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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/15100-8.txt b/15100-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6eecb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/15100-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8485 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Voyage Of Governor Phillip To Botany Bay +by Arthur Phillip + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Voyage Of Governor Phillip To Botany Bay + With An Account Of The Establishment Of The Colonies Of Port Jackson + And Norfolk Island (1789) + + +Author: Arthur Phillip + +Release Date: February 18, 2005 [EBook #15100] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VOYAGE TO BOTANY BAY *** + + + + +Produced by Col Choat + + + + + +The Voyage +of +Governor Phillip +to +Botany Bay +with an +Account of the Establishment of the Colonies of +Port Jackson and Norfolk Island; +compiled from Authentic Papers, +which have been obtained from the several Departments +to which are added +the Journals of Lieuts. Shortland, Watts, Ball and Capt. Marshall +with an Account of their New Discoveries, +embellished with fifty five Copper Plates, +the Maps and Charts taken from Actual Surveys, +and the plans and views drawn on the spot, +by Capt. Hunter, Lieuts. Shortland, Watts, Dawes, Bradley, Capt. Marshall, etc. + + +London +Printed for John Stockdale, Piccadilly +1789 + + +TO THE MOST NOBLE +THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY, +LORD CHAMBERLAIN OF HIS MAJESTY'S HOUSEHOLD, ETC., ETC. +THIS VOLUME, +CONTAINING ALL THAT IS YET KNOWN OF THE +SETTLEMENT AT SYDNEY COVE, +IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, BY +HIS LORDSHIP'S +MUCH OBLIGED, AND +MOST FAITHFUL +HUMBLE SERVANT, +JOHN STOCKDALE. +NOVEMBER 25, 1789. + + +ANECDOTES OF GOVERNOR PHILLIP. + +Arthur Phillip is one of those officers, who, like Drake, Dampier, and +Cook, has raised himself by his merit and his services, to distinction +and command. His father was Jacob Phillip, a native of Frankfort, in +Germany, who having settled in England, maintained his family and educated +his son by teaching the languages. His mother was Elizabeth Breach, who +married for her first husband, Captain Herbert of the navy, a kinsman of +Lord Pembroke. Of her marriage with Jacob Phillip, was her son, Arthur, +born in the parish of Allhallows, Bread-street, within the city of London, +on the 11th of October, 1738. + +Being designed for a seafaring life, he was very properly sent to the +school of Greenwich, where he received an education suitable to his early +propensities. At the age of sixteen, he began his maritime career, under +the deceased Captain Michael Everet of the navy, at the commencement of +hostilities, in 1755: and at the same time that he learned the rudiments +of his profession under that able officer, he partook with him in the early +misfortunes, and subsequent glories of the seven years war. Whatever +opulence Phillip acquired from the capture of the Havannah, certain it is, +that, at the age of twenty-three, he there was made a Lieutenant into the +Stirling-castle, on the 7th of June, 1761, by Sir George Pococke, an +excellent judge of naval accomplishments. + +But of nautical exploits, however they may raise marine officers, there +must be an end. Peace, with its blessings, was restored in 1763. And Phillip +now found leisure to marry; and to settle at Lyndhurst, in the New Forest, +where he amused himself with farming, and like other country gentlemen, +discharged assiduously those provincial offices, which, however unimportant, +occupy respectably the owners of land, who, in this island, require no office +to make them important. + +But sailors, like their own element, are seldom at rest. Those occupations, +which pleased Phillip while they were new, no longer pleased him when +they became familiar. And he hastened to offer his skill and his services to +Portugal when it engaged in warfare with Spain. His offer was readily +accepted, because such skill and services were necessary amidst an arduous +struggle with a too powerful opponent. And, such was his conduct and such +his success, that when the recent interference of France, in 1778, made +it his duty to fight for his king, and to defend his country, the Portugueze +court regretted his departure, but applauded his motive. + +His return was doubtless approved by those who, knowing his value, could +advance his rank: For he was made master and commander into the Basilisk +fireship, on the 2d of September, 1779. But in her he had little opportunity +of displaying his zeal, or of adding to his fame. This step, however, led +him up to a higher situation; and he was made post-captain into the Ariadne +frigate, on the 13th of November, 1781, when he was upwards of three and +forty. This is the great epoch in the lives of our naval officers, because +it is from this that they date their rank. In the Ariadne, he had little +time for active adventures, or for gainful prizes, being appointed to the +Europe of sixty-four guns, on the 23d of December, 1781. During the memorable +year 1782, Phillip promoted its enterprises, and shared in its glories. +And in January, 1783, he sailed with a reinforcement to the East Indies, +where superior bravery contended against superior force, till the policy +of our negotiators put an end to unequal hostilities by a necessary peace. + +The activity, or the zeal of Phillip, was now turned to more peaceful +objects. And when it was determined to form a settlement on that part of +New Holland, denominated New South Wales, he was thought of as a proper +officer to conduct an enterprize, which required professional knowledge, +and habitual prudence. His equipment, his voyage, and his settlement, in +the other hemisphere, will be found in the following volume. When the time +shall arrive that the European settlers on Sydney Cove demand their historian, +these authentic anecdotes of their pristine legislator will be sought for +as curious, and considered as important. + + +ERRATA (These have been corrected in this eBook) +Page, line +1, 15, for enterprizes, read enterprises. +13, penult. for only fifty, read an hundred. +Ibid. ult. for Penryn, read Penrhyn. +75, 7, for Surprize, read Surprise. +87, 14, after 17, dele th. +96, 13, for into, read in. +149, 10, for Kangooroo, read Kanguroo. The orthography of a word + derived only from oral sound is in some degree arbitrary; but + it ought to be consistant. The plates, by mistake, have Kangooroo. +185, 14, for it were were, read if it were. +203, 3, for Fobn, read Thomas. +213, 10, for four, read forty. +228, 23, bis, for Macauley, read Macaulay. +231, 15, for Patri, read Pabi. +252, Margin, for May, read June. +253, Ditto. +255, Margin, for July, read June. +256, Ditto. +232, 18, for Taha, read Toha. +242, 9, for who, read whom. +246, 25, for veer'd, read near'd. + + +N. B. Some of the early impressions of the plates have erroneously Wulpine +Oppossum for Vulpine Opossum. After a few were work'd off the fault was +perceived, and corrected. + + +ADVERTISEMENT. + +The arrangement of materials in this volume being in some respects less +perfect than might be wished, it is necessary that something should be +said to obviate any imputation of negligence. The truth will be the best, +and, as it ought, the only apology. The official papers of Governor Phillip, +which were liberally communicated by Government, formed at first our principal +source of intelligence. These, from their nature, could contain but little +information on subjects of natural history, and many other points, concerning +which the curiosity of every reader would naturally be excited. The efforts +of the publisher to give satisfaction to the public in these respects produced +a gradual influx of materials; and the successive arrival of different vessels +from the Indian seas, occasioned additions to the work, which made it +necessary to engrave new plates. While, therefore, the completion +of the book was anxiously pressed by many who were eager to possess it, +that desirable point has constantly been deferred by the communications of +those who were studious to render it more valuable; and the word Finis, has +seemed to fly from us, like Italy before the wandering Trojans. From the +combination of these circumstances it has arisen, that every separate part +has been hurried on in the execution; and yet, in the finishing of the +whole, more time has elapsed, than would have been necessary to complete +a much more ample volume. The defects that proceed from these causes, it +is hoped, the reader will forgive, and accept with complacency a volume +in which, it is confidently hoped, nothing material has been omitted that +is connected with its principal object, the formation of a settlement +promising both glory and advantage to this country; in which several +important discoveries are announced; no small accession is made to the +stores of natural history; and interesting notices are communicated of +countries visited before, and persons in whose fate the public has long +felt an interest. + +The publisher thinks it his duty, in this place, to return thanks to the +following noblemen and gentlemen, for their kind assistance and free +communications. The Marquis of Salisbury, Viscount Sydney, Lord Hood, +Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. Mr. Rose, Mr. Nepean, Mr. Stephens, Sir Charles +Middleton, Sir Andrew Snape Hammond, Mr. Dalrymple, and Mr. Chalmers: but, +to Mr. Latham particularly, the most grateful acknowledgements are due, +for having furnished many drawings and accurate descriptions, which stamp +a value on the natural history contained in this work, and must for ever +render it an object of attention to all lovers of that science: and to +Lieutenant Shortland, Lieutenant Watts, and Captain Marshall, of the +Scarborough transport, the public owe whatever important discoveries and +useful knowledge may be found in their journals, which they communicated +with a disinterestedness that the publisher will be always happy to +acknowledge. + + +ACCOUNT OF THE VIGNETTE. + +The elegant vignette in the title-page, was engraved from a medallion which +the ingenious Mr. Wedge-wood caused to be modelled from a small piece of +clay brought from Sydney Cove. The clay proves to be of a fine texture, +and will be found very useful for the manufactory of earthern ware. The +design is allegorical; it represents Hope encouraging Art and Labour, +under the influence of Peace, to pursue the employments necessary to give +security and happiness to an infant settlement. The following verses upon +the same subject, and in allusion to the medallion, were written by the +author of The Botanic Garden, and will speak more powerfully for themselves +than any encomium we could bestow. + + +VISIT OF HOPE TO SYDNEY-COVE, NEAR BOTANY-BAY. + +Where Sydney Cove her lucid bosom swells, +Courts her young navies, and the storm repels; +High on a rock amid the troubled air +HOPE stood sublime, and wav'd her golden hair; +Calm'd with her rosy smile the tossing deep, +And with sweet accents charm'd the winds to sleep; +To each wild plain she stretch'd her snowy hand, +High-waving wood, and sea-encircled strand. +"Hear me," she cried, "ye rising Realms! record +"Time's opening scenes, and Truth's unerring word.-- +"There shall broad streets their stately walls extend, +"The circus widen, and the crescent bend; +"There, ray'd from cities o'er the cultur'd land, +"Shall bright canals, and solid roads expand.-- +"There the proud arch, Colossus-like, bestride +"Yon glittering streams, and bound the chasing tide; +"Embellish'd villas crown the landscape-scene, +"Farms wave with gold, and orchards blush between.-- +"There shall tall spires, and dome-capt towers ascend, +"And piers and quays their massy structures blend; +"While with each breeze approaching vessels glide, +"And northern treasures dance on every tide!"-- +Then ceas'd the nymph--tumultuous echoes roar, +And JOY's loud voice was heard from shore to shore-- +Her graceful steps descending press'd the plain, +And PEACE, and ART, and LABOUR, join'd her train. + + +VIEW of the FLEET and ESTABLISHMENT sent out with +GOVERNOR PHILLIP to NEW SOUTH WALES. + +Captain ARTHUR PHILLIP of the Navy, Governor and Commander in Chief of +the territory of New South Wales, and of his Majesty's ships and vessels +employed on that coast. + +Major Robert Ross, Lieutenant Governor. +Richard Johnson, Chaplain. +Andrew Miller, Commissary. +David Collins, Judge Advocate. +John Long, Adjutant. +James Furzer, Quarter-Master. +*George Alexander, Provost Martial. +John White, Surgeon. +Thomas Arndell, Assistant Ditto. +William Balmain, Ditto Ditto. + +His Majesty's ship Sirius, +Captain Arthur Phillip. +Captain John Hunter. + +His Majesty's armed tender Supply, +Lieutenant H. L. Ball. + +Six transports carrying the convicts. +Alexander 210 men convicts. women convicts. +Scarborough 210 men convicts. +Friendship 80 men convicts. 24 +Charlotte 100 men convicts. 24 +Prince of Wales -- -- 100 +Lady Penrhyn -- -- 102 + +Each transport had a detachment of marines on board. + +Three store ships: + +The Golden Grove, Fishburn, and Borrowdale; +With provisions, implements for husbandry, cloathing, +etc. for the convicts. + +Lieutenant John Shortland, agent for the transports. + +The garrison is formed from the marines. + + +Distribution of the Detachment of MARINES for NEW SOUTH +WALES, with the Number embarked on board of each of +the Transports upon that Service. + +Ships |Names |Captains |Subs|Serj-|Corp-|Drum and|Privates|Embarked| +Names |of Officers | | |eants|orals|fife | | | + +Lady Captain Campbell 1 2 0 0 0 3 Portsmouth +Penrhyn Lieut G. Johnston + Lieut. Wm Collins + +Scarb- Captain Shea 1 2 2 2 1 26 Portsmouth +orough Lieutenant Kellow + Lieutenant Morrison + +Friend- Capt. Lieut. Meredith 1 2 2 3 1 36 Plymouth +ship Lieutenant Clarke + Lieutenant Faddy + +Charl- Captain Tench 1 2 3 3 1 34 Plymouth +otte Lieutenant Cresswell + Lieutenant Poulden + +Alex- Lieutenant J. Johnston 0 2 2 2 1 30 Woolwich. +ander Lieutenant Shairp + +Prince Lieutenant Davy 0 2 2 2 1 25 +of Lieutenant Timmins +Wales Provost Martial + --------------------------------------- + 4 12 11 12 5 154 +put on board his Majesty's ship 0 0 1 0 3 6 +Sirius, as supernumeraries. + --------------------------------------- +Total of the detachment 4 12 12 12 8 160 + --------------------------------------- + +Forty women, wives to the Marines, permitted to go out with the Garrison. + + +CONTENTS + +Chapter I. + +Public utility of voyages--Peculiar circumstances of this--New Holland +properly a continent--Reasons for fixing our settlement +there--Transportation to America, its origin, advantages, and +cessation--Experiments made--The present plan adopted--Disadvantages of +other expedients. + +Chapter II. + +Preparation of the fleet ordered to Botany Bay.--Particulars of its +arrangement.--Departure and passage to the Canary Isles. + +Chapter III. + +Reasons for touching at the Canary Isles--Precautions for preserving +Health--Their admirable Success--Some Account of the Canaries--Fables +respecting them--Attempt of a Convict to escape--Departure. +Report of the Marines and Convicts under medical treatment, June 4, 1787 + +Chapter IV. + +Attempt to put in at Port Praya--Relinquished--Weather--Sail for Rio de +Faneiro--Reasons for touching at a South American port--The Fleet passes +the Line--Arrives at Rio de Faneiro--Account of that Place--Transactions +there--Departure. + +Chapter V. + +Prosperous passage from Rio to the Cape--Account of the Harbours there--The +Cape of Good Hope not the most Southern point--Height of Table Mountain +and others--Supineness of the European nations in neglecting to occupy the +Cape--Live stock laid in--Departure--Separation of the fleet--Arrival of the +Supply at Botany Bay. + +Chapter VI. + +First interview with the natives--the bay examined--arrival of the whole +fleet--Port Jackson examined--second interview with the natives--and +third--Governor Phillip returns to Botany Bay--and gives orders for the +evacuation of it. + +Chapter VII. + +Removal from Botany Bay--Arrival of two French ships--Account of +them--Preparations for encampment--Difficulties--Scurvy breaks out--Account +of the red and yellow gum trees. + +Chapter VIII. + +Description of Port Jackson and the adjacent country--The Governor's +commission read--his Speech--his humane resolutions respecting the +Natives--difficulties in erecting huts and other buildings--departure of +Lieutenant King to Norfolk Island. Instructions for P. G. King, Esq; +Superintendant and Commandant of the Settlement of Norfolk Island + +Chapter IX. + +A Criminal Court held--Broken Bay explored by Governor Phillip--Interviews +with the Natives--Peculiarities remarked--Friendly behaviour and +extraordinary courage of an old man. + +Chapter X. + +Departure of the French Ships--Death of M. Le Receveur--Return of the +Supply from Norfolk Island--Description of that Place--Howe Island +discovered. Particulars of the life of P. G. King, Esq + +Chapter XI. + +Three of the transports cleared--Two excursions made into the country, on +the fifteenth of April, and on the twenty-second--Huts of the +natives--Sculpture, and other particulars. Description of the Kanguroo. +Dimensions of the stuffed Kanguroo, in the possession of Mr. Stockdale. +Account of the live stock in the settlement at Port Jackson, May 1, 1788 + +Chapter XII. + +The Supply returns from Lord Howe Island--Some convicts assaulted by the +natives--excursion of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay by Land--interview +with many natives--the fourth of June celebrated--some account of the +climate. Return of Sick, &c. June 30, 1788 + +Chapter XIII. + +Particular description of Sydney Cove--Of the buildings actually +erected--and of the intended town--A settlement made at the head of the +harbour. + +Chapter XIV. + +Fish violently seized by the natives--Another expedition of the +Governor--Further account of the manners and manufactures of the native +inhabitants of New South Wales--Difficulty of obtaining any intercourse. +Remarks and Directions for sailing into PORT JACKSON, by Capt. J. HUNTER, +of the SIRIUS. Height of neap and spring tides, at full and change of the moon. + +Chapter XV. + +Some Specimens of Animals from New South Wales; description of The spotted +Opossum; Vulpine Opossum; Norfolk Island Flying-Squirrel. Blue Bellied Parrot; +Tabuan Parrot; Pennantian Parrot; Pacific Parrakeet; Sacred King's-fisher; +Superb Warbler, male; Superb Warbler, female; Caspian Tern; Norfolk Island +Petrel; Bronze-winged Pigeon; White-fronted Heron; Wattled Bee-Eater; +Psittaceous Hornbill; dimensions of a large Kanguroo. + +Chapter XVI. + +Papers relative to the settlement at Port Jackson.--General return of +marines.--Return of officers.--Artificers belonging to the Marine +Detachment.--List of officers and privates desirous of remaining in the +country.--Return of provisions.--Return of Sick. + +Chapter XVII. + +Nautical directions, and other detached remarks, by Lieutenant Ball, +concerning Rio de Janeiro, Norfolk Island, Ball Pyramid, and Lord Howe +Island. + +Chapter XVIII. + +Concise account of Lieutenant Shortland--His various services--Appointed +agent to the transports sent to New South Wales--Ordered by Governor +Phillip to England, by Batavia--Journal of his voyage--New discoveries. + +Chapter XIX. + +August 1788 to February 1789 + +Appearance of the scurvy--The boats land at one of the Pelew +Islands--Account of the Natives who were seen, and conjectures concerning +them--Distresses--The Friendship cleared and sunk--Miserable condition of +the Alexander when she reached Batavia.--Conclusion. + +Chapter XX. + +Lieutenant Watts's Narrative of the Return of the Lady Penrhyn Transport; +containing an Account of the Death of Omai, and other interesting +Particulars at Otaheite. + +Chapter XXI. + +The Scarborough leaves Port Jackson--Touches at Lord Howe's Island--Joins +the Charlotte--Falls in with a large Shoal--Discover a number of +Islands--Short account of the Inhabitants--Canoes described--Ornaments-- +Discover Lord Mulgrave's Islands--Arrival at Tinian--Sick people sent on +shore--Departure from Tinian--Arrival in Mocao Roads. + +CHAPTER XXII. + +Supplemental Account of Animals from New South Wales, containing, Descriptions +of the Bankian Cockatoo; Red-shouldered Parrakeet; Crested Goat Sucker; +New Holland Cassowary; White Gallinule; Dog from New South Wales; Spotted +Martin; Kanguroo Rat; Laced Lizard; Port Jackson Shark; Bag Throated Balistes; +Unknown Fish from New South Wales; Watts's Shark; Great Brown +Kingsfisher.--Additional Account of the Kanguroo--Anecdote of Captain Cook +and Otoo, by Mr. Webber.--Dr. Blane's Account of the good Effects of the +Yellow Gum.--Botany Bay Plants.--Lieut. Watts's Account of the Weather at +Botany Bay and Port Jackson.--Conclusion. + +CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX. + +Table I. Route of the Alexander, Lieutenant Shortland, from the Cape + of Good Hope to Botany Bay +Table II. Route of the Supply, Lieut. Ball, after parting with the + Alexander, to Botany Bay +Table III. Route of the Supply, Lieut. Ball, from Port Jackson to Norfolk + Island +Table IV. Route of the Supply from Norfolk Island to Port Jackson +Table V. Route of the Supply from Port Jackson to Lord Howe Island, + and from thence to Port Jackson +Table VI. Route of the Alexander, Lieut. Shortland, from Port Jackson + to Batavia +Table VII. Route of the Lady Penrhyn, Capt. Sever, from Port Jackson + to Otaheite +Table VIII.Route of the Lady Penrhyn, Capt. Sever, from Otaheite to China +Table IX. Route of the Scarborough, Capt. Marshall, from Port Jackson to China +List of the Convicts sent to New South Wales + + +A LIST OF THE SUBSCRIBERS + +A. + +ANDREWS, James Pettit, Esq. F. A. S. +Apsley, Viscount, M. P. +Aubrey, Sir John, Bart. M. P. +Allen, Robert, Esq. +Aylesford, Earl of +A'Court, William Pierce Ashe, Esq. M. P. +Aldersey, William, Esq. +Andrews, Sir Joseph, Bart. +Addington, Right Hon. Henry, Speaker of the House of Commons +Arden, John, Esq. Arden Hall +Addington, John Hiley, Esq. M. P. +Arden, Sir Richard Pepper, M. P. Master of the Rolls +Anson, George, Esq. M. P. +Adams, Mr. James Blake +Arnold, George, Esq. +Astley, Sir Edward, Bart. M. P. +Annesley, Hon. Richard +Appleyard, Mr. 6 copies +Allen, Thomas, Esq. +Ashton, Nicholas, Esq. +Aisley, Stephen, Esq. Kensington + +B. + +Bath, Marchioness of +Bickingham, Mr. +Baber, Edward, Esq. +Bathurst, Thomas, Esq. +Blackburne, John, Esq. M. P. +Breadalbane, Earl of +Belgrave, Lord, M. P. +Buccleugh, Duke of +Barwell, Thomas Smith, Esq. +Barker, Francis, Esq. +Bootle, R. Wilbraham, Esq. M. P. +Bissett, Maurice, Fsq. +Banks, Sir Joseph, Bart. +Bolton, Duke of +Butler, Rev. Mr. +Black, Captain Alexander +Bosville, William, Esq. +Buckingham, Marquis of +Barwell, Richard, Esq. M. P. +Bland, General +Beaufort, Duke of +Bearcroft, Edward, Esq. M. P. +Bath, Marquis of +Black, Mr. 4 copies +Bond, Mr. +Berkeley, Earl +Beresford, Right Hon. John +Bull, Mr. bookseller, Bath, 6 copies +Baleman, Mr. +Beach, Captain +Baldwin, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Brown, Mr. bookseller +Blamire, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Booker, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Beckett, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Binns, Mr. bookseller, Leeds +Breadhower, Mr. bookseller, Portsmouth +Burbage, Mr. bookseller, Nottingham +Baker, Mr. Bookseller, Southampton, 3 copies +Blackwell, Sir L. Bart. +Bevor, Dr. +Boucher, Rev. Mr. +Brown, Richard +Barry, Mr. Library, Hastings +Bell, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies +Buckland, Mr. bookseller, 5 copies +Byfield, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Bindley, James, Esq. F. S. A. +Boosey, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Bagshaw, John, Esq. +Bew, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Barnet, Mr. Thomas + +C. + +Cottrell, John, Esq. +Clements, John, Esq. +Chalmers, George, Esq. +Chatham, Earl of +Calthorpe, Sir Henry Gough, Bart. +Call, John, Esq. M. P. +Clayton, George, Esq. +Campbell, Major +Chesterfield, Earl of +Cox, Mr. +Crauford, Mr. A. 2 copies +Charlival, Countess of +Chiswell, R. M. T. Esq. +Chetwynd, Hon. Richard +Chichester, Sir John, Bart. +Crespigny, P. C. Esq. +Carysfort, Earl of +Collins, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Cadell, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Cornell, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies +Clarke, Mr. bookseller, Manchester +Collins, Mr. bookseller, Salisbury +Constable, Golding, Esq. +Cook, Mr. bookseller, Godalming, 2 copies. +Clarke, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Cuthell, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies +Charlton, St. John, Esq. +Cooper, Dr. + +D. + +Dickens, Francis, Esq. M. P. +De Salis, Rev. Dr. +Dodswell, T. Esq. Pool-court +De Lancy, Colonel +Donowell, Mr. architect +Dalrymple, Alexander, Esq. +Dayrell, Edmund, Esq. +Davies, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Debrett, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Dalling, Sir John, Bart. +Dartmouth, Earl of +De Freire, Chevalier, 2 copies +Dacre, Lord +Davison, Alexander, Esq. +Dilly, Mr. bookseller, 50 copies +Dangerfield, Mr. bookseller +Drewry, Mr. bookseller, Derby +Dover, Lord +Dawes, John, Esq. M. P. +Delaval, Lord +Drummond, John, Esq. M. P. + +E. + +Effingham, Earl of +Essex, Earl of +East, Gilbert, Esq. +Eliott, Lord +Egerton, Colonel William, M. P. +Enderby, Mr. Samuel +Eardley, Lord +Elliott, William, Esq. +Erving, George, Esq. +Edwards, Captain +Eyre, Edward, Esq. +Evans, Mr. bookseller, 30 copies +Egertons, Messrs. booksellers, 12 copies +Edwards, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Edwards, Mr. bookseller, Halifax +Enderby, Mr. Charles +Ernst, Anthony, Esq. jun. Camberwell +Enderby, Mr. George +Edmiston, Rev. William +Elmsley, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies + +F. + +Fairford, Lord +Finch, Hon. William +Ford, Richard, Esq. M. P. +Fitzgerald, Lord Robert +Fane, Francis, Esq. M. P. +Frost, John, Esq. +Frederic, Sir John, Bart. M. P. +Fletcher, Mr. bookseller, Oxford, 6 copies +Fortescue, Earl of +Forster, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Forsyth, William, Esq. Kensington +Faulder, Mr. bookseller, 31 copies +Fife, Earl of +Fetherston, Thomas, Esq. Lincoln's-inn +Ferrier, Robert England, Esq. +Faden, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies + +G. + +Goulding, Mr. Geo. bookseller, 25 copies +Glover, Richard, Esq. +Grigby, Joshua, Esq. M. P. +Greame, Charles, Esq. +Graham, Sir James, Bart. M. P. +Gregory, Rev. Edward Langar +Grenville, Hon. Mrs. +Gardner, Mr. bookseller, 25 copies +Gernay, Mr. bookseller, Dublin, 50 copies +Goodwyn, Henry, Esq. +Goodwin, Henry, Esq. jun. +Grey de Wilton, Lord +Grote, George, Esq. + +H. + +Hopetoun, Earl of +Hawke, Lord +Hanmer, Job, Esq. Holbrook Hall +Harpur, Sir Harry, Bart. +Hunt, Joseph, Esq. +Hood, Lord, M. P. +Houghton, Sir Henry, Bart. M. P. +Hayes, Mr. Charles +Hetherington, J. Esq. +Hodges, Mr. +Humphries, Captain James +Hannay, John, Esq. +Herman, Francis Anthony, Esq. +Hanrot, Mr. +Hamilton, Duke of +Hardinge, George, Esq. M. P. +Hannay, Sir Samuel, Bart. M. P. +Hill, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Hughes, Mr. +Hobart, Major, M. P. +Howard de Walden, Lord +Hoare, Charles, Esq. +Hawkins, Christopher, Esq. M. P. +Hinuber, Mr. +Haydon and son, booksellers, Plymouth, 5 copies +Hooper, Mr. +Hookham, Mr. bookseller, 25 copies +Hastings, Warren, Esq. +Hill, Sir Richard, Bart. M. P. +Harlow, Mrs. bookseller, 12 copies +Hall, Micah, Esq. + +I. + +Johnston, Peter, Esq. +Jenkyns, Mr. +Irwin, ----, Esq. +Jackson, William, jun. Esq. Exeter +Jolliffe, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Inchiquin, Earl of, M. P. +Johnson, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies + +K. + +Keith, Captain, R. N. +Kingsmill, Captain, R. N. M. P. +Kynaston, John, Esq. M. P. +Kent, Sir Charles, Bart. M. P. +Kensington, Charles, Esq. +Kirby, Mr. bookseller +King, Mr. bookseller, 4 copies +Knight and Son, booksellers, 3 copies + +L. + +Lewisham, Lord +Lambert, J. Esq. +Law, Edward, Esq. +Lane, Mr. bookseller, 2 copies +Lane, Mrs. +Loveden, Edward Loveden, Esq. M. P. +Long, ------, Esq. Aldermaston +Latrobe, Mr. Benjamin Henry +Lucas, Mr. William +Lovaine, Lord +Long, Samuel, Esq. +Lee, Mr. James, Hammersmith +Longmate, Mr. engraver +Lindergreen, Andrew, Esq. +Leinster, Duke of +Lodge, John, Esq. +Lister, Thomas, Esq. M. P. +Long, Sir James Tylney, Bart. M. P. +Le Mesurier, Paul, Esq. M. P. +Lowndes, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Longman, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Law, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Lackington, Mr. bookseller, 25 copies +Le Fleming, Sir Michael, Bart. M. P. +Latham, John, Esq. M. D. +Latham, John, jun. Esq. +Latham, Miss Ann +Langston, John, Esq. M. P. +Luttrell, Lady Elizabeth +Lewisham, Viscount, M. P. +Little, Richard, Esq. Kensington +Lewis, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies + +M + +Mitchel, Capt. A. R. N. +Miles, William, Esq. +Mornington, Lord, M. P. +Moreau, Simon, Esq. Cheltenham +Martin, George, Esq. +Martin, Edwin, Esq. Priory +Mazell, Mr. Peter, engraver +Medland, Mr. engraver +Macclesfield, Earl of +Middleton, R. Esq. +Mineur, Mr. +Marshall, Lieutenant S. E. +Mehaux, John, Esq. +Milnes, Richard Slater, Esq. M. P. +Mecormick, Mrs. +Murray, Mr. bookseller, 18 copies +Marshall, John, Esq. +Maberly, Mr. Stephen +Martindale, John, Esq. +Mulgrave, Lord, M. P. +Monro, Dr. +M'Queen, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Matthews, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Merrill, Mr. bookseller, Cambridge +Mapletoft, Mr. +Macbride, Captain John, Esq. M. P. R. N. +Mainwaring, William, Esq. M. P. +Macnamara, John, Esq. M. P. +Middleton, William, Esq. M. P. +Morshead, Sir John, Bart. M. P. +Muncaster, Lord, M. P. +Marsh, Samuel, Esq. +Marsham, Charles, Esq. +Melbourne, Lady +Montolieu, Lewis, Esq. + +N + +Nepean, Evan, Esq. +Norton, Mr. James, bookseller, Bristol, 6 copies +Nares, Rev. Mr. +Nicol, Mr. George, bookseller, 12 copies +Neville, Richard Aldworth, Esq. M. P. +Nicholls, Frank, Esq. Whitchurch +Nash, Mr. jun. +Nowell, Henry Constantine, Esq. Shiplake +Newberry, Mrs. bookseller, 6 copies + +O + +Orchard, Paul, Esq. M. P. +Ogilvie and Speare, booksellers, 9 copies +Otridge, Mr. bookseller, 18 copies + +P + +Portlock, Capt. Nathaniel, R. N. +Pye, Walter, Esq. +Potenger, Thomas, Esq. +Prattent, Mr. engraver +Pitt, Right Hon. William, M. P. +Pocock, Sir Isaac, Bart. Reading +Peachey, John, Esq. M. P. +Penn, Granville, Esq. +Pochin, William, Esq. M. P. +Phiney, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Parkyns, Thomas Boothby, Esq. M. P. F. R. S. and F. A. S. +Pennant, Thomas, Esq. +Pitman, Thomas, Esq. Loxford Hall +Pye, Henry James, Esq. M. P. +Putland, William, Esq. +Peachey, Sir James, Bart. +Popham, Home, Esq. +Pollock, W. Esq. +Pierse, Henry, Esq. M. P. +Pery, Rev. John +Prince and Cook, booksellers, Oxford, 6 copies +Patterson, Captain +Phillips, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Peat and Newcomb, booksellers, Stamford +Pearson and Rollason, booksellers, Birmingham +Payne and Son, booksellers, 12 copies +Petrie, William, Esq. +Plampin, Lieutenant, R. N. +Phipps, Hon. Henry, M. P. +Pitt, William Morton, Esq. M. P. +Popham, William, Esq. M. P. + +R + +Rivers, Lord +Richards, Mr. +Ramsay, Capt. John +Rose, George, Esq. M. P. +Robinson, William, Esq. +Rolle, John, Esq. M. P. +Rawstorne, Lieut. Col. +Robinsons, Messrs. booksellers, 200 copies +Richardson, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Rome, George, Esq. +Roberts, Mr. +Ramsford, Nicholas, Esq. +Rous, Sir John, Bart. M. P. +Rodney, James, Esq. +Rivington, and Sons, booksellers, 20 copies +Robson and Clarke, booksellers, 25 copies + +S + +Salisbury, Marquis of, 2 copies +Salisbury, Marchioness of +St. Albans, Duke of +Stanley, Thomas, Esq. M. P. +Sturt, Charles, Esq. M. P. +Speke, Mrs. +Swale, John, Esq. +Smyth, John, Esq. +Saville, Hon. Henry +Scott, Major, M. P. +Shuckburgh, Sir George, Bart. M. P. +Stephens, Philip, Esq. M. P. +Skipwith, Sir Thomas George, Bart. +Sykes, Sir Francis, Bart. M. P. +St. John, St. Andrew, Esq. +Stanley, John, Esq. M. P. +Shore, Samuel, Esq. +Sitwell, Francis, Esq. +Spooner, Charles, Esq. +Smith, Sir John, Bart. +Smart, Baptist, Esq. +Sydney, Viscount, two copies +Spence, Mr. George +Scott, Thomas, Esq. M. P. +Sotheron, William, Esq. M. P. +Strahan, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Steele, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Scatcherd and Whittaker, booksellers, 6 copies +Sewell, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Spens, Walter, Esq. +Silvester, Mr. John, architect +Smith and Gardner, booksellers +Simmons and Kerby, booksellers, Canterbury +Swinney, Mr. bookseller, Birmingham +Smart and Cowslade, booksellers, Reading +Steele, Thomas, Esq. M. P. +Secker, George, Esq. +Swain, Rev. John Hadley +Scowen, James, Esq. +Staunton, G. T. Esq. +Sumner, John, Esq. +Society, the Philosophical, Derby +Stockdale, Mr. Jeremiah +Selkirk, Lord +Sumner, George, Esq. M. P. +Stanley, John Thomas, Esq. +Stalker, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Southern, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies + +T + +Townsend, Hon. John Thomas, M. P. +Thomson, Rev. Doctor, Kensington +Temple, Grenville, Esq. +Tullock, Mr. +Turnor, John, Esq. Gray's-inn +Tattersall, Mr. jun. +Townley, Charles, Esq. +Todd, Mr. bookseller, York, 6 copies +Tutte, Rev. Mr. +Townson, Lieutenant +Thorkelin, Dr. G. J. +Tessyman, Mr. bookseller, York +Trewman, Mr. bookseller, Exeter +Trotman, Fiennes, Esq. M. P. +Thorold, Sir John, Bart. M. P. +Temple, Sir John, Bart. +Thornton, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies + +V + +Vansittart, George, Esq. M. P. +Vansittart, Nicholas, Esq. +Vernor, Mr. bookseller, 18 copies + +W. + +Weymouth, Lord +Warren, Sir John Borlase, Bart. +Wolfe, Arthur, Esq. Attorney-General, Ireland +Walsh, John, Esq. +Wentworth, Lord +Willis, H. N. Esq. +Wright, Mr. +Woodford, Col. John +Wray, Sir Cecil, Bart. +Willis, Rev. Thomas +Wolfe, Lewis, Esq. +Watts, Lieutenant John, R. N. +Watts, Mr. D. P. +Wilton, George, Esq. +Wale, G. Esq. +Watts, Mr. Thomas +Warren, Sir George, M. P. +Walter, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Webber, Mr. John +Walker, James, Esq. +Watson, Serjeant +Welch, Mr. Joseph +White and Son, booksellers, 12 copies +Ware and Son, booksellers, White-haven +Woodmason, Mr. +Williamson, Captain +Wright, Mr. Thomas +Walcot, John, Esq. +Wood, Mr. bookseller, Shrewsbury +Wilson, Mr. +Wetton, Mr. bookseller, Chertsey +Wenman, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies +Wigglesworth, John, Esq. +Wedgewood, Josiah, Esq. +Wheeler, Mr. G. Wanstead +Wilkie, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Whieldon, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Williams, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Walker, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies +Wynne, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies + +Y + +Yorke, Hon. Philip, M. P. +Yorke, Charles, Esq. +Young, Sir Wm. Bart. M. P. +Yorke, the Hon. Mrs. Sydney-Farm +Young, William, Esq. +Yonge, Right Hon. Sir George, Bart. M. P. +Younge, Major William, Little Darnford Place. + + +LIST OF THE PLATES. + +1. Head of Governor Phillip +2. View of Botany Bay +3. Yellow Gum Plant +4. View in Port Jackson +5. Caspian Tern +6. Natives of Botany Bay +7. Chart of Norfolk Island +8. Lieutenant King +9. Hut in New South Wales +10. The Kanguroo +11. View in New South Wales +12. Sketch of Sydney Cove +13. Axe, Basket, and Sword +14. Plan of Port Jackson +15. Spotted Opossum +16. Vulpine Opossum +17. Flying Squirrel +18. Blue-bellied Parrot +19. Tabuan Parrot +20. Pennantian Parrot +21. Pacific Parrakeet +22. Sacred Kings-fisher +23. Male Superb Warbler +24. Female Superb Warbler +25. Norfolk Island Petrel +26. Bronze-winged Pigeon +27. White-fronted Heron +28. Wattled Bee-eater +29. Psittaceous Hornbill +30. Skeleton of the Head of the Kanguroo and Vulpine Opossum +31. Map and View of Lord Howe Island +32. Ball's Pyramid +33. Lieutenant Shortland +34. Chart of the Track of the Alexander +35. Shortland's Chart of New Georgia +36. Curtis's Isles +37. Macaulay's Isles +38. Track of the Scarborough +39. A Canoe, &c. Mulgrave's Range +40. Bankian Cockatoo +41. Red Shouldered Parrakeet +42. New Holland Goat-sucker +43. New Holland Cassowary +44. White Gallinule +45. Dog of New South Wales +46. Martin Cat +47. Kanguroo Rat +48. Laced Lizard +49. Bag-throated Balistes +50. Fish of New South Wales +51. Port Jackson Shark +52. Watt's Shark +53. Great brown Kingsfisher +54. Black flying Opossum +55. Vignette in title page.--For an explanation see the Preface. + + +Chapter I. + +Public utility of voyages--Peculiar circumstances of this--New Holland +properly a continent--Reasons for fixing our settlement +there--Transportation to America, its origin, advantages, and +cessation--Experiments made--The present plan adopted--Disadvantages of +other expedients. + +From voyages undertaken expressly for the purpose of discovery, the +public naturally looks for information of various kinds: and it is a fact +which we cannot but contemplate with pleasure, that by the excellent +publications subsequent to such enterprises, very considerable additions +have been made, during the present reign, to our general knowledge of the +globe, of the various tribes by which it is peopled, and of the animals +and vegetables to which it gives support. + +An expedition occasioned by motives of legislative policy, carried on by +public authority, and concluded by a fixed establishment in a country +very remote, not only excites an unusual interest concerning the fate of +those sent out, but promises to lead us to some points of knowledge +which, by the former mode, however judiciously employed, could not have +been attained. A transient visit to the coast of a great continent +cannot, in the nature of things, produce a complete information +respecting its inhabitants, productions, soil, or climate: all which when +contemplated by resident observers, in every possible circumstance of +variation, though they should be viewed with less philosophical +acuteness, must yet gradually become more fully known: Errors, sometimes +inseparable from hasty observation, will then be corrected by infallible +experience; and many objects will present themselves to view, which +before had escaped notice, or had happened to be so situated that they +could not be observed. + +The full discovery of the extent of New Holland, by our illustrious +navigator, Capt. Cook, has formed a singular epocha in geography; a doubt +having arisen from it, whether to a land of such magnitude the name of +island or that of continent may more properly be applied. To this +question it may be answered, that though the etymology of the word +island,* and of others synonymous to it, points out only a land +surrounded by the sea, or by any water, (in which sense the term is +applicable even to the largest portions of the habitable globe) yet it is +certain that, in the usual acceptation, an island is conceived to signify +a land of only moderate extent, surrounded by the sea.** To define at what +point of magnitude precisely, a country so situated shall begin to be a +continent, could not answer any purpose of utility; but the best and +clearest rule for removing the doubt appears to be the following: As long +as the peculiar advantages of an insular situation can be enjoyed by the +inhabitants of such a country, let it have the title of an island; when +it exceeds those limits let it be considered as a continent. Now the +first and principal advantage of an island, is that of being capable of a +convenient union under one government, and of deriving thence a security +from all external attacks, except by sea. In lands of very great +magnitude such an union is difficult, if not impracticable, and a +distinction founded on this circumstance, is therefore sufficient for +convenience at least, if*** not for speculative accuracy. If we suppose +this extent to be something about one thousand miles each way, without, +however, affecting much rigour in the limitation, the claim of New +Holland to be called a continent, will be indisputable: The greatest +extent of that vast country being, from East to West, about two thousand +four hundred English miles, and, from North to South, not less than two +thousand three hundred.**** + +[* Insula, from which island is derived, is formed from in sulo, in the +sea; and, the corresponding word in Greek, is usually deduced from to +swim, as appearing, and probably having been originally supposed to swim +in the sea.] + +[** Thus when Dionysius Periegetes considers the whole ancient world as +surrounded by the sea, he calls it, an immense island; on which +Eustathius remarks, that the addition of the epithet immense was +necessary, otherwise the expression would have been low and inadequate.] + +[*** We do not here consider whether a country be actually united under one +government, but whether from its size it might be so conveniently. If we +might derive from, or to inhabit, the etymological distinction would be +complete on these principles. An island being one distinct habitation of +men; and a continent land continued from one state to another. The former +derivation might be rendered specious by remarking how singularly Homer +and others use with, as if they had a natural connection. See II. B. +626. and, Sophoc. Ajax. 601.] + +[**** In or near the latitude of 30° South, New Holland extends full 40 +degrees of longitude, which, under that parallel, may be estimated at 60 +English miles to a degree. The extent from York Cape to South Cape is full +33 degrees of latitude, which are calculated of course at 69½ English +miles each.] + +To New South Wales England has the claim which a tacit consent has +generally made decisive among the European States, that of prior +discovery. The whole of that Eastern coast, except the very Southern +point, having been untouched by any navigator, till it was explored by +Captain Cook. This consideration, added to the more favourable accounts +given of this side of the continent than of the other, was sufficient to +decide the choice of the British government, in appointing a place for +the banishment of a certain class of criminals. + +The cause of the determination to send out in this manner the convicts +under sentence of transportation, was, as is well known, the necessary +cessation of their removal to America; and the inconveniences experienced +in the other modes of destination adopted after that period. + +Virginia, greatly in want, at its first settlement, of labourers to clear +away the impenetrable forests which impeded all cultivation, was willing, +from very early times, to receive as servants, those English criminals +whom our Courts of Law deemed not sufficiently guilty for capital +punishment.