, and bedsteads. + +4. The "Maria" docked yesterday with a cargo of broad beans, French +beans, green peas, and Spanish or chick peas. + +5. She also brings a parcel of jerked beef and canned tongues (lenguas +en latas). + +6. I have a friend who is a dealer in billiard tables, balls and cues. + +7. The candles and chemicals have been despatched last week. + +8. We flatter ourselves that we shall shortly be able to write to each +other pleasanter letters. + +9. We have insured the china and crockery free of particular average +(franco de), but we insured them against breakage at a (al) premium of +4%. + +10. Herewith please find claim (reclamo) for loss through (por) damage +in your last shipment of clocks and watches. + +11. Please send by slow train the coats, vests, and trousers and, by +passenger train, the remainder of the articles. + + + + + LESSON XIX. + (Leccion decima nona.) + + INTRANSITIVE VERBS. + + +Intransitive verbs express a state, as "to live," "to sleep," or an +action that does not go beyond the doer, as "to go," "to walk." + +The Spanish language abounds in Intransitive Pronominal verbs, i.e., +verbs conjugated, same as the reflexive verbs, with a double pronoun =of +the same person= all through, as-- + + +=Quejarse= (to complain). + +_Pres. Indic._, Yo me quejo, tu te quejas, el se queja, nosotros nos +quejamos, vosotros os quejais, ellos se quejan. + +_Fut. Indic._, Yo me quejare, tu te quejaras, el se quejara, etc. + +These, of course, must not be confused with the Reflexive verbs. In the +reflexive verb, we have an action that passes from the doer and falls on +the doer itself, as-- + +Yo me amo: I love myself. + +Whilst in a neuter pronominal the action =does not go beyond the doer=. + +=Intransitive Pronominal Verbs= are of three kinds-- + +1. Those which are always pronominal, as-- + ++----------------------------+------------------------------+ +|Quejarse (to complain) |Jactarse (to boast) | +|Avergonzarse (to be ashamed)|Maravillarse[126] (to wonder) | +|Alegrarse[126] (to rejoice) |Proponerse[126] (to intend, to| +|Arrepentirse (to repent) | purpose) | +|Hacerse[126], volverse[126] |Desanimarse[126] (to feel | +| (to become) | discouraged) | ++----------------------------+------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 126: Some of these verbs may be also Transitive verbs with a +modified meaning, as: Alegrar (to gladden), Maravillar (to surprise), +Proponer (to propose). Here the pronominal form marks the difference +between Transitive and Intransitive.] + +2. A few which, when used pronominally, have their meaning intensified +or more or less modified, as-- + ++------------------------+----------------------------------+ +|Ir (to go) |Irse (to go away) | +|Reir (to laugh) |Reirse (to laugh at = suggesting | +| | scorn) | +|Entender (to understand)|Entenderse de panos (to be a judge| +| | of cloths) | +|Dormir (to sleep) |Dormirse (to fall asleep) | +|Correr (to run) |Correrse (to make a slip of the | +| | tongue). | ++------------------------+----------------------------------+ + +3. Many which may be used pronominally or otherwise without any +appreciable or definable modification of meaning, as-- + +Estar, estarse (to be) +Quedar, quedarse (to remain) +Casar (_con_), casarse (_con_), (to marry) +Pensar, pensarse (to think) +Yo pienso, _or_ me pienso que si (I think so) +Me escapo de la memoria _or_ (it escaped my memory). +Se me escapo de la memoria (it escaped my memory). + +In the case of this third kind, students should not indulge freely in +the pronominal form, but should wait until they see it in the reading +of good books, because, although the meaning is practically the same in +all cases, still there are "finesses" of shade which practice alone can +teach. + + +=Irregular Verbs=. + +We shall give only those Primary Tenses which are irregular and the +Derivative Tenses when they are not formed regularly from the Primary +Tenses from which they are derived[127]-- + +[Footnote 127: For Primary and Derivative Tenses see Synopsis at the +end.] + ++---------------+--------------------------------------------+ +| | =Pensar= (to think).[128] | +|_Pres. Indic._,|Pienso-as-a, pensamos, pensais, piensan. | +|_Pres. Subj._, |Piense-es-e, pensemos, penseis, piensen. | +|_Imperative_, |Piensa, pensad (_reg._). | ++---------------+--------------------------------------------+ +| | =Acordar= (to agree).[128] | +|_Pres. Indic._,|Acuerdo-as-a, acordamos, acordais, acuerdan.| +|_Pres. Subj._, |Acuerde-es-e, acordemos, acordeis, acuerden.| +|_Imperative_, |Acuerda, acordad (_reg._). | ++---------------+--------------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 128: And its group; see Appendix VI.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=agitarse=, to agitate (_n._) +=algo=, something, anything (_interrog._) +=amenaza=, threat +=anticipacion=, anticipation +=anticipar=, to anticipate +=anticipo=, advance +=arduo=, arduous, difficult +=baja=, decline +=bajo cubierta=, underdeck +=botones=, buttons +=callar=, to be silent, to abstain from saying +=camaradas=, comrades +=cepillo=, brush +=cinta=, ribbon +=cortarse=, to cut oneself, to stop short +=damascos=, damasks +=definitivo=, definite +=descuidar=, to neglect +=ejecutar=, to execute +=encaje de cortinas=, curtain lace +=espantarse=, to be frightened +=estiva=, stowage +=*imponer=, to impose +=impuesto=, imposed +=lienzo adamascado=, diaper +=pasas=, raisins +=patronos=, masters, employers of workmen +=prisa=, haste, hurry +=*producir=, to produce +=produje=, I produced +=produjeron=, they produced +=razon= (=a razon de=), at the rate of +=reglamento=, regulations +=sobre cubierta=, on deck +=sobre estadias=, demurrage +=sobrecargarse=, to overload oneself +=tonelada=, ton +=*traer=, to bring, to carry +=traje=, I brought, I carried +=tranquilo=, quiet +=uvas=, grapes +=vista= (=a la=), at sight + + + EXERCISE 1 (37). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Nuestros obreros se quejan del nuevo reglamento impuesto por los +Patronos. + +2. No se avergueenzan de decir que se arrepienten de no haber declarado +la huelga hace quince dias y se alegran que sus camaradas en Francia se +agitan por el dia de trabajo de ocho horas. + +3. Este problema se va haciendo cada dia mas arduo. + +4. Voy a escribir una carta y despues me ire. + +5. ?Porque rie V.? + +6. Se rie de mi sin duda porque no me espanto por sus amenazas, pero yo +se bien lo que me hago (what I do) y V. no sabe lo que se dice. + +7. Este fabricante se entiende muy bien de panos. + +8. Nunca he visto a un hombre activo dormirse en medio de su trabajo. + +9. Quedese V. aqui, estese tranquilo y no piense a nada, su primo se +acuerda con V., me pienso verle esta tarde, y tal vez llegaremos a un +acuerdo comun y definitivo. + +10. No deseo que piense V. que descuido la ejecucion de sus ordenes a la +mayor brevedad (as soon as possible). + +11. Con la prisa me he corrido y he dicho algo que habria debido callar. + +12. Despues de haber principiado a hablar muy bien se corto y no pudo +hallar palabras para continuar. + + + EXERCISE 2 (38). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. You have anticipated my wishes. + +2. A further (nueva) decline in prices is anticipated (se preve). + +3. We overloaded ourselves with stocks in anticipation (en la esperanza) +of large orders. + +4. To pay in anticipation. + +5. Thanking you in anticipation (anticipando las gracias, _or_ +agradeciendoles de antemano) we remain. + +6. The news from the East (Levante) produced a bad effect on the market. + +7. To this effect (con este fin) I wrote him to draw (que girase) at +sight. + +8. Our efforts have all been to no effect (en balde). + +9. His plans have been carried into effect (llevados a cabo). + +10. The sailing vessel (velero) carried 800 tons of grapes and raisins, +600 under and 200 on deck. + +11. She used 5 lay days in loading (la carga), having therefore 3 days +left (quedandole), so that (asi que) we do not think we shall have to +pay demurrage. + +12. The captain paid for stowage at the rate of 1s. per ton. + +13. The advance on account (a cuenta) of freight is L120. + +14. I wonder if everything will be in order? (?Estara todo en orden?) + +15. I send you several patterns of curtain-lace, damasks, diapers, +ribbons, buttons, and brushes. + + + + + LESSON XX. + (Leccion vigesima.) + + IMPERSONAL VERBS. + + +Impersonal verbs are those which are only conjugated in the 3rd pers. +sing, of all the tenses.[129] + +[Footnote 129: They are so called because they have no person or thing +as their subject.] + +The principal =Impersonal Verbs= are-- + +Llover-llueve (to rain, it rains) +Granizar (to hail) +Helar-hiela (to freeze, it freezes) +Lloviznar (to drizzle) +Nevar-nieva (to snow, it snows) +Relampaguear (to lighten) +Tronar-truena (to thunder, it thunders) +Alborear (to dawn) +Amanecer (to dawn) +Anochecer (to grow dark) + +The subject (generally understood) of Impersonal verbs is _ello_. +Sometimes we find the words _Dios_ or _el dia_ expressed as subjects, +as-- + +Amanecera Dios y veremos: Let us wait for the morning and then we shall +see. + +Amanecio el dia: The day dawned. + +_Amanecer_ and _anochecer_ may be used as personal verbs, as-- + +Amanecimos en Madrid y anochecimos en Guadalajara: We were in Madrid at +daybreak and at nightfall in Guadalajara. + +Tu anocheciste bueno y amaneciste malo: You passed the night well, but +you had a bad morning. + +Many ordinary verbs are used sometimes impersonally, as-- + + +Bastar (to suffice). +Convenir (to suit). +Parecer (to appear). +Faltar[130] (to be wanting). +Hacer falta (to be wanted). +Suceder[131] (to happen). + +[Footnote 130: As a personal verb, it means also "to fail."] + +[Footnote 131: As a personal verb, it means also "to succeed."] + + +EXAMPLES-- + +Basta ganar la vida: It is enough to earn a living. + +No conviene explotar esta mina: It does not pay to exploit this mine. + +No parece justo que se aprovechen de este modo: It does not seem right +that they should take advantage in this way. + +Falta hacer algunos arreglos: Some arrangements are still wanting. + +Sucedio que se declaro en quiebra: It happened that he filed his +petition in bankruptcy. + + +In the sentences: + +Me bastan diez libras: L10 are enough for me. +Me parecen justas sus razones: His reasons seem to me to be right. +Le sucedieron muchas desgracias: Many misfortunes happened to him. + +the verb is =personal=, and this accounts for its being in the plural. +In "me bastan diez libras," "diez libras" is the subject. + +The verb is impersonal when referring to a whole statement, as-- + +(Ello) es necesario: It is necessary. + +Of _Haber_ and _Hacer_ as impersonal verbs, we have treated in Lesson +VIII and Lesson XVI. + +We add here that _Hacer_ is used impersonally before certain nouns to +denote the state of the weather or of the temperature, as-- + +Hace calor, frio, lluvia, viento, sol, etc.: It is warm, cold, rainy, +windy, sunny, etc. + +_Valer_ used impersonally = "to be better," as-- + +Mas vale asi: It is better so. + +Expressions like "?Que se dira?" or "?que diran?" (What will people +say?) may also be called impersonal uses of the verb. + + ++--------------------+----------------------------------------+ +| =Irregular Verbs= (_contd._). | ++--------------------+----------------------------------------+ +| =Andar= (to walk, to go). | +|_Past Def._, | Anduve,-iste,-uvo,-uvimos-uvisteis-uvieron.| ++--------------------+----------------------------------------+ +| =Dar= (to give). | +|_Pres. Indic._,| Doy,[132] das, da, damos, dais, dan. | +|_Pres. Subj._, | De, des, de, demos, deis, den. | +|_Past Def._, | Di, diste, dio, dimos, disteis, dieron. | ++--------------------+----------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 132: Only 6 verbs in Spanish do not end in _o_ in the 1st pers. +sing., pres. indic., viz., Doy (I give), Soy (I am), Estoy (I am), Voy +(I see), He (I have), Se (I know).] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=algo=, somewhat +=asunto=, matter +=calor=, heat +=carranclanes, guingas=, ginghams +=cerrar el trato=, to conclude the bargain +=cheques=, cheques +=circular=, to circulate, to go round +=cobrar=, to collect (money) +=comprometer=, to compromise +=costa=, coast +=cuesta=, slope +=cuidar=, to take care +=cuidarse=, to take care of oneself +=decididamente=, decidedly +=decidir=, to decide +=despues=, afterwards +=drogas=, drysalteries +=durante=, during +=faltar, hacer falta=, to be wanting, to be wanted +=el fin=, the end +=fustanes=, fustians +=gasa=, gauze +=gastos=, expenditure +=ingresos netos=, net revenue +=jamon=, ham +=letras=, bills of exchange +=maiz=, maize +=malbaratar=, to undersell +=mantas con franjas=, fringed blankets +=merceria=, haberdashery +=paseo=, promenade, walk, stroll +=puerto=, port, harbour +=recursos=, means +=*reducir=, to reduce +=reduje=, etc., I reduced, etc. +=reduzco, reduces=, etc., I reduce, etc. +=*seguir=, to follow, to continue +=sigo, sigues=, etc., I follow, etc. +=el temporal=, the storm +=*valer mas=, to be preferable +=vencer=, to fall due +=vidriado=, glassware + + + EXERCISE 1 (39). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Amanecio el dia hermoso pero algo frio. + +2. Hizo mas calor despues y por la tarde hizo _or_ soplo (blew) viento +fuerte. + +3. Anochecio cuando aun no habiamos llegado, pero como hacia luna el +paseo siguio siendo (continued to be) agradable. + +4. Ayer llovio, granizo, nevo y llovizno sucesivamente todo el santo dia +(the livelong day). + +5. Me parece que no le conviene de cerrar el trato con el banco bajo +estas condiciones. + +6. Me hace falta dinero pues es menester (it is necessary) +proporcionarme (to get) el importe que me falta para completar las +L1,000 que vencen el 15 del corriente. + +7. Mas vale aceptar las condiciones del banco que tener que malbaratar +los generos. + +8. Ande V. con cuidado (be careful) no sea (lest) que vaya V. a +comprometer su credito. + +9. Reina por estas costas muy violento temporal a cuya consecuencia ha +resultado el vapor "Juan" con el arbol de la helice (shaft of the screw) +roto, por lo cual hubo de ser traido a remolque a (to be towed into) +este puerto. + +10. El "Juan" navegaba con rumbo a (was bound for) Cadiz. + +11. Los modernos medios de fabricacion de que disponemos, el +abaratamiento (cheapening) de la mano de obra (labour) y las +facilitaciones de que disfrutamos (we enjoy) merced a (thanks to) +nuestros cuantiosos (abundant) recursos, nos permiten, ahora mas que +nunca, realizar nuestras ventas en condiciones que no cabe competencia +posible (which preclude ...). + +12. Hemos asegurado buenas partidas de fustanes, mantas con franjas, +gasas, y carranclanes. + + + EXERCISE 2 (40). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. San Paulo (Brazilian) Railway.--The net revenue for the half-year +from the main line (linea principal) amounted to L607,297 as against +(contra) L743,077 in 1909. + +2. The expenditure in England and the Interest on Stores (sobre los +depositos) reduce the amount to L594,714. + +3. The Stock Exchange (la Bolsa) will be closed from this evening (esta +tarde) until next Monday morning. + +4. The turnover (giro) of the day's transactions has been small. + +5. Sentiment turned somewhat bearish (hubo disposicion a la baja) +during the forenoon (la manana), but became (se volvio) decidedly +bullish (a la alza) towards the end of the day. + +6. The following figures show the amount of bills and cheques which +passed through the banker's clearing-house (por el banco de liquidacion) +during the week ended April 12th (que acabo el 12 de abril). + +7. We must not attach (atribuir) too much importance to the rumours (los +rumores, las especies) which are circulating in the market. + +8. You should take care that the bales are properly (bien) packed. + +9. I was ignorant of the fact that (no sabia que) he had been declared a +bankrupt. + +10. I shall do all that depends on me (de mi dependa) to collect the +money in full (por entero). + +11. As far as we are concerned (en cuanto a nosotros), we have decided +not to take (dar) any steps in the matter. + +12. We do not wish to throw good money after bad (echar la soga tras el +caldero).[133] + +13. We shall invoice by next mail your glassware and haberdashery. + +14. Ham is a drug in the market (no tiene salida). + +15. A good business is done at present in drysalteries. + +16. A good crop of maize is announced from Cape Town (desde el Cabo). + +[Footnote 133: Lit.: to throw the rope after the pail.] + + + + + LESSON XXI. + (Leccion vigesima primera.) + + DEFECTIVE AND PRONOMINAL VERBS. + + +=Defective Verbs= are those only certain parts of which are in use, the +rest having never existed in the language or having died out of it. + +The principal ones are-- + +_Soler_. "To be wont," "to be accustomed to." Used in the pres. indic., +Suelo, sueles, suele, solemos, soleis, suelen; in the imperf. indic., +Solia, solias, etc.; and in the pres. perf., He solido, has solido, +etc., as-- + +En su juventud solia trabajar con ahinco--ahora ya ha aflojado un poco: +When he was young he used to work with fervour, now he begins to flag a +little. + +_Yacer_. "To lie"; generally on tombstones, as: Aqui yace: Here lies. + +(In poetry, but seldom in prose, it is found conjugated throughout.) + +_Salve_ and _Vale_ used in the Imperative for "Hail!" and "Farewell!" + +_Placer_ (to please). Generally used in "Plegue a Dios" (may it please +God) and "Pluguiera (pluguiese) a Dios" (might it please God). + +It is still used also in the 3rd pers. of Pres. Indic., Imperf. Indic, +and Past Def. (the Past Def. is "Plugo"). + + +EXAMPLES-- + +Mucho me place: It pleases me much. + +Plegue a Dios que no se declare la huelga: May it please God that a +strike is not declared. + +_Abolir_ (to abolish) is irregular like "mover" (viz., changes _o_ into +_ue_ when stressed). Its irregular parts are however never used, and are +substituted by giving a different turn to the sentence, as-- + +Digo que =se debe abolir= _instead of_ =se abuela=: I say that it must +be abolished. + +_Ataner_ (to bear upon) is only used in the 3rd pers., as-- + +Lo que atane al asunto: What bears on the subject. + +Las noticias que atanen a nuestro proyecto: The news that bears on our +scheme. + +_Concerner_ (to concern) is only used in the pres. +participle--concerniendo (concerning) and in the 3rd persons, as: +concierne (it concerns), etc. + +=Pronominal Verbs= are verbs conjugated throughout with a double pronoun +of the same person, as-- + +_Amarse_--Yo me amo, tu te amas, el se ama, nosotros nos amamos, +vosotros os amais, ellos se aman. + +These are-- + +1. Reflexive Verbs (when the action falls back on the subject. See +Lesson XVIII), as--Yo me amo: I love myself. + +N.B.--The second pronoun must be direct object. If the second pronoun +is indirect object, the verb is called Transitive Pronominal, as-- + +Procurarse una clientela: To get a _clientele_ (a connection). + +2. Intransitive Pronominal Verbs (see Lesson XIX). + +3. Intransitive Verbs made Pronominal from verbs ordinarily transitive +(see Lesson XIX), as-- + +Hacerse, Volverse: To become. + +La competencia se ha hecho imposible: Competition has become impossible. + +4. The 3rd pers. pronominal forms the Passive Voice, same as the verb +_ser_, as-- + +La sabiduria se alaba _or_ es alabada: Wisdom is praised. + +N.B.--If the doer is expressed after using _ser_ it may be preceded by +_de_ or _por_, as-- + +La sabiduria es alabada de _or_ por todos[134]: Wisdom is praised by +all. + +[Footnote 134: When the verb does not mean a physical action _de_ is +preferable.] + +If it is expressed after using _se_, =Por= must be used, as-- + +La sabiduria se alaba por todos: Wisdom is praised by all. (Grammar of +the Academy.) + +Pronominal Verbs are used in Spanish very frequently in conjunction with +the article to avoid the use of the possessive adjective before parts of +the body, or articles of dress,[135] as-- + +Me he quebrado la pierna: I broke my leg. + +Se ha danado los ojos, _or_ la vista: He has damaged his eyes or +eyesight. + + +[Footnote 135: The article is most generally substituted for the +possessive pronoun referring to parts of the body or articles of dress, +whenever this can be done _without producing ambiguity_, as-- + + Me dio la mano: He gave me his hand. + Tiene los ojos azules: His eyes are blue. + Le cogi el brazo: I caught his arm. + Me duele la cabeza: My head aches. + Me lastiman las botas: My boots hurt me.] + + +=Irregular Verbs= (_contd._). + ++-----------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Entender=[136] (to understand). | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------+ +|_Pres. Indic._,| Entiendo-es-e, entendemos, entendeis, entienden.| +|_Pres. Subj._, | Entienda-as-a, entendamos, entendais, entiendan.| +|_Imper. Mood_, | Entiende, entended (_reg._). | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 136: And its group (see Appendix IV)] + ++-----------------------------------------------------+ +| Mover[137] (to move). | ++-----------------------------------------------------+ +|_Pres. Indic._,| Muevo-es-e, movemos, moveis, mueven.| +|_Pres. Subj._, |Mueva-as-a, movamos, movais, muevan. | +|_Imper. Mood_, |Mueve, moved (_reg._). | ++-----------------------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 137: And its group (see Appendix IV)] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=acusar recibo=, to acknowledge receipt +=ascensor=, lift, hoist +=bien estar=, well being +=coleccion=, collection, set of samples +=confiar a=, to entrust +=confiar en=, to trust in +=corresponder a las necesidades=, to meet the requirements +=corriente, el que rige=, inst. +=cucharas=, spoons +=cuchillo=, knife +=cueros=, hides +=*deshacerse=, to get rid of +=deshecho=, got rid of +=distrito=, district +=empacar=, to pack +=empaque, etc=., I packed, etc. +=*establecerse=, to establish oneself +=me establezco, etc=., I establish myself, etc. +=fantasias=, fancies +=herramientas=, tools +=manga=, sleeve +=*manifestar=, to inform, to say by letter +=manifiesto, etc=., I inform, etc. +=moeres=, mohair +=nanquines=, nankeens +=pieles=, skins +=planchas de hierro=, sheet iron +=principio=, beginning +=telas para trajes= (=de Senora=), dress goods +=tenedores=, forks +=*torcer=, to twist +=tuerzo, etc=., I twist, etc. +=vale=, farewell, adieu +=viajante=, traveller (commercial) +=viajar=, to travel +=vivamente=, earnestly, vividly + + + EXERCISE 1 (41). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Sin ningunas de sus gratas a que referirnos dirigimos a Vs. la +presente para manifestarles que estando muy a corto (short) de fondos +nos hemos visto precisados (we have been obliged) a girar a su cargo (on +you) por el saldo de nuestra factura de Planchas de Hierro y +Herramientas. + +2. iPlegue a Dios que nuestros buenos deseos tengan pleno cumplimiento +(may be fully realised)! + +3. ?Quiere V. encargarse (take charge) de ese asunto? + +4. Mucho me place (with much pleasure). + +5. Se dice que pronto se abolira esta ley. + +6. Tendre mucho gusto que sea abolida (_not_ se abuela). + +7. Todo lo que atane al desarrollo de la agricultura o que concierne el +bien estar general del pais me interesa vivamente. + +8. La honradez (honesty) es alabada de (_or_ por) todos pero nunca se +alaba tanto como por los de manga ancha (those who themselves are not +over-scrupulous). + +9. El comerciante despues de haberse muy bien establecido se consumio el +capital en especulaciones bursatiles. + +10. Nos hemos deshecho de los cuchillos, tenedores y cucharas sin tanta +perdida como temiamos. + +11. El cajero bajando en el ascensor se ha torcido el pie y se esta en +casa guardando cama (in bed). + +12. ?Entiende V. las razones porque ha de subir el cambio? + +13. Para que las entienda debo leer la revista de la Bolsa (Exchange +Review). + +14. Entienda V. que esto no ha de hacerse otra vez. iEntendido! + + + EXERCISE 2 (42). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. With reference to your esteemed order of 1st inst. for skins and +hides, we understand exactly what you want, but we much regret to say +that we are unable to get in (obtenerlos) at your limit. + +2. We acknowledge receipt of your favour (apreciable) of the 1st inst. +with note of purchase we are to make on (de _or_ por) your account, and +we shall report thereon (contestaremos, relataremos) by our next. + +3. We have picked up (escogido) a few suitable clearing lines (saldos), +which are awaiting shipment (se embarcaran) by next steamer. + +4. Stripes and checks.--Owing to a breakdown in the works these will not +be ready for (antes de) another fortnight. + +5. The goods were packed according to (de conformidad con) your +instructions, but we take no responsibility for sending them (haberlos +mandado) in bales instead of cases as usual (como de costumbre). + +6. We hand (pasamos) you enclosed the invoice amounting to (importando +en, ascendiendo a) L155 6s. 7d. to the debit of your account, value +(valor al) 15th inst. + +7. We can assure you that any (cualesquiera) orders entrusted to our +care (que se nos confien) will receive careful attention. + +8. Our traveller will be in your district by the beginning of September, +and he will have much pleasure in waiting upon you (en visitarles) with +our full (completa) collection of dress goods and fancies. + +9. We hasten to offer you a lot of cheap mohairs and nankeens and hope +they will meet your requirements. + + Hoping to receive a favourable reply, + Yours faithfully, + SMITH AND Co. + + Prices are (van _or_ estan) marked on (en) the samples. + S. & Co. (Vale).[138] + +[Footnote 138: Used instead of initialling a postscriptum.] + + + + + LESSON XXII. + (Leccion vigesima segunda.) + + THE MOODS. + + +Mood is that form or modification of the Verb which marks the mode in +which an action is viewed or stated. + + +There are =5= moods in Spanish: one the Infinitive and =4= Finite, viz., +the Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, and Imperative. + + +The =Infinitive Mood= (Modo Infinitivo) represents the action or state +of being without any reference to time or person. The present and past +participles are parts of the Infinitive Mood. + +The Infinitive Mood may be used in the capacity of a noun either as +Subject or Object of the sentence. It is then generally (but not +necessarily) accompanied by the def. article, as-- + +El leer es util: To read is useful. +Me es necesario el leer: It is necessary for me to read. + +The form of the Pres. Part. used in this capacity in English is +inadmissible in Spanish, e.g., we could never say "leyendo" for "el +leer" (or "la lectura"). + +The Infinitive Mood preceded by _a_ may have a passive meaning, as-- + +Una consignacion a hacer _or also_ a hacerse (a ser hecha): A shipment +to be made. + +The Infinitive Mood preceded by _a_ may be used instead of the Finite +Mood introduced by "if," as-- + +A saber yo que V. era accionista de aquella compania, le habria +comunicado luego aquella relacion: If I had known (or had I known) that +you were a shareholder in that society, I would have sent you at once +that report. +The =Present Participle= after "to be" is used in both languages to form +the continuous or progressive tenses; in Spanish this happens much less +frequently than in English, and only with verbs whose action implies +=duration of time= and besides when it is spoken of as =actually in +progress=. This form is never possible with the verb "to go," and is +very rarely found with "to come," as-- + +Miro aquellas Mantas y Terlices que me gustan: I am looking at those +Blankets and Tickings which I like. + +Grita: He is shouting. + +Nos escribe continuamente: He is continually writing us. + +Hoy como con el arquitecto: To-day I am dining with the architect. + +Estoy haciendo mi correspondencia, no puedo dejar el despacho: I am +writing my correspondence, I cannot leave the office. + +A =Preposition= before a Pres. Part. is either translated by a +preposition followed by the Infinitive Mood or by the Pres. Part. +without a Preposition, as-- + +Al ir _(or _yendo) a la Bolsa; On going to the Exchange. + +EXCEPTION-- + +After _en_ we find the Pres. Part. used with the following meaning--e.g. + +En acabando saldre: As soon as I have finished, I shall go out. + +"I, acting as trustee," is translated "Yo, procediendo como sindico"; +but "I wrote to the party acting as umpire" would be "Escribi a la +persona que funcionaba (_not_ funcionando) de arbitro." + +After "Intentar,"[139] "Ver," "Oir," "Sentir," and "Simular" the +Infinitive only can be used in Spanish, as-- + +[Footnote 139: Or verbs of similar meaning. + + Intento (_or_ pienso) hipotecar la casa: I intend mortgaging the + house. + Le veo pasar: I see him passing. + "My coming," "my going," etc., are translated: "El venir _or_ el + haber venido yo," etc.] + +The Past Part. may be used in an absolute manner, as-- + +Entregada la carta se fue: The letter (being) delivered, he went. + +Sellados los sobres, los echo al correo: Having sealed the envelopes he +posted them. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abogado=, lawyer, barrister +=bombas de aire=, air pumps +=*contribuir=, to contribute +=contribuyo, etc=., I contribute +=convenio=, agreement +=desperdiciar=, to waste +=diseno=, design +=embajador=, ambassador +=empenos=, obligations, engagements +=estacion, temporada=, season +=Estados Unidos=, United States +=excelentemente=, excellently +=forma=, shape +=forros=, linings +=gorras=, caps +=*hacer frente=, to face, to meet (bills, etc.) +=honrar=, to honour +=locomotora=, locomotive +=malgastar=, to waste, to squander +=Navidad=, Christmas +=necesitar, desear=, to require +=paso= step +=*poner en conocimiento=, to inform +=ponerse de acuerdo=, to agree +=pormenores=, particulars +=presupuesto=, estimate +=proyectar=, to project, to plan +=representar=, to represent, to act for +=rizo del ala=, curl of the brim (of a hat) +=secretario=, secretary +=senado=, senate +=someter=, to submit +=supondre, etc=., I shall suppose, etc. +=*suponer=, to suppose +=supongo, etc=., I suppose, etc. +=supuse, etc=., I supposed, etc. +=tarea=, task +=tratado de arbitraje=, arbitration treaty +=varar=, to ground (a ship) +=variedad=, variety +=vendre, etc=., I shall come, etc. +=vengo, vienes, etc=., I come, etc. +=*venir=, to come +=vine, etc=., I came, etc. + + + EXERCISE 1 (43). + +Translate into English-- + +1. El escribir concisa y claramente contribuye al buen exito (success) +de una casa comercial. + +2. Quedan muchos pasos a dar. + +3. A suponer yo que no honrara sus aceptaciones no le habria concedido +el credito. + +4. ?Que hace V.? + +5. Estoy escribiendo un presupuesto para una locomotora y cuatro bombas +de aire que se piden para Chile; en acabando mi tarea saldre (I shall +come out) con V. + +6. Debemos escribir al abogado que representa al Sr. Fulano para ponerle +en conocimiento de los pormenores que puedan interesarle. + +7. Si, Senor, pensaba hacerlo manana. + +8. Siento tener que informar a V. que he encontrado al Sr. Smith y le he +oido decir que no puede hacer frente a sus empenos. + +9. Ejecutada esta primera orden, y pagada que sea (once paid) le +manifestare claramente que no me conviene continuar bajo estas +condiciones. + +10. Se asegura que el secretario del departamento de Estado y el +embajador de Inglaterra se han puesto de acuerdo, hace poco, sobre los +principales puntos del tratado de arbitraje proyectado por el Presidente +de los Estados Unidos. + +11. Se supone que dicho (said) convenio sera sometido al senado antes de +Navidad. + +12. Se han recibido noticias de haber naufragado (shipwrecked) un buque +en la costa de Marruecos (Morocco) y de haber varado otro en Almeria. + + + EXERCISE 2 (44). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I do not consider (no creo que) I have been fairly (equitativamente +_or_ bien) treated. + +2. Silk and Cotton Linings.--We note (nos enteramos de) your complaints +but you know they were bought as job lots (imperfectos) and in buying +such lots, one has to put up with (conformarse con) some +imperfections (defectos, imperfecciones). + +3. The hats and caps have turned out (salido) excellently. + +4. The former (aquellos) are exactly of the shape and curl you require +and the latter (estas) include (abarcan) a large variety of designs. + +5. They will reach you (le llegaran) in plenty of time (con bastante +anticipacion) for the coming (entrante) season. + +6. Please report (hacer sus comentos) on samples as soon as received +(luego que las reciban). + +7. Reading good papers is necessary to keep oneself posted up +(mantenerse al corriente), but reading the sensational news (noticias +sensacionales) of a certain press (prensa) is wasting one's time. + +8. Are you going to Spain this year? + +9. I do not think so, my correspondent is coming to England. + +10. We shall write to the gentleman acting as secretary to send us (que +nos envie) a copy of the report. + +11. Did you hear him saying that? + +12. I regret having to inform you that once I have paid what I owe (to +owe = deber), I shall not continue my transactions with your firm. + + + + + LESSON XXIII. + (Leccion vigesima tercera.) + + THE MOODS (_contd._). + + +The =Indicative Mood= (Modo Indicativo) is that form of the verb that +expresses the action in a =positive manner=, as a =fact=. + +The =Conditional Mood= (Modo Condicional)[140] affirms like the +Indicative Mood in a positive manner, =but subject to a condition=. + +The =Imperative Mood= is used to command or to beg. This mood has only +one tense and one distinct form of person: the second, as-- + +Habla tu: Speak thou. +Hablad vosotros: Speak ye _or_ you. + +The 1st pers. sing, does not occur and the other persons are taken from +the Present Subjunctive.[141] + +In the 3rd person (and sometimes even the 1st plural) the pres. subj. +may take the place of the Imperative used affirmatively. This becomes +apparent by the use of _Que_, which precedes the Subjunctive and when an +object pronoun occurs in the sentence, as-- + +Escribalo el _or_ Que lo escriba el: Let him write it. + +There is no Imperative Mood negative in Spanish.[142] + +[Footnote 140: English form: (auxiliary) should + verb for 1st persons; +(auxiliary) would + verb for 2nd and 3rd persons.] + +[Footnote 141: With only one exception-- + =Ir= (to go). 1st pers. pl., Pres. Subj.--Vayamos. 1st pers. pl., + Imperative--Vayamos _or_ vamos (more used).] + +[Footnote 142: It is borrowed entirely from the Pres. Subjunctive, as: +No hables, no hable, no hablemos, no hableis, no hablen. The difference +is of course, only apparent in the 2nd person.] + + +=The Subjunctive Mood=. + +This mood offers some difficulty to English students; this arises from +the fact that in English this mode of viewing the action of the verb is +often rendered by the indicative mood or by the semi-auxiliary verbs +"may," "might," "should," "would." + +=Note=.--The Spanish rule on the Subjunctive mood must be therefore +applied irrespective of the English construction. + +GENERAL RULE. + +The Subjunctive Mood can only be used in dependent clauses, as-- + +Yo quiero que el venga: I wish him to come. +Yo quiero que el vaya: I wish him to go. + +And then, only when, by reason of what precedes in the Principal Clause, +the action of the Subordinate verb is not expressed in a positive manner +(i.e., as a fact) but as merely contingent (i.e., only conceived in the +mind), as-- + +Yo declare que el vino (_or_ vendria): I say that he came + _or_ that he would come. +Yo espero que el venga: I hope that he may come. +Yo esperaba que el viniese: I hoped that he might, _or_ + would come. + +SPECIAL RULES. + +I. A verb in a dependent clause is placed (generally) in the Subjunctive +Mood after verbs expressing an action, or emotion of the mind, when the +subjects of the principal and of the subordinate verbs are different. + +EXAMPLES of principal verbs which govern the following verb in the +Subjunctive Mood-- + +aconsejar (to advise) +alegrarse de que (to be glad that) +avergonzarse de que (to be ashamed that) +conceder (to grant) +conseguir (to obtain) +desear (to desire) +esperar (to hope) +evitar (to avoid) +impedir (to hinder) +mandar (to order) +querer (to wish) +rogar (to ask, to beg) +sentir (to regret) +temer (to fear) +confiar en que (to trust) + +N.B.--(_a_) If the 2nd verb should have the same subject, use the +Infinitive Mood, as-- + +Deseo que venga: I wish him to come. +Deseo venir: I wish to come. + +(_b_) After verbs expressing joy, shame, sorrow, or fear, the Indicative +may be used instead of the Subjunctive. + +(_c_) After "mandar" (to order) the subordinate verb is often in the +Infinitive instead of the Subjunctive, as-- + +Mandele V. que lo haga: Order him to do it. +Mandeselo V. hacer: Order him to do it. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=agradar, favorecer=, to oblige +=almacenero, dependiente de almacen=, warehouseman +=celebrar=, to be glad of +=colorido=, colouring +=*complacer=, to oblige +=complazco, etc=., I oblige, etc. +=(el) cortapluma=, penknife +=cortesmente=, politely +=coste flete y seguro=, cost, freight and insurance +=*dar las gracias=, to hank +=demora=, delay +=*demostrar confianza=, to show confidence +=deplorar=, to deplore +=dictados=, dictates +=en seguida=, at once +=franco de averia particular=, free of particular average +=*hacer una remesa=, to send a remittance +=intereses=, interests +=justificarse=, to justify oneself +=mucho=, much, exceedingly, greatly +=navajas de afeitar=, razors +=obrar=, to act +=patines=, skates +=primer dependiente=, chief clerk +=propio=, own +=*rogar=, to beg, to request +=ruego, etc=., I beg, etc. +=sin novedad=, safe and sound +=tela para pantalones=, trousering +=tijeras=, scissors + + + EXERCISE 1 (45). + +Translate into English-- + +1. En nuestra anterior les rogamos[143] nos enviasen una muestra de las +telas de nuestros competidores. + +2. Celebraremos mucho que encuentren ventaja en el cambio de via (route) +que hemos adoptado para sus envios. + +3. Siento haber hecho este error y siento tambien que mi primer +dependiente no me lo haya hecho observar. + +4. Me avergueenzo que por culpa de un dependiente de almacen negligente +haya recibido V. un genero por otro (the wrong goods). + +5. Nunca me avergueenzo de hablar a las claras (openly, clearly). + +6. No podemos ni deberiamos querer impedir a los otros que piensen como +quieran; lo que si debemos hacer es aconsejar a todos que obren segun +los dictados de su propia conciencia. + +7. Lo que me este bien (is my duty) hacer lo hare. + +8. Espero me mande pronto los coloridos para las telas para pantalones. + +9. Deploro que el quiera justificarse con argumentos que se quiebran de +sutiles (which do not stand the light of day). + +10. Explicate para que te entienda. + +11. No te justifiques con malas razones (by quibbling). + +12. Expliqueme V. de que se trata (what it is about). + +13. No le explique V. mas de lo necesario. + +[Footnote 143: The 1st pers. plural Past Definite of the 1st Conjugation +may take an accent to distinguish it from the Present Indicative.] + + + EXERCISE 2 (46). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We should like to do more business with your firm. + +2. You would greatly oblige (us) by sending us a remittance. + +3. He would do well to write it to them. + +4. Let him write at once. + +5. We hope you may arrive safe and sound, and we advise you to take care +of yourself. + +6. From what we can gather (por lo que tenemos entendido) the firm is +doing a successful (buenos) business. + +7. We trust this information will be of service (de utilidad) to you. + +8. The documents appear to be in order and we hope there will be no +difficulty. + +9. We are glad the goods have arrived before the time stipulated +(estipulado). + +10. We do not want you to lose any money; on the contrary, we wish you +to realise a substantial (buena) profit. + +11. Tell the clerk to write more politely. + +12. Order them to do it quickly. + +13. I may come (es posible que venga) to-morrow. + +14. We notice (observamos) that the Razors, Scissors, Penknives and +Skates are ready to be shipped, and trust (confiamos) that, as announced +(nos anunciaron Vs.), they will come to hand (llegaran a manos) without +delay. + +15. We thank you for the confidence you have shown in us which we hope +to justify and you may be sure that we shall do our best for (por) your +interests. + +16. I request you kindly to insure the cargo against total loss or +f.p.a.[144] + +17. Sell at 21s. c.i.f.[145] + +[Footnote 144: Free of particular average.] + +[Footnote 145: Cost, insurance, freight.] + + + + + LESSON XXIV. + (Leccion vigesima cuarta.) + + THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (_contd._). + + +II. The Subjunctive Mood is used after Impersonal verbs, as + +Es menester que lo haga: It is needful that he does it. +Es necesario que lo haga: It is necessary that he does it. + + +EXCEPTIONS-- + +1. When the Impersonal Verb expresses certainty, as-- + +Es cierto que lo hara: It is certain that he will do it. + +2. When the dependent verb has not its own subject, both the following +constructions are correct-- + +Es necesario hacerlo: It must be done +Es necesario que se haga: It must be done + +III. The Subjunctive Mood is used after the following locations--- + +Antes que (before) +En caso que (in case) +De miedo que (lest) +Por mas que (however much, although) +Sin que (without) +Para que (so that) +A menos que (unless) +Salvo que (except that) +Con tal que (provided that) +Sea que (whether ... or) +Aunque (even if) + + +IV. The Subjunctive Mood is generally used after the following +locations, when the action refers to future time, but the Indicative is +used when the action refers to the past or present-- + +Despues que (after) +Aunque (although) +De modo que (so that) +No obstante que (notwithstanding) +Cuandoquiera que (whenever) +Hasta que (until) +Luego que (as soon as) +Quienquiera que (whoever) +Comoquiera que (however) +Cualquiera que (whichever, whoever) +Dondequiera que (wherever) +El 1 deg., 2 deg., 3 deg., etc., que (the 1st 2nd 3rd, etc., that) +El unico que (the only one that) +El solo que (the only one that) +El ultimo que (the last that) +Nada que (nothng that) +Ninguo, nadie que (no one that) +El mejor (or any other superlative) que (the best etc., that) + + +E.g.-- + +Escribio de modo que su padre quedo contento: He wrote so that his +father remained content. + +Escriba V. de modo que su padre quede contento: Write so that your +father may remain content. + +Le pague aunque no hizo su trabajo: I paid him, although he did not do +his work. + +No le pagare aunque haga su trabajo: I shall not pay him although he may +do his work. + + +The above rules have liberties and exceptions to be learnt by practice, +generally turning on whether the action is intended to be alluded to =as +a fact= or as =a mere conception=. + + +V. The Subjunctive Mood is used after _cuando, asi como, luego que_ and +similar expressions when the action of the verb refers =to the future=, +as-- + +Lo hare cuando tenga tiempo: I shall do it when I have time. + +N.B.--The Future Subjunctive is often used in this case. + + +VI. The Subjunctive Mood is used after _si_ (conditional _if_) when the +context requires the following verb in the past form, as-- + +Lo haria si tuviese (tuviera) dinero: I should do it if I had money. + +N.B.--If the context requires the verb in the present form, the +Indicative Present must be used, as-- + +Lo hago si tengo tiempo: I do it if I have time. + +Lo hare si tengo tiempo: I shall do it if I have time. + +When, as in the latter example a future time is indicated, the Future +Subjunctive may be used instead of the Pres. Indicative, as-- + +Lo hare si tuviere tiempo: I shall do it if (ever) I have time. + + +VII. After _como_ the Subjunctive Mood is used idiomatically but not +necessarily, as-- + +Como le vio le hablo: As soon as he saw him he spoke to him. + +Como le viese le hablo: On seeing him he spoke to him. + + +VIII. After _creer, pensar, opinar,_ and similar verbs, the following +verb is generally in the Indicative; but after _no creer,_ etc., the +verb is in the Subjunctive mood. After _creer,_ etc., used +interrogatively, the verb may be Indicative or Subjunctive. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abaca=, Manilla hemp +=calcetines=, half-hose, socks +=canamo=, hemp +=cancelar=, to cancel +=coger=, to catch +*=conseguir=, to succeed in +=contado (al)=, (in) cash +=dificultad=, difficulty +=un dineral=, a mint of money +=encogerse=, to shrink +=equivocarse=, to be mistaken +=la gente=, the people +=mecanismo=, mechanism, contrivance +=medias=, stockings, hose +=ocurrir=, to happen +=perfeccionar=, to perfect +=persona=, person +=por mas que=, however much, whatever +*=probar=, to prove, to attempt, to try +=pruebo, etc=., I try, etc. +*=reconvenir=, to reprimand +=repasar=, to look over +*=saber=, to know +=se, sabes, sabe, etc=., I know, etc. +=sepa, sepas, sepa, etc=., I may know, +*=ser menester=, to be necessary +=telefonear=, to telephone +=trabajo=, work +=yute=, jute + + + EXERCISE 1 (47). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Es conveniente (proper) y aun absolutamente necesario que se acabe +esta cuestion. + +2. Es cierto que se acabara. + +3. Es posible que suba el mercado; tal vez suba mas de lo que se crea. + +4. Es el unico cliente que no haya pagado su factura. + +5. Es menester pues escribirle y apremiarle para que cumpla con su deber +(to fulfil his duty). + +6. Antes que escriba V., repase sus libros para que no haya miedo de que +haya ocurrido alguna equivocacion (mistake). + +7. A menos que pague le citaremos ante los Tribunales (we shall summon +him) de miedo que otros sean pagados con nuestro dinero. + +8. Por mas que V. diga, las medias, calcetines, y guantes no son iguales +a las muestras que sirvieron de base (as a basis) al contrato. + +9. Sin que V. me lo diga lo hare, salvo que intervenga algun +contratiempo (any hitch should happen) y con tal que, interin (in the +meantime) llegue su remesa. + +10. Sea que llegue, sea que no, V. deberia hacerlo aunque le fuese en +ello todo su capital (all your capital were at stake). + +11. Telefonee V. cuando quiera. + +12. Celebrare lo haga luego que le sea posible. + +13. Asi como sepa algo le telefoneare. + +14. Enviaria las zarazas si estuviese seguro que no me viniera (_imp. +subj._ of venir) despues con quejas. + +15. No creo que cueste muy cara esta seda. + +16. No me parece que salio ventajosa aquella transaccion. + + + EXERCISE 2 (48). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. It is impossible for us to obtain the goods. + +2. He spoke as if he were sure of it. + +3. I may (es posible que) accept your price, provided you pay cash. + +4. It is certain the white shirtings have shrunk too much in bleaching +(en el blanqueo). + +5. He insisted until he paid him something and now he will continue to +insist until he pays him something more. + +6. The foreign correspondent (el corresponsal de lenguas extranjeras) +did his work so that his employer was satisfied. + +7. Write clearly so that people may read your writing (su letra) without +difficulty. + +8. Whenever I spoke to him he was very polite, therefore, I shall put +(dire) a word in his favour whenever I can do so. + +9. I reprimanded him notwithstanding that he was my son, and I shall do +so whenever it is necessary in spite of his being now a man. + +10. The first to come was the office-boy (muchacho, hortera [joc.]), and +he will be the last to go (a salir). + +11. The first firm that attempts it will burn its fingers (se cogera los +dedos). + +12. He was the only one who understood us. + +13. He is not the only one who is mistaken. + +14. They will not be the only persons who will be mistaken. + +15. Whoever succeeds in perfecting this contrivance will be sure to make +(es seguro que hara) a mint of money. + +16. We shall be thankful if you will cancel our order for flax, hemp, +Manilla hemp and jute. + + + + + LESSON XXV. + (Leccion vigesima quinta.) + + THE TENSES. + + +The Tenses in Spanish being mostly used as in English, we shall only +call attention to such of the principal differences between the two +languages as have not yet been treated. + +=Present--= + +The English emphatic Present, "I do say," must be expressed by "Lo digo +en efecto," "lo digo de veras," "lo digo si." + +"I do" with a verb understood after, as "Do you understand? I do" is +translated by "Si," "Si, senor," or "Si entiendo." + +"Are you an engineer? Yes, I am"; "He is generous with me, and I am with +him"; "He is my surety, and I am his"; must be translated by "Es V. +ingeniero? Si, lo soy"; "Es generoso conmigo y yo lo soy con el"; "El es +mi fiador y yo lo soy suyo." + + +=Past--= + +The English language has one form of Simple Past--I wrote. + +In Spanish this is translated by-- + +Yo escribia (Imperf. Indic.) or + +Yo escribi (Past Definite), according to sense. + +It is most important to learn the difference between the Imperfect +Indicative and the Past Definite (or Preterite), because these two +tenses admit of no compromise in Spanish. + +The =Imperfect Indicative=[146] _describes_ an action or state which was +_present_ when another past action took place, or another past state +existed. + +[Footnote 146: Or Descriptive Past.] + +The =Past Definite= or =Preterite=[147] _narrates_ an event.[148] + +[Footnote 147: Or Narrating Past (this is why it is often called the +Historical Past).] + +[Footnote 148: "Napoleon I died in 1821" is an event. "I fell" is +grammatically also an event.] + +Consequently, it will be understood that whilst the Past Def. refers to +"one point of time" or "several =separate= points of time," the +Imperfect embraces a whole indefinite period. + +The following examples will show clearly the different functions of +these two tenses-- + +Le escribi una vez (_or_ dos o tres veces) mientras el viajaba en +Argentina: I wrote to him once (or two or three times) whilst he +travelled[149] in Argentina. + +[Footnote 149: Travelled--was travelling, but notice that in Spanish we +would also have the progressive form--"estaba viajando."] + +Encontre a Luis, quien llevaba levita negra: I met Louis, who wore[150] +a black frock-coat. + +[Footnote 150: Wore--was wearing. Here in Spanish the progressive form +"estaba llevando" would not be admissible because there is _no real +progressive action_.] + +Hacia grandes negocios cuando residia en Chile: I had a large business +when I resided in Chili. + +Los Cartagineses eran un pueblo comercial y emprendedor: The +Carthagenians were a commercial and enterprising people. + +El estaba alli cuando yo llegue: He was there when I arrived. + +El leia al entrar yo en el bufete del abogado: He was reading when I +entered the lawyer's office. + +En Inglaterra trabajaba[151] ocho horas cada dia: In England I worked +(used to work) eight hours a day. + +[Footnote 151: As will be seen, the English "was" followed by a pres. +part. or the expression "used to be" may always be rendered by the +Spanish Imperfect, but the Spanish progressive form also exists: +"Estaba leyendo" (he was reading), and "used to" has its equivalent +"solia":--"Solia trabajar 8 horas" (he used to work 8 hours).] + +Cada mes recibiamos nuestro sueldo: Each month we received (used to +receive) our pay. + +Ayer cerre el contrato: Yesterday I signed the contract. + +Las pipas de vino resultaron averiadas: The casks of wine were damaged. + +Trabaje en Inglaterra 5 anos[152]; Vivi dos anos en Londres y tres en +Manchester: I worked 5 years in England; I lived two years in London and +three in Manchester. + +[Footnote 152: This _is_ "a period of time," but it is _definite_.] + +As will be seen in all the examples of the Imperfect, the action or +state is described as "existing in the past." + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abarrotado=, glutted, cram full +=acorazado=, iron-clad +=ajo=, garlic +=alerta=, on the alert, on the look out +=brisa=, breeze +=cebollas=, onions +=conducta=, conduct, behaviour +=contrabando=, contraband +=cosecha=, harvest, harvest-time, crop +*=dar en el clavo=, to hit it +=datiles=, dates +=encogido=, shrivelled, shrunk +=fruta=, fruit +=granadas=, pomegranates +=guardias aduaneras=, custom house officials +=higos=, figs +=inmaturo=, verde, unripe +=limones=, lemons +=llevar=, to carry, to wear +=matute=, smuggling +=mirar=, to look +=moscatel=, muscatel grapes +=naranja=, orange +i=ojo=! attention! +=olvidar=, to forget +=pasas de Corinto=, currants +=podrido=, rotten +=por decirlo asi=, so to say, as it were +*=querer decir=, to mean +=recobrar=, to recover +=reprensible=, objectionable +=resumir=, to recapitulate, to state briefly +=sinnumero=, a large number, innumerable +=travesia=, journey by sea + + + + EXERCISE 1 (49). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Cuando yo era mas joven y me gustaba viajar, hacia la travesia de +Liverpool a Las Palmas todos los anos. + +2. Estuve alli la ultima vez en 1905 principalmente para recobrar mi +salud, pero como viaje de negocios tambien tuvo muy buen exito. + +3. No habia entonces como la hay hoy en dia tanta competencia en ese +comercio. + +4. Cuando llego el buque a La Coruna habia un sinnumero de guardias +aduaneras alerta, pues se decia que llevaba muchos generos de +contrabando. + +5. ?Que quiere decir genero de matute? + +6. De matute es lo mismo que de contrabando y matutero o contrabandista +es el que introduce tales generos. + +7. No sabia esta palabra antes, pero ya no la olvidare. + +8. ?Ha aprendido V. bien la diferencia entre el preterito y el +imperfecto? + +9. Perfectamente y voy a resumirsela en dos palabras--El uno es pasado, +pasado y nada mas, el otro es un presente de lo pasado por decirlo asi; +imire V.! "Encontre a Carlos": pasado absoluto; "Llevaba sombrero +blanco"; pasado _hoy_, presente _entonces_; ?que le parece a V.? + +10. Me parece que V. ha dado en el clavo y estoy satisfecho. + +11. Y ahora iojo! en la aplicacion y ino olvidar! + + + EXERCISE 2 (50). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I believe his behaviour is most (muy) objectionable. + +2. And I do also. + +3. Did you receive the B/L for the cargo (cargamento) of oranges and +grapes from Seville? + +4. I did; and I expect a good parcel (partida) of muscatels from +Valencia as well. + +5. Are these the lemons, onions and pomegranates you were expecting? + +6. They are. + +7. I am sorry they were delayed so long because now the market is +glutted with fruit. + +8. He is my friend and I am his. + +9. We received this year three cargoes of bananas from the Canary +Islands (Islas Canarias). Six were consigned to us last year, but we +used to receive many more when we sent our traveller in those islands at +harvest time. + +10. Ten thousand boxes of currants, 3,000 of figs, and 4,561 of dates +were sold by auction. + +11. There had not been such large quantities offered for a long time +(hacia mucho tiempo que). + +12. The iron-clad "Achilles" left yesterday for Vigo. The sea was +perfectly calm although a light breeze blew, _or_ was blowing (soplaba +_not_ estaba soplando), from the S.W. (sudoeste). + +13. The commission-agent (comisionista) went by the three o'clock train. + +14. When I went to say good-bye to him (para despedirme de 61) he was +writing (escribia _or_ estaba escribiendo) a letter. + +15. The cargo was examined and it was found that some of the fruit was +unripe, some shrivelled or frost-bitten (tomada por la escarcha), and a +parcel of garlic was rotten and had to be destroyed. + + + + + LESSON XXVI. + (Leccion vigesima sexta.) + + THE TENSES (_contd._). + + +Uses of the Past Definite (or Preterite) and the Present Perfect (as: Yo +he comprado: I have bought). + +According to the English rule, the Past Def. (or Preterite) should be +used to narrate events which happened in the past, in a period of time +which does not include the present moment as-- + +Yo lo compre el ano pasado: I bought it last year. + +The Present Perfect (called in Spanish Preterito Compuesto) should be +used when the period of time includes the present moment, as-- + +He fletado muchos buques: I have chartered many ships. + +By following this rule students will always be correct, but we must +notice that in Spanish we find the "Preterito compuesto" often used +instead of the Past Definite-- + +1. When the period, although entirely past, is not defined, as-- + +Le ha facturado la quincalla: He invoiced him the smallware. + +2. When although entirely past and definite, it is very recent, as--Se +lo he dicho hace un momento: I told him a moment ago. + +N.B.--Plegue a Dios que el ano que hoy empieza sea mas feliz que lo ha +sido el pasado: May it please God that the year which commences to-day +may be happier than the last has been (Grammar of the Academy).[153] + +[Footnote 153: Here the Present Perfect is used in both languages, +because _the effects reach up to the present moment_.] + +The English Compound Past--"I had spoken"--is rendered by "yo habia +hablado" or "yo hube hablado." + +"Yo habia hablado" is in general use. + +"Yo hube hablado" is used only after _cuando, luego que, inmediatamente +que_; viz., when the action is represented as _immediately_ preceding +another. + +N.B.--The Past Def. Simple may always take its place. + +Cuando hube declarado mis intenciones, Cuando declare mis intenciones, +se convencio--When I declared my intentions, he was convinced. + +The =Future Indicative=, (as well as the =Conditional Mood=) are used in +Spanish oftener than in English to denote probability, as-- + +Habra 20 hombres aqui: I dare say there are 20 men here. + +?Le habre dado este derecho? Have I, perchance, given him this right? + +?Tendria miedo talvez? Was he afraid, perhaps? + +The =Future Progressive=, is not used in Spanish when its place may be +taken by the ordinary Future Simple, as-- + +Le escribire manana: I shall be writing him to-morrow. + +But-- + +Cuando el venga yo estare escribiendo: When he comes I shall be writing. + +The =Present Subjunctive= in Spanish refers to time present or future; +for time future, its place may be taken by the future Subj. (little +used).[154] + +[Footnote 154: Except after "cuando" (but not in conversation), as--Se +lo dire cuando venga _or_ cuando viniere: I shall tell it him when he +comes. The Fut. Subj. is also used (not in conversation) after _si_ +instead of Pres. Indic., as--Le servire si la ocasion se ofrece _or_ se +ofreciere: I shall serve him if the occasion presents itself.] + + +=Use of Tenses of the Subjunctive Mood=. + +The verb in the Subj. Mood is put in the Present tense when the +preceding verb is in the Pres. Indic., Future Indic. (simple) or +Imperative, as-- + +Quiero que el lo haga: I want him to do it. +Querre " " ": I shall want " "" +Quiere tu " " ": Want (thou) " "" + +Otherwise the verb in the Subjunctive is in the Imperfect tense. + +N.B.--When the preceding verb is in the "preterito compuesto," e.g., "he +dicho," when "he dicho" stands exactly for the English "I have told," it +governs the Pres. Subj., as-- + +Le he dicho que se vaya: I have told him to go. + +But if it stands for the English "I told," it governs the Imperfect +Subj., as + +Le dije (he dicho) que se fuese: I told him to go. + +When the preceding verb is in the Future Perfect, the verb in the +Subjunctive may be put in the Present when its action does not refer to +the past, as-- + +Habre querido que trabaje hoy o manana: I shall have (may have) wanted +him to work to-day or to-morrow. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=*adquirir=, to acquire +=alquilar=, to rent, to hire, to take or give on lease +=arado=, plough +=boni cacion, rebaja=, allowance +=cargar=, to charge +=ceder=, to yield, to sell, to cede, to warrant make over +=cedula de aduana=, custom house +=colmo=, climax, record +=color firme, solido=, fast colour +=contrarrestar=, to check +=de otra manera=, otherwise +=desarrollar=, to develop +=emprestito=, loan +=epoca=, epoch, period, time +=explotar=, to exploit, to work +=igualar, hermanar=, to match +=*invertir=, to invest (money) +=justificar=, to justify, to warrant +=material rodante=, rolling stock (railway) +=no bien=, as soon a | +=pana (acordonada)=, cords (corduroy) +=perspectivas=, prospects +=piezas de repuesto=, spare pieces (machinery) +=puros, cigarros, tabacos=, cigars +=quinta=, villa +=rastrillos=, harrows +=rechazar=, to reject +=reja=, ploughshare +=revocar=, contramandar, to countermand +*=tener cuenta=, to pay, viz., to be advantageous +=terreno=, land +=traspaso=, goodwill +=trilladora=, threshing-machine + + + + EXERCISE 1 (51). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Le he dado ayer las Cedulas de Aduana. + +2. Le hemos cedido el traspaso de aquel negocio por L500. + +3. Le he dicho que los fondos (stocks), obligaciones, u otros valores +cualesquiera (whatsoever) han de depositarse en manos seguras. + +4. Yo le habia explicado que la Compania se habia constituido para +comprar, alquilar (take on lease) o adquirir de otra manera y explotar y +desarrollar cualesquier minas o terrenos metaliferos; pero no bien le +hube anunciado (_or_ le anuncie) que se trataba de terrenos situados en +el Asia Menor, se rehuso a tomar las acciones que le habia ofrecido. + +5. Es que tendria sus razones. + +6. Habia unos cincuenta puros en aquella caja. + +7. Deseo que V. invierta su dinero en esta empresa como deseaba el ano +pasado que V. lo invirtiese en el Emprestito del Gobierno Austriaco +(Austrian). + +8. Le dire que se apresure a despachar los arados con sus rejas y piezas +de repuesto, los rastrillos, y las trilladoras. + +9. Tal vez mi socio le habra dicho que lo haga. + +10. Si, le ha escrito ayer que no retardase el embarque pues hacen mucha +falta, hemos excedido la epoca fijada para la entrega y no nos tendria +cuenta que la Sociedad Agricola nos los rechazara. + + + EXERCISE 2 (52). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We wrote them nothing to warrant such action. + +2. I warranted him (garantizar) this would not be repeated. + +3. The cloth was warranted fast colour. + +4. He resorted to extreme means in order to bring about (llegar a) a +solution of the difficulty. + +5. In the past year the climax of prosperity was reached. + +6. Large orders for railway rolling stock were countermanded on account +of (a causa de) the feared political complications. + +7. Velvet and Cord manufacturers have curtailed their production with a +view (a fin de) to check the downward (a la baja) tendency of prices. + +8. I matched his sample and I secured the order. + +9. Did you hear from your traveller lately? + +10. They charged us too much, we can buy on spot (en el mercado) much +cheaper. + +11. Spot cotton (el algodon disponible) was quoted yesterday one point +higher than the day before, but futures declined (bajaron) 3/32 + +12. Perhaps there are better prospects of the growing crop (nueva +cosecha) at present. + +13. Do not be long (no tarde V.) in making up your mind (decidirse de) +one way or the other. + +14. No, I shall soon decide what to do, but I must have a little time +for reflection. I cannot bind myself on the spot (al punto). + +15. Some of the prints have grease spots (manchas de aceite) and we must +refuse to accept them unless under (a menos que nos haga) a reasonable +allowance. + +16. He has a villa in a delightful spot (sitio) in the country (campo). + + + + + LESSON XXVII. + (Leccion vigesima septima.) + + THE AUXILIARY VERBS. + + +_Tener_ and _haber_ are used for the English "to have," followed by an +infinitive, as-- + +Tienen que acabar el trabajo para fines de Enero: They have to finish +the work for the end of January. + +Hemos de seguir los consejos de los peritos en la materia: We have to +follow the advice of those expert in the matter. + +In such cases _Tener_ is followed by _que_ and _Haber_ by _de_.[155] The +former indicates compulsion or necessity, the latter a moral or +self-imposed duty. + +_Haber de_ translates also "to be to,"[155] as-- + +?Quien ha de hacer este viaje? Who is to go on this journey? + +_Tener de_ is used in threats-- + +Tengo de llevarlo ante el tribunal: I shall take him before the court. + +"Tener que hacer, que escribir, que comer" and similar expressions +translate also "to have something to do, to write, to eat," as-- + +Hoy tengo que hacer: To-day I have something to do, I am busy. + +Tengo mucho que hacer: I have much to do. + +Tenemos que comer por todo el dia: We have something to eat which will +suffice for the whole day. + +_Haber_ is used as a principal verb instead of _Tener_ in-- + +Haber menester de algo: To need something. + +He aqui el muchacho, etc.[156]: Here is the boy (behold the boy here, +etc.). + +Heme aqui _or_ heteme[157] aqui, etc.: Here I am (behold me here, etc.). + +It also survives in some legal phrases, as-- + +Fue habido el reo: The culprit was captured. + +Los hijos habidos en su primera mujer: The children by his first wife. + +And in some idioms, as-- + +Alla se las haya: That is his business. + +Haberselas con uno: To dispute with anybody. + +_Tener_ translates the English "to be" in such phrases as-- + +Tener hambre, sed, sueno, calor, frio, vergueenza, and miedo: To be +hungry, thirsty, sleepy, warm, cold, ashamed, and afraid. + +Also speaking of age-- + +Tengo veinte anos: I am twenty years old. + +[Footnote 155: In all these cases _deber_ may be used instead.] + +[Footnote 156: _He_--imperative mood of _haber_.] + +[Footnote 157: The _te_ is the "ethical dative" (which is much more used +in Spanish than in English).] + + +And in-- + +Tener razon: To be right. + +And-- + +No tener razon _or_ Dejar de tener razon: To be wrong. + +We said that the past participle when used with _Tener_ agrees with the +direct object, as-- + +Tengo leidas las cartas: I have read the letters. + +But when there is no direct object, of course the past participle +remains invariable, as-- + +Tengo entendido que....[158]: I have heard that.... + +[Footnote 158: This use of _tener_ for _haber_, especially with no +direct obj. following is in general to be avoided; in this example, +however, "tengo entendido," the phrase has more force than "he +entendido." It implies that the mind is full with the effect of the +communication.] + ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Conocer= (to know)[159] | +| (changes _c_ into =zc= before _a_ or _o_). | ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ +|_Pres. Indic._, conozco. | +|_Pres. Subj._, conozca-as-a-amos-ais-an. | ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Hacer= (to do or make). | ++--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ +|_Past Part._, |Hecho. | +|_Pres. Indic._,|Hago. | +|_Past Def._, |Hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicisteis, hicieron.| +|_Fut. Indic._, |Hare, haras, hara, haremos, hareis, haran. | +|_Imp. Mood_, |Haz, haced (_reg._). | ++--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ + +[Footnote 159: Model verb for all those ending in _cer_ or _cir_ +preceded by a vowel, except _cocer_ (conj. like _mover_), _mecer_ +(_reg._) and _hacer_. (Those ending in _ducir_ are further irreg. in the +Past Definite.) + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abrigar=, to shelter, to nourish (the hope) +=acciones preferentes=, preference shares +=agudo=, sharp, keen +=aplazar=, to postpone +=asistir=, to assist, to attend +=atendible=, plausible +=atrasado=, overdue +=caldos=, wines and oils (collectively) +=consabido=, in question, aforesaid +=cuenta de venta=, account sale +=dedicarse=, to devote oneself +=dejar sin efecto=, to cancel +=delicado de salud=, in indifferent health +=desfavorable, contrario=, unfavourable, adverse +=*deshacerse de=, to part with +=domicilio=, registered office of a company, also residence +=en este momento=, at the present moment +=ensayo=, trial, venture +=equidad=, fair dealing +=*haber menester=, to need +=indemnizacion=, indemnity +=junta de acreedores=, meeting of creditors +=liquidar=, to liquidate, to settle, to clear off goods, etc. +=medieria, articulos de punto=, hosiery +=pagare=, promissory note, note of hand +=palacio=, palace +=plazo=, term +=respiro=, breath, breathing time, days of grace for payment, delay +=retirar=, to withdraw +(los) =reunidos=, those present +=*tener en cuenta=, to take into consideration +=trabajar, *ir, a porfia=, to vie with each other +=tramites de la ley=, legal means +=viaje de ida=, outward voyage +=viaje de vuelta=, inward voyage + + + EXERCISE 1 (53). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Tengo que hacer hoy y no podre dedicarme a la correspondencia. + +2. Si V. no quiere liquidar el consabido asunto tendre de apelar a los +tramites de la ley. + +3. V. no habra menester de tanto pues abrigo las mejores intenciones y +lo que pido es solo unas pocas semanas de respiro. + +4. He aqui pues lo que se ha de hacer, V. me firmara un pagare para fin +de Febrero y queda entendido que no concedere despues ninguna extension +del plazo. + +5. Si entonces V. no satisface su deuda mi abogado dara los pasos +necesarios y V. sera responsable de (liable for) los gastos y perjuicios +habidos y por haber (damages accrued and to accrue). + +6. La Compania Nacional de Transportes (carriage) ha instalado su +domicilio en el nuevo Palacio de la Libertad. + +7. Dicha Sociedad tiene un capital de un millon de pesetas; la mitad en +acciones preferentes y la mitad en ordinarias. + +8. Se ha verificado la junta de acreedores del Sr.... a la cual no +asistio el principal interesado por encontrarse delicado de salud. + +9. Los reunidos han decidido aplazar dicha junta hasta el 20 del +corriente. + +10. Fundandose en atendibles razones nuestro corresponsal deja sin +efecto el pedido que nos habia confiado. + + + EXERCISE 2 (54). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We shall have to take in the hosiery although it is slightly (un +poquito) overdue. + +2. We have to give the example of fair dealing ourselves. + +3. Who is to decide on the subject of the indemnity due to the captain +of the ship? + +4. If we want to withdraw the goods without producing (presentar) a B/L. +we shall have to sign an indemnity (indemnidad). + +5. We have received the account sale for our wines and oils and regret +the venture has not turned out as well as we expected. + +6. We found a great difficulty in parting with our surplus (excesivas) +stock, of which we had to dispose (disponer) at prices very much +reduced. + +7. We are unable to inform you to what extent (hasta que punto) you may +calculate on (contar con) our remittance, as much will depend on +circumstances over which we have no control (independientes de nuestra +voluntad). + +8. The rate (el tipo) of the insurance premium is 6/-per cent. on the +outward and 5/-per cent. on the homeward voyage. + +9. I very much question the advisability (dudo mucho la ventaja) of +putting prices up at the present moment when so many adverse +circumstances have to be taken into consideration. + +10. As a matter of fact (en efecto) most of us (la mayor parte de +nosotros) think it would be better to reduce them somewhat (algo) now +that competition is so keen. + +11. They vie with each other in cutting prices down (reducir) with the +result that profits are ridiculously low (irrisorios). + + + + + LESSON XXVIII. + (Leccion vigesima octava.) + + THE ADVERBS. + + +Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. + +The following are the principal Spanish adverbs-- + +Abajo (below) +Ademas (besides) +Adelante, delante (before, in point of place) +Ahora (now) +*Alrededor, *entorno (around) +Amenudo, a menudo (often) +*Antes (before, in point of time) +Antes, antes bien (rather) +Anoche (last night) +Anteanoche (the night before last) +Apenas, asi que (as soon as) +Aqui, aca (here, hither) +Alli, alla (there, thither) +De aqui, de alli (hence, thence) +Aun, todavia (still, yet) +Ayer (yesterday) +Anteayer (the day before yesterday) +Bastante (sufficiently) +Bien (well) +*Cerca (near) +*Debajo (under) +*Por debajo (underneath) +Demasiado (too, too much) +*Dentro (within) +*Despues (after, afterwards) +*Detras (behind) +Donde[160] (where) +En breve (shortly) +*Encima (upon, above) +*Enfrente (opposite) +Entonces (then) +*Fuera (outside) +Hacia (towards) +Hacia adelante (forwards) +Hacia abajo (downwards) +Hasta (till, until) +Hoy (to-day) +*Junto (next) +*Lejos (far) +Luego (presently, soon, then) +Manana (to-morrow) +Mal (badly) +Mas (more) +Mejor (better) +Menos (less) +Mientras (whilst) +Mientras tanto (in the meantime) +Mucho (much) +Muy[161] (very) +Nunca, jamas (never) +Ni ... ni ... (neither ... nor ...) +Ni tampoco (not either) +Peor (worse) +Pronto (soon) +Tal vez, acaso, quiza, quizas (perhaps) +Tan, asi (so) +Tanto (so much) +Tarde (late) +Temprano (early) +Ya[162] (already) + + +[Footnote 160: After verbs of motion also "a donde." After verbs of rest +also "en donde."] + +[Footnote 161: Used as in English, but always _muy_ before a past part., +as: Muy apreciado (much esteemed). Such phrases as "He is rich but not +very" are translated "Es rico pero no mucho _or_ tanto."] + +[Footnote 162: _Ya_ is also used for "now." "Ya no"--no longer.] + +Those marked with an asterisk may govern a noun or pronoun through the +preposition _de_ with the exception of _junto_, which governs these +words through _a_. + +Adverbs may be formed from adjectives as in English. + +The English termination _ly_ is rendered by =mente= _added to the +feminine form_ of the adjective, when this changes for the feminine. + +Adverbs are compared like the adjectives, but the superlative relative +of adverbs is formed with _lo mas_, and _lo menos_, as-- + +Es el mas rico: He is the richest. + +Esta adornado lo mas ricamente posible: It is ornamented in the richest +manner possible. + +Es el menos exacto: He is the least exact. + +Cotice lo menos que pueda: Quote the least you can. + +Besides the primitive adverbs given in our list, there are many +adverbial locutions-- + +a toda prisa (with all speed). +a la espanola (in the Spanish fashion). +a troche y moche, a trochimoche (in a slipshod way). +con blandura (gently). +de mala gana (unwillingly). +de vez (_or_ de cuando) en cuando (from time to time). +tal cual vez (once in a while). +un si es, no es (ever so little). + +When an adverb is followed by a verb in English _que_ must be inserted +in Spanish before a finite mood and _de_ before an infinitive, as-- + +Despues de venir (after coming). + +Despues que vino (after he came). + +The phrases "I say so," " I think it is (so)," "I do not think so," are +rendered "Digo que si" (or "lo digo"), "Creo que si" (or "lo creo"), +"Creo que no" (or "no lo creo"). + +Some adjectives are used adverbially, as in English, without the +addition of _mente_, as-- + +Vender barato, caro (to sell cheap, dear). + +Hablar alto, bajo (to speak loud, low). + +When two or more adverbs ending in _mente_ occur in the same sentence, +the termination is added only to the last, as-- + +Escribe clara,[163] concisa[163] y elegantemente: He writes clearly, +concisely and elegantly. + +[Footnote 163: Notice "clara" and "concisa" in the feminine.] + + + =Caer= (to fall). + +_Pres. Ind._, Caigo -- -- -- -- -- +_Pres. Subj._, Caiga, caigas, caiga, caigamos, caigais, caigan. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=a duras penas=, with great difficulty +=a la larga=, m the long run +=a medida que=, in proportion as +=a mejor andar=, at best +=a plazos=, in instalments +=ajeno=, averse +=apagado= extinguished, dull (colours) +=*asentar=, to book (an order) +=chillones=, gaudy, screaming (colours) +=claro=, light (colours) +=claro y redondo= (quite clearly) +=columna=, column +=con el corazon en la mano=, quite candidly +=confeccionar=, to make up +=*confesar=, to confess +=conservas alimenticias=, preserves +=definir=, to define (also to settle) +=dificultad=, difficulty +=ensayo=, trial, proof, venture +=escoger=, to choose +=exceder=, to exceed +=facilidad=, ease, facility +=fijo=, fixed, firm +=fondos=, grounds (pictures, cloth) +=gana= (=de buena, de mala=), willingly, unwillingly +=ganga=, a bargain +=langosta=, lobster +=mariscos=, shell-fish +=muestrarios=, pattern cards, sets +=oscuro=, dark +=paquete=, packet, parcel +=*(no) poder menos de ..=., not to be able to help +=puntos=, points, spots (in prints) +=restos=, remnants +=sacar=, to pull out, to get out, to get back +=sardinas=, sardines +=satines brochados=, brocaded satins +=serie=, series +=sin mirar a gastos=, regardless of expense +=sobrio=, quiet (colour) +=solidez=, solidity +=tomar a mal=, to take amiss +=vivo=, vivid, bright (colours) + + + EXERCISE 1 (55). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Tiene V. (there is) tanta variedad de dibujos que verdaderamente +cuesta dificultad (it is difficult) el escoger entre disenos con flores, +con puntos, con rayas, y cuadritos. + +2. Con facilidad sin embargo (however) podra V. hacer un surtido entre +las dos series que le enviamos, de fondos claros y oscuros, y de colores +vivos, chillones, sobrios, y apagados. + +3. Desde algun tiempo a esta parte tratan Vs. los negocios tan a +trochimoche que ya no sabemos a que atenernos (what to think of it). + +4. Hago esta consignacion de mala gana y le confieso claro y redondo que +siguiendo V. a vender tan barato y a plazos tan largos no me tendra +cuenta hacerle otros envios sino por su propia cuenta o contra pedidos +fijos de los clientes. + +5. Clara y concisamente es como se deben escribir las cartas +comerciales. + +6. A la par que Vs. (same as yourselves) no somos ajenos a la idea de +hacer algun ensayo en la importacion de langosta, mariscos, sardinas, y +conservas alimenticias, pero debemos ir a medias en cualquiera +transaccion que se decida. + +7. Creo que a duras penas sacara su dinero y a mejor andar tendra que +perder todo su trabajo. + +8. A medida que aumenten los ingresos se aumentaran los dividendos. + +9. Recibira V. en paquete asegurado los nuevos muestrarios que se han +confeccionado sin mirar a gastos. + +10. Estos restos son una verdadera ganga y ademas, podra V. pagarlos al +contado o a plazos largos (easy) como mas le convenga. + +11. Dejaremos en suspenso su reclamo hasta definirlo personalmente en su +proximo viaje a Inglaterra. + +12. No puede menos de admitir (to admit) que a la larga esto no puede +convenirme, y espero que V. no lo tome a mal que se lo exponga con el +corazon en la mano. + + + EXERCISE 2 (56). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. After writing you by last mail we are informed by the maker of the +Brown Linens (lienzos morenos) that he will be able to book your order +which will be delivered before the end of next month. + +2. The Brocaded Satins will range between (costaran desde) 4d. and 5d. a +yard, and we shall ship them within six weeks but only after receiving +your letter confirming them. + +3. These shapes are not worn (gastan, llevan) outside England. + +4. Not far from here and next to the Bank there is the Insurance Office, +which is much admired for its solidity and fine appearance. + +5. It cost L20,000 and they never thought it would exceed half that +amount. + +6. Perhaps it is too large an outlay (gasto) for the Company, but there +was no money wasted. + +7. The columns in the porch have cost so much because they are of the +best Carrara marble (marmol). + +8. Whilst we admit that the prints sent may have been just a little bit +(un si es no es) off shade (diferentes al color pedido) your claim is +quite out of the question. + +9. Towards the beginning of the autumn our Mr. So-and-So will make a +trip (hara un viaje) to your place, and he will have the honour of +waiting upon you (de visitarles) with our latest novelties (novedades). + +10. You do not understand how it is possible that your neighbours are +able to undersell you (vender mas bajo que V.), nor can we make it out +(explicarnoslo) either. + + + + + LESSON XXIX. + (Leccion vigesima nona.) + + THE PREPOSITIONS. + + +Prepositions join words together to mark certain relations between them. + +The principal prepositions are-- + +A (at, to) +Ante (before--in point of place) +Bajo (under) +Con (with) +Contra, en contra de (against) +De (of, from) +Desde (since, from) +En (in) +Entre (between, among) +Hacia (towards) +Hasta (till, as far as, even) +Para (for the purpose of, for, in order to) +Por (for, by, because of) +Segun (according to) +Sin (without) +Sobre (upon) +Tras, tras de (behind) +Para con (una persona),[164] (towards, with, a person) + +[Footnote 164: "Fue muy generoso para conmigo": He was very generous +with me.] + + +Many verbs take in Spanish a different preposition than in English. Some +verbs take a preposition in one language and none in the other, as-- + +Depender de una promesa: To depend on a promise. +Convenir en una transaccion: To agree to a compromise. +Confiar en un desconocido: To trust a perfect stranger. +Regalarle un cheque: To present him with a cheque. + +The use of the correct preposition according to the verb it follows is +best learnt by practice. In the second part of the grammar, the student +will be helped with a list of the most characteristic differences +between the two languages. The Spanish construction is not quite so +rigid in this respect as is the English. + +Difference between _de_ and _desde_ both translating "from"--=De= mark +the origin only, as: + +Esta seda viene de Italia: This silk comes from Italy--it is Italian +silk. + + +=Desde= calls attention to distance of time or space, as-- + +Desde el 1 deg. de Enero se establecio en comercio por cuenta propia: From +the 1st of January, he started in business on his own account. + +He viajado desde Londres hasta Calcuta en tantos dias: I travelled from +London to Calcutta in so many days. + + +The chief difficulty in the employment of the Spanish prepositions is +the use of _Por_ and _Para_-- + +=Por= is used-- + +1. To denote agency = by[165]; as-- + +Es tenido en gran cuenta por sus amigos: He is thought much of by his +friends. + +Este establecimiento fue fundado por mi bisabuelo: This establishment +was founded by my great-grandfather. + +[Footnote 165: After the passive voice of verbs denoting mental action +when formed by _ser_, _Por_ is elegantly substituted by _De_, as: Son +amados por _or_ de sus padres (they are loved by their parents). But: Se +aman por sus padres.] + +2. To denote the _motive_ of an action, as-- + +Lo hizo por envidia: He did it for (out of) envy. + +3. To denote equivalency of any kind, as-- + +Cinco peniques por libra: Fivepence for a pound--per pound. + +Trocar un producto por otro: To exchange one product for another. + +Considerar a uno bueno por L1,000: To consider somebody as good for +L1,000. + +Por mejor le envie yo como viajante: I sent you to travel, holding you +for a better man. + +Tienda por tienda, prefiero esta: Of the two shops I prefer this. + +4. To denote distribution, as-- + +Vinieron cinco por cinco: They came five by five. + +=Para= is used-- + +1. To denote the object of an action (generally "to" or "in order to"), +as-- + +Trabajo para ganarme la vida: I work to (in order to) earn my living. + +2. To denote destination (or direction), as-- + +El tren sale para Valencia: The train leaves for Valencia. + +Esta cedula es para el Sr. Fulano: This warrant is for Mr. So-and-So. + +Voy para casa: I am going towards home. + +Many idiomatic uses of _Por_ and _Para_ must be learnt by practice. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abogar=, to plead +=acceder=, to accede +=afanarse=, to exert oneself, to take much trouble +=ahorrar=, to save +=ajuste=, adjustment +=a la verdad=, really +=altos hornos=, blast furnaces, foundries +=amarillo=, yellow, buff +=amistad=, friendship +=aparentar=, to show outwardly +=aprovecharse=, to take advantage of, to avail oneself +=aproximarse=, to approach, to draw near +=automovil=, motor-car +=azadas=, hoes +=azadones=, pick-axes +=azuelas=, adzes +=bultos=, packages +=cizallas=, shears +=croquis=, sketch +=disenador=, draughtsman +=*disponer=, to dispose, to arrange +=echar al correo=, to (throw into the) post +=empeoramiento=, deterioration +=en blanco=, blank +=estancia=, stay +=(un) fardin, un cuarto=, a farthing, a trifling amount +=*forzar=, to force, to strain +=hachuelas=, hatchets +=hilar=, to spin +=largo de talle=, full, complete +=lingotes de hierro=, pig-iron +=martillo=, hammer +=molestia=, trouble +=moratoria=, extension of time (for payment) +=palas=, shovels +=para= (=estar=), (to be) on the point of ... +=picos=, picks +=plomo=, slate, lead colour +=por= (=estar por escribir=), to be (yet) unwritten +=prevision=, foresight +=los sintomas=, the symptoms +=suspender los pagos=, to stop payments +=tejer=, to weave +=tenazas=, tongs +=textil=, textile +=*trocar=, to barter, to exchange +=yerno, hijo politico=, son-in-law + + + EXERCISE 1. (57) + +Translate into English-- + +1. De Espana nos vienen las ricas uvas y las jugosas (juicy) naranjas, +ademas de minerales--de hierro y cobre. + +2. El viaje por mar desde Espana a Inglaterra tarda de cuatro a seis +dias. + +3. Desde el ano 1900 hasta el 1910 aumento mucho la poblacion del Reino +Unido. + +4. Los Altos Hornos de Bilbao se han construido para la produccion de +lingotes de hierro. + +5. La Sociedad reune poderosos elementos (commands great resources) para +la fabricacion de toda clase de maquinaria para la hiladura y la +tejeduria del algodon. + +6. Los bultos se embarcaron directamente por los fabricantes mismos. + +7. El empaque y el transporte cuestan lo mismo y precio por precio +preferimos ahorrarnos molestias. + +8. Por un falso sentido de honor aquella casa forzo su credito para no +tener que pedir moratorias, dando esto por resultado el empeoramiento de +su posicion. + +9. Compre un automovil por L1,000 mas lo troque con este que vale a la +verdad L1,500 dando solo L200 por la diferencia. + +10. Disponga V. las piezas tantas por parte. + +11. A una veintena por vez colocamos aquellos picos, palas, azadas, +azadones, hachuelas, azuelas, martillos, cizallas, y tenazas. + +12. Se presento por su yerno, abogo por el por una hora larga de talle, +todo por su hija, pues por el chico (young man, lit., child) maldita la +gana que tendria (he would not have liked the idea) de afanarse tanto +por el. + +13. Hare por colocar sus driles blancos, plomo, y amarillos (buff) para +los cuales me dio orden verbal su Sr. hijo durante su estancia aqui y +que se despacharan por (_or_ por la via de) Burdeos y Cartagena. + +14. Nuestro mercado sigue muy encalmado sin que por el momento presente +sintomas de mejora. + +15. La primera carta esta para echarse al correo pero la segunda y la +tercera quedan aun por escribir. + + + EXERCISE 2 (58). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. He offers a loan to avoid all risk that the house should fall. + +2. It would not be possible for it to fall unless the Textile Bank +should stop payments. + +3. His office is opposite ours and we have him thus under our eyes. + +4. With all the weight of the evidence (las pruebas) you have collected +(recogido), it would be very risky to proceed against him from such a +distance. + +5. Between one thing and the other I did not know what to choose, so I +left them to settle the matter between themselves. + +6. These sketches have been made by our draughtsman for our customers, +the owners of the Sugar Mill in Parahyba. + +7. He did the work for the pleasure of it but would not (no quiso) +charge a farthing for it. + +8. The packets arrived two by two. + +9. I accede willingly for the sake of old friendship (por la antigua +amistad que nos une). + +10. As the time of the year is drawing near when your firms effect their +purchases in this country, we beg to address you to renew the offer of +our services. + +11. We shall be extremely glad if you will avail yourselves of our +offers and send us orders for some of your requirements. + +12. The adjustment of the average per S.S. "Nile" is still hanging fire +(todavia pendiente), but we are pushing the Insurance Co. to our utmost +(todo lo posible) for a speedy settlement. + +13. For a (para) foreigner he understands English methods very well +indeed. + +14. Being (por ser) so young he shows a good deal of (mucho) tact and +foresight. + + + + + LESSON XXX. + (Leccion trigesima.) + + THE CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS. + + +Conjunctions join sentences together; also independent words. + +The principal conjunctions are-- + + +*A menos que (unless) +A pesar de (in spite of) +Asi como (just as) +Asi que, de suerte que (so that) +*Afin de que, *Para que (that--in order that) +Aunque, bien que, si bien (although, even if) +*Bien ... bien (whether ... or) +Como (as) +*Con tal que (provided) +Con que (so) +*Cuando (if) +Mas, pero, empero[166] (but) +Sino (but--after a negative[167]) +Ni ... ni (neither ... nor) +No sea que* (lest, also perhaps) +No obstante (nevertheless) +O ... o[168] (either ... or) +Ora ... ora[168] (now ... now--with indic. mood) +Porque, porque (why, because) +Portanto (therefore) +Puesto que[169] (seeing that) +Pues (since) +Que (that) +Si (if, whether) +Sin embargo (however, notwithstanding) +Segun (according) +Siquiera (at least, even) +Y[170] (and) +Ya ... ya[171] (whether ... or--with subj. mood) +Ya que (since, seeing that) + + +[Footnote 166: _Empero_ is used same as _pero_ at the beginning of a +sentence.] + +[Footnote 167: Unless a _finite_ verb follows, as: No tengo dinero pero +gozo de buena reputacion (I have no money but I enjoy a good reputation).] + +[Footnote 168: Before words commencing with _o_ or _ho_, it changes into +_u_.] + +[Footnote 169: In old Spanish it had the meaning of "even if."] + +[Footnote 170: Before words commencing with _i_, also _hi_ not followed +by a vowel, use _e_, as: "Padre e hijo," but "Nieve y hielo."] + +[Footnote 171: "Ora ... ora" and "ya ... ya" both mean "now ... now" +(with indic. mood), and "whether ... or" (with subj. mood).] + + +The conjunctions marked with an asterisk are always followed by a verb +in the Subjunctive Mood. + +The English "either" is generally left understood, as-- + +Exportaciones o importaciones: Either exports or imports. + +"Either" following a negative--_tampoco_, as-- + +No quiero comprar Titulos de Gobierno ni Obligaciones de Ferrocarriles +tampoco: I do not wish to buy Government Stock, nor Railway Stocks +either. + + +=Interjections=, being mere exclamations, do not stand in grammatical +relation to any other word in the sentence. + +They are elliptical sentences, as-- + +iOh! (I am surprised, etc.). + +The principal Interjections in Spanish are the following-- + +caramba, caspita (these express practically all kinds of emotions) +ay[172] (oh! grief or threat) +bah, ca, quia (humph!) +ce, hola, ola (I say!) +chito, chiton (shut up!) +cuidado, iojo! (attention! look out!) +ea (come!) +he (hey) +huy (oh! physical pain) +ojala (oh, that) +por Dios (for heaven's sake) +tate, zape (what! (surprise)) +tonterias (nonsense!) +uf (oh! weariness or fatigue) + +[Footnote 172: This can govern a noun or pronoun, as--iAy de mi! Woe to +me! iAy de Pedro! Woe to Peter!] + +As well as _Ah_ or _Ha_, _Oh_ or _O_ as in English, and many words used +as exclamations, as-- + +iSilencio! icalle! icalle la boca (silence! hush! shut your mouth!) +ivamos! (much used), (come! come now!) +ique lastima! (what a pity!) +ipoco a poco! (gently, Sir!) +iheteme[173] aqui! (here I am!) +ihetelos[173] aqui! (here they are, etc.) + +[Footnote 173: _Te_--ethical dative.] + + + ++-------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Caber= (to be able to contain = to hold) | +| (to be able to be contained = to go in) | +|_Pres. Indic._, Quepo. | +|_Past Def._, Cupe, cupiste, cupo, cupimos, cupisteis, cupieron. | +|_Fut. Indic._, Cabre, cabras, cabra, cabremos, cabreis, cabran. | ++---------------+---------------------------------------------------+ +| | =Poder= (to be able). | +|_Pres. Part._, | Pudiendo. | +|_Pres. Indic._,| Puedo, puedes, puede, ... pueden. | +|_Imp. Mood_, | NONE. | +|_Past Def._, | Pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudisteis, pudieron.| +|_Fut. Indic._, | Podre, podras, podra, podremos, podreis, podran. | ++---------------+---------------------------------------------------+ + + + VOCABULARY. + +=aficionado (a)=, fond of +=aflojar=, to relax +=ansioso=, eager +=*apetecer=, to desire, to covet +=bastante bien=, fairly well +=berzas, coles= (f.), cabbages +=buscar=, to look for, to search +=buscarse=, to bring upon oneself +=cauteloso, cauto=, cautious +=conexiones=, connections, couplings (machinery) +=contrincante=, neighbour, competitor +=detenidamente=, fully +=disturbado, transtornado=, disturbed, upset +=engranajes=, gearings +=escala=, scale +=hortelano=, fruit gardener +=inquilino=, tenant +=ir a=, to lead to +=llantas=, tyres +=*moler=, to grind +=operaciones=, operations, dealings +=perro=, dog +=plaza=, market place, square, place +=*poner al corriente=, to inform +=refran=, proverb +=repentino=, sudden +=resortes=, springs (mach.) +=sosa=, soda +=tambores=, drums +=traspapelado=, mislaid (of papers) + + + EXERCISE 1 (59). + +Translate into English-- + +1. A menos que los giros vengan acompanados de los conocimientos y +facturas comerciales y consulares (invoices and consular invoices) no +los recogeremos. + +2. Le remito poder en forma (regular power of attorney) para que V. +pueda representarme y hacer mis veces ahi. + +3. Cuando me pague lo que me debe veremos lo que proceda hacer (what +ought to be done). + +4. V. no hace mencion en su atenta de los engranajes, conexiones, +llantas y resortes de nuestro pedido 2 del que rige, no sea que se haya +traspapelado nuestra orden. + +5. Para comprar barato no hay sino que pagar puntualmente sus facturas. + +6. Aunque es hombre muy dificil de tratar, sus ordenes son muy +apetecidas de los fabricantes porque su palabra una vez empenada +(pledged) es oro molido (as good as gold). + +7. Aunque me pagara mas no se lo daria pues ya tengo empenada mi +palabra. + +8. Asi como le vio le puso al corriente de las circunstancias. + +9. Con tal que el mercado afloje un tantico procurare plazar su orden +para 50 tambores de sosa, a su limite. + +10. Con que nuestros contrincantes se porten con lealtad no tenemos +derecho de quejarnos de su competencia. + +11. Segun lo prueba la experiencia mas vale ir cautelosos en aquellos +mercados. + +12. No deseo buscarme molestias ni meterme en camisa de once varas +(meddle in other people's business). + +13. Hace como el perro del hortelano que no come las berzas ni las deja +comer. + +14. iCaramba! ?Se viene V. con refranes en una gramatica comercial? + +15. iCalle, hombre! Todos los caminitos van a la plaza (all roads lead +to Rome); los espanoles son muy aficionados a los refranes. + + + EXERCISE 2 (60). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. These 200 pieces will not go in that case, it is too small. + +2. I do not think they will, either. + +3. I cannot say anything before I see the result, but I shall be able to +tell you something definite to-morrow. + +4. Not being able to compete, he has withdrawn from the market. + +5. I could not confirm the agreement last week. + +6. I believe I could buy a parcel of wheat cheaper to-day unless there +should be a sudden rise. + +7. In spite of all his efforts, he was obliged to file his petition. + +8. Although the market here is firm, we have hopes (esperamos) that +prices will relax in view of the bearish tone (tendencia a la baja) +shown in the Liverpool market yesterday. + +9. The enclosed pattern is rather (algo) poor; still, as it appears to +sell well in Central Africa, I should be glad if you would see your way +(decidirse) to manufacture it at our price. + +10. The new presses (prensas) work fairly well; there is, however, room +(lugar) for improvement, and our engineer will write you fully on some +proposed modifications. + +11. He signed the documents without even (siquiera) reading them, so +upset was he by the news the mail had just brought him; therefore we +shall be obliged if you will kindly send them back for his perusal and +return (para que los examine y se los envie otra vez). + +12. Provided you take a lease of these premises (tome en arriendo este +local) for a period of ten years, I shall make the necessary +alterations, since I am very eager to have you as a tenant. + +13. Although the demand for money is no longer so strong, the market is +still under the control (dominio) of the Bank of England, to which it is +now indebted for (debe) a considerable amount, and dealings are but on a +comparatively small scale. + + + + + PART II + + + + + LESSON XXXI. + (Leccion trigesima primera.) + + THE ARTICLE. + + +The =Definite Article= is used in Spanish and not in English (besides +rules given in Lesson II)-- + +1. Before the seasons of the year-- + ++------------------------------------------------+ +|La primavera (spring) El otono (autumn) | +|El verano (summer) El invierno (winter)| +| | +|And the four cardinal points: | +| | +|El norte (North) El este (East) | +|El sur (South) El oeste (West) | ++------------------------------------------------+ + +2. Before the hour of the day (with the words _hora, horas,_ +understood), as-- + +Es la una: It is one o'clock. +Son las dos y cuarto: It is a quarter past two. +Son las tres y cinco: It is five minutes past three. +Son las cuatro menos diez: It is ten minutes to four. +Las cinco y media: Half-past five. + +3. Optionally, before the proper name of a woman used colloquially, as-- + +La Maria (Mary, our Mary). + +4. Optionally, before the days of the week, especially when preceded by +"on" in English, as-- + +Vendre el sabado: I shall come on Saturday. + +5. Before the names of the following countries-- + +El Peru, La India, El Japon. + +And some towns to be learnt by practice, as-- + +La Coruna, El Havre, El Cairo, El Ferrol, etc. + +Although found sometimes before the names of countries in general, this +example should not be followed. + +The Definite Article is used in English and not in Spanish-- + +1. Before numbers following names of sovereigns, etc., as-- + +Carlos I (primero), Charles I (the first) +Alfonso XIII (trece), Alphonso XIII (the thirteenth) + +2. In titles of books, headings, etc., as--Historia de la Inquisicion +(The History of the Inquisition). + +3. Before words in apposition, as--Madrid, capital de Espana (Madrid, +the capital of Spain). + +But-- + +Alfonso el Sabio (Alphonso the Wise) +Juana la Loca (Jane the Mad) +because these are "titles." + +The =Indefinite Article= is used in English and not in Spanish +(besides rules in Lesson II)-- + +1. Before words in apposition, as-- +Rubio y Cia., casa importantisima de la Habana: Rubio +& Co., a most important firm in Havana. + +2. In titles of books, headings, etc., as-- +Lista de los generos pedidos: A list of goods required. + +3. In "such a," "so ... a," as-- +Tal amigo: Such a friend. +Tan buen amigo: So good a friend, such a good friend. + +4. In "a half" (medio), "a quarter" (cuarto), "a third" +(tercio), in the case of an integer preceding, as-- +Uno y medio (1-1/2) Cinco y tercio (penknife/3) +Dos y cuarto (2-1/4) + +Occasionally the article is omitted before other fractions. + +5. Before _otro_, as-- +Otra quiebra: Another bankruptcy. + +Before weights and measures the definite article is used in Spanish +instead of the indefinite used in English, as-- + +Dos chelines la libra: Two shillings a pound. +Cinco pesetas el metro _or_ por metro: 5 pesetas a metre. + +The =Definite Article= is omitted before _casa_ and _palacio_ when they +are spoken of as places usually frequented by the person in question-- + +Ire a casa del ingeniero: I shall go to the engineer's house. +El Rey volvio ayer a palacio: The King returned yesterday to the palace. + +The article must not be employed before a noun used after a preposition +in an adjectival capacity, as-- + +Una viga de hierro (_not_ del hierro): An iron beam. + +The tendency of the Spanish language is to omit the indefinite article +whenever, by such omission the sense is not obscure, as-- + +Tengo intencion de marcharme: I have a mind to go. +Vino con dolor de cabeza: He came with a headache. +Le dio cuenta de lo sucedido: He gave him an account of +all that had happened. +Este caballero tiene mucho _or_ grande ingenio: This +gentleman has a great talent. + +The =Neuter= article _lo_ cannot precede a noun used _as such,_ but it +may (elegantly) precede a noun used adjectively, as-- + +Todo me gusta en el, lo amigo, lo ciudadano, lo caballero: + +I like everything in him: the friend, the citizen, the gentleman. + + + + + VOCABULARY. + +administrador, manager +anteriormente, previously +anunciar, to advertise +apacible, mild +armadura, frame, framing (mach.) +atajo, short cut +buen exito, success +comprometerse, to undertake +edificio, building +empresa, undertaking +experimentar, to experience +grabados (generos), embossed (goods) +hilado, yarn +intentar,*tener intencion, to intend +junto a, coupled with +practico, practical +*proponerse, to have in view +(a) rayas, striped (goods) +recto, straightforward +riqueza, wealth +sencillo, plain +suceder, to succeed, to happen +tenedores, holders (of securities, etc.) +tratar, to conduct (business) +vara, Spanish yard. + + + + + EXERCISE 1 (61). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Eran las doce y media del domingo antepasado (before last), apacible +dia, que, aunque estamos en otono, parecia mas dia de primavera, la +Maria me acompanaba, aquella Senora del Peru que ha viajado tanto en la +India y el Japon y cuyo marido y el mio eran tan amigos. + +2. Ibamos a casa de la Senora. + +3. La Coruna es ciudad de Galicia. + +4. Carlos V., Emperador de Alemania es el mismo monarca que reino en +Espana con el titulo de Carlos I desde 1517 a 1551. + +5. Luis XIV de Francia no tenia sino cinco anos de edad cuando sucedio a +su padre Luis XIII en 1643. + +6. El principio de su reinado fue dirigido por Mazarin, italiano muy +fino (shrewd), y astuto conocedor de los hombres. + +7. ?Que dice ese papel? + +8. Lista de los accesorios que se dan con cada maquina. + +9. Tan ventajosas condiciones no se hallan en ningunas otras Companias +para el seguro de la vida. + +10. Tales administradores, valen un tesoro (are worth their weight in +gold); de ellos depende el buen exito de las empresas. + +11. Otro dependiente como el Sr. Arboleda no lo hallaran entre mil. + +12. Estos cuadritos y rayas cuestan 45 centimos el metro, y estos +mercerizados y grabados valen 40 centimos la vara. + +13. ?Que es la vara? + +14. Es medida espanola que equivale a =835= milimetros y 9 decimas o +cerca de =33= pulgadas inglesas. + + + + + EXERCISE 2 (62). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. An "iron framing" is a framing made of iron, but a "steam engine" +(maquina a vapor) is an engine moved by steam. + +2. I had the intention of giving more such examples but I believe one is +enough. + +3. In the construction of this building the architect had in view both +the beautiful and the practical. + +4. Yes, see how (cuan) elegant and at the same time how solid these +columns are! + +5. Business conducted through us (por nuestro medio) is different from +the many advertised systems and promised short cuts to wealth which are +dangled before the eyes of the (con que se deslumbra al) public. + +6. Our plan is a plain (sencillo), straightforward method of operating +by which we undertake to implicitly carry out (cumplir con) the +instructions of our customers. + +7. Our best advice and service are always at your command (a su +disposicion). + +8. "Kaffirs" have resorted to (han llegado) a state of idleness +(inercia) coupled with steadily (mas y mas) sagging (aflojados) prices. + +9. Holders of spot cotton have again experienced quite a brisk inquiry +(una demanda muy activa) from spinners, who have freely (abundantemente) +covered forward sales (para sus entregas futuras) of yarn. + +10. They also took up large lines (grandes cantidades) of cotton +previously contracted for (contratadas). + +11. The total turnover (las ventas totales) was not quite as good as +expected. + + + + + LESSON XXXII. + (Leccion trigeima segunda.) + + THE NOUN. + + +1. The gender of names of countries, provinces, and towns is according +to their termination (Lesson III), but those ending in _d_ are generally +masculine. + +Exceptions are found, the names "ciudad" or "pueblo" being then +understood. + +2. Names of trees are masculine, those of fruits are feminine. + +EXCEPTIONS-- + ++--------------------------------+----------------------------+ +|La higuera (the fig-tree) |El melocoton (the peach) | +|La palma (the palm-tree) |El alberchigo (the peach) | +|La vina (the vine-tree) |El durazno (the apricot) | +|El datil (the date) |El albaricoque (the apricot)| +|El pistacho (the pistachio-nut) |El mango (the mango) | +|El higo (the fig) | | ++--------------------------------+----------------------------+ + +And a few more. + +3. A masculine article is used with other parts of speech whole +sentences used substantively, as-- + +Quiero un si o un no claro: I want a clear (decisive) yes or no. + +El aprender es util: Learning is useful. + +El que lo haya hecho sin consultarme no puede serme de grande gusto: +That he did it without consulting me is certainly not pleasing to me. + +A list of principal exceptions to the rule given on Spanish gender by +termination is given in Appendix I. + +To the rules for the formation of the plural (Lesson III) we shall add-- + +1. Family names ending in _z_ unstressed do not change-- + +Juan Fernandez But--El Sr. Ruiz +Los Senores Fernandez Los Senores Ruices + +2. The names of the vowels pluralize in _es_-- +Las aes, las ees, las ies, las oes, las ues. + +3. Some Latin words used in Spanish, as--Accessit, deficit, fiat, +ultimatum, agnus dei, etc., do not change for the plural, +except--Album--albumes. + +For other peculiarities of number see Appendix II. Collective nouns in +Spanish are generally followed by the verb in the singular, as--La gente +piensa: People think. + +But after a collective noun, indefinite in its meaning, the verb may +follow in the plural, as--Una cantidad de generos se vendio, _or_ +vendieron en subasta: A quantity of goods was or were sold by auction. + +N.B.--The tendency of the language is in favour of the singular. + +=Poner= (to put, to place). + +_Past Part.,_ Puesto. +_Pres. Indic.,_ Pongo.[174] +_Imper. Mood,_ Pon ... poned ...[175] +_Past Def.,_ Puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusisteis, pusieron. +_Future Indic.,_ Pondre, pondras, pondra, pondremos, pondeis, pondran. + +=Querer= (to want a thing or person, to love a person, to be willing). + +_Pres. Indic.,_ Quiero, quieres, quiere,--,--, quieren. [176] +_Past Def.,_ Quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisisteis, quisieron. +_Fut. Indic., _Querre, querras, querra, querremos, querreis, querran. + +[Footnote 174: Verbs which are irregular in the Pres. Indic. 1st person +singular only, have the same irregularity in the present subj. all +through.] + +[Footnote 175: The 1st person pi. and 3rd pers. sing. and pl. of the +Imperative Mood are taken from the Subj. Mood.] + +[Footnote 176: Verbs which in the pres. indic. are irregular in the 1st, +2nd and 3rd pers. sing. and 3rd pers. pl. have the same irregularities in +the pres. subj. in the same persons.] + + +=Saber= (to know). + +_Pres. Indic., _Se, . . . +_Pres. Subj., _Sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepais, sepan. +_Past Def., _Supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supisteis, supieron. +_Fut. Indic., _Sabre, sabras, sabra, sabremos, sabreis, sabran. + + VOCABULARY. + +=apuro=, straits, embarrassment +=armas blancas=, side arms +=armas de fuego=, fire-arms +=*atravesar=, to traverse, to cross +=campos=, fields +=cierre=, lock-out +=compensar=, to compensate, to make good +=*darse a partido=, to yield, to submit +=disturbio=, disturbance +=enfurecido, furioso=, furious (enfuriated) +=ensenanza=, teaching +=*escarmentar=, to take warning +=fracaso=, failure +=la fuente=, the fountain, source +=fuerza motriz=, motive power +=fundarse en=, to base upon +=huelga=, strike (of workmen) +=huerta=, orchard +=infinidad (una)=, an infinite number +=interior=, interior, inland +=limitar=, to confine, to limit +=mejorar=, to improve +=minero=, miner +=obrero=, workman +=orillas=, banks of a river +=palmera=, date palm +=poblacion=, villa, town +=poliza de seguro=, insurance policy +=prescindir de=, to dispense with +=regadio=, irrigation +=rieles=, rails +=tal cual= (of goods), as they are, as they were +=tomar en consideracion=, to take into consideration, to entertain +=turba=, crowd (motley) +=virtualmente=, practically, virtually + + + EXERCISE 1 (63). + +Translate into English-- + +1. La palmera., el pistacho, y la higuera crecen en Andalucia pero los +datiles, los pistachos y los higos que se venden en el mercado ingles +provienen principalmente de Berberia, de Grecia y Esmirna (Smyrna). + +2. En los recientes disturbios en la provincia de Champana muchas vinas +se han destruido por las turbas enfurecidas. + +3. Expliqueme V. el como y el cuando del asunto (all about the affair) y +luego (then) considerare yo el pro y el contra. + +4. A mi no me importa el que diran (what people will say). + +5. La industria del hierro es una de las principales fuentes de riqueza +del Reino Unido. + +6. Las maquinas de toda especie, los buques de vapor, los rieles de +ferrocarriles, las herramientas mecanicas y agricolas, las armas +blancas y de fuego y una infinidad de otros objetos se deben a esa +industria. + +7. En el norte de Espana, especialmente en Bilbao se trabaja el hierro +en grande escala. + +8. El rio que atraviesa dicha poblacion presta (gives) fuerza motriz a +varias fabricas situadas en sus orillas, y sirve tambien al regadio de +los campos y huertas. + +9. Escarmentados por el fracaso de la huelga de los mineros, los obreros +hiladores se dieron a partido admitiendo las condiciones ofrecidas por +los patronos, evitando asi el cierre. + +10. Patronos y obreros deberian trabajar armoniosamente y fundados en la +justicia; el capital y el trabajo no pueden prescindir el uno del otro. + + + EXERCISE 2 (64). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. The steamer ran aground on the Spanish coast but the crew were saved. + +2. People are apt to forget (se olvida facilmente de) the teachings of +history (historia). + +3. His action has put me in a serious embarrassment. + +4. I put it as a condition that the bills be drawn against delivery of +B/L and insurance policy. + +5. They placed all their trust in their agent. + +6. I do not mean to say that they wanted to deceive him. + +7. When prices improve we shall be willing (estaremos dispuestos) to +sell. + +8. I do not know what effect this had on the market. + +9. If I knew, I should be able to act accordingly (de conformidad). + +10. I do not think he knows (_subj._) what suits him best. + +11. The Directors are not in the least (absolutamente) disposed to +launch upon (lanzarse a) a large foreign trade, so that the operations +of the concern (compania _or_ casa) remain confined practically to the +inland market. + +12. We received a claim on our last shipment but we refused to +(rehusamos de) entertain it as the goods were jobs (generos imperfectos) +and were sold as they were with all faults (imperfecciones). + +13. We are sorry our customers should have suffered any loss, but we +cannot make it good, and we shall stand our ground (insistiremos en +eso). + + + + + LESSON XXXIII. + (Leccion trigesima tercera.) + + AUGMENTATIVE AND DIMINUTIVE TERMINATIONS + + +(see also Appendix IV). + +Examples in English-- + +Ball, balloon +Book, booklet +Lad, laddie +Man, manikin + +These terminations are frequent in Spanish, especially the diminutive. + +_On_ (_m._), _ona_ (_f._)[177] denote augmentation, as-- + +Libro, book +Libron, large book + +[Footnote 177: Feminine nouns, however, generally take =on= and become +masculine, as-- + + Un mujeron: A tall woman. + Except when ambiguity might arise, as: + + Un muchachon: A tall or big boy Una muchachona: A tall or big girl.] + + +_ito_ (_m._), _ita_ (_f._), _ico_ (_m._), _ica_ (_f._) + +Denote diminution (to which an idea of endearment is always attached +which is natural in Spanish when speaking of little objects in the +ordinary way.) + +If for any reason disparagement or insignificance is suggested then +_illo, illa, uelo, uela_, are used instead. + +Other terminations less used are _azo, acho, onazo, achon, ote, astro, +aco_, and a few others (augmentative, suggesting (generally) +disparagement); _ete, in, ino, itito, itico, itillo_, and a few others +(diminutive). If a noun ends in a vowel, this is elided[178] before +adding the termination. + +[Footnote 178: If a noun ends in _n_ (except proper names like "Juan") +or _r, ito, ico, illo, uelo_, change into =cito, cico, cillo, zuelo=. If +a noun of one syllable ends in a consonant, or a noun of two syllables +ends in _e_ or _io_, or contains a diphthong, _ito, ico_, etc., change +into =ecito, ecico=, etc. If a noun of one syllable ends in a vowel, +_ito, ico_, etc., become =ececito, ececico=, etc. Other slight changes +occur also.] + + +The Augmentative and Diminutive terminations have no determinate +meaning: they are vague and indefinite and consequently when preciseness +is required we must use the adjectives "grande," "pequeno," etc. (which +can be employed conjointly with the terminations), as-- + +Me dio dos librones gruesos y tres libritos delgados: He gave me two +heavy big books and three small ones. + +Students should use the terminations _on_ and _ito_ but no others until +they become familiar with them with reading, as they cannot be used +indiscriminately with all nouns. + +The termination _azo_ serves also to indicate an injury or explosion +from a weapon, as-- + +Un sablazo (a sabre-cut) +Un punetazo (a blow with the fist) +Un navajazo (a stab with a knife) +Un canonazo (a cannon-shot) + +With some weapons some other terminations are used-- + +Una cuchillada (same as navajazo) +Una paliza (a thrashing with a stick) + + +=Traer= (to bring). + +_Pres. Part._, Trayendo (_i_ unstressed between two vowels always +changes into _y_). +_Pres. Indic._, Traigo. +_Past Def._, Traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=actitud=, actitude +=agiotista=, stock-jobber +=alejarse=, to go away +=aludir a=, to allude, to hint +=apurado de dinero=, short of money +=apurar=, to purify, to exhaust +=calcular=, to calculate, to reckon +=callar=, to keep silent, to omit speaking +=cambiar=, to change, to alter +=consignar=, to consign, to record +=contrato social=, articles of partnership +=cordoban=, morocco leather +=despacio=, slowly +=despreciable=, despicable +=dinero efectivo=, cash +=discutir=, to discuss +=especulacion=, speculation, venture +=garrote=, cudgel, stick +=*impedir=, to hinder, to preclude +=ladron=, thief +=(el) matiz=, shade +=*mover=, to move, to actuate +=mozalbete=, beardless youth +=*quebrantamiento=, breakage, break down +=reflejo=, reflection +=*seguir=, to pursue +=sin ton ni son=, without rhyme or reason +=sombrero de copa=, silk hat +=vejete=, diminutive old man +=vocablo=, vocable, word + + + EXERCISE 1 (65). + +Translate into English-- + +1. El agiotista que V. ve alli, aquel hombron con el sombrerote de copa, +ha hecho un fortunazo en sus especulaciones bursatiles (stock exchange +speculations). + +2. Aquel vejete que le acompana con ese mozalbete su hijo me ha vendido +una partidilla de Cordoban muy baratita. + +3. Librazo, libraco, librote, libracho son todos variaciones de "libro," +como tambien librito, librillo, libreto, librete, libretin, librejo que +son sus formas diminutivas. + +4. Libreta es diminutive de "libra"; se usa tambien por pan de una +libra; "libreto" es el de una opera; el cuadernito de papel de fumar es +"librillo." + +5. Estas graduaciones o matices del sentido se deben aprender con la +practica y se deben usar naturalmente sin afectacion como reflejo del +profundo conocimiento de la lengua, y no copiados de un diccionario "sin +ton ni son" como se dice en espanol. + +6. Por ejemplo, "librazo, libracho, y librote" se refieren mas al +aspecto del libro. "Libracos" mas a los despreciables por su contenido. + +7. Tambien se debe notar que algunas terminaciones convienen a ciertos +vocablos y a otros no, por ejemplo hay "libraco" y "pajarraco" pero esta +terminacion no puede tomarla el sustantivo "hombre." + +8. En fin con lo dicho y con lo consignado en el apendice IV el +estudiante tiene bastante por ahora. + +9. Con la Republica en Portugal acabadita de proclamar, nos vemos +apuradillos de dinero pues los clientes portugueses van despacito en sus +remesas. + +10. Callandito se vino el ladronzuelo y se alejo sin ser visto. + +11. Cuchilladas, pistolazos, revolveradas, y aun garrotazos son raros en +Inglaterra; el Ingles se bate a punetazo limpio (with his fist) cuando +es de la hampa (a rough), y cuando es caballero no se bate aunque si +llega el caso es muy capaz de dar muy buena cuenta de si. + + + EXERCISE 2 (66). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. If you cannot command (no puede disponer de) cash, we shall have to +alter our price lists as our prices will have to be reckoned on a +different basis; they will be a little dearer. + +2. I am bound to say that there is some very strong opinion on this side +(de este lado) against the course your Government intends to pursue in +the matter. + +3. The situation has been complicated by the breakdown of the +arrangement we had made with our carriers (agentes de transporte). + +4. I believe that the reason actuating Mr. Melero's attitude (mueve al +Sr. M. en su) towards us, a reason which he hinted more than once in his +correspondence, is that his articles of partnership with his friends in +Rosario preclude him from entertaining (tomar en consideracion) any new +ventures. + +5. At the monthly meeting of the Council of the Chamber of Commerce +(Consejo de la Camara de Comercio) the Japanese tariff was discussed on +a (tras) communication from the Board of Trade ("Board of Trade," +Ministerio de Comercio). + + + + + LESSON XXXIV. + (Leccion trigesima cuarta.) + + THE ADJECTIVE. + + +The position of qualifying adjectives is generally after the noun, +especially + +1. Those denoting physical qualities, as-- + +Un hombre ciego: A blind man. +Una mesa redonda: A round table. +Pano negro: Black cloth. + +2. Those denoting nationality, as-- + +Quincalla inglesa: British hardware. + +3. Those derived from verbs, as-- + +Mercancia averiada: Damaged goods. + +The above rule is subject to many exceptions for the sake of euphony or +to give more than the ordinary prominence to the adjective or the noun; +however, the following rule will be found a reliable general one, and it +is in fact the informing principle of all special rules given in the +various grammars-- + +An adjective used as an epithet should precede the noun; if used as a +distinguishing word it should follow. + +By an adjective used as an epithet, we mean one calling to mind a +quality known (or supposed) to belong to the noun, as-- + +No perdio el aliento el valiente general: The brave general did not lose +courage. + +By a distinguishing word we mean one used to indicate the quality of a +noun as compared with another of the same species, as-- + +Quiero comprar maquinaria barata: I wish to buy cheap machinery. + +The Partitive Adjectives "some" and "any" are left out in translation +when they do not convey the idea of limited quantity. When they do, +"algun," "un poco de" (_sing._), "algunos" and "unos" (_pl._) are used. + +"Un poco de" and "unos" convey the idea of a more limited quantity or +number than "alguno" and "algunos." + +The following few examples are calculated to make it clear as regards +the various shades of meaning-- + +?Tiene V. alfombras? Have you any carpets? + +Tengo algun azucar para vender: I have some sugar to sell. + +?Quiere V. un poco de papel? Will you have some paper? + +Yo tengo algunas obligaciones: I have some debentures. + +He recibido algunos cigarros, le reservare unas cajas de los mejores: I +received some cigars; I shall reserve for you some boxes of the best +quality. + +One adjective preceding two or more nouns agrees in gender and number +with the first only, as-- + +La nueva caldera y accesorios gusto (_or_ gustaron) mucho al cliente: +The new boiler and accessories pleased the customer very much. + +N.B.--If a verb intervenes the adjective is generally plural, and in +case of different genders is pl. masc., as-- + +Adjuntos remitimos factura y conocimiento: Enclosed we send invoice and +bill of lading. + +When the adjective follows two or more nouns, it is put in the plural, +as-- + +El trigo y el maiz estan sostenidos: Wheat and maize are firm. + +If the nouns are of different genders, the adjective is pl. masc., as-- + +El encaje y las guarniciones han salido caros: The lace and trimmings +came out dear. + + +EXCEPTION-- + +When all the several nouns preceding the adjective are in the plural, +and all referring to things (not persons), the adjective _may_ be made +to agree in gender with the noun last mentioned, as-- + +Los tornillos y las tuercas estan bien ajustados (_or_ ajustadas): The +screws and nuts are well adjusted. It is better to avoid this +construction + +(1) By saying "las tuercas y los tornillos estan bien ajustados." + +(2) By using an adjective having the same termination for masculine and +feminine. + +(3) By giving a different turn to the sentence, as: "Son de buen ajuste". + +Adjectives that qualify the fem. _nada_ (nothing) are always used in the +masculine-- + +Nada bueno espero de el: I expect nothing good from him. + +Adjectives referring to titles of individuals are placed in the gender +of the persons bearing those titles, as-- + +V. (contraction of Vuestra Merced) es muy buen amigo: You are a very +good friend. + +Adjectives of colour derived from a noun, as "violeta" (violet), "rosa" +(pink), "chocolate" (chocolate), etc., do not take the mark of the +plural, the words "color de" being understood before them, as-- + +Guantes crema: Cream gloves. + + + +=Valer= (to be worth). + +_Pres. Indic._, Valgo. +_Fut. Indic._, Valdre, valdras, valdra, valdremos, valdreis, valdran. +_Imper. Mood_, Val _or_ vale.... + + + VOCABULARY. + +=aceite=, oil +=aflojar=, to slacken +=ajuste de averia=, average adjustment +=almacenes fiscales=, bonded ware houses +=carne en salmuera=, pickled beef +=comarca=, region +=conceder=, to grant, to allow +=cosecha=, crop, harvest +=cueros=, hides +=exiguo=, small, insignificant, slender +=incluir=, to include, to enclose +=incluso=, included +=incluyendo=, including +=integro=, upright, integer, whole +=interino=, interim +=juicioso=, sensible +=linones, olanes=, lawns +=manteca de puerco, lardo=, lard +=pieles=, skins +=productos accesorios=, by-products +=sebo=, tallow +=tarjeta=, card +=tasajo=, jerked beef +=tierno=, tender +=viajante=, commercial traveller[179] + +[Footnote 179: Traveller (passenger, tourist)--Viajero.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (67). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Beneficas lluvias han caido en toda la comarca, y las tiernas plantas +prometen abundante cosecha si siguen favorables las condiciones +climatologicas (climatic). + +2. Las compras baratas no resultan siempre lo que se llama "gangas" +(bargains) pues es necesario tambien que sean de calidad conveniente y +adecuada para el mercado a que se las destine. + +3. He recibido una consignacion de carne en salmuera, lenguas en latas +(canned tongues), tasajo, sebo, margarina, manteca de puerco (_or_ +lardo), y productos accesorios que espero poder colocar bien. + +4. Me enviaron tambien un poco de aceite de margarina, heces de sebo +(tallow greaves), hueso molido (bone-meal) y tripas de buey (ox casings) +baratas. + +5. ?Ha vendido V. algo de estas? + +6. No, pero he vendido un poco de sebo. + +7. ? No ha recibido V. cueros y pieles? + +8. No, estos no pertenecen a mi ramo de negocios (line of business). + +9. Ha entrado mucho te este mes en los almacenes fiscales y ademas algun +cafe de Costa Rica. + +10. La magnifica coleccion de muestras y tarjetas para reclamo +(advertisement) que nos trajo ese viajante nos han gustado muchisimo. + +11. El ajuste de averia y el cheque por la indemnizacion concedida van +inclusos. + +12. Tanto los provechos como las perdidas son exiguos (_or_ exiguas). + +13. No hay nada (de) extraordinario en que afloje el mercado. + +14. V. es hombre integro y su Senora es mujer juiciosa. + +15. Le tomare algunas piezas de prueba de estos linones rosa y crema +pero nada de estos estampados chocolate. + + + EXERCISE 2 (68). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We have to acknowledge the receipt of your esteemed letter of the 1st +inst., which brought us L640 on L. & Sons, payable August 10th. + +2. Carried forward (a la vuelta). Brought forward (de la vuelta). + +3. Brown sugars have been rather brisk for some time (desde algun +tiempo). + +4. The manufacturer has discontinued making the old article. + +5. The Directors of the Z Company announce an interim (provisorio) +dividend for the first six months of the current year at the rate of 10 +per cent. per annum. + +6. Reuter's Paris correspondent telegraphs that earnest representations +are being made by the British Chamber of Commerce in Paris to the French +Customs Administration (Administracion de Aduanas) concerning the recent +change in the classification of yarns wound on bobbins (en bobinas), a +matter which seriously affects Lancashire interests. + +7. The great object (objeto principal) the meeting had in view was the +promotion of further (el abrir nuevas vias al) progress and (y a la) +civilisation. That necessarily implied fewer appeals to the arbitrament +of the sword (que deberian disminuir los casos de apelar a la espada) +and (y ser) more frequent appeals to the remedy of reason. + + + + + LESSON XXXV. + (Leccion trigesima quinta.) + + THE ADJECTIVE (_contd._). + + +=Degrees of Comparison=. + +"As ... as" and "so ... as" are translated "tan ... como," "as much ... +as" and "so much ... as" are translated "tanto-a,-os-as ... como" or +"cuanto." + +N.B.--_Cuan_ may be used instead of _como_ before an adjective as-- + +Tan razonable en precio cuan apreciado por la buena calidad: As +reasonable in price as it is appreciated for its good quality. + +"The more ... the more" is translated "cuanto mas ... tanto mas"; also +"mas ... mas" (without the article). + +"Than whom," "than which" is translated as follows-- + +Sedas floreadas italianas que no las hay mejores en el mercado: Italian +flowered silks, than which there are no better on the market. + +Adjectives ending in _io_ (not _io_) drop the whole diphthong before +adding _isimo_, as-- + +Amplio--Amplisimo (very ample). + +EXCEPT Agrio--Agriisimo (very sour). + +Those ending in _z_ change of course the _z_ into c, as-- + +Feliz--felicisimo[180] (very happy). + +[Footnote 180: _Z_ should not occur before _e_ and _i_ in modern Spanish.] + +The irregular superlatives _optimo, pesimo, maximo, minimo, infimo_ and +_supremo_ are used very sparingly, but they are found both as +superlative absolute and superlative relative, as-- + +Esta es una cantidad infima: It is an infinitesimal amount. + +El precio minimo[181]: The minimum price. + +[Footnote 181: Although improperly, we often find "mas minimo" (mas +infimo, etc.).] + +El supremo bien de la vida es hacer a otros felices: The highest +blessing of life is to make others happy. + +The irregular comparatives _mejor_ and _peor_ are in general use. + +_Mayor_ and _menor_ refer more generally to age (older, elder, and +younger). + +"_Inferior_" and "_superior_" are generally used as their English +equivalents. + +The expressions "a larger building," "a higher tree," etc., are +generally rendered "un edificio mas grande," "un arbol mas alto," etc. + +Irregular superlatives-- + +Acre (sour) Acerrimo +Amigo (friendly) Amicisimo +Antiguo (ancient) Antiquisimo +Aspero (harsh) Asperrimo +Benefico (beneficent) Beneficentisimo +Benevolo (benevolent) Benevolentisimo +Celebre (celebrated) Celeberrimo +Fiel (faithful) Fidelisimo +Integro (upright) Integerrimo +Libre (free), Liberrimo +Magnifico (magnificent) Magnificentisimo +Misero (miserable) Miserrimo +Munifico (munificent) Munificentisimo +Pobre (poor), Pauperrimo, _and_ Pobrisimo (more used) +Sabio (wise) Sapientisimo +Sagrado (holy) Sacratisimo +Salubre (healthy) Saluberrimo +Simple (simple) Simplicisimo +--Uberrimo (most fruitful) + +Some of the best modern authors write "buenisimo," "nuevisimo," etc., +regularly without substituting the diphthong by the pure vowel, as +"bonisimo," "novisimo," notwithstanding the shifting of the stress.[182] + +[Footnote 182: See Note 47.] + +Substantives used as adjectives admit of comparison, as-- + +Es tan caballero _or_ mas caballero que sus contrincantes: He is as (or +more) gentlemanly as (than) his neighbours (competitors). + +"Than" followed by a number, unless the sentence be negative, is +translated by _de_. + +"Than" followed by a finite verb is _de lo que_, as-- + +Cumple mas de lo que promete: He accomplishes more than he promises. + +But-- + +Hablar Espanol es mas dificil que escribirlo: To speak Spanish is more +difficult than to write it. + +The following expressions are translated-- + +El le lleva seis anos: He is older than you by six years. + +Esta tela cuesta cinco peniques menos la yarda: This cloth is cheaper by +five pence a yard. + +Esta casa es diez anos mas antigua: This firm is older by ten years. + +Es tan poderoso que domina el mercado: He is so powerful as to control +the market. + +=Ver= (to see). +_Past Part._, Visto. +_Pres. Indic._, Veo[183] ... + +[Footnote 183: It forms the pres. subj., Vea, veas, etc. +_Imperf. Indic._, Veia, veias, veia, veiamos, veiais, veian.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=acaudalado=, rich, wealthy +=*advertir=, to notice +=alcalde=, mayor +=alfombrada=, carpeting +=anadir=, to add +=apagarse=, to go out (fire) +=atraicionar=, to betray +=boticario=, chemist +=caja fuerte=, safe +=calorifero=, stove +=carbon (de piedra)=, coal +=carbon (vegetal)=, charcoal +=carpeta=, writing-pad +=casillero=, pigeon-holes +=certificar=, to certify, to register (in the post) +=chimenea=, chimney +=contestar=, to answer +=echar al correro=, to post +=ensartar=, to string (beads), to file (papers) +=escano=, stool +=estante=, book-shelf +=franqueo=, postage +=guardafuego=, fender +=guardapapeles, ensartapapeles=, paper files +=humear=, to smoke (chimney) +=lacre=, sealing wax +=legajo=, bundle (of papers) +=librarse=, to get rid of +=mano de papel secante=, quire of blotting-paper +=pupitre=, writing desk +=sello=, seal +=el sobre=, the envelope +=sujeta papeles=, paper fasteners + + + EXERCISE 1 (69). + +Translate into English-- + +1. La casa de Rioja a y Cia. es tan respetable por su buena fama (name) +como por lo acaudalados que son sus propietarios. + +2. Si, es mas estimada que cualquiera otra. + +3. Dicen que tiene mas de L150,000 de capital. + +4. Es muy rica en efecto, pero no creo que su capital ascienda a mas que +L100,000. + +5. Cuanto mas corriente en sus tratos es un negociante, tanto mejor le +resultan sus transacciones. + +6. Estas son alfombradas de Bruselas que no las hay mejores en todo el +mundo. + +7. Tenemos un campo (field) amplisimo para nuestras operaciones, las +cuales hasta aqui han tenido felicisimo resultado. + +8. Nuestros generos son todos de optima calidad y a precios infimos. + +9. Es de interes supremo para nosotros el dar los mejores productos a +precios minimos. + +10. La cantidad maxima no ha de exceder 500 kilogramos. + +11. El hermano mayor es notario y alcalde del pueblo, el menor es +boticario. + +12. La ciudad de Cadiz es antiquisima; fundose en el siglo XV antes de +la era vulgar por los Fenicios. + +13. El clima de Valparaiso es salubirrimo. + +14. Fidelisimo criado, no quiso atraicionar a su amo que habia sido +beneficentisimo para con el. + +15. Euclides fue celeberrimo geometra. + + + EXERCISE 2 (70). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I wish to straighten (poner en orden) the desk on (en) my table. + +2. My pad is full of papers; I must get rid (librarme) of them. + +3. Will you put all those answered letters in that shelf; You will find +the pigeon-holes alphabetically arranged, put each letter in the proper +bundle. + +4. These others are filed away in that letter-file, alphabetically also. + +5. Put the file in the safe; we always keep it under lock and key (bajo +llave). + +6. Now give me a quire of blotting-paper, pens, nibs (puntitas), +paper-fasteners and the stamp-rack (porta-estampillas). + +7. These envelopes go into the waste-paper basket (cestilla). + +8. Fetch that stool, please; place it before that desk (banco). + +9. See to the (hacer atencion al) fire, it is going out, poke it +(removerlo) a little and add some coal. + +10. This is the coal scuttle (caja del carbon), the shovel (la pala) and +the poker (atizador) are near the fender. + +11. Hot-water pipes (tubos) are preferable to fires or stoves. + +12. Yes, our chimney always smokes; it is a nuisance (ique fastidio! +ique barbaridad!). + +13. Post these letters. Stamp them (pongales los sellos) and notice +there are some to be registered (para certificar). + +14. Do not forget to put the stamp of the firm (casa). + +15. If any weigh in excess (demasiado), it does not matter (no importa); +put the excess postage. + +16. Seal that envelope; here are the seal and sealing-wax. + + + + + LESSON XXXVI. + (Leccion trigesima sexta.) + + THE ADJECTIVE (_contd_.). + + +The adjective _grande_ (great, large) may _precede_ or follow a noun. + +If it precedes it _may_ drop the final syllable. When _grande_ (or +_gran_) precedes it generally refers more to quality than to size, but +this rule is not strict _at all_, as much is left to the tone of the +voice and also to gesture. + +When "Santo" means "holy" it is always written in full. +When "Santo" means "saint" it drops the "to" before the name following. + +EXCEPTIONS-- + +Santo Tomas (or Tome), Santo Domingo, and Santo Torribio. + +But--La isla de San Tomas (the Island of St. Thomas, West Indies). + +Some adjectives alter their meaning according as they precede or follow +a noun, as-- + +Cierto hombre: A certain man. (Not "un cierto.") +Una noticia cierta: A certain (sure) news. + +Un pobre escritor: A poor writer--of little worth. +Un escritor pobre: An impecunious writer. + +Un simple favor: A simple favour. +Un favor simple: A simple favour. + +Un simple soldado: A simple (plain) soldier. +Un hombre simple: A simple man, a simpleton. + +"One" and "ones" after an adjective are always left untranslated. "Man" +and "woman" in the majority of cases are also omitted, as-- + +Tengo algunos buenos: I have some good ones. +Un frances, una francesa: A Frenchman, a Frenchwoman. + +Numeral adjectives used for measurement are translated as follows-- + +Una plataforma de 30 pies de largo y seis pies de ancho (_also_ de 30 +pies por seis): A platform 30 feet long by six feet wide. + +Este tanque tiene 16 pies de profundidad: This tank is 16 feet deep. + +"In" after a superlative relative is rendered by _de_, as-- + +Es el negociante mas prospero de la ciudad: He is the most successful +merchant in the city. + +The proportional adjectives are-- + +El doble (the double) +El triple (3 fold) +El cuadruplo (4 fold) +El quintuple (5 fold) +El sextuple (6 fold) +El decuplo (10 fold) +El centuplo (100 fold) +Siete veces tanto (7 fold) +Ocho veces tanto (8 fold). Etc., etc. + +The adjective is used also adverbially, oftener in Spanish than in +English, as-- + +Hablar claro, alto, bajo, fuerte: To speak clearly, loudly, softly, +strongly. + +Comprar caro, barato: To buy dear, cheap. + +Ir derecho: To go straight. + +Tener fuerte: To hold fast. + +Exclamo ufano, cortes, enfadado, bondadoso: He proudly, courteously, +angrily, kindly exclaimed. + +Justo ha llegado una carta: A letter has just arrived. + +Adjectives have a governing power through a preposition and then the +preposition to be used belongs to the "idiom" of the language. Practice +will make perfect. + +The following are some examples in which the construction differs from +the English-- + +Afable a, _or_ con, _or_ para con todos: Affable to all. +Agradecido a los beneficios: Grateful for the favours. +Agudo de ingenio: Sharp-witted. +Ajeno de la verdad: Foreign to truth. +Alegre de cascos: Light-headed. +Blanco de tez: fair-complexioned. +Cargado de espaldas: Round-shouldered. +Codicioso, deseoso de dinero: Greedy, wishing for money. +Cercano a su fin: Nearing his end. +iDesdichado de mi!: Unhappy me! +Dificil de comprender: Hard to understand. +Dotado de buenas partes: Endowed with good parts. +Duro de cabeza (de mollera), de corazon: Hard-headed, hard-hearted. +Evidente para todo el mundo: Evident to all. +Facil de explicar: Easy to explain. +Falto de juicio: Lacking in judgment. +Hermoso de ver: Beautiful to see. +Lleno de cerveza, de vino: Full of (or with) beer, wine. +Mayor _or_ Menor de edad: Of age, under age. +Pequeno de tamano: Small in size. +Rico de virtudes: Rich in virtues. +Seco (enjuto) de carnes: Spare in flesh. +Sorprendido de la noticia: Surprised at the news. +Tardo a comprender: Slow in understanding. +Triste de aspecto: Sad in countenance. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=a la par=, at the same time +=las Antillas=, the West Indies +=atropellar por=, to infringe, + to trample upon, also to run down (vehicles, etc.) +=blando=, gentle, soft +=chaconada=, jacconet +=ciencia=, science, wisdom +=corto=, short, brief +=desarme=, disarmament +=deseoso=, wishful, eager +=dique=, dock +=doctrina=, doctrine, knowledge +=equivocarse=, to make a mistake +=fletar=, to freight, to charter +=forros estampados=, printed linings +=hidalguia=, chivalry, nobleness, gentlemanly principles +=imponerse a=, to command +=inconveniencia=, unsuitability, impropriety +=el inconveniente=, inconvenience +=ladrillos refractarios=, firebricks +=lastima=, pity, compassion +=nivel=, level +=principal=, principal, chief, leading +=quejarse (de)=, to complain +=responsable=, responsible +=rizados, crespolinas=, crimps +=tio=, uncle, also a coarse fellow[184] +*=tropezar=, to stumble +=ufano=, proud, full of dignity +=velero=, sailing vessel, sailer + +[Footnote 184: Also used before names instead of "Senor" among country +folks.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (71). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Gran lastima es, si lastima grande que las grandes naciones no se +pongan de acuerdo para proclamar el desarme general. + +2. Santa vida fue la de San Francisco de Asis. + +3. Aun los racionalistas respetan a este Santo como tambien a la +profunda doctrina de Santo Tom as de Aquino. + +4. Ciertos nombres se imponen al respeto universal. + +5. Es cosa cierta que la virtud puede ser patrimonio del hombre pobre +como del rico. + +6. Pobre excusa seria el pretender haberlo hecho por un simple favor +pues esto no convenceria a los hombres mas simples. + +7. El hombre mas sabio del mundo puede equivocarse alguna vez, llegue a +donde llegare su ciencia (however great, etc.) + +8. Si V. me diera el doble, el triple, el quintuple, y aun seis, diez o +cien veces tanto, no cometeria esa indelicadeza, atropellando por las +leyes de la hidalguia y del honor. + +9. El orador habla claro, metaforico, alto, bajo, fuerte, y blando segun +lo exija el argumento y las circunstancias pero se le demanda que tenga +por bianco (to have for his aim) la virtud y el progreso. + +10. Ande V. derecho y tenga fuerte que no vaya (lest you) a tropezar y a +caerse. + +11. Cortes y ufano a la par, repuso: "soy pobre mas soy honrado." + +12. Justo lo que debia contestar. + +13. Los estudiantes mas agudos de ingenio son a veces un tantico alegres +de cascos. + +14. No importa (never mind), son todos deseosos de aprender y afables +con su profesor que ademas de ser cojo de un pie ya esta cercano a su +fin. + +15. Este tio es duro de cabeza aunque sea dotado de buenas partes. + + + EXERCISE 2 (72). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. We are open (dispuestos) to charter a small steamer or a sailing +vessel for St. Thomas in the West Indies. + +2. We can offer you a small one for a voyage out and home (de ida y +vuelta). + +3. The heating surface (superficie de caldeo) is (es de) 20' X 15'. + +4. These warehouses are 30' long, 20' wide (de ancho) and 15 feet high +(de alto). + +5. Some are built with stone and mortar (son de mamposteria), others +with firebricks, and they are the best in the docks. + +6. Last week nothing was doing (no se hacia) on 'Change, but' to-day +leading operators are distinctly bullish (trabajan distintamente por la +alza) and have acquired a further large holding (y se han afianzado +mucho mas), being more convinced than ever that prices will climb[185] +(subiran) to a much higher level. + +7. Meanwhile the market is getting dangerously overbought (el exceso de +compras en el mercado se hace peligroso). + +8. He gave me too short a notice (aviso) and the consequence was 20 +bales were short shipped (no se expidieron). + +9. He now complains of being short of (que le faltan) printed linings, +jacconets and crimps, also of short measure (de falta de medida) in some +of the cloth invoiced. + +10. Their orders fall short (son mucho menos) of what we expected. + +11. We have run short of (se nos ha acabado) the raw material. + +12. Our correspondents are short-staffed (no tienen bastante personal), +hence their delaying often to send out (y por tanto a menudo retardan el +envio de) our invoices, which is a great inconvenience. + +[Footnote 185: To climb--_Trepar_.] + + + + + LESSON XXXVII. + (Leccion trigesima septima.) + + THE PRONOUN. + + +The pronouns _Nos_ and _Vos_ are used for the 1st and 2nd person +_singular_, respectively, in poetry and high-flown prose. + +_Nos_ is used in Royal decrees; and _Vos_ often to translate the French +"vous" and English "you" in novels. They require the verb in the plural +and any occurring adjective in the singular, masculine or feminine +according to the sex represented-- + +Nos el Rey somos justo: We the King are just. + +Vos Dona Catalina sois generosa: You, Lady Catherine, are generous. + +A subject pronoun following "to be" and preceding a relative may be +followed by a verb in the 1st or 3rd person, as-- + +Soy yo quien gire _or_ giro aquella letra: It is I who drew that bill. + +Two or more personal pronouns used as subjects of one verb require the +verb in the plural, and in the 1st person in preference to the 2nd and +3rd, and 2nd in preference to 3rd, as-- + +Yo y tu (_or_ yo y el) vamos; tu y el vais. + +A conjunctive pronoun should precede the verb in the Indic. Cond. and +Subj. moods, but with the verb in the Indic. or Cond. mood a great +latitude is allowed for the sake of euphony or emphasis. The principal +idea is to give thereby more prominence to the verb, as-- + +Entreguele los bultos, acordele toda facilidad para el pago y quise +acabarlo todo amistosamente. + +The conjunctive pronouns _lo, le_, are both used for "him," "it" (_m._), +(direct object); the second is more generally used for a person, but no +distinction is strictly observed. + +_Lo_ (not _le_) should however be used for "it," referring to a whole +statement. + +_Lo_ translates often the English "so," as-- + +Lo digo: I say it, I say so. + +Ya lo creo: I should think so. + +The conjunctive dative (indirect object) should be _le_ for both genders +(_sing._). _La_ instead of _le_ for the feminine is however permissible +and is used by the best writers. + +_Les_ instead of _los_ is often found in the accusative (direct object), +masculine plural, but this should not be imitated. + +When a conjunctive pers. pronoun follows the verb, the subject pronoun +must also follow, as-- + +Digolo yo (_not_ yo digolo): I say so. + +Otherwise the position of the subject pronoun in relation to the verb is +very arbitrary, the general practice being, of course, to put it before +unless the sentence is interrogative. + +The conj. pronouns _nos_ and _os_ following a verb in the Imperative +mood require the elision of the _s_ and _d_ termination of the verb, +as-- + +Escribamonos: Let us write to each other. + +Escribios: Write to each other. + +Conjunctive pronouns are used to substitute the possessive adjective +before parts of the body or articles of dress, as-- + +Me quebre el brazo: I broke my arm. + +Se lastimo el dedo: He hurt his finger. + +Se puso el sombrero: He put on his hat. + +Also-- + +Me han impuesto una multa sobre los generos: They have inflicted a fine +on my goods. + +And in all similar cases when by doing this the possessive may be +avoided without creating confusion. + +A somewhat similar use of these pronouns is the "ethical" dative, as-- + +Pongame aqui un clavo: Put me a nail here. + +Castigueme este muchacho para que aprenda: Punish this boy (for me) so +that he may learn. + +Corteme el pelo a este muchacho: Cut this boy's hair. + +This "ethical dative" shows the person _interested in the action. Its +use is much more frequent in Spanish than in English. + + +=Conducir= (model verb for all ending in _ducir_; to conduct, to lead). + +_Pres. Indic._, Conduzco---------- + +_Pres. Subj._, Conduzca, conduzcas, conduzca, conduzcamos, conduzcais, +conduzcan. + +_Past Def._, Conduje, condujiste, condujo, condujimos, condujisteis, +condujeron.