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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Proposals For Building, In Every County, A Working-Alms-House or Hospital + As The Best Expedient To Perfect The Trade And Manufactory Of Linnen + Cloth + + +Author: Richard Haines + +Release Date: February 18, 2005 [EBook #15102] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROPOSALS *** + + + + +Produced by Ralph Griswald, Nancie McCraw, Keith Edkins and the PG +Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<h1>PROPOSALS</h1> + +<p class="center">For Building in every COUNTY</p> + +<h3>A<br /> +WORKING-ALMS-HOUSE<br /> +OR</h3> + +<h2>HOSPITAL;</h2> + +<p class="center">As the Best Expedient to perfect the TRADE<br /> +and MANUFACTORY<br /> +OF</p> + +<h1>Linnen-Cloth.</h1> + +<p class="center"><i>LONDON</i>,</p> + +<p class="center">Printed by <i>W.G.</i> for <i>R. Harford</i>, at the Sign of the<br /> +<i>Angel</i> in <i>Cornhil</i>, 1677.</p> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + + <div class="figcenter" style="width:75%;"> + <a href="images/002.png"><img width="100%" src="images/002.png" + alt="Original title" /></a> + </div> + +<p class="center">WHEREBY,</p> + + <p>I. All Poor people and their Children from five or six years old may + be employed and maintained; as also all Beggars, Vagrants, <i>&c.</i> + restrained and for ever prevented, and so all Parishes eased of that + intolerable Burden.</p> + + <p>II. Many Hundred Thousand Pounds kept at home, which now every year + goes out of the Kingdom for <i>Linnen</i>, whereby our Wealth becomes a + prey to other Nations.</p> + + <p>III. Much Land improved in every County to great advantage of Landlord + and Tenant.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>Humbly Offered to the Consideration of the great Wisdom of +the whole Nation, now Assembled in Parliament</i>.</p> + + <p>Considering the great Complaints of Poverty, the heavy Burdens most + Parishes lie under to maintain their Poor, which daily encrease; the + Swarms of Beggars, Vagrants and Idle People in City and Countrey; the + great, and 'tis fear'd, irrecoverable decay of our Ancient Trade for + Woollen Cloth; the vast Charge we are yearly at in purchasing Linnen, + <i>&c.</i> from other Nations, whereby our Treasure is exhausted, and + our Lands fall for want of being improved some other way, besides + planting Corn, breeding for Wool, <i>&c.</i> Which are become of so + low a price, as scarce to turn to Account: And understanding, that for + remedying thereof, the Improving the Manufactory of Linnen is now under + Debate, I have taken the boldness to Offer the following PROPOSAL, which + if thought fit to be put in practice, will (in my opinion) infallibly + conduce to all the good Ends desired and intended; viz.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p><i>That there may be Erected in every County according to its Extent + or Populousness, a greater or lesser</i> Working-Alms-House, <i>wherein + the Poor may be continually employed in the Manufactory of</i> Linnen + Cloth.</p> + + </blockquote> + <p>The Advantages whereof are evident; For,</p> + + <p>I. This Manufactory is an Employment for the weakest people, not + capable of stronger Work, viz. Women and Children, and decrepit or aged + people, now the most chargeable; as likewise for Beggars and Vagrants, + who live idly, and by the sweat of other mens Labours, and can no way so + effectually be brought to Industry and Order, as when reduced into to + narrow a Compass or Confinement under fitly qualified Rulers, Officers, + and Regular Government.</p> + + <p>II. These Working-Alm-Houses may raise and supply the Nation yearly + with a sufficient Stock of Linnen Cloth (the finest sort excepted) if + true measures be taken, and the Design effectually prosecuted; As for + example, 1352000 pounds worth of Cloth may yearly be spun in them only, + besides what is made in private Families—Thus demonstrated;</p> + + <p>1. 'Tis well known by experience, that three quarters of a Pound of + Thread worth 12 <i>d.</i> <i>per</i> Pound spinning, will make one Ell of + Cloth worth <i>2 s.</i> <i>per</i> Ell; which Three quarters of a Pound + two Spinners may spin in one day; Hence it follows,</p> + + <p>2. That 2000 Spinners will spin Thread enough in one day to make 1000 + Ells of Cloth, worth 100 <i>l.</i> And working but 260 days in the year, + may spin 26000 Pounds worth of Linnen Cloth in a year.</p> + + <p>3. Suppose then there be as many publick Work-houses, as there are + Counties, which are 52, and in every Work-house, one with another, 2000 + Spinners (though in some more, some less) then according to the + reasonable measures, there will be the forementioned Sum of 1352000 + <i>l.</i> worth of Cloth spun in one year; which is what we undertook to + demonstrate.</p> + + <p>This or some such prodigious Sum of Money might yearly be raised to + the Nation, whereby a Treble Benefit would ensue, First, we might save so + much Money now yearly sent out of the Nation for Linnen, which, as + computed by very worthy Intelligent persons, has of late cost us more + than a Million <i>per Annum</i>. Secondly, By employing those hands, + which for the greatest part are idle, it being reasonably supposed that + there are at least 100000 Beggars or others who want a lawful Employment. + Besides, almost all both Men, Women and Children that can but pull Tire + or Tow from the Distaff, or such easie work, may be speedily employed and + removed from being chargeable; so that there will be no fear of any + Parish in the Kingdom being oppressed, or indeed charged, save only in + case of extream Age, or Children in their Infancy, neither of which + continues long. And Thirdly, Much land throughout <i>England</i> will be + greatly improved by sowing Hemp, Flax, <i>&c.</i></p> + + <p><i>Obj.</i> It may be objected, <i>That if the House be stockt with so + many weak, ancient people and Children, this will cross the great Design, + because they will not be capable to spin their quantity of Cloth, nor so + fine</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Answ.</i> As to Fineness, it matters not, if but one in five be + employed in it to an exquisite degree; for there is enough occasion for + courser, for Sacking, Sails, Ticking, Common Table-Linnen, Sheets, + <i>&c.</i> And as to Quantity, it may not be the less, because the + most laborious thing in Spinning is turning of the Wheel.</p> + + <p>Now for the better effecting a Design so profitable and honourable to + the Kingdom, I have improved my small Genius to the utmost, + notwithstanding I above all Projectors, have been most discouraged: And I + know whoever will attempt any thing for publick Benefit, may expect these + Three things. (The first is Necessary, the second Customary, and the + third Diabolical) <i>viz.</i>, To be the Object of wise mens Censure, + other mens Laughter, and if advantagious to himself, Envies implacable + displeasure; of which last, I have had share to the highest degree that + Revenge could express; and this too from a pretended loving Brother, a + person of an honest Profession, and of as debauched a Conscience; yet I + say, notwithstanding such discouragements, I have spent some time for + Publick Advantage, <i>viz.</i> To find out an Expedient both for Ease and + quick Dispatch, so as that the weak may do as much as the strong, and the + strong much more than before.</p> + + <p>As thus; One man may turn 50 Spinning Wheels, which shall serve 100 + persons to Spin with at once; so that the Spinners shall have nothing to + do but employ both hands to draw Tire from the Distaff. The Demonstration + of the Infallibility of this Invention may be easily made when + commanded.</p> + + <p>As also, An Engine by which 50 men may, without striking a stroke, + beat as much Hemp in one day, as 100 shall do in two days.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>Besides the Advantage of this Spinning Engine in Ease, Its expedition + will also be considerable; For if (as we doubt not) by this help Spinners + can earn 9 <i>d.</i> <i>per</i> day, as easie as 6 <i>d.</i> <i>per</i> + day without: By that means computing only 1000 Spinners in each of the 52 + Work-houses, in one years time will be gained the Sum of 163968 Pounds + and upwards, as by Calculation appears; and the Invention for + Hemp-beating (which is the hardest work of all) will likewise in its kind + be very considerably advantagious.</p> + + </blockquote> + <p><i>Obj. 2.</i> But some will be ready to object, and tell us, <i>That + we talk of brave things, if words would do the Work; but where's the + Money for the Building of such great Hospitals? and providing all Tools + and Materials will cost many Thousand Pounds.</i></p> + + <blockquote> + <p>I confess here's the Knot, which seems knit by Magick Art; but if it + can be untied without cutting or breaking the Thread, then I hope our + Proposals will not be rejected.</p> + + </blockquote> + <p><i>Answ.</i> To this therefore I humbly Answer, That it may be done by + a County-Charge, with as much Satisfaction, Pleasure and Advantage, as to + part with 5 <i>l.</i> to prevent paying 50 <i>s.</i> <i>per An.</i>, + which I think no wise people will judge to be an hard Bargain; especially + if they consider the other vast profit to the Nation, and that thereby + they purchase (in the Country) 50 <i>s.</i> <i>per Annum</i> more by + improvement of their Lands for Hemp or Flax.—As thus;</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>Suppose every Parish, one with another, throughout the Nation, + relieves as many poor People, Beggars, <i>&c.</i> as doth amount to + 12 <i>d.</i> in the Pound, so that every 100 <i>l.</i> <i>per Annum</i>, + pays 5<i>l.</i> <i>per Annum</i> to the poor; Now if every 100 <i>l.</i> + <i>per Annum</i>, pay 5 <i>l.</i> towards Building such Hospital, then + whereas more than half their poor consists of Children, Women, and + decrepit weak persons, unfit for any other Employment, but such as may + fitly be removed to this Hospital; it follows, more than half their + Charge will for the future be abated; yea, many Parishes have scarce any + poor to provide for.</p> + + </blockquote> + <p>Wherefore as for raising Money, we will take our measures thus; In + <i>England</i> there are commonly accounted 9725 Parishes, and 52 + Counties; so that one with another, there are 187 Parishes to each + County, and each Parish supposed to be worth 1500 <i>l.</i> <i>per + Annum</i> (some more, some less) at the Rate of 12 <i>d.</i> <i>per</i> + Pound, it will amount to the Sum of 14025 <i>l.</i> in each County, which + undoubtedly will compleat the House and Materials.</p> + + <p>Obj. 3. <i>But this Method will not hold, because one County hath not + so many Parishes as another</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Answ.</i> It matters not; Let each County build proportionally to + their Money as it will arise at 12 <i>d.</i> <i>per</i> Pound, we doubt + not but it will be sufficient.</p> + + <p><i>Obj. 4.</i> It may further be Objected as impossible, <i>That the + Spinning Engine should turn to account, because as oft as one Spinner has + occasion to stop, all the rest must be idle; and again, since every Wheel + hath its motion alike, and several Spinners work some faster, some + slower, therefore all considered, this Project will make but a + Confusion.</i></p> + + <p><i>Answ.</i> To this I reply; Any one may stop, and the rest work on, + and also may vary the motion of each Spinning Instrument, so as the + nimblest and the slowest may have their desire: Nor may these Instruments + be contemned, since they are as cheap as the other, and so ordered that + the Spinners may sit or stand when they please; which doubtless will be a + good conveniency.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>The Invention of these Engines is wholly mine, and if they prove + effectual, I hope I shall not be deprived of receiving some benefit + thereof; because I am so free, as in effect to discover it beforehand. + However, I submit to what the Pleasure of Authority shall allow; And to + the intent these Hospitals may never fail of encouragement, that the + Invention may be for ever secured to them, and prohibited to all others, + so that the same may be improved only for their benefit, and private + persons not take the advantage thereof to the prejudice of this our pious + and necessary Design: I doubt not but many will say, Tush! this is easie; + any body may invent such things as these.