* The planters hired their services during a limited term; and +they were latterly sent out under the care of contractors, who were +obliged to prove, by certificates, that they had disposed of them, +according to the intention of the law. + +[* Banishment was first ordered as a punishment for rogues and vagrants, +by statute 39 Eliz. ch. 4. See Blackst. Com. IV. chap. 31. But no place +was there specified. The practice of transporting criminals to America is +said to have commenced in the reign of James I; the year 1619 being the +memorable epoch of its origin: but that destination is first expressly +mentioned in 18 Car. II. ch. 2.--The transport traffic was first +regulated by statute 4 George I. ch. II. and the causes expressed in the +preamble to be, the failure of those who undertook to transport +themselves, and the great want of servants in his Majesty's plantations. +Subsequent Acts enforced further regulations.] + +The benefits of this regulation were various. The colonies received by +it, at an easy rate, an assistance very necessary; and the mother country +was relieved from the burthen of subjects, who at home were not only +useless but pernicious: besides which, the mercantile returns, on this +account alone, are reported to have arisen, in latter times, to a very +considerable amount.* The individuals themselves, doubtless, in some +instances, proved incorrigible; but it happened also, not very +unfrequently, that, during the period of their legal servitude, they +became reconciled to a life of honest industry, were altogether reformed +in their manners, and rising gradually by laudable efforts, to situations +of advantage, independence, and estimation, contributed honourably to the +population and prosperity of their new country.** + +[* It is said, forty thousand pounds per annum, about two thousand +convicts being sold for twenty pounds each.] + +[** The Abbe Raynal has given his full testimony to the policy of this +species of banishment, in the fourteenth Book of his History, near the +beginning.] + +By the contest in America, and the subsequent separation of the thirteen +Colonies, this traffic was of course destroyed. Other expedients, well +known to the public, have since been tried; some of which proved highly +objectionable;* and all have been found to want some of the principal +advantages experienced from the usual mode of transportation.--The +deliberations upon this subject, which more than once employed the +attention of Parliament, produced at length the plan of which this volume +displays the first result. On December 6, 1786, the proper orders were +issued by his Majesty in Council, and an Act establishing a Court of +Judicature in the place of settlement, and making such other regulations +as the occasion required, received the sanction of the whole legislature +early in the year 1787. + +[* ¶ Particularly, the transporting of criminals to the coast of Africa, +where what was meant as an alleviation of punishment too frequently ended +in death.] + +To expatiate upon the principles of penal law is foreign to the purpose +of this work, but thus much is evident to the plainest apprehension, that +the objects most to be desired in it are the restriction of the number of +capital inflictions, as far as is consistent with the security of +society; and the employment of every method that can be devised for +rendering the guilty persons serviceable to the public, and just to +themselves; for correcting their moral depravity, inducing habits of +industry, and arming them in future against the temptations by which they +have been once ensnared. + +For effectuating these beneficial purposes, well regulated penitentiary +houses seem, in speculation, to afford the fairest opportunity; and a +plan of this kind, formed by the united efforts of Judge Blackstone, Mr. +Eden, and Mr. Howard, was adopted by Parliament in the year 1779. +Difficulties however occurred which prevented the execution of this +design: a circumstance which will be something the less regretted when it +shall be considered, that it is perhaps the fate of this theory, in +common with many others of a very pleasing nature, to be more attractive +in contemplation than efficacious in real practice. A perfect design, +carried on by imperfect agents, is liable to lose the chief part of its +excellence; and the best digested plan of confinement must in execution +be committed, chiefly, to men not much enlightened, very little armed +against corruption, and constantly exposed to the danger of it. The +vigilance which in the infancy of such institutions effectually watches +over the conduct of these public servants, will always in a little time +be relaxed; and it will readily be conceived that a large penitentiary +house, very corruptly governed, would be, of all associations, one of the +most pernicious to those confined, and most dangerous to the peace of +society. + +In some countries, malefactors not capitally convicted, are sentenced to +the gallies or the mines; punishments often more cruel than death, and +here, on many accounts, impracticable. In other places they are employed +in public works, under the care of overseers. This method has been +partially tried in England on the Thames, but has been found by no means +to produce the benefits expected from it. There is, therefore, little +temptation to pursue it to a further extent. The employment of criminals +in works carried on under the public eye, is perhaps too repugnant to the +feelings of Englishmen ever to be tolerated. Reason, indeed, acquiesces +in the melancholy necessity of punishing, but chains and badges of +servitude are unpleasing objects, and compassion will always revolt at +the sight of actual infliction. Convicts so employed would either by an +ill placed charity be rewarded, or the people, undergoing a change of +character far from desirable, would in time grow callous to those +impressions which naturally impel them to give relief. + +It remains therefore, that we adhere as much as possible to the practice +approved by long experience, of employing the services of such criminals +in remote and rising settlements. For this purpose the establishment on +the eastern coast of New Holland has been projected, and carried on with +every precaution to render it as beneficial as possible. That some +difficulties will arise in the commencement of such an undertaking must +be expected; but it is required by no moral obligation that convicts +should be conveyed to a place of perfect convenience and security; and +though the voluntary emigrants and honourable servants of the state, must +in some measure, be involved for a time in the same disadvantages, yet to +have resisted difficulties is often finally an advantage rather than an +evil; and there are probably few persons so circumstanced who will repine +at moderate hardships, when they reflect that by undergoing them they are +rendering an essential and an honourable service to their country. + + +Chapter II. + +March 1787 to June 1787 + +Preparation of the fleet ordered to Botany Bay.--Particulars of its +arrangement.--Departure and passage to the Canary Isles. + +16 March 1787 + +The squadron destined to carry into execution the above design, began to +assemble at its appointed rendezvous, the Mother Bank, within the Isle of +Wight, about the 16th of March, 1787. This small fleet consisted of the +following ships: His Majesty's frigate Sirius, Captain John Hunter, and +his Majesty's armed tender Supply, commanded by Lieutenant H. L. Ball. +Three store-ships, the Golden Grove, Fishburn, and Borrowdale, for +carrying provisions and stores for two years; including instruments of +husbandry, clothing for the troops and convicts, and other necessaries; +and lastly, six transports, the Scarborough, and Lady Penrhyn, from +Portsmouth; the Friendship, and Charlotte, from Plymouth; the Prince of +Wales, and the Alexander, from Woolwich. These were to carry the +convicts, with a detachment of Marines in each, proportioned to the +nature of the service; the largest where resistance was most to be +expected, namely, in those ships which carried the greatest number of +male convicts. Altogether they formed a little squadron of eleven sail. + +They only who know the nature of such equipments, and consider the +particular necessity in the present instance for a variety of articles +not usually provided, can judge properly of the time required for +furnishing out this fleet. Such persons will doubtless be the least +surprised at being told that nearly two months had elapsed before the +ships were enabled to quit this station, and proceed upon their voyage: +and that even then some few articles were either unprepared, or, through +misapprehension, neglected. The former circumstance took place respecting +some part of the cloathing for the female convicts, which, being +unfinished, was obliged to be left behind; the latter, with respect to +the ammunition of the marines, which was furnished only for immediate +service, instead of being, as the Commodore apprehended, completed at +their first embarkation: an omission which, in the course of the voyage, +was easily supplied. + +This necessary interval was very usefully employed, in making the +convicts fully sensible of the nature of their situation; in pointing out +to them the advantages they would derive from good conduct, and the +certainty of severe and immediate punishment in case of turbulence or +mutiny. Useful regulations were at the same time established for the +effectual governing of these people; and such measures were taken as +could not fail to render abortive any plan they might be desperate enough +to form for resisting authority, seizing any of the transports, or +effecting, at any favourable period, an escape. We have, however, the +testimony of those who commanded, that their behaviour, while the ships +remained in port, was regular, humble, and in all respects suitable to +their situation: such as could excite neither suspicion nor alarm, nor +require the exertion of any kind of severity. + +When the fleet was at length prepared for sailing, the complement of +convicts and marines on board the transports was thus arranged. The +Friendship carried a Captain and forty-four marines, subalterns and +privates, with seventy-seven male and twenty female convicts. The +Charlotte, a Captain and forty-three men, with eighty-eight male and +twenty female convicts. In the Alexander, were two Lieutenants and +thirty-five marines, with two hundred and thirteen convicts, all male. In +the Scarborough, a Captain and thirty-three marines, with male convicts +only, two hundred and eight in number. The Prince of Wales transport had +two Lieutenants and thirty marines, with an hundred convicts, all female. +And the Lady Penrhyn, a Captain, two Lieutenants, and only three privates, +with one hundred and two female convicts. Ten marines, of different +denominations, were also sent as supernumeraries on board the Sirius. The +whole complement of marines, including officers, amounted to two hundred +and twelve; besides which, twenty-eight women, wives of marines, carrying +with them seventeen children, were permitted to accompany their husbands. +The number of convicts was seven hundred and seventy-eight, of whom five +hundred and fifty-eight were men. Two, however, on board the Alexander, +received a full pardon before the departure of the fleet, and +consequently remained in England. + +13 May 1787 + +Governor Phillip, on his arrival at the station, hoisted his flag on +board the Sirius, as Commodore of the squadron: and the embarkation being +completed, and the time requiring his departure, at day break on the 13th +of May, he gave the signal to weigh anchor. To the distance of about an +hundred leagues clear of the channel, his Majesty's frigate Hyena, of +twenty-four guns, was ordered to attend the fleet, in order to bring +intelligence of its passage through that most difficult part of the +voyage; with any dispatches which it might be requisite for the Governor +to send home. + +20 May 1787 + +On the 20th of May, the ships being then in latitude 47° 57', and +longitude 12° 14' west of London, the Hyena returned. She brought, +however, no exact account of the state of the transports; for the sea at +that time ran so high, that the Governor found it difficult even to sit +to write, and quite impracticable to send on board the several ships for +exact reports of their situation, and of the behaviour of the convicts. +All, however, had not been perfectly tranquil; the convicts in the +Scarborough, confiding probably in their numbers, had formed a plan for +gaining possession of that ship, which the officers had happily detected +and frustrated. This information was received from them just before the +Hyena sailed, and the Governor had ordered two of the ringleaders on +board the Sirius for punishment. These men, after receiving a proper +chastisement, were separated from their party by being removed into +another ship, the Prince of Wales. No other attempt of this kind was made +during the voyage. + +We may now consider the adventurers in this small fleet as finally +detached, for the present, from their native country; looking forward, +doubtless with very various emotions, to that unknown region, which, for +a time at least, they were destined to inhabit. If we would indulge a +speculative curiosity, concerning the tendency of such an enterprize, +there are few topics which would afford an ampler scope for conjecture. +The sanguine might form expectations of extraordinary consequences, and +be justified, in some degree, by the reflection, that from smaller, and +not more respectable beginnings, powerful empires have frequently arisen. +The phlegmatic and apprehensive might magnify to themselves the +difficulties of the undertaking, and prognosticate, from various causes, +the total failure of it. Both, perhaps, would be wrong. The opinion +nearest to the right was probably formed by the Governor himself, and +such others among the leaders of the expedition, as from native courage, +felt themselves superior to all difficulties likely to occur; and by +native good sense were secured from the seduction of romantic reveries. +To all it must appear a striking proof of the flourishing state of +navigation in the present age, and a singular illustration of its vast +progress since the early nautical efforts of mankind; that whereas the +ancients coasted with timidity along the shores of the Mediterranean, and +thought it a great effort to run across the narrow sea which separates +Crete from Egypt, Great Britain, without hesitation, sends out a fleet to +plant a settlement near the antipodes. + +3 June 1787 + +The high sea which had impeded the intercourse between the ships, as they +were out of the reach of rocks and shoals, was not, in other respects, an +unfavourable circumstance. On the whole, therefore, the weather was +reckoned fine, and the passage very prosperous from Spithead to Santa +Cruz, in the Isle of Teneriffe, where the fleet anchored on the 3d of +June. + + +Chapter III. + +June 1787 + +Reasons for touching at the Canary Isles--Precautions for preserving +Health--Their admirable Success--Some Account of the Canaries--Fables +respecting them--Attempt of a Convict to escape--Departure. + +3 June 1787 + +The chief object proposed by Governor Phillip in touching at Teneriffe, +was the obtaining a fresh supply of water and vegetables. It was +adviseable also at this period to give the people such advantages and +refreshments, for the sake of health, as this place would readily supply, +but which can only be obtained on shore. In this, and every port, the +crews, soldiers, and convicts, were indulged with fresh meat, fruit, +vegetables, and every thing which could conduce to preserve them from the +complaints formerly inevitable in long voyages. The allowance was, to the +marines, a pound of bread, a pound of beef, and a pint of wine per man, +daily: the convicts had three quarters of a pound of beef, and of bread, +but no wine. The fruits obtained here were only figs and mulberries, but +these were plentiful and excellent. How successfully precautions of every +kind, tending to this great end, were employed throughout the voyage, the +reports of the number of sick and dead will sufficiently evince. + +Captain Cook had very fully shown, how favourable such expeditions might +be made to the health of those engaged in them; and Governor Phillip was +happy enough to confirm the opinion, that the success of his great +predecessor, in this essential point, was not in any degree the effect of +chance, but arose from that care and attention of which he has humanely +given us the detail; and which, in similar circumstances, may generally +be expected to produce the same result. If the number of convicts who +died between the time of embarkation and the arrival of the fleet at this +place, should seem inconsistent with this assertion, it must be +considered that the deaths were confined entirely to that class of +people, many of whom were advanced in years, or labouring under diseases +contracted in prison or elsewhere, while they were yet on shore. + +A week was passed at this place, during which time the weather was very +moderate, the thermometer not exceeding 70° of Fahrenheit's scale. The +barometer stood at about 30 inches. + +The Governor of the Canaries, at this time, was the Marquis de +Brancifort, by birth a Sicilian. He was resident as usual at Santa Cruz, +and paid to Governor Phillip, and the other officers, a polite attention +and respect equally honourable to all parties. The port of Santa Cruz, +though not remarkably fine, is yet the best in the Canaries, and the +usual place at which vessels touch for refreshment; the residence of the +Governor General is therefore fixed always in Teneriffe, for the sake of +a more frequent intercourse with Europe: in preference to the great +Canary Isle, which contains the Metropolitan church, and the palace of +the Bishop. The Marquis de Brancifort has lately established some useful +manufactures in Teneriffe. + +To enter into much detail concerning the Canary Islands, which lie +exactly in the course of every ship that sails from Europe to the Cape, +and consequently have been described in almost every book of voyages, +must be superfluous. A few general notices concerning them may, perhaps, +not be unacceptable. They are in number about fourteen, of which the +principal, and only considerable are, Canary, Teneriffe, Fortaventure, +Palma, Ferro, Gomera, Lancerotta. Their distance from the coast of Africa +is from about forty to eighty leagues. The circumference of Teneriffe is +not above one hundred and twenty miles, but that of Canary, or as it is +usually called, the Great Canary, is one hundred and fifty. They have +been possessed and colonized by Spain from the beginning of the 15th +century. + +There is no reason to doubt that these are the islands slightly known to +the ancients under the name of Fortunate: though the mistake of Ptolemy +concerning their latitude has led one of the commentators on Solinus to +contend, that this title belongs rather to the Islands of Cape Verd. +Pliny mentions Canaria, and accounts for that name from the number of +large dogs which the island contained; a circumstance which some modern +voyagers, perhaps with little accuracy, repeat as having occasioned the +same name to be given by the Spaniards. Nivaria, spoken of by the same +author, is evidently Teneriffe, and synonymous, if we are rightly +informed, to the modern name*. Ombrion, or Pluvialia, is supposed to be +Ferro; where the dryness of the soil has at all times compelled the +inhabitants to depend for water on the rains. + +[* Occasioned by the perpetual snows with which the Peak is covered. Tener +is said to mean snow, and itte or iffe a mountain, in the language of the +island.] + +If the ancients made these islands the region of fable, and their poets +decorated them with imaginary charms to supply the want of real +knowledge, the moderns cannot wholly be exempted from a similar +imputation. Travellers have delighted to speak of the Peak of Teneriffe, +as the highest mountain in the ancient world, whereas, by the best +accounts, Mont Blanc exceeds it* by 3523 feet, or near a mile of +perpendicular altitude. The Isle of Ferro, having no such mountain to +distinguish it, was celebrated for a century or two on the credit of a +miraculous tree, single in its kind, enveloped in perpetual mists, and +distilling sufficient water for the ample supply of the island.** But this +wonder, though vouched by several voyagers, and by some as eye-witnesses, +vanished at the approach of sober enquiry, nor could a single native be +found hardy enough to assert its existence. The truth is, that the Canary +Isles, though a valuable possession to Spain, and an excellent resource +to voyagers of all nations, contain no wonders, except what belong +naturally to volcanic mountains such as the Peak, which, though it always +threatens, has not now been noxious for more than eighty years***. + +[* The height of Mont Blanc, on a mean of the best accounts, is 15,673 +English feet from the level of the sea, Teneriffe 12,150.] + +[** Clipperton speaks of it as a fact, Harris's Voyages, Vol. I. p. 187. +Mandelsloe pretended to have seen it, ibid. p. 806. Baudrand was the +first who by careful enquiry detected the fiction. An account of this +imaginary tree, curious from being so circumstantial, is here given from +a French book of geography, of some credit in other respects. "Mais ce +qu'il-y-a de plus digne de remarque, est cet arbre merveilleux qui +fournit d'eau toute l'isle, tant pour les hommes que pour les bêtes. Cet +arbre, que les habitans appellent Caroë, Garoë, ou Arbre Saint, unique en +son espéce, est gros, et large de branches; son tronc a environ douze +pieds de tour; ses feuilles sont un peu plus grosses que celles des +noiers, et toujours vertes; il porte un fruit, semblable à un gland, qui +a un noiau d'un goût aromatique, doux et piquant. Cet arbre est +perpétuellement convert d'un nuage, qui l'humecte partout, en sorte que +l'eau en distille goutte à goutte par les branches et par les feuilles, +en telle quantité qu'on en peut emplir trente tonneaux par jour. Cette +eau est extrémement fraiche, claire, fort bonne a boire, et fort saine. +Elle tombe dans deux bassins de pierre que les insulaires ont bâtis pour +la recevoir. La nuage qui couvre cet arbre ne se dissipe pas; settlement +dans les grandes chaleurs de l'été il se diminue un peu; mais en échange +la mer envoie une vapeur epaisse, qui se jette sur l'arbre, et qui +supplée a ce manquement." Du Bois Geogr. Part. iii. ch. 17. Can all this +have arisen from Pliny's arbores ex quibus aquae exprimantur?] + +[*** See Captain Glasse's elaborate account of the Canaries, and Captain +Cook's last Voyage.] + +The capital of Teneriffe is Laguna, or more properly San Christoval de la +Laguna, St. Christopher of the Lake, so called from its situation near a +lake. Both this and Santa Cruz are built of stone, but the appearance of +the latter is more pleasing than that of Laguna. They are distant from +each other about four miles. The capital of the Great Canary, and +properly of the whole government, is the City of Palms: But that place +has been for some time the centre of ecclesiastical government only. The +custom of reckoning the first meridian as passing through these isles was +begun by Ptolemy; and perhaps it is still to be wished that the French +regulations on that subject were generally adopted. + +9 June 1787. + +Our ships were at length preparing to depart, when on the evening of the +9th of June, a convict belonging to the Alexander, having been employed +on deck, found means to cut away the boat, and make a temporary escape; +but he was missed and soon retaken. It is not probable that he had formed +any definite plan of escape; the means of absconding must have been +accidentally offered, and suddenly embraced; and for making such an +attempt, the vague hope of liberty, without any certain prospect, would +naturally afford sufficient temptation. + +10 June 1787 + +By the 10th of June the ships had completed their water, and early the +next morning, the Governor gave the signal for weighing anchor, and the +fleet pursued its course. + + +Report of the marines and convicts under medical treatment, given in to +Governor Phillip, June 4th, 1787. + +Charlotte, -- Marines 4 Convicts 16 +Alexander, -- Marines 2 Convicts 26 +Scarborough, -- Marine 1 Convicts 9 +Friendship, -- Convicts 13 +Lady Penrhyn, Convicts 11 +Prince of Wales, Marines 2 Convicts 7 + --- + Total Marines 9 + Convicts 72 + +Convicts dead since the first embarkation 21 +Children of convicts 3 + +Of these only fifteen, and one child, had died since the departure from +Spithead. + + +Chapter IV. + +June 1787 to September 1787 + +Attempt to put in at Port Praya--Relinquished--Weather--Sail for Rio de +Faneiro--Reasons for touching at a South American port--The Fleet passes +the Line--Arrives at Rio de Faneiro--Account of that Place--Transactions +there--Departure. + +Vegetables not having been so plentiful at Santa Cruz as to afford a +sufficient supply, it was the intention of Governor Phillip to anchor for +about twenty-four hours in the Bay of Port Praya. The islands on this +side of the Atlantic, seem as if expressly placed to facilitate the +navigation to and from the Cape of Good Hope: by offering to vessels, +without any material variation from their course, admirable stations for +supply and refreshment. About latitude 40, north, the Azores; in 33, the +Madeiras; between 29 and 27, the Canaries; and between 18 and 16, the +Islands of Cape Verd, successively offer themselves to the voyager, +affording abundantly every species of accommodation his circumstances can +require. On the Southern side of the Equator, a good harbour and +abundance of turtles give some consequence even to the little barren +island of Ascension; and St. Helena, by the industry of the English +settlers, has become the seat of plenty and of elegance. Without the +assistance derived, in going or returning, from some of these places, the +interval of near forty degrees on each side of the line, in a sea exposed +to violent heat, and subject to tedious calms, would be sufficient to +discourage even the navigators of the eighteenth century. + +18 June 1787 + +On the 18th of June, the fleet came in sight of the Cape Verd Islands, +and was directed by signal to steer for St. Jago. But the want of +favourable wind, and the opposition of a strong current making it +probable that all the ships would not be able to get into the Bay, the +Governor thought it best to change his plan. The signal for anchoring was +hauled down, and the ships were directed to continue their first course; +a circumstance of much disappointment to many individuals on board, who, +as is natural in long voyages, were eager on every occasion to enjoy the +refreshments of the shore. As an additional incitement to such wishes, +the weather had now become hot; the thermometer stood at 82°, which, +though not an immoderate heat for a tropical climate, is sufficient to +produce considerable annoyance. But, unmoved by any consideration except +that of expedience, Governor Phillip persisted in conducting his ships to +their next intended station, the harbour of Rio de Janeiro. + +It may appear perhaps, on a slight consideration, rather extraordinary, +that vessels bound to the Cape of Good Hope should find it expedient to +touch at a harbour of South America. To run across the Atlantic, and take +as a part of their course, that coast, the very existence of which was +unknown to the first navigators of these seas, seems a very circuitous +method of performing the voyage. A little examination will remove this +apparent difficulty. The calms so frequent on the African side, are of +themselves a sufficient cause to induce a navigator to keep a very +westerly course; and even the islands at which it is so often convenient +to touch will carry him within a few degrees of the South American +coast.--The returning tracks of Captain Cooks's three voyages all run +within a very small space of the 45th degree of west longitude, which is +even ten degrees further to the west than the extremity of Cape St. +Roque: and that course appears to have been taken voluntarily, without +any extraordinary inducement. But in the latitudes to which Governor +Phillip's squadron had now arrived, the old and new continent approach so +near to each other, that in avoiding the one it becomes necessary to run +within a very moderate distance of the opposite land. + +In the passage from the Cape Verd Islands, the fleet suffered for some +time the inconvenience of great heat, attended by heavy rains. The heat, +however, did not at any time exceed the point already specified,* and the +precautions unremittingly observed in all the ships happily continued +efficacious in preventing any violent sickness. Nor did the oppression of +the hot weather continue so long as in these latitudes might have been +expected; for before they reached the equator the temperature had become +much more moderate. + +[* 82°, 51. It is not unusual in England, to have the thermometer, for a +day or two in a summer, at 81°.] + +5 July 1787 + +On July 5, 1787, being then in long. 26° 10' west from Greenwich, the +Botany Bay fleet passed from the Northern into the Southern Hemisphere. +About three weeks more of very favourable and pleasant weather conveyed +them to Rio de Janeiro. + +5-6 August 1787 + +On the 5th of August they anchored off the harbour, and on the evening +of the 6th were at their station within it. The land of Cape Frio had been +discovered some days before, but a deficiency of wind from that time a +little slackened their course. + +Rio de Janeiro, or January River, so called because discovered by Dias de +Solis on the feast of St. Januarius, (Sept. 19) 1525, is not in fact a +river, though its name denotes that it was then supposed to be so: it is +an arm of the sea, into which a considerable number of small rivers +descends. + +The city of Rio de Janeiro, called by some writers St. Sebastian, from +the name of its tutelar patron, is situated on the west side of this bay, +within less than a degree of the tropic of Capricorn, and about 43° west +of Greenwich. It is at present the capital of all Brasil, and has been +for some time the residence of the Viceroy. These distinctions it +obtained in preference to St. Salvador, which was formerly the capital, +by means of the diamond mines discovered in its vicinity, in the year +1730. The place increasing rapidly by the wealth thus brought to it, was +fortified and put under the care of a governor in 1738. The port is one +of the finest in the world, very narrow at the entrance, and within +capacious enough to contain more ships than ever were assembled at one +station. It has soundings from twenty to one hundred and twenty fathoms. +A hill shaped like a sugar loaf, situated on the west side, marks the +proper bearing for entering the harbour: the situation of which is fully +pointed out at the distance of two leagues and a half by some small +islands, one of which, called Rodonda, is very high, and in form not +unlike a haycock. The mouth of the harbour is defended by forts, +particularly two, called Santa Cruz and Lozia; and the usual anchorage +within it is before the city, north of a small island named Dos Cobras. + +There are in this port established fees, which are paid by all merchant +ships, Portuguese as well as strangers: 3l. 12s. each on entering the +bay, the same on going out, and 5s. 6d. a day while they remain at +anchor. The entrance fee was demanded for the transports in this +expedition, but when Governor Phillip had alledged that they were loaded +with King's stores, the payment was no more insisted upon. Nevertheless, +the Captain of the Port gave his attendance, with his boat's crew, to +assist the ships in coming in, there being at that time only a light air, +hardly sufficient to carry them up the bay. + +In the narrative of Captain Cook's Voyage in 1768, we find, on his +arrival at this place, great appearance of suspicion on the part of the +Viceroy, harsh prohibitions of landing, even to the gentlemen employed in +philosophical researches, and some proceedings rather of a violent +nature. The reception given by the present Viceroy to Governor Phillip +and his officers was very different: it was polite and flattering to a +great degree, and free from every tincture of jealous caution. + +Don Lewis de Varconcellos, the reigning Viceroy, belongs to one of the +noblest families in Portugal; is brother to the Marquis of Castello +Methor, and to the Count of Pombeiro. Governor Phillip, who served for +some years as a Captain in the Portuguese navy, and is deservedly much +honoured by that nation, was not personally unknown to the Viceroy, +though known in a way which, in a less liberal mind, might have produced +very different dispositions. There had been some difference between them, +on a public account, in this port, when Governor Phillip commanded the +Europe: each party had acted merely for the honour of the nation to which +he belonged, and the Viceroy, with the true spirit of a man of honour, +far from resenting a conduct so similar to his own, seemed now to make it +his object to obliterate every recollection of offence. As soon as he was +fully informed of the nature of Governor Phillip's commission, he gave it +out in orders to the garrison that the same honours should be paid to +that officer as to himself. This distinction the Governor modestly wished +to decline, but was not permitted. His officers were all introduced to +the Viceroy, and were, as well as himself, received with every possible +mark of attention to them, and regard for their country. They were +allowed to visit all parts of the city, and even to make excursions as +far as five miles into the country, entirely unattended: an indulgence +very unusual to strangers, and considering what we read of the jealousy +of the Portuguese Government respecting its diamond mines, the more +extraordinary. + +Provisions were here so cheap, that notwithstanding the allowance of meat +was fixed by Governor Phillip at twenty ounces a day, the men were +victualled completely, rice, fresh vegetables, and firing included, at +three-pence three-farthings a head. Wine was not at this season to be +had, except from the retail dealers, less was therefore purchased than +would otherwise have been taken. Rum, however, was laid in; and all such +seeds and plants procured as were thought likely to flourish on the coast +of New South Wales, particularly coffee, indigo, cotton, and the +cochineal fig.* As a substitute for bread, if it should become scarce, +one hundred sacks of cassada were purchased at a very advantageous price. + +[* Cactus Cochinilifer, of Linnaeus.] + +Cassada, the bread of thousands in the tropical climates, affords one of +those instances in which the ingenuity of man might be said to triumph +over the intentions of nature, were it not evidently the design of +Providence that we should in all ways exert our invention and sagacity to +the utmost, for our own security and support. It is the root of a shrub +called Cassada, or Cassava Jatropha, and in its crude state is highly +poisonous. By washing, pressure, and evaporation, it is deprived of all +its noxious qualities, and being formed into cakes becomes a salubrious +and not an unpalatable substitute for bread. + +By the indulgence of the Viceroy, the deficiency in the military stores +observed at the departure of the transports from England, was made up by +a supply purchased from the Royal arsenal; nor was any assistance +withheld which either the place afforded, or the stores of government +could furnish. + +The circumstances, which in this place most astonish a stranger, and +particularly a Protestant, are, the great abundance of images dispersed +throughout the city, and the devotion paid to them. They are placed at +the corner of almost every street, and are never passed without a +respectful salutation; but at night they are constantly surrounded by +their respective votaries, who offer up their prayers aloud, and make the +air resound in all quarters with the notes of their hymns. The strictness +of manners in the inhabitants is not said to be at all equivalent to the +warmth of this devotion; but in all countries and climates it is found +much easier to perform external acts of reputed piety, than to acquire +the internal habits so much more essential. It must be owned, however, +that our people did not find the ladies so indulgent as some voyagers +have represented them. + +It was near a month before Governor Phillip could furnish his ships with +every thing which it was necessary they should now procure. At length, on +the 4th of September he weighed anchor, and as he passed the fort, +received from the Viceroy the last compliment it was in his power to pay, +being saluted with twenty-one guns. The salute was returned by an equal +number from the Sirius; and thus ended an intercourse honourable to both +nations, and particularly to the principal officer employed in the +service of each. + + +Chapter V. + +September 1787 to January 1788 + +Prospercus passage from Rio to the Cape--Account of the Harbours there--The +Cape of Good Hope not the most Southern point--Height of Table Mountain +and others--Supineness of the European nations in neglecting to occupy the +Cape--Live stock laid in--Departure--Separation of the fleet--Arrival of the +Supply at Botany Bay. + +4 September 1787 + +A Prosperous course by sea, like a state of profound peace and +tranquility in civil society, though most advantageous to those who enjoy +it, is unfavourable to the purposes of narration. The striking facts +which the writer exerts himself to record, and the reader is eager to +peruse, arise only from difficult situations: uniform prosperity is +described in very few words. Of this acceptable but unproductive kind was +the passage of the Botany Bay fleet from Rio de Janeiro to the Cape of +Good Hope; uniformly favourable, and not marked by any extraordinary +incidents. This run, from about lat. 22° south, long. 43 west of London, +to lat. 34° south, long. 18° east of London, a distance of about four +thousand miles, was performed in thirty-nine days: for having left Rio on +the 4th of September, on the 13th of October the ships came to anchor in +Table Bay. Here they were to take their final refreshment, and lay in +every kind of stock with which they were not already provided. In this +period no additional lives had been lost, except that of a single convict +belonging to the Charlotte transport, who fell accidentally into the sea, +and could not by any efforts be recovered. + +13 October 1787 + +Table Bay, on the north-west side of the Cape of Good Hope, is named from +the Table Mountain, a promontory of considerable elevation, at the foot +of which, and almost in the centre of the Bay, stands Cape Town, the +principal Dutch settlement in this territory. This Bay cannot properly be +called a port, being by no means a station of security; it is exposed to +all the violence of the winds which set into it from the sea; and is far +from sufficiently secured from those which blow from the land. The gusts +which descend from the summit of Table Mountain are sufficient to force +ships from their anchors, and even violently to annoy persons on the +shore, by destroying any tents or other temporary edifices which may be +erected, and raising clouds of fine dust, which produce very troublesome +effects. A gale of this kind, from the south-east, blew for three days +successively when Capt. Cook lay here in his first voyage, at which time, +he informs us, the Resolution was the only ship in the harbour that had +not dragged her anchors. The storms from the sea are still more +formidable; so much so, that ships have frequently been driven by them +from their anchorage, and wrecked at the head of the Bay. But these +accidents happen chiefly in the quaade mousson, or winter months, from +May 14 to the same day of August; during which time few ships venture to +anchor here. Our fleet, arriving later, lay perfectly unmolested as long +as it was necessary for it to remain in this station. + +False Bay, on the south-east side of the Cape, is more secure than Table +Bay, during the prevalence of the north-west winds, but still less so in +strong gales from the south-east. It is however less frequented, being +twenty-four miles of very heavy road distant from Cape Town, whence +almost all necessaries must be procured. The most sheltered part of False +Bay is a recess on the west side, called Simon's Bay. + +The Cape of Good Hope, though popularly called, and perhaps pretty +generally esteemed so, is not in truth the most southern point of Africa. +The land which projects furthest to the south is a point to the east of +it, called by the English Cape Lagullus; a name corrupted from the +original Portugueze das Agulhas, which, as well as the French appellation +des Aiguilles, is descriptive of its form, and would rightly be +translated Needle Cape. Three eminences, divided by very narrow passes, +and appearing in a distant view like three summits of the same mountain, +stand at the head of Table Bay.