[186] + +[Footnote 186: Not "condujieron." Imp. Subj., of course, Condujese, etc.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abordar=, to board, to accost, to approach +=*abrir agua=, to spring a leak +=ajeno=, belonging to others, outward +*=andar en cuestiones=, to dispute +=barrica=, cask +=cabo=, corporal +=?como no?= yes, of course I will +*=cubrir (p.p. cubierto)=, to cover +*=dar dos pasos=, to take a stroll +*=dar la lengua=, to chat, to parley +=despejar=, to clear +=devanarse los sesos=, to rack one's brains +=difunto=, late, deceased +=estallar=, to burst, to explode, to break out +=formal=, formal, respectable +*=ir repitiendo, etc=., to keep repeating, etc. +=jefe del despacho=, manager +=llevarse bien=, to get on well together +=lograr=, to contrive, to attain +=machacar=, to hammer, to insist +=mandato=, order, injunction +=melindroso=, squeamish, very particular +=multa=, fine, penalty +=Noruego=, Norwegian +=peligro=, danger +=remolcar=, to tow +=sacar en limpio=, to make out +i=santo y bueno=! that is all very well +=sargento=, sergeant +=transportar=, to transport, to convey +=tul bordado=, embroidered tulle +=vender gato por liebre=, to cheat +i=vaya=! come (exclam.) + + + EXERCISE 1 (73) + +Translate into English-- + +1. ?Vio V. a la Senora (the wife) del Coronel? + +2. Vila ayer y la di el recado del Sr. Mayor. + +3. ?Este cabo se lleva bien con sus soldados? + +4. Lo creo, me lo ha dicho el sargento. + +5. Bueno fuera irselo repitiendo al jefe para que abrevie, si puede ser. + +6. A mi no me cuente para nada (do not take me into account), valdriale +mejor verse con (see) el jefe del despacho. + +7. A el le gusta dar la lengua, vaya a hablarle. + +8. No le conozco, V. se hace cargo (you understand) que me resulta +dificultoso el abordarle, y lo mismo da (it is the same) hablar con V. + +9. V. se equivoca, va mucho de Pedro a Pedro (there is a great +difference between the two) y en cuanto a su timidez no sea V. +melindroso y tenga presente que el que no se atreve no pasa la mar +(nothing venture, nothing have). + +10. Para no andar en mas cuestiones seguire su mandato (I shall do as +you tell me). + +11. iQue tenga V. buena suerte! + +12. Me devane los sesos procurando sacar en limpio lo que queria decir +la carta pero no me fue posible y di al diablo con el hato y el garabato +(I gave up the whole confounded thing) como se suele decir. + +13. Me puse el sombrero y me fui para dar dos pasos y despejarme la +cabeza. + +14. Sr. Juan, V. machaca desde muchos dias sobre que le debo dar alguna +orden a Don Jose, pues para darles gusto a ambos saludemele V. mucho +(give him my kind regards), en su primera carta y digale que me envie +luego 500 piezas de tul bordado repeticion de mi pedido anterior, mismos +matices. + + + EXERCISE 2 (74). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. It is I who conveyed (trasmitir) that information to him. + +2. The goods were conveyed by the Ship Canal (el canal maritimo). + +3. Have you made it clear (lo ha explicado claramente) that the risk +will be covered whether the casks travel by steamer or other conveyance +(medio de trasporte)? + +4. Our agent contrived to get the fine refunded (hacerse refundir); he +wrote us so. + +5. The vessel sprang a leak and was in danger but she spoke (hablo con +la bocina a) a Norwegian steamer, who gave her assistance and towed her +to (al) Havre. + +6. The conditions you have put forth (presentado) are altogether +unacceptable. + +7. Put him in the way (muestrele V. el modo) of conducting his business +without depending on (de) outward assistance. + +8. He conducted his late employer's (jefe) business quite +satisfactorily. + +9. Had I feared he would not conduct his own affairs properly (bien) I +should not have financed (comanditado) him. + +10. He puts a wrong construction to my words (interpreta mal). + +11. He owes us some money and keeps putting us off (y nos va dando +largas). + +12. He has put off his journey (diferido, aplazado). + +13. If you wish me to do business with your goodselves (su estimada +casa) you must put me on (concederme) the best possible terms. + +14. The alarming news from India has put our market out of gear +(descompuesto). + +15. Mr. Nunez was dreadfully put out (terriblemente desconcertado) by +the news that the revolution had broken out in Ecuador. + +16. We must put up with (soportar) some inconvenience. + +17. We shall put an end to (acabaremos) this exercise. + + + + + LESSON XXXVIII. + (Leccion trigesima octava.) + + THE PRONOUN. (_contd._). + + +Such expressions as "I did it myself," "You write it yourself," "we +spoke to him himself," are translated "Yo mismo lo hice," "V. mismo lo +escribe," "Le hablamos a el mismo." + +Notice the following idiomatic uses of _Lo, La, Los, Las_ with the verbs +_haber_ and _hacer_-- + +?Hay dinero? Is there money?--Si, lo hay: Yes, there is some. + +?Hay pasividades? Are there any liabilities?--Si, las hay: Yes, there +are some. + +?Hace dos dias? Is it two days ago?--No, no los hace: No, it is not. + +?Hace una semana? Is it a week ago?--Si, la hace: Yes, it is. + +?Hace falta escribir? Is it necessary to write?--La hace, mucho: Yes, +very necessary. + +In the case of two verbs governing each other as "ir a ver" (to go and +see), "mandar hacer" (to have made), etc., a conjunctive pronoun, +occurring, may be taken by either verb, as-- + +Irle a ver _or_ ir a verle: To go and see him. + +Mandarlo hacer _or_ Mandar hacerlo: To have it made. + +An object pronoun _after a preposition_ may often be either ordinary or +reflexive as in English, as-- + +Los abogados han zanjado el asunto entre si _or_ entre ellos: The +lawyers compromised the matter amongst themselves (or them). + +Of course _el, ella, ellos, ellas_, cannot be used with reference to +"V." "Vs."-- + +Vs. lo han arreglado entre si _or_ entre Vs. (_but not_ entre ellos): +You have arranged it between yourselves. + + +=Demonstrative Pronouns=. + +Old Spanish forms now obsolete or seldom used-- + +Aqueste, etc., aquese, etc., for este, ese, etc. + +Estotro, esotro, etc., for este otro, ese otro, etc. + +The English expressions "I have not seen him these three months," etc., +should be translated "Hace _or_ ha tres meses que no le veo," "Hace _or_ +ha tres meses que no le he visto," "No le he visto (_or_ no le veo) +desde hace tres meses," "Hace (_or_ ha) tres meses desde que le vi la +ultima vez." + +"I have been writing these three hours," is translated "Hace tres horas +que escribo (estoy escribiendo)," "Escribo" (estoy escribiendo) desde +hace tres horas. + + +=Relative Pronouns=. + +_Cuyo_ in reality a relative possessive pronoun is often used as a pure +relative instead of _el cual_ followed by a noun, as-- + +Lo di a un cliente, cuyo cliente lo paso a un amigo de el: + +I gave it to a customer which customer handed it to a friend of his. + +The correct grammatical construction would be "el cual cliente"; but +however much some grammarians disclaim this employment of _cuyo_, it is +in the language and found in the best books and therefore must be +accepted. + + +=Indefinite Pronouns=. + +The Indefinite Pronouns _algo_ and _nada_ followed by an adjective, +generally (but not necessarily) take =de= before the adjective, as-- + +Tengo algo (de) bueno: I have something good. +No tengo nada (de) bueno: I have nothing good. + +_Un nada_ is used as a noun, as-- + +Un nada le asusta: A nothing frightens him. + +_La nada_--nothingness. + + ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Sentir= (to feel, to regret). | +|_Pres. Part._, |Sintiendo. | +|_Pres. Indic._,|Siento, sientes, siente ... sienten. | +|_Pres. Subj._, |Sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintais, sientan. | +|_Past Def._, | -- -- -- sintio -- -- -- sintieron.| ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Pediz= (to ask, to request). | +|_Pres. Part._, |Pidiendo. | +|_Pres. Indic._,|Pido, pides, pide -- -- -- -- piden. | +|_Pres. Subj._, |Pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidais, pidan. | +|_Past Def._, | -- -- -- pidio -- -- -- pidieron. | ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| =Dormir= (to sleep).[187] | +|_Pres. Part._, |Durmiendo. | +|_Pres. Ind._, |Duermo, duermes, duerme ... duermen. | +|_Pres. Subj._, |Duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmais, duerman. | +|_Past Def._, | -- -- -- durmio -- -- -- durmieron.| ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + +[Footnote 187: "Morir" is conjugated like "dormir," but has its past part. +"muerto." N.B.--"Muerto" is also a double form of the past part. of +"matar" (to kill), as--Le han muerto: They have killed him.] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=adeudar=, to debit, to pay (duty) +=atrasado=, in arrears, behind +=ce por be=, with all particulars, minutely +=chapas=, plates +*=contar=, to count, to relate +=discreto=, sensible, judicious, discreet +=dispensar=, to excuse +=echar a perder=, to spoil, to wreck +=empeoramiento=, turn for the worse +*=estar en poco de=, to be within an inch of +=grano de anis=, a trifling matter +*=hacer de las suyas=, to play one's pranks +*=hacer el obsequio=, to do the favour +=informe=, report +=mandar buscar=, to send for +=obligar=, to compel +*=obtener=, to obtain, to bring about +=pesado=, heavy +=quehaceres=, occupations, business +=reglamento=, regulation, bye-laws +=remesa=, remittance, shipment +=revista=, review +=rodajas (de goma)=, rubber heels (revolving) +=tacones (de goma)=, rubber heels (shaped) +=taller=, workshop +=tonto=, simpleton, foolish +=tornillos=, screws + + + EXERCISE 1 (75). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Yo mismo escribo al Sr. Mendoza para decirle que puede hacer sus +pedidos a Vs. directamente pues, por mi parte no tengo inconveniente en +que asi se haga. + +2. Si dicho Senor envia pedidos ?hace falta avisarle a V.? + +3. Si, la hace, y les ruego tengan la bondad de decirmelo a fin de poner +a Vs. en conocimiento de las condiciones en que deben hacerse las +remesas, etc. + +4. ?Hace ocho dias que Ilego el informe de la comision? + +5. Creo que no los hace todavia. + +6. Tengo los muestrarios aqui, voy a darselos a V. + +7. Se los voy a devolver en seguida. + +8. Nuestro agente y los corresponsales arreglaran esto entre ellos (_or_ +entre si). + +9. Hace tres meses que no recibimos las revistas semanales de ese +mercado, las hemos pedido continuamente y siempre en balde. + +10. Nuestros aduaneros cobran todo el peso (charge full weight) por sus +tacones y rodajas como si fuera goma solamente siendo asi que vienen +juntos con sus chapas y tornillos, cuyos hierros, claro es, no debian +(deberian) adeudar el mismo derecho. + +11. No sucedio nada de extraordinario para justificar su accion que en +poco estuvo de echarlo todo a perder. + +12. Hagame V. el obsequio de contarmelo todo, pues no es ningun grano de +anis. + +13. Sentarse[188] pues y se lo contare ce por be. + +14. Dispense V. que le haya hecho esperar, tuve que despachar a mi +chauffeur. + +15. Es V. muy dueno, pero acuerdese V. que primero los quehaceres y +despues los placeres. + +16. V. es hombre discrete y lo que es yo, soy un pobre ton to. + +17. Vamos e ver de que se trata. + +18. ?Ha hecho V. alguna de las suyas? + +[Footnote 188: Notice the Imperative Infinitive.] + + + EXERCISE 2 (76). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I regret having left the newspapers at the workshop, but I shall send +for them. + +2. He regretted the turn for the worse in the market which compelled him +to request us to ask our friend for a guarantee. + +3. English manufacturers are not asleep. + +4. They have been asleep for many years but now they are wide awake (se +han despertado bien) to the necessity of adopting up-to-date methods +(modernos, a la altura de los tiempos) and adapting themselves to the +requirements of the consumers. + +5. Manufacturers are selling every day but usually (generalmente) in +small lots. + +6. Shirting makers want more money and find difficulty in getting it. + +7. Dhooties (dhooties) and jacconets are now so well sold that producers +(productores) will only book (aceptan ordenes) at good prices. + +8. Heavy textiles (telas) are too stiff for general attention (demasiado +firmes para atraer a los compradores) but makers are not hungry for +(ansiosos de obtener) orders. + +9. Indian business was barely (apenas) of normal dimensions +(proporciones). + +10. Will you set the books on that shelf (estante) and set (colocar) +those papers in order? + +11. The term you have set me (fijado) is too short. + +12. They ought to set a (dar) good example. + +13. He set about it (puso mano a la obra) at once. + +14. Setting aside the (prescindiendo del) fact that he is behind with +his payments, he does us great harm by running down (desacreditando) our +goods. + +15. Winter has set in (principiado) and heavy cloths are in great +request. + +16. I have set my mind on (me he decidido a) this venture. + +17. A movement has been set on foot (iniciado) to bring about the +revision of the bye-laws. + + + + + LESSON XXXIX. + (Leccion trigesima nona.) + + THE VERB. + + +All intransitive verbs in Spanish are conjugated with the auxiliary verb +_haber_, as-- + +Ha venido: He has or is come. + +A verb that governs an infinitive through a certain preposition, as-- + +Convenimos en hacerlo: We agreed upon doing it. + +should drop the preposition when a finite verb follows. + +N.B.--Many such verbs, however, may preserve the preposition even before +a finite mood, as-- + +Convenimos que, _or_ en que, lo hiciesen: We agreed that they should do +it. + +When the subject of a verb is a collective noun, the verb is placed in +the singular (see Lesson XXXII for exception). + +When a compound subject _follows_ the verb, this may agree in number and +person with the first subject only, as-- + +Nos ha llegado la circular y los impresos que la acompanaban: We +received the circular and the printed matter which accompanied it. + +The ambiguity between a Reflexive verb plural and a Reciprocal verb is +avoided thus-- + +Se comprometen a si (a si mismos--emphatic): They commit themselves. + +Se comprometen el uno al otro, _or_ los unos a los otros: They commit +each other. + +A Reflexive verb is that in which the second pronoun of the same person +as the subject, is the _direct object_ of the action, as-- + +Ellos se comprometen: They commit themselves. + +But when the second pronoun stands for the indirect object, the verb is +only intransitive pronominal, as-- + +El se procuro un empleo: He procured for himself an employment. + + +=The Passive Voice=. + +The Passive voice formed with _ser_ occurs much less in Spanish than in +English. + +When the "doer" is not expressed the active voice with _se_ generally +takes its place, as-- + +Los ninos se aman _or_ Se ama[189] a los ninos: Children are loved. + +[Footnote 189: Notice Sing. number.] + +When the "doer" is mentioned the following construction is often used-- + +A estos ninos los aman sus padres: These children are loved by their +parents. + +The English present participle used substantively is rendered in Spanish +by a noun or by the infinitive mood of the verb generally preceded by +the definite article, as-- + +El cambio de las condiciones: The changing of the terms. +El cambiar las condiciones: The changing of the terms. + +Su comunicacion a las autoridades de la Aduana, +El escribir _or_ el haber escrito el a las autoridades de la Aduana: +His writing to the custom-house authorities. + +El vender a credito a largos plazos no es un principio sano: +Selling on credit with long terms is not a sound practice. + +Prefiero comprar disponible (_or_ las compras de disponible): +I prefer spot buying. + +=_The English gerund following "by" is translated by the gerund without +preposition or by the infinitive preceded by _con_, as--_= + +Depositando (_or_ con depositar) sus acciones se puso en perfecta regla: +By depositing his shares, he put himself in order. + +The Spanish verbal forms ending in _ante_ and _iente_, as: Amante +(lover), tratante (dealer), dependiente (clerk), etc., used to be termed +"present participles," and the analogous forms "amando" (loving), +"tratando" (treating), "dependiendo" (depending), etc., "gerunds," but +this has now taken the place of both forms, used as verbs, and the forms +in _ante_ and _iente_ are classed as other parts of speech, according to +their meaning, as-- + +Amante de la musica (_adj._): Fond of music. +Un tratante en trigos (_noun_): A dealer in wheat. +Un dependiente de comercio (_noun_): A commercial clerk. +Durante la exposicion (_prep._): During the exhibition. +Mediante su ayuda (_prep._): By means of his help. +No obstante que vino (_conj._): Notwithstanding his coming. +iCorriente! (_interj._): All right! done! + +=Huir= (to flee).[190] + +_Pres. Indic._, Huyo, huyes, huye ... huyen. _Pres. Subj._, Huya, huyas, +huya, huyamos, huyais, huyan. + +[Footnote 190: Model for all verbs ending in "uir" (with "u" sounded).] + + + VOCABULARY. + +=acabado=, finish (cloth) +=acudir=, to have recourse, to attend, to run to +=a las claras=, plainly, clearly +=apresto=, size, also finish (cloth) +=aprovecharse=, to take advantage +=bomba de doble efecto=, double-acting pump +=burlarse=, to make fun of, to trifle with +=chucherias=, pretty trifles +*=convenir en=, to agree to +=enganifas=, tricks +=escandaloso=, scandalous, shocking +=granjearse=, to win over +*=hacer ver=, to show +*=herir=, to wound, to cut (fig.) +=mediar=, to come between, to intervene, to take place in the meantime +*=no tener pelo de tonto=, not to be a simpleton +=quitar=, to take away +*=reducir a un minimo=, to reduce to a minimum, to minimise +*=saber a punto fijo=, to know for certain +=sospechar=, to suspect +=suave=, soft, mellow, gentle +=subsanar=, to correct, to rectify +=tacto=, feel (_n._), touch (_n._) +=voluntad=, will, goodwill, favour + + + EXERCISE 1 (77). + +Translate into English-- + +1. A mi no me venga con estas enganifas que no tengo pelo de tonto. + +2. Me hace regalos de algunas chucherias para granjearse mi voluntad y +aprovecharse despues. + +3. ?Sabe V. a punto fijo que son estas sus intenciones? + +4. Mediaron algunas cosillas que me han hecho sospechar algo de eso y de +mi nadie se burla. + +5. V. debe de equivocarse y solo por sospechas no debe quitarle su +amistad. + +6. Estas hermosas calderas de alta presion las han construido en +Inglaterra y estas bombas de doble efecto las han importado de los +Estados Unidos. + +7. El conceder el mayores facilidades a los compradores le ha hecho +conseguir una extensa clientela. + +8. Con uniformarse a mis disposiciones (orders, instructions) el +cumplira con su deber y yo quedare mas contento. + +9. No soy amante de disputas, mis dependientes podran asegurarle que +durante mi larga carrera y no obstante que no faltaron ocasiones, no +acudi una sola vez a los Tribunales. + + + EXERCISE 2 (78). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. The long and short of the matter is that (en pocas palabras) we had +agreed he was to do it. + +2. This is nothing short of dishonesty (esto se llama falta de honradez, +nada menos). + +3. No matter what he will say (diga lo que dijere) I am sure he will +have to pay. + +4. The estimate and the sketches attached reached us just in (a) time. + +5. The cloth was run (plegada) in pieces of 20 yds. exactly, the +consequence being that some pieces were found by the customer to be with +cuts (cortes). + +6. It is of no use (es inutil) our struggling any longer (por mas +tiempo) against adversity. + +7. Your writing in that strain (en aquel tono) shows plainly that their +action has cut you to the quick (profundamente). + +8. By selling in time he managed (logro) to minimise the loss. + +9. The shocking abuses that existed under the monarchy are being (se +van) corrected by the Republican Government. + +10. We shall show them that our firm is not to be trifled with. + +11. These stuffs are too heavily sized and the finish is not +sufficiently mellow. + +12. Their feel is not clothy (no tienen bastante cuerpo al tacto). + +13. This defect will be made right in future deliveries. + + + + + LESSON XL. + (Leccion cuadrageseima.) + + THE VERB (_contd._). + + +As in English, several past participles may be used with an active +meaning, as-- + +Un hombre leido: A well-read man (for a man who has read much and well). + +The following are some examples-- + +Agradecido (grateful) +Atrevido (bold, daring) +Bien hablado (a courteous speaker) +Callado (taciturn) +Cansado (tiresome) +Comedido (thoughtful, considerate) +Corrido[191] (acute, artful) +Divertido (amusing) +Entendido (experienced, conversant) +Experimentado (experienced, expert) +Sufrido (patient) + +[Footnote 191: With a passive meaning it is "abashed."] + +=The Tenses=. + +The periphrastic or progressive conjugation: "I am buying," "I was +selling," "I shall be buying," etc., exists in Spanish with the +following differences from English:-- + +In the present and the past it is used, but only when the action +embraces a certain length of time, otherwise the simple form "I buy," "I +sold" _(imperf. indic.)_ must be used, as-- + +Fulano se arrojaba por la ventana (_not_ se estaba arrojando). + +The Spanish Academy gives this example as of an action more or less +instantaneous: So-and-So was throwing himself out of the window. + +The periphrastic form is inadmissible unless one is _actually engaged_ +in the action, as: + +Hoy como con mi amigo (_not_ "estoy comiendo," because not actually +engaged in the action): To-day I am dining with my friend. + +In the future this construction is permissible only in such cases as-- + +Cuando venga manana, yo estare escribiendo: To-morrow when he comes, I +shall be writing. + +The periphrastic form never happens with the verb _ir_ (to go), and +seldom with _venir_ (to come). + +The English present perfect (preterite compuesto) "I have done" is often +used in Spanish for the past definite "I did," when the period of time +in which the action took place is not specified. + +The Spanish Academy gives-- + +Siempre que he ido a Madrid he visitado el Prado _for_ Whenever I went +to Madrid I visited the Prado. + +We even find "ayer he hecho esto o aquello" for "yesterday I did this or +that," and this is accounted for by the "nearness" of the period +elapsed. Although colloquially this does not sound at all so badly as in +English, well-educated Spaniards will take care to avoid it. + +The second or bye-form of the imperfect subjunctive may be used also for +the conditional mood, as-- + +Se lo diera si lo tuviese _instead of_ se lo daria, etc.: I should give +it to him if I had it. + +It is also found (in books, not in conversation) for the compound +imperfect indicative, especially after _que_, as-- + +Los consejos que le diera (_for_ que le habia dado): The advice which I +had given him. + +In old Spanish, and even now in poetry, we find it used for every one of +the compound past tenses. + + +=General Observations=. + +The verb "to come" should be rendered in Spanish by _ir_ when the person +is not in the place in question at the time of speaking or writing, as-- + +?Quiere V. venir aqui a mi casa manana? Will you come here to my house +to-morrow? + +Hoy estoy indispuesto pero manana ire a verle: To-day I am unwell (out +of sorts), but to-morrow I shall come to see you. + +La vi escribir: I saw her writing; viz., I saw her write. + +La vi escribiendo: I saw her writing; viz., whilst she was writing. + +The emphatic word in an English sentence is often and more elegantly +translated by a paraphrase in Spanish-- + +?Es verdad que ha comprado los generos? _Has_ he bought the goods? + +?Es el quien ha comprado los generos? Has _he_ bought the goods? + +?De veras ha comprado los generos? Has he _bought_ the goods? + +?Pues son los generos lo que ha comprado? Has he bought _the goods_? + +Esta transaccion hubo de arruinarle: This transaction was within an ace +of ruining him. + +"I believe myself to be clever," etc., is not translated "Yo me creo ser +habil," but "Yo me creo (_or_ considero) habil," or "Yo creo ser habil," +or "Creo que soy habil." + + +=Decir (to say, to tell)=. + +_Pres. Part_., Diciendo. _Past Part_., Dicho. +_Pres. Indic_., Digo, dices, dice,--,--, dicen. +_Pres. Subj_., Diga, digas, diga, digamos, digais, digan. +_Imp. Mood_, Di ... +_Past Def. Indic_., Dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijisteis, dijeron. +_Future Indic_., Dire, diras, dira, diremos, direis, diran. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=agrupacion=, group, muster +=aislado=, isolated, hedged in +=alcalde=, mayor +=arreglo amistoso=, friendly understanding +=capataz=, foreman +=carta de naturaleza=, certificate of naturalization +=cifras=, figures +*=dar pasos=, to take steps +=dedicarse=, to devote oneself +=derechos protectores=, protective duties +=diputacion= provincial, provincial council +=elaborar=, to elaborate +=genio=, temper +=inquietarse=, to feel uneasy +*=no tenerlas todas consigo=, to feel uneasy +*=irse en rodeos=, to beat about the bush +=labor indigena=, native labour +=pequeneces=, trifling matters +=perspectivas=, prospects +=plan=, plan[192] (idea) +=proyecto=, project, scheme +=repasar=, to go through +=resultado=, result +=(de) resultas de=, in consequence of, as a result of +=vecino=, inhabitant, ratepayer[193] +=vuelta de correo (a), (by) return of post + +[Footnote 192: Plan, sketch = "Plano."] + +[Footnote 193: Vecino = ratepayer who has acquired certain rights after +a certain period of residence.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (79). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Las leyes de Espana declaran: Son espanoles todas las personas +nacidas en territorio espanol, los hijos de padre o madre espanoles +aunque hayan nacido fuera de Espana, y los extranjeros que hayan +obtenido del Gobierno Espanol carta de naturaleza, o sean vecinos de +cualquier pueblo de Espana. + +2. Anaden que los extranjeros pueden establecerse y dedicarse libremente +a sus profesiones en territorio espanol; pero ningun extranjero puede +ejercer en Espana cargo alguno que represente autoridad. + +3. Los miembros del Concejo o cabildo o ayuntamiento o corporacion +municipal se llaman Concejales o regidores. + +4. En Espana el alcalde de Madrid es nombrado libremente por el +Gobierno; el alcalde de las localidades cuya poblacion no baje de 6,000 +habitantes es nombrado por el Gobierno de entre los concejales, los +demas alcaldes son nombrados por el voto de su companeros concejales. + +5. Los cargos concejiles son gratuitos. + +6. La Diputacion Provincial es la agrupacion de los varios municipios de +cada provincia, y se reune dos veces al ano en la capital de la +provincia. + + + EXERCISE 2 (80). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. The foreman is grateful for his master's kindness. + +2. The Director is elaborating a bold scheme for establishing, in a +foreign country hedged in by protective duties, a factory worked by +native labour under an English manager (gerente) and experienced English +instructors. + +3. If this plan reaches concretion (se verifica) he will be going abroad +shortly, when he will find that his agents will be taking already the +preliminary steps. + +4. The Director himself is coming towards us, he will tell you more +about it. + +5. I am going to attend to several trifling matters which however want +looking after (hay que cuidar). + +6. Whenever (siempre que) I decided on (he decidido) a thing, I have +always acted on my decision (la he puesto en ejecucion). + +7. I tell you if I had a larger stock, I should feel rather uneasy at +(con) the prospects of the market. + +8. Come and see me to-morrow at my office and we shall come (llegaremos) +to a friendly understanding without beating about the bush. + +9. He told me the figures did not compare well with (no eran buenas en +comparacion de) those of last year. + +10. Please go through the accounts again and tell me the result by +return of post. + +11. Short reckonings make long friends (las cuentas claras y el +chocolate espeso). + +12. He lost money as a result of his bad temper. + + + + + LESSON XLI. + (Leccion cuadragesima primera.) + + THE VERB (_contd._). + + +_Ser_ and _Estar_. Such expressions as "Smoking is prohibited," etc., +are translated either "Es prohibido fumar" or "Esta prohibido fumar." +Both translations are grammatically correct ("Esta prohibido fumar" is +the general expression in this particular case). + +If we say "Es prohibido fumar," we are referring to the "doer" of the +action: "Es prohibido _por la ley, por la policia, por los jefes_, etc., +etc."--a case of passive voice. + +If we say "Esta prohibido fumar" we have no "doer" in our mind, but only +the thing itself = a case of "a condition of things" resulting from the +action (the prohibition). + + +=EXAMPLE--= + +El fumar es prohibido por el jefe, por esto esta prohibido fumar en +nuestro despacho: Smoking is prohibited by our employer (viz., our +employer prohibits smoking), therefore it is not allowed in our office. + +_The above example is given for the sake of illustration by contrast; in +practice, of course, such oddities are avoided._ + +The English expressions, "It is I, you, he, we, they, who ..." must be +rendered in Spanish by "Soy yo, es V., somos nosotros, etc., quien _or_ +quienes ..."; i.e., the English impersonal "it is" must be made +personal in Spanish. + +We said that verbs may have a different government in the two languages, +as-- + +Colgar de un clavo: To hang on a nail. + +Entrar en una casa: To enter a house. + +This, one of the points for which rules cannot be laid, belongs to the +idiom of the language, and practice is the only master (see Appendix V +for a list of the most conspicuous differences) In reading, together +with the meaning of a verb, _ascertain its government._ + +Some peculiarities of Spanish verbs-- + +_Acabar de_, followed by an infinitive, translates the English "to have +just," followed by a past participle, as-- + +Acaba de flotarse una sociedad: A company has just been floated. + +_Acertar a_, followed by an infinitive, translates "to happen," as-- + +Acertaron a pasar cuando ella estaba asomada a la ventana: They happened +to pass when she was looking out of the window. + +Acerto a ser viernes aquel dia: That day happened to be a Friday. + +_Alegrarse de, Celebrar_--"to be glad to," "to rejoice at." + +Me alegro mucho de la noticia; Celebro mucho la noticia: I am glad of +the news. + +(Before an infinitive _de_ is omitted after "alegrarse," as: Me alegro +decirle: I am glad to tell you.) + +_Caber_ (see Lesson XXX) is used figuratively in many locutions-- + +No cabe en nosotros tal accion: We are not capable of such an action. + +No cabe en si de gozo: He is beside himself with joy. + +Le cupo el premio gordo: it was his lot or luck to get the chief prize. + +No se puede saber lo que le cabra a uno en suerte: One cannot know what +one's lot will be. + +Esta tela es de calidad que no cabe mas: This cloth is perfection +itself. + +No caber en si: To be puffed up with pride. + + + +=Ir= (to go). + +_Pres. Part._, Yendo.[194] +_Pres. Indic._, Voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van. +_Pres. Subj._, Vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayais, vayan. +_Imper. Mood_, Ve ... vayamos _or_ vamos ... +_Imperf. Indic._, Iba, ibas, iba, ibamos, ibais, iban. +_Past Def. Indic._, Fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron. + +[Footnote 194: No word in Spanish commences with "ie." Hence the change +into "ye."] + + +=Oir= (to hear). + +_Pres. Indic._, Oigo. + +Salir (to go out). + +_Pres. Indic._, Salgo. +_Pres. Subj._, Salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgais, salgan. +_Imp. Mood_, Sal . . . +_Fut. Indic._, Saldre, saldras, saldra, saldremos, saldreis, saldran. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=arrancar=, to wrench, to squeeze out +=biblioteca=, public library +=codicia=, greed, covetousness +*=darsele a uno de una cosa=, to matter +=desgraciado=, unfortunate +=deslumbrar=, to dazzle +=factura simulada=, pro forma invoice +=fiesta del comercio=, bank holiday +=fomento=, development, encouragement +*=hacer impresion=, to impress +=hacienda=, finance, property +=(no) perdonar nada=, to leave no stone unturned +=proxima=, near, approaching +*=regir=, to rule, to govern, to control +=sacar=, to pull out, to get out +=sin perjuicio de=, excepting +*=tener a su cargo=, to have in charge +*=tener en poco=, to think little of + + + EXERCISE 1 (81). + +Translate into English-- + +1. El Gobierno en Espana se compone de ocho ministerios. + +2. El Ministerio de Estado trata de las relaciones de Espana con los +demas Estados y corresponde al "Foreign Office" ingles. + +3. El de Gracia y Justicia tiene a su cargo todos los asuntos relativos +a la Administracion de Justicia y alorden eclesiastico. + +4. El de la Guerra que es lo mismo que nuestro "War Office." + +5. El de Hacienda, el Ministerio de Marina, el Ministerio de la +Gobernacion (Ministry of the Interior) que vigila y dirige todos los +negocios y asuntos propios del Gobierno y administracion civil del +Estado, asi generales como locales, sin perjuicio de las atribuciones de +los ayuntamientos y Diputaciones provinciales, el Ministerio de Fomento +(Ministry of P. Works) que rige todo lo relative a la agricultura, +industria, comercio, obras, publicas, montes (forests), minas, y +estadisticas. + +6. Este corresponde mas o menos al ingles "Board of Trade;" y el +Ministerio de Instruccion Publica y Bellas Artes que tiene a su cargo +cuanto se refiere a la ensenanza, bellas artes, archivos, bibliotecas, y +museos, y que representa aproximadamente al "Board of Education." + + + EXERCISE 2 (82). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. It is I who shall leave for Paris (saldre para) now that the matter +is arranged. + +2. I am going out as I hear somebody calling me. + +3. Go, but do not be long. + +4. Yesterday you went for a few minutes but it was an hour before you +returned (no volvio antes de). + +5. We have just heard of his approaching visit to England. + +6. It happened to be on a bank holiday and our offices (oficinas) were +of course closed on that day. + +7. We shall be glad if you will kindly instruct (de instrucciones a) +your cashier to pay our account. + +8. We have the pleasure of enclosing the pro forma invoices. + +9. I am incapable of so much greed. + +10. I am sorry to have to tell you that the cargo by the s.s. "Maria" +was lost through the vessel stranding (por haber varado) on (en) the +Spanish coast. + +11. Coming back from having seen (a vuelta de haber visto) the machine +working (en funcion) he told us how favourably impressed he had been. + +12. He was dazzled by the brilliant prospects set before him. + +13. This is nothing to me. + +14. There is nothing or very little to be got out of that firm. + +15. I have left no stone unturned to squeeze something out of this +unfortunate business but it has been of no avail. + +16. He thinks nothing of our work. + + + + + LESSON XLII. + (Leccion cuadragesima segunda.) + + THE VERB (_contd_.). + + +_Caer_ has several idiomatic uses-- + +Este vestido le cae bien: This dress fits her well. +Caer en gracia: To fall into the good graces of one. +La puerta cae a oriente: The door is on the east side. +Ya caigo, ya caigo en ello: Now I understand. +Caerse redondo: To fall flat. + + +_Dar_-- + +Dar en el clavo (= acertar): To hit it. +Dar por concedido, dar de barato: To grant for the sake of argument. +Lo doy por bueno: I consider it as good. +Dar los naipes: To deal cards. +Dar la enhorabuena, el pesame, los buenos dias: To congratulate, to + condole with, to wish good day. +Dar la hora: To strike the hour. +Dar en caprichos: To give oneself up to whims. +Dar en un error: To incur an error. +Darse preso: To give oneself up. +Darse al estudio: To apply or devote oneself to study. +Dar a creer: To make believe. +Dar con una persona: To come across a person. +No se me da nada: I do not care a bit. +Ahi me las den todas: I do not care a bit. + +Many other idioms are formed with _dar_ for which a good dictionary +should be consulted. + + +_Dejar de_--to cease from, to omit, to fail to. + +Dejemos de hablar: Let us cease talking. +Dejo de hacerme la remesa que me habia prometido: He omitted to send me + the remittance he promised me. +No dejare de ejecutar su orden: I shall not fail to execute your order. + + +_Echar_ (to throw) forms also many idioms for which the dictionary +should be consulted-- + +Echar a correr, a reir, etc.: To start running, laughing, etc. +Echar a perder: To spoil, to ruin. +Echar de beber: To pour out drink. +Echar de ver: To perceive, to notice. +Esto se echa de ver: This is obvious. +Echar menos or de menos: To miss, to feel the want of. +Echar la llave, el cerrojo, la tranca: To lock, to bolt, to bar (the + door). +Echar la culpa: To lay the blame. +Echar mano: To lay hold, to lay hands upon. +Echar un cigarillo, un puro: To smoke a cigarette, a cigar. + + +_Estar_--"to be." + +Estar en que: To be of opinion. +Estar por: To be in favour of. +Estar para: To be on the point of. +Estar por hacer: To be yet to be done. + + +_Faltar_--"to fail," "to be wanting." + +Falto a la promesa: He failed to his promise. +Me faltan cinco duros: I am short of five dollars. +N.B.--"Me hacen falta cinco duros" is "I need five dollars." + +_Guardarse de_--"to take care" (to guard against). + +It carries with it a negative meaning. + +Me guardare bien de hacerlo: I shall take care _not_ to do it. ("I shall +take care to do it" would be translated "cuidare de hacerlo.") + +_Hacerse, Ponerse, Volverse, Llegar a ser_, translate the English "to +become," when this is not rendered by turning the English adjective into +a verb, as-- + +Se hizo todo un ingles: He became quite an Englishman. +Se puso colorado: He became red in the face. +Se volvio loco de contento: He became mad with joy. +Llego a ser famoso: He became famous. +Se enriquecio: He became rich. + + +_Hacer_ (_or mandar_) _hacer una cosa_--"to have a thing done." + +Me hice enviar los bultos: I had the packages sent to me. +Hice escribir una carta: I had a letter written. + + +_Llevar_--"to carry," "to wear." +Llevar a mal: To take amiss. +Llevarse bien con todos: To get on with everybody. +Llevarse chasco: To be disappointed. +Llevese V. estos valores: Take these securities with you. + +_Meter bulla_--"to make a noise," "to shout," "to clamour." + +_Volver_ (to return, i.e., to come or go again) is used before an +infinitive to denote a repetition of its action-- + +Volver a decir: To say again. +Decir otra vez: To say again. +Decir de nuevo: To say again. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abonar=, to speak for a person, to recommend +=actas=, deeds (writings) +=amen de=, besides +=apenas=, barely, scarcely +*=arrepentirse=, to repent +=bergantin=, brig +=concluir un trato=, to strike a bargain +=contramaestre de filatura=, master spinner +=conveniente para=, becoming +=cregueelas=, osnaburgs +=crespones=, crepons +*=dar cuenta=, to report +=destajista=, contractor +=discutir=, to discuss +=dobladillo de ojo (con)=, hemstitched +=empenar=, to engage +=en regla=, in order +=escrito=, writing (_n._), letter +*=exponerse a=, to expose oneself to, to encounter +=fidedigno=, trustworthy +=fracasar=, to fall through +=goleta=, schooner +=hundimiento=, subsidence +=panuelos de luto=, black-bordered handkerchiefs +*=poner pleito=, to bring an action +=posicion=, position, standing +*=probar fortuna=, to try one's luck +=proceder= (_n_.), proceeding, behaviour +=redactar=, to draw up (deeds), to write out +=repulgados, dobladillados=, hemmed +=suelo=, ground, soil +=telas rizadas=, crimps +=vencer=, to win, to fall due + + + EXERCISE 1 (83). + +Translate into English-- + +1. En contestacion a su estimada carta pesanos (we are sorry) deberles +notificar que hasta ahora no hemos podido dar con los crespones que nos +han pedido. + +2. Obra en nuestro poder su apreciable del 3 del que rige con orden para +cregueelas, panuelos de algodon de luto, dobladillados (_or_ repulgados) +y panuelos de lino con dobladillo de ojo, y no dejaremos de darles +cuenta detallada de lo que hayamos hecho, en nuestro proximo escrito. + +3. El destajista echo a construir pero abandono la obra a medio hacer. + +4. Estamos en que se arrepintio de su contrato y nuestros Directores +estan por ponerle pleito. + +5. Escriben de Brasil que les hace falta un contramaestre de filatura. + +6. Conozco a un joven que deberia ser competente pero me guardare de +empenarle sin obtener informes fidedignos que le abonen. + +7. De resultas de un hundimiento en el suelo sufrio danos de importancia +el cuerpo del edificio amen de haberse caido la chimenea. + +8. La goleta y el bergantin temen exponerse al fuerte viento. + + + EXERCISE 2 (84). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. He wants to make us believe that the price at which he sold them +barely covers his cost. + +2. I do not care whether he gains or loses; I have ceased to take an +interest in his affairs. + +3. Now I understand, and I shall not fail to take care not to do it in +future. + +4. He started laughing, and there the matter ended (asi se acabo la +cosa). + +5. He was on the point of striking a bargain with him, but it fell +through at the last moment and now everything is to be discussed again. + +6. He failed to present himself at the creditors' meeting, and he has +therefore forfeited (perdido) his right of opposition (de oponerse). + +7. He became very cautious after the experience he had. + +8. He became very rich by his fortunate deals (especulaciones) in +railway shares. + +9. The bill falls due on the 15th inst. + +10. This proceeding is not becoming a firm of your standing. + +11. The deeds are not in order: please do not take amiss my requesting +you to have them drawn up again. + +12. I expected to see him, but I was disappointed. + +13. Do not clamour so much, and try your luck again. + + + + + LESSON XLIII. + (Leccion cuadragesima tercera.) + + THE VERB (_contd._). + + +The English verbs "shall," "will," "should," "would," "may," "might," +when used as auxiliary verbs (viz., as mere signs of the future tense, +conditional or subjunctive moods respectively) are rendered by the +corresponding terminations of the Spanish verb[195]-- + +I shall go: Ire. +Thou wilt go: Iras. +We should go: Iriamos. +You would go: Vs. irian. +I hope he may succeed: Deseo que tenga buen exito. +I wished he might come: Deseaba que viniese. + +[Footnote 195: "Shall," "should," "will," "would," are also rendered by +the Subjunctive Mood when according to the Spanish rules the verb should +be Subjunctive. Example-- + + It is (was) possible that he will (would) have to work late: + Es (era) posible que tenga (tuviese) que trabajar tarde.] + + +When they are used as principal verbs they are translated by _Deber_ +(shall, should), _Querer_ (will and would), and _Poder_ (may and might), +as-- + +You shall go: V. debe ir. +You may speak: V. puede hablar. +I will not buy more: No quiero comprar mas. +You should accept our terms: Vs. deberian[196] aceptar nuestras + condiciones. + +We would willingly see that done: Quisieramos mucho verlo hacer. + +[Footnote 196: The Imperfect Indicative _debia, podia, queria,_ is often +used for "deberia," "podria," and "querria." This occurs also with other +verbs, colloquially: Yo se lo daba si estuviese aqui _for_ Yo selo daria +si estuviese aqui.] + + +"Can" is translated by the pres. or future of _Poder_-- + +I can do it now: Puedo hacerlo ahora. +I can do it next month: Puedo _or_ Podre hacerlo el mes proximo. + +"Could" is translated by the imperfect indicative or the conditional +mood of _Poder_-- + +I did it whenever I could: Lo hacia siempre que podia. +I could do it if I had the necessary means: Podria hacerlo si tuviese +los medics necesarios. + +"Would," meaning "used to," is, of course, translated by the imperfect +indicative-- + +When he was in Paris he would sit in the cafes for hours: Cuando estaba +en Paris se pasaba horas enteras en los cafes. + +"Should he do," etc., is translated "if he should do," etc. (si lo +hiciese).[197] + +"If I were to go" is translated "if I went" (si fuese). + +[Footnote 197: After _si_ (if--Conditional) the verb is present +indicative or imperfect subjunctive (see Lesson XXIV).] + + +"Can" is translated by _saber_ when the faculty expressed is the result +of _learning_, as-- + +Can you play the piano? ?Sabe V. tocar el pianoforte? + +"To be to," "to have to" are translated by _Tener que, Haber de_ or +_Deber_ (see Lesson XXVII), as-- + +Who is to write out that invoice? ?Quien ha de (debe) escribir aquella + factura? +I have to be very careful: He de ser muy cuidadoso. +I shall have to work hard: Tendro que trabajar fuerte. + +"Let" as a principal verb is translated by _dejar_ or _permitir;_ as an +auxiliary it corresponds to the Spanish imperative mood-- + +Let him speak: Dejele V. hablar, or Permitale V. que hable. +Let him ask for it and we shall give it to him: Pidalo (_or_ que lo +pida) y se lo daremos. + +"To let (or hire) a house"--"alquilar (una casa)"--I have let my house: +He alquilado mi casa. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=abogar por=, to plead for +=acoger=, to receive +=agasajar=, to welcome +=apurar=, to clear up, to investigate +=arrancar=, to wrench, to pull out, also to date from +*=atender a=, to attend +=clases nocturnas=, evening classes +=condiciones=, terms +*=convenir en=, to agree, to acquiesce +=cruzados=, twills[198] +=culpado=, at fault +*=despedir=, to dismiss +=destenido=, faded +=detallado=, detailed, circumstantial +=estrenar=, to use or wear a thing for the first time +=estrenarse=, to commence, to make a start +=farditos=, trusses[199] +=fiados, book debts +=el idioma, la lengua=, language +=malversar=, to embezzle +=nansus=, nainsooks +=negociado=, division (Gov. Office) +=oportunidad=,, opportunity, chance +=pagare=, promissory note, bill +=parte=, report +=perfeccionar=, to perfect +=por poder=, per pro +=tiro, largura=, length +=tomar vuelo=, to develop, to increase + +[Footnote 198: Also Aterlizados, asargados, diagonales.] + +[Footnote 199: Small bales.] + + + EXERCISE 1 (85). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Quiso acogerme generosamente en su casa, en donde fui atendido y +agasajado durante el tiempo de mi estancia en X. + +2. Le agradeceria de veras una orden pues aun no me he estrenado hoy, y +V. deberia darmela pues me la tiene prometida. + +3. Los cruzados y los nansus se han puesto en farditos y estos se han +empacado cada cuatro en un fardo. + +4. Avisamos a Vs. el envio por correo, de cortes (cuttings) de toda la +serie y observaran que son telas de muy buena vista (very sightly) y se +pueden pedir en cualquier tiro. + +5. Les aconsejamos no tarden en colocar sus pedidos para lo que +necesiten. + +6. Este negocio tomara mucho vuelo con el tiempo (in time). + +7. Arrancan de muchos anos los abuses que se cometen en ese Negociado. + +8. Se han malversado cantidades de importancia. + +9. El Ministro esta ocupado en apurar los hechos, estando decidido a +castigar severamente a los que resultaran culpados. + + + EXERCISE 2 (86). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I shall make out a list of my book debts. + +2. You would break (faltaria a) your word if you did not plead for him. + +3. He should explain his conduct, otherwise he will be dismissed. + +4. We shall oblige (contentar) him, but it must be under certain +conditions. + +5. He is sending me to the Court (Tribunal) that I may watch (seguir) +that interesting case (proceso). + +6. He sent his nephew here that he might learn our business methods +(metodos comerciales) and perfect his knowledge of the English language. + +7. You may see for yourself (V. mismo) that the state of the market will +not justify (no justifica) buying (el comprar) at present. + +8. They might be a little easier in their dealings. + +9. Can you claim an indemnity for non-fulfilment of contract? + +10. They could square up the account by signing[200] promissory notes at +4 and 6 months' time. + +11. They ought to forewarn their agents. + +12. He would insist on saying we were in the wrong. + +13. Should they acquiesce to the terms of the arrangements, we authorise +you to sign it per pro. + +14. Had he known the cloth was faded he would not have taken receipt of +(admitido) the bale. + +15. Mr. Gomez is to visit the Estate (terreno) and send a circumstancial +report. + +16. I shall let him attend (asistir a) the evening classes at the +Manchester School of Technology. + +17. It is only fair that (es muy justo que) he should have a chance of +mastering (aprender a fondo) the art of spinning and weaving. + +18. If he would only devote (si a lo menos dedicase) his attention (to +it). + +[Footnote 200: See page 162.] + + + + + LESSON XLIV. + (Leccion cuadragesima cuarta.) + + THE ADVERB. + + +The natural position of the adverb is after the verb, as-- + +El convendria de muy buena gana: He would willingly consent. + +But a great liberty is allowed in this respect, as-- + +Seguramente firmaria el endoso: He would certainly sign the endorsement. + +Siempre se lo voy repitiendo: I keep always repeating it to him. + +_Mucho_ is the only adverb which does not generally admit of "very" for +the superlative; it takes _isimo_ instead. However "muy mucho" is found, +especially when used jocularly. + +To the adverbs given in Lesson XXVIII we add the following adverbs and +adverbial locutions-- + +A la noche (at night) +A manos llenas (profusely) +A ojos cegarritas (blindly) +A ojos vistas (obviously) +A pie juntillas (firmly) +A rienda suelta (recklessly) +A todo escape (at full speed) +Ayer tarde _or_ por la tarde (yesterday evening) +Cuanto antes (as soon as possible) +De buena, mala gana (willingly, unwillingly) +De buenas a buenas (willingly) +De buenas a primeras (at first sight, straight away) +De hoy en quince (to-day fortnight) +Hoy hace quince dias (just a fortnight ago) +De proposito (on purpose) +De tiempo en tiempo (from time to time) +Dia si, y otro no (every other day) +Manana por la manana (to-morrow morning) +Nunca jamas (never--emphatic) +Para siempre jamas (for ever and ever) +Pasado manana (the day after to-morrow) +Por mal (bien) que (however badly (well)) +Por poco (nearly, but for little) +Tal cual vez (once in a while) + +EXAMPLES-- + +Nunca jamas en la vida he hecho esto: _Never_ in my life have I done +this. + +Por poco se rompio la cabeza: He nearly broke his head. +Por mal que le salga: Badly as it may turn out for him. + +Adverbs ending in _mente_ are often substituted by _con_ with a noun, +as-- + +Con lujo--lujosamente (luxuriantly). +Con dificultad--dificilmente (with difficulty). + +This, of course, is found also in English but is more frequently done in +Spanish. + +_Recientemente_ is generally abbreviated into _recien_ before a past +participle, as-- + +El recien llegado (the newly arrived). +El recien venido (the newly arrived). +El recien nacido (the new born). + +_Aqui, aca, alli, alla._ + +_Aqui_ and _alli_ are more circumscribed than _aca_ and _alla_-- + +Venga aca cuando necesite algo: Come here when you want anything. +Alla, en su tierra esto se hace: There in your country this is done. +Aqui estoy y aqui me quedo: Here I am, and here I remain. +Ponga este paquete alli: Put this packet there. + +_Ahi_--there (near the person spoken to[201]) also means your city, your +country, there (in correspondence). + +[Footnote 201: Rule not strictly observed.] + +Si los precios ahi son razonables podra hacerse mucho negocio: If prices +over there are reasonable, a large business can be done. + +_Por ahi_ = about. + +?Cuantos habia? ?40? Por ahi: How many were there? 40? About that +number. + + +_No_ is used often redundantly-- + +Mejor es sufrir que no hacer sufrir: It is better to suffer than to make +others suffer. + +Temo que no llegue demasiado temprano[202]: I am afraid he will arrive +too early. + +[Footnote 202: This sentence is ambiguous, because it might mean the +opposite: Temo que no llegue demasiado temprano sino demasiado tarde. +The tone of the voice must be relied upon or a different construction +must be used.] + + +=Venir (to come)=. + +_Pres. Part., _Viniendo. +_Pres. Indic., _Vengo, vienes, viene,--,--, vienen. +_Pres. Subj., _Venga, vengas, venga, vengamos, vengais, vengan. +_Imper. Mood, _Ven ... +_Past Def., _Vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinisteis, vinieron. +_Fut. Indic., _Vendre, vendras, vendra, vendremos, vendreis, vendran; + + + VOCABULARY. + +=a ciegas, a ojos cegarritas=, blindly +=agotar=, to drain, to exhaust +=al amor de=, near, beside +=aparentar=, to appear +=basto=, common, inferior, coarse +=de bien a mejor=, better and better +=cabal=, upright, just +=de cabo a rabo=, from top to bottom rom end to end +=el efectivo=, the cash, the money +=en efectivo, en metalico=, in cash +=enterarse=, to get to know +=escuchar=, to listen +=esquela=, note +=etiqueta=, rotulo, ticket, label +=hombre llano=, sincere, rough-and-ready man +=loza=, crockery +=medida=, measurement +=medrar=, to prosper +*=ponerse a sus anchas=, to make oneself comfortable +=porcelana=, china +=quebranto=, mishap, misfortune, loss +*=salir en=, to come up to +=silla=, chair +=solicitado=, sought after +=un si es no es=, just a trifle +*=venir a menos=, to come down in the world, to decline +=vidriado=, glassware + + + EXERCISE 1 (87). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Desde nuestra ultima revista no se puede decir que haya habido mucha +variacion en nuestro mercado aunque se nota algo mas de firmeza y los +precios aparentan ser un si es no es mas caros. + +2. Siempre solicitados los generos bastos a precios baratos. + +3. Entregue la esquela al anciano senor quien, sentado al amor del +fuego, la leyo de cabo a rabo y, como hombre llano que es me dijo de +buenas a primeras que no queriendo obrar a ciegas, daria su contestacion +en un par (couple) de dias. + +4. ?Sabia V. que la casa Fernandez habia venido tan a menos? + +5. No, no me habia enterado, la tuve siempre por casa fabricante de +loza, porcelana, y vidriado, cuyos negocios iban de bien a mejor. + +6. Medraron al principio pero ya han decaido mucho. + +7. Lo siento de veras. Es muy de deplorar porque el Sr. Fernandez es +hombre muy cabal. + +8. Invirtio una porcion de dinero en el ferrocarril aereo (overhead) de +N.; eso tambien le causo algun quebranto. + +9. Pobrecito, no le faltaba mas (that was the last stroke). + +10. iQue[203] barato es esto! + +[Footnote 203: Que before an adjective = how. (Cuan can also be used.)] + + + EXERCISE 2 (88). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. I would gladly accede to your request if it were in my power. + +2. We are always impressing upon (llamando la atencion de) our +warehousemen the importance of marking the measurement on the tickets. + +3. Besides being loose (fugitives) colours they are not half so (nada +tan) bright as they should be. + +4. They advertise profusely and from time to time they issue new +illustrated catalogues. + +5. Soon (cuanto antes) they will start (principiaran a) issuing them in +foreign languages. + +6. I never saw a better kept set of books (libros). + +7. I was nearly caught in the India Rubber boom, but fortunately I +managed to get off (pude librarme) without burning my fingers (cogerme +los dedos). + +8. Come here, my friend, and listen to me. + +9. Here in England things are managed (se hacen) on a different basis +altogether (de una manera enteramente distinta). + +10. Take that chair there and make yourself comfortable. + +11. How much do you require (le hace falta), L100? + +12. About that. + +13. I was afraid (que no) you were going to ask me for more and that +would have drained all our available (que tenemos) cash. + +14. How much will the packages come to? + +15. Say (digamos) L100 averaging one with the other (calculando uno con +otro). + + + + + LESSON XLV. + (Leccion cuadragesima quinta.) + + THE PREPOSITION. + + +One word should not be used in Spanish governed by two different +prepositions, as-- + +He is an admirer of and a contributor to the "Times": Es admirador del +"Times" y colabora en ese periodico. + +The man I spoke with and wrote to: El hombre con quien hable y al cual +escribi. + + +However, we find the same construction as in English in cases of +_antithesis_, as-- + +Con o sin el: With or without him. + +El billete cuesta 20 pesetas desde o hasta Madrid: The ticket is 20 +ptas. from or to Madrid. + + +The Spanish Academy condemns this use, however. + +As will have been noticed before, a preposition governing a word cannot +be used _after_ the word it governs, as-- + +The work[204] which I referred to: La obra a la cual referi. + +[Footnote 204: Work, artistic, literary, scientific--"obra." Work, +manual, or mental--"trabajo."] + + +The preposition _con_ followed by an infinitive translates the English +"by," followed by the present participle-- + +Con ensenar se aprende: By teaching one learns. + + +The preposition _desde_ refers to "distance of time or space," as-- + +He marchado desde mi casa: I walked from my house. + +However, _desde_ may be used instead of _de_ before names of countries +or cities-- + +Me escribieron desde Barcelona: They wrote me from Barcelona. + + +_Para_ may be used together with _con_ = "towards"-- + +Fue muy bueno conmigo, para mi, _or_ para conmigo. + +"_En_ acabando[205] lo hare" has the meaning of "I shall do it as soon +as I have finished." + +[Footnote 205: _En_ is the only preposition which may govern a pres. +participle, generally with the meaning given above.] + + +We add the following idiomatic uses of _Por_ and _Para_ to what we said +about these two prepositions in Lesson XXIX: + +_Por_ may translate "on behalf of," "for the sake of," "in favour of," +"during," "through"-- + +Hablo por el proyecto de ley: He spoke in favour of the bill. +Se presento por la casa: He appeared on behalf of the firm. +Por la paz y buena armonia concedemos lo que V. pide: For the sake of + peace we allow what you ask. +Les sirvio por cinco anos: He served them during five years. +Trabaja por la manana: He works during (in) the morning. +Vino por Paris: He came through Paris. +Cotizar por un articulo: To quote for an article. +Yo por mi (_or_ por mi parte) prefiero comprar al contado: I, for one, + prefer to buy for cash. +Por[206] rico que sea, no tendra suficientes recursos: No matter how + rich he is, he will not have sufficient means. +Es demasiado avaro por ser tan rico: for such a rich man, he is too + miserly. +Caro por caro prefiero generos ingleses: If I have to pay a dear price, + I prefer English goods. +Por si o por no: In any case, should it be so or not. +Ir (venir) por: To go (come) for. +Enviar por el medico: To send for the doctor. +Por holgazan perdio el empleo: He lost his employment through laziness. +Por bien o por mal: Willy-nilly. +Vendre por la Navidad: I shall come by Christmas. +Por si acaso: In case that. + +[Footnote 206: _Por_ has always this meaning before an adjective or +adverb.] + + +No sirve para mas: He is good for nothing else. +Venir para la Pentecostes: To come for Whitsuntide. +Esto no es para menos: The thing (or occasion) is worth it. +Para espanol (_or_ por ser espanol) es muy alto: He is very tall for a + Spaniard. +Tener grande consideracion para este hombre: To have great respect for + this man. +Dar pedidos para ferreteria, olleria, y maquinaria: To give orders for + ironware, hollow-ware and machinery. +Es demasiado avaro para ser tan rico: He is too miserly to be so rich. + +_Sin_--"without"-- + +Poseia L10,000 sin los bienes raices que heredo de su padre: +He owned L10,000 besides the real property he inherited from his father. + +_Segun_--"according to"-- + +Segun y como: That depends. + +_So_ instead of _bajo_ is used in the following expressions-- + +So capa de: Under the cloak of. + +So pretexto de: Under the pretext of. + +And in a few other such phrases. + + + VOCABULARY. + +=acabado, aderezo=, finish (cloth) +=acolchados=, quiltings +=admitir=, to admit, to accept +=agente exclusivo=, sole agent +=alfombradas=, carpetings +=a no ser asi=, were it not so, otherwise +=anclar=, to anchor +=arreglo=, agreement +=bajista=, bearish (exchange) +=cablegrama=, cablegram, cable +=capataz=, foreman +=conceder=, to grant +=coquillos=, jeans +=disposicion=, disposition, disposal +=empenarse=, to pledge oneself +=en su ramo=, in your line +=exclusividad=, exclusive sale +=fama=, fame, reputation, name +=frazadas de algodon=, cotton blankets +=lento=, remiss +=nombrar=, to appoint +=palo de mesana=, mizzen mast +=palo mayor=, main mast +=por escrito=, in writing +=postergar=, to put off, to delay +=proveerse=, to supply oneself +=tapetes=, carpet rugs +*=tener inconveniente=, to have an objection +=tomar en consideracion=, to take into consideration, to entertain +=trinquete=, foremast + + + EXERCISE 1 (89). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Con ser abiertamente (manifestly) bajista la especulacion, las +acciones mineras se han sostenido. + +2. Desde Barcelona ha llegado un radiograma avisando que habia anclado +en ese puerto el vapor "Cibeles" con el trinquete roto y el palo mayor y +el de mesana tambien danados. + +3. El jefe es muy bondadoso para con sus empleados. + +4. Dos cajas de coquillos y una de panuelos de andrinopolis (turkey red) +nos vinieron por Burdeos (Bordeaux), los acolchados, las alfombradas, +los tapetes y las frazadas de algodon se embarcaron por mar. + +5. Por la buena fama de su casa no deberia postergar por mas tiempo el +pago. + +6. Por si o por no mejor seria proveerse. + +7. El capataz fue al Director por ordenes. + +8. Por bien o por mal tendra que admitir los generos pues se han +fabricado por su cuenta y tenemos su orden por escrito para ellos. + +9. Se alarmo mucho, pues el asunto no era para menos. + +10. Para genero de algodon el acabado (or aderezo) es todo lo que se +puede desear. + +11. Por ser genero de algodon esta tela es de muy buena vista. + +12. Es demasiado barato para ser de lana. + +13. Si desea V. obtener ordenes debe tener mucha consideracion para los +corresponsales. + +14. No puedo prometerle entrega para 1 deg. de Junio exactamente, pero hare +por efectuarla por esa fecha. + +15. ?Conoce V. el refran: "No hay mal que por bien no venga"? (It is an +ill wind that blows nobody good.) + + + EXERCISE 2 (90). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. This sample looks very nice for an imitation. + +2. It being in your line, I thought I ought to give you the first chance +(hacerle la primera oferta) in case it would tempt you (por si acaso le +animara a comprar). + +3. To begin with you would have to engage the cloth to us (darnos la +exclusividad). + +4. I have no objection provided you guarantee a certain turnover +(venta). + +5. He was appointed sole agent for the whole of Mexico through the +recommendation of his brother-in-law, and his agreement with the firm is +for 3 years certain (fijos). + +6. That will bring him (le producira) L500 a year if it brings him a +penny (por lo menos). + +7. Being such an important concern (casa) they do not pay their staff +very handsomely (generosamente). + +8. They are too remiss with (en) their payments to be such important +people. + +9. I very nearly pledged myself to grant him the exclusive sale of my +article. + +10. These are his instructions for the disposal of his goods + +11. However clear they may be, we must have his cable confirmed by a +letter. + +12. Therefore we cannot entertain your offer for the present. + +13. It cannot be helped, otherwise (Tenga paciencia, si fuese posible) +we would do everything for you. + + + + + LESSON XLVI. + (Leccion cuadragesima sexta.) + + THE PREPOSITION (_contd._) + + +To the uses of _Por_ must be added the following (optional)-- + +After the following verbs: + +Agradecer (por) el favor: To be grateful or to be thankful for the +favour. + +Aguardar _or_ esperar (por) alguno: To wait for somebody. + +Pedir (por) una cosa: To ask for (request) something. + +Preguntar (por) una cosa: To ask for (to inquire about) something. + +He pagado por el cinco chelines _or_ lo he pagado cinco chelines: I paid +five shillings for it. + +Buscar (por) alguno o alguna cosa: To look for somebody or something. + +Dispensar (por) el error: To excuse the error. + +Further uses of the Spanish prepositions different from the English, and +forming idioms-- + +A caballo (on horseback) +A ciegas (blindly) +A consecuencia de esto (in consequence of this) +A deshora (inopportunely) +A duras penas (with great efforts) +A esconditas (covertly) +A fe de caballero (upon the word of a gentleman) +A gatas (on all fours) +A hurtadillas (stealthily) +A la espanola (in the Spanish fashion) +A la mesa (at table) +Al antojo de uno (after one's fancy) +A la tarde (in the afternoon) +A la verdad (in truth) +Al descuido y con cuidado (studiously careless) +A lo largo del rio (along the river) +A lo que parece (to all appearances) +Hecho a maquina (made by machinery) +A pie (on foot) +A poco de escribir (shortly after having commenced writing) +A proposito (opportunely, a propos) +A reganadientes (reluctantly) +A saberlo yo (had I known it) +A sangre fria (in cold blood) +A sus anchas, anchuras (at one's ease) +A tiro de canon (within cannon shot) +Es mas habil que yo, con mucho (he is cleverer than I by far) +Con ser amigo y todo (although he be a friend) +Contra el norte (facing the north) +De ano en ano (from year to year) +De balde (for nothing, gratis) +De bobilis (without effort) +De broma (in jest) +De buenas a buenas (willingly) +De buenas a primeras (straight away) +De capa caida (crestfallen) +De contado (of course) +De dia, etc. (by day, etc.) +De jaleo (on the spree) +De luto (in mourning) +De mejor en mejor (from better to better) +iAy _or_ Infeliz de mi! (woe to me!) +De miedo (through fear) +Anteojos de oro (gold spectacles) +De patitas (on shanks' pony) +De peor en peor (from bad to worse) +De perillas (venir) (quite opportunely, a propos) +El picaruelo de Perico (that young rascal Perico) +De pies a cabeza (from head to foot) +De puntillas (on tiptoe) +De repente (suddenly) +Del todo (at all) +De veras (in truth) +Dos a dos (two by two) +Esta en casa (he is at home) +En estas condiciones (under these conditions) +En senal de aprecio (as a mark of esteem) +Entrecano (gray-haired) +Entre dos aguas (doubtful, perplexed) +Entre la espada y la pared (between the devil and the deep sea) +Nos dio 5 pesetas para repartir entre yo[207] y mi hermano + (he gave us 5 pesetas to be divided between my brother and me) +Hasta la vista (good-bye for the present) +Hasta los animales tienen gratitud (even animals feel gratitude) +Sobre las diez (at about ten o'clock) +Tiene sobre los treinta (he is about thirty years old) +Sobre mas 6 menos (a little more or less) +Tras la perdida el escarnio (besides the loss the scoffing) + +[Footnote 207: _Entre_ is generally followed by the nominative case +unless it means "to" as--Dijo entre si. He said to himself.] + +About different prepositions used in Spanish and English after certain +verbs, see also Appendix V. + +The following are the principal compound prepositions-- + +Acerca de (relating to, concerning) +A despecho de (in spite of) +A pesar de (in spite of) +Antes de (before--in point of time) +Cerca de (near) +Junto a (near) +Conforme a (according to) +Con respecto a (with respect to) +Respecto de (with respect to) +Debajo de (under) +Dentro de (inside) +Despues de (after) +Encima de (on, or over) +En cuanto a (as to) +En frente de (opposite) +Frente a (opposite) +En lugar de (instead of) +En vez de (opposite) + + + VOCABULARY. + +=acordonado=, corded +=agujas=, needles +=alechugado=, frilled +=alemaniscos=, linen damasks +=alfileres=, pins +=antojo=, whim, caprice +=arbitro=, arbitrator +=arreglado=, reasonable (price) +=arrollar=, to roll +=batas=, wrappers (ladies') +=bodega=, cellar, also hold (ship) +=chales=, shawls +=dedales=, thimbles +=desinteresarse=, to abandon +*=desplegar=, to unfold +=dictamen=, award, decision +=entrepuentes=, between decks +=festoneados=, scalloped +=gratificacion=, gratuity +=guarniciones, adornos=, trimmings +=lanillas para banderas=, buntings +=listados de algodon=, cotton stripes +=logro=, attainment +=ovillos de algodon=, cotton balls +=panol, carbonera=, bunker (ships') +=pintura=, paint +=rehusar=, to decline +=sabanas=, bed sheets +=subasta=, auction +=tablillas=, boards +=tablones=, planks +=terliz=, ticking +=terreno=, land, property +=trencilla=, braid + + + EXERCISE 1 (91). + +Translate into English-- + +1. Agradezco (por) el interes demostrado a mi amigo y la actividad +desplegada en facilitarle el logro de sus fines. + +2. Hemos dado diez mil duros por este terreno y no lo hemos pagado +demasiado caro. + +3. No puede V. rehusar los alemaniscos y quedarse con los generos para +sabanas y los terlices, a su antojo. + +4. A la verdad las agujas y alfileres han resultado algo caros como +tambien los dedales pero las trencillas, guarniciones, y ovillos de +algodon son a precio muy arreglado. + +5. Vino muy a deshora y a poco de haberse sentado nos declaro que no +esperaria. + +6. Estos chales a 4 chelines y estos listados de algodon a 5 peniques la +yarda son de balde, no lo decimos de broma. + +7. Accedio a nuestra propuesta de buenas a buenas y de buenas a primeras +nos deposito la suma de 1,000 francos. + +8. Los fondos austriacos van de peor en peor y por eso esta nuestro +parroquiano de capa caida. + +9. En tales condiciones preferimos desinteresarnos del proyecto. + +10. Estuvimos entre dos aguas por algun tiempo, pero una vez puestos +entre la espada y la pared (once we are so hard pressed) no nos queda +mas sino hablar claro, y ilo dicho! + + + EXERCISE 2 (92). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. They await the result of the inquiry (informacion). + +2. We forward you the papers relating to the Arbitrator's award. + +3. He paid for the Buntings 5d. a yard. + +4. In consequence of your having outstepped (excedido) our instructions, +we must decline all responsibility with respect to delivery. + +5. We have put boards inside the pieces according to our usual custom; +we did not know you wanted them rolled. + +6. Our new offices will be next to the Oil and Paint Stores (almacen), +and opposite the General Post Office (casa de correos). + +7. The planks used under the bales for dunnage (la estiva) were sold +almost for nothing, in spite of our request to hold them at our +disposal. + +8. The steamer can carry 4,000 bales a little more or less if she fills +her holds and takes cargo between decks. + +9. She will take that quite easily and a few hundred bales more in her +bunkers. + +10. As a mark of our appreciation (estima) we authorize a gratuity to +the Captain of L5. + +11. The salvage (salvamento) has been sold partly by auction and partly +by private treaty. + +12. To all appearances the corded and frilled wrappers are superior to +the scalloped. + + + + + LESSON XLVII. + (Leccion cuadragiesima septima.) + + THE CONJUNCTION. + + +_Si_ (if and whether). + +_Si_ used for "whether" may be followed by a verb in any mood and tense +as in English-- + +No se si habra buena cosecha este ano: I do not know whether there will +be a good crop this year. + +No pudo, _or_ supo, decirme si me entregaria los pagares para la fecha +convenida: He could not tell me whether he would be able to hand me the +promissory notes for the date agreed upon. + +_Si_ used as the conditional "if," is followed by the verb in the +present indicative or imperfect subjunctive, as-- + +Si viene hoy le pagare: If he comes to-day, I shall pay him. + +Si viene manana le pagare[208]: If he comes to-morrow I shall pay him. + +Le dije que si viniese le pagaria: I told him that if he came I should +pay him. + +[Footnote 208: When the action refers to the future the "future +subjunctive" may be used instead, but this is rarely done. _It +emphasises the uncertainty._] + + +The sense will determine the tense to be used. + +Notice the following idiomatic uses of _si_ (not conditional)-- + +Si soy (fui) malo! Well, I am (was) wicked! +iSi sera (seria) tan necia! Can (could) she be so foolish! +?Si vendria? I wonder will he come! +iSi se lo habia dicho yo mil veces! But I had told him so many times! + +Other idiomatic uses of this _si_ will be learnt by practice (all more +or less pleonastic as in the above examples). + +We have said that "but" is translated by _sino_ after a negative unless +a finite verb follows. Therefore, "Not to buy but to sell" is translated +"No comprar sino vender." + +After a negative a finite verb may be preceded by _sino que_ instead of +_pero_ in cases like the following examples-- + +No compro sino que vendio: He did not buy but (on the contrary) he sold. +No solo que es barato sino que es de muy buena calidad: +Not only is it cheap, but it is (also) of a very good quality. + +_Ni ... ni_--"neither ... nor" (same as all negative words) when +following a verb requires _No_ to precede the verb, as-- + +No acepta ni esto ni aquello: He accepts neither this nor that. + +But--Ni esto ni aquello quiere aceptar. + +_Pues_--"seeing that" or "since" is used often for "then," "but," "well" +(used as an interjection). + +Pues que lo haga: Let him do it then. + +Quiso desobedecerme, pues vera su falta: He _would_ disobey me, but he +will see his fault. + +Pues (_or_ pues bien) ique hay ahora! Well! what is the matter now? + +We shall conclude the lesson with the different meanings of _Ya_ +(sometimes used also redundantly). They are given for the sake of +completeness although _Ya_ in its different uses belongs to different +parts of speech-- + +Ya lo ha hecho: He has done it already. +Ya lo hara: He will do it yet. +Ya no se hace esto: This is done no longer. +Ya consienten, ya rehusan: Now they consent, now they refuse. +Ya consientan, ya rehusen: Whether they consent, etc. +Hare cuanto quieras si ya no me pides lo imposible: +I shall do anything you wish if you do not ask (unless you ask) me + for impossibilities. +Ya que escribio: Since (seeing that) he wrote. +Ya ve V.: You see now. +Ya voy: I am coming. +Ya se ve: It is evident. +Ya, ya: Yes, of course. + + + VOCABULARY. + +*=abolir=, to abolish +*=advertir=, to warn +=alegar=, to allege +=al reves=, on the wrong side +=barnices=, varnishes +=barrica=, cask +=batista de algodon=, cambric +=baul=, trunk +=betunes=, blacking +=bicicleta=, bicycle +=botines=, boots +=bramante=, twine +=bufandas=, mufflers +=buje=, hub +=cerradura=, lock +=chanclos=, goloshes +=cintos de seda=, silk sashes +=cinturones de cuero=, leather belts +=colchas de plumon=, down quilts +=consignatario=, consignee +=ejecutar=, to execute, to put through +*=hacer escala=, to call at (ships) +=llantas=, tyres +=maleta=, portmanteau +=mango=, handle +=marca=, brand, mark +=merma=, loss, leakage, shortage +=muebles de bejuco=, rattan furniture +=niquelado=, nickel-plated +*=perder cuidado=, not to worry +=rayos=, rays, spokes (wheels) +=reborde=, rim, flange +=remolacha=, beetroot +=rezumar=, to leak +=tejido elastico=, webbing +=zapatos=, shoes + + + EXERCISE 1 (93). + +Translate into English-- + +1. No se si habra vapor de la Trasatlantica en fecha conveniente. + +2. Si lo hay lo preferire. + +3. Esos vapores arrancan (start) de Liverpool y hacen escalas en varios +puertos. + +4. Ignoraba si habria servicio mensual en la linea de Canarias. + +5. Mande quinientas piezas Batista de algodon si la hubiese en +existencia. + +6. Quiero un baul y una buena maleta de piel de Rusia con cerradura +niquelada si las hay (_or_ hubiere). + +7. Pierda V. Cuidado isi las hay de toda especie! + +8. ?Si me vendera esos muebles de bejuco? + +9. ?Como no? si ya se lo tiene prometido. + +10. El comercio del caucho se ha desarrollado mucho, se usa ahora en +grande escala no solo para llantas neumaticas de bicicletas y otras +piezas (parts) sino tambien para gomas de automoviles. + +11. No solo tengo que cambiar el mango de mi bicicleta sino reemplazar +los rebordes y componer el buje y algunos rayos de la rueda. + +12. No es posible hallar botines de senoras y zapatos mas elegantes que +los de nuestra marca, ni se pueden conseguir mas baratos en parte +alguna. + +13. Pues que me facture esos bramantes (twine) y ese yute y canamo. + +14. Ya he colocado un pedido para bufandas y ya vere si me tiene cuenta +pero no mande barnices ni betunes pues ya no trato en estos articulos. + +15. Ya, ya. V. se ha dedicado ya a los generos en pieza, si no me +engano, pues V. ya dice una cosa ya otra. + +16. iSenor Juan! Ya voy (I am coming). + + + EXERCISE 2 (94). + +Translate into Spanish-- + +1. Whether he puts through my order for leather belts and silk sashes or +not, I do not much mind, but if he should oblige me, I would do him a +good turn (le haria algun servicio) if the opportunity presents itself. + +2. If the webbing and down quilts are good, I shall not begrudge (no me +pesara) the advance in price. + +3. Can it be true (si) that the gate or octroi duty (el impuesto de +consumos) is going to be abolished in Spain? + +4. Well (pues) the Government has presented a bill to that effect and I +hope we shall soon see the octroi offices (fielatos) abolished. + +5. The broker was warned that the quality was only fair average +(mediana). + +6. Beetroot has been largely planted in the province of Granada and is +now in great request for the sugar industry. + +7. We strove hard (nos hemos esforzado mucho) to introduce the new brand +and we have gained our point[209] at last. + +8. The cloth was folded on the wrong side and we anticipate some +difficulty on that score (por esta razon). + +9. The consignees claim shortage (indemnizacion por falta de contenido). + +10. They allege that the casks were leaking and that there was +consequently a loss of thirty gallons (galones). + +[Footnote 209: To gain one's point: Salir con la suya.] + + + + + VOCABULARY. + + I. SPANISH-ENGLISH. + +=A= + +=abaca=, Manilla hemp +=abajo=, below +=abaratamiento=, cheapening +=abarcar=, to embrace, to include +=abarrotado=, glutted, cram full +=abastecerse=, to supply oneself +=abasto=, supply +=abedul=, birch +=abeto=, fir +=ablandar=, to soften +=abogado=, lawyer, solicitor, barrister +=abogar=, to plead +=abolir=, to abolish +=abonar=, to speak for, to recommend, to credit +=abordar=, to accost, to approach, to board +=abrigar=, to shelter, to cherish (hope) +=abril=, April +=abrir=, to open +=abrir agua=, to leak +=absolutamente=, absolutely +=abuso=, abuse +=aca, aqui=, here +=acabado=, finish (cloth) +=acabar=, to finish +=acabar de ..=., to have just +=acaudalado=, rich, wealthy +=acceder=, to accede +=accidente=, accident +=acciones=, actions, shares +=acciones preferences=, preference shares +=accionista=, shareholder +=aceite=, oil +=acerca de=, relating to +=acero=, steel +=acertar a=, to happen, to contrive +=acoger=, to admit, to receive +=acolchado=, quilting +=aconsejar=, to advise, to counsel +=acorazado=, iron-clad +=acordar=, to agree +=acordarse=, to remember +=acordonado=, corded +=acreditar=, to credit +=actas=, acts, deeds +=actitud=, attitude +=active=, active +=activo y pasivo=, assets and liabilities +=actual=, present, current, instant (month) +=acudir=, to attend, to have recourse to +=acusar=, to accuse, to show +=adecuado, proporcionado=, adequate +=aderezo=, finish (cloth) +=adeudar=, to debit +=adherir a=, to adhere to +=adjunto=, enclosed, herewith +=administrador=, manager (of a branch house, etc.) +=admitir=, to admit, to accept, to acknowledge +=adornos=, trimmings +=adquirir=, to acquire +=a duras penas=, with great effort +=advertir=, to notice, to warn +=aereo=, overhead +=afanarse=, to exert oneself, to take much trouble +=aficionado a=, fond of +=aflojar=, to relax +=afortunadamente=, fortunately +=agasajar=, to welcome +=agencia=, agency +=agiotista=, stock-jobber +=aglomerar=, to agglomerate +=Agosto=, August +=agotar=, to drain, to exhaust +=agradable=, agreeable, pleasant +=agradar=, to oblige +=agradecer=, to thank, to be obliged for +=agrandar=, to enlarge +=agricola=, agricultural +=agrio=, sour +=agrupacion=, group, muster +=agua=, water +=agudo=, sharp, keen +=aguila=, eagle +=aguja=, needle +=ahi=, there +=ahora=, now +=ahorrar=, to save, to economise +=aislado=, hedged in, isolated +=(lo) ajeno=, other people's property +=ajeno a=, averse to, foreign to +=ajo=, garlic +=ajustar=, to adjust +=ajuste=, adjustment +=a la larga=, in the long run +=a la verdad=, in truth +=albaricoque=, apricot +=alborear=, to dawn +=alcalde=, mayor +=alcista=, bull, bullish (exch.) +=alechugado=, frilled +=alegar=, to allege +=alegrar=, to gladden +=alegrarse=, to rejoice +=alejarse=, to go away +=alemanisco=, linen damask +=alerta=, alert +=alfiler=, pin +=alfombra=, carpet +=algo=, something, anything, somewhat, rather +=algodon=, cotton +=algodon disponible=, spot cotton +=algodonero (mercado)=, cotton market +=alguno=, some, any +=aliento=, courage +=alistar=, to enlist +=alla, alli=, there +=allanar=, to level, to facilitate +=alli, alla=, there +=alma=, soul +=almacen=, warehouse +=almacenero=, warehouseman +=almacenes fiscales=, bonded warehouses +=al menos=, at least +=alquilar=, to rent, to hire, to give or take on lease +=al reves=, on the wrong side +=altos hornos=, blast furnaces, foundry +=aludir a=, to allude, to hint +=un alza=, a rise (price) +=una alza=, a rise (price) +=amabilidad=, kindness +=amanecer=, to dawn +=amar=, to love +=amargo=, bitter +=amarillo=, yellow, buff +=ambos=, both +=a medida que=, in proportion as +=amedrentar=, to frighten +=a mejor andar=, at best +=amen de=, besides +=a menos que=, unless +=a menudo=, often i +=americana=, coat, jacket +=amigo=, friend +=amistad=, friendship +=amistoso=, friendly +=amo=, master +=amontonar=, to heap up, to pile up +=amor=, love +=amplio=, ample +=anadir=, to add +=ancho=, width, wide +=anclar=, to anchor +=andar=, to walk, to go +=Andrinopolis (panuelos de)=, Turkey red (handkerchiefs) +=ano=, year +=anochecer=, to grow dark +=ansioso de=, anxious, eager to +=anteayer=, the day before yesterday +=anterior=, anterior, previous +=antes (de)=, before (time), formerly +=anticipation=, anticipation +=anticipo=, advance +=antiguo=, ancient, old +=antojo=, caprice, whim +=anular=, cancelar, to cancel +=anunciar=, to advertise +=apacible=, mild (colour) +=apagado=, extinguished, quiet +=apagarse=, to go out (fire) +=aparecer=, to appear, to make one's appearance +=aparentar=, to show outwardly +=apelar=, to appeal +=apenas=, scarcely +=apertura=, opening +=a pesar de=, in spite of +=apetecer=, to desire, to covet +=aplazar=, to postpone +=a plazos=, by instalments +=apreciar=, to appreciate +=aprender=, to learn +=apremiar=, to press, to urge +=apresto=, finish (cloth) +=apresurar=, to hasten (_a_), to urge +=apresurarse=, to hasten (_n_) +=aprovecharse=, to take advantage, to avail oneself of +=aproximarse=, to approach, to draw near +=apurar=, to exhaust, to investigate, to purify +=apuro=, embarrassment +=aquel, that +=aqui=, here +=arado=, plough +=arancel=, Custom House tariff +=arbitro=, arbiter, umpire +=arbol=, tree +=arbol de eje=, axle-shaft +=archivos=, archives +=arduo=, arduous, difficult +=argueir=, to argue +=armadores=, shipowners +=armadura=, frame, framing (mach.) +=armario=, cupboard +=armas blancas=, side-arms +=armas de fuego=, fire-arms +=armazon de cama=, bedstead +=arpillera=, bagging +=arquitecto=, architect +=arrancar=, to squeeze out, to wrench, to start from +=arreglado=, reasonable +=arreglar=, to arrange, to settle +=arreglo=, arrangement +=arrepentirse=, to repent +=arriesgado=, dangerous +=arrollar=, to roll +=arroz=, rice +=asamblea=, meeting +=asargado=, twill +=ascensor=, lift, hoist +=asegurar=, to insure, to secure +=asentar=, to seat, to book (orders) +=asistir=, to assist, to attend +=asociacion de obreros=, trade union +=asunto=, subject, matter, question, affair +=atajo=, short cut +=ataner=, to bear upon +=atencion=, attention +=atender a=, to attend +=atendible=, plausible +=atenta (su)=, (your) favour +=aterlizado=, twill +=atizador=, poker +=atraer=, to attract +=atraicionar=, to betray +=atrasado=, overdue +=atravesar=, to cross +=atrevido=, bold, daring +=atribucion=, attribution +=atribuir=, to attribute +=atropellar por=, to infringe, to run down +=aumento=, increase +=aunque=, although, even if +=automovil=, motor-car +=avaro, avariento=, miser, miserly +=avena=, oats +=averia=, average, damage +=avergonzarse=, to be ashamed +=aviso=, advice, notice +=avistar=, to sight +=ayer=, yesterday +=ayudar=, to help +=azadas=, hoes +=azadones=, pick-axes +=azucar=, sugar +=azuelas=, adzes +=azul=, blue + + +=B= + +=baja=, decline, fall (in prices, etc.) +=baja=, pasha +=bajar=, to go, to come down +=bajista=, bear, bearish (exch.) +=bajo cubierta=, under deck +=balde (de)=, gratis, for nothing +=balde (en)=, in vain, of no avail +=ballena=, whale +=banar=, to wet, to bathe, to water +=banco=, bank, bench, desk +=banco de liquidacion=, clearing-house +=barato=, cheap +=barba, barbas=, beard +=barbilla, barba=, chin +=barco, navio, buque=, ship, boat +=barniz=, varnish +=barrer=, to sweep +=barrica=, cask +=base=, basis +=bastante bien=, pretty well +=bastar=, to suffice, to be enough +=basto=, coarse, common, inferior +=bata=, wrap +=batista, batiste=, lawn +=baul=, trunk +=bayeta=, baize +=beber=, to drink +=belleza=, beauty +=beneficio=, benefit +=benefico=, beneficent +=benevolo=, benevolent +=bergantin=, brig +=berzas=, cabbages +=betun=, blacking +=biblioteca=, library +=bicicleta=, bicycle +=biela=, connecting rod +=bien=, well +=(el) bien=, (the) good +=bien estar=, well-being +=billar=, billiards +=bisabuelo=, great grandfather +=blanco=, white +=blanco (_n_)=, aim +=blando=, gentle, soft +=blanquear=, to bleach +=bobina=, bobbin +=boca=, mouth +=bocina=, megaphone +=bodega=, cellar, hold (ship) +=bola=, ball +=boletin=, form, slip, price list +=bolsa=, Exchange, Bourse +=bombas de aire=, air pumps +=bondadoso=, kind +=bonificar=, to make an allowance, a rebate +=bonito=, pretty +=bordado=, embroidered +=botas=, boots +=boticario=, chemist +=botines=, boots +=boton=, button +=bramante=, twine +=brazo=, arm +=brevedad=, brevity, shortness +=(a la mayor) brevedad=, as soon as possible +=brisa=, breeze +=brochado=, brocade +=buey=, ox +=bufanda=, muffler +=bufete de abogado=, lawyer's office +=buje=, hub +=bullir=, to boil +=bultos=, packages +=buque, barco, navio=, ship, boat +=buque a motor=, automovil, motor-boat +=buque de vapor=, steamer +=buque de vela=, sailing vessel +=burlarse=, to make fun of, to trifle with +=bursatil (mercado)=, money market +=buscar=, to look for, to search +=buscarse=, to bring upon oneself + + +=C= + +=cabal=, just, upright +=caballero=, senor, gentleman +=caballo=, horse +=caber=, to be able to contain, to be able to be contained +=cabeza=, head +=cabida=, room, space +=cable=, cable +=cablegrama=, cablegram +=cabo=, corporal, end +=cada=, each, every +=caer=, to fall +=caida=, fall (_n._) +=cafe, coffee +=cafe, castano=, brown (dyed) +=caja=, case, box +=cajero=, cashier +=calcetines, socks, half hose +=calcular, to calculate +=calculo=, calculation +=caldera=, boiler +=caldero=, small cauldron, bucket +=caldos=, wines and oils (collectively) +=calidad=, quality +=callar=, to be silent, to abstain from saying +=calle=, street +=calor=, heat, warmth +=calorifero=, stove +=calzado=, footwear +=cama=, bed, bedstead +=cambiar=, to alter, to exchange +=cambio, los cambios=, change; the Bill Market +=camisa=, shirt +=(el) campo=, (the) country, (the) countryside +=campo=, field +=cana=, cane +=canamo=, hemp +=cancelar, anular=, to cancel +=canela=, cinnamon +=cansar=, to tire +=cantidad=, quantity (also amount) +=capataz=, foreman +=el capital=, the capital (money) +=la capital=, the capital (town) +=capitan=, captain +=cara=, face +=carbon (de piedra)=, coal +=carbon (vegetal)=, charcoal +=carbonera, panol=, bunker +=carecer (de)=, to lack +=cargamento=, cargo +=cargar=, to load, to debit +=carne, carne seca=, flesh, meat, jerked beef +=carne en salmuera=, pickled beef +=caro=, dear, expensive +=carpeta=, writing pad +=carranclanes, guingas=, ginghams +=carril=, rail +=carriles, rieles, railes=, rails +=carro=, cart +=carta=, letter +=cartera=, pocket-book, portfolio +=cartero=, postman +=casa=, house, firm +=casaca=, coat, jacket +=casar=, to marry +=casarse=, to marry +=casillero=, pigeon-holes +=castano, cafe=, brown (dyed) +=castellano=, Castillian, Spanish +=castigar=, to punish, to chastise +=catalogo=, catalogue +=caucho, goma elastica=, rubber +=cauteloso=, cautious +=cauto=, cautious +=cebada=, barley +=cebolla=, onion +=ceder=, to cede, to yield, to make over +=cedula=, warrant +=celebrar=, to be glad of +=celebrarse=, to be celebrated, to take place (meetings, etc.) +=celebre=, celebrated +=celeste=, heavenly, sky-blue +=cena=, supper +=cepillo=, brush, _also_ plane +=cerca de=, near (_prep._) +=cercano=, near (_adj._) +=cerradura=, lock +=cerrar=, to close, to shut +=cerrar (con llave)=, to lock +=cerrar el trato=, to conclude the bargain +=certificar=, to certify, to register (letters, etc.) +=cerveza=, beer +=cestilla=, waste-paper basket +=ciego=, blind +=cielo=, heaven, sky +=cien, ciento=, hundred +=ciencia=, science, wisdom +=cierre=, lock-out +=cierto=, certain +=cifras=, figures +=cigarros, tabacos, puros=, cigars +=cigueenal=, crank shaft +=cilindro=, cylinder, roller +=cima=, top +=cinta=, ribbon +=cinto=, sash +=cinturon=, belt +=circular=, to circulate, to go round +=citar=, to quote, to cite, to mention a passage, etc. +=citar ante los tribunales=, to summon +=ciudad=, city +=cizallas=, shears +=claramente=, clearly +=claras (a las)=, openly, clearly +=claro=, clear, clearly, light (colour) +=claro y redondo=, quite openly +=clavel=, carnation +=clavos=, nails, cloves +=cliente=, client, customer +=clientela=, custom, _clientele_, connection +=clima (el)=, climate +=climatologico=, climatic +=cobrar=, to charge, to collect (money) +=cobre=, copper +=cocer=, to bake, to cook +=codicia=, greed +=codiciar=, to covet +=coger=, to catch, to capture +=col=, cabbage +=colcha de plumon=, down quilt +=coleccion=, collection, set (of patterns) +=colgar=, to hang +=colmo=, climax, record +=colocar=, to place +=coloniales=, colonial produce +=color firme, solido=, fast colour +=color falso, fugitive=, loose colour +=coloridos=, colourings +=columna=, column +=comanditar=, to finance +=comarca=, region, district (of a country) +=comedido=, considerate, thoughtful +=comenzar=, empezar, to commence +=comer=, to eat +=comercial=, commercial +=comerciante=, negociante, merchant +=comercio=, commerce, trade +=comisionista=, commission agent +=como, ?como?= as, how? +=compania anonima (por acciones)=, limited company +=compensar=, to compensate, to make good +=competidor, contrincante=, competitor, neighbour +=complacer, agradar, favorecer=, to oblige +=completo=, complete, full +=compra=, purchase +=comprar=, to buy +=comprender=, entender, to understand +=comprometerse=, to compromise, to commit oneself, to prejudice, to + undertake +=comun=, common +=concebir=, to conceive +=conceder=, to grant +=concejo, cabildo, ayuntamiento, municipality +=concerner=, to concern +=concisamente=, concisely +=condiciones=, terms +=conducir=, to lead +=conducta=, conduct, behaviour +=con el corazon en la mano=, quite candidly +=conexiones=, connections, couplings +=confeccionar=, to make up +=conferencia=, lecture +=confesar=, to confess +=confianza=, confidence, trust +=confiar (a)=, to entrust +=confiar (en)=, to trust +=(de) conformidad (con)=, in accordance with, agreeable to +=conforme a=, according to +=conocer=, to know a person, an object +=conocimiento, conocido=, acquaintance +=conocimiento=, bill of lading +=consabido=, in question +=conseguir, obtener=, to get, to obtain, to succeed in +=consejo=, advice +=conservas alimenticias=, preserves +=considerar=, to consider +=consignacion=, consignment +=consignar=, to consign, to record +=consignatario=, consignee +=consumidor=, consumer +=contado (al)=, (for) cash +=con tal que=, provided that +=contar=, to count, to relate +=contar con=, to calculate, to reckon upon +=(el) contenido=, the contents +=contentar=, to oblige +=contento=, content, contentment +=contestar, responder=, to answer, to reply +=continuamente=,, continually +=continuar=, to continue +=contra, en contra de=, against +=contrabando=, contraband +=contramaestre de filatura=, master spinner +=contramandar, revocar=, to countermand, to revoke +=contrario=, unfavourable, contrary, adverse +=contratiempo=, hitch +=contrato=, contract, written agreement +=contribuir=, to contribute +=contrincante, competidor=, competitor, neighbour +=convencer=, to convince +=conveniente=, convenient, suitable +=convenio=, agreement +=convenir=, to agree, to suit +=convocar=, to call together (to a meeting) +=copa, sombrero de=, silk hat +=copiador=, copy book +=coquillos=, jeans +=cordoban=, morocco leather +=correas=, belts (machine), belting +=corredor=, broker +=correo=, the post +=correr=, to run +=correrse=, to make a slip of the tongue +=correspondencia=, correspondence +=corresponder a las necesidades=, to meet the requirements +=corresponsal=, correspondent +=corrido=, acute, artful +=corriente=, current, inst. +=cortapluma=, penknife +=cortarse=, to cut oneself, to stop short (in middle of speech) +=corte=cutting +=cortesmente=, politely, courteously +=corto=, brief, short +=cosa=, thing +=cosecha=, harvest, crop, harvest time +=costa=, coast +=coste, flete y seguro (c.f.s.)=, c.i.f., cost, insurance, freight +=costumbre=, custom, habit +=cotizacion=, quotation +=cotizar=, to quote (prices) +=credito=, credit +=creer=, to believe, to think +=cregueelas=, osnaburgs +=crema=, cream +=crespolinas=, crimps +=criada=, maidservant +=criado=, manservant +=croquis=, sketch +=cruzados=, twills +=cuadritos=, checks +=cuadro=, picture, table (figures) +=cualquiera=, any _(affirm.)