—Thus the Industry of one + is gratified with the contempt of others: Howbeit I leave it with all + humble submission to the grave Wisdom aforesaid, to consider,</p> + + </blockquote> + <p>1. Whether these great Hospitals may not become Nurseries for bringing + up all poor peoples Children to Industry, and how by a Methodical + Government every one may be so encouraged, that one striving to excel the + rest, in very short time, the finest Linnen may be made at home upon far + better terms than what comes from beyond the Seas; and whether there be + not a probability, if the Engines take, that we may come to transport + Linnen upon as good terms as other Nations, since Flax and Hemp may here + be as plentifully produced as in any other Countrey.</p> + + <p>2. Whether this great and profitable Trade may not be managed for the + most part by those who at present are a burden; so that those which + before were industrious, may follow their former employments, and so no + want of People for Husbandry, <i>&c.</i></p> + + <p>Obj. 5. <i>But what shall we do for Weavers</i>?</p> + + <p><i>Answ</i>. I propose it to consideration, whether it might not be a + more Christian and effectual course to suppress notorious Malefactors + (except only in cases of Treason and Murder) to condemn them hither for + life or years, where they may be serviceable to turn Wheels, fit Tier to + the Distaffs, reel Yarn, swingle or hitchel Hemp or Flax, Weave, + <i>&c.</i> which an ordinary Ingenuity may learn in few days, rather + than to send them out with a Brand to commit fresh Villanies, or + transport them, whence they presently return: And this the rather to be + heeded, for that Foreign Plantations have now so little occasions for + them, that Merchants refuse to take them off the Sheriffes hands, without + being paid for their Passage; so that above 80 Convicts in <i>Newgate</i> + lately obtained a General Pardon on that very score, because they knew + not what to do with them: Besides, how many overstockt Trades are there + that complain for want of Trade, <i>&c.</i> Those may quickly learn + to weave, and never fear an employ.</p> + + <p><i>Obj 6.</i> But as to Convicts brought hither, it will be Objected, + <i>That they must be kept more secure, lest they escape and do + Mischief</i>.</p> + + <p><i>Answ.</i> They may be secured well enough, and those that turn the + Wheel, <i>&c.</i> may be separated by an Iron Grate from the + rest:—And here by the way, the pious wisdom of the City of + <i>London</i> may find out a means, whereby all those Impudent + Night-walkers, and Nurses of Debauchery may be wholly removed, which at + present are a destruction both to the Estates, Bodies and Souls of many + Hundreds, and cannot be reclaimed by ordinary <i>Bridewels</i>, because + their Labour there is only a punishment, and turns not to advantage, to + keep them there all their days, or at least until they marry, and keep + within doors.</p> + + <p><i>Obj. 7.</i> Some may imagine an inconvenience in sending so many + people from all parts of the County to one place, and say, <i>Why were it + not better to build many little Work-Houses rather than one great + one</i>?</p> + + <p><i>Answ.</i> I Answer, By no means; for then we shall miss one great + and chief Design, <i>viz.</i> the maintenance of good Government; by + which the whole Family may be instructed in good Manners both towards God + and Man; only as some Counties are greater, more populous, <i>&c.</i> + they may have more or less proportionably.</p> + + <p><i>Obj. 8.</i> There still remains one Objection; and that is, <i>What + shall we do for Hemp and Flax?</i></p> + + <p><i>Answ.</i> To which I Answer, That Hemp or Flax (one or the other) + may plentifully be had in every County of <i>England</i>: Take + <i>Sussex</i> as an example; any indifferent good Land, Chalky, + <i>&c.</i> from the foot of the <i>Downes</i> to the Sea-side, with + double Folding or Dunging, and twice Plowing, will produce Hemp in + abundance; yet though their Land be rich enough, dry, <i>&c.</i> it + will not produce good Flax: But to supply that, many Thousand Acres of + the <i>Wild</i> of <i>Sussex</i>, will produce Crops of Flax, worth some + four, some five, some six Pounds an Acre, and that kind for Hemp, as + aforesaid, worth as much. Besides, for encouraging the Planting the same + at home, it may be convenient to lay an Imposition of Four or Five + Shillings in the Pound, or upwards, upon all Hemp, Thread, Cordage, or + Linnen Imported from Foreign parts; by means whereof, we may raise it at + home cheaper than buy them abroad, and then everybody will Plant Hemp and + Flax abundantly, as a thing of course, enriching those that promote + it.</p> + + <p>But why 4 or 5 Counties should (as some have proposed) enjoy this + great Wealth and Advantage of promoting the Linnen Manufactory and + Improvement of Lands, and not the rest, I cannot understand; nor for what + reason so many people should be drain'd out of all the Nation into four + or five Midland Counties, since those Counties next adjoyning to the Sea, + ought to be kept most populous.</p> + +<p class="center"><i>But to what purpose should so much Hemp be planted?</i></p> + + <p>I Answer, Hemp is of greater strength than Flax, therefore of more + excellent use for great advantage, as Cables, Ropes, and all kinds of + Cordage, Sails, Sacking, <i>&c.</i> As also Thread for all Nets for + Fishery; for which, and other purposes, we now buy yearly several hundred + Thousand Pounds worth from beyond the Seas; so that without controversie, + there's as much Hemp to be used as Flax, and consequently the Hemp-Mill + may be as useful as the Spinning-Instrument.</p> + + <blockquote> + <p>Having, we hope, satisfactorily Answered all Material Objections + against the main Body of this Design, it remains to consider of the Order + and Method of Governing these great Families or Corporations; but the + Particulars thereof we leave to the deeper Wisdom and judicious Care of + Authority; only in general propose,</p> + + </blockquote> + <p>1. That for the better encouragement and support of so many poor + people labouring in so profitable a Manufactory, each Alms-house be + provided with and allowed a publick Granary, for stocking themselves with + Corn when it is cheapest, against the time of Dearth; a priviledge we + conceive not to be so properly advisable for other Companies or + Handicrafts (as some propose and desire) because that would always keep + Corn too cheap, and consequently undo the Tenant, or Landlord, or both: + For what makes Wheat as often at 4<i>s.</i> a Bushel (under which it is + known the Farmer cannot live) as at 2 <i>s.</i> 6 <i>d.</i> but because + all people in the Nation that have occasion, must buy of the + Land-Occupiers at the same time when it is scarce? But by such general + Granaries the hopes of 4 <i>s.</i> <i>per</i> Bushel will be banisht the + Markets; but in our case painful Husbandry, that ancient Employment may + well allow Granaries, both because this Manufactory and Design eases + their Charge to the poor, and is of more advantage to the Publick, than + some 20 Trades besides; and particularly, because it helps to improve + their Lands by Flax and Hemp, that now they need not so much relie upon + Corn for raising their Rent: Besides, if other other overstockt Trades + want Bread, let them quit their Station, and come to Weaving, and then + they may enjoy the benefit of these Granaries, also.</p> + + <p>2. That the Maiden-Children brought up in this Corporation, may after + they attain to the Age of 15 Years, or other fit time, be permitted to go + forth to Service to learn good Huswifry, and the Lads to Husbandry or + Trades, if they think fit; nor will there be need of so great caution to + prevent the Marriages of the meaner sort, since now the Parishes need not + so much fear a Charge, knowing a means how to employ all their Children + as fast as they come to be five or six Years old; nor can a young man + have better choice for a Wife than here, amongst so many, all bred up + industriously under strict Discipline, and in a way to live; And + therefore this Method will be so far from causing any depopulation, that + it may encrease our Inhabitants; and the more, the better, since we know + how to dispose of them in such laudable Employments: Moreover, hereby the + distracting cares of poor honest Parents, oft occasioned by a foresight + of their incapacity to provide for their Children, will be removed; so + that they may pass their time in peace, knowing that a good honest + comfortable Employment and Education is provided for their Children, and + their Childrens Children; nor may this less remove the Temptations both + in Parents and Children, which cause them to be guilty of such + Misdemeanors as sometimes bring them to the Gallows; so that the + Expedients offered for the accomplishing this Manufactory, will produce a + happy change in the whole Nation, <i>viz.</i> no more want of Work or + Bread for the poor, no more Parishes oppressed, no more Beggars, a great + abatement of Felons, Thieves, Cheats, Nurses of Debauchery, + <i>&c.</i> many Lives preserved, and (which is an hundred thousand + times more than all the rest) many Souls saved: Much more might be said + in this case, to set forth the excellence of this Design, but I leave it + as a work more deserving the skill of the most Learned and Godly Divine, + and shall only add,</p> + + <p>In order to that last mentioned incomparable end, and for the better + Education and Instruction of this great Family, That there may be placed + in each House an Able, Honest, Godly Minister, of a good, peaceable, kind + disposition and exemplary Conversation; that so no means may be wanting + for promoting Gods Glory and their Edification: To which purpose, on + Holidays and other spare times, all or the most docible part of the + People train'd up here, may likewise be taught to read, + <i>&c.</i></p> + + <blockquote> + <p>So may our most Great Prince, and Worthy Senators become further + Instruments for the Nations Prosperity, and the Salvation of many Souls: + Thus may the Blessing of Heaven crown all their Honourable Enterprizes + and Prudent Counsels with most prosperous Success, which that it may be + so, is the hearty Desire of</p> + + </blockquote> +<p class="center"><i>Your most Humble, Obedient and Faithful</i></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Subject and Servant</i>,</p> + +<h3>R. H.</h3> + +<h2><i>FINIS.</i></h2> + + <br clear="all" /> +<hr /> + +<h2>POSTSCRIPT</h2> + + <p>Having received the princely Approbation of that most Judicious and + publick spirited Promoter of <i>Englands</i> Weal and Prosperity, and all + such Ingenuites as tend to general Good, and whole Noble Actions have + given matchless proofs of his great zeal thereunto, <i>viz.</i> His + Illustrious Highness Prince <i>Rupert</i> who having condiscended to + peruse the preceeding Proposals, was pleas'd to Honour me with his + Approvement, Advice, and Encouragement therein; Judging it necessary, + that I should first offer the same to His Majesties Consideration; and in + order thereunto, did Introduce me to His Royal Presence, who was + Graciously pleas'd to order me to deliver it to one of His Secretaries of + State, to the intent he might peruse it, and bring in his Report thereof; + whereupon I carried it to Mr. Secretary <i>Coventry</i>, who gave his + Approbation thereof to His Majesty at the Council Table, where it pass'd + without any obstruction:</p> + + <p>Which gave me the greater Encouragement to put the said Proposals in + Print, for the deliberate Perusal, and grave Consideration of both Houses + of Parliament; who, I humbly conceive, are as greatly concern'd to + encourage all such humble Endeavours, tending to such General Wealth and + Honour of the whole Nation.</p> + + <p>And for as much as I have the opportunity, by reason of the + Adjournments of Parliament since <i>Whitsuntide</i> last, immediately + after which, my Proposals came out of the Press, I thought it might not + be superfluous to add a few Lines for the Answering some further + Objections, but first shall add a few Words to the Answer already given + to the second.</p> + + <p><i>Obj. pag. 5.</i> where I say, <i>That the laying out of</i> 5 + l. <i>for the Building of Working Alms-Houses, will purchase</i> 50 + s. per Annum <i>for ever</i>; Whereas I now find,</p> + + <p>That it will purchase 20 <i>l.</i> <i>per Annum</i> in most Parishes; + as may thus appear.</p> + + +<table border="1" width="87%" title="Calculation"> +<tr><td class="t" width="85%"> + <p>Suppose every Farm worth 100 <i>l.</i> <i>per Ann.</i> Plant but Eight + Acres of Flax or Hemp, and that worth 7, 6, or 5 <i>l.</i> <i>per + Acre</i>, which last sum is the least that may be expected from good Land + to be worth, as it stands on the Ground; wherefore to avoid mistakes, we + will take our measures from 5 <i>l.</i> <i>per</i> Acre.