--They are however of different heights, by +which difference, as well as by that of their shape, they may be +distinguished. Table Mountain is so called from its appearance, as it +terminates in a flat horizontal surface, from which the face of the rock +descends almost perpendicularly. This mountain rises to about 3567 feet +above the level of the sea. Devil's Head, called also Charles mountain, +is situated to the east of the former, and is not above 3368 feet in +height; and on the west side of Table Mountain, Lion's Head, whose name +is also meant to be descriptive, does not exceed 2764 feet. In the +neighbourhood of the latter lies Constantia, a district consisting of two +farms, wherein the famous wines of that name are produced. + +Our voyagers found provisions less plentiful and less reasonable in price +at Cape Town than they had been taught to expect. Board and lodging, +which are to be had only in private houses, stood the officers in two +rix-dollars a day, which is near nine shillings sterling. This town, the +only place in the whole colony to which that title can be applied with +propriety, is of no great extent; it does not in any part exceed two +miles: and the country, colonized here by the Dutch, is in general so +unfavourable to cultivation, that it is not without some astonishment +that we find them able to raise provisions from it in sufficient +abundance to supply themselves, and the ships of so many nations which +constantly resort to the Cape. + +When we consider the vast advantages derived by the Dutch colonists from +this traffic, and the almost indispensible necessity by which navigators +of all nations are driven to seek refreshment there, it cannot but appear +extraordinary, that from the discovery of the Cape in 1493, by Barthelemi +Diaz, to the year 1650, when, at the suggestion of John Van Riebeck, the +first Dutch colony was sent, a spot so very favourable to commerce and +navigation should have remained unoccupied by Europeans. Perhaps all the +perseverance of the Dutch character was necessary even to suggest the +idea of maintaining an establishment in a soil so burnt by the sun, and +so little disposed to repay the toil of the cultivator. The example and +success of this people may serve, however, as an useful instruction to +all who in great undertakings are deterred by trifling obstacles; and +who, rather than contend with difficulties, are inclined to relinquish +the most evident advantages. + +But though the country near the Cape had not charms enough to render it +as pleasing as that which surrounds Rio de Janeiro, yet the Governor, +Mynheer Van Graaffe, was not far behind the Viceroy of Brazil in +attention to the English officers. They were admitted to his table, where +they were elegantly entertained, and had reason to be pleased in all +respects with his behaviour and disposition. Yet the minds of his people +were not at this time in a tranquil state; the accounts from Holland were +such as occasioned much uneasiness, and great preparations were making at +the fort, from apprehension of a rupture with some other power. + +In the course of a month, the live stock and other provisions were +procured; and the ships, having on board not less than five hundred +animals of different kinds, but chiefly poultry, put on an appearance +which naturally enough excited the idea of Noah's ark. This supply, +considering that the country had previously suffered from a dearth, was +very considerable; but it was purchased of course at a higher expence +considerably than it would have been in a time of greater plenty. + +12 November 1787 + +On the 12th of November the fleet set sail, and was for many days much +delayed by strong winds from the south-east. + +25 November 1787 + +On the 25th, being then only 80 leagues to the eastward of the Cape, +Governor Phillip left the Sirius and went on board the Supply tender; +in hopes, by leaving the convoy, to gain sufficient time for examining +the country round Botany Bay, so as to fix on the situation most +eligible for the colony, before the transports should arrive. At the +same time he ordered the agents for the transports, who were in the +Alexander, to separate themselves from the convoy with that ship, +the Scarborough and Friendship, which, as they were better sailors +than the rest, might reasonably be expected sooner: in which case, +by the labour of the convicts they had on board, much might be done +in making the necessary preparations for landing the provisions and +stores. + +Major Ross, the Commandant of Marines, now left the Sirius, and went on +board the Scarborough, that he might accompany that part of the +detachment which probably would be landed first. Captain Hunter, in the +Sirius, was to follow with the store-ships, and the remainder of the +transports; and he had the necessary instructions for his future +proceedings, in case the Supply had met with any accident. Lieutenant +Gidley King, since appointed Commandant of Norfolk Island, accompanied +Governor Phillip in the Supply. + +3 January 1788 + +From this time to the 3d of January, 1788, the winds were as favourable +as could be wished, blowing generally in very strong gales from the +north-west, west, and south-west. Once only the wind had shifted to the +east, but continued in that direction not more than a few hours. Thus +assisted, the Supply, which sailed but very indifferently, and turned +out, from what she had suffered in the voyage, to be hardly a safe +conveyance, performed in fifty-one days a voyage of more than seven +thousand miles. On the day abovementioned she was within sight of the +coast of New South Wales. But the winds then became variable, and a +current, which at times set very strongly to the southward, so much +impeded her course, that it was not till the 18th that she arrived at +Botany Bay. + + +Chapter VI. + +January 1788 + +First interview with the natives--the bay examined--arrival of the whole +fleet--Port Jackson examined--second interview with the natives--and +third--Governor Phillip returns to Botany Bay--and gives orders for the +evacuation of it. + +18 January 1788 + +At the very first landing of Governor Phillip on the shore of Botany Bay, +an interview with the natives took place. They were all armed, but on +seeing the Governor approach with signs of friendship, alone and unarmed, +they readily returned his confidence by laying down their weapons. They +were perfectly devoid of cloathing, yet seemed fond of ornaments, putting +the beads and red baize that were given them, on their heads or necks, +and appearing pleased to wear them. The presents offered by their new +visitors were all readily accepted, nor did any kind of disagreement +arise while the ships remained in Botany Bay. This very pleasing effect +was produced in no small degree by the personal address, as well as by +the great care and attention of the Governor. Nor were the orders which +enforced a conduct so humane, more honourable to the persons from whom +they originated, than the punctual execution of them was to the officers +sent out: it was evident that their wishes coincided with their duty; and +that a sanguinary temper was no longer to disgrace the European settlers +in countries newly discovered. + +The next care after landing was the examination of the bay itself, from +which it appeared that, though extensive, it did not afford a shelter +from the easterly winds: and that, in consequence of its shallowness, +ships even of a moderate draught, would always be obliged to anchor with +the entrance of the bay open, where they must be exposed to a heavy sea, +that rolls in whenever it blows hard from the eastward. + +Several runs of fresh water were found in different parts of the bay, but +there did not appear to be any situation to which there was not some very +strong objection. In the northern part of it is a small creek, which runs +a considerable way into the country, but it has water only for a boat, +the sides of it are frequently overflowed, and the low lands near it are +a perfect swamp. The western branch of the bay is continued to a great +extent, but the officers sent to examine it could not find there any +supply of fresh water, except in very small drains. + +Point Sutherland offered the most eligible situation, having a run of +good water, though not in very great abundance. But to this part of the +harbour the ships could not approach, and the ground near it, even in the +higher parts, was in general damp and spungy. Smaller numbers might +indeed in several spots have found a comfortable residence, but no place +was found in the whole circuit of Botany Bay which seemed at all +calculated for the reception of so large a settlement. While this +examination was carried on, the whole fleet had arrived. The Supply had +not so much outsailed the other ships as to give Governor Phillip the +advantage he had expected in point of time. On the 19th of January, the +Alexander, Scarborough, and Friendship, cast anchor in Botany Bay; and on +the 20th, the Sirius, with the remainder of the convoy*. These ships had +all continued very healthy; they had not, however, yet arrived at their +final station. + +[* The annexed view of Botany Bay, represents the Supply, etc. at anchor, +and the Sirius with her convoy coming into the bay.] + +The openness of this bay, and the dampness of the soil, by which the +people would probably be rendered unhealthy, had already determined the +Governor to seek another situation. He resolved, therefore, to examine +Port Jackson, a bay mentioned by Captain Cook as immediately to the north +of this. There he hoped to find, not only a better harbour, but a fitter +place for the establishment of his new government. But that no time might +be lost, in case of a disappointment in these particulars, the ground +near Point Sutherland was ordered immediately to be cleared, and +preparations to be made for landing, under the direction of the +Lieutenant Governor. + +These arrangements having been settled, Governor Phillip prepared to +proceed to the examination of Port Jackson: and as the time of his +absence, had he gone in the Supply, must have been very uncertain, +he went round with three boats; taking with him Captain Hunter +and several other officers, that by examining several parts of the +harbour at once the greater dispatch might be made. + +22d January, 1788. + +On the 22d of January they set out upon this expedition, and early +in the afternoon arrived at Port Jackson, which is distant about three +leagues. Here all regret arising from the former disappointments was +at once obliterated; and Governor Phillip had the satisfaction to find +one of the finest harbours in the world, in which a thousand sail of +the line might ride in perfect security. + +The different coves of this harbour were examined with all possible +expedition, and the preference was given to one which had the finest +spring of water, and in which ships can anchor so close to the shore, +that at a very small expence quays may be constructed at which the +largest vessels may unload. This cove is about half a mile in length, and +a quarter of a mile across at the entrance. In honour of Lord Sydney, the +Governor distinguished it by the name of Sydney Cove. + +On the arrival of the boats at Port Jackson, a second party of the +natives made its appearance near the place of landing. These also were +armed with lances, and at first were very vociferous; but the same gentle +means used towards the others easily persuaded these also to discard +their suspicions, and to accept whatsoever was offered. One man in +particular, who appeared to be the chief of this tribe, shewed very +singular marks both of confidence in his new friends, and of determined +resolution. Under the guidance of Governor Phillip, to whom he +voluntarily intrusted himself, he went to a part of the beach where the +men belonging to the boats were then boiling their meat: when he +approached the marines, who were drawn up near that place, and saw that +by proceeding he should be separated from his companions, who remained +with several of the officers at some distance, he stopped, and with great +firmness, seemed by words and gestures to threaten revenge if any +advantage should be taken of his situation. He then went on with perfect +calmness to examine what was boiling in the pot, and by the manner in +which he expressed his admiration, made it evident that he intended to +profit by what he saw. Governor Phillip contrived to make him understand +that large shells might conveniently be used for the same purpose, and it +is probable that by these hints, added to his own observation, he will be +enabled to introduce the art of boiling among his countrymen. Hitherto +they appear to have known no other way of dressing food than broiling. +Their methods of kindling fire are probably very imperfect and laborious, +for it is observed that they usually keep it burning, and are very rarely +seen without either a fire actually made, or a piece of lighted wood, +which they carry with them from place to place, and even in their +canoes.* The perpetual fires, which in some countries formed a part of +the national religion, had perhaps no other origin than a similar +inability to produce it at pleasure; and if we suppose the original flame +to have been kindled by lightning, the fiction of its coming down from +heaven will be found to deviate very little from the truth. + +[* In Hawksw. Voy. vol. iii. p. 234, it is said that they produce fire +with great facility, etc. which account is the more correct, time will +probably show.] + +In passing near a point of land in this harbour, the boats were perceived +by a number of the natives, twenty of whom waded into the water unarmed, +received what was offered them, and examined the boat with a curiosity +which impressed a higher idea of them than any former accounts of their +manners had suggested. This confidence, and manly behaviour, induced +Governor Phillip, who was highly pleased with it, to give the place the +name of Manly Cove. The same people afterwards joined the party at the +place where they had landed to dine. They were then armed, two of them +with shields and swords, the rest with lances only. The swords were made +of wood, small in the gripe, and apparently less formidable than a good +stick. One of these men had a kind of white clay rubbed upon the upper +part of his face, so as to have the appearance of a mask. This ornament, +if it can be called such, is not common among them, and is probably +assumed only on particular occasions, or as a distinction to a few +individuals. One woman had been seen on the rocks as the boats passed, +with her face, neck and breasts thus painted, and to our people appeared +the most disgusting figure imaginable; her own countrymen were perhaps +delighted by the beauty of the effect. + +During the preparation for dinner the curiosity of these visitors +rendered them very troublesome, but an innocent contrivance altogether +removed the inconvenience. Governor Phillip drew a circle round the place +where the English were, and without much difficulty made the natives +understand that they were not to pass that line; after which they sat +down in perfect quietness. Another proof how tractable these people are, +when no insult or injury is offered, and when proper means are to +influence the simplicity of their minds. + +24 January 1788 + +January 24th, 1788. On the 24th of January, Governor Phillip having +sufficiently explored Port Jackson, and found it in all respects highly +calculated to receive such a settlement as he was appointed to establish, +returned to Botany Bay. On his arrival there, the reports made to him, +both of the ground which the people were clearing, and of the upper parts +of the Bay, which in this interval had been more particularly examined, +were in the greatest degree unfavourable. It was impossible after this to +hesitate concerning the choice of a situation; and orders were +accordingly issued for the removal of the whole fleet to Port Jackson. + +That Botany Bay should have appeared to Captain Cook in a more +advantageous light than to Governor Phillip, is not by any means +extraordinary. Their objects were very different; the one required only +shelter and refreshment for a small vessel, and during but a short time: +the other had great numbers to provide for, and was necessitated to find +a place wherein ships of very considerable burthen might approach the +shore with ease, and lie at all times in perfect security. The appearance +of the place is picturesque and pleasing, and the ample harvest it +afforded, of botanical acquisitions, made it interesting to the +philosophical gentlemen engaged in that expedition; but something more +essential than beauty of appearance, and more necessary than +philosophical riches, must be sought in a place where the permanent +residence of multitudes is to be established. + + +Chapter VII. + +January 1788 + +Removal from Botany Bay--Arrival of two French ships--Account of +them--Preparations for encampment--Difficulties--Scurvy breaks out--Account +of the red and yellow gum trees. + +24 January 1788 + +Preparations for a general removal were now made with all convenient +expedition: but on the morning of the 24th the greatest astonishment was +spread throughout the fleet by the appearance of two ships, under French +colours. In this remote region visitors from Europe were very little +expected, and their arrival, while the cause of it remained unknown, +produced in some minds a temporary apprehension, accompanied by a +multiplicity of conjectures, many of them sufficiently ridiculous. +Governor Phillip was the first to recollect that two ships had been sent +out some time before from France for the purpose of discovery, and +rightly concluded these to be the same. But as the opposition of the +wind, and a strong current prevented them at present from working into +the harbour, and even drove them out of sight again to the south, he did +not think proper to delay his departure for the sake of making further +enquiry. + +25 January 1788 + +On the 25th of January therefore, seven days after the arrival of the +Supply, Governor Phillip quitted Botany Bay in the same ship, and sailed +to Port Jackson. The rest of the fleet, under convoy of the Sirius, was +ordered to follow, as soon as the abatement of the wind, which then blew +a strong gale, should facilitate its working out of the Bay. The Supply +was scarcely out of sight when the French ships again appeared off the +mouth of the harbour, and a boat was immediately sent to them, with +offers of every kind of information and assistance their situation could +require. It was now learnt that these were, as the Governor had supposed, +the Boussole and the Astrolabe, on a voyage of discovery, under the +conduct of Monsieur La Perouse. + +26 January 1788 + +On the 26th, the transports and store ships, attended by the Sirius, +finally evacuated Botany Bay; and in a very short time they were all +assembled in Sydney Cove, the place now destined for their port, and for +the reception of the new settlement. The French ships had come to anchor +in Botany Bay just before the departure of the Sirius; and during the +intercourse which then took place, M. la Perouse had expressed a strong +desire of having some letters conveyed to Europe. Governor Phillip was no +sooner informed of this, than he dispatched an officer to him with full +information of the time when it was probable our ships would sail, and +with assurances that his letters should be punctually transmitted. By +this officer the following intelligence was brought back concerning the +voyage of the Astrolabe and Boussole. + +These vessels had sailed from France in June 1785. They had touched at +the Isle of Santa Catharina on the coast of Brasil, from thence had gone +by the extremity of South America into the Pacific Ocean, where they had +run along by the coasts of Chili and California. They had afterwards +visited Easter Island, Nootka Sound, Cook's River, Kamschatka, Manilla, +the Isles des Navigateurs, Sandwich and the Friendly Islands. M. la +Perouse had also anchored off Norfolk Island, but could not land, on +account of the surf. In this long voyage he had not lost any of his +people by sickness; but two boats crews had unfortunately perished in a +surf on the north-west coast of America; and at Masuna, one of the Isles +des Navigateurs, M. L'Angle, Captain of the Astrolabe, had met with a +fate still more unfortunate. That officer had gone ashore with two long +boats for the purpose of filling some water casks. His party amounted to +forty men, and the natives, from whom the French had received abundance +of refreshments, and with whom they had been uniformly on the best terms, +did not on their landing show any signs of a change of disposition. +Malice unprovoked, and treachery without a motive, seem inconsistent even +with the manners of savages; the French officers therefore, confiding in +this unbroken state of amity, had suffered their boats to lie aground. +But whether it were that the friendly behaviour of the natives had +proceeded only from fear, or that some unknown offence had been given, +they seized the moment when the men were busied in getting out the boats, +to make an attack equally furious and unexpected. The assault was made +with stones, of which prodigious numbers were thrown with extraordinary +force and accuracy of direction. To this treachery M. L'Angle fell a +sacrifice, and with him twelve of his party, officers and men, the +long-boats were destroyed, and the remainder of those who had gone ashore +escaped with difficulty in their small boats. The ships in the mean time +were under sail, and having passed a point of land that intercepted the +view, knew nothing of this melancholy and unaccountable affray till the +boats returned. This fatal result from too implicit a confidence, may, +perhaps very properly, increase the caution of Europeans in their +commerce with savages, but ought not to excite suspicion. The resentments +of such people are sudden and sanguinary, and, where the intercourse of +language is wanting, may easily be awakened by misapprehension: but it +seems possible to treat them with sufficient marks of confidence, without +abandoning the guards of prudence. Offence is often given by the men, +while the officers are most studious to preserve harmony, and against the +transports of rage which arise on such occasions, it is always necessary +to be prepared. Perhaps, also, a degree of awe should always be kept up, +even to preserve their friendship. It has been uniformly remarked by our +people, that defenceless stragglers are generally ill-treated by the +natives of New South Wales, while towards parties armed and on their +guard, they behave in the most amicable manner. + +The debarkation was now made at Sydney Cove, and the work of clearing the +ground for the encampment, as well as for the storehouses and other +buildings, was begun without loss of time. But the labour which attended +this necessary operation was greater than can easily be imagined by those +who were not spectators of it. The coast, as well as the neighbouring +country in general, is covered with wood; and though in this spot the +trees stood more apart, and were less incumbered with underwood than in +many other places, yet their magnitude was such as to render not only the +felling, but the removal of them afterwards, a task of no small +difficulty. By the habitual indolence of the convicts, and the want of +proper overseers to keep them to their duty, their labour was rendered +less efficient than it might have been. + +26 January 1788 + +In the evening of the 26th the colours were displayed on shore, +and the Governor, with several of his principal officers and others, +assembled round the flag-staff, drank the king's health, and success +to the settlement, with all that display of form which on such occasions +is esteemed propitious, because it enlivens the spirits, and fills +the imagination with pleasing presages. From this time to the end +of the first week in February all was hurry and exertion. They who +gave orders and they who received them were equally occupied; nor +is it easy to conceive a busier scene than this part of the coast +exhibited during the continuance of these first efforts towards +establishment. The plan of the encampment was quickly formed, and places +were marked out for every different purpose, so as to introduce, as much +as possible, strict order and regularity. The materials and frame work to +construct a slight temporary habitation for the Governor, had been +brought out from England ready formed: these were landed and put together +with as much expedition as the circumstances would allow. Hospital tents +were also without delay erected, for which there was soon but too much +occasion. In the passage from the Cape there had been but little +sickness, nor had many died even among the convicts; but soon after +landing, a dysentery prevailed, which in several instances proved fatal, +and the scurvy began to rage with a virulence which kept the hospital +tents generally supplied with patients. For those afflicted with this +disorder, the advantage of fish or other fresh provisions could but +rarely be procured; nor were esculent vegetables often obtained in +sufficient plenty to produce any material alleviation of the complaint. +In the dysentery, the red gum of the tree which principally abounds on +this coast, was found a very powerful remedy. The yellow gum has been +discovered to possess the same property, but in an inferior degree. + +The tree which yields the former kind of gum is very considerable in +size, and grows to a great height before it puts out any branches. The +red gum is usually compared to that called sanguis draconis, but differs +from it by being perfectly soluble in water, whereas the other, being +more properly a resin, will not dissolve except in spirits of wine. It +may be drawn from the tree by tapping, or taken out of the veins of the +wood when dry, in which it is copiously distributed. The leaves are long +and narrow, not unlike those of a willow. The wood is heavy and fine +grained, but being much intersected by the channels containing the gum, +splits and warps in such a manner as soon to become entirely useless; +especially when worked up, as necessity at first occasioned it to be, +without having been properly seasoned. + +The yellow gum as it is called, is strictly a resin, not being at all +soluble in water; in appearance it strongly resembles gamboge, but has +not the property of staining. The plant that produces it is low and +small, with long grassy leaves; but the fructification of it shoots out +in a singular manner from the centre of the leaves, on a single straight +stem, to the height of twelve or fourteen feet. Of this stem, which is +strong and light, like some of the reed class, the natives usually make +their spears; sometimes pointing them with a piece of the same substance +made sharp, but more frequently with bone. The resin is generally dug up +out of the soil under the tree, not collected from it, and may perhaps be +that which Tasman calls "gum lac of the ground." The form of this plant +is very exactly delineated in the annexed plate, and its proportion to +other trees may be collected from the plate, entitled, A View in New +South Wales, in which many of this species are introduced. + +The month of February was ushered in by a very violent storm of thunder +and rain. The lightning struck and shivered a tree, under which a shed +had been erected for some sheep, and five of those animals were at the +same time unfortunately destroyed by it. The encampment still went on +with great alacrity, so that in the beginning of this month the work of +building public storehouses was undertaken; and unremitting diligence +began, though very gradually, to triumph over the obstacles which the +nature of the place presented. + +Chapter VIII. + +February 1788 + +Description of Port Jackson and the adjacent country--The Governor's +commission read--his Speech--his humane resolutions respecting the +Natives--difficulties in erecting huts and other buildings--departure of +Lieutenant King to Norfolk Island. +A View in Port Jackson. + +Port Jackson was not visited or explored by Captain Cook; it was seen +only at the distance of between two or three miles from the coast: had +any good fortune conducted him into that harbour, he would have found it +much more worthy of his attention as a seaman, than that in which he +passed a week. Governor Phillip himself pronounces it to be a harbour, in +extent and security, superior to any he has ever seen: and the most +experienced navigators who were with him fully concur in that opinion. +From an entrance not more than two miles across, Port Jackson gradually +extends into a noble and capacious bason; having soundings sufficient for +the largest vessels, and space to accommodate, in perfect security, any +number that could be assembled. It runs chiefly in a western direction, +about thirteen miles into the country, and contains not less than an +hundred small coves, formed by narrow necks of land, whose projections +afford admirable shelter from all winds. Sydney Cove lies on the South +side of the harbour, between five and six miles from the entrance. The +necks of land that form the coves are mostly covered with timber, yet so +rocky that it is not easy to comprehend how the trees could have found +sufficient nourishment to bring them to so considerable a magnitude; but +the soil between the rocks is very good, and into those spaces the +principal roots have found their way. The soil in other parts of the +coast immediately about Port Jackson is of various qualities. That neck +of land which divides the south end of the harbour from the sea is +chiefly sand. Between Sydney Cove and Botany Bay the first space is +occupied by a wood, in some parts a mile and a half, in others three +miles across; beyond that, is a kind of heath, poor, sandy, and full of +swamps. As far as the eye can reach to the westward, the country is one +continued wood. The head of the bay in Port Jackson, seemed at first to +offer some advantages of ground, but as it is partly left dry at low +water, and as the winds are much obstructed there by the woods and by the +windings of the channel, it was deemed that it must probably be +unhealthful, till the country can be cleared. + +There are several parts of the harbour in which the trees stand at a +greater distance from each other than in Sydney Cove; some of these which +have small runs of water, and a promising soil, Governor Phillip purposed +to cultivate as soon as hands could be spared; but the advantage of being +able to land the stores and provisions with so much ease, unavoidably +determined his choice of a place for the principal settlement. Had it +been attempted to remove those necessaries only one mile from the spot +where they were landed, the undertaking probably would have been +fruitless; so many were the obstacles to land carriage. At the head of +Sydney Cove, therefore, Governor Phillip had fixed the seat of his +government; but intent upon providing the best and earliest accommodation +for those who were to be encamped with him; and wholly occupied by the +continual necessity of giving directions, he had not yet found leisure +for assuming regularly his powers and title of Governor. At length the +hurry of the first preparations gave way to this more tranquil business. + +7 February 1788 + +The 7th of February, 1788, was the memorable day which established a +regular form of Government on the coast of New South Wales. For obvious +reasons, all possible solemnity was given to the proceedings necessary on +this occasion. On a space previously cleared, the whole colony was +assembled; the military drawn up, and under arms; the convicts stationed +apart; and near the person of the Governor, those who were to hold the +principal offices under him. The Royal Commission was then read by Mr. D. +Collins, the Judge Advocate. By this instrument Arthur Phillip was +constituted and appointed Captain General and Governor in Chief in and +over the territory, called New South Wales; extending from the northern +cape, or extremity of the coast, called Cape York, in the latitude of ten +degrees, thirty-seven minutes south, to the southern extremity of the +said territory of New South Wales, or South Cape, in the latitude of +forty-three degrees, thirty-nine minutes south, and of all the country +inland to the westward, as far as the one hundred and thirty-fifth degree +of east longitude, reckoning from the meridian of Greenwich, including +all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean, within the latitudes +aforesaid of 10°. 37'. south, and 43°. 39'. south, and of all towns, +garrisons, castles, forts, and all other fortifications, or other +military works which may be hereafter erected upon the said territory, or +any of the said islands. The act of Parliament establishing the courts of +judicature was next read; and lastly, the patents under the great seal, +empowering the proper persons to convene and hold those courts whenever +the exigency should require. The Office of Lieutenant Governor was +conferred on Major Ross, of the Marines. A triple discharge of musquetry +concluded this part of the ceremony; after which Governor Phillip +advanced, and addressing first the private soldiers, thanked them for +their steady good conduct on every occasion: an honour which was repeated +to them in the next general orders. He then turned to the convicts, and +distinctly explained to them the nature of their present situation. The +greater part, he bade them recollect, had already forfeited their lives +to the justice of their country: yet, by the lenity of its laws, they +were now so placed that, by industry and good behaviour, they might in +time regain the advantages and estimation in society of which they had +deprived themselves. They not only had every encouragement to make that +effort, but were removed almost entirely from every temptation to guilt. +There was little in this infant community which one man could plunder +from another, and any dishonest attempts in so small a society would +almost infallibly be discovered. To persons detected in such crimes, he +could not promise any mercy; nor indeed to any whom, under their +circumstances, should presume to offend against the peace and good order +of the settlement. What mercy could do for them they had already +experienced; nor could any good be now expected from those whom neither +past warnings, nor the peculiarities of their present situation could +preserve from guilt. Against offenders, therefore, the rigour of the law +would certainly be put in force: while they whose behaviour should in any +degree promise reformation, might always depend upon encouragement fully +proportioned to their deserts. He particularly noticed the illegal +intercourse between the sexes as an offence which encouraged a general +profligacy of manners, and was in several ways injurious to society. To +prevent this, he strongly recommended marriage, and promised every kind +of countenance and assistance to those who, by entering into that state, +should manifest their willingness to conform to the laws of morality and +religion. Governor Phillip concluded his address, by declaring his +earnest desire to promote the happiness of all who were under his +government, and to render the settlement in New South Wales advantageous +and honourabe to his country. + +This speech, which was received with universal acclamations, terminated +the ceremonial peculiar to the day. Nor was it altogether without its +proper effect: For we are informed, that in the course of the ensuing +week fourteen marriages took place among the convicts. The assembly was +now dispersed, and the Governor proceeded to review the troops on the +ground cleared for a parade: after which, he gave a dinner to the +officers, and the first evening of his government was concluded +propitiously, in good order and innocent festivity, amidst the repetition +of wishes for its prosperity. + +A rising government could not easily be committed to better hands. +Governor Phillip appears to have every requisite to ensure the success of +the undertaking intrusted to him, as far as the qualities of one man can +ensure it. Intelligent, active, persevering with firmness to make his +authority respected, and mildness to render it pleasing, he was +determined, if possible, to bring even the native inhabitants of New +South Wales into a voluntary subjection; or at least to establish with +them a strict amity and alliance. Induced also by motives of humanity, it +was his determination from his first landing, to treat them with the +utmost kindness: and he was firmly resolved, that, whatever differences +might arise, nothing less than the most absolute necessity should ever +compel him to fire upon them. In this resolution, by good fortune, and by +his own great address, he has happily been enabled to persevere. But +notwithstanding this, his intentions of establishing a friendly +intercourse have hitherto been frustrated. M. De la Peyrouse,* while he +remained in Botany Bay, had some quarrel with the inhabitants, which +unfortunately obliged him to use his fire-arms against them: this affair, +joined to the ill behaviour of some of the convicts, who in spite of all +prohibitions, and at the risque of all consequences, have wandered out +among them, has produced a shyness on their parts which it has not yet +been possible to remove, though the properest means have been taken to +regain their confidence. Their dislike to the Europeans is probably +increased by discovering that they intend to remain among them, and that +they interfere with them in some of their best fishing places, which +doubtless are, in their circumstances, objects of very great importance. +Some of the convicts who have straggled into the woods have been killed, +and others dangerously wounded by the natives, but there is great reason +to suppose that in these cases the convicts have usually been the +aggressors. + +[* This is the right form of that officer's name; it was printed otherwise +in a former passage by mistake.] + +As the month of February advanced heavy rains began to fall, which +pointed out the necessity of procuring shelter for the people as soon as +possible. To have expedited this work in the degree which was desirable a +great number of artificers would have been required. But this advantage +could not be had. Only sixteen carpenters could be hired from all the +ships; among the convicts no more than twelve were of this profession, +and of them several were sick. These therefore together formed but a +small party, in proportion to the work which was to be done. One hundred +convicts were added as labourers; but with every effort, it was found +impossible to complete either the barracks for the men, or the huts for +the officers, as soon as was desired. As late as the middle of May these +were yet unfinished, as well as the hospital, and the storehouse for +those provisions which were not landed at first. The Governor himself at +that time was still lodged in his temporary house of canvas, which was +not perfectly impervious either to wind or weather. + +14 February 1788. + +On the 14th of February a party was sent out in the Supply, to settle on +a small island to the north-west of New Zealand, in latitude 29° south, +and longitude 168°. 