_ +=cualquiera=, whoever, whichever +=cuando=, when +=cuandoquiera (que)=, whenever +=cuantioso=, abundant, ample +=cuarto=, apartment, room, quarter +=cuarto=, fardin, farthing, a trifling amount +=cubico=, cubic +=cubrir, cubierto=, cover, covered +=cucharas=, spoons +=cuchilla=, knife +=cuenta=, account, statement +=cuenta de venta=, account sales +=cuenta simulada, pro= forma account +=cueros=, hides +=cuerpo=, body +=cuesta=, slope +=cuestion=, question +=cuidadosamente=, carefully +=cuidar=, to take care +=cuidarse=, to take care of oneself +=culpa=, fault, blame +=culpado=, at fault +=cumplir (con)=, to fulfil, to accomplish +=cunada=, sister-in-law +=cunado=, brother-in-law +=cuota=, quota +=cuyo=, whose + + +=CH= + +=chaconadas=, jaconets +=chal=, shawl +=chaleco=, vest, waistcoat +=charla=, prattle, gossip +=chanclos=, goloshes +=chapa=, plate (metal) +=chelin=, shilling +=cheque=, cheque +=chillones=, gaudy (colours) +=chimenea=, chimney +=chocolate=, chocolate +=chucherias=, pretty trifles + + +=D= + +=damasco=, damask +=danar=, to damage +=dano=, damage, injury, breakdown +=dar=, to give +=dar aviso al proprietario=, to give notice to leave +=dar cuenta=, to report +=dar en el clavo=, to hit it +=dar las gracias=, to give thanks +=darse a partido=, to yield, to submit +=datiles=, dates +=debajo (de)=, under +=deber=, to owe, must +=debido a=, owing to +=de buena tinta (tener)=, from a good source (to have) +=decadencia=, decadence +=decididamente=, decidedly +=decidir, decidirse=, to decide, to make up one's mind +=decir=, to say, to tell +=declamar=, to declaim +=declarar=, to declare +=declararse en quiebra=, to file one's petition in bankruptcy +=decretar=, to decree +=dedal=, thimble +=dedicarse=, to devote oneself +=defecto=, defect, imperfection +=definir=, to define, also to settle +=definitivo=, definite +=dejar=, to leave, to let +=dejar sin efecto=, to cancel (orders, etc.) +=delegado=, delegate +=delicado de salud=, in indifferent health +=delinquir=, to commit a delinquency +=demanda y oferta=, supply and demand +=demandar=, to demand +=demasiado=, too, too much +=de miedo que=, lest +=de modo que=, so that +=demora=, delay +=demostrar confianza a=, to show confidence in +=dentro (de)=, inside, within +=depender (de)=, to depend (upon) +=dependiente=, clerk +=deplorar=, to deplore +=deposito=, deposit, depot, store +=deprimir=, to depress +=derecho=, right, straight, customs, duty +=desanimado=, lifeless, stagnant (market) +=desanimar (se)=, to disconcert, to feel discouraged +=desarme=, disarmament +=desarrollar=, to develop +=descarga=, discharge, unloading +=descomponer=, to put out of gear +=desconcertar=, to put out, to upset +=descuidar=, to neglect +=desdichado=, unfortunate, unhappy +=desear=, to wish +=desembarcar=, to load +=deseoso=, eager, wishful +=desfavorable=, unfavourable +=desgracia=, misfortune +=deshacerse (de)=, to get rid of +=deshonra=, dishonour +=desinteresarse=, to abandon +=deslumbrar=, to dazzle +=despacho, escritorio, oficina=, office +=despacio=, slowly +=despedida (aviso de)=, dismissal (notice of) +=despejar=, to clear +=desperdiciar=, to waste +=despertar=, to wake up +=desplegar=, to unfold +=despreciable=, despicable +=despues=, after, afterwards +=destajista=, contractor +=destenir=, to fade +=detalles=, details +=detenidamente=, at length +=detallado=, detailed +=detras=, behind +=deuda=, debt +=devanarse los sesos=, to rack one's brains +=devocion=, devotion +=devolver=, to return, to give or send back +=(el) dia=, the day +=diagonales=, twills +=diario=, day book +=dias de estadia=, lay days +=dias de contra estadia=, days of demurrage +=dibujos, disenos=, designs +=diccionario=, dictionary +=dichoso=, lucky +=Diciembre=, December +=dictamen=, award, decision +=dientes=, teeth +=diferente=, different +=diferir=, to defer, to postpone +=dificil=, difficult +=dificultad=, difficulty, also objection +=difunto=, late, deceased +=diligencia=, diligence +=diligentemente=, diligently +=(un) dineral=, (a) mint of money +=dinero=, money +=dinero efectivo=, cash, ready money +=Dios=, God +=dique=, dock +=direccion=, address, direction +=dirigir=, to direct +=dirigirse=, to address oneself +=discipulo=, pupil +=discreto=, discreet, sensible +=disculpar=, to excuse +=discutir=, to discuss +=disenos, dibujos=, designs +=disenador=, draughtsman +=disfrutar (de)=, to enjoy +=disgustado=, annoyed, disgusted, displeased +=dispensar=, to excuse +=disponer=, to dispose, to arrange +=disponible=, available, spot (cotton) +=disposicion=, disposition, disposal, instruction +=distinguir=, to distinguish +=distinto=, different +=distrito=, district +=disturbado=, disturbed, upset +=disturbio=, disturbance +=divertirse=, to enjoy oneself +=doblar, duplicar=, to double, to duplicate +=dobladillado=, hemmed +=con dobladillo de ojo=, hemstitched +=docena=, dozen +=doctrina=, doctrine, knowledge +=documento=, document +=doler=, to hurt, to ache, to pain +=dolor=, pain, sorrow +=dolor de cabeza=, headache +=doloroso=, painful +=domicilio=, residence, registered office of a company +=Domingo=, Sunday +=dominio=, dominion, control +=donde (?donde?)=, where +=dondequiera que=, wherever +=dormir=, to sleep +=dormirse=, to fall asleep +=dril=, drill +=duda=, doubt +=dudar=, to doubt, to question +=duplicar, doblar=, to duplicate, to double +=durante=, during +=durar=, to last + + +=E= + +=echar=, to throw, to cast +=echar a perder=, to spoil, to ruin, to wreck +=echar al correo=, to post +=edificio=, local, building +=efectuar=, to effect +=ejecutar=, to execute +=ejercito=, army +=elaborar=, to elaborate +=elegantemente=, elegantly, stylishly +=elegir, escoger=, to choose, to select +=elevar=, to raise, to enhance, to put up +=embajador=, ambassador +=embarcar=, to embark, to ship +=embarque=, shipment +=embrollar=, to entangle, to cheat +=emision=, issue +=emitir=, to issue +=empacar=, to pack +=empenar=, to engage, to pawn, to pledge +=empeno (tener)=, to be earnest, anxious about anything +=empenos=, obligations, engagements +=empeoramiento=, turn for the worse, deterioration +=empezar, comenzar=, to commence +=emplear=, to employ +=emplearse=, to be employed, used for +=emprendedor=, enterprising +=empresa=, undertaking, concern, enterprise +=emprestito=, loan +=en breve=, shortly +=encaje=, lace +=encaminar=, to forward +=encargarse (de)=, to take charge +=encarnado=, red +=en caso que=, in case +=encina, roble=, oak +=encojerse=, to shrink +=encojido=, shrunk, shrivelled +=en contra de=, against +=encontrar=, to meet, to find +=encuadernar=, to bind (books) +=endosar=, to endorse +=en efectivo, en metalico=, in cash +=Enero=, January +=enfadado=, angry +=enfermo, malo=, ill +=enfurecido=, furious, infuriated +=enganifa=, trick +=engranaje=, gearing +=en latas=, canned +=en regla=, in order +=ensartapapeles=, file +=ensartar=, to file papers, to string beads +=ensayo=, trial, proof, venture +=en seguida=, at once +=ensenanza=, teaching +=ensenar=, to teach, to show +=entender, comprender=, to understand +=entenderse de=, to be a judge of +=enterarse=, to get to know +=entero (por)=, in full +=entonces=, then, at that time +=entrante, proximo=, next +=entrar (en)=, to enter +=entre=, between, amongst +=entrega=, delivery +=entregar=, to deliver, to hand (personally) +=entrepuentes=, between decks +=enviar, mandar=, to send +=envidia=, envy +=envio=, shipment +=epoca=, epoch, time, period +=equidad=, equity, fairness, fair dealing +=equipo=, equipment +=equitativo=, fair +=equivocacion=, mistake +=equivocarse=, to make a mistake, to be mistaken +=error=, mistake, error +=escala=, ladder, scale +=escala (hacer)=, to call at (steamers) +=escandaloso=, scandalous, shocking +=escano=, stool +=escapar, huir=, to escape +=escarcha (tornado por la)=, frost-bitten +=escarmentar=, to take warning +=escoba=, broom +=escoger, elegir=, to choose, to select +=escribir (se)=, to write, to write to each other +=escrito=, letter, writing (_n_.) +=escritor=, writer +=escritorio=, writing desk, office +=escuchar=, to listen +=es decir, a saber=, viz. +=ese, a, o=, that +=esfuerzo=, effort +=espada=, sword +=espalda=, shoulder +=espaldas=, back +=espanol=, Spanish +=espantarse=, to be frightened +=especias=, spices +=especie=, species, kind, rumour, news +=especulacion=, deal, speculation +=esperar=, to hope, to wait for, to expect +=espeso=, thick +=esposo-a=, husband, wife +=esquela=, note +=establecer (se)=, to establish, to establish oneself +=estacion, temporada=, season +=estadistica=, statistics +=estallar=, to break out, to burst +=estampar=, to print (cloth) +=estancia=, stay +=estante=, bookshelf +=estano=, tin +=estar, estarse=, to be +=este,-a,-o=, this +=este=, east +=estima=, appreciation, esteem +=estiva=, stowage +=estrenar=, to use or wear for the first time +=estrenarse=, to make a start +=estudiar=, to study +=estufa=, stove +=eternamente=, eternally, for ever +=etiqueta=, ticket, label +=evitar=, to avoid +=exacto=, exact, accurate +=examen=, examination +=exceder=, to exceed, to overstep +=exclusive=, exclusive, sole +=exhibir=, to show, to exhibit +=exigir=, to require +=exiguo=, slender, slight, small +=existencias=, stocks +=exito=, result +=exito (bueno, malo)=, success, failure +=expedidor=, sender +=experimentar=, to experience, to experiment +=experto=, experienced +=explicar, explanar=, to explain +=explotar=, to exploit, to work (mines, etc.) +=exponerse a=, to encounter, to expose oneself to +=exportacion=, export, exportation +=exportador=, exporter, shipper +=extender=, to extend, to stretch +=extranjero=, foreigner, foreign, _also_ abroad +=extrano=, strange, queer + + +=F= + +=fabrica de algodon=, cotton mill +=fabricante=, manufacturer +=facilidad=, ease, facility +=factura=, invoice +=facturar=, to invoice +=falta=, want, absence of, fault, blame +=falta de aceptacion, de pago=, non-acceptance, non-payment +=faltar=, to be wanting, to be necessary, to fail +=fama=, fame, reputation, name +=famoso=, famous +=fantasias=, fancies +=fardin, cuarto=, farthing, a trifling amount +=fardito=, truss +=fardo=, bale +=favorable=, favourable +=favorecer=, to oblige +=Febrero=, February +=fecha=, date +=fecha de=, dated +=feliz=, happy +=ferreteria=, ironware +=ferrocarril=, railway +=festoneado=, scalloped +=fiador=, surety +=fiados=, book debts +=fidedigno=, trustworthy +=fiel=, faithful +=fielato=, octroi office +=fiesta del comercio=, bank holiday +=fijar=, to fix +=fijo=, fixed, firm +=filosofia=, philosophy +=firma=, signature +=firmar=, to sign +=firmeza=, firmness +=(el) fin=, the end +=fino=, shrewd +=fletar=, to charter, to freight +=flete=, freight +=flojedad=, slackness +=flojo=, slack +=flor=, flower +=floreciente=, flourishing +=folleto=, leaflet +=fomento=, development, encouragement +=fonda=, hotel, hotel +=fondo=, bottom, ground (colour) +=fondos=, funds, capital +=forma=, shape +=formal=, formal, respectable +=forro=, lining +=fortuna=, fortune +=forzar=, to force, to strain +=fosforos=, matches +=fracasar=, to fall through +=fracaso=, failure +=franco de averia particular=, f.p.a. (free particular average) +=franco de porte, tra(n)sporte pagado=, carriage paid +=franja=, fringe +=franqueo=, postage +=frase=, phrase, sentence +=frazada=, blanket +=frecuentemente=, frequently +=(la) frente=, forehead +=(el) frente=, front +=fresno=, ash +=frio= (_adj_. and _n_), cold +=fruta=, fruit +=fruto=, fruit of labour, etc. +=fuente=, fountain, source +=fuerte=, strong, fast, firm +=fuerza motriz=, motive power +=fugitivo= loose (colours) +=fulano=, so and so +=funcionar de, proceder (como)=, to act as +=fundar=, to found +=furioso=, furious +=fustan=, fustian + + +=G= + +=galon=, gallon +=gana=, inclination, desire +=gana, de buena, mala=, willingly, unwillingly +=ganancias y perdidas=, profit and loss +=ganar=, to gain, to earn +=ganga=, a bargain, cheap lot +=garabato=, clothes hook +=garantizar=, to guarantee, to warrant +=garbanzos=, Spanish peas +=garrote=, stick, cudgel +=gastar=, to spend, to spoil; also to wear (usually) +=gato=, cat, jack (machinery) +=general=, general +=generos=, goods +=generos alimenticios=, food-stuffs +=generos imperfectos=, jobs +=generoso=, generous +=genio=, temper +=gente (la)=, people +=gerente=, manager +=girar=, to draw (a bill), to turn +=giro=, bill, draft, also turnover +=gobernar=, to govern +=gobierno=, government +=goleta=, schooner +=goma elastica, caucho=, rubber +=gorra (gorro)=, cap +=gorrion=, sparrow +=gozar=, to enjoy +=grabado=, embossed +=gracia=, grace, gracefulness +=graduacion=, gradation, degree +=granadas=, pomegranates +=grande (gran)=, great, large +=grande velocidad (a)=, by fast train +=granizar=, to hail +=granjearse=, to win over +=granos, mercado de=, grain, grain market +=gratificacion=, gratuity +=gratitud=, gratitude +=gratuito=, gratuitous, honorary +=grifo=, cock (machinery) +=gris=, grey +=grito=, cry, shout +=grueso=, thick +=grunir=, to growl, to grumble, to grunt +=guante=, glove +=guardafuego=, fender +=guardapapeles=, file +=guardar=, to keep +=guardar cama=, to lie in bed +=guardias aduaneras=, custom house officials +=guarnicion=, trimming +=guerra=, war +=guingas, carranclanes=, ginghams +=guisantes=, green peas +=gustar=, to please +=gustar (a uno)=, to like + + +=H= + +=habas=, broad beans +=haber=, to have, there to be +=haber menester=, to need +=haberselas con uno=, to dispute, to wrangle, to vie with +=habil=, clever +=habitantes=, inhabitants +=hablar=, to speak +=hacer=, to do, to make +=hacer caso=, to take notice +=hacer constar=, to show, to demonstrate +=hacer falta=, to be wanted +=hacer frente=, to face, to meet (bills, etc.) +=hacerse=, to become +=hacer una remesa=, to send a remittance +=hachuelas (hachas)=, hatchets (axes) +=hacienda=, property, shop, stores +=hallar, encontrar=, to find +=hambre=, hunger +=hampa=, vagabonds (company of) +=hasta que=, until +=hasta la fecha=, to date +=hasta que punto=, to what extent +=hato=, wearing apparel, bundle of clothes +=hay=, there is, there are +=haya=, beech +=heces de sebo=, tallow, greaves +=hecho=, fact, action +=helar=, to freeze +=(la= _or_ =el) helice=, the screw (of a boat) +=herida=, wound, sting +=herir=, to wound, to cut (fig.) +=hermano=, brother +=hermosamente=, beautifully +=hermoso=, beautiful, fine, handsome +=herramientas=, tools +=hervir=, to boil +=hidalguia=, nobleness, chivalry +=hielo=, escarcha, frost +=hierro=, iron +=higos=, figs +=higuera=, fig tree +=hija politica, nuera=, daughter-in-law +=hijo=, son +=hijodalgo=, gentleman by birth, squire +=hijo politico, yerno=, son-in-law +=hilador=, spinner +=hilados=, yarn +=hilar=, to spin +=hinchazon=, boom +=hipoteca, mortgage +=hipotecar=, to mortgage +=historia=, history +=holandas=, hollands +=holgazan=, lazy +=hombre=, man +=hombre llano=, rough-and-ready man +=honor=, honour +=honradez=, honesty +=honrar=, to honour +=hora=, hour +=hortelano= (fruit) gardener +=hortera=, office boy (jocularly) +=hoy=, to-day +=huelga=, strike +=huerta=, orchard +=hueso=, bone +=huir, escapar=, to flee, to escape +=humear=, to smoke (of a chimney) +=hundimiento=, subsidence + + +=I= + +=el idioma=, the language +=igual=, equal +=igualar=, to equal, to match +=ilustrado=, enlightened +=ilustrar=, to illustrate +=ilustre=, illustrious +=impedir=, to hinder +=imperfectos=, job lots +=imponer=, to impose, also to inform +=importaciones=, imports +=importancia=, importance, amount +=importar=, to matter +=importar (en)=, to amount to +=importe=, amount +=imprimir (impreso)=, to print (printed) +=imprevidencia=, want of foresight +=imprevisto=, unforeseen +=impuesto=, tax +=impuesto de consumos=, octroi duties +=incertidumbre=, uncertainty +=incluir=, to enclose, to include +=inconveniencia=, unsuitability, impropriety +=inconveniente=, inconvenience +=indemnidad=, indemnity, signed guarantee +=indemnizacion=, indemnity (compensation for loss) +=indicar=, to indicate, to point out +=indigena=, native +=industria=, industry +=inercia=, idleness, inertia +=infeliz=, unhappy +=infimo=, infinitesimal +=infinidad=, an infinite number +=informe=, report +=informes=, information(s), references +=informar (de)=, to inform of, to acquaint with +=ingeniero=, engineer +=ingratitud=, ingratitude +=ingresos netos=, net revenue +=inmaturo, verde=, unripe +=inmediato=, immediate +=innavegable=, unnavigable +=innoble=, ignoble +=inquilino=, tenant +=inquietarse=, to feel uneasy +=integro=, integer, whole, upright +=inteligencia=, intelligence +=intencion=, intention +=intentar=, to intend +=interes=, interest +=interesante=, interesting +=interin (en el)=, in the meantime +=interino=, interim +=interior=, interior, inland +=intervista=, interview +=interpretar=, to interpret +=invertir=, to invest (money) +=invierno=, winter +=ir=, to go, to lead to +=irrisorio=, laughable, absurd, ridiculously low (of prices) +=irse=, to go away +=isla=, island +=izquierda=, left + + +=J= + +=jabali=, boar +=jactarse=, to boast +=jamon=, ham +=jardin=, garden +=jardinero=, gardener +=jefe=, employer, chief +=jornalero=, day-labourer +=joven=, young, young man, young woman +=judias=, French beans +=Jueves=, Thursday +=jugoso=, juicy +=juicioso=, judicious, wise +=Julio=, July +=Junio=, June +=junta de acreedores=, meeting of creditors +=junto a=, near to, coupled with +=justificar=, to justify, to warrant +=justificarse=, to justify oneself +=justo=, right, just, fair +=jute, yute=, jute +=juventud=, youth, young age + + +=L= + +=la labor=, labour +=laborioso=, laborious, hard-working +=labrado=, figured--brocaded +=lacre=, sealing-wax +=lado=, side +=ladrillos refractarios=, fire bricks +=ladron=, thief +=lana=, wool +=langosta=, lobster +=lanillas para banderas=, bunting +=lapiz=, pencil +=lardo=, lard +=largo=, long +=largo de talle=, abundant, full +=largura=, length +=lastima=, pity +=laton=, brass +=leccion=, lesson +=la leche=, milk +=lectura=, reading +=leer=, to read +=legajo=, bundle (of papers) +=legislatura=, (parliamentary) session +=lejos=, far away +=lengua=, tongue, language +=lento=, slow, remiss +=letra=, bill of exchange, handwriting +=levita=, frock-coat +=la ley=, the law +=libra=, pound sterling, pound weight +=librarse=, to get rid of +=libre=, free +=libro=, book +=libro de facturas=, invoice book +=libro mayor=, ledger +=liebre=, hare +=lienzos=, linens +=lienzos adamascados=, diapers +=lienzos morenos=, brown (unbleached) linens +=ligero=, slight, light +=limitacion=, curtailment, limitation +=limitar=, to limit +=limite=, limit +=limones=, lemons +=limpiar=, to clean +=limpio=, clean +=lingotes de hierro=, pig-iron +=lino=, flax +=linon, olan=, lawn +=liquidar=, to liquidate, to settle, to clear off (goods) +=liquido, neto=, nett +=liso=, plain, smooth +=lisonjearse=, to flatter oneself +=lista, boletin=, price list +=listados=, striped (goods) +=el local=, the building, the premises +=loco=, mad +=locomotora=, locomotive +=lograr=, to contrive, to attain +=logro=, attainment +=el lote, la partida=, lot +=loza=, crockery +=luchar=, to fight, to struggle against +=luego=, at once, then +=luego que=, as soon as +=en lugar de=, instead of +=Lunes=, Monday +=luto=, mourning + + +=LL= + +=llamar=, to call +=llamarse (me llamo)=, to be called (my name is) +=llantas=, tyres +=llegar=, to arrive +=llegar a ser=, to become, to contrive to be +=lleno=, full +=llevar=, to carry, to wear, to take +=llevar a cabo=, to carry into effect +=llevar chasco=, to be disappointed, to be baffled +=llevarse bien=, to get on well +=llover=, to rain +=lloviznar=, to drizzle +=lluvia=, rain + + +=M= + +=maceta, portaramillete (portarramillete), florero=, flower-stand +=machacar=, to hammer, to insist +=madera=, timber, wood +=madre=, mother +=maestro=, teacher, master +=maiz=, maize +=mal=, badly +=mala, correo=, post +=malbaratar=, to undersell +=malcontento=, uneasiness, discontent +=maleta=, portmanteau +=malgastar=, to waste, to squander +=malo=, bad, wicked, _also_ ill +=malversar=, to embezzle +=mamposteria=, masonry +=mancha=, spot, stain +=mandar=, to order, to send +=mandar buscar=, to send for +=mandato=, order (injunction) +=manga=, sleeve (_also_ hose, pump) +=de manga ancha=, not over-scrupulous +=mango=, handle +=manifestar=, to manifest, to inform, to say (in a letter) +=mano=, hand, quire +=mano de obra=, labour +=manta=, blanket +=manteca= (S. America, =mantequilla=), butter +=manteca de puerco=, lard +=mantener=, to maintain, to hold up +=mantenerse=, to maintain oneself, to be maintained +=manzana=, apple +=manana=, to-morrow, the morning +=maquina a =vapor, steam engine +=maquinaria=, machinery +=mar alborotada=, heavy sea +=maravillar=, to surprise +=maravillarse=, to wonder +=marca=, mark, brand +=marcharse=, to go away +=margarina=, margarine +=marido=, husband +=mariscos=, shell fish +=marmol=, marble +=martes=, Tuesday +=martillos=, hammers +=Marzo=, March +=mas=, but +=mas=, more +=mas adelante=, later on +=material rodante=, rolling-stock +=(el) matiz=, shade of colour +=matute=, smuggling +=Mayo=, May +=mayor=, larger +=mayormente=, especially +=(la) mayor parte=, most +=mecanismo=, mechanism, contrivance (machinery of the law, etc.) +=mecer=, to stir (a liquid), to rock (acradle, etc.) +=mediana=, average +=mediar=, to intervene +=medias=, hose, stockings +=medico=, doctor, physician +=medida=, measure +=medieria=, hosiery +=medio=, half, means +=medrar=, to prosper +=mejor=, better +=mejora, mejoria=, improvement, looking up (market) +=mejorar=, to improve +=melindroso=, squeamish, very particular +=melocotones=, peaches +=mencion (hacer)=, to mention +=mencionar=, to mention +=menester=, necessary, needful +=menor=, smaller +=mensual=, monthly +=(la) mente=, the mind +=mercado=, market +=mercancia=, merchandise, goods +=merced a=, thanks to +=merceria=, haberdashery +=merma=, leakage +=mes=, month +=mesa=, table +=metodo=, method +=metro=, metre +=miedo=, fear +=miembro=, member +=mientras=, while +=mientras tanto=, meanwhile +=miercoles=, Wednesday +=mil=, thousand +=milla=, mile +=millon=, million +=mina de carbon=, coal-mine, colliery +=minero=, miner +=minimo=, minimum +=ministro-erio=, minister, ministry +=mirar=, to look +=mismo=, same, self +=la mitad=, the half +=modista=, milliner +=modo=, way, manner +=moer=, mohair +=moler=, to grind +=montaje=, mounting (machinery) +=monte, montana=, mount, mountain +=moratoria, moratorium=, time extension for payment +=moreno=, brown, natural colour +=moroso, lento=, remiss, slow (in payments) +=mortal=, mortal +=mostrar=, to show +=motin=, riot +=mover=, to move +=mozalbete=, beardless youth +=muchacho=, boy, lad +=mucho=, much, exceedingly, greatly +=muebles de bejuco=, rattan furniture +=muestra=, sample +=muestrarios=, pattern cards, sets +=mujer=, woman, wife +=multa=, a fine, penalty +=mundial=, world (_adj_.) +=mundo=, world +=todo el mundo=, everybody +=muselina=, muslin +=museo=, museum +=muy=, very + + +=N= + +=nacion=, nation +=nada=, nothing +=nanquin, mahon=, nankeen +=nansu=, nainsook +=naranjas=, oranges +=nariz=, nose +=naufragar (se)=, to wreck (to be shipwrecked) +=navaja de afeitar=, razor +=Navidad=, Christmas +=navio, barco, buque=, ship, boat +=necesario=, necessary +=necesitar=, to want, to need +=negar=, to deny +=negarse=, to refuse +=negativa=, refusal +=negociado=, division (gov. office) +=negociante=, merchant +=negocio(s)=, business +=negro=, black +=neto, liquido=, nett +=neumatico=, pneumatic +=nevar=, to snow +=nieve=, snow +=ninguno=, no one, any (after _neg_.) +=nino=, child +=niquelado=, nickel-plated +=nivel=, level +=no bien=, as soon as +=noche=, evening, night +=nombrar=, to appoint +=nombre=, name +=no obstante=, notwithstanding +=norte=, north +=no sea que=, lest +=notas de banco=, bank notes +=noticia(s)=, news +=Noviembre=, November +=novisimo=, brand new +=nuera, hija politica=, daughter-in-law +=nuevo=, new +=numero=, number +=nunca=, ever, never + + +=O= + +=objeto=, object +=obligacion=, bond, debenture, obligation. +=obligar=, to compel +=obligarse=, to bind oneself +=obrar=, to operate, to work, to act +=obrero=, workman +=obsequio=, favour +=observar=, to observe, to remark, to notice +=obstruir=, to obstruct +=obtener, conseguir=, to get, to obtain, to succeed in. +=ocasion=, occasion +=oceano=, ocean +=Octubre=, October +=ocurrir=, to occur, to happen +=oeste=, west +=oficina, escritorio, despacho=, office +=ofrecer=, to offer +=ofrecimiento=, offer +=oir=, to hear +i=ojo=! attention, look out +=el ojo=, the eye +=olanes, linones=, lawns +=olleria=, hollow-ware +=olvidar (se)=, to forget +=omnibus=, omnibus +=operaciones=, dealings, operations +=operadores=, dealers (on 'Change), operators +=oponerse=, to oppose +=oportunidad=, opportunity, chance +=optimo=, very good, excellent +=orden=, order +=ordinario=, ordinary +=organizar=, to organize +=orilla=, bank (river), selvedge +=oro=, gold +=otono=, autumn +=otro=, other +=ovillo (de algodon)=, ball (of cotton) + + +=P= + +=padre=, father +=padres=, parents +=pagadero=, payable +=pagar=, to pay +=pagare=, promissory note, note of hand +=pagina=, page +=paila, tacho=, pan (sugar manuf.) +=pais=, country (nation) +=pajaro=, bird +=palabra=, word +=palacio=, palace +=palas=, shovels, spades +=palmera=, date-palm +=palo de mesana=, mizzen mast +=palo mayor=, main mast +=pan=, bread, loaf +=pana=, velveteen +=pana acordonada=, cords, corduroy +=pano=, cloth, suiting +=panol, carbonera=, bunker +=pantalones=, trousers +=panuelo=, handkerchief +=papel=, paper +=papel secante=, blotting-paper +=paquete=, packet, parcel +=par=, pair, couple +=a la par=, at the same time +=para, por=, for +=para con=, towards +=para que=, so that +=parecer=, to appear, to seem +=el parte=, the report +=la parte=, the part +=partida=, lot, parcel (of goods) +=partir=, to depart, to set out +=pasar=, to pass, to hand +=pasar por=, visitar, to call at +=pasarsele por alto a uno=, to escape one's notice. +=pasas (de Corinto)=, raisins, currants +=Pascua=, Easter +=paseo=, promenade, walk, stroll +=el pasivo, pasividades=, liabilities +=paso=, step +=dar pasos=, to take steps +=patines=, skates +=patria=, country, fatherland +=patronos=, masters (of workmen) +=pausa=, pause +=paz=, peace +=pedido=, order +=pedir=, to ask, to demand +=peligro=, danger +=peligroso, arriesgado=, dangerous +=pelo=, hair +=penique=, penny +=pensar (se)=, to think +=Pentecostes=, Whitsuntide +=(a) pequena velocidad=, (by) slow train +=pequeneces=, trifles +=pequeno=, small, little (_adj_.) +=pera=, pear +=percal=, calico +=perder=, to lose +=perdida=, loss +=perenne=, perennial +=perfeccionar=, to perfect +=perfectamente=, perfectly +=perfecto=, perfect +=periodico=, newspaper +=perito=, expert +=perjuicios=, damages +=pero=, but +=perro=, dog +=perspectivas=, prospects +=perturbar=, to disturb +=pesado=, heavy +=peso=, weight +=pesimo=, very bad +=peticion=, request, petition +=picos=, picks +=(al) pie=, (at) foot +=piel=, skin +=pierna=, leg +=piezas de repuesto=, spare pieces (machinery) +=pimienta=, pepper +=pino=, pine +=pintura=, paint +=pipa=, cask, pipe +=pistola=, pistol +=placer=, to please, pleasure +=plan=, plan (idea) +=planchas de hierro=, sheet iron +=plano=, plan (sketch) +=planta=, plant +=plata=, silver +=plaza=, market-place, square, place (town) +=plazo=, term +=plegar=, to fold +=plomo=, lead (slate-colour) +=pluma=, pen +=poblacion=, villa, town +=pobre=, poor +=poco=, little (_adv_. and _subs_.) +=poder=, to be able +=poder= (_n_.), power, power of attorney +=(no) poder menos de=, not to be able to help ... +=poderoso=, powerful +=podrido=, rotten +=poliza de seguro=, insurance policy +=poner=, to put, to place +=poner al corriente=, to inform +=poner en conocimiento=, to inform, to acquaint with +=poner en condiciones=, to enable +=poner pleito=, to bring an action +=por, para=, for +=porcelana=, china +=por decirlo asi=, so to say, as it were +=por de contado=, of course +=porfiar=, to insist +=por mas que=, however much, although +=(al) por mayor, por menor=, wholesale, retail +=pormenores=, particulars, details +=porta estampillas=, stamp-rack +=portabandera=, standard-bearer +=portanto=, therefore +=portaramillete (portarramillete) maceta=, flower-stand +=porte pagadero al destine, tra(n)sporte seguido=, carriage forward +=portes, franqueo=, postage +=portico=, porch +=poseer=, to possess, to be worth +=posicion=, position, standing +=postergar=, to delay, to put off +=practico=, practical +=preceder=, to precede +=precio=, price +=precioso=, precious +=preferible=, preferable +=preliminar=, preliminary +=premio=, reward, prize, premium +=prescindir de=, to dispense with +=presentar=, to present, to lay before, to produce, to introduce + one person to another +=prestar=, to lend, to render (help) +=presupuesto=, estimate +=prevalecer, reinar=, to prevail, to rule +=prever=, to foresee, to anticipate +=prevision=, foresight +=prima=, premium +=primavera=, spring +=primer dependiente=, chief clerk +=primo-a=, cousin +=principal=, principal, chief, leading +=principiar=, to commence +=principio=, beginning +=prisa=, speed, haste, hurry +=probar=, to try, to prove, to attempt +=proceso=, process, case, lawsuit +=producir=, to produce +=producto=, product, produce, output +=productos accesorios=, bye-products +=productos quimicos=, chemicals +=profesor=, professor +=prohibir=, to prohibit +=pronto=, quick, speedy, soon +=propietario=, landlord, owner +=propio=, own +=proponer=, to propose +=proponerse=, to intend, to purpose +=proporcionado, adecuado=, adequate +=proveer= (_p.p._), =provisto (proveido)=, to provide +=provisorio=, interim +=proximamente=, about, approximately (also shortly) +=proximo=, next +=proyecto=, scheme, plan, project +=proyecto de ley=, parliamentary bill +=prudente=, prudent +=pruebas=, proofs, trials, evidence +=publicar=, to publish +=pueblo=, people, town, village +=puerco=, pig +=puerta=, door +=puerto=, port, harbour +=pues=, then, well... +=puntitas=, pen-nibs +=(al) punto=, (on) the spot +=puntos=, points, dots, spots (in prints) +=pupitre=, desk +=puros, tabacos, cigarros=, cigars + + +=Q= + +=que=, that, who, which +=?que?= what? +=quebrantamiento=, breakdown +=quebranto=, mishap, misfortune, loss +=quedar(se)=, to remain +=quehaceres=, business, occupations +=queja=, complaint +=quejarse=, to complain +=querer=, to want, to wish to have +=querer decir=, to mean +=querido=, beloved, dear +=queso=, cheese +=quiebra=, bankruptcy +=quien=, who, whom +=quienquiera (que)=, whoever +=quincalla=, smallware +=quinta=, villa +=quitar=, to take away + + +=R= + +=radiograma=, wireless +=ramo=, branch, line (of business) +=rastrillos=, harrows +=rayas=, stripes +=rayos=, spokes, rays +=razon=, reason +=a razon de=, at the rate of +=tener razon=, to be right +=reanudar=, to resume +=rebaja, reduccion=, abatement, reduction, rebate +=reborde=, rim, flange +=rechazar=, to reject, to discard +=recibir=, to receive +=recibo=, receipt, reception +=reclamacion, reclamo=, claim +=reclamar=, to claim +=reclamo=, advertisement +=recobrar=, to recover +=recoger=, to gather, to collect, to take up +=recomendar=, to recommend +=reconocer, admitir=, to acknowledge +=reconvenir=, to scold +=recto=, straightforward, straight +=recursos=, means, resources +=redactar=, to draw up (deeds) +=redondo=, round +=reduccion, rebaja=, reduction, abatement, rebate +=reducir=, to reduce +=referir=, to refer +=reflejo=, reflection +=reforma arancelaria=, tariff reform +=refran=, proverb +=refrendar=, to countersign +=refresco=, refreshment +=refundir=, to refund +=regadio=, irrigation +=regalar=, to present +=regimen=, rule, regime +=regir=, to rule +=regla=, rule, ruler +=en regla=, in order +=reglamentos=, regulations, bye-laws +=regresar=, to come back +=rehusar, negarse a=, to refuse +=reina=, queen +=reinar=, to reign, to rule, to prevail +=reino=, kingdom +=reir=, to laugh +=reirse=, to laugh at, to mock +=rejas=, ploughs +=relacion=, report +=relampaguear=, to lighten +=reloj=, watch, clock +=remesa=, remittance, also shipment +=remitir=, to remit, to send +=remolacha=, beetroot +=remolcar, traer a remolque=, to tow, to take in tow +=remover=, to remove, to stir, to poke (the fire) +=renglon=, line +=reo=, culprit +=reparar=, to notice +=repasar=, to go over, to look over +=repentino=, sudden +=repetir=, to repeat +=reprensible=, objectionable +=representacion exclusiva=, sole agency +=representante=, representative, agent +=representar=, to represent, to act for +=requerir=, to require +=repulgado, dobladillado=, hemmed +=reservar=, to reserve +=residir=, to reside +=resortes=, springs +=con respecto a, respecto de=, with respect to +=respetar=, to respect +=respeto=, respect +=respire=, breath, breathing-time +=responder=, to answer +=responsible=, responsible (liable for) +=resto, restante=, remainder +=restos=, remnants +=resultado=, result +=resumir=, to recapitulate, to state briefly +=retardar=, to delay, to be delayed +=(los) reunidos=, those present +=reunion=, meeting +=al reves=, on the wrong side +=revista=, review +=revocar, contramandar=, to revoke, to countermand +=rey=, king +=rezumar=, to leak +=ricamente=, richly +=rico=, rich +=riesgo=, risk +=rio=, river +=riqueza=, wealth +=rizados, crespolinas=, crimps +=rizo (del ala)=, curl (of the brim of a hat) +=robar=, to rob, to steal +=roble, encina=, oak +=rodajas de goma=, rubber heels (revolving) +=rogar=, to ask, to beg, to require +=rollo=, roll +=romperse= (_p. p._, =roto=), to break +=rosa=, rose, pink +=rotura=, breakage +=ruin=, base, sordid +=rumbo=, course (of a ship) +=rumor, especie=, rumour + + +=S= + +=sabado=, Saturday +=sabana=, sheet (bed) +=(a) saber, es decir, viz=. +=saber=, to know (through the mind), to know by heart +=sabio=, wise +=sacar=, to draw out, to get or pull out, + to derive, to get back (one's money) +=saldo=, settlement, clearing line +=salir=, to come out, to go out (up) +=salir en=, to come up to (amount) +=salubre=, healthy +=salvamento=, salvage +i=salve=! hail! +=santo=, holy, saint +=sardinas=, sardines +=sargento=, sergeant +=sastre=, tailor +=satines brochados=, brocaded satins +=satisfecho=, satisfied +=sea que=, whether +=sebo (heces de)=, tallow (greaves) +=secretario=, secretary +=sed=, thirst +=seda=, silk +=segun=, according to +=seguir=, to continue, to follow +=seguro=, sure, insurance +=sellar=, to seal +=sello=, seal, postage-stamp +=semana=, week +=semejante=, similar +=semestre=, half-year +=Senado=, Senate +=senal=, sign, mark +=sencillo=, plain, simple +=senor=, gentleman +=senora=, lady +=sentir=, to feel, to be sorry +=ser=, to be +=(la) serie=, series +=ser menester=, to be necessary +=servicio=, service +=servir=, to serve +=Setiembre=, September +=si=, if +=si=, oneself +=si=, yes +=silla=, chair +=siempre= always +=sierra mecanica=, sawing machine +=(un) si es no es=, just a little bit, ever so little +=siguiente=, following +=simpatico=, pleasant, winsome, taking +=simple=, single, simple, plain +=sin, sin que=, without +=sinceridad=, sincerity +=sincere=, sincere +=sindico=, trustee +=sin embargo=, notwithstanding however +=sin mirar a gastos=, regardless of expense +=sin novedad=, safely, all well, safe and sound +=(un) sinnumero=, a large number, innumerable +=sin precedente=, unprecedented +=(los) sintomas=, symptoms +=sitio=, spot, place +=sobre=, on, upon +=sobre= (_n._), envelope +=sobrecargarse=, to overload oneself +=sobre cubierta=, on deck +=sobrestadia=, demurrage +=sobrios=, quiet (colours) +=socarron=, sly, cunning +=sociedad=, society +=sociedad anonima= _or_ =por acciones=, limited company +=socio=, partner +=soda, sosa=, soda +=sofa=, sofa, couch +=soga=, rope +=sol=, sun +=solamente, solo=, only (_adv_.) +=soldado=, soldier +=soler=, to be wont, to be accustomed to +=solicitar=, to solicit +=solidez=, solidity +=solo=, only (_adj_.) +=sombrero=, hat +=sombrero de copa=, silk hat +=someter=, to submit +=sonrisa=, smile +=soplar=, to blow +=soportar=, to put up with +=soportes=, bearings +=sorprendente=, surprising +=sorpresa=, surprise +=sosa, soda=, soda +=sospechar=, to suspect +=su=, his, her, its, their, your +=suave=, soft, mellow, gentle +=(en) subasta=, (by) auction +=subir=, to go, to come, up +=subsanar=, to correct +=suceder=, to happen, to succeed +=sucursal=, branch house +=sueldo=, salary, wages +=suelo=, ground (soil) +=sueno=, sleep +=suerte=, fortune, luck +=sufrimiento=, suffering +=sufrir=, to suffer +=sujetapapeles=, paper fasteners +=suma=, sum, addition +=sumar=, to add +=suma redonda=, lump sum +=superficie=, surface +=suponer=, to suppose +=suprimir=, to suppress +=sur, sud=, south +=surtido=, assortment, selection +=suspender los pagos=, to stop payments +=(en) suspense=, (in) abeyance + + +=T= + +=tabacos, cigarros, puros=, cigars +=tablilla=, board +=tablon=, plank +=tacharse=, to blame or censure oneself +=tacho, paila, pan= (sugar manuf.) +=tacones=, heels +=tacos=, cues (billiard) +=tacto=, feel, touch, tact +=tal=, such +=tal cual=, as it is +=talvez=, perhaps +=taller=, workshop +=tambien=, also, too, as well +=tambor=, drum (machinery, etc.) +=tampoco=, neither, either (after _neg_.) +=tan .... como=, so, as .... as +=tapete=, carpet, rug +=tarde=, afternoon, evening, late +=tardo=, slow +=tarea=, task +=tarjeta=, card +=tasajo=, jerked beef +=te=, tea +=tejedor=, weaver +=tejer=, to weave +=tejido elastico=, webbing +=tejidos=, textiles, cloths +=tela=, cloth +=telar=, loom +=telas para trajes (de senora)=, dress goods +=telas para pantalones=, trouserings +=telefonear=, to telephone +=tema= (_m._), the exercise +=tema= (_f._), the fear +=temporada, estacion=, season +=temporal=, tormenta, storm +=temporalmente=, temporarily +=temprano=, early +=tenazas=, tongs +=tendero=, shopkeeper +=tenedores=, forks, holders +=tener=, to have, to hold +=tener cuenta=, to pay (to be advantageous) +=tener en cuenta=, to take into consideration, to bear in mind +=tercio=, third +=terciopelo=, velvet +=terliz=, ticking +=terreno=, land, estate +=tesoro=, treasure +=textil=, textile +=(la) tez=, complexion +=tienda=, shop +=tierno=, tender +=tijeras=, scissors +=timbre=, stamp +=tinta=, ink +=tintero=, inkstand +=tio,-a=, uncle, aunt +=tiro, largura=, length +=titulos=, bonds +=tocino=, bacon +=todavia=, yet, still +=todo,-a,-os,-as=, all, every +=tomar=, to take +=tomar a mal=, to take amiss +=tomar la delantera=, to take the start on +=tomar vuelo=, to develop, to increase +=tonelada=, ton +=tonto=, simpleton, foolish +=torcer=, to twist +=tormenta=, temporal, storm +=tornillos=, screws +=torno=, lathe +=trabajador=, hard-working +=trabajar=, to work +=trabajar, ir, a porfia=, to vie with +=trabajo=, work +=traer=, to bring, to carry +=traer a remolque (remolcar)=, to tow, to take in tow +=tramites (de la ley)=, routine of the law, legal means +=tranquilo=, quiet, calm +=transportar=, to transport, to convey +=tra(n)sporte pagado (franco de porte)=, carriage paid +=tra(n)sporte seguido, porte pagadero al destino=, carriage forward +=trapiche=, sugar mill +=trasmitir=, to convey +=traspapelado=, mislaid (of a paper) +=traspaso=, goodwill (of a business) +=Tratado de arbitraje=, Arbitration Treaty +=tratar=, to conduct (business), to treat, to try, to endeavour +=travesia=, journey by sea (crossing) +=tren=, train +=trencilla=, braid +=tribunal=, court +=trigo=, wheat +=trilladores=, threshing (machines) +=trinquete=, foremast +=tripas de buey=, ox-casings +=tripulacion=, crew +=triste=, sad +=trocar=, to exchange +=tronar=, to thunder +=tropezar=, to stumble +=tubo=, pipe +=tuercas=, nuts (mach.) +=turba=, crowd (motley) + + +=U= + +=ufano=, proud +=ultimamente=, lately +=unicamente=, solely, only +=util=, useful +=utilidad=, utility, usefulness, service, profit +=uvas=, grapes + + +=V= + +=vacio=, empty +i=vale=! farewell! +=valer=, to be worth +=valer la pena=, to be worth while +=valer mas=, to be preferable +=valiente=, brave +=valor=, value, worth, courage +=valores=, securities +=valvula=, valve +=vapor=, steamer +=vara=, Spanish yard +=varar=, to ground (ships) +=variedad=, variety +=varios=, several +=vecino=, neighbour, inhabitant, ratepayer +=veintena=, score +=vejez=, old age +=vela=, candle, sail +=velero=, sailing vessel +=vencer=, to win, to fall due +=vender=, to sell +=venir=, to come +=venir a menos=, to come down in the world, to decline +=venta=, sale +=ventaja=, advantage +=ventana=, window +=ver=, to see +=verano=, summer +=verdad=, truth +=verde=, green +=vergueenza=, shame +=verificarse=, to take place +=vez, veces=, time, times +=en vez de=, instead of +=via=, way, route, via +=viajador=, traveller, navigator +=viajante=, traveller (commercial) +=viajar=, to travel +=viaje de ida=, outward journey (trip) +=viaje de vuelta=, homeward journey (trip) +=viajero=, traveller, tourist, etc. +=vida=, life, living +=vidriado=, glass ware +=viejo=, old +=viento=, wind +=Viernes=, Friday +=viga=, beam +=vigilar=, to watch over +=villa, poblacion=, town +=vinas=, vineyards +=vinicola=, wine (_adj._) +=vino=, wine +=violeta=, violet +=virtualmente=, practically +=virtud=, virtue +=visitar=, to visit, to call upon, to wait upon +=vista=, sight, view +=a la vista=, at sight +=visto que=, seeing that +=viudo=, widower +=vivamente=, vividly, earnestly +=vivir=, to live, to reside +=vivo=, alive, lively, vivid, bright (colour) +=vocablo, palabra=, word +=vocabulario=, vocabulary +=volante=, fly-wheel +=volar=, to fly +=volcar=, to capsize +=voluntad=, will, goodwill +=volver=, to turn, to go, to come back +=volverse=, to become +=a la vuelta=, carried forward +=de la vuelta=, brought forward + + +=Y= + +=ya=, already, now, yet, etc. +=yacer=, to lie +=yerno, hijo politico=, son-in-law +=y pico (20 y pico, etc.)=, odd (20 odd, etc.) +=yute, jute=, jute + + +=Z= + +=zanjar=, to compromise +=zapatos=, shoes +=zarazas=, cotton prints +=zinc=, zinc +=zorra=, fox + + + + + II. ENGLISH-SPANISH. + + +=A= + +=to abandon=, abandonar, desinteresarse +=abatement=, rebaja, reduccion +=(in) abeyance=, (en) suspenso +=to be able=, poder +=to abolish=, abolir +=about=, proximamente, aproximadamente +=abroad=, al extranjero +=absence of=, falta de +=absolutely=, absolutamente +=absurd=, irrisorio +=abundant=, cuantioso, largo de talle +=abuse=, abuso +=to accede=, acceder +=accident=, accidente +=to accomplish=, cumplir +=according to=, segun, conforme a +=to accost=, abordar +=account sales=, cuenta de venta +=accurate=, exacto +=to accuse=, acusar +=to be accustomed=, soler +=to ache=, doler +=acute, artful=, corrido +=to acknowledge=, reconocer, admitir +=to acknowledge receipt=, acusar recibo +=to acquaint with=, informar, poner en conocimiento +=acquaintance=, conocimiento, conocido +=to acquire=, adquirir +=to act=, obrar +=to act as=, funcionar de, proceder como +=to act for=, representar +=action=, accion +=active=, activo +=acts=, actas +=to add=, anadir +=to add=, sumar +=addition=, suma +=address=, direccion +=to address oneself (to)=, dirigirse (a) +=adequate=, adecuado, proporcionado +=to adhere=, adherir +=to adjust=, ajustar +=adjustment=, ajuste +=to admit=, admitir, acoger +=advance=, anticipo +=advantage=, ventaja +=to take advantage=, aprovecharse +=to be advantageous=, tener cuenta +=adverse=, contrario +=to advertise=, anunciar +=advertisement=, anuncio, reclamo +=advice=, aviso, consejo +=to advise=, avisar +=adzes=, azuelas +=affair=, asunto +=after=, despues +=afternoon=, tarde +=against=, contra, en contra de +=agency (sole)=, agencia, representacion exclusiva +=to agglomerate=, aglomerar +=to agree=, convenir, acordar +=agreeable=, agradable +=agreement=, contrato, convenio, arreglo +=agricultural=, agricola +=aim=, blanco +=air pumps=, bombas de aire +=alert=, alerta +=alive=, vivo +=to allege=, alegar +=to allude to, to hint=, aludir a +=to make an allowance=, bonificar +=already=, ya +=also=, tambien +=to alter=, cambiar +=although=, aunque, por mas que +=altogether, quite=, de todo punto +=always=, siempre +=ambassador=, embajador +=amount=, importe, cantidad +=to amount to=, importar en +=ample=, amplio, cuantioso +=to anchor=, anclar +=ancient=, antiguo +=angry=, enfadado +=annoyed=, disgustado +=to answer=, contestar, responder +=anterior=, anterior +=to anticipate=, prever +=anticipation=, anticipation +=anxious to=, ansioso de +=to be anxious to=, tener empeno +=anyone=, alguno +=anything=, algo +=apartment=, cuarto +=to appeal=, apelar +=to appear=, aparecer, parecer +=apple=, manzana +=to appoint=, nombrar +=to appreciate=, apreciar +=appreciation=, estima +=to approach=, aproximarse, abordar +=approximately=, proximamente +=April=, Abril +=arbiter=, arbitro +=Arbitration Treaty=, Tratado de Arbitraje +=architect=, arquitecto +=archive=, archive +=arduous=, arduo +=to argue=, argueir +=arm=, brazo +=army=, ejercito +=to arrange=, arreglar, disponer +=arrangement=, arreglo +=to arrive=, llegar +=ash=, fresno +=as it is=, tal cual +=as it were=, por decirlo asi +=to ask=, pedir, rogar +=assets and liabilities=, active y pasivo +=to assist=, asistir +=as soon as=, no bien, luego que +=as soon as possible=, a la mayor brevedad +=assortment=, surtido +=as well=, tambien +=at best=, a mejor andar +=at foot=, al pie +=at least=, al menos +=at length=, detenidamente +=at once=, en seguida, luego +=at sight=, a la vista +=to attain=, lograr +=attainment=, logro +=to attempt=, probar +=to attend=, asistir, atender a +=attention=, atencion +=attention=! iojo! iatencion! +=at the rate of=, a razon de +=attitude=, actitud +=to attract=, atraer +=to attribute=, atribuir +=attribution=, atribucion +=(by) auction=, (en) subasta +=August=, Agosto +=autumn=, otono +=to avail oneself of=, aprovecharse de +=available=, disponible +=average=, mediano, termino medio, averia +=free of particular average=, franco de averia particular +=averse to=, ajeno a +=to avoid=, evitar +=award=, dictamen +=axe=, hacha +=axle-shaft=, arbol de eje + + +=B= + +=back=, espalda +=bacon=, tocino +=bad=, malo +=very bad=, pesimo +=badly=, mal +=to be baffled=, llevar chasco +=bagging=, arpillera +=baize=, bayeta +=to bake=, cocer +=ball=, bola +=ball (of cotton)=, ovillo (de algodon) +=bank=, banco +=bank holiday=, fiesta del comercio +=bank notes=, billetes, notas de banco +=bank (river)=, orilla +=bankruptcy=, quiebra +=bargain (cheap purchase)=, ganga +=barley=, cebada +=barrister=, abogado +=base=, sordid, ruin +=basis=, base +=to bathe=, banar +=batiste=, batista +=to be=, estar, estarse, ser +=beam=, viga +=beard=, barba, barbas +=beardless youth=, mozalbete +=bearings=, soportes, cojinetes +=to bear in mind=, tener en cuenta +=bearish, bear= (exch.), bajista +=beautiful=, hermoso +=beauty=, belleza +=to become=, hacerse, volverse, llegar a ser +=bed, bedstead=, cama, armazon de cama +=beech=, haya +=beef (jerked)=, carne (seca) +=beer=, cerveza +=beetroot=, remolacha +=before (time)=, antes (de) +=before (place)=, ante, delante de +=to beg=, rogar +=beginning=, principio +=behaviour=, conducta +=behind=, detras +=to believe=, creer +=beloved=, querido +=below=, abajo +=belt=, cinturon +=belting (machinery)=, correas +=bench=, banco +=beneficent=, benefico +=benefit=, beneficio +=besides=, amen de +=to betray=, atraicionar +=better=, mejor +=between, amongst=, entre +=between decks=, entrepuentes +=bicycle=, bicicleta +=bill=, giro +=billiards=, billar +=bill market=, los cambios +=bill of exchange=, letra +=bill of lading=, conocimiento +=to bind (books)=, encuadernar +=to bind oneself=, obligarse +=birch=, abedul +=black=, negro +=blacking=, betun +=blame=, culpa +=to blame oneself=, tacharse +=blanket=, manta, frazada +=blast furnace=, altos hornos +=blind=, ciego +=blotting paper=, papel secante +=to blow=, soplar +=blue=, azul +=boar=, jabali +=board=, tablilla +=to board=, abordar +=boat=, buque, navio, barco +=bobbin=, bobina +=body=, cuerpo +=to boil=, hervir, bullir +=boiler=, caldera +=bold, daring=, atrevido +=bond=, obligacion, titulo +=bonded warehouses=, almacenes fiscales +=bone=, hueso +=to book (orders)=, asentar +=book=, libro +=book debts=, fiados +=book-shelf=, estante +=boom=, hinchazon +=boot=, bota +=boots=, botines +=both=, ambos +=bourse=, bolsa +=box=, caja +=boy=, muchacho +=braid=, trencilla +=branch=, ramo +=branch house=, sucursal +=brand=, marca +=brand new=, novisimo +=bread=, pan +=breakdown=, quebrantamiento, dano +=to break out=, estallar +=breath=, respiro +=breathing-time=, respiro +=breeze=, brisa +=brevity=, brevedad +=brief=, corto +=brig=, bergantin +=to bring=, traer +=to bring an action=, poner pleito +=to bring upon oneself=, buscarse +=brisk=, activo, animado +=broad beans=, habas +=brocade=, brocado, tela labrada +=broker=, corredor +=broom=, escoba +=brother=, hermano +=brother-in-law=, cunado +=brought forward=, de la vuelta +=brown=, moreno +=brush=, cepillo +=bucket=, cubo, caldero +=building=, edificio, local +=bullish, bull (exch.)