</p> +</td> +<td class="b" width="14%"> + <p>05-00-00</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="t"> + <p>For Rent we will Deduct 20 <i>s.</i> for Seed. 20 <i>s.</i> and for + Plowing, Sowing, and Harrowing 10 <i>s.</i> In all—</p> +</td> +<td class="b"> + <p>02.10.00</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="t"> + <p>Which Deducted out of 5 <i>l.</i> there remains clear Profit for one + Acre of Land—</p> +</td> +<td class="b"> + <p>02.10.00</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="t"> + <p>So that eight Acres, at the least value must yield clear Profit, all + Charges Deducted—</p> +</td> +<td class="b"> + <p>20.00.00</p> +</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="t"> + <p>To which add 2 <i>l.</i> 10 <i>s.</i> which will be saved out of the + Poors Book, and it makes—</p> +</td> +<td class="b"> + <p>22.10.00</p> +</td></tr></table> + + <p>So that a farm which was worth 100 <i>l.</i> <i>per Ann.</i> will by + this Expedient, be worth Six score and Two pounds and Ten Shillings + <i>per Ann.</i>; and to be Sold, will yield 450 <i>l.</i> more than + before.</p> + + <p>Which is a plain Demonstration, that the laying out of 5 <i>l.</i> + towards the building and furnishing these Hospitals, will purchase above + 20<i>l.</i> <i>per Ann.</i> or bring in 450 <i>l.</i> And this is the + lowest Calculation that may be made of the Profits and Advantages that + may arise by Planting of Hemp, and Flax, if well Husbanded.</p> + + <p>And most true it is, there's no one Manufactory in <i>England</i> so + generally profitable as this may be made, especially to be raised from + Land, with so little hurt done to the same, as may be Demonstrated + thus;</p> + + <p>Suppose the Crop of one Acre, as it stands on the Ground to be worth 7 + <i>l.</i> (which is a very moderate supposition.) This Seven Pounds worth + being well Drest fit for Spinners, may be worth 14 <i>l.</i> This + Fourteen Pounds worth being well Spun and made into good Cloth, may be + worth from 40 <i>l.</i> to 60 <i>l.</i> Yea I have been inform'd beyond + the Seas, that the Cloth which might be made of one Acre of Flax well + Drest and well Spun, might be worth more than a 100 <i>l.</i></p> + + <p>Let us not forget, that we have idle hands enough in our Nation to + perfect this most profitable Improvement; and also, that little more than + half the Money which in one year goes out of the Nation for Linnen, will + pay for accomplishing the same: Nay, if the thing were rightly + considered, it might be easily Demonstrated, That the Money which goes + out of the Nation for Linnen in one year, will pay for making of all the + Cloth that may be made in 20 years; although in every year of that + twenty, there be as much made, as now we buy a Year of other Nations: As + thus;</p> + + <p>Money being kept at home within the Body of the Nation, is (as it hath + no less aptly, than frequently been resembled) like the Blood in its + Circulation in the Body of Man, which is not the less for its perpetual + Motion; but the whole Body thereby the better supplyed, strengthened, and + nourished in every Part. So it is with our Money; For, suppose Twelve + hundred Thousand pounds goes out of the Nation in one year (which, some + say, is much more) This never returns again; But if the same sum be paid + for making so much Cloth at home, there's not one Groat the less at the + years end; So that the very Money which pays for one years work, may pay + for two years, and consequently for 20 years, and yet pass through all + necessary Trades, and as well to the land Occupiers, as any.</p> + + <p>The <i>9th</i> Obj. <i>But possibly, your Engins for Expedition may + fail, which if so, then notwithstanding, the Spinners,</i> &c. <i>may + earn their own Food, yet there will be nothing towards the maintainance + of good Government, which is the great thing you aimed at, whereby all + persons who are brought into the Hospital, may be well Educated, and + effectually Instructed in a Methodical way for expedition and advantage; + Administering incouraging Rewards to the Ingenuous and Industrious, and + Correction to those that deserve it, without which 'tis almost impossible + to perfect your good design.</i></p> + + <p><i>Answ.</i> 'Tis very true: But first, I am confirm'd in my + Judgement, that the riddance these Engins will make, cannot be less than + what I have already proposed in <i>pag.</i> the <i>5th.</i></p> + + <p>Secondly, Suppose the worst, <i>viz.</i> that the Engins fail; What + then; If every 100 <i>l.</i> <i>per Ann.</i> in each County contribute + 3<i>d.</i> <i>per</i> Week, which would undoubtedly be sufficient to + maintain good Government amongst them? Nay, what, If for the better + Incouragement, and more Comfortable maintainance of all the whole Family, + six pence <i>per</i> Week be paid, it would amount but to 26 <i>s.</i> + <i>per Ann.</i>, to be allow'd out of the Profits which each 100 + <i>l.</i> <i>per Ann.</i> will reap thereby; which according to our + lowest Calculation, is not less than 22 <i>l.</i> 10 <i>s.</i> a year; + And I hope the great wisdom of the Nation will not think it too much to + part with 5 <i>l.</i> for the Building these Hospitals, and after they + are built, to allow 26 <i>s.</i> <i>per Ann.</i> for the maintainance of + good Government, <i>&c.</i> since by so doing, the whole Nation is + enrich'd thereby: The truth is, these Hospitals and Government is so + Essential, that the thing cannot be brought to pass without them; for + whatever we may promise our selves; yet the Work is otherwise as unlikely + to be effected, as a great Multitude of unhappy Scholars to learn their + Books, where there is neither Master nor Tutor, to Rule, Teach, or + Govern.</p> + + <p>And who knows, but in very few Ages, each Hospital may have a + plentiful Revenue bestow'd thereon: For what can be a fitter object for + the Charity of such well disposed People, who out of their Abundance, may + please to leave a Legacy behind them for Pious and Charitable uses, + seeing here it will ever be imploy'd to the comfort of distressed Widows; + the Maintainance and good Education of Fatherless Children; The Feeding + the Hungry, Cloathing the Naked, <i>&c.</i> yea, the Posterity of the + Donor, (according to the Revolutions of humane things) and the Posterity + of his Relations, may reap such benefit by these deeds of Charity, as + that they may be ever preserved from Extremity.</p> + + <p>Or, why should we think it too much out of 100 <i>l.</i> <i>per + Ann.</i> to cast 5 <i>l.</i> a year into the Treasury of this House, to + be scatter'd amongst the Poor; since it is but a fourth part of what we + gain by them: By this means, I am confident the Poor of each Parish would + be so few, that there would be scarce enow to eat the spare Meat that + comes from other mens Tables: Howbeit, it were good, that a Law were + made, that every person that gives any Almes to any idle Beggars, or + wandring People, (the Poor of their own Parish only excepted) should + forfeit 5 <i>l.</i> to the Treasurer of the Hospital of that County in + which they dwell, which would be no violation of the Precepts of Charity, + but an effectual expedient to restrain all Beggars and idle people for + the future.</p> + + <p>If we believe (as I hope we all do) that the happiness of a Nation + hath its dependance on the good Will and Pleasure of God Almighty, and + that the more we please him, the greater Blessings we may receive from + him. Let it be considered, How acceptable an Offering it would be to the + most High, when by so pious an Act of Our Gracious King and Parliament, + together with the free Will Offrings of all able godly disposed people, + so many Thousands, yea Thousands of Thousands, in process of time, may be + restrained, and prevented from living in that broad way of Idleness and + Lewdness, in which is all manner of Debauchery. And now by this + Reformation, from Generation to Generation, may become attentive hearers + of his Holy Word, which is the most Infallible Directory to bring them to + Heaven.</p> + + <p>Obj: <i>You talk of great Profits made of Flax in other Countries: But + some are of the Opinion, That to raise the Linnen Manufactory here to + that degree, is utterly Impracticable; as well, because our Domestick + Flax is not so good as that which comes from beyond the Seas; as also, + because our people cannot work it so well.</i></p> + + <p><i>Answ.</i> This Objection, (which some are pleas'd to think very + considerable) consists of two Branches: The first is an Exception to the + goodness of our Flax; The second, to the Skill and Dexterity of our + People.</p> + + <p>As for the first; <i>Whether ours be as good as Outlandish Flax?</i> + It must be considered, and cannot be denied, but, that the far greatest + part of the Flax which we Import from beyond the Seas, is <i>East-Country + Flax</i>, I say, the far <i>greatest</i> part, ten to one in proportion; + Now I am credibly informed by several well experienced Flax-Men (who have + dealt in both Sorts) That <i>English</i> Flax is <i>full as good</i>, to + all intents, as this <i>East-Country</i> Flax, and do not doubt, but it + will appear so upon Examination; So that the Objection, as in Comparison + with such <i>East-Country</i> Flax, vanishes; of which yet, (although we + have but little Cloth made in <i>England</i>) there is, (as I am + inform'd) several Hundred Thousand Pounds worth yearly Imported.</p> + + <p>But then, as to <i>Dutch</i> Flax, indeed the Case is somewhat more + difficult: It being a common opinion, that their Flax, in its nature, is + better for making of Fine Cloth, than ours generally is: But even this is + denied by persons of great Judgement and Experience, who affirm, that + much Land in <i>England</i> may produce as kind Flax, to the full: + Besides, the <i>Dutch</i> Flax Imported, is but little, and comparatively + Inconsiderable; as is indeed the Use and Consumtion of very Fine Cloth, + in respect of the vast quantities of Course and Ordinary Cloth; so that, + if the Trade be Encouraged, we need not fear, but we may find ground + enough in <i>England</i>, fit to produce as excellent Flax as any now + brought from <i>Holland</i>, I mean, <i>so much</i> as we have occasion + for; And consequently, may make as good Linnen; <i>If we do not spoil it + in working</i>: Which is the second Charge of the Objection.</p> + + <p>To which I Answer, That I have credibly been inform'd by some persons, + that they have, and can now already make as good Cloth here, as that + which we commonly Buy for 5, 6, 7, or 8 <i>s.</i> <i>per</i> Ell: And why + should not our people, when they find the Manufactory Incouraged, and + especially by the Emulation and desires to out-vie each other in good + Work-manship in these publick Working Alms-Houses; Why, I say, May we not + arrive at as great Perfection in the Mystery as any people in the World? + The <i>English</i> once had the Reputation of the only excellent + Artificers for Wollen Cloth; other Nations knew nothing, or very little + of it; yet now we find, by unhappy experience, they equal, if not exceed + us therein: Why may we not retaliate, and out-strip them in another + Mystery? Or, Why should we more scandal our selves with suggestions of + Dullness and Indocility, than our Neighbours.</p> + + <p>But to give more full satisfaction, That this Manufactory, especially + that part which is most advantagious to the Nation, as being most + Consumptive of our Hemp and Flax, and most promoting Trade and Imployment + for the Poor; which indeed is common and ordinary Cloth, of which there + is a Thousand Ells to one Transported into all His Majesties + Plantations.</p> + + <p>That this I say is suddainly to be perfected, I cannot but give a + signal Instance, from the laudable practice and experience of that worthy + Gentleman, Mr. <i>Tho. Firmin</i>, Citizen of <i>London</i>, who at this + time Imploys in his House (built for that purpose) several Flax-men, + <i>Weavers</i>, <i>&c.</i> And also above 600 Spinners abroad. This + Judicious person shew'd me more than 500 <i>l.</i> worth of very good + substantial Cloth, of his own working. And in truth, I have convers'd + with many; but never found any man so able and free to resolve all doubts + in this case; who told me for a Truth, that a Child of 5 or 6 years old, + that had its Health, and a moderate Apprehension, might be taught in 6 + Weeks to earn its living in Spinning; Which, if so, as from the Veracity + and Experience of the Relator, I have no reason to doubt. It is most + plain, that the most profitable part of this Manufactory may be both + easily and speedily accomplish'd, and perfected, to the happy Reformation + of many Thousands, who now live by Begging, <i>&c.