10'. east from London, which was discovered and much +commended by Captain Cook, and by him named Norfolk Island, in honour of +the noble family to which that title belongs. To the office of +superintendant and commandant of this island, and the settlement to be +made upon it, Governor Phillip appointed Philip Gidley King, second +lieutenant of his Majesty's ship Sirius, an officer much esteemed by him +as of great merit in his profession; and highly spoken of in his letters +as a man, whose perseverance in that or any other service might fully be +depended on. As it was known that there were no inhabitants on Norfolk +Island, there was sent with Lieut. King only a small detachment, +consisting of one subaltern officer, and six marines, a very promising +young man who was a midshipman, a surgeon,* two men who understood the +cultivation and dressing of flax, with nine men and six women convicts. +That the nature of this settlement may be fully understood, a copy of the +instructions delivered to Mr. King at his departure is subjoined to this +chapter. + +[* The surgeon's name is Jamison, whose intelligent letters to Lewis +Wolfe, Esq; were kindly lent to the publisher, and have afforded much +useful information.] + + +INSTRUCTIONS for PHILIP GIDLEY KING, Esq; Superintendant and Commandant +of the Settlement of NORFOLK ISLAND. + +With these instructions you will receive my Commission, appointing you to +superintend and command the settlement to be formed in Norfolk Island, +and to obey all such orders as you shall from time to time receive from +me, his Majesty's Governor in Chief, and Captain General of the territory +of New South Wales and its dependencies, or from the Lieutenant-Governor +in my absence. + +You are therefore to proceed in his Majesty's armed tender Supply, whose +commander has my orders to receive you, with the men and women, stores +and provisions necessary for forming the intended settlement; and on your +landing on Norfolk Island you are to take upon you the execution of the +trust reposed in you, causing my commission, appointing you +superintendant over the said settlement, to be publicly read. + +After having taken the necessary measures for securing yourself and +people, and for the preservation of the stores and provisions, you are +immediately to proceed to the cultivation of the Flax Plant, which you +will find growing spontaneously on the island: as likewise to the +cultivation of cotton, corn, and other plants, with the seeds of which +you are furnished, and which you are to regard as public stock, and of +the increase of which you are to send me an account, that I may know what +quantity may be drawn from the island for public use, or what supplies it +may be necessary to send hereafter. It is left to your discretion to use +such part of the corn that is raised as may be found necessary; but this +you are to do with the greatest oeconomy; and as the corn, flax, cotton, +and other grains are the property of the Crown, and as such are to be +accounted for, you are to keep an exact account of the increase, and you +will in future receive directions for the disposal thereof. + +You are to inform yourself of the nature of the soil, what proportion of +land you find proper for the cultivation of corn, flax, and cotton, as +likewise what quantity of cattle may be bred on the island, and the +number of people you judge necessary for the above purpose. You will +likewise observe what are the prevailing winds in the different seasons +of the year, the best anchorage according to the season, the rise and +fall of the tides, likewise when the dry and rainy seasons begin and end. + +You will be furnished with a four oared boat, and you are not on any +consideration to build, or to permit the building of any vessel or boat +whatever that is decked; or of any boat or vessel that is not decked, +whose length of keel exceeds twenty feet: and if by any accident any +vessel or boat that exceeds twenty feet keel should be driven on the +island, you are immediately to cause such boat or vessel to be scuttled, +or otherwise rendered unserviceable, letting her remain in that situation +until you receive further directions from me. + +You will be furnished with six months provisions, within which time you +will receive an additional supply, but as you will be able to procure +fish and vegetables, you are to endeavour to make the provisions you +receive serve as long as possible. + +The convicts being the servants of the Crown, till the time for which +they are sentenced is expired, their labour is to be for the public; and +you are to take particular notice of their general good or bad behaviour, +that they may hereafter be employed or rewarded according to their +different merits. + +You are to cause the Prayers of the Church of England to be read with all +due solemnity every Sunday, and you are to inforce a due observance of +religion and good order, transmitting to me, as often as opportunity +offers, a full account of your particular situation and transactions. + +You are not to permit any intercourse or trade with any ships or vessels +that may stop at the island, whether English or of any other nation, +unless such ships or vessels should be in distress, in which case you are +to afford them such assistance as may be in your power. + +Given under my hand, at Head Quarters in Port Jackson, New South Wales, +this 12th day of February, 1788. + +(Signed) + +ARTHUR PHILLIP. + + +Chapter IX. + +February 1788 to March 1788 + +A Criminal Court held--Broken Bay explored by Governor Phillip--Interviews +with the Natives--Peculiarities remarked--Friendly behaviour and +extraordinary courage of an old man. + +Governor Phillip soon found with great regret, though doubtless without +much surprise, that in the community committed to his care the strict +enforcement of the sanctions of law was peculiarly necessary. There were +in it many individuals whom neither lenity could touch, nor rigour +terrify; who, with all sense of social duty, appeared to have lost all +value for life itself, and with the same wantonness exposed themselves to +the darts of the savages, and to the severe punishments which, however +reluctantly, every society must inflict when milder methods have been +tried without success. Towards the latter end of February a criminal +court was convened, in which six of the convicts received sentence of +death. One, who was the head of the gang, was executed the same day; of +the rest, one was pardoned; the other four were reprieved, and afterwards +exiled to a small island within the bay, where they were kept on bread +and water. These men had frequently robbed the stores, and the other +convicts. He who suffered, and two others, had been detected in stealing +from the stores the very day that they had received a week's provision; +at a time when their allowance, as settled by the Navy Board, was the +same as that of the soldiers, spirituous liquors excepted. So inveterate +were their habits of dishonesty, that even the apparent want of a motive +could not repress them. + +2 March 1788 + +On the 2d of March Governor Phillip went with a long boat and cutter to +examine the broken land, mentioned by Captain Cook, about eight miles to +the northward of Port Jackson, and by him named Broken Bay. This bay +proved to be very extensive. The first night they slept in the boats, +within a rocky point in the north-west part of the bay, as the natives, +though friendly, appeared to be numerous; and the next day, after passing +a bar that had only water for small vessels, they entered a very +extensive branch, from which the ebb tide came out so strong that the +boats could not row against it in the stream; and here was deep water. +This opening appeared to end in several small branches, and in a large +lagoon which could not then be examined, as there was not time to seek a +channel for the boats among the banks of sand and mud. Most of the land +in the upper part of this branch was low and full of swamps. Pelicans and +various other birds were here seen in great numbers. Among the rest an +uncommon kind, called then the Hooded Gull, and supposed to be a non +descript; but it appears from a drawing sent to England, a plate from +which is here inserted, to be of that species called by Mr. Latham the +Caspian Tern, and is described by him as the second variety of that +species.* + +[* Latham's Synopsis of Birds, vol. vi. p. 351.] + +Leaving this north-west branch they proceeded across the bay, and went +into the south-west branch. This is also very extensive; and from it runs +a second opening to the westward, affording shelter for almost any number +of ships. In this part, as far as could then be examined, there is water +for vessels of the greatest burthen, the soundings being at the entrance +seven fathoms, and in going up still more. Continual rains prevented them +from taking a survey. The land here was found much higher than at Port +Jackson, more rocky, and equally covered with timber. Large trees were +seen growing even on the summits of the mountains, which appeared +accessible only to birds. Immediately round the headland that forms the +southern entrance into the bay, there is a third branch, which Governor +Phillip thought the finest piece of water he had ever seen; and which +therefore he thought worthy to be honoured with the name of Pitt Water. +This, as well as the south-west branch, is of sufficient extent to +contain all the navy of Great Britain. But on a narrow bar which runs +across the entrance it has only eighteen feet depth at low water. Within +the bar there are from seven to fifteen fathoms. The land is not so high +in this part as in the south-west branch, and there are some good +situations where the land might be cultivated. Small springs of water +were seen in most of the coves, and three cascades falling from heights, +which the rains at that time rendered inaccessible. + +In this excursion some interviews with the natives took place. When the +party first landed in Broken Bay several women came down to the beach +with the men. One of these, a young woman, was very talkative and +remarkably cheerful. This was a singular instance, for in general they +are observed on this coast to be much less cheerful than the men, and +apparently under great awe and subjection. They certainly are not treated +with much tenderness, and it is thought that they are employed chiefly in +the canoes, in which women have frequently been seen with very young +children at the breast. The lively young lady, when she joined the party +the second day in her canoe, stood up and gave a song which was far from +unpleasing. The men very readily gave their assistance to the English in +making a fire, and behaved in the most friendly manner. In a bay where +Governor Phillip and his company landed to draw the seine, a number of +the natives again came to them. It was now first observed by the Governor +that the women in general had lost two joints from the little finger of +the left hand. As these appeared to be all married women, he at first +conjectured this privation to be a part of the marriage ceremony; but +going afterwards into a hut where were several women and children, he saw +a girl of five or six years of age whose left hand was thus mutilated; +and at the same time an old woman, and another who appeared to have had +children, on both of whom all the fingers were perfect. Several instances +were afterwards observed of women with child, and of others that were +evidently wives, who had not lost the two joints, and of children from +whom they had been cut. Whatever be the occasion of this mutilation, it +is performed on females only; and considering the imperfection of their +instruments, must be a very painful operation. Nothing has been seen in +the possession of these people that is at all calculated for performing +such an amputation, except a shell fixed to a short stick, and used +generally for pointing their spears, or for separating the oysters from +the rocks. More fingers than one are never cut; and in every instance it +is the same finger that has suffered.* + +[* In Patterson's Travels in Africa, lately published, we are told, that +he met with a tribe of Hottentots near Orange River, all of whom had lost +the first joint of the little finger: the reason they gave for cutting it +off was, that it was a cure for a particular sickness to which they were +subject when young. Fourth Journey, p. 117. It would be a curious +coincidence of customs should it be discovered that the natives of New +Holland do it for any similar reason.] + +The men are distinguished in a different manner: their fingers are not +mutilated, but most of them, as other voyagers have observed, want the +right front tooth in the upper jaw. Governor Phillip having remarked +this, pointed out to them that he had himself lost one of his front +teeth, which occasioned a general clamour; and it was thought he derived +some merit in their opinion from this circumstance. The perforation of +the cartilage that divides the nostrils, and the strange disfiguring +ornament of a long bone or stick thrust through it, was now observed, as +described by Captain Cook; and the same appellation of sprit-sail yard, +was ludicrously applied to it by the sailors. But several very old men +were seen in this excursion who had not lost the tooth, nor had their +noses prepared to receive that grotesque appendage: probably, therefore, +these are marks of distinction: ambition must have its badges, and where +cloaths are not worn, the body itself must be compelled to bear them. + +Whether the scars raised upon the skin were of this kind, or as Captain +Cook understood by their signs, marks of sorrow for deceased friends, +could not now be learnt. They are of a very singular nature: sometimes +the skin is raised from the flesh for several inches, appearing as if it +were filled with wind, and forming a round surface of more than a quarter +of an inch diameter. Their bodies are scarred in various parts, +particularly about the breast and arms, and frequently on the instep. Nor +does the head always escape; one man in particular, putting aside the +hair on the forepart of his head, showed a scar, and then pointing to one +on the foot, and to others on different parts of the body, seemed to +intimate that he thought himself much honoured by having these marks upon +him from head to foot. The women did not appear equally forward to +produce the mutilated finger; nor was it always possible to ascertain +whether they had lost the joints or not. For though they made no attempt +to secrete themselves, nor seemed impressed with any idea that one part +of the body more requires concealment than another, yet there was a +shyness and timidity among them which frequently kept them at a distance. +They never would approach so readily as the men, and sometimes would not +even land from their canoes, but made signs that what was offered should +be given to the men. We are not yet enough acquainted with the manners of +the people to decide whether this reserve proceeds from the fears of the +women, or from the jealousy of their husbands, by whom they are evidently +kept in great subordination. + +One of their modes of fishing was now observed: their hooks are made of +the inside of a shell resembling mother of pearl. When a fish which has +taken the bait is supposed to be too strong to be landed with the line, +the canoe is paddled to shore, and while one man gently draws the fish +along, another stands prepared to strike it with a spear: in this attempt +they seldom fail. In the plate which represents this action, the engraver +has inadvertently left the bodies of the figures rather too white; in +other respects it is very accurate. + +When the southern branch of Broken Bay was first visited, the getting +round the headland that separates the branches, was attended with some +difficulty, on account of very heavy squalls of wind, accompanied with +rain. An attempt was made to land, where there proved not to be +sufficient water for the boat. During this transaction, an old man and a +youth were standing on the rocks where the boat was trying to approach. +Having seen how much our men had laboured to get under land, they were +very solicitous to point out the deepest water. Afterwards they brought +fire, and seemed willing to render any service in their power. Two of the +officers suffered themselves to be conducted by the old man to a cave at +some distance, but declined going in, though he invited them by all the +signs he could invent. This was rather unfortunate, as the rain was +falling very violently, and the cave was found next day sufficiently +large to have sheltered the whole party. The old man certainly took great +pains to make this understood, but the motive of his earnestness +unluckily was mistaken, and his visitors suffered for their suspicions. +He afterwards assisted in clearing away the bushes, and making +preparations for the party to sleep on shore, and next morning was +rewarded with presents for his very friendly behaviour. Two days +afterwards, when Governor Phillip returned to the same spot, the old man +met him with a dance and a song of joy. His son was with him, and several +of the natives; a hatchet was given them and other presents; and as the +Governor was to return next day to Port Jackson, it was hoped that the +friendship thus begun, and so studiously cultivated, would have continued +firm. But as soon as it was dark, the old man stole a spade, and was +caught with it in his hand. Governor Phillip thought it necessary, on +this occasion, to shew some tokens of displeasure, and therefore when the +delinquent approached, he gave him two or three slight slaps on the +shoulder, and then pushed him away, at the same time pointing to the +spade. This gentle chastisement at once destroyed their friendship. The +old man immediately seized a spear, and coming close up to the Governor, +poized it, and seemed determined to strike. But seeing that his threats +were disregarded, (for his antagonist chose rather to risk the effects of +his anger than to fire upon him) or perhaps dissuaded by something the +other natives said, in a few moments he dropped the spear and went away. +It was impossible not to be struck with the courage displayed by him on +this occasion, for Governor Phillip at the time was not alone, but had +several officers and men about him. From this and other similar events, +personal bravery appears to be a quality in which the natives of New +South Wales are not by any means deficient. The old man returned the next +morning with many other natives, but, in order to convince him of his +fault, he was less noticed than his companions, who were presented with +hatchets and various other articles. + +9 March 1788 + +It was now the 9th of March, and Governor Phillip returned to Port +Jackson: having gained some useful knowledge of the country, and +maintained an intercourse with the natives without departing from his +favourite plan of treating them with the utmost kindness. He had +endeavoured at the same time to gain their confidence, if possible, and +secure their friendship. If these humane endeavours were afterwards +rendered fruitless by the wanton profligacy of some depraved individuals, +however he might regret it, he could have no reason to reproach himself. + +The rain, which was almost constant, prevented the Governor from +returning by land, which otherwise he meant to have done, for the sake of +exploring a part of the country which appeared to be good and free from +timber. + + +Chapter X. + +March 1788 + +Departure of the French Ships--Death of M. Le Receveur--Return of the +Supply from Norfolk Island--Description of that Place--Howe Island +discovered. + +10 March 1788 + +On the 10th of March, the French ships sailed from Botany Bay. M. De la +Peyrouse during his stay there had set up two long boats, the frames of +which he had brought with him from Europe. There had not been much +intercourse between the French and English in this interval: both being +too busily employed to waste their time in parties of pleasure. Captain +Clonard had waited on Governor Phillip with the letters which were to be +forwarded to the French ambassador; and a few of the English officers had +gone over by land about the same time to pay a visit in Botany Bay; both +parties were of course received with politeness and hospitality. Some few +of the convicts contrived to abscond, and endeavoured to get admitted +into the French ships, but were, with great propriety, rejected. Those +vessels returned towards the north, where they were to make another +voyage. + +During the stay of M. De la Peyrouse in Botany Bay, Father Le Receveur, +who had come out in the Astrolabe as a naturalist, died. His death was +occasioned by wounds which he received in the unfortunate rencounter at +the Navigator's Islands. A slight monument was erected to his memory, +with the following inscription. + +Hic jacet LE RECEVEUR, +E. F. F. Minimis Galliae Sacerdos, +Physicus in circumnavigatione +Mundi, +Duce DE LA PEYROUSE, +Ob. 17 Feb. 1788. + +The monument being soon after destroyed by the natives, Governor Phillip +caused the inscription to be engraved on copper, and affixed to a +neighbouring tree. M. De la Peyrouse had paid a similar tribute of +respect to the memory of Captain Clerke, at the harbour of St. Peter and +Paul in Kamtschatka. + +19 March 1788 + +On the 19th of this month, Lieutenant Ball arrived in the Supply from +Norfolk Island. He had made that island on the 29th of February, but was +five days off the coast before a place could be found at which it was +possible to land the stores and provisions. So completely do the rocks +surround the island, that it was not easy to find a place even to land a +man. At length, however, they succeeded, having discovered at the +south-west end, a small opening in a reef that runs across a bay. Here +the people, provisions and stores were all put on shore in perfect +safety. The Commandant wrote in high spirits at the promising appearance +of his new territory; and subsequent accounts have proved, that the +opinion he then formed was not erroneous. He described Norfolk Island as +one entire wood, or rather as a garden overrun with the noblest pines, in +straightness, size, and magnitude, far superior to any he had ever seen. +Nothing can exceed the fertility of its soil. Wherever it has been since +examined, a rich black mould has been found to the depth of five or six +feet: and the grain and garden seeds which have been sown, such only +excepted as were damaged in the carriage, or by the weevil, have +vegetated with the utmost luxuriance. To prevent repetitions, it may +perhaps be best to unite in this place the accounts which have been +received of this island, though many of them will easily be perceived to +be greatly posterior to this first return of the Supply. + +Norfolk Island is about seven leagues in circumference, and if not +originally formed, like many other small islands, by the eruption of +volcanic matter from the bed of the sea, must doubtless have contained a +volcano. This conclusion is formed from the vast quantity of pumice stone +which is scattered in all parts of it, and mixed with the soil. The +crater, or at least some traces of its former existence, will probably be +found at the summit of a small mountain, which rises near the middle of +the island. To this mountain the Commandant has given the name of Mount +Pitt. The island is exceedingly well watered. At, or near Mount Pitt, +rises a strong and copious stream, which flowing through a very fine +valley, divides itself into several branches, each of which retains +sufficient force to be used in turning mills: and in various parts of the +island excellent springs have been discovered. + +The climate is pure, salubrious, and delightful, preserved from +oppressive heats by constant breezes from the sea, and of so mild a +temperature throughout the winter, that vegetation continues there +without interruption, one crop succeeding another. Refreshing showers +from time to time maintain perpetual verdure; not indeed of grass, for +none has yet been seen upon the island, but of the trees, shrubs, and +other vegetables which in all parts grow abundantly. On the leaves of +these, and of some kinds in particular, the sheep, hogs, and goats, not +only live, but thrive and fatten very much. To the salubrity of the air +every individual in this little colony can bear ample testimony, from the +uninterrupted state of good health which has been in general enjoyed. + +When our settlers landed, there was not a single acre clear of wood in +the island, and the trees were so bound together by that kind of creeping +shrub called supple jack, interwoven in all directions, as to render it +very difficult to penetrate far among them. The Commandant, small as his +numbers were at first, by indefatigable activity soon caused a space to +be cleared sufficient for the requisite accommodations, and for the +production of esculent vegetables of all kinds in the greatest abundance. +When the last accounts arrived, three acres of barley were in a very +thriving state, and ground was prepared to receive rice and Indian corn. +In the wheat there had been a disappointment, the grain that was sown +having been so much injured by the weevil, as to be unfit for vegetation. +But the people were all at that time in commodious houses; and, according +to the declarations of Mr. King himself, in his letters to Governor +Phillip, there was not a doubt that this colony would be in a situation +to support itself entirely without assistance, in less than four years: +and with very little in the intermediate time. Even two years would be +more than sufficient for this purpose, could a proper supply of black +cattle be sent. + +Fish are caught in great plenty, and in the proper season very fine +turtle. The woods are inhabited by innumerable tribes of birds, many of +them very gay in plumage. The most useful are pigeons, which are very +numerous, and a bird not unlike the Guinea fowl, except in colour, (being +chiefly white,) both of which were at first so tame as to suffer +themselves to be taken by hand. Of plants that afford vegetables for the +table, the chief are cabbage palm, the wild plantain, the fern tree, a +kind of wild spinage, and a tree which produces a diminutive fruit, +bearing some resemblance to a currant. This, it is hoped, by +transplanting and care, will be much improved in size and flavour. + +But the productions which give the greatest importance to Norfolk Island +are the pines and the flax plant, the former rising to a size and +perfection unknown in other places, and promising the most valuable +supply of masts and spars for our navy in the East Indies; the latter not +less estimable for the purposes of making sail-cloth, cordage, and even +the finest manufactures; growing in great plenty, and with such +luxuriance as to attain the height of eight feet.* The pines measure +frequently one hundred and sixty, or even one hundred and eighty feet in +height, and are sometimes nine or ten feet in diameter at the bottom of +the trunk. They rise to about eighty feet without a branch; the wood is +said to be of the best quality, almost as light as that of the best +Norway masts; and the turpentine obtained from it is remarkable for +purity and whiteness. The fern tree is found also of a great height for +its species, measuring from seventy to eighty feet, and affords excellent +food for the sheep and other small cattle. A plant producing pepper, and +supposed to be the true oriental pepper, has been discovered lately in +the island, growing in great plenty; and specimens have been sent to +England, in order to ascertain this important point. + +[* The flax plant is thus described in Captain Cook's first voyage, vol. +iii. p. 39. as found at New Zealand. "There is, however, a plant that +serves the inhabitants instead of hemp and flax, which excels all that +are put to the same purposes in other countries. Of this plant there are +two sorts; the leaves of both resemble those of flags, but the flowers +are smaller and their clusters more numerous; in one kind they are +yellow, and in the other a deep red. Of the leaves of these plants, with +very little preparation, they make all their common apparel; and of these +they also make their strings, lines, and cordage for every purpose, which +are so much stronger than any thing we can make with hemp, that they will +not bear a comparison. From the same plant, by another preparation, they +draw long slender fibres which shine like silk, and are as white as snow: +of these, which are also surprizingly strong, the finer clothes are made; +and of the leaves, without any other preparation than splitting them into +proper breadths and trying the strips together, they make their fishing +nets; some of which, as I have before remarked, are of an enormous size." +It is added, that it is found in every kind of soil. It is perennial, and +has a bulbous root. Some of the roots have lately been sent to England.] + +The chief disadvantage experienced by those who are sent to Norfolk +Island, is the want of a good landing place. The bay which has been used +for this purpose is inclosed by a reef of coral rock, through which there +is a passage only for a boat; and during the tide of flood, when the wind +is westerly, the landing is rather dangerous. In one of the debarkations +a midshipman, who was ordered to lie within the reef, that he might +attend the boats coming to shore, imprudently suffered his own boat to +drive into the surf, and was lost, with four men. He had been once before +overset in consequence of a similar inattention, and then had lost one +man. On the coast of the island are several small bays, and there are +still hopes that a better landing place may be discovered; but the +necessity of employing all the men in sheltering themselves and the +stores from the weather, or in clearing ground for various purposes, has +hitherto prevented Mr. King from sending out any persons to complete the +examination. Should this enquiry prove unsuccessful, it is proposed to +attempt the blowing up of one or two small rocks, by which the reef is +rendered dangerous. If this expedient also should fail, the evil must be +borne with patience. In summer the landing will generally be sufficiently +secure; and seamen, who have seen the bay of Riga, in the Baltic, +declare, that it will at all times be safer for a ship to load with masts +and spars at Norfolk Island, than in that place, where so many ships are +freighted yearly. + +Rats are the only quadrupeds which have been found in this island; and +from these, as well as from the ants, it was feared the crops might +suffer; but no great inconvenience has yet been experienced from them; +and proper exertions seldom fail in a short time to reduce the number of +such enemies, enough to make their depredations very inconsiderable. On +the whole, Norfolk Island certainly deserves to be considered as an +acquisition of some importance, and is likely to answer even the most +sanguine expectations. Some canoes have been found on the rocks, which +were supposed to have been driven from New Zealand; but the appearance of +a fresh cocoa nut and a small piece of manufactured wood, which seemed to +have been only a small time in the water, has lately suggested an idea +that probably some inhabited island may lie at no great distance. There +has not been as yet any opportunity to determine whether this opinion be +well founded or not. + +A small island, but entirely uninhabited, was discovered by Lieutenant +Ball in his passage to Norfolk Island. In his return he examined it, and +found that the shore abounded with turtle, but there was no good +anchorage. He named it Lord Howe Island. It is in 31° 36' south latitude, +and 159° east longitude. Part of this island being very high may be seen +at the distance of sixteen leagues, and a rock to the south-east of it, +may be discerned even at eighteen leagues. In latitude 29° 25' south, +longitude 159° 59' east, a very dangerous reef has since been seen. The +ship from which it was observed was then four leagues to the southward, +and it could not at that time be ascertained how far it extends to the +northward. + +To expedite the cultivation of Norfolk Island a fresh detachment was sent +thither in October, consisting of an officer and eight marines, with +thirty convicts, consisting of ten women and twenty men: Thus, there +existed on this islet, when the last accounts were transmitted, +forty-four men and sixteen women, who, having eighteen months provisions, +lived comfortably on this sequestered spot, under the prudent management +of a youthful ruler, of whose busy life the reader may wish to know all +the particulars, which at present can be authentically told. + +Philip Gidley King, who had the honour to conduct the original settlers +to Norfolk Island, was born at Launceston in Cornwall, on the 23d of +April, 1758. He is the son of Philip King, of that town, draper, who +married the daughter of John Gidley, of Exeter, attorney at law. Much as +he owes to his parents, he is indebted for his scholastic learning to Mr. +Bailey at Yarmouth. He derives, probably, some advantages from making an +early choice of his profession. At the age of twelve, he went to the East +Indies on board the Swallow frigate, Captain Shirley, by whom he was +rated a midshipman. From this station he returned to England, at the end +of five years, with much knowledge of his business, and some acquaintance +with the world. In 1775, he entered upon real service; and has continued +in active employment from that period to this great epoch of his life. He +went to Virginia with Captain Bellew, in the Liverpool, during the year +1775; with whom he continued till the shipwreck of that frigate in +Delaware Bay. And having entered on board the Princess Royal, in October +1778, he was made a Lieutenant by Admiral Byron, in the Renown, on the +26th of November following. He returned to England in the subsequent +year; and served in the Channel on board the Kite cutter, and Ariadne +frigate, till the beginning of 1783. With Captain Phillip he went to the +East Indies, as Lieutenant of the Europe, in January 1783; from whence he +returned on the restoration of complete peace, in May 1784. In this +service it was, that Phillip and King became acquainted with the merit of +each other. And when the expedition to New South Wales was projected, +King was appointed Lieutenant of the Sirius, on the 25th of October, +1786, at the same time that Phillip was nominated Commander of the +voyage. + + +Chapter XI. + +March 1788 to May 1788 + +Three of the transports cleared--Two excursions made into the country, on +the fifteenth of April, and on the twenty-second--Huts of the +natives--Sculpture, and other particulars. + +25 March 1788 + +On the 25th of March, the Charlotte, Lady Penrhyn, and Scarborough +transports, having been cleared of all their stores, were discharged from +government service, and left at liberty to proceed for China, whenever +their commanders should think proper. The other ships were of necessity +detained till the store-houses could be finished. + +15 April 1788 + +The month of April was not distinguished by any events that deserve to be +related, except two expeditions of Governor Phillip for the purpose of +exploring the country. On the first of these excursions he set out on the +15th with provisions for four days; attended by several officers, and a +small party of marines. They landed at the head of a small cove, called +Shell Cove, near the entrance of the harbour on the north side. +Proceeding in this direction they arrived at a large lake, which they +examined, though not without great labour. It was surrounded by a +considerable extent of bog and marshy ground, in which, in the course of +their progress, they were frequently plunged up to the waist. On this +lake they first observed a black swan, which species, though proverbially +rare in other parts of the world, is here by no means uncommon, being +found on most of the lakes. This was a very noble bird, larger than the +common swan, and equally beautiful in form. On being shot at, it rose and +discovered that its wings were edged with white: the bill was tinged with +red. + +In three days, with great difficulty, they passed the swamps and marshes +which lie near the harbour. Nothing can more fully point out the great +improvement which may be made by the industry of a civilized people in +this country, than the circumstances of the small streams which descend +into Port Jackson. They all proceed from swamps produced by the +stagnation of the water after rising from the springs. When the obstacles +which impede their course can be removed, and free channels opened +through which they may flow, the adjacent ground will gradually be +drained, and the streams themselves will become more useful; at the same +time habitable and salubrious situations will be gained in places where +at present perpetual damps prevail, and the air itself appears to +stagnate. + +On leaving these low grounds, they found them succeeded by a rocky and +barren country. The hills were covered with flowering shrubs, but by +means of various obstacles the ascending and descending was difficult, +and in many parts impracticable. At the distance of about fifteen miles +from the sea coast Governor Phillip obtained a very fine view of the +inland country and its mountains, to several of which he now gave names. +The most northern of them he named Carmarthen Hills, the most southern +Lansdown Hills; one which lay between these was called Richmond Hill. +From the manner in which these mountains appeared to rise, it was thought +almost certain that a large river must descend from among them. But it +was now necessary to return, without making any further examination. + +22 April 1788 + +On the 22d another excursion of the same kind was undertaken: Governor +Phillip landed with his party near the head of the harbour. Here they +found a good country, but in a short time arrived at a very close cover; +and after passing the chief part of the day in fruitless attempts to make +their way through it, were obliged to relinquish the attempt, and return. +The next day, by keeping close to the banks of a small creek for about +four miles, they contrived to pass the cover, and for the three +succeeding days continued their course to the west-ward. The country +through which they travelled was singularly fine, level, or rising in +small hills of a very pleasing and picturesque appearance. The soil +excellent, except in a few small spots where it was stony. The trees +growing at the distance of from twenty to forty feet from each other, and +in general entirely free from underwood, which was confined to the stony +and barren spots. On the fifth day they ascended a small eminence, +whence, for the first time in this second expedition, they saw Carmarthen +and Lansdown Hills. The country round this hill was so beautiful, that +Governor Phillip gave it the name of Belle-vue. They were still +apparently thirty miles from the mountains which it had been their object +to reach, and not having found it practicable, with the tents, arms, and +other necessaries, to carry more than six days provisions, were obliged +to return. Even with this small stock, the officers as well as men, had +been under the necessity of carrying heavy loads. Water for the use of +the day was always taken; for though it happened in every instance that +pools of water were found which had remained after the rains, yet this +was a supply on which they could not previously depend. The extraordinary +difficulty of penetrating into this country had now been fully +experienced; where unexpected delays from deep ravines and other +obstacles, frequently force the traveller from his direct course, and +baffle every conjecture concerning the time required for passing a +certain tract. The utmost extent of this excursion in a direct line had +not been more than thirty miles, and it had taken up five days. The +return of the party was effected with much more ease; the track was made, +and the trees marked the whole way where they had passed; with these +assistances they reached their boats in a day and a half. + +It was still the general opinion that the appearance of the country +promised the discovery of a large river in that district, whenever the +line now taken could be fully pursued. Another expedition was therefore +planned, in which it was determined, if possible, to reach either +Lansdown or Carmarthen Hills: and the hope of so important a discovery as +that of a river made every one anxious to go, notwithstanding the great +fatigue with which these undertakings were attended. But this design was +for the present unavoidably deferred. Governor Phillip, who had not been +perfectly well even at the time of setting out on the excursion to Broken +Bay, had then contracted a severe pain in his side, by sleeping +frequently on the wet ground. This complaint had in the two last journeys +received so much increase, that he found it absolutely necessary to allow +himself the respite of a few weeks, before he again encountered so much +fatigue. + +The country explored in this last journey was so good and so fit for the +purposes of cultivation, that the Governor resolved to send a detachment +to settle there, as soon as a sufficient number could be spared from +works of more immediate necessity. But notwithstanding the goodness of +the soil it is a matter of astonishment how the natives, who know not how +to avail themselves of its fertility, can subsist in the inland country. +On the coast fish makes a considerable part of their food, but where that +cannot be had, it seems hardly possible that with their spears, the only +missile weapon yet observed among them, they should be able to procure +any kind of animal food. With the assistance of their guns the English +gentlemen could not obtain, in the last six days they were out, more than +was barely sufficient for two meals. Yet, that these parts are frequented +by the natives was undeniably proved by the temporary huts which were +seen in several places. Near one of these huts the bones of a kanguroo +were found, and several trees were seen on fire. A piece of a root +resembling that of the fern tree was also picked up by Governor Phillip; +part of this root had been chewed, and so recently that it was thought it +could not have been left many minutes. It seemed evident by several +marks, that the natives had only fled at the approach of the English +party, but so effectually did they conceal themselves that not one was +seen. + +The number of the natives in these inland parts must, however, be very +small. Whether these reside by choice where they must encounter so many +difficulties, or whether they are driven from the society of those who +inhabit the coast, has not yet been discovered. The huts seen here +consisted of single pieces of bark, about eleven feet in length, and from +four to six in breadth, bent in the middle while fresh from the tree, and +set up so as to form an acute angle, not a little resembling cards set up +by children. In the plate inserted here, not only the huts, but some of +the spears of the natives are introduced. It was conjectured, that the +chief use of these imperfect structures might be, to conceal them from +the animals for which they must frequently be obliged to lie in wait. +They may also afford shelter from a shower of rain to one or two who sit +or lie under them. The bark of many trees was observed to be cut into +notches, as if for the purpose of climbing; and in several there were +holes, apparently the retreat of some animal, but enlarged by the natives +for the purpose of catching the inhabitant. The enlargement of these +holes with their imperfect instruments, must itself be a work of time, +and must require no little patience. In some places, where the hole was +rather too high to be reached from the ground, boughs of trees were laid +to facilitate the ascent. The animals that take refuge in those places +are probably the squirrel, the opossum, or the kanguroo-rat. At the +bottom of one of these trees, the skin of a flying squirrel was found. + +In many places fires had lately been made; but in one only were seen any +shells of oysters or muscles, and there not more than half a dozen. +Fish-bones were not found at all, which seems to prove, that in their +journies inland these people do not carry with them any provisions of +that kind. Kanguroos were frequently seen, but were so shy that it was +very difficult to shoot them. With respect to these animals, it is rather +an extraordinary circumstance, that, notwithstanding their great shyness, +and notwithstanding they are daily shot at, more of them are seen near +the camp than in any other part of the country. The kanguroo, though it +resembles the jerboa in the peculiarity of using only the hinder legs in +progression, does not belong to that genus. The pouch of the female, in +which the young are nursed, is thought to connect it rather with the +opossum tribe. This extraordinary formation, hitherto esteemed peculiar +to that one genus, seems, however, in New Holland not to be sufficiently +characteristic: it has been found both in the rat and the squirrel kind. +The largest kanguroo which has yet been shot weighed about one hundred +and forty pounds. But it has been discovered that there are two kinds, +one of which seldom exceeds sixty pounds in weight: these live chiefly on +the high grounds: their hair is of a reddish cast, and the head is +shorter than in the larger sort. Young kanguroos which have been taken, +have in a few days grown very tame, but none have lived more than two or +three weeks. Yet it is still possible that when their proper food shall +be better known, they may be domesticated. Near some water, in this +journey, was found the dung of an animal that fed on grass, which, it was +supposed, could not have been less than a horse. A kanguroo, so much +above the usual size, would have been an extraordinary phaenomenon, +though no larger animal has yet been seen, and the limits of growth in +that species are not ascertained. The tail of the kanguroo, which is very +large, is found to be used as a weapon of offence, and has given such +severe blows to dogs as to oblige them to desist from pursuit. Its flesh +is coarse and lean, nor would it probably be used for food, where there +was not a scarcity of fresh provisions. The disproportion between the +upper and lower parts of this animal is greater than has been shown in +any former delineations of it, but is well expressed