=, alcista +=bundle (of papers)=, legajo (de papeles) +=bunker=, carbonera, panol +=bunting=, lanillas para banderas +=to burst=, estallar +=business=, negocio, negocios +=business (occupations)=, quehaceres +=but=, pero, mas +=butter=, manteca, mantequilla (S. America) +=button=, boton +=bye-law=, reglamento +=bye-products=, productos accesorios + + +=C= + +=cabbages=, berzas, coles +=cable=, cable +=cablegram=, cablegrama +=to calculate=, calcular +=to calculate on=, contar con +=calculation=, calculo +=calico=, percal +=to call=, llamar +=to be called=, llamarse +=to call at=, hacer escala (ships), pasar por, visitar +=to call together=, convocar +=to be called=, llamarse +=calm=, tranquilo +=to cancel=, anular +=candidly=, con el corazon en la mano +=candle=, vela +=cane=, cana +=canned=, en latas +=cap=, gorra, gorro +=caprice, whim=, antojo +=to capsize=, volcar +=captain=, capitan +=to capture=, coger +=card=, tarjeta +=care=, cuidado +=to take care=, cuidar +=carefully=, cuidadosamente +=cargo=, cargamento +=carnation=, clavel +=carpet=, alfombra, tapete +=carriage forward=, tra(n)sporte seguido, + porte pagadero al destino +=carriage paid=, tra(n)sporte pagado, franco de porte +=carried forward=, a la vuelta +=to carry=, llevar, traer +=to carry into effect=, llevar a cabo +=cart=, carro +=case=, caja +=case, lawsuit=, proceso +=in case=, en caso que +=cash=, dinero efectivo +=for cash=, al contado +=in cash=, en efectivo, en metalico +=cashier=, cajero +=cask=, barrica, pipa +=to cast=, echar +=castillian=, castellano +=cat=, gato +=catalogue=, catalogo +=to catch=, coger +=cauldron (small)=, caldero +=cautious=, cauteloso, cauto +=to cede=, ceder +=to be celebrated=, celebrarse +=celebrated=, celebre +=cellar=, bodega +=to censure, to blame, oneself=, tacharse +=certain=, cierto +=to certify=, certificar +=chair=, silla +=change=, cambio +=to change=, cambiar +=charcoal=, carbon vegetal +=to charge=, cobrar +=to take charge=, encargarse +=to charter=, fletar +=cheap=, barato +=cheapening=, abarata miento +=cheese=, queso +=chemicals=, productos quimicos +=chemist=, boticario +=cheque=, cheque +=to cherish (the hope)=, abrigar +=chief=, principal +=child=, nino +=chimney=, chimenea +=chin=, barba, barbilla +=chivalry=, hidalguia +=chocolate=, chocolate +=to choose=, escoger, elegir +=Christmas=, Navidad +=cigars=, cigarros, puros, tabacos +=cinnamon=, canela +=to circulate=, circular +=to cite=, citar +=city=, ciudad +=claim=, reclame, reclamacion +=to claim=, reclamar +=clean=, limpio +=to clean=, limpiar +=clear=, claro +=to clear=, despejar +=clearing-house=, banco de liquidacion +=clearing-line=, saldo +=clearly=, claramente, claro +=clerk (chief)=, dependiente (primer) +=clever=, habil +=client=, cliente +=climate=, el clima +=climatic=, climatologico +=climax=, colmo +=clock=, reloj +=cloth=, tela, tejido, pano +=cloves=, clavos +=coal=, carbon de piedra +=coal-mine=, mina de carbon +=coarse=, basto +=coast=, costa +=coat=, americana, casaca +=cock (machinery)=, grifo +=coffee=, cafe +=cold=, frio +=to collect (money)=, recoger, cobrar +=collection=, coleccion +=colliery=, mina de carbon +=colonial produce=, coloniales +=colour (fast, loose)=, color (solido, firme, falso, fugitivo) +=colourings=, coloridos +=column=, columna +=to come=, venir +=to come back=, regresar, volver +=to come down=, bajar +=to come down in the world=, venir a menos +=to come out=, salir +=to come up to (an amount)=, salir en +=to commence=, comenzar, empezar, principiar, estrenarse +=commerce=, comercio +=commercial=, comercial +=commission agent=, comisionista +=to commit oneself=, comprometerse +=common=, comun, basto +=company (limited)=, compania anonima, por acciones +=to compel=, obligar +=to compensate=, compensar +=competitor=, competidor, contrincante +=to complain=, quejarse +=complete=, completo +=complexion=, la tez +=to compromise=, zanjar, comprometer +=to conceive=, concebir +=to concern=, concerner +=concern=, empresa +=concisely=, concisamente +=to conclude (a bargain)=, concluir, cerrar (un trato) +=conduct=, conducta +=to conduct (business)=, tratar +=to confess=, confesar +=confidence=, confianza +=connecting rod=, biela +=connection=, conexion +=connection=, _clientele_, clientela +=to consider=, considerar +=considerate, thoughtful=, comedido +=to consign=, consignar +=consignee=, consignatario +=consignment=, consignacion +=consumer=, consumidor +=contain, to be able to=, _or_ =to be able + to be contained=, caber +=content, contentment=, contento +=contents=, contenido +=continually=, continuamente +=to continue=, continuar, seguir +=contraband=, contrabando +=contract=, contrato +=contractor=, destajista +=contrary=, contrario +=to contribute=, contribuir +=contrivance=, mecanismo, medio +=to contrive to be=, llegar a ser +=to contrive=, lograr +=control=, dominio +=convenient=, conveniente +=to convey=, tra(n)sportar, transmitir +=to convince=, convencer +=to cook=, cocer +=copper=, cobre +=copy book=, copiador +=corded=, acordonado +=cords, corduroy=, pana acordonada +=corporal=, cabo +=to correct=, subsanar, corregir +=correspondence=, correspondencia +=correspondent=, corresponsal +=cost, insurance and freight (C.I.F.)=, costo, + flete y seguro (C.F.S.) +=cotton (spot)=, algodon disponible +=cotton market=, mercado algodonero +=cotton mill=, fabrica de algodon +=cotton prints=, zarazas +=to counsel=, aconsejar +=to count=, contar +=to countermand=, contramandar, revocar +=to countersign=, refrendar +=country=, pais, patria, campo +=couple=, par +=coupled with=, junto a +=couplings=, conexiones +=courage, valor=, aliento, animo +=course (of ship)=, rumbo +=of course=, por de contado +=court=, tribunal +=courteously=, cortesmente +=cousin=, primo +=to cover=, cubrir +=covered=, cubierto +=to covet=, codiciar +=cram full=, abarrotado +=crank-shaft=, arbol de cigueenal +=cream=, crema +=credit=, credito +=to credit=, abonar, acreditar +=creditors' meeting=, junta de acreedores +=crew=, tripulacion +=crimps=, crespolinas, rizados +=crockery=, loza +=crop=, cosecha +=to cross=, atravesar, cruzar +=crowd (motley)=, turba +=cry=, grito +=cubic=, cubico +=cudgel=, garrote +=cue (billiards)=, taco +=culprit=, reo +=cupboard=, armario +=curl (of hat brim)=, rizo (del ala) +=currant=, pasas de Corinto +=current=, actual, corriente +=curtailment=, limitacion +=custom=, costumbre +=customer=, cliente +=custom house official=, guardia aduanera +=custom house tariff=, arancel +=customs=, derechos +=to cut=, cortar +=to cut (fig.)=, herir +=cutting=, corte +=cylinder=, cilindro + + +=D= + +=damage=, averia, dano, perjuicio +=to damage=, danar +=damask=, damasco +=danger=, peligro +=dangerous=, arriesgado peligroso +=daring, bold=, atrevido +=date=, fecha +=date palm=, palmera +=to date, up to date=, hasta la fecha +=dated=, fecha de +=dates=, datiles +=daughter-in-law=, nuera, hija politica +=to dawn=, alborear, amanecer +=day=, dia +=lay day=, dia de estadia +=days of demurrage=, dias de contraestadia +=day before yesterday=, anteayer +=day book=, diario +=to dazzle=, deslumbrar +=dealers=, operadores +=fair dealing=, equidad +=deal=, especulacion +=to deal=, tratar +=dealings=, operaciones +=dear=, caro, querido +=debenture=, obligacion +=to debit=, adeudar, cargar, debitar +=debt=, deuda +=decadence=, decadencia +=deceased=, difunto +=December=, Diciembre +=to decide=, decidir, decidirse +=decidedly=, decididamente +=decision=, decision, dictamen +=below deck=, bajo cubierta +=on deck=, sobre cubierta +=to declaim=, declamar +=to declare=, declarar +=decline=, baja +=to decline=, venir a menos +=to decree=, decretar +=deeds=, hechos +=deeds (law)=, actas +=defect=, defecto +=to defer=, diferir +=to define=, definir +=definite=, definitivo +=degree=, grado, graduacion +=delay=, demora +=to delay=, demorar, postergar +=delegate=, delegado +=to commit a delinquency=, delinquir +=to deliver=, entregar +=delivery=, entrega +=to demand=, pedir, demandar +=demurrage=, sobrestadia +=to deny=, negar +=to depend on=, depender de +=to deplore=, deplorar +=depot=, deposito +=to depress=, deprimir +=to derive=, sacar +=design=, dibujo, diseno +=desire=, gana, deseo +=to desire=, apetecer, desear +=desk=, pupitre, banco +=writing desk=, escritorio +=despicable=, despreciable +=detailed=, detallado +=details=, detalles, pormenores, particulares +=deterioration=, empeoramiento +=to develop=, desarrollar, tomar vuelo +=development=, desarrollo, fomento +=to devote oneself=, dedicarse +=devotion=, devocion +=diapers=, lienzos adamascados +=dictionary=, diccionario +=different=, diferente, distinto +=difficult=, dificil, arduo +=difficulty=, dificultad +=diligence=, diligencia +=to direct=, dirigir +=disappointed (to be)=, llevar chasco +=disarmament=, desarme +=to discard=, rechazar +=to discharge=, descargar +=to disconcert=, desanimar +=to feel discouraged=, desanimarse +=discreet=, discreto +=to discuss=, discutir +=disgusted=, disgustado +=dishonour=, deshonra +=to dispense with=, prescindir de +=displeased=, disgustado +=to dispose=, disponer +=to distinguish=, distinguir +=district=, distrito +=disturbance=, disturbio +=disturbed=, perturbado, disturbado +=division (Govt. office)=, negociado +=to do=, hacer +=dock=, dique +=doctor=, medico +=doctrine=, doctrina +=document=, documento +=dog=, perro +=door=, puerta +=dot=, punto +=doubt=, duda +=down quilt=, colcha de plumon +=dozen=, docena +=draft=, giro +=to drain=, agotar +=draughtsman=, disenador +=to draw a bill=, girar +=to draw near=, aproximarse +=to draw out=, sacar +=to draw up (deeds)=, redactar +=dress goods=, telas para trajes +=drill=, dril +=to drizzle=, lloviznar +=drum (machinery)=, tambor +=to duplicate=, duplicar +=during=, durante + + +=E= + +=each=, cada +=eager=, ansioso, deseoso +=eagle=, aguila +=early=, temprano +=to earn=, ganar +=to be earnest=, tener empeno +=earnestly=, vivamente +=ease=, facilidad +=east=, este +=Easter=, Pascua +=to eat=, comer +=to economise=, ahorrar, economizar +=to effect=, efectuar +=effort=, esfuerzo +=with great effort=, a duras penas +=either= (after _negative_), tampoco +=to elaborate=, elaborar +=elegantly=, elegantemente +=to embark=, embarcar +=embarrassment=, embarazo apuro +=to embezzle=, malversar +=embossed=, grabado +=to embrace=, abrazar, abarcar +=embroidered=, bordado +=to employ=, emplear +=to be employed=, emplearse +=employer=, jefe +=empty=, vacio +=to enable=, poner en condiciones +=to enclose=, incluir, adjuntar +=enclosed=, adjunto +=to encounter=, exponerse a, arrostrar +=encouragement=, fomento, estimulo +=end=, cabo, fin +=to endeavour, to treat, to try=, tratar +=to endorse=, endosar +=to engage=, empenar +=engagement=, empeno +=engine=, maquina +=engineer=, ingeniero +=to enhance=, elevar +=to enjoy=, gozar, disfrutar de +=to enjoy oneself=, divertirse +=to enlarge=, agrandar +=enlightened=, ilustrado +=to enlist=, alistar +=to be enough=, bastar +=to entangle=, embrollar +=to enter=, entrar en +=enterprise=, empresa +=enterprising=, emprendedor +=to entrust=, confiar a +=envy=, envidia +=epoch=, epoca +=equal=, igual +=to equal=, igualar +=equipment=, equipo +=equity=, equidad +=error=, error +=to escape=, escapar +=to escape one's notice=, pasarsele por alto a uno +=especially=, mayormente +=to establish=, establecer +=to esteem=, estimar +=eternally=, eternamente +=this evening=, esta tarde +=ever=, nunca +=for ever=, eternamente +=every=, cada +=everybody=, todo el mundo, todos +=exact=, exacto +=examination=, examen +=to exceed=, exceder +=exceedingly=, mucho +=excellent, very good=, optimo +=to exchange=, trocar, cambiar +=exclusive=, exclusivo +=to excuse=, dispensar, disculpar +=to execute=, ejecutar +=exercise (gram.)=, tema (el) +=to exert oneself=, afanarse +=to exhaust=, apurar, agotar +=to exhibit=, exhibir +=to expect=, esperar +=to experience=, experimentar +=experienced=, experto +=to experiment=, experimentar +=expert=, perito +=to explain=, explicar, explanar +=to exploit=, explotar +=export=, exportacion +=exporter=, exportador +=to expose oneself to=, exponerse a, arrostrar +=to extend=, extender +=extension of time for payment=, moratorium, moratoria +=extinguished=, apagado +=eye=, ojo + + +=F= + +=face=, cara +=to face=, hacer frente +=to facilitate=, allanar +=facility=, facilidad +=fact=, hecho +=to fade=, destenir +=to fail=, faltar +=failure=, exito malo +=failure=, fracaso +=fair=, equitativo, justo +=fairness=, equidad +=faithful=, fiel +=to fall=, caer +=fall= (_n._), caida, baja +=to fall due=, vencer +=to fall through=, fracasar +=fame=, fama +=famous=, famoso +=fancies=, fantasias +=far away=, lejos +=farewell=! ivale! +=farthing=, fardin +=by fast train=, a grande velocidad +=father=, padre +=fatherland=, patria +=fault=, falta +=at fault=, culpado +=favour=, obsequio +=favourable=, favorable +=fear=, miedo, tema (_f._) +=February=, Febrero +=feel=, tacto +=to feel=, sentir +=fender=, guardafuego +=few=, pocos, (-as) +=field=, campo +=fig-tree=, higuera +=to fight=, batirse, luchar, pelear +=figured=, labrado +=figures=, cifras +=file=, ensartapapeles, guardapapeles +=to file (papers), to string (beads)=, ensartar +=to file a petition in bankruptcy=, declararse en quiebra +=to finance=, comanditar +=to find=, encontrar, hallar +=fine=, hermoso +=fine= (_n._), multa +=finish=, acabado, apresto, aderezo +=to finish=, acabar +=fir=, abeto +=fire-arms=, armas de fuego +=firebricks=, ladrillos refractarios +=firm, fast, strong=, fuerte +=firm=, casa +=firm= (_adj._), firme, fijo +=firmness=, firmeza +=to fix=, fijar +=fixed=, fijo +=to flatter oneself=, lisonjearse +=flange=, reborde +=flax=, lino +=flourishing=, floreciente +=flower=, flor +=flower-stand=, portaramillete (portarramillete), maceta, florero +=to fly=, volar +=fly-wheel=, volante +=to fold=, plegar +=to follow=, seguir +=fond of=, aficionado a +=food-stuffs=, generos alimenticios +=foolish=, tonto +=at foot=, al pie +=footwear=, calzado +=for=, para, por +=to force=, forzar +=forehead=, la frente +=foreign=, extranjero +=foreign to=, ajeno a +=foreigner=, extranjero +=foreman=, capataz +=foremast=, trinquete +=fork=, tenedor +=form=, boletin, forma +=formal=, formal +=formerly=, antes +=fortunately=, afortunadamente +=fortune=, fortuna, suerte +=to forward=, encaminar +=to found=, fundar +=foundry=, altos hornos +=fountain=, fuente +=fox=, zorra +=frame,-ing (mach.)=, armadura +=free=, libre +=free of particular average (F.P.A.)=, franco de averia particular +=to freeze=, helar +=freight=, flete +=to freight=, fletar +=French beans=, judias +=frequently=, frecuentemente +=Friday=, viernes +=friend=, amigo +=friendly=, amistoso +=friendship=, amistad +=to frighten=, amedrentar +=to be frightened=, espantarse +=frilled=, alechugado +=fringe=, franja +=frock coat=, levita +=front=, el frente +=frost=, hielo, escarcha +=frost-bitten=, tornado por la escarcha +=fruit=, fruta +=fruit= (of labour), fruto +=full=, lleno +=in full=, entero (por) +=funds=, fondos +=furious=, enfurecido, furioso +=furniture=, muebles +=blast furnace=, altos hornos +=fustian=, fustan + + +=G= + +=to gain=, ganar +=gallon=, galon +=garden=, jardin +=gardener=, jardinero, hortelano +=to gather=, recoger +=gaudy= (colour), chillon +=gearing=, engranaje +=general=, general +=generous=, generoso +=gentle=, blando, suave +=gentleman=, senor +=gentleman by birth=, hidalgo (hijodalgo) +=to get=, conseguir, obtener +=to get back= (money), sacar +=to get on well=, llevarse bien +=to get out=, sacar +=to get to know=, enterarse +=ginghams=, guingas, carranclanes +=to give=, dar +=to give back=, devolver +=to give on lease=, alquilar +=to give thanks=, dar las gracias +=to gladden=, alegrar +=glassware=, vidriado +=glove=, guante +=glutted=, abarrotado +=to go=, ir, andar +=to go away=, marcharse, alejarse +=God=, Dios +=to go down=, bajar +=gold=, oro +=goloshes=, chanclos +=good=, bueno, el bien +=goods=, generos +=goods, merchandise=, mercancia +=goodwill=, voluntad +=goodwill= (of a business), traspaso +=to go out=, salir +=to go out (fire)=, apagarse +=to go over=, repasar +=to go round=, circular +=gossip=, charla +=to govern=, gobernar +=government=, gobierno +=grace, gracefulness=, gracia +=gradation=, gradacion +=grain=, grano +=grain market=, mercado de granos +=to grant=, conceder +=grape=, uva +=gratis=, de balde +=gratitude=, gratitud +=gratuitous=, gratuito +=gratuity=, gratificacion +=great=, gran, grande +=great grandfather=, bisabuelo +=greatly=, mucho +=greed=, codicia +=green=, verde +=green peas=, guisantes +=grey=, gris +=to grind=, moler +=ground=, suclo +=group=, grupo, agrupacion +=to grow dark=, anochecer +=to guarantee=, garantir, garantizar + + +=H= + +=to hail=, granizar +=hail=! isalve! +=hair=, cabello=, pelo +=half=, medio=, la mitad +=ham=, jamon +=to hammer=, machacar +=hammers=, martillos +=hand=, mano +=to hand=, pasar, entregar +=handkerchief=, panuelo +=handle=, mango +=to hang=, colgar +=to happen=, ocurrir, suceder, acertar a +=harbour=, puerto +=hard=, duro +=hare=, liebre +=harrows=, rastrillos +=harvest, harvest time=, cosecha +=haste=, prisa +=to hasten=, apresurar (se) +=hat=, sombrero +=hatchets=, hachuelas +=to have=, tener, haber +=to have just=, acabar de +=head=, cabeza +=headache=, dolor de cabeza +=health (indifferent)=, delicado de salud +=healthy=, salubre +=to heap up=, amontar +=to hear=, oir +=heat=, calor +=heaven=, cielo +=heavy=, pesado +=heavy sea=, mar alborotada +=hedged in=, aislado +=heels=, tacones +=to help=, asistir, ayudar +=help (not to be able to)=, no poder menos de +=hemmed=, dobladillado, repulgado +=hemp, Manilla hemp=, canamo, abaca +=hemstitched=, con dobladilla de ojo +=her=, su +=here=, aqui, aca +=herewith=, adjunto +=hides=, cueros +=to hinder=, impedir +=to hint, to allude=, aludir a +=to hire=, alquilar +=his=, su +=history=, historia +=to hit it=, dar en el clavo +=hitch=, contratiempo +=hoist=, ascensor +=hold (ship)=, bodega +=to hold=, tener +=to hold up=, mantener +=holder=, tenedor +=hollow-ware=, olleria +=holy, saint=, santo +=honesty=, honradez +=honorary=, honorario, gratuito +=honour=, honor +=to honour=, honrar +=hook (clothes)=, garabato +=horse=, caballo +=hose=, manga +=hose (half)=, medias, calcetines +=hosiery=, medieria +=hotel=, fonda, hotel +=hour=, hora +=house, firm=, casa +=house (branch)=, sucursal +=hub=, buje +=hundred=, cien, ciento +=hurry=, prisa +=to hurt=, doler +=husband=, marido, esposo + + +=I= + +=if=, si +=idleness, inertia=, inercia +=ignoble=, innoble +=ill=, enfermo, malo +=to illustrate=, ilustrar +=illustrious=, ilustre +=immediate=, inmediato +=imperfection=, defecto +=importance=, importancia +=imports=, importaciones +=to impose=, imponer +=impropriety=, inconveniencia +=to improve=, mejorar +=improvement=, mejora, mejoria +=in case=, en caso que +=inclination=, gana +=to include=, incluir, abarcar +=inconvenience=, inconveniente +=to increase=, aumentar, tomar vuelo +=indemnity=, indemnizacion +=to indicate=, indicar +=industry=, industria +=inferior=, inferior, basto +=an infinite number=, una infinidad +=infinitesimal=, infimo +=to inform=, imponer, informar +=information=, informes +=to infringe=, atropellar por +=in full=, por entero +=infuriated=, enfurecido +=ingratitude=, ingratitud +=inhabitants=, habitantes, vecinos +=injunction=, mandato +=injury=, dano +=ink=, tinta +=inkstand=, tintero +=in order=, en regla, de conformidad +=in proportion as=, a medida que +=inside=, dentro de +=to insist=, insistir, porfiar, machacar +=by instalments=, a plazos +=instant (month)=, actual, corriente +=instead of=, en lugar de, en vez de +=instruction=, disposicion, instruccion +=insurance=, seguro +=insurance policy=, poliza de seguro +=to insure=, asegurar +=intelligence=, inteligencia +=to intend=, proponerse, intentar +=intention=, intencion +=interest=, interes +=interesting=, interesante +=interim=, provisorio, interino +=interior=, interior +=to interpret=, interpretar +=to intervene=, intervenir, mediar +=interview=, intervista +=in the long run=, a la larga +=to introduce (one to another)=, presentar +=in truth=, a la verdad +=in vain=, en balde +=to invest=, invertir (dinero) +=to investigate=, averiguar, apurar +=to invoice=, facturar +=invoice=, factura +=invoice book=, libro de facturas +=irrigation=, regardio +=iron=, hierro +=iron-clad=, acorazado +=iron, pig=, lingotes de hierro +=ironware=, ferreteria +=island=, isla +=isolated=, aislado +=to issue=, emitir, publicar +=its=, su + + +=J= + +=Jack (machinery)=, gato +=jacket=, americana, chaqueta, casaca +=jaconets=, chaconadas +=January=, Enero +=jeans=, coquillos +=jerked beef=, carne seca, tasajo +=jobs=, generos imperfectos +=journey (by sea)=, travesia +=homeward journey=, viaje de vuelta +=outward journey=, viaje de ida +=judicious=, juicioso +=juicy=, jugoso +=July=, Julio +=June=, Junio +=just=, justo, cabal +=just a little bit=, un si es no es +=jute=, jute, yute +=to justify=, justificar + + +=K= + +=keen=, agudo +=kind=, bondadoso +=kindness=, amabilidad +=king=, rey +=kingdom=, reino +=knife=, cuchillo +=to know (a person, thing)=, conocer +=to know (by heart)=, saber +=knowledge=, conocimiento, doctrina + + +=L= + +=label=, etiqueta, rotulo +=labour=, labor, mano de obra +=laborious=, laborioso +=lace=, encaje +=to lack=, carecer, faltar +=lad=, muchacho +=lady=, senora +=land=, terreno +=landlord=, propietario +=language=, el idioma, la lengua +=lard=, lardo, manteca de puerco +=large=, grande +=large number=, (un) sinnumero +=larger=, mayor +=to last=, durar +=late (deceased)=, difunto +=late=, tarde +=lately=, ultimamente +=later=, mas adelante +=lathe=, torno +=to laugh, to laugh at=, reirse +=law=, ley +=lawns=, linones, olanes, batistas +=lawsuit=, proceso +=lawyer=, abogado +=to lay before one=, presentar +=lay days=, dias de estadia +=lazy=, holgazan +=lead=, plomo +=to lead=, conducir +=to leak=, abrir agua, rezumar +=leakage=, merma +=to learn=, aprender +=to leave=, dejar +=ledger=, libro mayor +=left=, izquierda +=leg=, pierna +=legal means=, tramites de la ley +=lemon=, limon +=to lend=, prestar +=lesson=, leccion +=lest=, no sea que, de miedo que +=to let=, dejar +=letter=, carta, escrito +=level=, nivel +=to level=, allanar +=liabilities=, pasivo, pasividades +=liable for=, responsable +=library=, biblioteca +=to lie in bed=, guardar cama +=life=, vida +=lifeless=, desanimado +=lift=, ascensor +=light (colour)=, claro +=to lighten=, relampaguear +=to like=, gustar a uno +=limit=, limite +=to limit=, limitar +=limitation=, limitacion +=limited company=, sociedad anonima, por acciones +=line=, linea +=line (of business)=, ramo +=linen damask=, alemanisco +=linens=, lienzos +=linens (unbleached)=, lienzos morenos +=lining=, forro +=to liquidate=, liquidar +=to listen=, escuchar +=little=, poco (_adv._), pequeno (_adj._) +=to live=, vivir +=lively=, vivo +=living=, vida +=to load=, cargar +=loaf=, pan +=loan=, emprestito +=lobster=, langosta +=lock=, cerradura +=to lock=, cerrar con llave +=lock-out=, cierre +=locomotive=, locomotora +=long=, largo +=to look=, mirar +=to look for=, buscar, apetecer +=looking up (market)=, haber mejora en +=look out=! iojo!, atencion! +=to look over=, repasar +=loom=, telar +=loose colours=, colores fugitives +=to lose=, perder +=loss=, perdida quebranto +=lot=, partida +=cheap lot=, ganga +=job lot=, imperfectos +=to love=, amar +=love=, amor +=luck=, suerte +=lucky=, dichoso, afortunado +=lump sum=, suma redonda + + +=M= + +=machine=, maquina +=machinery=, maquinaria +=mad=, loco +=maidservant=, criada +=to maintain (oneself)=, mantener (se) +=maize=, maiz +=to make=, hacer +=to make a mistake=, equivocarse +=to make a slip of the tongue=, correrse +=to make a start=, principiar, estrenarse +=main mast=, palo mayor +=to make fun of=, burlarse +=to make good=, compensar +=to make one's appearance=, aparecer +=to make over=, ceder +=to make up=, confeccionar +=to make up one's mind=, decidir (se) +=man=, hombre +=manager=, gerente, administrador +=to manifest=, manifestar +=manner=, manera, modo +=manservant=, criado +=manufacturer=, fabricante +=marble=, marmol +=March=, Marzo +=margarine=, margarina +=mark=, marca, senal +=market=, mercado +=market-place=, plaza +=to marry=, casar (se) con +=masonry=, mamposteria +=master=, amo, maestro +=master spinner=, contramaestre de filatura +=to match=, igualar +=matches=, fosforos +=matter=, asunto +=to matter=, importar +=May=, mayo +=mayor=, alcalde +=means=, medio +=in the meantime=, en el interin +=meanwhile=, mientras tanto +=measure=, medida +=meat=, carne +=mechanism=, mecanismo +=to meet=, encontrar +=to meet (bills)=, hacer frente +=to meet requirements=, corresponder a las necesidades +=meeting=, reunion, junta, mitin +=megaphone=, bocina +=mellow=, suave +=member=, miembro +=to mention=, citar, mencionar, hacer mencion +=merchandise, goods=, mercancia +=merchant=, comerciante, negociante +=method=, metodo +=metre=, metro +=mild=, apacible +=mile=, milla +=milk=, la leche +=milliner=, modista +=million=, millon +=mind=, la mente +=miner=, minero +=minimum=, minimo +=minister=, ministro +=ministry=, ministerio +=mint of money=, dineral +=miser, miserly=, avaro, avariento +=misfortune=, desgracia, quebranto +=mishap=, quebranto, contratiempo +=mislaid (of a paper)=, traspapelado +=mistake=, equivocacion, error +=mizzen mast=, palo de mesana +=to mock=, reirse +=mohair=, moer +=Monday=, lunes +=money=, dinero +=money market=, mercado bursatil +=month=, mes +=monthly=, mensual +=moratorium=, moratoria +=more=, mas +=morning=, manana +=morocco leather=, cordoban +=mortgage=, hipoteca +=to mortgage=, hipotecar +=mother=, madre +=motive power=, fuerza motriz +=motor-car=, automovil +=motor-boat=, barca a motor, automovil +=mountain=, monte, montana +=mounting (machinery)=, montaje +=mourning=, luto +=mouth=, boca +=to move=, mover +=much=, mucho +=muffler=, bufanda +=municipality=, concejo, cabildo, ayuntamiento, corporacion +=museum=, museo +=muslin=, muselina +=must=, deber +=muster=, agrupacion + + +=N= + +=nail=, clavo +=nainsook=, nansu +=name=, nombre, fama +=nankeen=, nanquin +=nation=, nacion, pais +=native=, indigena +=near= (_adj._), cercano +=near to=, junto a, cerca de +=necessary=, necesario +=to be necessary=, ser menester +=to need=, haber menester, precisar +=needle=, aguja +=neighbour=, competitor, contrincante, vecino, projimo +=neither=, tampoco +=net=, neto, liquido +=net revenue=, ingresos netos +=new=, nuevo +=news=, noticias +=newspaper=, periodico +=next=, proximo +=nickel-plated=, niquelado +=night, evening=, noche +=nobleness=, hidalguia nobleza +=non-acceptance=, falta de aceptacion +=no one=, ninguno +=north=, norte +=nose=, nariz +=note=, esquela, nota +=note of hand=, pagare +=nothing=, nada +=for nothing=, de balde +=notice=, aviso +=notice (of dismissal)=, aviso de despedida +=to notice=, advertir, reparar +=notwithstanding=, no obstante, sin embargo +=November=, Noviembre +=now=, ahora +=number=, numero +=nuts (mach.)=, tuercas + + +=O= + +=oak=, roble, encina +=oats=, avena +=object=, objeto +=objection=, dificultad +=objectionable=, reprensible +=obligation=, empeno, obligacion +=to oblige=, complacer, agradar, contentar +=to observe=, observar +=to obstruct=, obstruir +=to obtain=, conseguir, obtener +=occasion=, ocasion +=occupations=, quehaceres +=to occur=, ocurrir +=ocean=, oceano +=October=, Octubre +=Octroi duties=, impuesto de consumos +=octroi office=, fielato +=odd (20 odd)=, y pico (veinte y pico) +=of course=, por de contado +=offer=, ofrecimiento, oferta +=to offer=, ofrecer +=office=, oficina, despacho +=office (lawyer's)=, bufete (de abogado) +=office boy (jocularly)=, hortera +=of no avail=, de balde +=often=, a menudo +=oil=, aceite +=old=, viejo, antiguo +=old age=, vejez +=omnibus=, omnibus +=on=, sobre +=on deck=, sobre cubierta +=onion=, cebolla +=only= (_adj._), solo +=only= (_adv._), solo, solamente +=to open=, abrir +=opening=, apertura +=openly=, a las claras, claro y redondo +=to operate=, obrar +=operations=, operaciones +=operator=, operador +=opportunity=, oportunidad +=to oppose=, oponerse a +=orange=, naranja +=orchard=, huerta, huerto +=to order=, mandar, pedir +=order=, orden, pedido, encargo +=ordinary=, ordinario +=to organise=, organizar +=osnaburgs=, cregueelas +=other=, otro +=other people's property=, (lo) ajeno +=output=, producto +=overdue=, atrasado +=overhead=, aereo +=to overload oneself=, sobrecargarse +=to overstep=, exceder +=to owe=, deber +=owing to=, debido a +=own=, propio +=ox=, buey +=ox casings=, tripas, de buey + + +=P= + +=to pack=, empacar +=packages=, bultos +=packet=, paquete +=page=, pagina +=pain=, dolor +=to pain=, doler +=painful=, doloroso +=paint=, pintura +=pair=, par +=palace=, palacio +=pan (sugar manuf.)=, tacho, paila +=paper=, papel +=paper fasteners=, sujetapapeles +=parcel=, paquete, partida +=parents=, padres +=parliamentary bill=, proyecto de ley +=parliamentary session=, legislatura +=part=, la parte +=partner=, socio +=pasha=, baja +=to pass=, pasar +=pattern sets or cards=, muestrarios +=to pawn=, empenar +=pause=, pausa +=to pay=, pagar +=to pay (to be advantageous)=, tener cuenta +=payable=, pagadero +=peace=, paz +=peaches=, melocotones +=pen=, pluma +=penalty=, multa +=pencil=, lapiz +=penknife=, cortapluma +=pen-nibs=, puntitas +=penny=, penique +=people=, gente, pueblo +=pepper=, pimienta +=perennial=, perenne +=perfect=, perfecto +=to perfect=, perfeccionar +=perfectly=, perfectamente +=perhaps=, talvez +=petition=, peticion +=phrase=, frase +=philosophy=, filosofia +=physician=, medico +=pickled beef=, carne en salmuera +=picks=, picos +=pig=, puerco +=pig-iron=, lingotes de hierro +=pigeon-holes=, casillero +=pin=, alfiler +=pine=, pino +=pink (col.)=, rosa +=pipe=, tubo, pipa +=pistol=, pistola +=to place=, colocar, poner +=place=, plaza, sitio +=plain=, sencillo, simple +=plan (idea)=, plan, proyecto +=plan (sketch)=, piano +=plane=, cepillo +=plank=, tablon +=plant=, planta +=plate (metal)=, chapa +=plausible=, atendible +=pleasant, winsome, taking=, simpatico +=to please=, gustar, placer +=pleasure=, placer +=pledge=, empenar +=plough=, arado +=pneumatic=, neumatico +=pocket-book=, cartera +=point=, punto +=to point out=, indicar +=to poke (fire)=, remover +=poker=, atizador +=politely=, cortesmente +=pomegranates=, granadas +=poor=, pobre +=porch=, portico +=port=, puerto +=portfolio=, cartera +=portmanteau=, maleta +=position=, posicion +=possess=, poseer +=post=, correo, mala +=to post=, echar al correo +=postage=, franqueo, portes +=postman=, cartero +=to postpone=, aplazar, diferir +=pound=, libra +=power of attorney=, poder +=powerful=, poderoso +=practical=, practico +=practically=, virtualmente +=to precede=, preceder +=precious=, precioso +=preferable=, preferible +=preference shares=, acciones preferentes +=to prejudice=, comprometer +=preliminary=, preliminar +=premium=, premio, prima +=present=, actual, presente +=to present=, presentar, regalar +=those present=, los reunidos +=preserves=, conservas alimenticias +=to press=, apremiar +=pretty=, bonito +=to prevail=, prevalecer, reinar +=previous=, anterior +=price=, precio +=price list=, boletin, lista +=principal=, principal +=to print, printed=, imprimir, impreso +=cotton prints=, zarazas, estampados +=prize=, premio +=to produce=, presentar, producir +=product=, producto +=professor=, profesor +=profit and loss=, ganancias y perdidas +=pro forma account=, cuenta simulada +=to prohibit=, prohibir +=project=, proyecto +=promenade=, paseo +=promissory note=, pagare +=property=, hacienda, propiedad +=to propose=, proponer +=proof=, ensayo, prueba +=prospects=, perspectivas +=to prosper=, medrar +=proud=, ufano +=to prove=, probar +=proverb=, refran +=to provide=, proveer +=provided that=, con tal que +=prudent=, prudente +=to punish, to chastise=, castigar +=pupil=, discipulo +=to purchase=, comprar +=to purify, to exhaust, to investigate=, apurar +=to purpose=, proponerse +=to put=, poner +=to put off=, postergar +=to put out=, desconcertar +=to put out of gear=, descomponer +=to put up=, llevar +=to put up with=, soportar + + +=Q= + +=quality=, calidad +=quantity=, cantidad +=quarter=, cuarto +=queen=, reina +=queer=, extrano +=question=, cuestion, asunto +=in question=, consabido +=to question=, dudar, preguntar +=quick=, pronto +=quiet=, tranquilo, sobrio, apagado (colour) +=quilting=, acolchado +=quire=, mano +=quite candidly=, con el corazon en la mano +=quota=, cuota +=quotation=, cotizacion, (cita) +=to quote=, citar, cotizar + + +=R= + +=to rack one's brains=, devanarse los sesos +=rails=, carriles, rieles, railes +=railway=, ferrocarril +=rain=, lluvia +=to rain=, llover +=raisins=, pasas +=ratepayer=, contribuyente, vecino +=rattan furniture=, muebles de bejuco +=rays=, rayos +=razor=, navaja de afeitar +=to read=, leer +=reading=, lectura +=ready=, pronto, listo +=ready money=, dinero efectivo +=reason=, razon +=reasonable=, razonable, arreglado +=rebate=, rebaja, reduccion +=to make a rebate=, bonificar +=to recapitulate=, resumir +=receipt=, recibo +=to receive=, acoger, recibir +=reception=, recibo +=to recommend=, recomendar, abonar +=record=, colmo +=to record=, consignar +=to have recourse=, acudir a +=to recover=, recobrar +=red=, encarnado, rojo +=to reduce=, reducir +=reduction=, rebaja, reduccion +=to refer=, referir +=references=, informes +=to reflect=, reflexionar +=reflection=, reflejo +=refreshment=, refresco +=to refund=, refundir +=refusal=, negativa +=to refuse=, rehusar, negarse a +=regardless of expense=, sin mirar a gastos +=region=, comarca +=to register (letters, etc.)=, certificar +=registered office (of a firm)=, domicilio +=regulations=, reglamentos +=to reign=, reinar +=to reject=, rechazar +=to rejoice=, alegrarse +=to relate=, contar, dar cuenta +=relating to=, acerca de +=to remain=, quedar +=remainder=, resto, restante +=to remark=, observar +=remiss=, lento, moroso +=to remit, to send=, remitir +=remittance=, remesa +=remnants=, restos +=to remove=, remover, quitar +=to render help=, prestar ayuda +=to rent=, alquilar +=to repeat=, repetir +=to repent=, arrepentirse +=to reply=, contestar, responder +=report=, informe, parte, relacion +=to report=, dar cuenta +=to represent=, representar +=representative=, representante +=reputation=, fama +=request=, peticion +=to require=, requerir, exigir +=requirements=, necesidades +=to reserve=, reservar +=to reside=, residir, vivir +=residence=, domicilio +=resources=, recursos +=respect=, respeto +=to respect=, respetar +=respectable=, formal, respetable +=with respect to=, con respecto a, respecto de +=result=, resultado +=to resume=, reanudar +=retail=, al por menor +=to return=, devolver, regresar +=revenue=, ingresos +=review=, revista +=to revoke=, revocar +=reward=, premio +=ribbon=, cinta +=rice=, arroz +=rich, richly=, rico, acaudalado, ricamente +=to get rid of=, librarse, deshacerse de +=ridiculously low (of prices)=, irrisorio +=right=, derecho, justo +=to be right=, tener razon +=rim=, reborde +=riot=, motin +=rise=, alza, aumento +=risk=, riesgo, peligro +=risky=, arriesgado, peligroso +=river=, rio +=to rob=, robar +=to rock (a cradle)=, mecer +=roll=, rollo +=to roll=, arrollar +=roller=, cilindro +=room=, cuarto, cabida +=rope=, soga +=rose=, rosa +=rotten=, podrido +=rough and ready man=, hombre llano +=round=, redondo +=route=, via +=rubber=, caucho, goma elastica +=rubber heels (revolving)=, rodajas de goma +=rug=, tapete +=to ruin=, echar a perder, arruinar +=to rule=, regir, gobernar, dominar, reinar +=rule=, regla, regimen +=ruler=, regla +=rumour=, rumor, especie +=to run=, correr +=to run down=, atropellar +=to run to=, acudir a + + +=S= + +=sad=, triste +=safely=, sin novedad, a salvamento +=sail=, vela +=sailing vessel=, velero=, buque=, de vela +=saint, holy=, santo +=salary=, sueldo +=sale=, venta +=salvage=, salvamento +=same=, mismo +=sardines=, sardinas +=sash=, cinto +=satins (brocaded)=, satines (brochados) +=satisfied=, satisfecho +=Saturday=, Sabado +=to save=, ahorrar +=sawing machine=, sierra mecanica +=to say=, decir, manifestar +=scalloped=, festoneado +=scandalous=, escandaloso +=scarcely=, apenas +=schooner=, goleta +=science=, ciencia +=scissors=, tijeras +=to scold=, reconvenir +=score=, veintena +=screw (of a boat)=, helice (el _or_ la) +=screws=, tornillos +=not over-scrupulous=, de manga ancha +=scuttle=, caja de carbon +=seal=, sello +=to seal=, sellar +=sealing-wax=, lacre +=to search=, buscar +=season=, estacion, temporada +=to seat=, asentar +=secretary=, secretario +=to secure=, asegurar +=securities=, valores +=to see=, ver +=seeing that=, visto que +=to seem=, parecer +=to select=, elegir, escoger +=selection=, surtido +=to sell=, vender +=selvedge=, orilla +=senate=, senado +=to send=, enviar, mandar, remitir +=to send back=, devolver +=to send a remittance=, hacer una remesa +=to send for=, mandar buscar +=sensible=, discreto, juicioso +=sentence=, frase +=September=, Setiembre +=sergeant=, sargento +=series=, la serie +=to serve=, servir +=service=, servicio, utilidad +=session (parliamentary)=, legislatura +=to set out=, partir +=set of patterns=, muestrario +=to settle=, arreglar, definir, liquidar +=settlement=, saldo +=several=, varios +=shade (of colour)=, el matiz +=shame=, vergueenza +=shape=, forma +=share=, accion +=shareholder=, accionista +=sharp=, agudo +=shawl=, chal +=shears=, cizallas +=sheet (bed)=, sabana +=shell-fish=, mariscos +=to shelter=, abrigar +=shilling=, chelin +=ship=, barco, buque, navio +=to ship=, embarcar +=shipment=, remesa, embarque +=shipowners=, armadores +=shipper=, exportador +=shirt=, camisa +=shocking=, escandaloso +=shoes=, zapatos +=shop=, tienda +=shopkeeper=, tendero +=short=, corto +=short cut=, atajo +=shortly=, en breve=, proximamente +=shoulder=, espalda +=shout=, grito +=shovel=, pala +=to show=, mostrar, acusar, exhibir, hacer constar, ensenar +=shrewd=, fino +=to shrink=, encojerse +=shrivelled=, encojido +=shrunk=, encojido +=side=, lado +=side arms=, armas blancas +=sight=, vista +=to sight=, avistar +=sign=, senal +=to sign=, firmar +=signature=, firma +=signed guarantee=, indemnidad +=to be silent=, callarse +=silk=, seda +=silk hat=, sombrero de copa +=silver=, plata +=similar=, semejante +=simpleton=, tonto, necio +=sincere=, sincero +=sincere man=, hombre llano +=sincerity=, sinceridad +=single, simple, plain=, simple +=sister-in-law=, cunada +=skates=, patines +=sketch=, croquis +=skin=, piel +=sky=, cielo +=sky-blue=, azul celeste +=slack=, flojo +=slackness=, flojedad +=slate colour=, plomo +=sleep=, sueno +=to sleep=, dormir +=slender=, exiguo +=slight=, exiguo, ligero +=slip=, boletin, volante +=slope=, cuesta +=slow=, lento, moroso, tardo +=by slow train=, a pequena velocidad +=slowly=, despacio +=sly=, socarron +=small=, pequeno, exiguo +=smaller=, menor +=smallware=, quincalla +=smile=, sonrisa +=to smoke (of a chimney)=, humear +=smooth=, liso +=smuggling=, matute +=to snow=, nevar +=snow=, nieve +=so and so=, fulano +=so, as ... as=, tan ... como +=society=, sociedad +=socks=, calcetines +=soda=, soda, sosa +=sofa=, el sofa +=soft=, blando, suave +=to soften=, ablandar +=soil=, suelo +=soldier=, soldado +=sole=, exclusivo +=solely=, unicamente +=to solicit=, solicitar +=solicitor=, abogado (procurador legal) +=solidity=, solidez +=some=, algun, alguno, algunos, unos +=something=, algo +=somewhat=, algo +=soon=, pronto +=sordid=, ruin +=sorrow=, dolor +=to be sorry=, sentir +=so that=, de modo que, para que +=so to say=, por decirlo asi +=sour=, agrio +=source=, fuente, manantial +=source (to have from a good)=, tener de buena tinta +=south=, sur, sud +=space=, cabida +=spades=, palas +=Spanish=, espanol +=Spanish peas=, garbanzos +=spare pieces (machinery)=, piezas de repuesto +=sparrow=, gorrion +=to speak=, hablar +=to speak for=, abonar +=species=, especie +=speculation=, especulacion +=speed=, prisa +=speedy=, pronto +=to spend=, gastar +=spices=, especias +=to spin=, hilar +=spinner=, hilador +=in spite of=, a pesar de +=to spoil=, gastar, echar a perder +=spoon=, cuchara +=spokes=, rayos +=spot=, mancha, punto, sitio +=spot cotton=, algodon disponible +=spring=, resorte +=spring (season)=, primavera +=squeamish=, melindroso +=to squeeze out=, exprimir, arrancar +=squire=, hijodalgo, hidalgo +=stain=, mancha +=stamp=, timbre +=stamp-rack=, porta-estampillas +=stamps (postage)=, sellos +=standard-bearer=, porta-bandera +=standing=, posicion +=to start from=, arrancar de +=statement=, cuenta +=statistics=, estadisticas +=stay=, estancia +=to steal=, robar +=steam-engine=, maquina a vapor +=steamer=, buque de vapor, vapor +=steel=, acero +=step=, paso +=stick=, garrote +=still=, todavia +=sting=, herida (fig.) +=to stir=, remover +=stockings=, medias +=stock-jobber=, agiotista +=stocks=, existencias +=stool=, escano +=to stop payment=, suspender los pagos +=to stop short in the middle of one's speech=, cortarse +=stores=, depositos, almacenes +=storm=, temporal, tormenta +=stove=, estufa, calorifero +=stowage=, estiva +=straight=, derecho +=straightforward=, recto, leal +=to strain=, forzar +=strange=, extrano +=street=, calle +=to stretch=, extender +=strike=, huelga +=striped goods=, listados +=stripes=, rayas +=stroll=, paseo +=strong, fast, firm=, fuerte +=to struggle against=, luchar +=to study=, estudiar +=to stumble=, tropezar +=subject=, asunto +=to submit=, someter +=subsidence=, hundimiento +=to succeed=, suceder +=to succeed in=, conseguir, obtener +=success=, buen exito +=such, such a=, tal +=sudden=, repentino +=to suffer=, sufrir +=suffering=, sufrimiento +=to suffice=, bastar +=sugar=, azucar +=sugar mill=, trapiche +=suitings=, panos +=sum=, suma +=summer=, verano +=to summon=, citar ante los tribunales +=sun=, sol +=Sunday=, domingo +=supper=, cena +=to suppose=, suponer +=to suppress=, suprimir +=supply and demand=, demanda y oferta +=to supply oneself=, abastecerse +=surety=, fiador +=surface=, superficie +=to surprise=, maravillar +=surprising=, sorprendente +=to suspect=, sospechar +=to sweep=, barrer +=sword=, espada +=symptoms=, sintomas + + +=T= + +=table=, mesa +=table (of figures)=, cuadro +=tact=, tacto +=tailor=, sastre +=to take=, tomar +=to take amiss=, tomar a mal +=to take away=, quitar +=to take care (of oneself)=, cuidar(se) +=to take charge=, encargarse +=to take into consideration=, tener en cuenta +=to take into tow=, traer a remolque, remolcar +=to take much trouble=, afanarse +=to take notice=, hacer caso +=to take on lease=, alquilar, tomar en arriendo +=to take place=, verificarse +=to take steps=, dar pasos +=to take the start=, tomar la delantera +=to take up=, recoger +=tallow greaves=, heces de sebo +=tariff reform=, reforma arancelaria +=task=, tarea +=tax=, impuesto +=tea=, te +=to teach=, ensenar +=teaching=, ensenanza +=teeth=, dientes +=to telephone=, telefonear +=to tell=, decir +=temper=, genio +=temporarily=, temporalmente +=tenant=, inquilino +=tender=, tierno +=term=, plazo +=terms=, condiciones +=textile=, textil +=textiles=, tejidos +=to thank=, agradecer +=thanks to ... =, merced a ... +=that=, ese,-a,-o, aquel-lla-llo, que +=their=, su +=then=, entonces, luego, pues +=there=, alla, alli, ahi +=therefore=, portanto +=there is=, =there are=, hay +=there to be=, haber +=thick=, grueso, espeso +=thief=, ladron +=thimble=, dedal +=thing=, cosa +=to think=, creer, pensar +=third= (_frac_.), tercio +=thirst=, sed +=this=, este,-a,-o +=thousand=, mil +=threshing machines=, trilladores +=to throw=, echar +=to thunder=, tronar +=Thursday=, jueves +=ticket, etiqueta=, rotulo +=ticking=, terliz +=timber=, madera +=time=, tiempo, epoca +=at the same time=, al mismo tiempo, a la par que +=tin=, estano +=to tire=, cansar +=to-day=, hoy +=ton=, tonelada +=tongs=, tenazas +=tongue=, lengua +=too (also)=, tambien +=too, too much=, demasiado +=tools=, herramientas +=top=, cima +=touch=, tacto +=to tow=, traer a remolque, remolcar +=towards=, para con, hacia +=to what extent?=, ?hasta que punto? +=town=, ciudad, poblacion, villa, pueblo +=trade=, comercio +=trade union=, asociacion de obreros +=train=, tren +=to transport=, tra(n)sportar +=to travel=, viajar +=traveller= (commercial), viajante +=traveller= (tourist, etc.), viajero +=treasure=, tesoro +=to treat=, =to try=, =to endeavour=, tratar +=tree=, arbol +=trial=, prueba, ensayo +=trick=, enganifa +=trifles=, pequeneces +=to trifle with=, burlarse +=trifling amount=, una friolera +=trimmings=, guarniciones, adornos +=trouserings=, telas para pantalones +=trousers=, pantalones +=trunk=, baul +=truss=, fardito +=trust=, confianza +=trustworthy=, fidedigno +=to trust=, confiar +=trustee=, sindico +=truth=, verdad +=to try=, probar, tratar +=Tuesday=, martes +=Turkey red handkerchiefs=, panuelos de Andrinopolis +=turn for the worse=, empeoramiento +=to turn=, volver +=turnover=, giro +=twill=, asargado, cruzado, aterlizado, diagonal +=twine=, bramante +=to twist=, torcer +=tyres=, llantas + + +=U= + +=umpire=, arbitro +=uncertainty=, incertidumbre +=uncle=, tio +=under=, debajo de +=to undersell=, malbaratar +=to understand=, comprender, entender +=to undertake=, comprometerse, emprender +=undertaking=, empresa +=uneasiness=, malcontento +=unfavorable=, desfavorable +=to unfold=, desplegar +=unforeseen=, imprevisto +=unhappy, unfortunate=, desdichado, infeliz +=unless=, a menos que +=unloading=, descarga +=unnavigable=, innavegable +=unprecedented=, sin precedente +=unripe=, inmaturo, verde +=unsuitability=, inconveniencia +=until=, hasta que +=unwillingly=, de mala gana +=upon=, sobre +=upright=, integro, cabal +=to upset=, desconcertar +=to urge=, apremiar, apresurar +=to use for the first time=, estrenar +=useful=, util +=usefulness=, utilidad +=utility=, utilidad + + +=V= + +=vagabonds, (company of)=, hampa +=value=, valor +=valve=, valvula +=variety=, variedad +=varnish=, el barniz +=velvet=, terciopelo +=velveteen=, pana +=venture=, ensayo +=very=, muy +=vest=, chaleco +=via=, via +=to vie with=, trabajar, ir, a porfia, haberselas con +=view=, vista +=villa=, quinta +=village=, pueblo +=vineyards=, vinas +=violet=, violeta +=virtue=, virtud +=to visit=, visitar +=vivid=, vivo +=vividly=, vivamente +=viz=., es decir, a saber +=vocabulary=, vocabulario + + +=W= + +=wages=, sueldo +=waistcoat=, chaleco +=to wait for=, esperar +=to wait upon=, visitar +=to wake up=, despertar +=walk=, paseo +=to walk=, andar +=to want=, necesitar, querer +=to be wanted=, hacer falta +=to be wanting=, faltar +=want of foresight=, imprevidencia +=war=, guerra +=warehouse=, almacen +=warehouseman=, almacenero, dependiente de almacen +=to warn=, advertir +=to take warning=, escarmentar +=warrant=, cedula +=to warrant=, justificar +=to waste=, desperdiciar, malgastar +=waste-paper basket=, cestilla +=watch=, reloj +=to watch over=, vigilar +=water=, agua +=way=, manera, modo, via +=wealth=, riqueza +=wealthy=, acaudalado +=to wear=, gastar, llevar +=to wear for the first time=, estrenar +=wearing apparel=, vestidos, ropa, hato +=to weave=, tejer +=weaver=, tejedor +=webbing=, tejido elastico +=Wednesday=, miercoles +=week=, semana +=weight=, peso +=to welcome=, agasajar +=well=, bien, pues +=west=, oeste +=to wet=, banar +=whale=, ballena +=what=, que (_inter_.), lo que +=wheat=, trigo +=when=, cuando +=whenever=, cuandoquiera +=where=, donde +=wherever=, dondequiera +=whether=, si, sea que +=which=, que, el cual +=whichever=, cualquiera +=while=, mientras +=whim=, antojo +=Whitsuntide=, Pentecostes +=white=, blanco +=who=, que, quien, el cual +=whoever=, quienquiera, cualquiera +=wholesale=, al por mayor +=whom=, quien +=whose=, cuyo +=wicked=, malo +=widower=, viudo +=width=, anchura, ancho +=wife=, mujer, esposa +=will=, voluntad +=to win=, vencer +=to win over=, granjearse +=wind=, viento +=window=, ventana +=wine=, vino +=wine (_adj_.)