</i> giving scarce + any thing for whatever they Eat, Drink, or Wear.</p> + + <p>Besides, let it be considered, How greatly this Manufactory will + quicken and revive our decayed Markets and dying Trade, especially, that + of Husbandry; which may easily be domonstrated, thus;</p> + + <p>As the Case now stands, every Family in the Nation either directly or + indirectly, send their Money every year to the <i>Drapers</i> for Linnen, + the <i>Drapers</i> they pay it to the Merchants, and away it goes every + year beyond Sea, and never returns; whereby our Wealth is made a Prey to + other Nations, whose Poor are imploy'd and maintain'd thereby, whilst in + the mean time our Nation is in a Consumption, our Poor live by Begging, + Poverty increases, and our Lands lye unimproved, for want of this + Manufactory.</p> + + <p>But now under this Reformation, every Family that sends their Money to + the <i>Drapers</i>, the <i>Draper</i> sends it to the Masters of these + <i>Hospitals</i>, and they scatter it amongst all the Trades in the + Nation; especially to the Farmers, and Tillers of Land, ready Money for + Hemp and Flax; ready Money for Corn and Fat Cattle of all sorts; and the + like for Butter and Cheese, or any thing they have to spare: And all + this, or the greatest part, from those who before lay a Begging at their + Doors, or were maintained by Contribution; and now, the more people + Increase, the better it will be for the whole Nation: And doubtless, if + an Imposition sufficient were laid on Foreign Linnen, Hemp and Flax, and + Incouragement due to ingenious and industrious people given, (as in this + Case, the Nation might well afford) then to be sure, our Hospitals would + be suddenly stock'd with curious Artists, by which our new Manufactory + would speedily be brought to perfection.</p> + + <p>'Tis worth consideration also, how great an Ornament, besides the + great Wealth these Hospitals would be to His Majesties Kingdom, and how + much they would add to the Trade, Wealth, and greatness of those Towns + near which they are erected.</p> + + <p>13. Obj. <i>You talk much of Charity, Let Charity begin at home with + good Husbandry; If this course be taken, we shall pay dearer for Linnen, + than now we do, and it must needs be best Husbandry to Buy where we may + have it Cheapest.</i></p> + + <p><i>Answ.</i> If we send our Money beyond-Sea for what we want, then + the more we Buy, the less Money we have to pay, which causes Scarcity of + Money, and also, want of Trade, whereby to get more; but if we bestow our + Money for Commodities made at home, our Money and Trade will continually + Increase; and though for a little while we pay somewhat more, yet it is + easier to part with 9 <i>d.</i> when Money and Trade are plenty and + increasing, than to part with 6 <i>d.</i> when Money and Trade is both + wanting; especially, seeing the 9 <i>d.</i> remains at home, and returns + again, but the 6 <i>d.</i> is carried into another Nation, and lost + irrecoverably.</p> + + <p>14. Obj. In <i>pag. 5.</i> you suggest, <i>That by your Engin, one + Spinner may earn 9</i> d. <i>as easily as 6</i> d. <i>without it; But how + can that be? since every Spinner now, may have a wheel to turn with her + foot, and so have both hands at liberty, as well as with your Engins: And + again, its a more usual fault to over-twist the thred, than to do it too + slack; therefore no need of help to turn the wheel.</i></p> + + <p><i>Answ.</i> To this I Answer, First, That the thing we chiefly + design, is to imploy and maintain such as cannot any other way earn half + their living by any other Imploy, so that more than half the Spinners + would be very young, and of little strength, and consequently to imploy + one foot all the time they Spin, will be very tiresome; nay, the + strongest body cannot do it, without easing the same, neither can they + imply both hands so freely, as when they are discharged of that burthen, + or incumbrance.</p> + + <p>As for Example: Two men of equal strength, skill, and nimbleness in + all points, were to run a long Race, and one of them must carry such a + weight in his hand, as is more tiresome to him than the motion of his + Legs, and oft-times, must ease the Burthen with his foot: May not the + other, who hath all his Limbs free, be at the end of the Race and + half-way back again as soon, and more easily than this can get to the end + of the Race. Possibly some may say, <i>This Simile is not parallel, and + that I make it better on my side than it is</i>. To which I say, for the + Resolution of this Question, Do but inquire of those that Spin, which of + the Two is most tiresome, The turning of the Wheel, (either by the Foot + or Hand, no matter which) or the other part of the Work. I have almost as + often ask'd the Question, as I see any a Spinning (since I invented this + Engin) and the Answer has always been, The turning of the Wheel; although + they imploy both hand and foot by turnes to do it: Besides, it is + burthensome, and also injurious to the body; especially for youth, which + are growing, to be from Morning till Evening, always sitting.</p> + + <p>Secondly, Although it be true, <i>That over-twisting the Thred is + commonly a fault, rather than slack twisting the same</i>; yet the Cause + of this fault is, that they do not draw the Thred fast enough: But to the + better advantage, this will be easily cured, for now all the aforesaid + inconveniencies being removed, which render the Work most burthensome; + they may for their ease stand or sit, when, and as often as they please, + and freely imploy both hands from morning to evening, much more easily + than they could one hand before; and the faster they draw the Thred from + the Distaff, the more they Spin, with less danger of over-twisting the + same; so that I do not know, but those that are some-time used to this + easie way, may Spin as much in one day, as now in two.</p> + + <p>Furthermore, these Spinning Instruments may in like manner be for + Expedition very serviceable for Spinning of Wollen, I mean Serges, + Worsted, Camlets, and Stockings, which being well made, are much more to + be incouraged than Hair and Silk, these being Foreign Commodities, the + other of our own Growth, especially, since it is so, that our home + Markets for Wool, and Foreign Markets for our Cloth grow worse and worse, + and in the opinion of most, scarce ever to be recovered; which, if so, it + must needs be the best Husbandry to promote such Manufactories, as may be + for the Consumption of our own Materials.</p> + + <p>Obj. <i>If you intend these Hospitals for the Imployment of such as + have Families of their own to maintain, the business will be confused and + Impracticable.</i></p> + + <p><i>Answ.</i> Possibly so, at least, in some respects and + circumstances; but that was never intended, the main design of these + Hospitals being only for the relief of all oppressed Parents, families, + and Parishes, by taking off their young Children, and single people, who + have neither Habitation, nor Parish willing to receive them, there to be + comfortably maintain'd, well educated and instructed in all good manners + towards God and Man; Nor are any of them to be confin'd to this House + longer than untill they can well earn their Livings by other means; + unless it be such as are committed as persons deserving perpetual or + temporary Confinement, which is far better than to Hang or Transport, + except it be for Capital Crimes.</p> + + <p>The second Benefit aimed at, is the procuring the most Fine and + curious Cloth, as well as quantities sufficient of Courser, for Domestick + and Foreign Trade, to be obtained with great expedition: For so it is, + That when so many are imploy'd in sight of each other (especially, where + incouragement is given, and good Discipline maintain'd) the strife of + all, both small and great, will be to excell each other, both in quantity + and curiosity of Work.</p> + + <p>Obj. <i>This Manufactory being thus incouraged, a considerable part of + His Majesties Revenue now arising by Custom for Linnen Cloth will be + diminished.</i></p> + + <p><i>Answ.</i> I humbly Answer, That the same may be easily compensated + another way, it being (with all submission) conceived, That it would be + happy for this Kingdom, if an Imposition of 12 <i>d.</i> <i>per</i> quart + more than now is, were to be paid for all <i>French</i>-Wine and Brandy; + As also 5 <i>s.</i> in the Pound for all Hemp, Flax, and Linnen, that is + Imported.</p> + + <p>'Tis possible some may suppose, that my being thus intent and tedious, + is only an itch of Fame; but I can justly assure the World, I am so far + from any such contemptible Vanity, That I am rather a beggar for the Poor + and Distressed, and for their sakes, would imitate the importunate Widow, + in the 18<sup>th</sup> of St. <i>Luke</i>'s Gospel, who obtain'd her + request meerly for the sake of her Importunity; only this difference + there is, Her suit was for Revenge, Mine for an Act of Charity; she made + her suit to such a Judge as neither feared God, nor regarded man; but my + humble, though earnest suit is, To the Most <i>Christian King</i>, a + <i>Defender of the Faith</i>; as also to the Great Wisdom of a + <i>Christian Nation</i>, all which strengthens my hopes, that I shall not + be more unfortunate than was that importunate Widow.</p> + + <p>And why should I doubt it, since it is so, that even an unjust and + ungodly Judge will redress the Grievances of the Oppressed, shall not the + Best and Most Christian Government exercise its power, for suppressing + and reforming intollerable Evils, Oppressions, and Disorders, seeing the + Wellfare and Prosperity of the whole Nation is as it were Intail'd to + such an Act of Justice and Mercy. It is said of Faith, Hope, and Charity, + That the greatest of these is Charity; yes, if a Man had all Faith, and + all Hope, (both which are most excellent and necessary) yet it availeth + nothing, if Charity be wanting. And since 'tis a Maxim, <i>That the best + of Men cannot be Uncharitable</i>: I chearfully hope, that my humble + Proposals for an Act of Charity, will not be contemn'd by our Greatest + Worthies, since now in our view, the Wealth and Prosperity of the Nation, + is in pursuit of the same.</p> + + <p>I would not flatter my self or others, but do confidently believe, + That what with the Decrease of Poor People, The happy Reformation, and + total Restriction of Beggers, Vagrants, Nurses of Debauchery, + <i>&c.</i> The yearly increase of Ten or Twelve Hundred Thousand + Pounds, which now will be kept at home, that before went beyond the Seas + for Linnen; The great Improvement of Lands; The Exportation of Linnen of + our own growth, <i>&c.</i> The worth and advantage of the whole + cannot amount to less than Two or three Millions Sterling, <i>per + Annum</i>, to the Nation: and over and above many lives preserved, and + (with Gods blessing on the means) many souls saved; which, if so, + certainly it will be the best Bargain and happiest that ever the Nation + made, all circumstances considered; Because where so much Money is + disburs'd as will compass this great Wealth (without which it is almost + impossible to be attain'd,) our Posterity will have it for nothing; yea, + the present Inhabitants have their Purchase Money still amongst + themselves, as it were, <i>in their own Sacks with their Corn</i>, seeing + we Buy not this profitable Expedient of other Nations; which, if we were + obliged to do, to be sure they would make us pay <i>dearly</i> for + it.</p> + + <p>But suppose neither of these Advantages were to be reap'd for our + Money, only the Poor provided for, and Reformation of Vagrants + accomplish'd, Must we do nothing for Charity? Suppose any Opposers of + this Design, were worth 5000 <i>l.</i> or 10000 <i>l.</i> <i>per Ann.</i> + a piece, Can they be certain, that none of their Posterity may within 200 + years come to Poverty? Why then should they be unwilling now to + contribute freely, seeing the Method proposed, may secure both Rich and + Poor from Extremity? And how dishonourable is it to this Kingdom, that so + fruitful a Soil as <i>England</i>, which by the Industry of its most + unuseful Inhabitants, might so easily become the Garden of Europe, + should, by their sloth and obstinacy, lie unimproved? How many Hundred + Thousand Beggers, Vagrants, Drones, Nurses of Debauchery, <i>&c.</i> + who are not only a Dishonour, but a great Disadvantage to the Nation, + living in continual sinful Practices against the Laws of God and good + Government, depriving themselves of all means of Religious and Civil + Education, to the great danger of their own Souls; Ill Example of others; + and destruction of their Posterity, being neither serviceable to the + Publick, nor capable of raising themselves to any better condition, might + by this Method, be wholly reform'd, or prevented?