in the plate +inserted here. + +The dimensions of a stuffed kanguroo in the possession of Mr. Nepean, +are these, + + f. in. +Length from the point of the nose to the end of the tail, 6 1 +-- of the tail, 2 1 +---- head, 0 8 +---- fore legs, 1 0 +---- hinder legs, 2 8 +Circumference of the forepart, by the legs, 1 1 +---- lower parts, ---- 3 2 + +The middle toe of the hind feet is remarkably long, strong, and sharp. + +The natives of New South Wales, though in so rude and uncivilized a state +as not even to have made an attempt towards clothing themselves, +notwithstanding that at times they evidently suffer from the cold and +wet, are not without notions of sculpture. In all these excursions of +Governor Phillip, and in the neighbourhood of Botany Bay and Port +Jackson, the figures of animals, of shields, and weapons, and even of +men, have been seen carved upon the rocks, roughly indeed, but +sufficiently well to ascertain very fully what was the the object +intended. Fish were often represented, and in one place the form of a +large lizard was sketched out with tolerable accuracy. On the top of one +of the hills, the figure of a man in the attitude usually assumed by them +when they begin to dance, was executed in a still superior style. That +the arts of imitation and amusement, should thus in any degree precede +those of necessity, seems an exception to the rules laid down by theory +for the progress of invention. But perhaps it may better be considered as +a proof that the climate is never so severe as to make the provision of +covering or shelter a matter of absolute necessity. Had these men been +exposed to a colder atmosphere, they would doubtless have had clothes and +houses, before they attempted to become sculptors. + +In all the country hitherto explored, the parties have seldom gone a +quarter of a mile without seeing trees which had been on fire. As violent +thunder storms are not uncommon on this coast, it is possible that they +may have been burnt by lightning, which the gum-tree is thought +particularly to attract; but it is probable also that they may have been +set on fire by the natives. The gum-tree is highly combustible, and it is +a common practice with them to kindle their fires at the root of one of +these trees. When they quit a place they never extinguish the fire they +have made, but leave it to burn out, or to communicate its flames to the +tree, as accidental circumstances may determine. + +Governor Phillip, on his return from this excursion, had the +mortification to find that five ewes and a lamb had been killed very near +the camp, and in the middle of the day. How this had happened was not +known, but it was conjectured that they must have been killed by dogs +belonging to the natives. The loss of any part of the stock of cattle was +a serious misfortune, since it must be a considerable time before it +could be replaced. Fish affords, in this place, only an uncertain +resource: on some days great quantities are caught, though not sufficient +to save any material part of the provisions; but at times it is very +scarce. An account of the live stock at this time in the settlement is +subjoined to this chapter. + +The three transports bound to China, sailed the 5th, 6th, and 8th of May; +and the Supply having been caulked, sailed on the 6th to Lord Howe Island +for turtle, in hopes of giving some check to the scurvy, with which the +people were still so much affected that near two hundred were incapable +of work. + +From the great labour which attended the clearing of the ground it proved +to be impracticable to sow at present more than eight or ten acres with +wheat and barley*: and it was apprehended that even this crop would +suffer from the depredations of ants and field mice. In the beginning of +May it was supposed, as it had been once or twice before, that the rainy +season was set in; but in about a week the weather became fine again. + +[* Besides what was sown by the Lieutenant Governor and other individuals, +for the support of their own stock: to assist whom, the labour of the +convicts was occasionally lent.] + + +AN ACCOUNT OF THE LIVE STOCK IN THE SETTLEMENT AT PORT JACKSON, MAY 1ST, 1788. + +Government + +Stallions 1 +Mares 2 +Bulls 2 +Cows 2 +Sheep: +Ram 1 +Ewes 12 +Wethers 3 +Goats 1 +Hogs: +Boar 1 +Sows 19 + +Governor + +Mares 1 +Colts 3 +Cows 2 +Sheep: +Ewe 1 +Lamb 1 +Hogs 10 +Rabbits 3 +Turkies 5 +Geese 8 +Ducks 17 +Fowls 22 + +Lieutenant Governor + +Goats 1 +Hogs 1 +Pigs 7 +Turkies 5 +Geese 6 +Ducks 4 +Fowls 9 + +Officers and men belonging to the detachment + +Cows 1 +Goats 12 +Hogs 10 +Pigs 17 +Rabbits 2 +Turkies 6 +Geese 9 +Ducks 8 +Fowls 55 +Chickens 25 + +Staff + +Sheep 11 +Goats 5 +Hogs 7 +Pigs 1 +Turkies 2 +Geese 6 +Ducks 6 +Fowls 36 +Chickens 62 + +Other individuals + +Hogs 1 + +Totals + +Stallions 1 +Mares 3 +Colts 3 +Bulls 2 +Cows 5 +Sheep 29 +Goats 19 +Hogs 49 +Pigs 25 +Rabbits 5 +Turkies 18 +Geese 29 +Ducks 35 +Fowls 122 +Chickens 87 + +(Signed,) ANDREW MILLER, Commissary. + + +Chapter XII. + +May 1788 to June 1788 + +The Supply returns from Lord Howe Island--Some convicts assaulted by the +natives--excursion of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay by Land--interview +with many natives--the fourth of June celebrated--some account of the +climate. + +25 May 1788 + +On the 25th of May, the Supply tender returned from Lord Howe Island, but +unfortunately without having been able to procure any turtle. She had met +with squally weather, and had been obliged to cut away her best bower +anchor, but suffered no other damage. The three transports bound for +China had all appeared off the island while the Supply remained there. + +About this time one of the convicts who, in searching for vegetables, had +gone a considerable way from the camp, returned very dangerously wounded +in the back. He said, that another man who had gone out for the same +purpose, had been carried off by the natives in his sight, after having +been wounded in the head. A shirt and hat were afterwards found, both +pierced with spears, in one of the huts of the natives; but no +intelligence of the man could be gained. There could be little doubt that +the convicts had been the aggressors, though the man who returned +strongly denied having given any kind of provocation. + +30 May 1788 + +On the thirtieth of May, two men who had been employed in collecting +rushes for thatch at some distance from the camp, were found dead. One of +them had four spears in his body, one of which had pierced entirely +through it: the other had not any marks of violence upon him. In this +case it was clearly proved that the first injury had been offered by the +unfortunate men, who paid so dearly for their dishonesty and disobedience +of orders; for they had been seen with a canoe, which they had taken from +one of the fishing places. These events were much regretted by Governor +Phillip, as tending entirely to the frustration of the plan he had so +much at heart, of conciliating the affections of the natives, and +establishing a friendly intercourse with them. + +As the rush-cutters tools had been carried away, the Governor thought it +might be possible to discover the natives who had been concerned in this +unfortunate affray; and to make them understand that the conduct of their +assailants had been entirely unwarranted, and was very highly +disapproved. He judged the attempt to be at least worth making, as it +seemed the only way to restore that confidence which must have been +interrupted by this affair. The next day, therefore, he went out with a +small party, consisting altogether of twelve persons, and landed at the +place where the men were killed. After traversing the country for more +than twenty miles, they arrived at the north shore of Botany Bay, without +having met with one of the natives. + +In this place, at length, they saw about twenty canoes employed in +fishing: and when the fires were made, and the party encamped to pass the +night upon the beach, it was fully expected that some of those in the +canoes would have joined them, but not one appeared. The next morning, +though fifty canoes were drawn up on the beach, not a single person could +be found belonging to them. Governor Phillip had now determined to return +to Port Jackson; but as he went, keeping for some time near the sea +coast, he discovered a great number of the natives, apparently more than +could belong to that district, assembled at the mouth of a cave. The +party was within ten yards of them before they were perceived, and the +Governor had hardly time to make his people halt before numbers appeared +in arms. The man who seemed to take the lead, as he advanced made signs +for the English to retire, but when he saw Governor Phillip approach +alone, unarmed, and in a friendly manner, he gave his spear away and met +him with perfect confidence. In less than three minutes the English party +found itself surrounded by two hundred and twelve men; but nothing +occurred in this transaction which could in the least confirm the idea, +that the natives were accustomed to act with treachery, or inclined to +take any cruel advantage of superiority in numbers. The moment the +offered friendship was accepted on their side, they laid down their +spears and stone hatchets, and joined the party in the most amicable +manner. Numbers of women and children remained at a small distance, some +of whom the men afterwards brought down to receive the little articles +which were offered as presents. Nothing was seen among these people which +could at all prove that any of them had been engaged in the affray with +the rush-cutters; and the Governor parted with them on the most friendly +terms, but more convinced than ever of the necessity of treating them +with a proper degree of confidence, in order to prevent disagreement. Had +he gone up with all his party, or had he even hesitated a moment before +he advanced himself, making the signals of friendship, a lance would +probably have been thrown, after which nothing could have prevented a +rencounter, which in such circumstances must have been fatal. + +Here was seen the finest stream of water that had hitherto been +discovered in the country, but the cove into which it runs lies very open +to the sea. When the natives saw that the English were going forward +towards the next cove, one of them, an old man, made signs that he might +be allowed to go first. He did so, and as soon as he had ascended the +hill, called out, holding up both his hands, (the usual signal of amity +among these people) to signify to the natives in the next cove that they +who were advancing were friends. The Governor's party did not, however, +descend to that cove, but saw about forty men, so that, unless they had +assembled themselves on some particular occasion, they must be more +numerous in that part than had been before imagined. Governor Phillip had +calculated before, from the parties he had seen, that in Botany Bay, Port +Jackson, Broken Bay, and all the intermediate country, the inhabitants +could not exceed one thousand five hundred. In crossing the hills at this +time between Botany Bay and Port Jackson, smoke was seen on the top of +Lansdown Hills, which seems to prove beyond a doubt, that the country is +inhabited as far as those mountains, which are not less than fifty miles +from the sea. + +Further enquiries having given some reason to suppose, that one of the +natives had been murdered, and several wounded, previously to the attack +made upon the rush-cutters, Governor Phillip on his return, proclaimed +the reward of emancipation to any convict who should discover the +aggressors. This step, if it did not in this instance procure any +information, seemed likely to prevent such acts of violence in future. + +No very good fortune had hitherto attended the live stock belonging to +the settlement, but the heaviest blow was yet to come. About this time +the two bulls and four cows, belonging to Government, and to the +Governor, having been left for a time by the man who was appointed to +attend them, strayed into the woods, and though they were traced to some +distance, never could be recovered. This was a loss which must be for +some time irreparable. + +4 June 1788 + +The fourth of June was not suffered to pass without due celebration. It +was a day of remission from labour, and of general festivity throughout +the settlement. At sun-rise the Sirius and Supply fired each a salute of +twenty-one guns, and again at one o'clock, when the marines on shore also +saluted with three vollies. At sunset the same honours were a third time +repeated from the ships; large bonfires were lighted, and the whole camp +afforded a scene of joy. That there might not be any exception to the +happiness of this day, the four convicts who had been reprieved from +death, and banished to an island in the middle of the harbour, received a +full pardon, and were sent for to bear their part in the general +exultation. The Governor, in his letters, with that humanity which so +strongly distinguishes his character, says, he trusts that on this day +there was not a single heavy heart in this part of his Majesty's +dominions. His own house was the centre of conviviality to all who could +be admitted to that society, nor was any thing neglected which in such a +situation could mark a day of celebrity, consistently with propriety and +good order. Perhaps no birth-day was ever celebrated in more places, or +more remote from each other, than that of his Majesty on this day. + +It was now, it seems, first generally known, that the name of Cumberland +County had been given by the Governor to this part of the territory. This +name had been fixed before the assembling of the first courts, for the +sake of preserving regularity in the form of the public acts, in which it +is usual to name the county. The boundaries fixed for Cumberland County +were, on the west, Carmarthen and Lansdown Hills: on the north, the +northern parts of Broken Bay; and to the southward, the southern parts of +Botany Bay. Thus including completely these three principal bays, and +leaving the chief place of settlement at Sydney Cove nearly in the +centre. + +On the 22d of June was a slight shock of an earthquake, which did not +last more than two or three seconds. It was felt by most people in the +camp, and by the Governor himself, who heard at the same time a noise +from the southward, which he took at first for the report of guns fired +at a great distance. + +24 June 1788 + +On the 24th, a convict who had absconded on the 5th, having been guilty +of a robbery, returned into the camp almost starved. He had hoped to +subsist in the woods, but found it impossible. One of the natives gave +him a fish, and then made signs for him to go away. He said, that +afterwards he joined a party of the natives, who would have burnt him, +but that with some difficulty he made his escape; and he pretended to +have seen the remains of a human body actually lying on a fire, but +little credit can be given to reports from such a quarter. He was of +opinion that the natives were at this time in great distress for food, +and said, that he had seen four of them dying in the woods, who made +signs for something to eat, as if they were perishing through hunger. It +is certain that very little fish could be caught at this time, and the +convict seemed desirous to suggest the notion that they supplied their +necessities occasionally with human flesh; but there seems to be no good +foundation for such an opinion. This man was tried for his offence, +pleaded guilty, and suffered with another criminal. + +It was now sufficiently ascertained, that though the necessity of +subsisting so long chiefly upon salt provisions, and of remaining +encamped in very wet weather had produced the scurvy, and other disorders +common in such circumstances, the climate itself wherein this new +settlement is fixed is mild and salubrious. Heavy rains had generally +attended the changes of the moon during the winter months, but there had +not been any time that could properly be called a rainy season. The +clearing away of the woods will of course assist the circulation of air, +and continually increase the healthfulness of the place. Violent storms +of thunder and lightning sometimes happened, and Governor Phillip +observed the variation of his thermometer, in the shade, to amount +frequently to thirty-three degrees, between eight in the morning and two +in the afternoon. The report of the surgeon at this time is subjoined. + +A RETURN OF SICK, ETC. JUNE 30, 1788. + +Marines sick in the hospital 4 +Convalescents in the hospital 2 +Marines sick in camp 18 +Convalescents in the hospital 6 +Wives and children of marines sick in the hospital 6 +Total belonging to the battalion under medical treatment 36 + +Of marines dead from the time of embarkation to landing 1 +Women dead from the time of embarkation to landing 1 +Children dead from the time of embarkation to landing 1 +Marines dead since landing 3 +Women dead since landing 0 +Children dead since landing 2 +Total dead from the time of embarkation to the present date 8 + +Convicts sick in the hospital 20 +Convalescents in the hospital 4 +Convicts sick in camp 26 +Convalescents in the hospital 16 +Total of convicts under medical treatment 66 + +Male convicts dead from the time of embarkation to landing 36 +Female convicts dead from the time of embarkation to landing 4 +Convicts children dead from the time of embarkation to landing 5 +Total 45 + +Male convicts dead since landing 20 +Female convicts dead since landing 8 +Convicts children dead since landing 8 +Total dead, from the time of embarkation to the present date 81 + +Convicts unfit for labour, from old age, infirmities, etc. 52 + +JOHN WHITE, Surgeon. +Sydney Cove, Port Jackson. + + +Chapter XIII. + +June 1788 to July 1788 + +Particular description of Sydney Cove--Of the buildings actually +erected--and of the intended town--A settlement made at the head of the +harbour. + +There are few things more pleasing than the contemplation of order and +useful arrangement, arising gradually out of tumult and confusion; and +perhaps this satisfaction cannot any where be more fully enjoyed than +where a settlement of civilized people is fixing itself upon a newly +discovered or savage coast. The wild appearance of land entirely +untouched by cultivation, the close and perplexed growing of trees, +interrupted now and then by barren spots, bare rocks, or spaces overgrown +with weeds, flowers, flowering shrubs, or underwood, scattered and +intermingled in the most promiscuous manner, are the first objects that +present themselves; afterwards, the irregular placing of the first tents +which are pitched, or huts which are erected for immediate accommodation, +wherever chance presents a spot tolerably free from obstacles, or more +easily cleared than the rest, with the bustle of various hands busily +employed in a number of the most incongruous works, increases rather than +diminishes the disorder, and produces a confusion of effect, which for a +time appears inextricable, and seems to threaten an endless continuance +of perplexity. But by degrees large spaces are opened, plans are formed, +lines marked, and a prospect at least of future regularity is clearly +discerned, and is made the more striking by the recollection of the +former confusion. + +To this latter state the settlement at Sydney Cove had now at length +arrived, and is so represented in the plan annexed. Lines are there +traced out which distinguish the principal street of an intended town, to +be terminated by the Governor's house, the main guard, and the criminal +court. In some parts of this space temporary barracks at present stand, +but no permanent buildings will be suffered to be placed, except in +conformity to the plan laid down. Should the town be still further +extended in future, the form of other streets is also traced in such a +manner as to ensure a free circulation of air. The principal streets, +according to this design, will be two hundred feet wide; the ground +proposed for them to the southward is nearly level, and is altogether an +excellent situation for buildings. It is proposed by Governor Phillip +that when houses are to be built here, the grants of land shall be made +with such clauses as will prevent the building of more than one house on +one allotment, which is to consist of sixty feet in front, and one +hundred and fifty feet in depth. These regulations will preserve a kind +of uniformity in the buildings, prevent narrow streets, and exclude many +inconveniences which a rapid increase of inhabitants might otherwise +occasion hereafter. It has been also an object of the Governor's +attention to place the public buildings in situations that will be +eligible at all times, and particularly to give the storehouses and +hospital sufficient space for future enlargement, should it be found +necessary. + +The first huts that were erected here were composed of very perishable +materials, the soft wood of the cabbage palm, being only designed to +afford immediate shelter. The necessity of using the wood quite green +made it also the less likely to prove durable. The huts of the convicts +were still more slight, being composed only of upright posts, wattled +with slight twigs, and plaistered up with clay. Barracks and huts were +afterwards formed of materials rather more lasting. Buildings of stone +might easily have been raised, had there been any means of procuring lime +for mortar. The stone which has been found is of three sorts: A fine free +stone, reckoned equal in goodness to that of Portland; an indifferent +kind of sand stone, or firestone; and a sort which appears to contain a +mixture of iron. But neither chalk, nor any species of lime-stone has yet +been discovered. In building a small house for the Governor on the +eastern side of the Cove, (marked 1 in the plan) lime was made of oyster +shells, collected in the neighbouring coves; but it cannot be expected +that lime should be supplied in this manner for many buildings, or indeed +for any of great extent. Till this difficulty shall be removed by the +discovery of chalk or lime-stone, the public buildings must go on very +slowly, unless care be taken to send out those articles as ballast in all +the ships destined for Port Jackson. In the mean time the materials can +only be laid in clay, which makes it necessary to give great thickness to +the walls, and even then they are not so firm as might be wished. Good +clay for bricks is found near Sydney Cove, and very good bricks have been +made. The wood, from the specimens that have been received in England, +appears to be good; it is heavy indeed, but fine grained, and apparently +strong, and free from knots. The imperfections that were found in it at +first arose probably from the want of previous seasoning. + +The hospital is placed on the west side of the Cove, in a very healthful +situation, entirely clear of the town; and is built in such a manner as +to last for some years. On the high ground between the hospital and the +town, if water can be found by sinking wells, it is the Governor's +intention to erect the barracks, surrounding them with proper works. +These were to have been begun as soon as the transports were cleared, and +the men hutted, but the progress of work was rendered so slow by the want +of an adequate number of able workmen, that it was necessary to postpone +that undertaking for a time. The ground marked out for a church lies +still nearer to the town, so that this edifice will form in part one side +of the principal parade. The design which demanded the most immediate +execution was that of a storehouse, which might be secure from the danger +of fire. In a country exposed to frequent storms of thunder and +lightning, it was rather an uneasy situation to have all the provisions +and other necessaries lodged in wooden buildings, covered with thatch of +the most combustible kind. On the point of land that forms the west side +of the Cove, and on an elevated spot, a small observatory has been raised +under the direction of Lieutenant Dawes, who was charged by the Board of +Longitude with the care of observing the expected comet. The longitude of +this observatory is ascertained to be 159° 19' 30" east from Greenwich, +and the latitude 32° 52' 30" south. A small house, built by the +Lieutenant Governor for himself, forms at present the corner of the +parade; the principal street will be carried on at right angles with the +front of this building. Instead of thatch, they now use shingles made +from a tree in appearance like a fir, but producing a wood not unlike the +English oak. This, though more secure than thatching, is not enough so +for storehouses. For these, if slate-stone should not be found, tiles +must be made of the clay which has been used for bricks. The principal +farm is situated in the next cove to the east of the town, and less than +half a mile from it. When the plan was drawn it contained about nine +acres laid down in corn of different kinds. Later accounts speak of six +acres of wheat, eight of barley, and six of other grain, as raised on the +public account, and in a very promising way. + +Sydney cove lies open to the north-east, and is continued in a south-west +direction for near a thousand yards, gradually decreasing from the +breadth of about one thousand four hundred feet, till it terminates in a +point, where it receives a small stream of fresh water. The anchorage +extends about two thousand feet up the cove, and has soundings in general +of four fathoms near the shore, and five, six, or seven, nearer the +middle of the channel. It is perfectly secure in all winds; and for a +considerable way up on both sides, ships can lie almost close to the +shore: nor are there, in any part of it, rocks or shallows to render the +navigation dangerous. Such a situation could not fail to appear +desireable to a discerning man, whose object it was to establish a +settlement, which he knew must for some time depend for support on the +importation of the principal necessaries of life. + +It is supposed that metals of various kinds abound in the soil on which +the town is placed. A convict, who had formerly been used to work in the +Staffordshire lead mines, declared very positively, that the ground which +they were now clearing, contains a large quantity of that ore: and copper +is supposed to lie under some rocks which were blown up in sinking a +cellar for the public stock of spirituous liquors. It is the opinion of +the Governor himself that several metals are actually contained in the +earth hereabouts, and that mines may hereafter be worked to great +advantage: but at present he strongly discourages any search of this +kind, very judiciously discerning, that in the present situation of his +people, which requires so many exertions of a very different nature, the +discovering of a mine would be the greatest evil that could befal the +settlement. In some places where they dug, in making wells, they found a +substance which at first was taken for a metal, but which proving +perfectly refractory in a very strong and long continued heat, has since +been concluded to be black lead. The kind of pigment called by painters +Spanish brown, is found in great abundance, and the white clay with which +the natives paint themselves is still in greater plenty. The Abbe le +Receveur was of opinion, that this clay, if cleared from the sand, which +might easily be separated, would make excellent porcelain. + +The climate at Sydney Cove is considered, on the whole, as equal to the +finest in Europe. The rains are not ever of long duration, and there are +seldom any fogs: the soil, though in general light, and rather sandy in +this part, is full as good as usually is found so near the sea-coast. All +the plants and fruit trees brought from Brasil and the Cape, which were +not damaged in the passage, thrive exceedingly; and vegetables have now +become plentiful, both the European sorts and such as are peculiar to +this country. In the Governor's garden are excellent cauliflowers, and +melons very fine of their kinds. The orange trees flourish, and the fig +trees and vines are improving still more rapidly. In a climate so +favourable, the cultivation of the vine may doubtless be carried to any +degree of perfection; and should not other articles of commerce divert +the attention of the settlers from this point, the wines of New South +Wales may, perhaps, hereafter be sought with avidity, and become an +indispensable part of the luxury of European tables. + +The rank grass under the trees, unfortunately proved fatal to all the +sheep purchased by Governor Phillip, on his own and on the public +account. Those which private individuals kept close to their own tents, +and fed entirely there, were preserved. Hogs and poultry not only thrive +but increase very fast; black cattle will doubtless succeed as well, and +it will be easy in future to secure them from straying. The horses have +not met with any accident. + +The last dispatches from Governor Phillip bring an account of his having +sent a small detachment up to that ground at the upper end of Port +Jackson, which he discovered in one of his excursions to be so highly fit +for cultivation. This party consisted of a captain, two lieutenants of +marines, with twenty-five non-commissioned officers and privates: about +fifty convicts were added as labourers. This spot is very pleasant, and +has been named by the Governor, Rose-hill. The flax-plant, which was seen +at the first arrival of our people, has not been found since in any great +abundance. A most ample supply of this valuable article may, however, +always be obtained from Norfolk Island. Governor Phillip, when he judged +the seeds to be ripe, ordered them to be collected, but at that time very +few of the plants were found, and not any in the places where the +greatest quantity had been seen. It is thought that the natives pull up +the plant when it is in flower to make their fishing lines. + +On the whole, notwithstanding the difficulties and disadvantages at first +experienced, which, though great, were not more than must naturally be +expected to occur in such an undertaking; notwithstanding the sicknesses +which from various causes prevailed for some time among the people, the +settlement at Sydney Cove wore a very promising aspect at the time when +the last accounts were sent; and there can be no doubt that it will be +found hereafter fully to answer every expectation which was formed when +the design was projected. The scantiness of the streams of fresh water +was thought at first unfavourable, but good springs have since been found +by digging. The house built for Governor Phillip stands about fifty-six +feet above high-water mark, and there, by sinking a well about fifteen +feet in the rock, an excellent spring of pure water has been obtained. + + +Chapter XIV. + +July 1788 to October 1788 + +Fish violently seized by the natives--Another expedition of the +Governor--Further account of the manners and manufactures of the native +inhabitants of New South Wales--Difficulty of obtaining any intercourse. + +9 July 1788 + +On the ninth of July, an effort was made by a party of natives, which +seems to indicate that they were still distressed for provisions, or that +they very highly resent the incroachments made upon their fishing places. +A general order had been issued to those sent out on fishing parties, to +give a part of what was caught to the natives if they approached, however +small the quantity taken might be; and by these means they had always +been sent away apparently satisfied. But on this day, about twenty of +them, armed with spears, came down to the spot where our men were +fishing, and without any previous attempt to obtain their purpose by fair +means, violently seized the greatest part of the fish which was in the +seine. While this detachment performed this act of depredation, a much +greater number stood at a small distance with their spears poized, ready +to have thrown them if any resistance had been made. But the cockswain +who commanded the fishing party, very prudently suffered them to take +away what they chose, and they parted on good terms. This is the only +instance in which these people have attempted any unprovoked act of +violence, and to this they probably were driven by necessity. Since this +transaction, an officer has always been sent down the harbour with the +boat. + +Governor Phillip went out about this time with a small party, to examine +the land between Port Jackson and Broken Bay. Here were found many +hundred acres of land, free from timber, and very fit for cultivation. He +proceeded as far as Pitt Water, and saw several of the natives, but none +of them chose to approach. When the party returned to the boats near the +mouth of the harbour, about sixty of these people, men, women, and +children, were assembled there. Some hours were passed with them in a +peaceful and very friendly manner, but though in all this time they +discovered no uneasiness, they seemed best pleased when their visitors +were preparing to depart. This has always been the case, since it has +been known among them that our people intend to remain on the coast. Many +of the women were employed at this time in fishing, a service which is +not uncommonly performed by them, the men being chiefly occupied in +making canoes, spears, fish-gigs, and the other articles that constitute +their small stock of necessary implements. Two women were here observed +to be scarred on the shoulders like the men; this was the first instance +in which they had been seen so marked. + +The sailors who waited on the beach to take care of the boat saw about +two hundred men assembled in two parties, who after some time drew +themselves up on opposite sides, and from each party men advanced singly +and threw their spears, guarding themselves at the same time with their +shields. This seemed at first to be merely a kind of exercise, for the +women belonging to both parties remained together on the beach; +afterwards it had a more serious aspect, and the women are said to have +run up and down in great agitation uttering violent shrieks. But it was +not perceived that any men were killed. + +As it had been supposed that many of the natives had left this part of +the coast, on account of the great scarcity of fish, the different coves +of the harbour were examined in one day. At this time, not more than +sixty-seven canoes were counted, and about one hundred and thirty of the +people were seen. But it was the season in which they make their new +canoes, and large parties were known to be in the woods for that purpose. + +A few days after this examination, Governor Phillip himself went again to +explore the coast between Port Jackson and Botany Bay. In this journey +few of the natives were seen, but new proofs were observed of their +having been distressed for food. In the preceding summer they would not +eat either the shark or the sting-ray, but now even coarser meat was +acceptable, and indeed any thing that could afford the smallest +nourishment. A young whale had just been driven upon the coast, which +they were busily employed in carrying away. All that were seen at this +time had large pieces of it, which appeared to have been laid upon the +fire only long enough to scorch the outside. In this state they always +eat their fish, never broiling it for more than a few minutes; they broil +also the fern root, and another root, of which the plant is not yet +known; and they usually eat together in families. Among the fruits used +by them is a kind of wild fig; and they eat also the kernels of that +fruit which resembles a pine-apple. The latter, when eaten by some of the +French seamen, occasioned violent retchings; possibly the natives may +remove the noxious qualities, by some process like those employed upon +the cassada. The winter months, in which fish is very scarce upon the +coast, are June, July, August, and part of September. From the beaten +paths that are seen between Port Jackson and Broken Bay, and in other +parts, it is thought that the natives frequently change their situation, +but it has not been perceived that they make any regular migrations to +the northward in the winter months, or to the south in summer. + +In consequence of the very extraordinary shyness of these people since +the arrival of our settlement, little addition has been made to the +knowledge of their manners attained by Captain Cook: but most of his +observations have been confirmed. The whole, indeed, that can be known of +a people, among whom civilization and the arts of life have made so small +a progress, must amount to very little. The assertion that they have no +nets*, is amongst the very few that have been found erroneous. Some small +nets have been brought over, the manufacture of which is very curious. +The twine of which they are made, appears to be composed of the fibres of +the flax plant, with very little preparation; it is very strong, heavy, +and so admirably well twisted as to have the appearance of the best +whipcord. Governor Phillip mentions having had lines of their +manufacture, which were made from the fur of some animal, and others that +appeared to be of cotton. The meshes of their nets are formed of large +loops, very artificially inserted into each other, but without any knots. +At a small distance they have exactly the appearance of our common nets, +but when they are closely examined the peculiar mode in which the loops +are managed is very remarkable. Some ladies who have inspected one of +these nets lately imported, declare that it is formed exactly on the same +principle as the ground of point lace, except that it has only one turn +of the thread, instead of two, in every loop. This net appears to have +been used either as a landing net, or for the purpose of carrying the +fish when taken. They have also small hoop nets, in which they catch +lobsters, and sea crayfish. Their canoes and other implements are very +exactly described by Captain Cook. + +[* Cook's first voyage, Hawkesworth, Vol. III. p. 233.