=, vinicolo +=winsome=, simpatico +=winter=, invierno +=wireless=, radiograma +=wise=, juicioso, sabio +=to wish=, desear +=to wish to have=, querer +=wishful=, deseoso +=with great effort=, a duras penas +=within=, dentro de +=without=, sin, sin que +=woman=, mujer +=to wonder=, maravillarse +=to be wont=, soler +=wood=, madera +=wool=, lana +=word=, palabra, vocablo +=to work=, trabajar, obrar +=to work (mines)=, explotar +=workman=, obrero, operario +=workshop=, taller +=world=, mundo +=world (_adj_.)=, mundial +=worth=, valor +=to be worth=, poseer, valer +=to be worth while=, valer la pena +=wound=, herida +=to wound=, herir +=wrap=, bata +=wreck=, naufragar +=to wreck=, echar a perder +=to wrench=, arrancar +=to write=, escribir +=to write to each other=, escribirse +=writer=, escritor +=writing (_n_.)=, letra, escrito +=writing desk=, escritorio +=writing pad=, carpeta +=written agreement=, contrato +=to wrangle with someone=, haberselas con uno +=on the wrong side=, al reves + + +=Y= + +=yard=, yarda +=yard (Spanish)=, vara +=yarn=, hilado +=year=, ano +=yellow=, amarillo +=yes=, si +=yesterday=, ayer +=yet=, todavia, aun +=to yield, to submit=, ceder, darse a partido +=young=, joven +=young age=, juventud +=young man, woman=, joven +=youth=, juventud + + +=Z= + +=zinc=, zinc + + + + + APPENDIX I + +PRINCIPAL EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE ON SPANISH GENDER BY TERMINATION + + +1. Words of Greek etymology ending in _ma_-- + +El dilema (the dilemma) +El diploma (the diploma) +El epigrama (the epigram) +El problema (the problem) +El sintoma (the symptom) +El telegrama (the telegram) + +etc., etc. + +But La amalgama (the amalgamation) +La diadema (the diadem) +La estratagema (the stratagem) +La proclama (the proclamation) + +2. Most of the compound nouns (very few in number)-- + +El cortaplumas (the penknife) +El guardacosta (the coasting-vessel) +El paraguas (the umbrella) +El tirabala (the popgun) + +3. El dia (the day) + +El Etna (Etna (volcano)) +El mapa (the map) +El sofa (the sofa) +El Volga [210] (the Volga) +And all words ending in accented _a_. + +[Footnote 210: And all rivers and mountains ending in _a_.] + +4. Masculine nouns ending in _d_-- + +El adalid (the warrior or chieftain) +El ardid (the trick) +El ataud (coffin) +El cesped (the turf, lawn) +El sud (the south) + +5. Masculine nouns ending in _ion_-- + +El embrion (the embryo) +El gorrion (the sparrow) +El morrion (parts of an armour) +El sarampion (measles) + +6. Feminine nouns ending in _i_ or _y_-- + +La diocesi (the diocese) +La grey (the flock) +La ley (the law) +La metropoli (the metropolis) + +Almost all. + +7. Feminine noun ending in _j_-- +La troj (the granary) + +8. Feminine nouns ending in _l_-- + +La cal (lime) +La capital (capital--town) +La carcel (prison) +La col (cabbage) +La miel (honey) +La piel (skin) +La sal (salt) +La senal (signal) +La vocal (vowel) + +And a few more. + +9. Feminine nouns ending in _n_-- + +La cargazon (the load) +La crin (the horsehair) +La desazon (the ailment) +La imagen (the image) +La razon (the reason) +La sinrazon (the injustice) +La sarten (the frying-pan) +La sien (the temple) + +Almost all. + +10. Feminine nouns ending in _o_-- + +La mano (the hand) + +Only word, excepting "nao" (ship), now obsolete, and "seo" (cathedral), +little used. + +11. Feminine nouns ending in _r_-- + +La flor (the flower) +La labor (the needlework) +La segur (the axe) + +Almost all. + +12. Feminine nouns ending in _s_-- + +La bilis (the bile) +La crisis (the crisis) +La elipsis (ellipsis) +La lis (fleur-de-lis) +La mies (the crop) +La perifrasis (the periphrase) +La tos (the cough) + +And a few others. + +13. Feminine noun ending in _u_-- + +La tribu (the tribe) + +14. Feminine nouns ending in _z_-- + +La codorniz (the partridge) +La cerviz (the cervix) +La cruz (the cross) +La coz (the back-kick) +La luz (the light) +La nariz (the nose) +La nuez (the nut) +La pez (the pitch) +La voz (the voice) +La raiz (the root) +La tez (the complexion) +La vez (the time, once, etc., etc.) + +And a few others less important. + +15. Feminine nouns ending in _e_. (This is the most numerous list of +exceptions)-- + +Las aves (the birds) +La barbarie (the barbarity) +La base (the basis) +La calle (the street) +La carne (the flesh) +La fiebre (the fever) +La fuente (the fountain) +El hambre (_f._), (the hunger) +La mente (the mind) +La noche (the night) +La parte (the part) +La quiete (the quiet) +La sangre (the blood) +La serpiente (the serpent) +La torre (the tower) + +Besides the masculine and feminine genders, some nouns are called: de +genero comun, epiceno, and ambiguo. The noun is called "de genero comun" +(common gender) when with the same termination it may indicate both a +male and female being by using a different article-- + +Un--una albacea (an executor, executrix) +Un--una artista (an artist, artiste) +Un--una Belga[211] (a Belgian) +Un--una idiota (an idiot) +Un--una indigena (a native) +Un--una martir (a martyr) +Un--una reo (a culprit) +Un--una culpable (a culprit) +Un--una gimnasta (a gymnast) +Un--una homicida (a murderer, a murderess) +Un--una suicida (one who commits suicide) +Un--una testigo (a witness) + +[Footnote 211: And so all nouns of nationality ending in _a_ or _e_.] + +The noun is called Epicene when, with the same termination and the same +article, it indicates both male and female-- + +El aguila (the eagle--male and female) +El buitre (the vulture--male and female) +El avestruz (the ostrich--male and female) +La rata (the rat--male and female) + +Distinction would be made by adding "macho" or "hembra." + +El aguila macho (the eagle--male) +El avestruz hembra (the ostrich--female) + +N.B.--Most of the names of animals belong to this class. + +The term "ambiguo" is applied to nouns which are masculine or feminine, +with different meaning, or the gender of which is not well defined-- + + Analasis (analysis), doubtful gender +El aroma (the aroma) La aroma (the acacia flower) +La _or_ el arte (the art) Los _or_ Las artes +Las bellas artes (the arts, generally _fem_.) + (the fine arts, always _fem_.) +La barba (the beard) El barba (a character in Spanish + plays) +El cabecilla (chieftain or ringleader La cabecilla (the little head) + of rebels) +El calavera (the madcap) La calavera (the skull) +El canal (the canal) La canal (the gutter) +El capital (money) La capital (the town) +El colera (cholera) La colera (wrath) +El cometa (comet) La cometa (the kite, _toy_) +El corte (the cut) La corte (the court) +El cura (the priest) La cura (the cure) +El doblez (the fold) La doblez (duplicity) +El _or_ la dote (dowry), generally Las dotes (good parts, gifts), + _fem_. in the _pl_. always _fem_. +El fantasma (the phantom) La fantasma (the bogie-man) +El frente (the front) La frente (the forehead) +El haz (the sheaf) La haz (face, surface) +Lente (lenses), doubtful gender +La orden (command, order for El orden (order); as, buen orden + goods, etc.) (good order) +Las sagradas ordenes (holy orders) Las varias ordenes (various religious + orders) +El parte (report) La parte (part) +El pendiente (ear-ring) La pendiente (slope) +El pez (fish) La pez (pitch) +El tema (exercise, theme) La tema (fear, obstinacy) +Tilde (~), doubtful gender + + +"Mar" (sea) is either Masc. or fem., but names of particular seas are +all masculine-- + +El mar rojo (the Red Sea) +El mar Caspio (the Caspian Sea) + +The compounds of "mar" are feminine-- + +Baja mar (low sea) +Pleamar (high water) + +The following masculine nouns have their equivalent feminine formed by +inflexion. + +N.B.--We omit those in which the inflexion consists of the change of the +last vowel to _a_, or the addition of _a_, as-- + +El autor, la autora (the author, authoress) +El holgazan, la holgazana (the lazy man, lazy woman) +El primo, la prima (the cousin, _masc._ and _fem._) +El vecino, la vecina (the neighbour, _masc._ and _fem._) + +El abad (abbot) La abadesa (abbess) +El actor (actor) La actriz (actress) +El baron (baron) La baronesa (baroness) +El canonigo (canon) La canonesa (canoness) +El cantor (singer) La cantatriz (singer) +El conde (count) La condesa (countess) +El diacono (deacon) La diaconisa (deaconess) +El duque (duke) La duquesa (duchess) +El elector (elector) La electriz (electress) +El emperador (emperor) La emperatriz (empress) +El filosofo (philosopher) La filosofesa (philosopher) +El gallo (cock) La gallina (hen) +El heroe (hero) La heroina (heroine) +El poeta (poet) La poetisa (poetess) +El principe (prince) La princesa (princess) +El profeta (prophet) La profetisa (prophetess) +El rey (king) La reina (queen) +El sacerdote (priest) La sacerdotisa (priestess) +El vizconde (viscount) La vizcondesa (viscountess) +El Zar (czar) La Zarina (czarina) + +Notice also-- + +El asistente (assistant) La asistenta (assistant) +El infante (child under 7; La infanta (child; Span. Royal + also Span., Royal Prince) Princess) +El pariente (relative) La parienta (relative) +El presidente (president) La presidenta (president) +El sirviente (manservant) La sirvienta (maidservant) + +There are only a few more of this class. + +N.B.-- + +Un abogado makes in the fem. Una muger abogado +Un medico " " " " " medico +Un comadron " " " " comadre (midwife) + +The following nouns of persons and animals have two different forms to +represent the two sexes-- + +El buey (ox) La vaca (cow) +El caballo (stallion) La yegua (mare) +El carnero (ram) La oveja (ewe) +El fraile (friar) La soror (sister) +El hombre (man) La muger (woman) +El macho cabrio or cabron (he-goat) La cabra (she-goat) +El marido (husband) La muger (the wife) +El padre (father) La madre (mother) +El padrastro (step-father) La madrastra (step-mother) +El padrino (god-father) La madrina (god-mother) +El toro (bull) La vaca (cow) +El yerno (son-in-law) La nuera (daughter-in-law) + +Many names of animals are either common, as-- + +El anade, la anade (the duck) +El liebre, la liebre (the hare) +El tigre, la tigre (the tiger, tigress) + +Or they change _o_ of the masculine into _a_ or add _a_, to form the +feminine, as-- + +Un ganso (a gander) Una gansa (a goose) +Un leon (the lion) Una leona (a lioness) +Un mulo (a mule) Una mula (a she-mule) +Un pollino (an ass) Una pollina (a she-ass) + +Most are epicene as already stated (p. 246). + + + + + APPENDIX II + +SPANISH COMMON NOUNS, IN ORDINARY USE, WHICH ARE USED ONLY IN THE PLURAL + +Afueras (environs) +Aguaderas (frames to carry water) +Albricias (reward for good news--also used as interjection: joy! joy!!) +Andas (stretcher, also frame for carrying an image) +Calendas (calends) +Calzoncillos (drawers) +Carnestolendas (carnival) +Celos (jealously--"Celo"--zeal) +Hacer cosquillas (to tickle) +Despabilladoras (snuffers) +Enaguas (skirt) +Fauces (gullet) +Modales (manners) +Mientes--also Mente (the mind) +Parrillas (gridiron) +Puches (sort of fritters) +Tenazas (tongs, pincers) +Tijeras (scissors) +Tinieblas (utter darkness) +Viveres (victuals) +Zaragueelles (kind of breeches) + +Note the following-- + +A ciegas (blindly) +A ojos cegarritas (blindly) +A horcajadas (astride) +A hurtadillas (on the sly) +A sabiendas (knowingly) +De puntillas (on tiptoe) +A tientas (groping) +De bobilis bobilis (without toil) +De bruces (on all fours) +En ayunas (fasting) +En volandas (in the air, off one's feet) + +The following plurals, besides the ordinary, have also a different +meaning from the singular-- + +El alfiler (pin) Los alfileres (pins, pin-money) +El dia (day) Los dias (days, birthday) +La esposa (wife) Las esposas (wives, handcuffs) +El grillo (the cricket) Los grilles (crickets, shackles) +La letra (letter) Las letras (letters--literary knowledge) +El padre (father) Los padres[212] (fathers, parents) + +[Footnote 212: In the same manner all masculine plurals include also the +plurals of both genders, as: Hermanos (brothers, also brothers and +sisters).] + +We make the following remarks on the plural of compound words. + +The elements which concur to the formation of compound nouns are-- + + A B +Verbs Adjectives +Prepositions Nouns +Adverbs Participles +Conjunctions Pronouns +Prefixes + + +GENERAL RULE-- + +The elements in A are invariable except: + +Un bullebulle (busybody), Unos bullebulles +Un quehacer (occupation), Unos quehaceres +Pasapasa (sleight of hand), Pasapasas (sleight of hand tricks) + +The elements in B take the mark of the plural: + +Alzacuello (minister's collar) Alzacuellos +Alzapano (curtain hook), Alzapanios +Andanino (child's cart), Andaninios +Antepasado (ancestor), Antepasados +Ave Maria (a prayer), Ave Marias +Cualquiera (whatever), Cualesquiera +Entremetido (intruder, busybody), Entremetidos +Gentilhombre (man of gentle birth), Gentileshombres +Guardafuego (fire-guard), Guardafuegos +Hijodalgo (squire), Hijosdalgo +Pasamano (handrail, lace-edgings), Pasamanos +Pasatiempo (pastime), Pasatiempos +Picaparte (latch or latchkey), Picapartes +Pisaverde (beau), Pisaverdes +Portaestandarte (standard bearer), Portaestandartes +Portafusil (musket-sling), Portafusiles +Puercoespin (porcupine), Puercosespines +Quienquiera (whoever), Quienesquiera +Quitasol (parasol), Quitasoles +Ricahembra (woman of gentle birth), Ricashembras +Sobrecama (counterpane), Sobrecamas +Sobredicho (aforesaid), Sobredichos +Tapaboca (slap on the mouth), Tapabocas +Tiraboton (button-hook), Tirabotones + +N.B.--When the second of the two words commences with _r_ this letter +should be doubled-- + +Ropa (clothes), guardarropa (wardrobe), guardarropas (pl.) + +In compound nouns (very rare) formed of two nouns of which the first +stands as an adjective to the second, the first noun remains invariable, +the second only taking the mark of the plural-- + +Ferrocarril (railway), Ferrocarriles +Madreselva (honeysuckle), Madreselvas + +In the following compound nouns formed of an adjective and a noun, the +adjective remains invariable in the plural, as-- + +Bajamar (low tide), Bajamares +Bajorelieve (bas-relief), Bajorelieves +Belladona (belladonna), Belladonas +Blancomanjar (blanc-mange), Blancomanjares +Plenamar (full tide), Plenamares +Salvoconducto (safe conduct), Salvoconductos +Salvaguardia (safeguard), Salvaguardias +Santa Barbara (powder magazine), Santa Barbaras + +In compound nouns formed of two words, the first of which has suffered +the loss or change of a letter, this first component remains +invariable-- + +(N.B.--Many such words are found in Spanish.) + +Artimana (trick), Artimanas +Barbicano (white-bearded man), Barbicanos +Barbilindo (beardless man), Barbilindos +Boquirrubio (rosy-lipped), Boquirrubios +Cojitranco (lame fellow--disparagingly), Cojitrancos +Cuellierguido (stiff-necked man), Cuellierguidos +Gallipavo (turkey), Gallipavos +Manirroto (spendthrift), Manirrotos +Marisabidilla (blue stocking), Marisabidillas +Ojinegro (black-eyed), Ojinegros +Ojizarco (blue-eyed), Ojizarcos +Patizambo (bandy-legged), Patizambos +Pechicolorado (robin redbreast), Pechicolorados +Pleamar (high tide), Pleamares +Tragicomedia (tragi-comedy), Tragicomedias +Viandante (wayfarer), Viandantes + +The following make their plural as follows-- + +Bancarrota (bankruptcy), Bancarrotas +Coliflor (cauliflower), Coliflores +Dares y tomares (wrangling), used only in _pl._ +Dimes y diretes (ifs, ands and buts), used only in _pl._ +Don Diego de noche (four o'clocks--flower), Don Diegos de noche +Maritornes (ill-shaped woman), Maritornes +Parabien (compliment), Parabienes +Vaiven (vibration), Vaivenes + +The following are examples of the large class of nouns (compound) formed +with a verb or adverb and a plural noun and which are used for both +numbers-- + +Azotacalles (idler) +Buscavidas (pryer) +Cortaplumas (penknife) +Chupaflores (humming-bird) +Destripaterrones (navvy) +Lavamanos (wash-hand stand) +Limpiabotas (boot-black) +Matamoros (boaster) +Mondadientes (toothpick) +Papahueros (ninny) +Papamoscas (ninny) +Papanatas (ninny) +Paracaidas (parachute) +Paraguas (umbrella) +Pelagatos (ragamuffin) +Pintamonas (slap-dasher or bad partner) +Sacacorchos (corkscrew) +Salvavidas (life-boats) +Sepancuantos (slap or blow) + +The following also are used for both numbers without alteration-- + +Correveidile (tale-bearer) +Hazmereir (laughing-stock) +Metomentodo (busybody) +Paternoster (Lord's Prayer) +Quitaipon (ornament for headstall of draught beasts) +Sabelotodo (presumptious man) +Sinvergueenza (barefaced man) + + + + + APPENDIX III + +PRINCIPAL NAMES OF COUNTRIES, TOWNS, ETC., (WITH CORRESPONDING SPANISH +ADJECTIVES) + + +Abisinia (abisinio), Abyssinia +Adrianopolis, Adrianopole +Africa (africano), Africa +Alava (alaveno, alaves), Alava +Albania (albanes), Albania +Alcala de Henares (complutense), Alcala +Alemania (aleman), Germany +Alicante (alicantino), Alicante +Alsacia (alsaciano), Alsatia +Amberes, Antwerp +America (americano), America +Andalucia (andaluz), Andalusia +Antillas (antillano), West Indies +Arabia (arabe, arabigo), Arabia +Aragon (aragones), Arragon +Argel (argelino), Algiers +Argentina (argentine), Argentine +Armenia (armenio), Armenia +Asia (asiatico), Asia +Atenas (ateniense), Athens +Austria (austriaco), Austria +Avila (abulense), Avila +Barcelona (barcelones), Barcelona +Basilea, Basle +Baviera (bavaro), Bavaria +Belen, Bethlehem +Belgica (belga, belgico), Belgium +Bilbao (bilbaino), Bilbao +Bohemia (bohemo), Bohemia +Bolivia (boliviano), Bolivia +Bolonia (bolones), Bologna +Brasil (brasileno), Brazil +Bretana (breton), Brittany +Brujas, Bruges +Bruselas, Brussels +Buenos Aires (bonaerense, porteno), Buenos Aires +Bulgaria (bulgaro), Bulgaria +Burdeos, Bordeaux +Burgos (burgales), Burgos +Cadiz (gaditano), Cadiz +Calabria (calabres), Calabria +Caldea (caldeo), Chaldaea +Canada (canadiense), Canada +Canarias (canario), Canary Islands +Caracas (caraqueno), Caracas +Cartago (cartagines), Carthage +Castilla (castellano), Castille +Cataluna (catalan), Catalonia +Cerdena (sardo), Sardinia +Chile (chileno), Chili +China (chino), China +Colombia (colombiano), Colombia +Copenhague, Copenhagen +Cordoba (cordobes), Cordova +Corcega (corso), Corsica +Corfu (corfiota), Corfu +Dardanelos, Dardenelles +Dinamarca (danes, dinamarques), Denmark +Dresde, Dresden +Ecuador (ecuatoriano), Equador +Egipto (egipcio), Egypt +Escocia (escoces), Scotland +Esmirna, Smyrna +Espana (espanol), Spanish +Estocolmo, Stockholm +Etiopia (etiope), Ethiopia +Europa (europeo), European +Extremadura (extremeno) Extremadura +Fenicia (fenicio), Phoenician +Filipinas (filipino), Philippine Islands +Flandes (flamenco), Flanders +Florencia (florentino), Florentine +Francia (frances), France +Gales (gales), Wales +Galicia (gallego), Galicia (Spain) +Gascuna (gascon), Gascony +Genova (genoves), Genoa +Gibraltar (gibraltareno), Gibraltar +Ginebra (ginebrino), Geneva +Gran Bretana (britanico), Great Britain +Granada (granadino), Granada +Grecia (griego), Greece +Guadalajara (guadalajareno), Guadalajara +Guatemala (guatemalteco), Guatemala +Guipuzcoa (guipuzcoano), Guipuzcoa +Habana (habanero, habano), Havannah +Holanda (holandes), Holland +Honduras (hondureno), Honduras +Hungria (hungaro), Hungary +India (indios), India +Inglaterra (ingles), England +Irlanda (irlandes), Ireland +Italia (italiano), Italy +Japon (japones), Japan +La Mancha (manchego), La Mancha +Leon (leones), Leon (Spain) +Lieja, Liege +Lima (limeno), Lima +Liorna (liornes), Leghorn +Lisboa (lisbonense), Lisbon +Lombardia (lombardo), Lombardy +Londres (londinense), London +Macedonia (macedonio), Macedonia +Madrid (madrileno), Madrid +Malaga (malagueno), Malaga +Malta (maltes), Malta +Mallorca (mallorquin), Majorca +Maracaibo (maracaibero), Maracaibo +Marruecos (marroqui), Morocco +Marsella (marselles), Marseilles +Menorca (menorquin), Minorca +Mejico (mejicano), Mexico +Murcia (murciano), Murcia +Napoles (napolitano), Naples +Navarra (navarro), Navarre +Normandia (normando), Normandy +Noruega (noruego), Norway +Pamplona (pamplones), Pamplona +Paraguay (paraguayano), Paraguay +Paris (parisiense), Paris +Persia (persa _or_ persiano), Persia +Peru (peruano), Peru +Piamonte (piamontes), Piedmont +Polonia (polaco), Poland +Portugal (portugues), Portugal +Puerto Rico (portorriqueno), Porto Rico +Roma (romano), Rome +Rumania (rumano), Roumania +Rusia (ruso), Russia +Saboya (saboyardo), Savoy +Sajonia (sajon), Saxony +Salamanca (salmantino, salamanques), Salamanca +Salvador (salvadoreno), Salvador +San Sebastian (donostiarra), San Sebastian +Serbia (serbio), Serbia +Sevilla (sevillano), Seville +Sicilia (siciliano), Sicily +Suecia (sueco), Sweden +Suiza (suizo), Switzerland +Tetuan (tetuani), Tetuan +Troya (troyano), Troy +Tunez (tunecino), Tunis +Turquia (turco), Turkey +Uruguay (uruguayano), Uruguay +Valencia (valenciano), Valencia +Valladolid (valisoletano), Valladolid +Varsovia (varsoviano), Warsaw +Vascongadas, Provincias (vascongado, vascuence), Basque Provinces +Venecia (veneciano), Venice +Venezuela (venezolano), Venezuela +Vera Cruz (veracruzano), Vera Cruz +Viena (vienes), Vienna +Vigo (vigues), Vigo +Vitoria (vitoriano), Vitoria +Yucatan (yucateco), Yucatan +Zaragoza (zaragozano), Zaragoza + + + + + APPENDIX IV + + AUGMENTATIVES AND DIMINUTIVES[213] + +[Footnote 213: The terminations _on_ and _ito_ or _ico_ may be taken by +practically all nouns (avoiding cacophony, as: Pantalonon, +habitacionona, etc.); the others may not and consequently should not be +used by students, until learnt by practice.] + +Bestiecita (little beast) +Bestiezuela (little beast) (disparaging) +Chiquito (little child) +Chiquitin (little child) +Florecita (little flower) +Florecilla (little flower) (insignificant) +Hombron (big, tall man) +Hombrote (big, tall man) (disparaging) +Hombracho (big, tall man) (disparaging) +Hombrachon (big, tall man) (disparaging) +Hombrazo (big, tall man) (disparaging) +Hombronazo (big, tall man) (disparaging) +Juanito (little John) +Labradorcito (little labourer) +Lagarto--Lagartija (little lizard) +Lio--Liecito (little bundle) +Libron (large, big book) +Librazo (large, big book) (disparaging) +Libracho (large, big book) (disparaging) +Librote (large, big book) (disparaging) +Llavin (little key, latchkey) +Manuel--Manolo (little Manuel) +Manuel--Manolito (little Manuel) +Madrecita (little mother) +Madrecica (little mother) +Pajarraco (big bird) (disparaging) +Papelon (large paper) +Plazoleta (little square) +Reinecita (little queen) +Tamborcito[214] (little drum) +Tamborcico (little drum) + +[Footnote 214: _Ito_ is more Castillian. _Ico_ is more Aragonese. They +are both used.] + +We repeat that the peculiarity of Augmentative and Diminutive +terminations (with the exception of the Augment. _on_, which denotes +only increase) is that besides the idea of increase or diminution a +further disparaging or endearing meaning is implied although not +_distinctly defined_. + +These terminations in many cases substitute the use of adjectives to +great advantage, and are largely used by Spaniards, especially the +diminutives which, for this reason, should be carefully noticed. + +A diminutive noun can also be further qualified by an adjective, as-- + +Mi padre me regalo este gracioso librito: My father made me a +present of this pretty little book. + +Diminutives can be made of Augmentatives and vice-versa-- + +Escoba (broom), Escobilla, Escobillon +Sala (drawing-room), Salon, Saloncillo + +If a masculine noun ends in _a_ its diminutive also ends in _a_-- + +Un drama (drama), Un dramita +Un poema (poem), Un poemita + +But not nouns that indicate male persons-- + +Papa (Papa), Papaito + +Although _on_ and _ote_ are generally augmentative terminations, in the +following words and a few more, they are used as diminutives-- + +Calle (street) Callejon (narrow street, alley) +Carro (cart) Carreton (little cart) +Isla (island) Islote (little barren island) +Torre (tower) Torrejon (turret) + + +Besides Augmentative and Diminutive terminations, there are some +terminations which, without indicating increase or decrease, are used to +indicate disparagement pure and simple-- + +Calducho (bad broth) +Gentualla (mob) +Gentuza (insignificant people) +Libraco (nasty book) +Madrastra (step-mother) +Medicastro (bad doctor) +Mujeruca (old wife, gossip) +Poetastro (bad poet) + + +The Augmentative and Diminutive terminations (especially the latter) are +found added to adjectives and, although more rarely, to other parts of +speech also. They must be learnt by practice, however, as they cannot be +used indiscriminately. + +EXAMPLES-- + +El picarillo (picaruelo) quiere el otro cuello que es mas blanquito: The +little rogue wants the other collar which is nice and clean (lit., +whiter). + +Como me gusta la blanca nieve acabadita de caer: How pretty is the snow +just newly fallen. + +Mira a aquella chica tan bien vestidita de azul: Look at that little +girl so prettily dressed in blue + +Vino callandito: He came in as quietly as a mouse. + +Vive cerquita de nuestra casa: He lives quite close to our house. + +Poquito a poco hila la vieja el copo (proverb): Little by little the old +woman spins her distaff (Slow and sure wins the race) + +Translation of the English "ish" after colours-- + +Amarillento (yellowish) +Azulado (bluish) +Azulino (bluish) +Blanquecino (whitish) +Morenito (brownish) +Que tira a moreno (brownish) +Negruzco (blackish) +Pardusco (greyish) +Que tira a pardo o gris (greyish) +Rojizo (reddish) +Verdoso (greenish) +Verdusco (greenish) + +Notice also-- + +Anaranjado (orange-coloured) +Avellanado (nut-coloured, tawny) +Celeste (sky-blue) +Dorado (golden) +Pajizo (straw-coloured) +Perlino (pearl-coloured) +Plateado (silvery) +Rosado (rose-coloured, pink, rosy) +Terreo (ashen-pale) +Trigueno (brown, wheat-coloured) + + + + + APPENDIX V + +VERBS WHICH DIFFER IN REGIMEN FROM THEIR ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. EXTRACTED +FROM THE GENERAL LIST OF THE GRAMMAR OF THE SPANISH ACADEMY[215] + +[Footnote 215: This list is comprehensive, but not exhaustive; some of +these verbs, besides the preposition given, may be followed by others. +Practice in reading is the best master.] + +Abordar (una nave) a (_or_ con) otra: To board (a ship). +Abrasarse en deseos: To be burning with desire. +Abundar de (_or_ en) riquezas: To abound with riches. +Abusar de la amistad: To abuse friendship. +Acertar con la casa: To find the right house. +Adelantarse a otros: To take the start on others. +Admirarse de un suceso: To wonder at an event. +Aficionarse a alguna cosa: To grow fond of anything. +Alejarse de su tierra: To depart from one's country. +Alimentarse con (_or_ de) yerbas: To feed on vegetables. +Anticiparse a otro: To forestall another. +Apiadarse con los pobres: To have pity on the poor. +Aportar a Barcelona: To put into Barcelona. +Apreciar en mucho: To appreciate highly. +Arder de colera: To burn with anger. +Armarse de paciencia: To arm oneself with patience. +Arrimarse a la pared: To lean against the wall. +Arrostrar (con (_or_ por)) los peligros: To face the dangers. +Atender (a) los negocios: To attend to business. +Aventajarse a otros: To excel others. + +Banar con (de _or_ en) lagrimas: To bathe with tears. +Barbear con la pared: To run against the wall. +Brindar a la salud de alguno: To drink the health of someone. +Brindar con regalos: To give presents. +Burlarse de algo: To laugh at something. + +Caber de pies: There to be standing room. +Calificar de docto: To call one learned. +Cambiar una cosa con (_or_ por) otra: To exchange one thing for another. +Campar por su respeto: To keep to oneself. +Carecer de medios: To lack means. +Casar _or_ casarse con alguno: To marry someone. +Cesar de correr: To cease running. +Cifrar su dicha en la virtud: To make one's happiness consist in virtue. +Clavar a (_or_ en) la pared: To nail on the wall. +Cojear del pie derecho: To limp with the right foot. +Colgar de un clavo: To hang on a nail. +Colmar de mercedes: To load with benefits. +Comerciar con su credito: To trade on one's credit. +Comprar de (_or_ a) una persona: To buy from someone. +Comprar al fiado: To buy on credit. +Comprometerse a pagar: To undertake to pay. +Confiar en (_or_ de) alguno: To trust anybody. +Conservarse con (_or_ en) salud: To keep in good health. +Contar con su auxilio: To count on his help. +Contravenir a la ley: To contravene the law. +Convenir al enfermo: To suit the patient. +Correr con los gastos: To undertake the expense. +Cortar por lo sano: To cut short (an argument, etc.). +Cumplir a uno hacer una cosa: To be one's duty to do something. +Chancearse con alguno: To joke with someone. + +Danarse del pecho: To injure one's chest. +Dar con la carga en el suelo: To throw down the load. +Dar con quien lo entiende: To come across someone who understands it. +Dar contra un poste: To knock against a post. +Dar de barato: To grant for argument's sake. +Darse por vencido: To give it up. +Decir bien una cosa con otra: To match well together. +Decir para si: To say to oneself. +Dejar de escribir: To cease writing, to fail to write. +Demandar ante el juez (_or_ en juicio): To summon. +Depender de alguno: To be dependent on someone. +Desayunarse con chocolate: To breakfast on chocolate. +Desconfiar de alguno: To mistrust one. +Descuidarse de (_or_ en) su obligacion: To neglect one's duty. +Desfallecer de animo: To lose courage. +Deshacerse de los generos: To get rid of the goods. +Detestar de la mentira: To hate lying. +Disfrutar de buena renta: To enjoy a good income. +Doblar por un difunto: To sound the death knell. +Dudar de alguna cosa: To doubt something. + +Echar en tierra: To throw on the ground. +Echar de casa: To turn out of the house. +Echar de ver una cosa: To perceive (realise) a thing. +Echarla de rico: To assume airs of a rich man. +Embelesarse con alguna cosa: To go into raptures over anything. +Embutir de algodon: To stuff with cotton. +Enajenarse de alguna cosa: To do away with anything. +Encargarse de algun negocio: To undertake a business. +Encontrarse con un amigo: To meet a friend. +Encuadernar a la rustica, en pasta: To bind in paper covers, in boards. +Escarmentar con la desgracia: To take warning from misfortune. +Esmerarse en alguna cosa: To take pains with anything. + +Fiarse a (de, en) alguno: To trust in anyone. +Firmar de propria mano: To sign with one's own hand. +Forrar de (con, en) pieles: To line with skins. +Fumar en pipa: To smoke the pipe. + +Girar a cargo de alguno: To draw on someone. +Girar sobre Paris: To draw on Paris. +Guardarse de alguno: To guard against anybody. +Gustar de bromas: To be fond of joking. + +Haberselas con otros: To wrangle, to have a bone to pick, to vie with +Hacer de galan en un drama: To take the part of principal actor in a drama. +Herir de muerte: To wound fatally. +Hincarse de rodillas: To fall on one's knees. +Hocicar con (contra, en) alguna cosa: To run against anything. + +Igualar (igualarse) a (_or_ con) otro: To equal another, to match. +Indemnizar del perjuicio: To indemnify for the loss. +Influir con el jefe: To influence the chief. +Insistir en (sobre) una cosa: To insist on something. +Inspirar una idea a alguno: To inspire anybody with an idea. +Inundar de (_or_ en) agua: To flood with water. + +Librar a cargo de un banquero: To draw on a banker. +Librar una letra sobre Paris: To draw a bill on Paris. +Lindar (una tierra) con otra: To border on another. +Llegar a la posada: To reach the inn. +Llevarse bien con el vecino: To get on well with the neighbour. +Llover a cantaros: To rain in bucketfuls. + +Maravillarse con (_or_ de) una noticia: To be surprised at some news. +Marcar a fuego: To brand. +Mejorar de condicion: To improve in condition. +Mejorar en tercio y quinto: To improve greatly. + +Oler a rosas: To smell of roses. + +Parecerse a otro: To be similar to another. +Pensar en (sobre) alguna cosa: To think of something. +Pensar para si: To think to oneself. +Perecerse de risa: To die with laughter. +Pintar de azul: To paint blue. +Poblar de arboles: To plant with trees. +Ponerse a escribir: To commence writing. +Prescindir de una cosa: To dispense with anything. +Presumir de rico: To feign riches. +Proveer a la necesidad publica: To provide the needs of the public. + +Quedar a deber: To remain owing. +Quedarse con lo ajeno: To keep other people's property. + +Rebosar de alegria: To teem with joy. +Recibir a cuenta: To receive on account. +Recibir de criado: To admit as a servant. +Recibir por esposa: To receive as a wife. +Reclamar a fulano: To claim from so and so. +Responder a la pregunta: To answer the question. +Reventar de risa: To burst with laughter. +Rodear de una pared: To surround with a wall. + +Saber a vino: To taste of wine. +Salirse con la suya: To have one's own way. +Salvarse a nado: To save oneself by swimming. +Sentarse a la mesa: To sit down at table. +Sonar con ladrones: To dream of thieves. +Suplicar (apelar) de la sentencia: To appeal against the sentence. + +Tachar de ligero: To tax one with levity. +Tener a menos hablar a uno: Not to deign to speak to one. +Tenerse de pie: To stand on foot. +Tenir de (en) negro: To dye black. +Tomar a pecho: To take to heart. +Tomar hacia la derecha: To turn to the right. +Trabajar a destajo: To do work by the job. +Trabarse de palabras: To quarrel. +Transportar a lomo: To carry on one's back. + +Varar en la playa: To run aground. +Velar a los muertos: To watch over the dead. +Vengarse de una ofensa: To avenge an insult. +Vengarse en el ofensor: To avenge oneself on the offender. +Venir a casa: To come home. +Ver de hacer algo: To try and do something. +Vestir a la moda: To dress in the fashion. +Vestir de mascara: To dress in fancy dress. +Vestirse de pano: To dress in cloth. +Vivir a su gusto: To live after one's taste. + + + CONJUGATION OF THE REGULAR AND AUXILIARY VERBS + +The Simple tenses only are given--Compound tenses are formed with the +verb "haber" followed by the past participle. + ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| Infinitive | | | | | +| Mood. | Hablar | Temer | Partir | Tener | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Pres. Part. | Hablando | Temiendo | Partiendo | Teniendo | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Past Part. | Hablado | Temido | Partido | Tenido | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Indic. Pres. | Hablo | Temo | Parto | Tengo | +| | Hablas | Temes | Partes | Tienes | +| | Habla | Teme | Parte | Tiene | +| | Hablamos | Tememos | Partimos | Tenemos | +| | Hablais | Temeis | Partis | Teneis | +| | Hablan | Temen | Parten | Tienen | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Indic. Imperf. | Hablaba | Temia | Partia | Tenia | +| | Hablabas | Temias | Partias | Tenias | +| | Hablaba | Temia | Partia | Tenia | +| | Hablabamos | Temiamos | Partiamos | Teniamos | +| | Hablabais | Temiais | Partiais | Teniais | +| | Hablaban | Temian | Partian | Tenian | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +|Past Def. | Hable | Temi | Parti | Tuve | +| | Hablaste | Temiste | Partiste | Tuviste | +| | Hablo | Temio | Partio | Tuvo | +| | Hablamos | Temimos | Partimos | Tuvimos | +| | Hablasteis | Temisteis | Partisteis | Tuvisteis | +| | Hablaron | Temieron | Partieron | Tuvieron | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Future | Hablare | Temere | Partire | Tendre | +| | Hablaras | Temeras | Partiras | Tendras | +| | Hablara | Temera | Partira | Tendra | +| | Hablaremos | Temeremos | Partiremos | Tendremos | +| | Hablareis | Temereis | Partireis | Tendreis | +| | Hablaran | Temeran | Partiran | Tendran | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Conditional. | Hablaria | Temeria | Partiria | Tendria | +| | Hablarias | Temerias | Partirias | Tendrias | +| | Hablaria | Temeria | Partiria | Tendria | +| | Hablariamos| Temeriamos | Partiriamos | Tendriamos | +| | Hablariais | Temeriais | Partiriais | Tendriais | +| | Hablarian | Temerian | Partirian | Tendrian | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Subj. Pres. | Hable | Tema | Parta | Tenga | +| | Hables | Temas | Partas | Tengas | +| | Hable | Tema | Parta | Tenga | +| | Hablemos | Temamos | Partamos | Tengamos | +| | Hableis | Temais | Partais | Tengais | +| | Hablen | Teman | Partan | Tengan | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Subj. Imperf. | Hablase | Temiese | Partiese | Tuviese | +|(1st form) | Hablases | Temieses | Partieses | Tuvieses | +| | Hablase | Temiese | Partiese | Tuviese | +| | Hablasemos | Temiesemos | Partiesemos | Tuviesemos | +| | Hablaseis | Temieseis | Partieseis | Tuvieseis | +| | Hablasen | Temiesen | Partiesen | Tuviesen | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Subj. Imperf. | Hablara | Temiera | Partiera | Tuviera | +|(2nd form) | Hablaras | Temieras | Partieras | Tuvieras | +| | Hablara | Temiera | Partiera | Tuviera | +| | Hablaramos | Temieramos | Partieramos | Tuvieramos | +| | Hablarais | Temierais | Partierais | Tuvierais | +| | Hablaran | Temieran | Partieran | Tuvieran | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Subj. Future. | Hablare | Temiere | Partiere | Tuviere | +| | Hablares | Temieres | Partieres | Tuvieres | +| | Hablare | Temiere | Partiere | Tuviere | +| | Hablaremos | Temieremos | Partieremos | Tuvieremos | +| | Hablareis | Temiereis | Partiereis | Tuviereis | +| | Hablaren | Temieren | Partieren | Tuvieren | +|----------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Imperative. | Habla | Teme | Parte | Ten | +| | Hable | Tema | Parta | Tenga | +| | Hablemos | Temamos | Partamos | Tengamos | +| | Hablad | Temed | Partid | Tened | +| | Hablen | Teman | Partan | Tengan | ++----------------------------------------------------------------------+ + +Auxiliary Verbs + ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| Infinitive | | | | +| Mood. | Haber | Ser | Estar | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Pres. Part. | Habiendo | Siendo | Estando | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Past Part. | Habido | Sido | Estado | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Indic. Pres. | He | Soy | Estoy | +| | Has | Eres | Estas | +| | Ha | Es | Esta | +| | Hemos | Somos | Estamos | +| | Habeis | Sois | Estais | +| | Han | Son | Estan | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Indic. Imperf. | Habia | Era | Estaba | +| | Habias | Eras | Estabas | +| | Habia | Era | Estaba | +| | Habiamos | Eramos | Estabamos | +| | Habiais | Erais | Estabais | +| | Habian | Eran | Estaban | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Past Def. | Hube | Fui | Estuve | +| | Hubiste | Fuiste | Estuviste | +| | Hubo | Fue | Estuvo | +| | Hubimos | Fuimos | Estuvimos | +| | Hubisteis | Fuisteis | Estuvisteis | +| | Hubieron | Fueron | Estuvieron | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Future | Habre | Sere | Estare | +| | Habras | Seras | Estaras | +| | Habra | Sera | Estara | +| | Habremos | Seremos | Estaremos | +| | Habreis | Sereis | Estareis | +| | Habran | Seran | Estaran | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Conditional. | Habria | Seria | Estaria | +| | Habrias | Serias | Estarias | +| | Habria | Seria | Estaria | +| | Habriamos | Seriamos | Estariamos | +| | Habriais | Seriais | Estariais | +| | Habrian | Serian | Estarian | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Subj. Pres. | Haya | Sea | Este | +| | Hayas | Seas | Estes | +| | Haya | Sea | Este | +| | Hayamos | Seamos | Estemos | +| | Hayais | Seais | Esteis | +| | Hayan | Sean | Esten | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Subj. Imperf. | Hubiese | Fuese | Estuviese | +| (1st form) | Hubieses | Fueses | Estuvieses | +| | Hubiese | Fuese | Estuviese | +| | Hubiesemos | Fuesemos | Estuviesemos | +| | Hubieseis | Fueseis | Estuvieseis | +| | Hubiesen | Fuesen | Estuviesen | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Subj. Imperf. | Hubiera | Fuera | Estuviera | +| (2nd form) | Hubieras | Fueras | Estuvieras | +| | Hubiera | Fuera | Estuviera | +| | Hubieramos | Fueramos | Estuvieramos | +| | Hubierais | Fuerais | Estuvierais | +| | Hubieran | Fueran | Estivieran | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Subj. Future | Hubiere | Fuere | Estuviere | +| | Hubieres | Fueres | Estuvieres | +| | Hubiere | Fuere | Estuviere | +| | Hubieremos | Fueremos | Estuvieremos | +| | Hubiereis | Fuereis | Estuviereis | +| | Hubieren | Fueren | Estuvieren | +|------------------------------------------------------------------| +| Imperative | He | Se | Esta | +| | Haya | Sea | Este | +| | Hayamos | Seamos | Estemos | +| | Hayed | Sed | Estad | +| | Hayan | Sean | Esten | ++------------------------------------------------------------------+ + +DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "SER" AND "ESTAR" (for easy reference). + +Ser is used-- + i. To form the Passive Voice. + ii. To denote an inherent quality. + +Estar is used-- + i. To denote state in locality, viz., "to be" in a place. + ii. To denote condition (as opposed to inherent quality). + +SUPPLEMENTARY RULES. + +Use Ser-- + i. Before a noun (even if an adjective or an article intervenes). + ii. When "to be" is used impersonally. + iii. When "to be" denotes possession. + iv. Before _pobre_, _rico_, _felis_, and _infeliz_. + + + + + + =APPENDIX VI= + +PRINCIPAL VERBS, THE LAST ROOT VOWEL OF WHICH CHANGES INTO A DIPHTHONG +WHEN THE STRESS OF THE VOICE FALLS ON IT, AS--- + + +=Pensar= (to think). + +_Pres. Ind._, Pienso, piensas, piensa,--,--, piensan. +_Pres. Subj._, Piense, pienses, piense,--,--, piensen. +_Imperative_, Piensa, piense,--,--, piensen. + + +=Entender= (to understand). + +_Pres. Ind._, Entiendo, entiendes, entiende,--,--, entienden. +_Pres. Subj._, Entienda, entiendas, entienda,--,--, entiendan. +_Imperative_, Entiende, entienda,--,--, entiendan. + + +=Sentir= (to feel). + +_Pres. Ind._, Siento, sientes, siente,--,--, sienten. +_Pres. Subj._, Sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos,[217] sintais,[217] +sientan. +_Imperative_, Siente, sienta, sintamos,[217]--, sientan. + + +=Acordar= (to agree). + +_Pres. Ind._, Acuerdo, acuerdas, acuerda,--,--, acuerdan. +_Pres. Subj._, Acuerde, acuerdes, acuerde,--,--, acuerden. +_Imperative_, Acuerda, acuerde,--,--, acuerden. + + +=Mover= (to move). + +_Pres. Ind._, Muevo, mueves, mueve,--,--, mueven. +_Pres. Subj._, Mueva, muevas, mueva,--,--, muevan. +_Imperative_, Mueve, mueva,--,--, muevan. + + +=Dormir= (to sleep).[216] + +_Pres. Ind._, Duermo, duermes, duerme,--,--, duermen. +_Pres. Subj._, Duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos,[217] durmais,[217] +duerman. +_Imperative_, Duerme, duerma, durmamos,[217]--, duerman. + +[Footnote 216: _Morir_ (to die) is the only verb conjugated like +_Dormir_; but past part. _Muerto_.] + +[Footnote 217: Notice the additional irregularities.] + + + +Principal Verbs conjugated like "Pensar"-- + +Acertar (to hit the mark) +Acrecentar (to increase) +Alentar (to encourage) +Apretar (to squeeze) +Arrendar (to lease, to hire) +Asentarse (to sit down) +Aterrar (to pull down) +Atravesar (to cross) + +Calentar (to warm) +Cegar (to blind) +Cerrar (to shut, to close) +Comendar (to commend) +Comenzar (to begin) +Confesar (to confess) + +Desmembrar (to dismember) +Despertar (to awake) + +Empedrar (to pave) +Empezar (to begin) +Encerrar (to shut in) +Enmendar (to correct) + +Gobernar (to govern) + +Manifestar (to manifest) +Mentar (to mention) + +Negar (to deny) + +Plegar (to fold) + +Quebrar (to break) + +Recomendar (to recommend) +Reventar (to burst) + +Temblar (to tremble) +Tentar (to tempt, to attempt) +Tropezar (to stumble) + + +Principal Verbs conjugated like "Entender"-- + +Ascender (to go up) +Atender (to attend) + +Condescender (to condescend) +Contender (to contend) + +Defender (to defend) +Descender (to descend) + +Encender (to light) +Extender (to extend) + +Perder (to lose) + +Tender (to stretch) + +Verter (to shed, to spill) + + +Principal Verbs conjugated like "Sentir"-- + +Adherir[218] (to adhere) +Adquirir[218] (to acquire) +Advertir[218] (to notice, to warn) +Arrepentirse (to repent) +Asentir (to assent) + +Consentir (to consent) + +Erguir (to erect, to raise) + +Hervir (to boil) + +Mentir (to lie) + +[Footnote 218: And all in _erir, irir, ertir_.] + + +Principal Verbs conjugated like "Acordar"-- + +Acostarse (to go to bed) +Almorzar (to breakfast) +Apostar (to bet) +Aprobar (to approve) +Avergonzarse (to be ashamed) + +Colgar (to hang) +Consolar (to comfort) +Contar (to relate) +Costar (to cost) + +Encontrar (to meet) + +Forzar (to force) + +Hollar (to tread) + +Mostrar (to show) + +Poblar (to people) +Probar (to prove) + +Recordar (to remind, to remember) +Renovar (to renew) +Rodar (to roll) +Rogar (to pray) + +Soldar (to solder) +Soltar (to loosen) +Sonar (to sound) +Sonar (to dream) + +Tostar (to toast) +Trocar (to exchange, to barter) + +Volar (to fly) + + +Principal Verbs conjugated like "Mover"-- + +Absolver (_And all in _olver_) (to absolve) + +Cocer (to bake, to cook) + +Demoler (to demolish) +Doler (to ache) + +Moler (to grind) +Morder (to bite) + +Oler (to smell)[219] + +[Footnote 219: _Huelo_, etc., (because no words begin with _ue_).] + +Promover (to promote) + +Soler (to be accustomed) + +Torcer (to twist) + + + +LIST OF PRINCIPAL VERBS CONJUGATED LIKE "PEDIR"-- + +Cenir (And all in _enir_) (to gird) +Competir (to compete) +Concebir (to conceive) +Corregir (to correct) + +Derretir (to melt) + +Elegir (to elect, to select) +Embestir (to run down, to assail) + +Freir (to fry) + +Gemir (to moan) + +Impedir (to prevent) + +Medir (to measure) + +Regir (to rule, to govern) +Reir (to laugh) +Repetir (to repeat) + +Seguir (to follow) +Servir (to serve) + +Vestir (to dress, to clothe) + + +END + + + +================================================== +Transcriber's note: The edition of this book that +was used to produce the document is as follows: +================================================== + +PITMAN'S COMMERCIAL SPANISH GRAMMAR + +BY + +C. A. TOLEDANO + +LATE LECTURER IN THE VICTORIA UNIVERSITY, MANCHESTER; EXTERNAL EXAMINER, +UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM; H.M. ASSISTANT INSPECTOR FOR SPANISH; SPANISH +MASTER AT THE MANCHESTER MUNICIPAL SCHOOL OF COMMERCE, MANCHESTER +ATHENAEUM, ETC. + +_SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED_ + +LONDON + +SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD., 1 AMEN CORNER, E. C. BATH, NEW YORK AND +MELBOURNE _UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME_ + +2s 6d net + +=PITMAN'S COMMERCIAL FRENCH GRAMMAR=. By F.W.M DRAPER, M A. (Cantab.), +_Licencie es Lettres_. + +=ITALIAN=. By LUIGI RICCI, AND =GERMAN=. By JETHRO BITHELL + + + + +=KEY TO COMMERCIAL SPANISH GRAMMAR= + +In crown 8vo, cloth, 66 pp, 2s. net. + +For Complete List of Pitman's Language Text-books, see Catalogue +contained at the end of this book. + +PRINTED BY SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD, LONDON, BATH, NEW YORK AND +MELBOURNE + +A MI SENOR PADRE, + +--LO QUE PUEDO _Reprinted_, 1917 + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar +(2nd ed.), by C. A. Toledano + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPANISH GRAMMAR *** + +***** This file should be named 15127.txt or 15127.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/1/2/15127/ + +Produced by Curtis Weyant, Chuck Greif and the PG Online Distributed +Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/15127.zip b/15127.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ab7a99 --- /dev/null +++ b/15127.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4725852 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #15127 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15127) |