</p> + + <p>Wherefore upon these several <i>weighty</i> considerations, and for + that, besides the <i>Princely</i> Encouragement before-mentioned, I have + had the Approbation of that great lover of Ingenuity, The Right + Honourable, the Lord Viscount <i>Brouncker</i>, President of the <i>Royal + Society</i>, who was pleas'd to peruse my Proposals, and express his + Sentiments very favourably thereupon; As also having received by letter + some considerable and pressing Incitements, to proceed from an Eminent + publick spirited Divine, the Reverend, Dr. <i>John Beale</i>, one of His + Majesties Chaplains, and a Member of the said <i>Royal Society</i>. I am + therefore embolden'd, particularly to entreat the <i>Christian</i> + consideration of the most <i>grave and pious Divines</i>, and all the + Honourable and Ingenious Associates of that <i>August Society</i> in this + matter, and accordingly, to give their Encouragement, Approbation, and + Assistance; or otherwise to discover my mistakes, and rectifie any false + Measures, which through Inadvertency, or over-zeal, to the design I may + have committed, by publishing some more <i>Feazible Methods</i> from + their better improved Reason, whereby I shall at once be confuted and + instructed; and though failing in the means, shall not miss of my desired + End, viz. <i>The Glory of God, the Prosperity of the Nation, and the + Happy Reformation of many thousands, who are a dishonour to Both.</i></p> + +<h3>FINIS.</h3> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Proposals For Building, In Every +County, A Working-Alms-House or Hospital, by Richard Haines + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROPOSALS *** + +***** This file should be named 15102-h.htm or 15102-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/1/0/15102/ + +Produced by Ralph Griswald, Nancie McCraw, Keith Edkins and the PG +Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Proposals For Building, In Every County, A Working-Alms-House or Hospital + As The Best Expedient To Perfect The Trade And Manufactory Of Linnen + Cloth + + +Author: Richard Haines + +Release Date: February 18, 2005 [EBook #15102] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROPOSALS *** + + + + +Produced by Ralph Griswald, Nancie McCraw, Keith Edkins and the PG +Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + +PROPOSALS + +For Building in every COUNTY + +A WORKING-ALMS-HOUSE OR HOSPITAL; + +As the Best Expedient to perfect the TRADE and MANUFACTORY OF +Linnen-Cloth. + +_LONDON_, + +Printed by _W.G._ for _R. Harford_, at the Sign of the +_Angel_ in _Cornhil_, 1677. + + * * * * * + +_PROPOSALS for Building in every County a_ WORKING-ALMS-HOUSE _or_ +HOSPITAL, _as the best Expedient to perfect the Trade and Manufactory of +Linnen Cloth_. + +WHEREBY, + +I. All Poor people and their Children from five or six years old may be +employed and maintained; as also all Beggars, Vagrants, _&c._ restrained +and for ever prevented, and so all Parishes eased of that intolerable +Burden. + +II. Many Hundred Thousand Pounds kept at home, which now every year goes +out of the Kingdom for _Linnen_, whereby our Wealth becomes a prey to other +Nations. + +III. Much Land improved in every County to great advantage of Landlord and +Tenant. + +_Humbly Offered to the Consideration of the great Wisdom of +the whole Nation, now Assembled in Parliament_. + +Considering the great Complaints of Poverty, the heavy Burdens most +Parishes lie under to maintain their Poor, which daily encrease; the Swarms +of Beggars, Vagrants and Idle People in City and Countrey; the great, and +'tis fear'd, irrecoverable decay of our Ancient Trade for Woollen Cloth; +the vast Charge we are yearly at in purchasing Linnen, _&c._ from other +Nations, whereby our Treasure is exhausted, and our Lands fall for want of +being improved some other way, besides planting Corn, breeding for Wool, +_&c._ Which are become of so low a price, as scarce to turn to Account: And +understanding, that for remedying thereof, the Improving the Manufactory of +Linnen is now under Debate, I have taken the boldness to Offer the +following PROPOSAL, which if thought fit to be put in practice, will (in my +opinion) infallibly conduce to all the good Ends desired and intended; viz. + + _That there may be Erected in every County according to its Extent or + Populousness, a greater or lesser_ Working-Alms-House, _wherein the + Poor may be continually employed in the Manufactory of_ Linnen Cloth. + +The Advantages whereof are evident; For, + +I. This Manufactory is an Employment for the weakest people, not capable of +stronger Work, viz. Women and Children, and decrepit or aged people, now +the most chargeable; as likewise for Beggars and Vagrants, who live idly, +and by the sweat of other mens Labours, and can no way so effectually be +brought to Industry and Order, as when reduced into to narrow a Compass or +Confinement under fitly qualified Rulers, Officers, and Regular Government. + +II. These Working-Alm-Houses may raise and supply the Nation yearly with a +sufficient Stock of Linnen Cloth (the finest sort excepted) if true +measures be taken, and the Design effectually prosecuted; As for example, +1352000 pounds worth of Cloth may yearly be spun in them only, besides what +is made in private Families--Thus demonstrated; + +1. 'Tis well known by experience, that three quarters of a Pound of Thread +worth 12 d. _per_ Pound spinning, will make one Ell of Cloth worth _2 s._ +_per_ Ell; which Three quarters of a Pound two Spinners may spin in one +day; Hence it follows, + +2. That 2000 Spinners will spin Thread enough in one day to make 1000 Ells +of Cloth, worth 100 l. And working but 260 days in the year, may spin 26000 +Pounds worth of Linnen Cloth in a year. + +3. Suppose then there be as many publick Work-houses, as there are +Counties, which are 52, and in every Work-house, one with another, 2000 +Spinners (though in some more, some less) then according to the reasonable +measures, there will be the forementioned Sum of 1352000 l. worth of Cloth +spun in one year; which is what we undertook to demonstrate. + +This or some such prodigious Sum of Money might yearly be raised to the +Nation, whereby a Treble Benefit would ensue, First, we might save so much +Money now yearly sent out of the Nation for Linnen, which, as computed by +very worthy Intelligent persons, has of late cost us more than a Million +_per Annum_. Secondly, By employing those hands, which for the greatest +part are idle, it being reasonably supposed that there are at least 100000 +Beggars or others who want a lawful Employment. Besides, almost all both +Men, Women and Children that can but pull Tire or Tow from the Distaff, or +such easie work, may be speedily employed and removed from being +chargeable; so that there will be no fear of any Parish in the Kingdom +being oppressed, or indeed charged, save only in case of extream Age, or +Children in their Infancy, neither of which continues long. And Thirdly, +Much land throughout _England_ will be greatly improved by sowing Hemp, +Flax, _&c._ + +_Obj._ It may be objected, _That if the House be stockt with so many weak, +ancient people and Children, this will cross the great Design, because they +will not be capable to spin their quantity of Cloth, nor so fine_. + +_Answ._ As to Fineness, it matters not, if but one in five be employed in +it to an exquisite degree; for there is enough occasion for courser, for +Sacking, Sails, Ticking, Common Table-Linnen, Sheets, _&c._ And as to +Quantity, it may not be the less, because the most laborious thing in +Spinning is turning of the Wheel. + +Now for the better effecting a Design so profitable and honourable to the +Kingdom, I have improved my small Genius to the utmost, notwithstanding I +above all Projectors, have been most discouraged: And I know whoever will +attempt any thing for publick Benefit, may expect these Three things. (The +first is Necessary, the second Customary, and the third Diabolical) _viz._, +To be the Object of wise mens Censure, other mens Laughter, and if +advantagious to himself, Envies implacable displeasure; of which last, I +have had share to the highest degree that Revenge could express; and this +too from a pretended loving Brother, a person of an honest Profession, and +of as debauched a Conscience; yet I say, notwithstanding such +discouragements, I have spent some time for Publick Advantage, _viz._ To +find out an Expedient both for Ease and quick Dispatch, so as that the weak +may do as much as the strong, and the strong much more than before. + +As thus; One man may turn 50 Spinning Wheels, which shall serve 100 persons +to Spin with at once; so that the Spinners shall have nothing to do but +employ both hands to draw Tire from the Distaff. The Demonstration of the +Infallibility of this Invention may be easily made when commanded. + +As also, An Engine by which 50 men may, without striking a stroke, beat as +much Hemp in one day, as 100 shall do in two days. + + Besides the Advantage of this Spinning Engine in Ease, Its expedition + will also be considerable; For if (as we doubt not) by this help + Spinners can earn 9 d. _per_ day, as easie as 6 d. _per_ day without: + By that means computing only 1000 Spinners in each of the 52 + Work-houses, in one years time will be gained the Sum of 163968 Pounds + and upwards, as by Calculation appears; and the Invention for + Hemp-beating (which is the hardest work of all) will likewise in its + kind be very considerably advantagious. + +_Obj. 2._ But some will be ready to object, and tell us, _That we talk of +brave things, if words would do the Work; but where's the Money for the +Building of such great Hospitals? and providing all Tools and Materials +will cost many Thousand Pounds._ + + I confess here's the Knot, which seems knit by Magick Art; but if it + can be untied without cutting or breaking the Thread, then I hope our + Proposals will not be rejected. + +_Answ._ To this therefore I humbly Answer, That it may be done by a +County-Charge, with as much Satisfaction, Pleasure and Advantage, as to +part with 5 l. to prevent paying 50 s. _per An._, which I think no wise +people will judge to be an hard Bargain; especially if they consider the +other vast profit to the Nation, and that thereby they purchase (in the +Country) 50 s. _per Annum_ more by improvement of their Lands for Hemp or +Flax.--As thus; + + Suppose every Parish, one with another, throughout the Nation, relieves + as many poor People, Beggars, _&c._ as doth amount to 12 d. in the + Pound, so that every 100 l. _per Annum_, pays 5l. _per Annum_ to the + poor; Now if every 100 l. _per Annum_, pay 5 l. towards Building such + Hospital, then whereas more than half their poor consists of Children, + Women, and decrepit weak persons, unfit for any other Employment, but + such as may fitly be removed to this Hospital; it follows, more than + half their Charge will for the future be abated; yea, many Parishes + have scarce any poor to provide for. + +Wherefore as for raising Money, we will take our measures thus; In +_England_ there are commonly accounted 9725 Parishes, and 52 Counties; so +that one with another, there are 187 Parishes to each County, and each +Parish supposed to be worth 1500 l. _per Annum_ (some more, some less) at +the Rate of 12 d. _per_ Pound, it will amount to the Sum of 14025 l. in +each County, which undoubtedly will compleat the House and Materials. + +Obj. 3. _But this Method will not hold, because one County hath not so many +Parishes as another_. + +_Answ._ It matters not; Let each County build proportionally to their Money +as it will arise at 12 d. _per_ Pound, we doubt not but it will be +sufficient. + +_Obj. 4._ It may further be Objected as impossible, _That the Spinning +Engine should turn to account, because as oft as one Spinner has occasion +to stop, all the rest must be idle; and again, since every Wheel hath its +motion alike, and several Spinners work some faster, some slower, therefore +all considered, this Project will make but a Confusion._ + +_Answ._ To this I reply; Any one may stop, and the rest work on, and also +may vary the motion of each Spinning Instrument, so as the nimblest and the +slowest may have their desire: Nor may these Instruments be contemned, +since they are as cheap as the other, and so ordered that the Spinners may +sit or stand when they please; which doubtless will be a good conveniency. + + The Invention of these Engines is wholly mine, and if they prove + effectual, I hope I shall not be deprived of receiving some benefit + thereof; because I am so free, as in effect to discover it beforehand. + However, I submit to what the Pleasure of Authority shall allow; And to + the intent these Hospitals may never fail of encouragement, that the + Invention may be for ever secured to them, and prohibited to all + others, so that the same may be improved only for their benefit, and + private persons not take the advantage thereof to the prejudice of this + our pious and necessary Design: I doubt not but many will say, Tush! + this is easie; any body may invent such things as these.