--If it was only +meant that they have no large nets for fishing, like the feine, as the +New Zealanders have, the remark is certainly true.] + +The inhabitants of New South Wales have very few ornaments, except those +which are impressed upon the skin itself, or laid on in the manner of +paint. The men keep their beards short, it is thought by scorching off +the hair, and several of them at the first arrival of our people seemed +to take great delight in being shaved. They sometimes hang in their hair +the teeth of dogs, and other animals, the claws of lobsters, and several +small bones, which they fasten there by means of gum; but such ornaments +have never been seen upon the women. Though they have not made any +attempt towards clothing themselves, they are by no means insensible of +the cold, and appear very much to dislike the rain. During a shower they +have been observed to cover their heads with pieces of bark, and to +shiver exceedingly. Governor Phillip was convinced by these circumstances +that clothing would be very acceptable to them, if they could be induced +to come enough among the English to learn the use of it. He has therefore +applied for a supply of frocks and jackets to distribute among them, +which are to be made long and loose, and to serve for either men or +women. + +The bodies of these people in general smell strongly of oil, and the +darkness of their colour is much increased by dirt. But though in these +points they shew so little delicacy, they are not without emotions of +disgust, when they meet with strong effluvia to which their organs are +unaccustomed. One of them, after having touched a piece of pork, held out +his finger for his companions to smell, with strong marks of distaste. +Bread and meat they seldom refuse to take, but generally throw it away +soon after. Fish they always accept very eagerly. + +Whether they use any particular rites of burial is not yet known, but +from the following account it seems evident that they burn their dead. +The ground having been observed to be raised in several places, like the +ruder kind of graves of the common people in our church yards, Governor +Phillip caused some of these barrows to be opened. In one of them a jaw +bone was found not quite consumed, but in general they contained only +ashes. From the manner in which these ashes were disposed, it appeared +that the body must have been laid at length, raised from the ground a few +inches only, or just enough to admit a fire under it; and having been +consumed in this posture, it must then have been covered lightly over +with mould. Fern is usually spread upon the surface, with a few stones, +to keep it from being dispersed by the wind. These graves have not been +found in very great numbers, nor ever near their huts. + +When the latest accounts arrived from Port Jackson, the natives still +avoided all intercourse with our settlement, whether from dislike or from +contempt is not perfectly clear: They think perhaps that we cannot teach +them any thing of sufficient value to make them amends for our +encroachments upon their fishing places. They seem to be among themselves +perfectly honest, and often leave their spears and other implements upon +the beach, in full confidence of finding them untouched. But the convicts +too frequently carry them off, and dispose of them to vessels coming to +England, though at the hazard on one side of being prosecuted for theft, +and on the other for purchasing stolen goods. Injuries of this nature +they generally revenge on such stragglers as they happen to meet; and +perhaps have already learnt to distinguish these freebooters, by their +blue and yellow jackets, as they very early did the soldiers by their red +clothes. Beyond these attacks they have not yet committed any open acts +of hostility, except the seizing of the fish in the instance above +related. They have not attempted to annoy the settlers by setting fire to +the grass, as they did when Captain Cook was on the coast; nor have they, +which is more important, shown any desire to burn the crops of corn. So +absolutely indispensable to the welfare of the settlement is the +preservation of the grain, that an attempt of this kind must at all +events be counteracted; but in no other case will any harsh measures be +adopted, or any effort made to drive them to a greater distance. +Conciliation is the only plan intended to be pursued: But Governor +Phillip, when he last wrote, seemed to despair of getting any of them to +remain among his people, long enough for either to acquire the language +of the other, except by constraint. Hitherto he has been unwilling to +take this method, but if it can be done in such a manner as not to create +any general alarm among them, it will probably turn out to be the kindest +piece of violence that could be used. Whenever it shall be practicable, +by any means, to explain to them the friendly disposition of Governor +Phillip and his people towards them, and to make them understand, that +the men from whom they receive occasional injuries, are already a +disgraced class, and liable to severe punishment for such proceedings, +they will then perhaps acquire sufficient confidence in their new +countrymen to mix with them, to enrich themselves with some of their +implements, and to learn and adopt some of the most useful and necessary +of their arts. It may, indeed, admit of a doubt whether many of the +accommodations of civilized life, be not more than counterbalanced by the +artificial wants to which they give birth; but it is undeniably certain +that to teach the shivering savage how to clothe his body, and to shelter +himself completely from the cold and wet, and to put into the hands of +men, ready to perish for one half of the year with hunger, the means of +procuring constant and abundant provision, must be to confer upon them +benefits of the highest value and importance. + +According to the latest advices from Governor Phillip, the Sirius sailed +for the Cape on the 2d of October, 1788, to purchase grain, flour, and +other necessaries. Live stock was not to be procured by this ship, as +being less wanted in the present state of the settlement, which had +provisions in store for eighteen months, but not grain enough for seed, +and for the support of cattle. The Fishburn and Golden Grove storeships +sailed in November for England; the Supply was detained in Port Jackson +for occasional use. At this time the officers were all in separate +houses, and the whole detachment comfortably lodged, though the barracks +were yet unfinished. Nothing more, that requires to be related, has yet +been heard from the settlement. + +* * * * * + +REMARKS and DIRECTIONS for SAILING into PORT JACKSON, by Capt. J. HUNTER, +of the Sirius. + +In coming in with Port Jackson, you will not immediately discover where +the harbour is: Steer right in for the outer points, for there is not any +thing in the way but what shows itself by the sea breaking on it, except +a reef on the south shore which runs off a small distance only: when you +are past this reef and are a-breast the next point on the same side, you +will open to the south-ward of you an extensive branch of the harbour, +into which you will sail; taking care to keep the shore on either side +well on board, for there is a reef which dries at low water and lies very +near the mid-channel, right off the first sandy cove on the east shore; +this reef is pretty broad athwart, as well as up and down the channel, +and shoals very gradually: The marks for it are, the outer north point +and inner south point touching, Green Point will then be on with a +remarkable notch in the back land. To avoid it to the eastward, pass the +inner south head a cable's length from it, and when you open any part of +the sandy beach of Camp Cove, haul short in for it until you bring the +inner north head and inner south head on with each other; that mark will +carry you up in five and six fathom: But if you cannot weather the reef, +tack and stand into Camp Cove, which shoals gradually. If you pass to the +westward of the reef, steer in for Middle Cape, which is steep too, then +steer up for the next point above it on the same side; when you are that +length, you may take what part of the channel you please, or anchor where +you like. + +It flows Full and Change a quarter past eight. +Rises 4 6 Neap Tide. +Rises 6 0 Spring Tide. + + +Chapter XV. + +The great advantage of a scientific eye over that of the unlearned +observer, in viewing the productions of nature, cannot be more strongly +exemplified than by the present state of the natural history of Botany +Bay, and its vicinity. The English who first visited this part of the +coast, staid there only a week, but having among them persons deeply +versed in the study of nature, produced an account, to which the present +settlers, after a residence of near eleven months when the last +dispatches were dated, have been able to add but very little of +importance. The properties and relations of many objects are known to the +philosopher at first sight, his enquiries after novelty are conducted +with sagacity, and when he cannot describe by name what he discovers, as +being yet unnamed, he can at least refer it to its proper class and +genus. The observation of unskilful persons is often detailed by trivial +resemblances, while it passes by the marks which are really +characteristic. Governor Phillip, in one of his letters, remarking the +prodigious variety of vegetable productions then before his eyes, +laments, that among all the people with him there happens not to be one +who has any tolerable knowledge of botany. This circumstance is perhaps +less to be regretted than a deficiency in any other branch of natural +knowledge. The researches of some gentlemen among the first voyagers were +particularly directed to botanical discoveries, and a work which is now +preparing, in a style of uncommon accuracy and elegance by one of the +most illustrious of them, will probably discover that there was little +left undone, even in their short stay, towards completing that branch of +enquiry. Of quadrupeds the whole stock contained in the country appears +to be confined to a very few species: Wolves have not been seen, though +the tracks of them were so frequently thought to be detected on this +coast by Captain Cook's party. Birds are numerous, but they belong in +general to classes already known to naturalists; a few drawings however, +and specimens of both, have been sent over. These, to gratify, as far as +possible, the curiosity of those readers whose attention is particularly +directed to natural history, have been engraved, and a short account of +them is thrown together in this chapter. Of reptiles few have been seen +that are at all curious. A large Lizard, of the Scincus kind, with the +remarkable peculiarity of a small spine or horn standing near the +extremity of the tail, is said to be among some specimens sent over as +private presents; and also a kind of frog, whose colour is blue; but +these do not in other respects differ materially from the usual form of +their respective species. The ants are fully described in Captain Cook's +first voyage. + +* * * * * + +QUADRUPEDS. + +The KANGUROO has been particularly described already. + +THE SPOTTED OPOSSUM. + +The annexed plate represents a small animal of the opossum kind, which +has not before been delineated. It is perhaps the same which is slightly +described in Captain Cook's first voyage as resembling a polecat, having +the back spotted with white; and is there said to be called by the +natives Quoll.* The colour however is darker, being rather black than +brown. + +[* Hawkesw. iii. p. 222.] + +The Spotted Opossum, for so it may properly be named, is in length from +the nose to the extremity of the tail about twenty-five inches, of which +the tail itself takes up about nine or ten. The general colour of the +animal is black, inclining to brown beneath; the neck and body spotted +with irregular roundish patches of white; the ears are pretty large, and +stand erect, the visage is pointed, the muzzle furnished with long +slender hairs; the fore, as well as hind legs, from the knees downward, +almost naked, and ash-coloured; on the fore feet are five claws, and on +the hind, four and a thumb without a claw; the tail, for about an inch +and an half from the root, covered with hairs of the same length as those +on the body, from thence to the end with long ones not unlike that of a +squirrel. The specimen from which the above account was taken, is a +female, and has six teats placed in a circle, within the pouch. + +Another animal of the opossum kind has been sent alive to the Rev. Dr. +Hamilton, Rector of St. Martin's, Westminster, and is now living in the +possession of Mr. J. Hunter. It appears to be of the same sort as that +mentioned in Captain Cook's first voyage,* and that also which was found +near Adventure Bay, represented in the eighth plate of Captain Cook's +third voyage, and slightly described in Vol. I. p. 109 of that work: but +it must be owned, that neither its form nor character is very well +expressed in that plate. + +[* Hawkesw. vol. iii. p. 182.] + +The countenance of this animal much resembles that of a fox, but its +manners approach more nearly to those of the squirrel. When disposed to +sleep, or to remain inactive, it coils itself up into a round form; but +when eating, or on the watch for any purpose, sits up, throwing its tail +behind it. In this posture it uses its fore feet to hold any thing, and +to feed itself. When irritated, it sits still more erect on the hind +legs, or throws itself upon its back, making a loud and harsh noise. It +feeds only on vegetable substances. + +This specimen is a male. The fur is long, but close and thick; of a mixed +brown or greyish colour on the back, under the belly and neck, of a +yellowish white. Its length is about eighteen inches, exclusive of the +tail, which is twelve inches long, and prehensile. The face is three +inches in length, broad above and very pointed at the muzzle, which is +furnished with long whiskers. The eyes are very large, but not fierce. On +the fore feet are five claws; on the hind, three and a thumb. The teeth +are two in the front of the upper jaw, and two in the lower; the upper +projecting beyond the under. In the Kanguroo it is remarkable that there +are four teeth in the upper jaw, opposed to two in the under. The +testicles are contained in a pendulous scrotum, between the two thighs of +the hind legs, as in the common opossum. The affinity of almost all the +quadrupeds yet discovered on this coast to the opossum kind, in the +circumstance of the pouch in which the female receives and suckles her +young, seems to open a field of investigation most interesting to the +naturalist: and the public will doubtless learn with pleasure, that it is +the intention of the most able comparative anatomist of the age, to give +a paper on this subject to the Royal Society. It cannot, therefore, be +necessary at present to pursue the enquiry any farther. + +THE VULPINE OPOSSUM. + +This is not unlike the common fox in shape, but considerably inferior to +it in respect to size, being, from the point of the nose to the setting +on of the tail, only twenty-six inches; the tail itself fifteen inches: +the upper parts of the body are of a grisly colour, arising from a +mixture of dusky and white hairs, with rufous-yellow tinge; the head and +shoulders partaking most of this last colour: round the eyes blackish: +above the nostrils ten or twelve black whiskers, four inches or more in +length: all the under parts of the body are of a tawny buff-colour, +deepest on the throat, where the bottom of the hairs are rust-colour: the +tail is of the colour of the back for about one quarter of its length, +from thence to the end, black: the toes on the fore feet are five in +number, the inner one placed high up: on the hind feet four toes only: +with a thumb, consisting of two joints, without a claw, placed high up at +the base of the inner toe. The whole foot serving the purpose of a hand, +as observable in many of the opossum genus. The legs are much shorter in +proportion than those of the common fox: the ears about one inch and an +half in length: in the upper jaw are six cutting teeth, and four +grinders, with two small canine teeth placed at an equal distance between +them: in the under jaw two long cutting teeth, not unlike those of a +squirrel, and four grinders to answer those in the upper jaw, but no +canine teeth.--A representation of the mouth and teeth may be seen in one +of the following plates. + +NORFOLK ISLAND FLYING SQUIRREL. + +Size of the American grey squirrel, and the general colour of the upper +parts very nearly resembling that animal; the under parts white: from the +nose to the tail runs a streak of dusky black, and another springs on +each side of the head behind the nostrils, passing over the eyes and +finishing behind them: ears not rising from the head: on each side of the +body is a broad flap or membrane, as in other flying squirrels, which is +united to both the fore and hind legs, as usual in many of this division: +this membrane is black, fringed on the outer edge with white: the tail +for two-thirds of the length, is of an elegant ash colour, paler than the +body, from thence to the end dusky black: the toes on the fore legs are +five in number; those of the hinder uncertain, as the legs behind were +wanting: length from head to rump nine inches; the tail is ten inches. + +BIRDS. + +BLUE BELLIED PARROT. Order II. Pies. Genus V. Species XIV. Var. B. + +BLUE BELLIED PARROT. + +Described thus by Mr. Latham. + +"The length of this beautiful parrot is fifteen inches. The bill is +reddish: orbits black: head and throat dark blue, with a mixture of +lighter blue feathers: back part of the head green; towards the throat +yellow green: back and wings green: prime quills dusky, barred with +yellow: breast red, mixed with yellow: belly of a fine blue: thighs green +and yellow: tail cuneiform; the two middle feathers green; the others the +same, but bright yellow on the outer edges: legs dusky. Inhabits Botany +Bay in New Holland." Latham's Synopsis, vol. i. p. 213. + +To this account little need be added, except that in our present +specimens the parts there said to be blue are rather a bright lilac: the +bill is a deep orange; and there are red spots on the back between the +wings, and a few near the vent feathers. + +TABUAN PARROT. Order and Genus the same. Species XVI. A Variety. + + +The bird here represented has been seen by Mr. Latham, and was by him +referred to this species; of which however it seems a very remarkable +variety: The prevalent colour of the head, neck and breast, being, +instead of a deep crimson or purplish red, as in his description and +plate, as well as in a fine specimen now in his own collection, a very +bright scarlet: the blue mark across the lower part of the neck appears +the same; but the blue feathers in the wings are entirely wanting; and +the bill is not black. (See Latham's Synopsis, vol. i. p. 214.) + +The specimen here delineated may be thus described. + +Length twenty-four inches: bill brown, the upper mandible tinged with +red: the head, neck, and all the under parts of the body a bright +scarlet: the back and wings a fine green. On the lower part of the neck, +between that and the back, a crescent of blue: the tail long and +cuneiform, most of its feathers deep blue: the legs ash coloured: on the +upper part of the wings a narrow line of lighter green. + +PENNANTIAN PARROT. Order and Genus the same. Species, 134. + +Size of the scarlet lory, length sixteen inches: the bill of a blueish +horn colour; the general colour of the plumage scarlet; the base of the +under mandible and the chin covered with rich blue feathers: the back +black, the feathers edged with crimson: wings blue, down the middle much +paler than the rest: the quills and tail black, the feathers edged +outwardly with blue, and three of the outer tail feathers, from the +middle to the end, of a pale hoary blue: the tail is wedge shaped, the +middle feathers eight inches in length; the outermost, or shortest, only +four: the bottom of the thighs blue, legs dusky, claws black. + +This beautiful bird is not unfrequent about Port Jackson, and seems to +correspond greatly with the Pennantian Parrot, described by Mr. Latham in +the supplement to his General Synopsis of Birds, p. 61. differing in so +few particulars, as to make us suppose it to differ only in sex from that +species. + +PACIFIC PAROQUET. Order and Genus the same. Species L VI. A new variety. + +Mr. Latham's description is this: + +"Length twelve inches, bill of a silvery blue; end black: in some, the +forehead and half the crown; in others, the forehead only, of a deep +crimson: behind each eye a spot of the same colour: on each side of the +vent a patch of the same: the plumage in general of a dark green, palest +on the under parts: the tail is cunei-form; the two middle feathers are +five inches and an half in length; the outer ones two inches and an half; +upper parts of it the same green with the body; beneath ash colour: the +outer edge of the wings, as far as the middle of the quills, deep blue; +the ends of the quills dusky: legs brown: claws black." Latham's Synopsis, +vol. I. p. 252. + +The variety here represented has a brown bill, tinged with red at the +end, and a cap of azure blue at the back of the head, interspersed with a +few small feathers of a yellowish green; the top of the wings is of a +yellow hue, and there are no blue feathers in the wings. + +THE SACRED KING'S FISHER. Order of Birds II. Pies. Genus XXIII. Species 12. + +The following description is extracted from Mr. Latham's Synopsis of +Birds, vol. ii. p. 623. The specimen here represented, being the same as +his fourth variety of that species marked D. + +"This in size is rather less than a blackbird: the bill is black; the +lower mandible yellowish at the base: head, back, wings, and tail, blue +tinged with green: the under parts of the body white, extending round the +middle of the neck like a collar: legs blackish." + +To which account we may add, that the bill is very strong at the base, +and sharp at the point; that the feathers immediately above the bill are +tinged with yellow; and that the toes, as in most of this species, are +three before and one behind. + +SUPERB WARBLER, MALE. Birds, Order III. Passerine. Genus XLI. Warbler. +Species 137. A new variety. + + +"The length of this beautiful species is five inches and a half: the bill +black: the feathers of the head are long, and stand erect like a full +crest; from the forehead to the crown they are of a bright blue; from +thence to the nape, black like velvet: through the eyes from the bill, a +line of black; beneath the eye springs a tuft of the same blue feathers; +beneath these and on the chin, it is of a deep blue almost black, and +feeling like velvet: on the ears is another patch of blue, and across the +back part of the head a band of the same, (in some specimens, the patches +of blue under the eye and on the ear unite together, and join with the +band at the nape, as in the plate*) the whole giving the head a greater +appearance of bulk than is natural: the hind part of the neck and upper +parts of the body and tail, deep blue black; the under, pure white: +wings, dusky; shafts of the quills chesnut: the tail, two inches and a +quarter long, and cuneiform; the two outer feathers very short: legs +dusky brown: claws black." Latham's Synopsis, vol. iv. p. 501. + +[* Latham's Synopsis, vol. iv. pl. 53.] + +The disposition of the blue is found to differ in most of the specimens. +In the present variety, the whole head is enveloped in blue, which +terminates in an irregularly waving line, and is continued below the eye +in a broad band, edged in the same manner, and running almost to a point, +as low as the bottom of the neck on each side; but there is no band +continued round the neck, which, both above and below, is of the deep +blue like velvet, mentioned by Mr. Latham. Some feathers of a very bright +orange lie immediately under that blue, and above the wings*. + +[* The Specimens from which Mr. Latham took his descriptions were met with +at Van Diemen's Land, the most southern part of New Holland.] + +SUPERB WARBLER, Female. + +When Mr. Latham's Synopsis was published, the female of this species was +entirely unknown; and it was conjectured by that author that the +disposition of the blue might possibly mark the sexes. The female is now +discovered to be entirely destitute of all the fine blue colours, both +pale and dark, by which the male is adorned, except that there is a very +narrow circle of azure round each eye, apparently on the skin only: all +the upper feathers consist of shades of brown, and the whole throat and +belly is pure white. Except from the shape and size, this bird would not +be suspected at first sight to belong to the same species as the male: +the epithet of superb applies very ill to the female. + +CASPIAN TERN. Birds, Order IX. Webfooted. Genus LXXXVIII. Species I. Variety B. + +The plate of this bird is inserted at pag. 77. Mr. Latham's description +is as follows. + +"Length nineteen or twenty inches: bill three inches, stout and of a pale +yellow: nostrils pervious: the crown of the head black; the feathers +longish, and forming a kind of pensile crest at the nape; the rest of the +head, neck, and under parts of the body, white: back and wings pale +cinereous grey: quills grey, with the ends dusky; the inner webs, half +way from the base, white: tail grey, forked; the end half of the other +feathers white; the last is exceeded by the first an inch: legs black. +Supposed to inhabit China; seen also, or very similar, from the +Friendly Isles; also found at Hapaee, one of the Sandwich Islands." +Syn. Vol. vi. p. 351. + +NORFOLK ISLAND PETREL. Order IX. Web-Footed. Genus Xc. + +Length sixteen inches, bill one inch and an half long, black, and very +hooked at the tip: the head as far as the eyes, the chin and throat, +waved, brown and dusky white: the rest of the body on the upper parts of +a sooty brown, the under of a deep ash colour; the inner part of the +quills, especially next the base, very pale, nearly white, and the wings, +when closed, exceed the tail by about an inch: the tail is much rounded +in shape, and consists of twelve feathers, of the same colour as the +upper parts of the body: the legs are pale yellow, the outer toe black +the whole length, the middle one half way from the tip, the webs also +correspond, the outer one being black, except just at the base; and the +inner one black for about one third from the end: the claws black; the +spur, which serves in place of a back toe, is also black. + +This inhabits Norfolk Island, and burrows in the sand like a rabbit, +lying hid in the holes throughout the day, and coming out of evenings in +quest of food. This bird appears to differ so very little from the dark +grey Petrel of Cook's Voyage, vol. i. p. 258. that it is not improbable +it may prove to be the same species. This is described in the General +Synopsis of Birds, vol. vi. p. 399. under the name of Grey Petrel; as +also another species, in p. 400. by the name of White-breasted Petrel, +differing only in the breast from our specimen. + +BRONZE-WINGED PIGEON. Order IV. Columbine. Genus XLVI. + +Size of a large dove-house pigeon: general colour of the plumage +ash-coloured, brown on the upper parts, the feathers margined with pale +rufous; the under parts pale ash-colour, with very pale margins: the wing +coverts are much the same colour as the back, but the greater ones, or +lower series, have each of them a large oval spot of bronze on the outer +webs near the ends, forming together, when the wings are closed, two bars +of the most brilliant and beautiful bronze, changing into red, copper, +and green, in different reflections of light: several of the feathers +also among the other coverts have the same spots on them, but are +irregularly placed: the quills are brown, with the inner webs, from the +middle to the base, pale rufous; as are the sides of the body and all the +under wing coverts: the tail consists of sixteen feathers; the two middle +ones are brown, the others pale lead, or dove colour, with a bar of black +near the tips: the bill is of a dull red: the forehead very pale, nearly +white, passing a little way under the eye: the chin and throat pale grey: +the legs are red. + +This bird inhabits Norfolk Island; and is clearly a non-descript species. + +WHITE-FRONTED HERON. Order VII. Cloven-footed. Genus LXV. + +This is little more than half the size of the common Heron: length 28 +inches: the general colour of the plumage is bluish ash, inclining to +lead colour: top of the head black, and a trifle crested; the forehead, +sides of the head, chin, and throat white, passing downwards, and +finishing in a point about the middle of the neck before: on the lower +part of the neck the feathers are long and loose, and of a pale rufous +cinnamon colour; all the under parts of the body also incline to this +last colour, but are much paler: the quills and tail are dark lead +colour, nearly black: on the back the feathers are long and narrow, and +hang part of the way on the tail: the bill is four inches long, and +black; but the base half of the under mandible is yellowish: the legs are +formed as in other herons, of a yellowish brown colour, and the claws are +black. + +This bird was sent from Port Jackson in New Holland, and as it has not +been noticed by any author, we consider it as a new species. + +WATTLED BEE-EATER. Order II. Pies. Genus XXVI. + +The size of this bird is nearly that of a cuckow: length fourteen inches +and a half: the bill one inch long, and of nearly the same shape and size +as in the Poe Bird; the colour black: the general colour of the plumage +is brown, palest on the under parts; most of the feathers are pointed in +shape, and have a streak of white down the middle: the fore part of the +head, as far as the eyes, is smooth, but the rest of the head appears +full, the feathers being longer: from the gape of the bill a broad streak +of silvery white passes under the eye, and beneath this, on each side of +the throat, hangs a pendulous wattle, about half an inch in length, and +of an orange colour: the wings, when closed, reach about one third on the +tail, which is about half the length of the bird, and cuneiform in shape: +both the quills and tail feathers are of a darker brown than the rest of +bird, and have the tips white: the middle of the belly is yellow: the +legs are of a pale brown, the hind toe very stout, and the outer toe +connected to the middle one as far as the first joint. + +The above inhabits New Holland; it was received from Port Jackson, and is +no doubt a non-descript species. + +PSITTACEOUS HORNBILL. Order II. Pies. Genus VIII. + +The bird is about the size of a crow: the total length two feet three +inches: the bill is large, stout at the base, much curved at the point, +and channelled on the sides; the colour pale brown, inclining to yellow +near the end: the nostrils are quite at the base, and are surrounded with +a red skin, as is the eye also, on the upper part: the head, neck, and +under parts of the body are pale blue-grey; the upper parts of the body, +wings, and tail, ash colour; and most of the feathers are tipt with dusky +black, forming bars of that colour across the wings: the wings, when +closed, reach to near three-quarters of the length of the tail: the tail +itself is long, and cuneiform, the two middle feathers measuring eleven +inches, and the outer one on each side little more than seven; a bar of +black crosses the whole near the end, and the tips of all the feathers +are white: the legs are short and scaly, and the toes placed two +forwards, and two backwards, as in those of the toucan or parrot genus: +the colour of legs and claws black.* + +[* Mr. Latham, who has been kind enough to give his sentiments on this +occasion, is of opinion that this bird does not strictly belong to any of +the present established genera. The make indeed is altogether that of an +hornbill, and the edges of the mandible are smooth, but the toes being +placed two forwards and two backwards, seem to rank it with the Parrots +or Toucans; and it has been unlucky that in the specimen from which the +description was taken, the tongue was wanting, which might in a great +measure have determined the point: but the inducement for placing it with +the hornbills has had the greater weight, as not a single species of the +toucan tribe has yet been met with in that part of the world.] + +This bird was killed at Port Jackson, and we believe it to be hitherto +non-descript. + +* * * * * + +Such is the account of the birds of which drawings or specimens have been +obtained from Port Jackson or from Norfolk Island. Wild ducks, teal, +quails, and other common species are numerous in both places, and the +variety, as well as number of the small birds is considerable. Birds of +the Cassowary or Emu kind have very frequently been seen; but they are so +shy, and run so swiftly, that only one has yet been killed. That bird was +shot near the camp, while Governor Phillip was absent on his first +expedition to Broken Bay, and was thought by him to differ materially +both from the ostrich and cassowary; the skin was sent over, but at the +time when this sheet was printed off, had not been stuffed, or put into +form. Should it, on examination, exhibit any remarkable peculiarities, we +shall endeavour to obtain a description of it, to subjoin at the +conclusion of this volume. + +* * * * * + +Since stating the dimensions of the kanguroo, in page 106, Lord Sydney +has received from Governor Phillip, a male of a much larger size, which +measures as follows. + + f. in. +Length from the point of the nose to the end of the tail, 8 5 +Length of the tail, 3 1 +-- head, 0 11 +-- fore legs, 2 0 +-- hind legs 3 7 +Circumference of the fore part by the legs, 1 9 +---- lower parts -- 4 5 +Round the thicker part of the tail, which gradually +tapers to the end. 1 1 + +The above is the largest kanguroo that has yet been seen, and there is +every reason to believe that even this had not nearly attained its full +growth. + +Lieutenant Shortland describes them as feeding in herds of about thirty +or forty, and assures us, that one is always observed to be apparently +upon the watch, at a distance from the rest. + + +Chapter XVI. + +No. I. + +PAPERS RELATIVE TO THE SETTLEMENT AT PORT JACKSON. + +General Return of the four Companies of Marines, doing duty in the +settlement of New South Wales. + +Return of the OFFICERS. + +* * * * * + +No. II. + +Artificers belonging to the Marine Detachment, employed from the 17th May +to the 30th September, 1788, both Days inclusive. + +[These tables are not included here. Refer to html version of this ebook +available from https://gutenberg.org] + + +These artificers were employed on the representation of the +Lieutenant-Governor to Governor Phillip, that it was impossible to erect +the barracks necessary for the officers and men of the detachment, +without employing such artificers for that purpose as could be found +among themselves. It was at the same time represented, that these men +could not properly be retained at such work, unless they were to be paid +in the customary manner of paying all troops employed on extra works for +the public service: and more especially, as it was known that the +artificers taken from the ships of war and transports were to be paid for +all work done on shore. + +Governor Phillip agreed entirely as to the necessity of employing the +artificers, and with respect to their pay, had no doubt that the matter +must be decided by custom: In consequence of which he issued an order for +that purpose on the 17th of May, 1788. + +* * * * * + +No. III. + +The Right Hon. the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, in a letter, +dated the 8th of October, 1786, addressed to the commanding officers of +each division of the marines, directed them to signify to such marines as +would make a voluntary tender of their service for Botany Bay, that they +should at the expiration of their station of three years be entitled to +their discharge on their return to England, provided their good behaviour +during this service should have merited such marks of favour: Or that, if +they preferred it, they should at the time of relief be discharged in New +South Wales, and permitted to settle there. In consequence of this, at +the date of the following paper, the question was put by the Lieutenant +Governor to all the officers and men, whether they chose to remain in the +country, either as soldiers or settlers. Before this question was asked, +Major Ross applied to Governor Phillip to know what encouragement +Government held out to those who should wish to remain in either +capacity. To this application it was answered by the Governor, that the +proper instructions and authorities for giving every reasonable +encouragement to such of the military and others as should be desirous to +remain in New South Wales, and for making grants of land, were to be sent +from England as soon as Government being sufficiently informed of the +actual state of the country, and the quality of the soil, at and near the +settlement, could determine what was the most eligible mode of granting +the lands. + +Those documents having been received, the amplest powers are now to be +sent out to Governor Phillip, that he may make such grants and give such +encouragement as may be proportioned to the merits of those who apply, +and satisfactory to every individual. + +The following list exhibits the result of the question put by the +Lieutenant Governor to the officers and men of the marines, concerning +their desire to return, or to remain in New South Wales. + +LIST of such OFFICERS, NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS, DRUMMERS, and PRIVATES, +as are desirous of remaining in this Country, after the time when their +Lordships the Commissioners of the Admiralty intended to relieve the +Detachment, as expressed in their Letter of the 8th October, 1788. + +NEW SOUTH WALES, 1st October, 1788. + +Names and quality. Desirous of remaining in this country. + +Watkin Tench, Capt. Lieutenant, as a soldier for one tour more of three +years. + +George Johnstone, First Lieutenant, having been so short a time in this +country, cannot determine whether he would wish to remain or not, as to +settling can say nothing. + +John Johnstone, ditto, having been so short a time in this country, +cannot determine whether he would wish to remain another tour or not, as +to settling can say nothing, till he knows on what terms. + +James Maitland Shairp, ditto, being so short a time in the country, he +cannot yet judge whether he would wish to remain or not another tour, as +to settling, until he knows the terms and nature of the grants, cannot +determine. + +William Dawes, Second Lieutenant, as a soldier for one tour more of three +years. + +William Baker, Serjeant, as a soldier. +George Flemming, private, as a soldier for three years more. +Isaac Tarr, ditto, as a settler. +James Manning, as a soldier. + + +All the officers, non-commissioned officers, drummers, and private men of +the detachment, whose names are not expressed in the above list, wish to +return to England, at the time proposed by their Lordship's letter of the +8th October, 1786, or as soon after as their Lordships may find it +convenient. + +R. ROSS, MAJOR. + +* * * * * + +No. IV + +AN ACCOUNT OF PROVISIONS REMAINING IN HIS MAJESTY'S STORES, AT SYDNEY +COVE, NEW SOUTH WALES, 30TH SEPTEMBER, 1788. + +Flour, 414,176 pounds, is 62 weeks ration. +Rice, 51,330 -- -- 15 -- +Beef, 127,608 -- -- 43 -- +Pork, 214,344 -- -- 128 -- +Pease, 2,305 bushels, -- 58 -- +Butter, 15,450 pounds, -- 49 -- + +Number of Persons victualled. +Men, 698. Women, 193. Children, 42. + +Provisions at Norfolk Island, twenty months. + +Number of Persons victualled. +Men,44. Women, 16. + +ANDREW MILLER, Commissary. + +* * * * * + +No. V. + +Return of Sick, September 27th, 1788. + +Marines sick in hospital 4 + ---- camp 21 +Marine women and children in camp 5 +Deaths since last return 0 +Total belonging to the battalion +under medical treatment 30 + +Male convicts sick 62 +Female ditto and children 31 +Total of convicts under medical +treatment 93 + +Male convicts dead since the last +report of June 30 6 +Female convicts ditto since ditto 4 +Total convicts dead since ditto 10 +Convicts unserviceable from old +age, infirmities, etc. 53 + + +Chapter XVII. + +Nautical directions, and other detached remarks, by Lieutenant Ball, +concerning Rio de Janeiro, Norfolk Island, Ball Pyramid, and Lord Howe +Island. + +Some notice has already been taken in the preceding sheets of Rio de +Janeiro, Norfolk Isle, and Lord Howe Isle; but since they were committed +to the press, the following particulars respecting those places have very +obligingly been communicated to the editor, by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird +Ball. As these remarks are the result of minute observation, they cannot +fail of being useful and interesting to the seafaring reader, which, it +is presumed, will be a sufficient apology for giving them a place here. + +There is no danger in going up the harbour to Rio de Janeiro but what may +easily be seen. The course up the harbour is north-west by north; you +anchor before the town in seventeen fathoms water, over a muddy bottom; +the middle of the town bearing west by north, west, or west by south, +about a mile and an half distant from the watering place, and the Fort +Saint Cruz bearing south-east. No pilot is necessary; the soundings +a-breast of St. Cruz Fort are twenty-two fathoms, and shoal gradually to +seventeen fathoms, where the ships moored a-breast of the town. The tide +flows two hours and thirty minutes at full and change, and rises in +general about eight feet. In going into the harbour, it is necessary to +keep the starboard shore best aboard, as the tide sets on the other side, +till you get nearly a-breast of St. Cruz Fort, and in that situation you +must be on your guard, if going in with the flood, as the passage is +narrow: and there are whirlpools in many places, which will take all +command from the rudder. Water is procured at a pipe, by which it is +conveyed from a fountain situated in the large square near the principal +landing place, which is opposite the palace. This pipe is continued down +to the waterside, and you fill your casks in boats: the water is so +plentiful, that a fleet might be supplied in a short time. + +Bullocks, sheep, and Portugal wine, may be had here in plenty; there is +also an excellent market for poultry and vegetables every day; in short, +every refreshment that is necessary for a fleet may be procured in great +abundance, and very cheap. + +The whole harbour, as well as the town, is defended by a number of strong +fortifications; and as far as Lieutenant Ball had an opportunity of +examining the harbour, the draft of it published in the East India chart +is very true, the soundings right, and the bearings very accurate. + +Their trade is chiefly to Portugal, and consists of bullion, indigo, +sugar, rum, tobacco, brazil wood, whale-oil, whale bone, spermaceti, etc. +and of late years diamonds and many other valuable commodities. + +In approaching Norfolk Island there is no danger: Lieut. Ball anchored in +nineteen fathoms, over a bottom of coarse sand and coral, the north-east +end of the island bearing west south-west quarter west; the easternmost +rocks east south-east, about a mile distant from the nearest shore: at +this place Capt. Cook landed. Ships have anchored also at south end of +the isle in twenty-two fathoms, the westernmost point of Phillip Isle +south south-east, the body of Nepean's Isle east north-east half east, +and the south point of Norfolk Isle north-east by east. They anchored +again in eighteen fathoms, over a bottom of sand and coral, the west +point of Phillip Isle bearing south, the easternmost point of it south +south-east half east, and the south point of Norfolk Isle north-east. The +pine trees on this island are of an immense size, measuring from twenty +to twenty-seven and even thirty feet in girth, and so tall that it was +not easy to form any exact judgment of their height. This place affords +vast numbers of cabbage trees, and amazing quantities of fish may be +procured on the banks that lie on the west side of the small island; +those they got on board the Supply were of the snapper kind, and very +good, yet they were caught in such abundance that many of the people were +as much satiated with them as the sailors are with cod on the banks of +Newfoundland. + +The only places where it was found practicable to land was a-breast of +their first station (which is the place described by Captain Cook, and +where the people landed with the utmost difficulty,) and at Sydney Bay on +the south end of the isle, the outer breaker off the westernmost point in +sight bearing north-west by west half west. + +Lord Howe Island was discovered by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball, +Commander of his Majesty's tender Supply, on the 17th February, 1788, and +was so named by him, in honour of the Right Honourable Lord Howe. At the +same time he observed a remarkably high pyramidical rock at a +considerable distance from the island, which has been named Ball's +Pyramid; from a correct drawing of this rock and others near it, the +annexed engraving was taken. + +There is no danger in approaching Lord Howe island, the Supply anchored +there in thirteen fathoms, sand and coral; but there lies about four +miles from the south-west part of the pyramid, a dangerous rock, which +shows itself a little above the surface of the water, and appears not to +be larger than a boat. Lieutenant Ball had no opportunity of examining +whether there is a safe passage between them or not. The island is in the +form of a crescent, the convex side towards the north-east. Two points at +first supposed to be separate islands, proved to be high mountains on its +south-west end, the southernmost of which was named Mount Gower, and the +other Mount Lidgbird; between these mountains there is a very deep +valley, which obtained the name of Erskine Valley; the south-east point +was called Point King, and the north-west point, Point Phillip. The land +between these two points forms the concave side of the island facing the +south-west, and is lined with a sandy beach, which is guarded against the +sea by a reef of coral rock, at the distance of half a mile from the +beach, through which there are several small openings for boats; but it +is to be regretted that the depth of water within the reef no where +exceeds four feet. They found no fresh water on the island, but it +abounds with cabbage-palms, mangrove and manchineal trees, even up to to +the summits of the mountains. No vegetables were to be seen. On the shore +there are plenty of ganets, and a land-fowl, of a dusky brown colour, +with a bill about four inches long, and feet like those of a chicken; +these proved remarkably fat, and were very good food; but we have no +further account of them. There are also many very