--Thus the + Industry of one is gratified with the contempt of others: Howbeit I + leave it with all humble submission to the grave Wisdom aforesaid, to + consider, + +1. Whether these great Hospitals may not become Nurseries for bringing up +all poor peoples Children to Industry, and how by a Methodical Government +every one may be so encouraged, that one striving to excel the rest, in +very short time, the finest Linnen may be made at home upon far better +terms than what comes from beyond the Seas; and whether there be not a +probability, if the Engines take, that we may come to transport Linnen upon +as good terms as other Nations, since Flax and Hemp may here be as +plentifully produced as in any other Countrey. + +2. Whether this great and profitable Trade may not be managed for the most +part by those who at present are a burden; so that those which before were +industrious, may follow their former employments, and so no want of People +for Husbandry, _&c._ + +Obj. 5. _But what shall we do for Weavers_? + +_Answ_. I propose it to consideration, whether it might not be a more +Christian and effectual course to suppress notorious Malefactors (except +only in cases of Treason and Murder) to condemn them hither for life or +years, where they may be serviceable to turn Wheels, fit Tier to the +Distaffs, reel Yarn, swingle or hitchel Hemp or Flax, Weave, _&c._ which an +ordinary Ingenuity may learn in few days, rather than to send them out with +a Brand to commit fresh Villanies, or transport them, whence they presently +return: And this the rather to be heeded, for that Foreign Plantations have +now so little occasions for them, that Merchants refuse to take them off +the Sheriffes hands, without being paid for their Passage; so that above 80 +Convicts in _Newgate_ lately obtained a General Pardon on that very score, +because they knew not what to do with them: Besides, how many overstockt +Trades are there that complain for want of Trade, _&c._ Those may quickly +learn to weave, and never fear an employ. + +_Obj 6._ But as to Convicts brought hither, it will be Objected, _That they +must be kept more secure, lest they escape and do Mischief_. + +_Answ._ They may be secured well enough, and those that turn the Wheel, +_&c._ may be separated by an Iron Grate from the rest:--And here by the +way, the pious wisdom of the City of _London_ may find out a means, whereby +all those Impudent Night-walkers, and Nurses of Debauchery may be wholly +removed, which at present are a destruction both to the Estates, Bodies and +Souls of many Hundreds, and cannot be reclaimed by ordinary _Bridewels_, +because their Labour there is only a punishment, and turns not to +advantage, to keep them there all their days, or at least until they marry, +and keep within doors. + +_Obj. 7._ Some may imagine an inconvenience in sending so many people from +all parts of the County to one place, and say, _Why were it not better to +build many little Work-Houses rather than one great one_? + +_Answ._ I Answer, By no means; for then we shall miss one great and chief +Design, _viz._ the maintenance of good Government; by which the whole +Family may be instructed in good Manners both towards God and Man; only as +some Counties are greater, more populous, _&c._ they may have more or less +proportionably. + +_Obj. 8._ There still remains one Objection; and that is, _What shall we do +for Hemp and Flax?_ + +_Answ._ To which I Answer, That Hemp or Flax (one or the other) may +plentifully be had in every County of _England_: Take _Sussex_ as an +example; any indifferent good Land, Chalky, _&c._ from the foot of the +_Downes_ to the Sea-side, with double Folding or Dunging, and twice +Plowing, will produce Hemp in abundance; yet though their Land be rich +enough, dry, _&c._ it will not produce good Flax: But to supply that, many +Thousand Acres of the _Wild_ of _Sussex_, will produce Crops of Flax, worth +some four, some five, some six Pounds an Acre, and that kind for Hemp, as +aforesaid, worth as much. Besides, for encouraging the Planting the same at +home, it may be convenient to lay an Imposition of Four or Five Shillings +in the Pound, or upwards, upon all Hemp, Thread, Cordage, or Linnen +Imported from Foreign parts; by means whereof, we may raise it at home +cheaper than buy them abroad, and then everybody will Plant Hemp and Flax +abundantly, as a thing of course, enriching those that promote it. + +But why 4 or 5 Counties should (as some have proposed) enjoy this great +Wealth and Advantage of promoting the Linnen Manufactory and Improvement of +Lands, and not the rest, I cannot understand; nor for what reason so many +people should be drain'd out of all the Nation into four or five Midland +Counties, since those Counties next adjoyning to the Sea, ought to be kept +most populous. + +_But to what purpose should so much Hemp be planted?_ + +I Answer, Hemp is of greater strength than Flax, therefore of more +excellent use for great advantage, as Cables, Ropes, and all kinds of +Cordage, Sails, Sacking, _&c._ As also Thread for all Nets for Fishery; for +which, and other purposes, we now buy yearly several hundred Thousand +Pounds worth from beyond the Seas; so that without controversie, there's as +much Hemp to be used as Flax, and consequently the Hemp-Mill may be as +useful as the Spinning-Instrument. + + Having, we hope, satisfactorily Answered all Material Objections + against the main Body of this Design, it remains to consider of the + Order and Method of Governing these great Families or Corporations; but + the Particulars thereof we leave to the deeper Wisdom and judicious + Care of Authority; only in general propose, + +1. That for the better encouragement and support of so many poor people +labouring in so profitable a Manufactory, each Alms-house be provided with +and allowed a publick Granary, for stocking themselves with Corn when it is +cheapest, against the time of Dearth; a priviledge we conceive not to be so +properly advisable for other Companies or Handicrafts (as some propose and +desire) because that would always keep Corn too cheap, and consequently +undo the Tenant, or Landlord, or both: For what makes Wheat as often at 4s. +a Bushel (under which it is known the Farmer cannot live) as at 2 s. 6 d. +but because all people in the Nation that have occasion, must buy of the +Land-Occupiers at the same time when it is scarce? But by such general +Granaries the hopes of 4 s. _per_ Bushel will be banisht the Markets; but +in our case painful Husbandry, that ancient Employment may well allow +Granaries, both because this Manufactory and Design eases their Charge to +the poor, and is of more advantage to the Publick, than some 20 Trades +besides; and particularly, because it helps to improve their Lands by Flax +and Hemp, that now they need not so much relie upon Corn for raising their +Rent: Besides, if other other overstockt Trades want Bread, let them quit +their Station, and come to Weaving, and then they may enjoy the benefit of +these Granaries, also. + +2. That the Maiden-Children brought up in this Corporation, may after they +attain to the Age of 15 Years, or other fit time, be permitted to go forth +to Service to learn good Huswifry, and the Lads to Husbandry or Trades, if +they think fit; nor will there be need of so great caution to prevent the +Marriages of the meaner sort, since now the Parishes need not so much fear +a Charge, knowing a means how to employ all their Children as fast as they +come to be five or six Years old; nor can a young man have better choice +for a Wife than here, amongst so many, all bred up industriously under +strict Discipline, and in a way to live; And therefore this Method will be +so far from causing any depopulation, that it may encrease our Inhabitants; +and the more, the better, since we know how to dispose of them in such +laudable Employments: Moreover, hereby the distracting cares of poor honest +Parents, oft occasioned by a foresight of their incapacity to provide for +their Children, will be removed; so that they may pass their time in peace, +knowing that a good honest comfortable Employment and Education is provided +for their Children, and their Childrens Children; nor may this less remove +the Temptations both in Parents and Children, which cause them to be guilty +of such Misdemeanors as sometimes bring them to the Gallows; so that the +Expedients offered for the accomplishing this Manufactory, will produce a +happy change in the whole Nation, _viz._ no more want of Work or Bread for +the poor, no more Parishes oppressed, no more Beggars, a great abatement of +Felons, Thieves, Cheats, Nurses of Debauchery, _&c._ many Lives preserved, +and (which is an hundred thousand times more than all the rest) many Souls +saved: Much more might be said in this case, to set forth the excellence of +this Design, but I leave it as a work more deserving the skill of the most +Learned and Godly Divine, and shall only add, + +In order to that last mentioned incomparable end, and for the better +Education and Instruction of this great Family, That there may be placed in +each House an Able, Honest, Godly Minister, of a good, peaceable, kind +disposition and exemplary Conversation; that so no means may be wanting for +promoting Gods Glory and their Edification: To which purpose, on Holidays +and other spare times, all or the most docible part of the People train'd +up here, may likewise be taught to read, _&c._ + + So may our most Great Prince, and Worthy Senators become further + Instruments for the Nations Prosperity, and the Salvation of many + Souls: Thus may the Blessing of Heaven crown all their Honourable + Enterprizes and Prudent Counsels with most prosperous Success, which + that it may be so, is the hearty Desire of + +_Your most Humble, Obedient and Faithful_ + +_Subject and Servant_, + +R. H. + +_FINIS._ + + * * * * * + +POSTSCRIPT + +Having received the princely Approbation of that most Judicious and publick +spirited Promoter of _Englands_ Weal and Prosperity, and all such +Ingenuites as tend to general Good, and whole Noble Actions have given +matchless proofs of his great zeal thereunto, _viz._ His Illustrious +Highness Prince _Rupert_ who having condiscended to peruse the preceeding +Proposals, was pleas'd to Honour me with his Approvement, Advice, and +Encouragement therein; Judging it necessary, that I should first offer the +same to His Majesties Consideration; and in order thereunto, did Introduce +me to His Royal Presence, who was Graciously pleas'd to order me to deliver +it to one of His Secretaries of State, to the intent he might peruse it, +and bring in his Report thereof; whereupon I carried it to Mr. Secretary +_Coventry_, who gave his Approbation thereof to His Majesty at the Council +Table, where it pass'd without any obstruction: + +Which gave me the greater Encouragement to put the said Proposals in Print, +for the deliberate Perusal, and grave Consideration of both Houses of +Parliament; who, I humbly conceive, are as greatly concern'd to encourage +all such humble Endeavours, tending to such General Wealth and Honour of +the whole Nation. + +And for as much as I have the opportunity, by reason of the Adjournments of +Parliament since _Whitsuntide_ last, immediately after which, my Proposals +came out of the Press, I thought it might not be superfluous to add a few +Lines for the Answering some further Objections, but first shall add a few +Words to the Answer already given to the second. + +_Obj. pag. 5._ where I say, _That the laying out of_ 5 l. _for the Building +of Working Alms-Houses, will purchase_ 50 s. per Annum _for ever_; Whereas +I now find, + +That it will purchase 20 l. _per Annum_ in most Parishes; as may thus +appear. + +Suppose every Farm worth 100 l. _per Ann._ Plant but Eight +Acres of Flax or Hemp, and that worth 7, 6, or 5 l. _per +Acre_, which last sum is the least that may be expected from +good Land to be worth, as it stands on the Ground; wherefore +to avoid mistakes, we will take our measures from 5 l. _per_ +Acre. 05-00-00 + +For Rent we will Deduct 20 s. for Seed. 20 s. and for +Plowing, Sowing, and Harrowing 10 s. In all-- 02.10.00 + +Which Deducted out of 5 l. there remains clear Profit for +one Acre of Land-- 02.10.00 + +So that eight Acres, at the least value must yield clear +Profit, all Charges Deducted-- 20.00.00 + +To which add 2 l. 10 s. which will be saved out of the Poors +Book, and it makes-- 22.10.00 + +So that a farm which was worth 100 l. _per Ann._ will by this Expedient, be +worth Six score and Two pounds and Ten Shillings _per Ann._; and to be +Sold, will yield 450 l. more than before. + +Which is a plain Demonstration, that the laying out of 5 l. towards the +building and furnishing these Hospitals, will purchase above 20l. _per +Ann._ or bring in 450 l. And this is the lowest Calculation that may be +made of the Profits and Advantages that may arise by Planting of Hemp, and +Flax, if well Husbanded. + +And most true it is, there's no one Manufactory in _England_ so generally +profitable as this may be made, especially to be raised from Land, with so +little hurt done to the same, as may be Demonstrated thus; + +Suppose the Crop of one Acre, as it stands on the Ground to be worth 7 l. +(which is a very moderate supposition.) This Seven Pounds worth being well +Drest fit for Spinners, may be worth 14 l. This Fourteen Pounds worth being +well Spun and made into good Cloth, may be worth from 40 l. to 60 l. Yea I +have been inform'd beyond the Seas, that the Cloth which might be made of +one Acre of Flax well Drest and well Spun, might be worth more than a 100 +l. + +Let us not forget, that we have idle hands enough in our Nation to perfect +this most profitable Improvement; and also, that little more than half the +Money which in one year goes out of the Nation for Linnen, will pay for +accomplishing the same: Nay, if the thing were rightly considered, it might +be easily Demonstrated, That the Money which goes out of the Nation for +Linnen in one year, will pay for making of all the Cloth that may be made +in 20 years; although in every year of that twenty, there be as much made, +as now we buy a Year of other Nations: As thus; + +Money being kept at home within the Body of the Nation, is (as it hath no +less aptly, than frequently been resembled) like the Blood in its +Circulation in the Body of Man, which is not the less for its perpetual +Motion; but the whole Body thereby the better supplyed, strengthened, and +nourished in every Part. So it is with our Money; For, suppose Twelve +hundred Thousand pounds goes out of the Nation in one year (which, some +say, is much more) This never returns again; But if the same sum be paid +for making so much Cloth at home, there's not one Groat the less at the +years end; So that the very Money which pays for one years work, may pay +for two years, and consequently for 20 years, and yet pass through all +necessary Trades, and as well to the land Occupiers, as any. + +The _9th_ Obj. _But possibly, your Engins for Expedition may fail, which if +so, then notwithstanding, the Spinners,_ &c. _may earn their own Food, yet +there will be nothing towards the maintainance of good Government, which is +the great thing you aimed at, whereby all persons who are brought into the +Hospital, may be well Educated, and effectually Instructed in a Methodical +way for expedition and advantage; Administering incouraging Rewards to the +Ingenuous and Industrious, and Correction to those that deserve it, without +which 'tis almost impossible to perfect your good design._ + +_Answ._ 'Tis very true: But first, I am confirm'd in my Judgement, that the +riddance these Engins will make, cannot be less than what I have already +proposed in _pag._ the _5th._ + +Secondly, Suppose the worst, _viz._ that the Engins fail; What then; If +every 100 l. _per Ann._ in each County contribute 3d. _per_ Week, which +would undoubtedly be sufficient to maintain good Government amongst them? +Nay, what, If for the better Incouragement, and more Comfortable +maintainance of all the whole Family, six pence _per_ Week be paid, it +would amount but to 26 s. _per Ann._, to be allow'd out of the Profits +which each 100 l. _per Ann._ will reap thereby; which according to our +lowest Calculation, is not less than 22 l. 10 s. a year; And I hope the +great wisdom of the Nation will not think it too much to part with 5 l. for +the Building these Hospitals, and after they are built, to allow 26 s. _per +Ann._ for the maintainance of good Government, _&c._ since by so doing, the +whole Nation is enrich'd thereby: The truth is, these Hospitals and +Government is so Essential, that the thing cannot be brought to pass +without them; for whatever we may promise our selves; yet the Work is +otherwise as unlikely to be effected, as a great Multitude of unhappy +Scholars to learn their Books, where there is neither Master nor Tutor, to +Rule, Teach, or Govern. + +And who knows, but in very few Ages, each Hospital may have a plentiful +Revenue bestow'd thereon: For what can be a fitter object for the Charity +of such well disposed People, who out of their Abundance, may please to +leave a Legacy behind them for Pious and Charitable uses, seeing here it +will ever be imploy'd to the comfort of distressed Widows; the Maintainance +and good Education of Fatherless Children; The Feeding the Hungry, +Cloathing the Naked, _&c._ yea, the Posterity of the Donor, (according to +the Revolutions of humane things) and the Posterity of his Relations, may +reap such benefit by these deeds of Charity, as that they may be ever +preserved from Extremity. + +Or, why should we think it too much out of 100 l. _per Ann._ to cast 5 l. a +year into the Treasury of this House, to be scatter'd amongst the Poor; +since it is but a fourth part of what we gain by them: By this means, I am +confident the Poor of each Parish would be so few, that there would be +scarce enow to eat the spare Meat that comes from other mens Tables: +Howbeit, it were good, that a Law were made, that every person that gives +any Almes to any idle Beggars, or wandring People, (the Poor of their own +Parish only excepted) should forfeit 5 l. to the Treasurer of the Hospital +of that County in which they dwell, which would be no violation of the +Precepts of Charity, but an effectual expedient to restrain all Beggars and +idle people for the future. + +If we believe (as I hope we all do) that the happiness of a Nation hath its +dependance on the good Will and Pleasure of God Almighty, and that the more +we please him, the greater Blessings we may receive from him. Let it be +considered, How acceptable an Offering it would be to the most High, when +by so pious an Act of Our Gracious King and Parliament, together with the +free Will Offrings of all able godly disposed people, so many Thousands, +yea Thousands of Thousands, in process of time, may be restrained, and +prevented from living in that broad way of Idleness and Lewdness, in which +is all manner of Debauchery. And now by this Reformation, from Generation +to Generation, may become attentive hearers of his Holy Word, which is the +most Infallible Directory to bring them to Heaven. + +Obj: _You talk of great Profits made of Flax in other Countries: But some +are of the Opinion, That to raise the Linnen Manufactory here to that +degree, is utterly Impracticable; as well, because our Domestick Flax is +not so good as that which comes from beyond the Seas; as also, because our +people cannot work it so well._ + +_Answ._ This Objection, (which some are pleas'd to think very considerable) +consists of two Branches: The first is an Exception to the goodness of our +Flax; The second, to the Skill and Dexterity of our People. + +As for the first; _Whether ours be as good as Outlandish Flax?_ It must be +considered, and cannot be denied, but, that the far greatest part of the +Flax which we Import from beyond the Seas, is _East-Country Flax_, I say, +the far _greatest_ part, ten to one in proportion; Now I am credibly +informed by several well experienced Flax-Men (who have dealt in both +Sorts) That _English_ Flax is _full as good_, to all intents, as this +_East-Country_ Flax, and do not doubt, but it will appear so upon +Examination; So that the Objection, as in Comparison with such +_East-Country_ Flax, vanishes; of which yet, (although we have but little +Cloth made in _England_) there is, (as I am inform'd) several Hundred +Thousand Pounds worth yearly Imported. + +But then, as to _Dutch_ Flax, indeed the Case is somewhat more difficult: +It being a common opinion, that their Flax, in its nature, is better for +making of Fine Cloth, than ours generally is: But even this is denied by +persons of great Judgement and Experience, who affirm, that much Land in +_England_ may produce as kind Flax, to the full: Besides, the _Dutch_ Flax +Imported, is but little, and comparatively Inconsiderable; as is indeed the +Use and Consumtion of very Fine Cloth, in respect of the vast quantities of +Course and Ordinary Cloth; so that, if the Trade be Encouraged, we need not +fear, but we may find ground enough in _England_, fit to produce as +excellent Flax as any now brought from _Holland_, I mean, _so much_ as we +have occasion for; And consequently, may make as good Linnen; _If we do not +spoil it in working_: Which is the second Charge of the Objection. + +To which I Answer, That I have credibly been inform'd by some persons, that +they have, and can now already make as good Cloth here, as that which we +commonly Buy for 5, 6, 7, or 8 s. _per_ Ell: And why should not our people, +when they find the Manufactory Incouraged, and especially by the Emulation +and desires to out-vie each other in good Work-manship in these publick +Working Alms-Houses; Why, I say, May we not arrive at as great Perfection +in the Mystery as any people in the World? The _English_ once had the +Reputation of the only excellent Artificers for Wollen Cloth; other Nations +knew nothing, or very little of it; yet now we find, by unhappy experience, +they equal, if not exceed us therein: Why may we not retaliate, and +out-strip them in another Mystery? Or, Why should we more scandal our +selves with suggestions of Dullness and Indocility, than our Neighbours. + +But to give more full satisfaction, That this Manufactory, especially that +part which is most advantagious to the Nation, as being most Consumptive of +our Hemp and Flax, and most promoting Trade and Imployment for the Poor; +which indeed is common and ordinary Cloth, of which there is a Thousand +Ells to one Transported into all His Majesties Plantations. + +That this I say is suddainly to be perfected, I cannot but give a signal +Instance, from the laudable practice and experience of that worthy +Gentleman, Mr. _Tho. Firmin_, Citizen of _London_, who at this time Imploys +in his House (built for that purpose) several Flax-men, _Weavers_, _&c._ +And also above 600 Spinners abroad. This Judicious person shew'd me more +than 500 l. worth of very good substantial Cloth, of his own working. And +in truth, I have convers'd with many; but never found any man so able and +free to resolve all doubts in this case; who told me for a Truth, that a +Child of 5 or 6 years old, that had its Health, and a moderate +Apprehension, might be taught in 6 Weeks to earn its living in Spinning; +Which, if so, as from the Veracity and Experience of the Relator, I have no +reason to doubt. It is most plain, that the most profitable part of this +Manufactory may be both easily and speedily accomplish'd, and perfected, to +the happy Reformation of many Thousands, who now live by Begging, _&c._ +giving scarce any thing for whatever they Eat, Drink, or Wear. + +Besides, let it be considered, How greatly this Manufactory will quicken +and revive our decayed Markets and dying Trade, especially, that of +Husbandry; which may easily be domonstrated, thus; + +As the Case now stands, every Family in the Nation either directly or +indirectly, send their Money every year to the _Drapers_ for Linnen, the +_Drapers_ they pay it to the Merchants, and away it goes every year beyond +Sea, and never returns; whereby our Wealth is made a Prey to other Nations, +whose Poor are imploy'd and maintain'd thereby, whilst in the mean time our +Nation is in a Consumption, our Poor live by Begging, Poverty increases, +and our Lands lye unimproved, for want of this Manufactory. + +But now under this Reformation, every Family that sends their Money to the +_Drapers_, the _Draper_ sends it to the Masters of these _Hospitals_, and +they scatter it amongst all the Trades in the Nation; especially to the +Farmers, and Tillers of Land, ready Money for Hemp and Flax; ready Money +for Corn and Fat Cattle of all sorts; and the like for Butter and Cheese, +or any thing they have to spare: And all this, or the greatest part, from +those who before lay a Begging at their Doors, or were maintained by +Contribution; and now, the more people Increase, the better it will be for +the whole Nation: And doubtless, if an Imposition sufficient were laid on +Foreign Linnen, Hemp and Flax, and Incouragement due to ingenious and +industrious people given, (as in this Case, the Nation might well afford) +then to be sure, our Hospitals would be suddenly stock'd with curious +Artists, by which our new Manufactory would speedily be brought to +perfection. + +'Tis worth consideration also, how great an Ornament, besides the great +Wealth these Hospitals would be to His Majesties Kingdom, and how much they +would add to the Trade, Wealth, and greatness of those Towns near which +they are erected. + +13. Obj. _You talk much of Charity, Let Charity begin at home with good +Husbandry; If this course be taken, we shall pay dearer for Linnen, than +now we do, and it must needs be best Husbandry to Buy where we may have it +Cheapest._ + +_Answ._ If we send our Money beyond-Sea for what we want, then the more we +Buy, the less Money we have to pay, which causes Scarcity of Money, and +also, want of Trade, whereby to get more; but if we bestow our Money for +Commodities made at home, our Money and Trade will continually Increase; +and though for a little while we pay somewhat more, yet it is easier to +part with 9 d. when Money and Trade are plenty and increasing, than to part +with 6 d. when Money and Trade is both wanting; especially, seeing the 9 d. +remains at home, and returns again, but the 6 d. is carried into another +Nation, and lost irrecoverably. + +14. Obj. In _pag. 5._ you suggest, _That by your Engin, one Spinner may +earn 9_ d. _as easily as 6_ d. _without it; But how can that be? since +every Spinner now, may have a wheel to turn with her foot, and so have both +hands at liberty, as well as with your Engins: And again, its a more usual +fault to over-twist the thred, than to do it too slack; therefore no need +of help to turn the wheel._ + +_Answ._ To this I Answer, First, That the thing we chiefly design, is to +imploy and maintain such as cannot any other way earn half their living by +any other Imploy, so that more than half the Spinners would be very young, +and of little strength, and consequently to imploy one foot all the time +they Spin, will be very tiresome; nay, the strongest body cannot do it, +without easing the same, neither can they imply both hands so freely, as +when they are discharged of that burthen, or incumbrance. + +As for Example: Two men of equal strength, skill, and nimbleness in all +points, were to run a long Race, and one of them must carry such a weight +in his hand, as is more tiresome to him than the motion of his Legs, and +oft-times, must ease the Burthen with his foot: May not the other, who hath +all his Limbs free, be at the end of the Race and half-way back again as +soon, and more easily than this can get to the end of the Race. Possibly +some may say, _This Simile is not parallel, and that I make it better on my +side than it is_. To which I say, for the Resolution of this Question, Do +but inquire of those that Spin, which of the Two is most tiresome, The +turning of the Wheel, (either by the Foot or Hand, no matter which) or the +other part of the Work. I have almost as often ask'd the Question, as I see +any a Spinning (since I invented this Engin) and the Answer has always +been, The turning of the Wheel; although they imploy both hand and foot by +turnes to do it: Besides, it is burthensome, and also injurious to the +body; especially for youth, which are growing, to be from Morning till +Evening, always sitting. + +Secondly, Although it be true, _That over-twisting the Thred is commonly a +fault, rather than slack twisting the same_; yet the Cause of this fault +is, that they do not draw the Thred fast enough: But to the better +advantage, this will be easily cured, for now all the aforesaid +inconveniencies being removed, which render the Work most burthensome; they +may for their ease stand or sit, when, and as often as they please, and +freely imploy both hands from morning to evening, much more easily than +they could one hand before; and the faster they draw the Thred from the +Distaff, the more they Spin, with less danger of over-twisting the same; so +that I do not know, but those that are some-time used to this easie way, +may Spin as much in one day, as now in two. + +Furthermore, these Spinning Instruments may in like manner be for +Expedition very serviceable for Spinning of Wollen, I mean Serges, Worsted, +Camlets, and Stockings, which being well made, are much more to be +incouraged than Hair and Silk, these being Foreign Commodities, the other +of our own Growth, especially, since it is so, that our home Markets for +Wool, and Foreign Markets for our Cloth grow worse and worse, and in the +opinion of most, scarce ever to be recovered; which, if so, it must needs +be the best Husbandry to promote such Manufactories, as may be for the +Consumption of our own Materials. + +Obj. _If you intend these Hospitals for the Imployment of such as have +Families of their own to maintain, the business will be confused and +Impracticable._ + +_Answ._ Possibly so, at least, in some respects and circumstances; but that +was never intended, the main design of these Hospitals being only for the +relief of all oppressed Parents, families, and Parishes, by taking off +their young Children, and single people, who have neither Habitation, nor +Parish willing to receive them, there to be comfortably maintain'd, well +educated and instructed in all good manners towards God and Man; Nor are +any of them to be confin'd to this House longer than untill they can well +earn their Livings by other means; unless it be such as are committed as +persons deserving perpetual or temporary Confinement, which is far better +than to Hang or Transport, except it be for Capital Crimes. + +The second Benefit aimed at, is the procuring the most Fine and curious +Cloth, as well as quantities sufficient of Courser, for Domestick and +Foreign Trade, to be obtained with great expedition: For so it is, That +when so many are imploy'd in sight of each other (especially, where +incouragement is given, and good Discipline maintain'd) the strife of all, +both small and great, will be to excell each other, both in quantity and +curiosity of Work. + +Obj. _This Manufactory being thus incouraged, a considerable part of His +Majesties Revenue now arising by Custom for Linnen Cloth will be +diminished._ + +_Answ._ I humbly Answer, That the same may be easily compensated another +way, it being (with all submission) conceived, That it would be happy for +this Kingdom, if an Imposition of 12 d. _per_ quart more than now is, were +to be paid for all _French_-Wine and Brandy; As also 5 s. in the Pound for +all Hemp, Flax, and Linnen, that is Imported. + +'Tis possible some may suppose, that my being thus intent and tedious, is +only an itch of Fame; but I can justly assure the World, I am so far from +any such contemptible Vanity, That I am rather a beggar for the Poor and +Distressed, and for their sakes, would imitate the importunate Widow, in +the 18th of St. _Luke_'s Gospel, who obtain'd her request meerly for the +sake of her Importunity; only this difference there is, Her suit was for +Revenge, Mine for an Act of Charity; she made her suit to such a Judge as +neither feared God, nor regarded man; but my humble, though earnest suit +is, To the Most _Christian King_, a _Defender of the Faith_; as also to the +Great Wisdom of a _Christian Nation_, all which strengthens my hopes, that +I shall not be more unfortunate than was that importunate Widow. + +And why should I doubt it, since it is so, that even an unjust and ungodly +Judge will redress the Grievances of the Oppressed, shall not the Best and +Most Christian Government exercise its power, for suppressing and reforming +intollerable Evils, Oppressions, and Disorders, seeing the Wellfare and +Prosperity of the whole Nation is as it were Intail'd to such an Act of +Justice and Mercy. It is said of Faith, Hope, and Charity, That the +greatest of these is Charity; yes, if a Man had all Faith, and all Hope, +(both which are most excellent and necessary) yet it availeth nothing, if +Charity be wanting. And since 'tis a Maxim, _That the best of Men cannot be +Uncharitable_: I chearfully hope, that my humble Proposals for an Act of +Charity, will not be contemn'd by our Greatest Worthies, since now in our +view, the Wealth and Prosperity of the Nation, is in pursuit of the same. + +I would not flatter my self or others, but do confidently believe, That +what with the Decrease of Poor People, The happy Reformation, and total +Restriction of Beggers, Vagrants, Nurses of Debauchery, _&c._ The yearly +increase of Ten or Twelve Hundred Thousand Pounds, which now will be kept +at home, that before went beyond the Seas for Linnen; The great Improvement +of Lands; The Exportation of Linnen of our own growth, _&c._ The worth and +advantage of the whole cannot amount to less than Two or three Millions +Sterling, _per Annum_, to the Nation: and over and above many lives +preserved, and (with Gods blessing on the means) many souls saved; which, +if so, certainly it will be the best Bargain and happiest that ever the +Nation made, all circumstances considered; Because where so much Money is +disburs'd as will compass this great Wealth (without which it is almost +impossible to be attain'd,) our Posterity will have it for nothing; yea, +the present Inhabitants have their Purchase Money still amongst themselves, +as it were, _in their own Sacks with their Corn_, seeing we Buy not this +profitable Expedient of other Nations; which, if we were obliged to do, to +be sure they would make us pay _dearly_ for it. + +But suppose neither of these Advantages were to be reap'd for our Money, +only the Poor provided for, and Reformation of Vagrants accomplish'd, Must +we do nothing for Charity? Suppose any Opposers of this Design, were worth +5000 l. or 10000 l. _per Ann._ a piece, Can they be certain, that none of +their Posterity may within 200 years come to Poverty? Why then should they +be unwilling now to contribute freely, seeing the Method proposed, may +secure both Rich and Poor from Extremity? And how dishonourable is it to +this Kingdom, that so fruitful a Soil as _England_, which by the Industry +of its most unuseful Inhabitants, might so easily become the Garden of +Europe, should, by their sloth and obstinacy, lie unimproved? How many +Hundred Thousand Beggers, Vagrants, Drones, Nurses of Debauchery, _&c._ who +are not only a Dishonour, but a great Disadvantage to the Nation, living in +continual sinful Practices against the Laws of God and good Government, +depriving themselves of all means of Religious and Civil Education, to the +great danger of their own Souls; Ill Example of others; and destruction of +their Posterity, being neither serviceable to the Publick, nor capable of +raising themselves to any better condition, might by this Method, be wholly +reform'd, or prevented? + +Wherefore upon these several _weighty_ considerations, and for that, +besides the _Princely_ Encouragement before-mentioned, I have had the +Approbation of that great lover of Ingenuity, The Right Honourable, the +Lord Viscount _Brouncker_, President of the _Royal Society_, who was +pleas'd to peruse my Proposals, and express his Sentiments very favourably +thereupon; As also having received by letter some considerable and pressing +Incitements, to proceed from an Eminent publick spirited Divine, the +Reverend, Dr. _John Beale_, one of His Majesties Chaplains, and a Member of +the said _Royal Society_. I am therefore embolden'd, particularly to +entreat the _Christian_ consideration of the most _grave and pious +Divines_, and all the Honourable and Ingenious Associates of that _August +Society_ in this matter, and accordingly, to give their Encouragement, +Approbation, and Assistance; or otherwise to discover my mistakes, and +rectifie any false Measures, which through Inadvertency, or over-zeal, to +the design I may have committed, by publishing some more _Feazible Methods_ +from their better improved Reason, whereby I shall at once be confuted and +instructed; and though failing in the means, shall not miss of my desired +End, viz. _The Glory of God, the Prosperity of the Nation, and the Happy +Reformation of many thousands, who are a dishonour to Both._ + +FINIS. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Proposals For Building, In Every +County, A Working-Alms-House or Hospital, by Richard Haines + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PROPOSALS *** + +***** This file should be named 15102.txt or 15102.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/1/0/15102/ + +Produced by Ralph Griswald, Nancie McCraw, Keith Edkins and the PG +Online Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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