large pigeons, and the +white birds resembling the Guinea fowl, which were found at Norfolk +Island, were seen here also in great numbers. The bill of this bird is +red, and very strong, thick, and sharp-pointed. Innumerable quantities of +exceeding fine turtle frequent this place in the summer season, but at +the approach of winter they all go to the northward. There was not the +least difficulty in taking them. The sailors likewise caught plenty of +fish with a hook and line. + + +Chapter XVIII. + +July 1788 to August 1788 + +Concise account of Lieutenant Shortland--His various services--Appointed +agent to the transports sent to New South Wales--Ordered by Governor +Phillip to England, by Batavia--Journal of his voyage--New discoveries. + +We have been induced to subjoin in this place a concise account of +Lieutenant Shortland, as well because his experience as an officer has +been great, as from the consideration that his journal has been deemed, +by those who best know its value, of very serious importance. + +Lieutenant John Shortland very early in life had a strong predilection +for the Navy, and in 1755, at the age of sixteen, he entered into his +Majesty's service, on board the Anson, a sixty gun ship, which went out +in the fleet under the command of Admiral Boscawen. On the Banks of +Newfoundland this fleet fell in with, and took the Alcide and Ly's, two +French ships, of seventy-four guns. On his return from this expedition, +he went on board the Culloden, a seventy-four gun ship, and was in the +fleet under Admiral Byng, off Minorca. Shortly afterwards, he went into +the Hampton Court, commanded by Capt. Harvey, in which ship he was +present at the taking of the Foudroyant and Arpè. On his arrival in +England, he went on board the Vanguard, Commodore Swanton, to the West +Indies, in the fleet under Admiral Rodney, and was present at the +reduction of Martinique, the Grenades, and the other islands which were +then captured. In 1763, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant by +Admiral Swanton; since which period he has always been employed in active +and important services. During the late war, and for some time +afterwards, he was chiefly employed in going to and from America, except +in the year 1782, when he was appointed to command the transports with +the 97th regiment on board, destined for the relief of Gibraltar, under +convoy of his Majesty's ships Cerberus and Apollo: he was not only +successful in getting all the transports in safe, but he also landed the +men without any loss. + +On Lieutenant Shortland's return home from this service, in endeavouring +to get through the Gut of Gibraltar in the night, he was chased by a +squadron of Spanish frigates, who took three of the transports in +company, but he was so fortunate as to escape in the Betsey transport, +and arrived safe in England, without either loss or damage. In the year +1786, he was appointed Agent to the transports sent by Government to New +South Wales, at which place he arrived in January, 1788. After remaining +six months at the new settlement at Port Jackson, he was ordered to +England by way of Batavia, by his Excellency Governor Phillip, who +honoured him with the official dispatches for Government, and he arrived +in England on the 29th of May, 1789. + +This summary recapitulation of Mr. Shortland's services sufficiently +points out his merit and ability as an experienced seaman, without any +further elogium; which, it were were wanted, might be abundantly supplied +from the subsequent account of his passage from Port Jackson to Batavia. + +* * * * * + +The Alexander, the Friendship, the Prince of Wales, and the Borrowdale, +were got ready in the beginning of July, 1788, to sail for England, under +the care and conduct of Lieutenant Shortland; at which time Governor +Phillip took the opinions of the masters of those transports concerning +their route. The season was thought to be too far advanced for them to +attempt the southern course, by Van Diemen's Land; and the passage by +Cape Horn was objected to by the Governor. It was therefore agreed +unanimously that they should go to the northward, either through +Endeavour Straits, or round New Guinea. Unfortunately the ships were ill +prepared to encounter the difficulties, which were to be expected in +every mode of return; their complement of men was small, only six to an +hundred tons, officers included; they were without a surgeon, and +unprovided with those articles which have been found essential to the +preservation of health in long voyages, such as bore-cole, sour-crout, +portable soup, and the other antiseptics recommended by the Royal +Society. It cannot therefore be wondered, though it must be deeply +regretted, that the sailors should have suffered so dreadfully from the +scurvy, in the length of time necessary for exploring a passage through +an unknown sea perplexed with islands, where they were destitute of +assistance from charts, or observations of former navigators; and were +not fortunate enough to obtain a supply of salutary refreshments. + +14 July 1788 + +Lieutenant Shortland, in the Alexander transport, sailed out of the +harbour of Port Jackson, on Monday, July 14, 1788, directing his course +to the east-north-east, with intention to touch at Lord Howe Island, and +there to appoint each ship a place of rendezvous in case of separation. +This necessary step, which ought to have been previously taken, had been +prevented by the hurry of preparation; the Alexander not having been able +to join the other transports till the evening before their departure. +Even then, the boats, booms, and spare anchors, were stowed loose between +decks, in a manner which must have produced the most dangerous +consequences, had the ship been exposed in that condition to the heavy +sea which it was likely she would meet with off the shore. To the very +last moment, therefore, the men and officers were most busily employed in +providing against this danger; and as soon as the weather appeared +tolerably favourable for working out of the harbour, Lieutenant Shortland +made the signal to the masters of the other transports to get under way, +without waiting for his ship. When the transports had cleared the harbour +they were obliged to carry a press of sail in order to get off the coast, +the vessels being very light, and a powerful swell then setting in upon +the shore. The wind was at the same time strong from the south-east, and +continued so for two days, with the same heavy swell, which made it very +difficult to keep the ships off shore. + +16 July 1788 + +At eight, A. M. on the 16th of July, the rocks off the entrance of +Port Stephens bore north-west by west distant three leagues. Lieutenant +Shortland very much regretted that this place had not been surveyed; +had it been known to afford safe anchorage, it would have been much +more prudent to put in there and wait for a change of wind, than to +attempt keeping the sea in circumstances so very unfavourable, with +ships so little calculated to run along a great extent of lee shore. +This day the Prince of Wales being two or three miles to the leeward, +the signal was made for her to tack into the fleet. At nine in +the evening the wind coming to the east-south-east, Lieutenant +Shortland fired a gun, and made the signal to veer ship and sail on the +other tack. At this time the Prince of Wales was about five miles on the +lee bow of the Alexander, and the Borrowdale and Friendship close in +company; but by twelve at midnight the Friendship only was in sight. At +two, the wind shifting again to the south-south-east, the signal was once +more made to veer ship, and change the tack, as lying off east would +clear the coast; a strong current setting to the southward. + +19 July 1788 + +Lieutenant Shortland, having now lost sight of the Prince of Wales and +Borrowdale, was fully determined to go to Lord Howe Island to wait a day +or two for them, expecting that they might probably touch there with +similar intentions. On the 19th, therefore, he steered a direct course +for that island, with a strong gale at south-west, but as this wind, +which was exactly favourable to the intended course of the voyage, and +made the anchoring place off Lord Howe Island a lee shore, continued +unvaried, and blew very hard on the 20th, it appeared best to relinquish +the design of calling there. At two in the afternoon, therefore, +Lieutenant Shortland again altered his course and sailed north-east by +north. The Prince of Wales and Borrowdale transports, were seen no more +throughout the voyage, and it has since been known that they took another +course; but the Friendship continued close in company with the Alexander. +About noon this day, the men at the mast head discovered a very extensive +shoal on the larboard beam, bearing from north by west to north by south, +distant between two and three leagues. It trended north by east and south +by west, and was judged to be in length about three leagues and a half. +The breadth could not be ascertained, for, while the ship ran along it, +the sand bank was seen to extend as far as the eye could discern. It lies +in latitude 29°. 20'. south, and in longitude 158°. 48'. east, and was +named by Lieutenant Shortland, Middleton Shoals. + +21 July 1788 + +At ten in the morning, on Monday July 21, the master of the Friendship +went on board the Alexander, and Carteret's harbour in New Ireland, was +appointed by Lieutenant Shortland as the place of rendezvous. The same +day, at half past five in the afternoon, land was discovered, bearing +from south-west by west, to west half south, at the distance of about +eight leagues. It trended to the north-north-west, and was about six or +seven leagues in length, the land very high, with a remarkable peak, +which bore south-south-west. This island was now named Sir Charles +Middleton's Island: It lies in latitude 28°. 10. south, and in longitude +159°. 50. east. Lieutenant Shortland thinks it probable that the reef +seen on the preceding day may be connected with this island, as it +trended in a right direction for it; but it must, in that case, be of +very great extent. The island was still in sight on the morning of the +22d. + +24 July 1788 + +On Thursday July 24th, they had an accurate observation of the sun and +moon to determine the longitude, and found the effect of a current to +have been so great as to set the ship two degrees of longitude to the +eastward of the dead reckoning. The longitude of Sir Charles Middleton's +Island must therefore be corrected by that observation, and placed +considerably further to the east. The latitude may be depended upon, as +the bearing was observed when the sun was on the meridian. + +27 July 1788 + +Many land birds being seen on the 27th and 28th, when the ship was by +reckoning and observation near the north-west end of New Caledonia, +Lieutenant Shortland very reasonably concluded that he must have passed +very close to that land, though it did not happen to be discerned: +probably it is low at that extremity. + +31 July 1788 + +At noon, on Thursday the 31st, land was discovered, bearing from north +half west to east-north-east, and distant about five or six leagues. As +the ship was now in latitude 10°. 52'. south, Lieutenant Shortland at +first conjectured it might be Egmont Island, which was seen by Capt. +Carteret, notwithstanding a considerable difference in longitude, which +might be accounted for from the effect of currents, as they had been for +some time very strong. The longitude laid down by Captain Carteret was +164°. 49'. east; that of the Alexander at this time about 161°. 11'. It +proved however that the difference was real, and that this was another +island. Lieutenant Shortland now kept a north-west course, in which +direction the land trended. He ran along the coast about six or seven +leagues, and found it formed into an island by two points, the south-east +of which he called Cape Sydney, the north-west, Cape Phillip. Having +passed this point, he continued steering in a north-west direction till +about seven o'clock the same afternoon, when the men who were reefing the +top-sails for the night, discovered land bearing exactly in the ship's +course. On receiving this intelligence he immediately brought to, with +the ship's head off from the land, and gave a signal for the Friendship +to do the same. They lay to all night, and the next morning were +surprised with the sight of a most mountainous coast, bearing from +north-east by east to west-north-west, about five or six leagues distant. +This proved sufficiently that the land seen the preceding day could not +be Egmont Island, and Lieutenant Shortland was inclined to think that +this was united to it. At six in the morning he bore away west by north, +and west by north half north, as the land trended, running along the +shore at five or six leagues distance. The most eastern point of this +land he called Cape Henslow, the most western which was then in sight, +Cape Hunter. Between these two points the land is very singularly +mountainous, the summits of the mountains rising among the clouds to a +prodigious height. It may be known by one summit more elevated than the +rest, which, from being discovered on the first of August, was named +Mount Lammas, and is thought in height to equal, if not to exceed the +Peak of Teneriffe. This day the latitude was by observation 9°. 58'. +south, and the longitude 160°. 21'. east. More land still continued to +open to the west-north-west, and the same course was therefore kept at an +equal distance from the shore till three in the afternoon, when the water +appearing suddenly of a different colour, they brought to, and sounded, +but found no ground at 120 fathoms. At four, a part of the land which had +the appearance of a harbour, bore north-north-east distant seven leagues. +The land still continued mountainous, and at six o'clock bore from +north-east to north-west by west. The furthest land then in sight +appeared to be at the distance of about thirteen or fourteen leagues, and +was named Cape Marsh. At half past six the ships were brought to, and lay +to for the night, the weather being very squally, with violent thunder, +lightning, and rain. + +2 August 1788 + +Soon after five in the morning of August the 2d, the ships made sail +again, and bore away west by north, but the weather being hazy, no land +was then in sight; many flying fish were seen at this time. At eleven, +there being a prospect of clearer weather, Lieutenant Shortland +endeavoured to make the land again. At noon the latitude was, by +observation, 9°. 40'. south, and the longitude 158°. 42'. east. +Lieutenant Shortland continued to steer north-west to discover whether he +had reached the utmost extent of the land, and at eight in the evening +spoke to the Friendship, and told the master that he intended to bring to +at nine. + +3 August 1788 + +At three in the morning, on Sunday August 3, land was discovered +bearing from north-north-east to north-west, on which the ships stood off +again with a light air of wind. At six, the land in sight appeared like +several islands, and an endeavour was made to pass between them to the +north, but on approaching sufficiently near, it was discovered that all +these points were joined together by a low neck of land covered with +trees. As the land rose in nine roundish points, which seamen call +hummocks, this place was named Nine Hummock Bay. At noon on this day, the +ship then standing to the south-west, in latitude 8°. 55'. south, and +longitude 158°. 14'. east, the extreme points of land bore from east by +north to west, when Lieutenant Shortland named the western point Cape +Nepean, and the eastern Cape Pitt. The intermediate land may, he says, +easily be known by the nine hummocks, and the exact resemblance they bear +to islands when seen from the distance of five or six leagues. They had +now light airs and calm weather, but at two in the afternoon a breeze +sprung up from the eastward, and at four Cape Nepean bore north-west, +half west, distant five or six leagues. At six the Alexander shortened +sail, and stood off and on for the night under double reefed top-sails, +Lieutenant Shortland imagining that he had reached the utmost extent of +this land. At five, on Monday morning, the 4th of August, he made sail +again, and at six a bluff point of the island bore north-north-west, +distant five or six leagues: this he called Point Pleasant. At noon the +latitude was by observation 8°. 54'. south, the longitude 154°. 44'. +east. Point Pleasant then bore east by north; at four, the most western +point of land in sight, which was then supposed to be the extreme point +of the island, but proved not to be so, bore north-west by north, distant +four or five leagues. From this mistake it was named Cape Deception. + +Under the persuasion that he had reached the extremity of the land, but +desirous to ascertain that point, Lieutenant Shortland kept the ships +standing under an easy sail all night. Some islands lying close to Cape +Deception, and seeming to form a good harbour, were called Hammond's +Isles. At day light on the 5th of August, land was again discovered, +bearing from east north-east to west by north half north, and forming a +very deep bay. This land appeared in six hummocks, like islands, but was +joined by a low neck of sand. Not knowing how far it might trend to the +north-west, Lieutenant Shortland stood out to the south. At eleven +o'clock, the longitude was observed to be 157° 30' east; and at noon the +latitude was also determined by observation to be 8° 44' south. At the +same time, Cape Deception bore north-east four or five leagues distant; +and two remarkable hills, from their similiarity called the Two Brothers, +forming the most western point then in view, bore north-west half north, +distant ten leagues. At three in the afternoon, they bore away for the +two Brothers, which at six bore north-west by north, distant seven +leagues. At eight, the ships lay to for the night. + +6 August 1788 + +At five o'clock in the morning of Wednesday, August 6th, they made sail +again to the north-west; and at eight discerned a rock which had exactly +the appearance of a ship under sail, with her top-gallant sails flying. +So strongly were all the Alexander's people prepossessed with this +imagination, that the private signal was made, under the supposition that +it might be either the Boussole or Astrolabe, or one of the two +transports which had parted from them on the coast of New South Wales. +Nor was the mistake detected till they approached it within three or four +miles. This rock bore from the Two Brothers south south-west, distant one +league. + +Between ten and eleven, some canoes were seen with Indians in them, who +came close up to the ship without any visible apprehension. Ropes were +thrown to them over the stern, of which they took hold, and suffered the +ship to tow them along; in this situation they willingly exchanged a kind +of rings which they wore on their arms, small rings of bone, and beads of +their own manufacture, for nails, beads, and other trifles, giving +however a manifest preference to whatever was made of iron. Gimlets were +most acceptable, but they were also pleased with nails, and pieces of +iron hoops. They dealt very fairly, not betraying the least desire to +steal or to defraud. But though they so readily suffered themselves to be +towed after the ship, they could not by any means be prevailed upon to go +along side, and whenever an attempt was made to haul up a canoe by one of +the ropes, the men in it immediately disengaged themselves from that +rope, and took hold of another. At the same time they appeared extremely +desirous that our people should anchor on the coast, and go ashore with +them; and, by way of enticement, held up the rind of an orange or lemon, +the feathers of tame fowls, and other things, signifying that they might +be procured on shore. They presented also to Lieutenant Shortland, a +fruit, which he conceived to be the bread-fruit; it was about the size of +a small cocoa-nut, brown on the outside and white within, and contained a +kind of soft pithy substance which stuck between the teeth, and was +rather troublesome to chew, besides three or four kernels not unlike +chesnuts, but very white. The leaves of the plantain served the Indians +to make boxes or small cases, of which every man had one to contain his +small rings and beads. At noon a point of land which runs from the Two +Brothers, and was now named Cape Satisfaction, bore north north-east; and +the rock which had been mistaken for a ship was called the Eddystone, and +bore north by west, distant four leagues. The Eddystone bears from Cape +Satisfaction south south-west, distant two leagues. As the land from Cape +Satisfaction began to trend northward, Lieutenant Shortland again +entertained hopes of finding a passage. + +It was understood from the natives that they called the island from which +they came, Simboo; for whenever an attempt was made to put that question +to them, they pointed to the land near Cape Satisfaction, and uttered +that word. Of these men, Lieutenant Shortland remarks, that they were +remarkably stout and well built, from which appearance he very +judiciously drew a favourable conclusion with respect to the goodness and +plenty of their food. Their superiority over the New Hollanders in size +and strength, he says, was very striking. Their canoes, which contained +from six to fourteen men, seemed to be well put together, the bows and +stems very lofty, carved with various figures, and stained with a kind of +red paint; in a word, they were to all appearance formed exactly upon the +same model and construction as those of Otaheite. The ornaments worn by +the inhabitants of Simboo were large rings of a white bone, one or more +of which every man had upon his wrist, and a shell with a feather, which +was tied upon the head. Lieutenant Shortland was desirous to purchase one +of their lances, but could not obtain it. About two in the afternoon his +visitors, finding perhaps that they had followed the ship as far as they +could venture to trust themselves, left him, and made immediately for the +shore. From what was seen in the possession of these people, there can be +no doubt that their land produces cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit, bananas, and +most other vegetables of the Society and Friendly Isles. Nor was it +without the greatest regret that Lieutenant Shortland declined the +invitations of the natives, and proceeded without touching for +refreshments, which doubtless might have been obtained in plenty; but the +length and uncertainty of his passage seemed to forbid the least delay; +nor was it at this time foreseen how much superior to every other +consideration the acquirement of a wholesome change of diet would be +found. The bay from which these men had come he named Indian Bay. At +three P. M. the longitude was, by lunar observation, 156° 55' east; and +at six the furthest land in sight bore north, Cape Satisfaction east by +south half east, and the body of the land north-east, distant five or six +leagues. The furthest point of land north was named Cape Middleton. + +7 August 1788 + +After lying to in the night, the ships made sail again at four in the +morning of August 7th, and bore away to the north by west. At five, they +saw the land which they had left the preceding night, and six or more +small islands bearing from north-east to west. These were called the +Treasury Isles; they are moderately high and seemed to be well clothed +with trees and herbage. At noon, the latitude was by observation 7° 24' +south, the longitude 156° 30' east; and the north-west extremity of the +land then in sight, which was named Cape Allen, bore east by south, +distant six leagues: Cape Middleton, south-east, distant eight leagues. +Off Cape Allen lies a small island, to which the name of Wallis Island +was given. At six in the afternoon the extremes of the islands in sight +bore from north-east by east to west by north; and the entrance between +two islands, which formed a passage or strait, bore north by east, +distant five or six leagues. + +The Alexander and the Friendship had now run from the latitude of 10° 44' +south, and longitude 161° 30' east, to the latitude of 7° 10' south, and +longitude 156° 50' east, the whole way nearly in sight of land. As, +therefore, proceeding westward, to the south of the next land, might have +entangled them with New Guinea, Lieutenant Shortland determined to try +the passage which was now before him; and being very well convinced, +before it was dark, that the way was clear, kept under a commanding sail +all night. At ten o'clock in the evening, the Alexander was nearly +a-breast of the two points that form the passage, and the soundings were +very irregular, from ten to thirty fathoms, on a soft, sandy bottom: the +anchors were therefore cleared, that they might immediately be dropped if +it should prove necessary. + +8 August 1788 + +At two in the morning of August the 8th, a strong ripple of a current +was very plainly to be perceived; and by five the ship had nearly +cleared the straits. She had then the following bearings: Cape +Alexander, south-east; some islands and rocks that lie off the most +western island of those which form the straits, west by south; and +the remotest point in sight to the north-westward, north-west by +north, distant fourteen or fifteen leagues. This point is remarkably high +and forms the centre of a large body of land, between the first and last +point of the straits on the western side, which were called Cape +Friendship, and Cape Le Cras. + +These straits Lieutenant Shortland judged to be between four and five +leagues in length, and about seven or eight miles broad, running in a +north-west direction; and, conceiving himself to be the first navigator +who had sailed through them, he ventured to give them the name of +Shortland's Straits. On comparing his account with the narrative of M. +Bougainville, which he had not then by him, there seems to be reason to +suspect that this is the same passage through which that navigator sailed +at the latter end of June, 1768; and that the island supposed to be +called Simboo, is the same which was then named Choiseul Island. To +corroborate this suspicion, M. Bougainville's description of the canoes +and persons of the natives agrees entirely, as far as it goes, with that +given by Mr. Shortland*. A small difference in longitude affords the +chief reason for doubting the identity of the passage, which, should it +be proved, will not detract at all from the merit of the latter +navigator, who proceeded entirely by his own attention and sagacity, in a +sea unknown to himself and those who were with him, which, if not wholly +unexplored, had not, however, been surveyed before with equal minuteness +of observation. + +[* Some of the vessels indeed were larger. "Il y avoit vingt-deux hommes +dans la plus grande, dans les moyennes, huit ont dix, deux ou trois dans +les plus petites. Ces pirogues paroissoient bien faites; elles ont +I'avant et I'amere fort relévés, etc. Ils portent des bracelets, et des +plaques au front et sur le col. J'ignore de quelle matiere, elle m'a paru +etre blanche." Boug. Chap. v. p. 264.] + +Lieutenant Shortland now congratulated himself on having cleared this +large tract of land, which he had the greatest reason to suppose united +the whole way from the place at which he first fell in with it; as in +sailing at a very moderate distance from the coast, he had made every +effort in his power to find a passage to the northward. A place called by +one of the French navigators, Port Surville, is probably a part of it, as +well as Choiseul Bay, but the points seen and described by the French +discoverers are very few; and for the knowledge of the form and bearings +of the rest of the coast, throughout the whole extent of near three +degrees of latitude, and full five of longitude, we are indebted entirely +to the researches of our own countryman, as we are for the beautiful +delineation of the whole coast, to the care and ingenuity of his son, Mr. +John George Shortland. The only places in which Lieutenant Shortland +suspected there might possibly be a passage which had escaped his +observation, was between Cape Phillip and Cape Henslow, and again between +the capes Marsh and Pitt. The ascertaining of these matters he leaves to +other navigators, at the same time recommending the route he took as the +safest and most expeditious passage within his knowledge from Port +Jackson to China; Middleton Shoal, on the coast of New South Wales, being +the only place of danger he had hitherto discovered. Should any objection +be made to passing through a strait, where a more open sea can be +obtained, he would recommend the much wider channel between Egmont Island +and Simboo, and not by any means the whole circuit to the east of the New +Hebrides. To the whole of this land, consisting of the two principal +islands on each side of the straits, and the Treasury Isles between them, +Lieutenant Shortland gave the name of New Georgia. There is, indeed, an +island of Georgia, to the east of Staten Land, so named by Captain Cook +in 1775: but between these, it seems to be a sufficient distinction to +call the one the Isle of Georgia, and the other New Georgia. The land on +the western side of Shortland's Straits, continued to be very high, and +extended as far as the eye could reach; from these circumstances, and +from the direction in which it trended, no doubt was entertained of its +joining that which was called by Captain Carteret, Lord Anson's Isle. +With respect to the charts here given of these discoveries, Lieutenant +Shortland, though he cannot, from the distance at which they were taken, +presume to vouch for the laying down of every single point, as if the +coast had undergone a regular survey, undertakes to promise, that they +are sufficiently accurate for the direction of any future navigators; as +he had, in the course of his progress along it, many opportunities of +taking lunar observations. + +9 August 1788 + +At six in the afternoon of Saturday, August 9th, the extreme point in +sight of the high land to the westward of the passage, bore south-west by +south, distant twelve or fourteen leagues: and two islands which the ship +had just made, bore north-west by north, distant five or six leagues. +They are supposed to lie in latitude 4° 50' south, and longitude 156° 11' +east. At day light on Sunday August 10th, Lieutenant Shortland set his +steering sails, and bore away to the north-west, in order to make more +distinctly the islands seen the preceding evening. + +10 August 1788 + +At six in the morning, four were in sight, and bore south-west, +distant six leagues. It was at first thought that they would prove to +be the nine islands seen by Captain Carteret; but as neither the +number nor the longitude was found to correspond, Lieutenant Shortland +afterwards concluded they were not the same; and determined, as the +weather appeared squally and unsettled, not to attempt pursuing the +tract of that officer through St. George's Channel, but to go round +New Ireland. + + +Chapter XIX. + +August 1788 to February 1789 + +Appearance of the scurvy--The boats land at one of the Pelew +Islands--Account of the Natives who were seen, and conjectures concerning +them--Distresses--The Friendship cleared and sunk--Miserable condition of +the Alexander when she reached Batavia.--Conclusion. + +10 August 1788 + +Hitherto no difficulties had been encountered but such as necessarily +attend the exploring of new coasts, wherein the anxiety is fully +compensated by the satisfaction of becoming a discoverer: but a dreadful +scourge now hung over our navigators, the severity of which cannot easily +be conceived, even by those who have been placed in similar scenes, so +much did it exceed in degree every thing of the same kind that has been +usually experienced. It was about this time, the 10th of August, that the +scurvy began to make its appearance, which, for want of the proper +remedies, increased to a malignity that was destructive of many lives, +rendered it necessary to sacrifice one of the ships, and finally reduced +the consolidated crews of both in the remaining transport to such a state +of weakness, that without immediate assistance they must have perished +even in port, or would have been driven adrift again, from total +inability to take the necessary steps for their own preservation. + +13 August 1788 + +On the thirteenth of August, five seamen of the Alexander were already on +the sick list, complaining of pains in the legs and breast, with their gums +so swelled, and their teeth so loose that they could not without +difficulty eat even flour or rice. The weather was now very variable, +often sultry, at other times squally, with occasional showers. The ships +were probably at no great distance from some land, as birds were +frequently seen in great numbers; and on the 16th the Friendship made the +signal for seeing land, but it could not be descried from the Alexander. +Sharks were also caught with the hook, and now and then some floating +wood and vegetables were observed. On this day the two transports passed +the equator. On the 24th, Lieutenant Shortland found by observation, that +a current had set the ship to the west north-west or north-west by west +of her account, at the rate of eleven miles a day since the 13th, when +the last lunar observation had been taken. + +The scurvy gained ground rapidly in the Alexander, notwithstanding the +precautions of smoking the ship, washing with vinegar, and distributing +porter, spruce-beer, and wine among the seamen. On the 2d of September +six men and a boy, on the 5th eight, and on the 8th ten, were disabled by +it from performing any duty. An increase of this kind, in the midst of +all the efforts that could be made to counteract the malignity of the +disorder, gave but too certain a prognostic of the ravages it was +afterwards to make. + +10 September 1788 + +About noon on the 10th of September, the looming of land was discerned to +the westward, which an hour after was clearly perceived, bearing west +north-west, at the distance of six leagues. As the ships were then in +latitude about 6° 49' north, and longitude 135° 25' east, it is evident +that this must have been one of the Pelew Islands, lately so much +celebrated for their hospitable reception of Captain Wilson and his crew. +As the account of that voyage was not then published, and Lieutenant +Shortland had no charts with him that noticed these islands, he concluded +that he was among the most southern of the New Carolines; but finding his +longitude, from accurate observation, to be more westerly than the +situation of those islands, he conceived their longitude to be laid down +in the charts erroneously. + +11 September 1788 + +At six in the morning, September 11th, a small island not seen before, +bore west south-west, distant five leagues; and the wind coming round +to the south south-west, Lieutenant Shortland bore away for the passage +between the two islands. At nine, having entered the passage, he +founded and found thirteen fathoms, with a fine sandy bottom, and a +strong current setting through very rapidly. Many cocoa-palms were +seen on the shore, and excited an earnest expectation of procuring +effectual refreshment for the sick: a boat from each of the ships was +therefore manned and sent out. While the boats were sounding a-head, many +Indians approached in their canoes, and by signs invited our people to +shore, giving them to understand that they might be supplied with cocoa +nuts and many other things; but when they attempted to land at a place +which had the appearance of a Morai or burying-place, they would not +suffer it, insisting that they should proceed further one way or the +other. In the mean time many persons of both sexes swam off from shore, +holding up bamboos* full of water, which they imagined the ships to want. +Mr. Sinclair, the Master of the Alexander, being in the boat, brought the +following account of this expedition. "Finding I could not make them +understand that I wanted cocoa-nuts, and not water, I was resolved to +land, and therefore put on shore as soon as I found a convenient place, +amidst a concourse of between three and four hundred people. I +immediately fixed upon an old man, (whom, from an ornament of bone upon +his arm, I concluded to be a chief) and made him a present of some nails +and beads, which were accepted with evident pleasure, and immediately +conciliated his friendship. This was a fortunate step, as he afterwards +often showed his authority by checking the most insolent of his people +when they pressed forward and endeavoured to steal whatever they could +seize. One seaman holding his cutlass rather carelessly had it snatched +from him, and the thief had so well watched his opportunity, that he was +almost out of sight before he was distinguished. Notwithstanding the +offers of the natives in the canoes, I could not procure above thirty +cocoanuts, and those green; whether it was that the people did not +comprehend my signs, or that they were not inclined to carry on the +traffic. These islanders were well limbed men, moderately tall, with long +hair: many of them chewed the betel nut, and these were all furnished +with a small hollow stick, apparently of ebony, out of which they struck +a kind of powder like lime* Their arms were a lance, and a kind of adze +hung over the shoulder; some men carrying one, and others two. These +adzes were of iron, and evidently of European manufacture. As the place +where we landed was very rocky and unpleasant for walking, when I found +myself unsuccessful in the chief object for which I was sent out, I +returned as expeditiously as I could. In return for my presents, the old +chief gave one to me which was not equally acceptable. It was a mixture +of fish, yams, and many other things, the odour of which, probably from +the staleness of the composition, was very far from being agreeable. When +we first landed, many of the natives repeated the word, Englees, as if to +enquire whether we were of that nation, but when they understood that we +were they shook their heads and said, Espagnol: possibly, therefore, the +discovery of our nation might prevent them from being as courteous on +shore as they had been in their canoes." + +[* Bamboos were the only water vessels in the Pelew Islands. See Wilson, +chap. xxv. p. 312.] + +[* This was the Chinam, or coral, burnt to lime, always used with the +betel. See Wilson's Account, p. 27. The Areca is the nut, the leaves only +of betel are used. These are produced by different plants.] + +From some of the above circumstances it is undeniably evident that these +people have had intercourse with Europeans, and probably with the +Spaniards; and from the aversion which they expressed to the English, it +seems not an unfair conjecture that this island might perhaps be +Artingall, where our countrymen had distinguished themselves five years +before by the assistance they gave to a hostile state*: but if so, their +knowledge of the Spaniards must have been posterior to the departure of +the English, who from the narrative must have been the first Europeans +seen there. Had the adventures of the Antelope's crew been then made +known to the world, Lieutenant Shortland would with joy have presented +himself before the beneficent Abba Thulle; and probably by obtaining a +stock of fresh provisions and vegetables might have preserved the lives +of many of his companions, and prevented the sufferings of the rest; but +he was not fortunate enough to know that so propitious a retreat was +within so small a distance. + +[* It might, perhaps, be thought by some readers, that if this had been +the case they would now have endeavoured to take revenge, but we find +from Captain Wilson's narrative, that all animosity was dropped as soon +as peace had been established with the inhabitants of Pelew. See that +work, Chap. xvi. p. 192.] + +23 September 1788 + +His people were doomed to find their distresses augmented instead of +diminished. Towards the latter end of September, agues and intermittent +fevers began to prevail among them; the proportion of those disabled by +the scurvy was constantly great, some deaths had happened, and the few +men who still had health enough to carry them with difficulty through the +necessary duty, were subject to the swelling of the legs, and harrassed +by violent pains in the breast. Hitherto the Friendship had been much +more happily circumstanced. On the 23d of September she was spoken to, +and had then only one man disabled by the scurvy: but this advantage was +of short duration, and the more rapid increase of the malady made a fatal +compensation for the greater delay of its commencement. + +27 September 1788-19 October 1788 + +On the 27th of September, about noon, the Alexander made the land of +Mindanao. It bore from west by north to north-west by west, distant +fourteen leagues. Part of it was remarkably high, and at this distance +appeared like a separate island, but on a nearer approach was found to be +all connected. On the 30th, about four in the afternoon, Hummock Island +bore west by south, half south, distant six or seven leagues. In all this +sea a strong current constantly set the ship considerably to the south of +her reckoning. On the third of October the wind fell suddenly, and the +Alexander being in great danger of driving with the current upon the +shore of Karkalang or Sanguir Island, was obliged to drop her anchor, +which happily brought her up in forty fathoms water. In the evening of the +17th, the Friendship actually struck upon a reef on the coast of Borneo, +when the Alexander immediately cast anchor, and sent a boat to her +assistance; but at day light the next morning it appeared that she also +lay so encompassed with sand-keys and shoals, that it was difficult to +discern how she had sailed into that situation, or what track she must +pursue to be extricated from it. The Friendship, however, fortunately got +off from the reef without sustaining any material damage: and in the +morning of the nineteenth a narrow channel was found, through which the +Alexander with difficulty sailed out of her dangerous station. Attempts +had been made to weigh anchor the preceding day, but the wind failing, +the force of the currents prevented it. The ships were at this time not +more than eight leagues from the coast of Borneo. + +The scurvy had now brought both the crews to a most pitiable situation. +The Alexander had lost eight of her complement, and was reduced to two +men in a watch, only four seamen and two boys being at all fit for duty: +and though these were willing to do their best, and further encouraged by +the promise of double wages when they should arrive at Batavia, their +utmost exertions were inadequate to the necessities of the ship, which +they were hardly able to put about; nor could they have weighed even a +small anchor had the currents obliged them to bring to again. The +Friendship had only five men not disabled, and was by no means well +provided with provisions. In this melancholy state of both ships, the +western monsoon being expected soon to set in, it was indispensably +necessary to give up one for the sake of preserving the other. Upon this +subject the masters consulted, and after some time came to an agreement. +As the Friendship was the smaller vessel, and would be cleared more +easily than the Alexander, having fewer stores on board, Mr. Walton, her +master, consented that she should be evacuated and sunk, on condition +that he should be allowed half freight of the Alexander. In four days the +Friendship had her crew and stores transferred to the Alexander, after +which she was bored and turned adrift. The ships company thus made out +from both vessels was of no great strength, not amounting to half the +proper complement of the Alexander, nor was it more than, allowing for +the further ravages of disease, was absolutely necessary to work that +ship to Batavia. + +The following list contains the whole number of persons now on board the +Alexander. + +BELONGING TO THE ALEXANDER. + +In Health. + +Lieutenant Shortland, Commander. +Duncan Sinclair, Master. +W. A. Long, first Mate. +T. G. Shortland, second ditto. +John Winter, Seamen. +Ant. Hedley, +Edward Waters, +John Lewis, +Thomas Frazer, Boys. +John White + +Sick. + +Charles Clay, Seamen. +James Stockell, +Robert Ranson, +William Dixon, Boy. + +FROM THE FRIENDSHIP. + +Well. + +Francis Walton, Master. +Robert Laurence, first Mate. +J. Walton, second Mate. +Robert Barnes, Boatswain. +William Hern, Steward. +William Bruce, Cook. +James Craven, Seamen. +William Allen + + +Sick. + +John Philpot, Corp. +Corn. Du Heg, Seamen. +R. Smith, +Robert George, +Rich. Sandell, +John Morris, +Robert Cockran, +Lieutenant Collins, a passenger. + +29 October 1788 + +On the 29th of October, at five in the morning, a land wind +springing up from the coast of Borneo, within six miles of which the +Alexander had lain at anchor, she got again under way, and at ten was +abreast of the point that forms the entrance into the harbour of +Pamanookan. At five in the afternoon Pulo Laoot bore from +south-south-west to south-west by south, distant twelve or fourteen +leagues; but the wind being now southerly, and the current strongly +against the vessel, she did not get round this island till November the +5th. + +1 November 1788 + +Wine was constantly served in due proportions to the sick and well, but +neither that, nor any other remedy that could be tried amended the +condition of the people. Sickness continued to spread among them, +insomuch that in the beginning of November only one man besides the +officers was able to go aloft. A short alarm by no means added to the +comfort of their condition: on the first of this month four large boats, +three of which rowed eighteen oars, and the fourth not less than twelve +or fourteen, bore down upon the ship, apparently with hostile intentions. +When they approached within about a mile they lay to, as if to consult +with each other, and then continued to row and sail after the Alexander. +Lieutenant Shortland hoisted English colours, which one of the boats +answered by hoisting Dutch, and another Portugueze colours. They +continued in chase till five in the afternoon, and it was imagined that +their design was to board and seize the ship in the night. During the +pursuit the little strength that could be raised was put in motion, all +were stationed at their quarters, and the carronades and great guns put +in order. When these preparations were made, Lieutenant Shortland +determined to show his own resolution, and to try that of his assailants, +by firing a shot in a direct line over them. This was done accordingly, +and fully answered the intention, for they immediately desisted from the +pursuit, and made hastily for the shore. + +Had the Alexander been at this time a very few days sail more distant +from Batavia, she must inevitably have been lost, not from any stress of +weather, or danger of coasts or shoals, but merely from inability to +conduct her into port, as every man on board must have been totally +disabled. + +17 November 1788 + +On the 17th of November only one man was fit for work, besides the +officers; a very little longer continuance would have reduced her to +the condition of floating at the mercy of winds and waves, without any +possibility of assisting, impeding, or directing her course. At six that +evening, the wind being too scanty to carry her into the roads of +Batavia, an effort was made by all indiscriminately who were able to +work, and anchor was cast between the islands of Leyden and Alkmara; soon +after a gun was fired, and a signal made for assistance. At two in the +afternoon on the 18th, as no assistance arrived, the still greater effort +of weighing anchor was tried, and the task performed with the utmost +difficulty; after which, standing in with the sea breeze, the ship came +again to anchor at five, in nine fathoms. The boat was now hoisted out, +and sent to beg assistance from the Dutch Commodore, the crew of the +Alexander being so much reduced as to be unable to furl their own sails. +A party was immediately sent to assist, and six of the Dutch seamen +remained on board all night, lest any blowing weather should come on. +Never, perhaps, did any ship arrive in port more helpless, without being +shattered by weather, from the mere effects of a dreadful and invincible +disorder. + +19 November 1788-7 December 1788 + +At five in the morning of the 19th, the welcome sight appeared of a boat +from the Dutch Commodore, which he had humanely laded with refreshments. +She brought also a boatswain's mate and twelve seamen to assist in +refitting the ship for sea. The sick were sent on the 20th to the +hospital, where several of them died, being too far gone for any +accommodation or skill to recover. From the Bridgewater and Contractor +East Indiamen, which lay in the road when the Alexander arrived; and from +the Raymond, Asia, and Duke of Montrose, which came in a few days after; +with the assistance of a few men from the Dutch Commodore, a fresh crew +was at length made up, in which only four of the original seamen +remained, the rest being either dead, or not enough recovered to return +with the Alexander, when she sailed again on the 7th of December. + +18 February 1789 + +The remaining part of the voyage was attended with few circumstances +worthy of notice, and was made in a track sufficiently known to all +navigators to permit us to dispense with a minute description of it. At +the Cape they met with Captain Hunter, in the Sirius, who, when the +Alexander arrived, on the 18th of February, 1789, had been in Table Bay +six weeks. From him Lieutenant Shortland learned that the Borrowdale and +the Prince of Wales transports, which had parted from him on the coast of +New South Wales, had returned by the southern passage, and had been heard +of from Rio de Janeiro. In Table Bay the Alexander remained at anchor +till the 16th of March, when she sailed again, and arrived off the Isle +of Wight on the 28th of May. + +Thus concluded a voyage, the first part of which was enlivened and +rendered important by discoveries; the next involved in gloom through the +virulent attacks of distemper, and the frequent inroads of death. Much +was certainly performed, and very much was suffered, but from the whole +we are authorized to conclude, that the settlement of our countrymen on +the new southern continent, must powerfully tend to the improvement of +navigation, and the extension of geographical knowledge. Nor is it +necessary, that any ill-omened apprehensions should be excited by the +misfortunes of the Alexander and the Friendship. It may not happen again +that ships shall quit Port Jackson so ill prepared with antidotes against +the malignant poison of the scurvy: nor, if they should, is it by any +means certain that their visitation will be equally severe. + +LATITUDES and LONGITUDES of CAPES, HEADLANDS, ISLANDS, and SHOALS, +according to the Track of the ALEXANDER, under the Directions of +Lieutenant JOHN SHORTLAND, Agent for Transports. + +[Table not included in this ebook] + + +Chapter XX. + +Lieutenant Watts's Narrative of the Return of the Lady Penrhyn Transport; +containing an Account of the Death of Omai, and other interesting +Particulars at Otaheite. + +5 May 1788-17 May 1788 + +The Lady Penrhyn, Capt. Sever, left Port Jackson on the 5th of May, 1788. +In the evening of the 7th, imagining they saw a fire on shore, they +sounded, but found no bottom with ninety fathoms of line. By their +observation at noon, on the 9th, they found a current had set the vessel +eighty miles to the southward since their leaving Port Jackson. The +scurvy began already to make its appearance amongst them; one man was +rendered unfit for duty, and several others complained very much. The +weather in general was squally, with thunder, lightning, and rain. In the +morning of the 14th they saw an island bearing north-east, half north, 18 +or 20 leagues distant, which made in two detached hummocks: At seven in +the afternoon, the island seen in the morning was about nine leagues +distant, on which they brought to for the night, and next morning made +sail and stood for it. At noon they spoke to the Supply, Lieutenant Ball, +who informed them that this island is named Lord Howe's Island. During +the afternoon and night they stood off and on, and at nine o'clock the +next morning a boat was hoisted out, and Lieutenant Watts with a party +went on shore in search of turtle, but they could distinguish no traces +of any, though the different bays were very closely explored: about noon, +Mr. Watts returned on board. This disappointment did not deter them from +making another effort, as some turtle would have been a very valuable +acquisition: accordingly Mr. Anstis went with a party in the pinnace to +try his success in the night. About noon the next day Mr. Anstis returned +without having seen one turtle, but to make some amends, the party had +met with great success in fishing, having caught a sufficient quantity to +serve the ship's company three or four days. + +Lord Howe's Island was discovered by Lieutenant Ball on his passage to +Norfolk Island in the month of February, and on his return he stopt and +surveyed it; at that time he caught a quantity of fine green turtles, of +which there were great numbers: this induced Governor Phillip to send the +Supply a second time to this island, but she then was unsuccessful, the +weather probably being so cold as to occasion the turtle to remove to the +northward. The island is about two leagues in extent, and lies in the +direction of north 30° west, and south 30° east; the south-east end +making in two very high mounts, which may be seen at the distance of more +than twenty leagues, and at first appear like two detached isles. About +three leagues from these, and nearly in a south-east direction, is a +remarkably high and pointed rock,* which may be seen at least twelve +leagues off; from this there are dangerous rocks extending three or four +miles, both in a south-east and south-west line; those to the south-west +not shewing themselves above water: there are also rocks extending four +or five miles off the north-west and north-east ends of the island, which +is of a moderate height. Both extremes are bluff, and there appears to be +much foul ground about them: within the north-west point lies a rock with +eleven fathoms water close to it, and there is a passage between it and +the island. The reef on the west side extends nearly to both extremes +with breaks in it, through which boats may pass with safety, but within +the reef it is in general very shoaly. The island is tolerably broad at +each end, and very narrow, with low land in the center, forming two bays, +that should the wind be from south-east to north-east, or south-west to +north-west, a ship may always be secure by running to the leeward of the +island. There are regular soundings on the west side, but the ground is +too hard for holding well, being coral rocks. The east side they did not +examine. The low narrow part has evidently been overflowed and the island +disjointed, for in the very center, as they walked across, they saw large +beds of coral rocks, and shells in great abundance; and on the east side, +which seems in general to be the weather side, the sea has thrown up a +bank of sand, from twenty-five to thirty feet in height, which serves as +a barrier against future inundations. The island has likewise every +appearance of having undergone a volcanic revolution, as they found great +quantities of burnt stone and pumice stone; and Mr. Anstis, who landed on +the reef which shelters the west bay, at dead low water, found the whole +a burnt up mass. + +[* Ball's Pyramid.] + +The inhabitants of this island were all of the feathered tribe, and the +chief of these was the ganet, of which there were prodigious numbers, and +it should seem that this is the time of their incubation, the females +being all on their nests: these are places simply hollowed in the sand, +there not being a single quadruped that could be found upon the island to +disturb them. The people brought numbers of their eggs on board. Very +large pigeons were also met with in great plenty; likewise beautiful +parrots and parroquets; a new species, apparently, of the coote, and also +of the rail, and magpie; and a most beautiful small bird, brown, with a +yellow breast and yellow on the wing; it seemed to be a species of +humming bird: there was also a black bird, like a sheerwater, with a +hooked bill, which burrows in the ground. Numbers of ants were seen, +which appeared the only insect at this place, except the common earth +worm. The soil is of a sandy nature, and fresh water extremely scarce in +those places which they had an opportunity of examining. + +This island is well covered with wood, the chief of which is the large +and dwarf mangrove, the bamboo, and the cabbage tree. The different +vegetables met with were scurvy grass, wild celery, spinach, endive, and +samphire. + +31 May 1788 + +From the mean of all their observations they found this island to be +situated in 31°. 30'. 49". south latitude, and by comparing their lunar +observations with those of Lieutenant Ball, they found its longitude to +be 159°. 10'. 00". east of Greenwich. The mean state of the thermometer, +during their short stay, was 66°. and the variation of the compass, by +many observations, was found to be 10°. east. In the afternoon the +pinnace was hoisted in, and they made sail to the eastward with a fresh +breeze at south-west. Nothing material occurred till the 31st, when about +three o'clock in the afternoon they saw two islands, one bearing +north-east, half east, seven leagues, and the other east by south, about +six leagues distant. Not having an opportunity of getting well in with +the land before night came on, they plied occasionally under an easy +sail, and at day-light next morning [1 June 1788] made sail and bore up for +it. On approaching the southernmost land, they found it to form two barren +isles, separated by a channel about a quarter of a mile over, and +apparently free from danger: the north island lies in a north half east +direction from these, and about five leagues distant. At noon, the body +of the north island bore north-east by north three miles distant: their +latitude at that time was 30°. 11'. south, and the longitude by lunar +observation 180°. 58'. 37". east. At one o'clock they bore round the west +end of the island, and hove to near the center of it, about a mile off +shore. They were in hopes, from the appearance of the island at a +distance, that they should have found it productive of something +beneficial to the people, (the scurvy gaining ground daily) but they were +greatly disappointed; both the north and south sides are surrounded by +rocks, over which the water flows, without the least opening for a boat; +however, Capt. Sever ordered the small boat to be hoisted out, and went +on shore accompanied by Mr. Anstis: they found great difficulty in +landing, and, when upon the rocks, they had to mount a very dangerous +precipice, in order to gain the level part of the island. This island +forms very high at the west end, and slopes gradually to the east end, +where it terminates in a cliff of a moderate height: both sides have a +range of these cliffs extending the whole length, which are chiefly +composed of white sand. The whole of the island bears the strongest marks +of being a volcanic production, having great quantities of pumice stone +on it, and the rocks quite burnt up. The top of the land was covered with +a coarse kind of grass, and the place affords great plenty of the wild +mangrove. The extent of this island is about two miles and an half, +nearly in the direction of east-south-east and west-north-west; the soil +a mixture of mould and sand. The inhabitants are the brown gull, the +light-grey bird, ganets, and a parroquet of the same species with those +met with at Lord Howe's Island. The gentlemen could scarcely walk a step +without being up to the knee in holes: they saw a great number of rats +and mice, and found many birds lying dead at the entrances of their +burrows: they saw no appearance of fresh water, though from the gullies +that were formed in various parts, the island must certainly be subject +to very heavy rains. This island was named Macaulay's Island, after G. M. +Macaulay, Esq; and the two islands to the southward, Curtis's Isles, +after Timothy and William Curtis, Esqrs. At five in the afternoon, the +Captain returning on board, the boat was hoisted in, and they made sail, +standing to the eastward with a moderate breeze at south-west. Macaulay's +Island is situated in 30°. 09'. south latitude, and 180°. 58'. 37''. +east longitude. + +6 June 1788-10 July 1788 + +The scurvy now began to spread very fast among the crew, and by the 6th, +they had nine men unable to get out of their hammocks, and many others +complained very much: swelled gums, the flesh exceeding black and hard, a +contraction of the sinews, with a total debility; were the general +appearances. Wine was daily served out to them, and there was sour-krout +on on board, but the people refused to eat it. From this to the 17th they +had little variety; by that time the people were in a deplorable state, +for with every person on board, the Captain included, they could only +muster ten men able to do duty, and some of them were in a very weakly +state: sour-krout, which before had been refused, now began to be sought +after, and they had all the Captain's fresh stock, himself and officers +living solely on salt provisions; and to add to their melancholy +situation the wind hung almost constantly in the eastern board, so that +they could scarcely make any progress. For several days they had very +squally unsettled weather, attended with almost constant heavy rain, and +frequent storms of thunder and lightning. On the 24th, being then in 32°. +12'. south latitude, and 207°. 28'. east longitude, the wind shifted to +the westward, but the weather still continued squally and unsettled. On +the 7th July, in 21°. 57'. south latitude, they fell in with the +south-east trade wind, and as the people were in a very weak condition, +it was determined to make Otaheite as soon as possible. At six o'clock in +the morning of the 9th, they saw Osnaburgh Island, bearing north by east, +half east, four or five leagues distant. At seven they bore up for +Otaheite, and at ten o'clock that island made its appearance, bearing +west by north; by five in the afternoon they were abreast of Oaitepeha +Bay, and ten canoes presently came alongside with bread-fruit, cocoa +nuts, etc. The Indians pressed them very much to come to an anchor there, +but as they were not able to purchase their anchor again when once let +go, Mr. Watts advised the Captain to stand on for Matavai Bay. During the +night they wore occasionally, and at day-light in the morning of the 10th +stood in for the land. At noon, Point Venus bore south-west by south +about three miles distant. In standing into Matavai Bay the ship got +rather too close on the Dolphin Bank, having only two and a half fathoms +water for several casts, over a hard bottom, but she deepened at once to +seventeen fathoms, and they stood over to the south side of the bay, in +hopes by making a board, to fetch the Resolution's old birth, which would +have made the watering place very handy; but the ship missing stays, they +were obliged to let go the anchor, and content themselves in their +situation. They anchored at nine o'clock in eight fathoms water, over a +soft bottom, Point Venus bearing north-north-east, and One Tree Hill +south by east, half east, distant from shore about half a mile. On +approaching the bay, they could perceive a prodigious number of the +natives on Point Venus, and round the beach, and several canoes put off +from the shore, the Indians waving pieces of white cloth and making signs +for them to come into the bay. When anchored they had only three men in +one watch, and two in the other besides the mates, and two of these +ailing; the rest of the crew were in a truly deplorable state. + +Their first care was naturally to procure some refreshments, and it was a +pleasing circumstance for them to see the natives flock round the ship, +calling out "Tayo Tayo," which signifies friends; and "Pabii no Tutti," +Cook's ship; and bringing in very great plenty cocoa nuts, bread-fruit, +plantains and taro, and a fruit known by the name of the Otaheite apple; +they also brought some hogs and fowls. All the Indians appeared glad to +see them, and disposed of their various commodities on very moderate +terms, and indeed their whole behaviour indicated the most friendly +intentions. In the evening, the Chief of Matavai came on board, and in +him Lieutenant Watts recollected an old friend: the Chief was greatly +pleased to see Mr. Watts, as he was the only person in the ship who had +been here before, except the steward, who had been before the mast in the +Resolution; therefore, when Mona (which was the chief's name) saw his old +acquaintance, he explained to his companions who he was, and that he had +been with Capt. Cook, and they seemed very glad to have some of their old +visitors again. Mr. Watts learnt from Mona, that O'too was still living, +that he was always called Earee Tutti, and then was absent on a visit to +the eastward, but expected to return in four or five days: At the same +time, he said, messengers had been sent to acquaint him of the ship's +arrival. He also informed Mr. Watts, that Maheine, the chief of Eimeo, to +retaliate the mischief done him by Capt. Cook, had, after the departure +of the Resolution and Discovery from the islands, landed in the night at +Oparree, and destroyed all the animals and fowls he could lay hold of, +and that O'too was obliged to fly to the mountains. He likewise intimated +that the Attahooroo men joined Maheine in this business. Indeed, it +occurred to Mr. Watts, that when here in the Resolution, Toha, the chief +of that district, threatened something of the kind in a quarrel with +O'too, and probably smothered his resentment only for a time, fearful of +Capt. Cook revenging it, should it come to his knowledge. + +11 July 1788 + +The next day, Oediddee agreeably surprised them with a visit on board: +he was greatly rejoiced to see them, and enquired after all his friends in +a very affectionate manner: He took great pleasure in recounting his route +in the Resolution, had treasured up in his memory the names of the several +places he had been at in her, nor had he forgot his English compliments. +He informed them that no ship had been at the islands since Capt. Cook: +therefore, they concealed his death, and Capt. Sever made Oediddee a +present, as coming from Capt. Cook. Oediddee confirmed the report of the +cattle, etc. being destroyed by Maheine, and likewise informed them that +Omai, and the two New Zealand boys had been dead a considerable time +through illness, and that one horse only was alive at Huaheine, but they +could not learn any further particulars from him. + +13 July 1788 + +In the evening of the 13th, a messenger came on board with a present from +O'too of a small pig, a dog, and some white cloth, and intimated that he +would be at Matavai the next day. Early in the next morning but few +canoes came off to the ship, and the natives were observed assembling on +the shore in prodigious numbers: soon afterwards, a canoe came alongside +and informed them that O'too was on the beach; on this, the Captain and +Mr. Watts went on shore immediately, and found him surrounded by an +amazing concourse of people, amongst whom were several women cutting +their foreheads very much with the shark's tooth, but what both surprised +and pleased them very much, was, to see a man carrying the portrait of +Captain Cook, drawn by Webber in 1777. Notwithstanding so much time had +elapsed since the picture was drawn, it had received no injury, and they +were informed that O'too always carried it with him wherever he went. +After the first salutations were over, Mr. Watts asked O'too to accompany +him to the ship, to which he readily agreed; but previously to his +entering the boat he ordered the portrait in, and when he got alongside +the ship he observed the same ceremony. When on board he appeared much +pleased, asked after his old friends, and was very particular in his +enquiries after Capt. Cook. He visited the ship between decks, was +astonished to see so few people on board, and the greatest part of them +in a debilitated state, and enquired if they had lost any men at sea. He +acquainted them with the revenge taken by the Eimeo people, and asked why +they had not brought out some cattle, etc. He also mentioned the death of +Omai, and the New Zealand boys, and added, that there had been a skirmish +between the men of Uliatea and those of Huaheine, in which the former +were victorious, and that a great part of Omai's property was carried to +Uliatea. O'too was considerably improved in his person, and was by much +the best made man of any that they saw; nor was he, as yet, disfigured by +the baneful effects of the ava. He preserved his original character in +supplying the ship with provisions of every kind in the most liberal +manner; and when any of the natives who had come from a considerable +distance, begged his intercession with them on board to take their hogs, +etc. off their hands, which, on account of the few people they had, they +were often obliged, much against their inclination, to refuse, he was +very moderate: indeed, he generally left the matter to themselves, and +whenever he undertook to dispose of another person's property was always +well paid for his trouble. During their stay at Otaheite he daily paid +them a visit, and importuned the Captain very much to move the ship into +the Resolution's old birth: where she then lay, she was nearly in the +situation of the Dolphin on her first anchoring; and though at some +distance from the watering place, yet, considering the small number of +people on board, and their weak situation, the Captain judged it prudent +to remain where he was, as in case of necessity he could put to sea +instantly. + +O'too was always accompanied by a woman, whose advice he asked upon every +occasion; she was by no means handsome, neither did she possess that +delicacy, or those engaging manners that so much distinguish her +countrywomen in general: she was of the Earree class, and seemed to have +great authority; but whether or no she was his wife they did not learn, +though Mr. Watts was rather inclined to think they were married, and he +appeared to be greatly attached to her. The king and all the chiefs were +very urgent for Captain Sever to go to Eimeo, and revenge their quarrel, +and several of them offered to get a stock of provisions and accompany +him; however, to this request he gave a positive refusal. About three +days before they quitted Matavai Bay, O'too brought the ring of an anchor +on board, observing it might be made into small hatchets: Mr. Watts upon +examining it, recollected that it certainly belonged to an anchor which +Captain Cook bought of Opooni, at Bola Bola, in 1777: as there was no +forge on board the Lady Penrhyn, the Captain offered O'too three hatchets +for it, which he readily took. When Captain Cook bought the anchor just +mentioned it wanted the ring and one of the palms, and at that time they +knew that it had been carried from Otaheite, and belonged to Mons. +Bougainville: how O'too came by the ring, Mr. Watts could not learn, but +had he possessed it when the Resolution was here, it is reasonable to +suppose he would have brought it to Captain Cook, and the more so as at +that time the natives used to bring many large pieces of iron (which they +had obtained from the Spaniards) to be either worked up or exchanged for +trinkets. Though from the season of the year they had reason to expect a +scarcity of vegetables, yet they were agreably surprised to find them in +the greatest plenty and profusion; hogs were multiplied amazingly, and +from the proceedings of the natives, Mr. Watts was induced to think they +were desirous to thin them, as they brought none to barter but sows, and +the greatest part of them were with pig: fowls were obtained in tolerable +plenty, but they were all cocks, and old; the natives likewise brought +goats alongside for sale, and some of them brought cats and offered them +in barter. Captain Sever purchased a fine male and milch goat with two +kids. + +Cocoa nuts are a never failing article at this place, and the +bread-fruit, which was so scarce when the Endeavour was here at the same +season of the year, was now exceedingly plentiful, and in high +perfection, as was the Otaheite apple; plantains, both ripe and green, +and taro, the natives brought in great quantities, but yams and sweet +potatoes were very scarce. They purchased seven or eight dozen of +pumkins, and a quantity of chilipods, which were some of the produce of +the Resolution's garden, and one of the Indians brought some cabbage +leaves on board, but the cabbages, as well as sundry other vegetables, +were gone to ruin for want of proper care and attention. The natives +could not be enticed to eat any of the pumkins, and the chilipods they +said poisoned them. + +It already has been observed, that no ship of any nation had visited this +island since Captain Cook, and from appearances, the iron which the +natives obtained at that time was pretty well exhausted, as the only iron +now seen was the blade of a table-knife; neither did they bring any tools +on board to be sharpened, which certainly would have been the case had +they been possessed of any, and such was their avidity to obtain +hatchets, knives, etc. that every produce the island afforded was +purchased at very reasonable rates, nor were the first prices given, +attempted to be altered during their stay. Besides hatchets, knives, and +nails, the natives were very desirous to have gimlets, files, and +scissars; they also asked for looking-glasses, and white transparent +beads, but of these latter articles they had none on board: red feathers, +which had formerly been held in great esteem, were now of no value; they +would accept them as presents indeed, but would not barter any one +article for them. + +As their situation was not a very eligible one, Mr. Watts did not think +it prudent to go any great distance from the ship, or even to be much on +shore, so that he was prevented from gaining much information, or seeing +into many matters that might have enabled him to judge whether the whole +of their report respecting Omai, and the loss of his property, etc. was +true or not; however, he was inclined to think that the cattle and all +the animals were killed, except goats, as Oediddee, when he confirmed the +revenge of the Eimeo people, never mentioned that any one animal was +saved: goats, indeed, had been left on former voyages, and from increase +had become the property of many, but Maheine's resentment, it seems, was +levelled at O'too only. + +23 July 1788 + +Great numbers of the natives had been carried off by the +venereal disease, which they had caught from their connections with the +crews of the Resolution and Discovery; nor were the women so free from +this complaint as formerly, especially the lowest class, the better sort +seemingly not wishing to hazard the catching so terrible a disorder. The +people having recovered in a most astonishing manner, and being now able +to assist in the duties of the ship, Captain Sever thought it adviseable +to run down amongst the Society Isles, as they had got a plentiful supply +of provisions on board; accordingly, they got under way before daylight +in the morning of the 23d. The natives soon took the alarm, and the +breeze slackening, they were soon crowded with visitors, none of whom +came empty handed. Their friends parted from them with great reluctance, +and the suddenness of their departure seemed to disappoint the natives +greatly; indeed, they would not have left the place so abruptly, had they +not been apprehensive that if their intention was known, the Indians +would have flocked on board in too great numbers, and have been +troublesome. They had the satisfaction of leaving this Island in perfect +amity with the natives, and it is but doing them justice to say, that +during the time the Lady Penrhyn lay here, not one occasion offered to +induce them to fire a musquet. Oediddee regretted their departure +exceedingly, and importuned the Captain very much to take him to Uliatea, +but O'too (whatever were his reasons) begged that he might by no means be +taken from Otaheite; the Captain promised he should not, and taking leave +of Oediddee, put him into his canoe, on which he shed tears in abundance, +said he was very unhappy, and when he put from the ship never once turned +to look at her: his situation was much to be pitied, and he truly merited +every friendship that could be shown him; during the time they lay here, +he was a constant visitor, and daily brought on board a supply of ready +drest provisions. O'too was one of the earliest on board in the morning, +and did not leave the ship till they had cleared the reef; he expressed +great sorrow at their departure, mentioned how much time had elapsed +since the Resolution and Discovery were at Otaheite, begged they would +not be so long absent any more, and desired very much to have some horses +brought to him, more particularly than any other animal: just before he +quitted the ship, he asked for a few guns to be fired, with which the +Captain complied. A breeze now springing up, their friends took a last +farewell, and they stood to the north-west for Huaheine; at noon, Point +Venus was about five miles distant. + +It may, perhaps, be lamented, that Lieutenant Watts (whose acquaintance +with the Chiefs, and knowledge of their language, rendered him a proper +person to make enquiries) should not have been able to give a more full +account of matters, at an island that has so much engaged the public +notice; but, when the short stay of the ship, and her situation are +considered, it will be natural to imagine, that the officers found their +time very fully employed: such particulars, however, as have been above +related may be depended on as facts. + +25 July 1788 + +At noon on the 25th, they saw the island, Huaheine, bearing west +three-quarters north, fourteen leagues distant: from this time they had +very light winds, and those westerly, which prevented their reaching the +island before noon on the 26th; when the extremes of it bore from west +half north to south by west half west, off shore three miles. They kept +standing off and on, on the east side (the wind continuing in the western +board) till the 29th, during which time the natives brought off plenty of +refreshments, but they were far more exorbitant in their demands than +their neighbours. + +29 July 1788 + +In the morning of the 29th, the wind veering to the south south-east, +they stood round the north end of the island, and brought to off Owharree +harbour; the natives appeared perfectly friendly, and constantly supplied +them with every article except bread-fruit, which they said had failed +that season: they were very importunate for them to go into the harbour, +but as Captain Sever did not intend to stay more than a day or two, he +did not think it worth the trouble. + +In the evening, an elderly chief, who went by the name of Tutti, and whom +Mr. Watts recollected to have frequently seen with Captain Cook, came on +board; he confirmed the reports they had heard at Otaheite, and told +them, that after Omai had got perfectly settled, he found himself under +the necessity of purchasing a great quantity of cloth, and other +necessaries, for himself and family, of which his neighbours took +advantage, and made him pay extravagantly for every article he purchased; +that he frequently visited Uliatea, and never went empty handed, so that +by these means he expended much of his treasure: he died at his own +house, as did the New Zealand boys, but in what order their deaths had +happened, Tutti could not give information. Upon Omai's decease, the +Uliatea men came over and attacked them for his property, alledging that +as he was a native of their island they had an undoubted right to it. +Tutti said they carried away a considerable part of his remaining +property, and particularly his musquets, the stocks of which they broke, +and took the powder and buried it in the sand: he added, that the +conflict had been very fierce, and that great numbers were slain on both +sides, nor were they friends even at this time. Three of the natives who +came on board, had the os frontis fractured in a terrible manner, but +they were then perfectly recovered of their wounds. The house that +Captain Cook had built for Omai was still in being, and was covered by a +very large one built after the country fashion; it was taken possession +of by the chief of the island. With respect to the horses, the mare had +foaled, but died soon afterwards, as did the foal, the horse was still +living though of no benefit: thus were rendered fruitless the benevolent +intentions of his Majesty, and all the pains and trouble Captain Cook had +been at in preserving the cattle, during a tedious passage to these +islands. + +2 August 1788-24 August 1788 + +Having recruited their stock of provisions, and added a large quantity of +yams and sugar cane, and the wind coming to the eastward (which had not +been the case more than four or five days since their first anchoring in +Matavai Bay) they on the 2d of August took leave of their friends, and +stood to the northward until noon, when they steered north-west. They +carried away from these hospitable islands, sixty hogs, weighing from +seventy to two hundred and twenty pounds each, besides near fifty small +pigs, ten dozen of fowls, an immense quantity of cocoa-nuts, green +plantains, sugar cane, taro, and yams, and about eight dozen of pumkins; +the people were all perfectly recovered, and from the plentiful stock of +provisions on board there was reason to hope that they would not be any +more alarmed for their safety. At day light in the Morning of the 8th, +they saw a low flat island, bearing from east to north-east seven or +eight miles distant; it appeared to be well clothed with trees, but the +weather at that time being squally allowed them a very imperfect view. +Captain Sever named it Penrhyn's Island; it is situated in 9°. 10'. south +latitude, and 202°. 15'. east longitude. In the afternoon of the 20th, +the Captain and some others imagining they saw land, and the sun setting +in a fog-bank, which prevented them ascertaining the reality, they +shortened sail, and lay by for the night; but at five o'clock the next +morning no land being in sight, they made sail and stood to the +north-west by west, with a fine breeze at north-east. In the evening of +the 23d, being near the situation of an island and reef, as laid down in +Lord Anson's chart, they brought to for the night. A number of ganets and +other birds were flying about the next day, but no land appeared in +sight: their latitude at noon was 9° 30' north, and 179° 18' east +longitude. + +15 September 1788 + +Nothing occured worthy of note till the 15th of September, when about +noon they saw the island of Saypan, bearing west half north, twelve +leagues distant. The next day at noon the south end of Tinian was about +four leagues distant: in the afternoon the small boat was hoisted out, +and Mr. Anstis went in her to sound a small bay round the south point of +Saypan; he returned at seven o'clock, having found from ten to twenty +fathoms water about a mile off shore, but the ground hard. The next +morning, Mr. Anstis went on shore in the small boat to endeavour to +procure a bullock, great numbers of which were seen grazing on the island +Tinian. At six in the afternoon, they stood round the south point of +Tinian, but finding they could not fetch into the road, they brought to +for the night. In the evening, Mr. Anstis returned with the best part of +a young bullock. The next morning at day light, they made sail and stood +in for the road, and at nine o'clock came to anchor in eighteen fathoms, +over a bottom of coral, about a mile and an half distant from shore. Soon +after they anchored, a party were sent on shore to hunt. + +25 September 1788-29 September 1788 + +From this to the 25th, they had light winds varying from south to east, +with frequent showers over the land, and the flies so very troublesome +that they found Captain Byron's account of them perfectly just. On coming +to an anchor, they observed a buoy a little to the southward, with a slip +buoy to it, they swept for the anchor, weighed it, and found it belonged +to the Charlotte (Gilbert, master) one of the ships from Port Jackson +bound to China; there were two-thirds of a cable to it. The party on +shore also found some spars, apparently erected for a tent, and three +water casks, one of which was full: it is most likely the Charlotte was +blown out of the road, and could not regain her station again. Observing +that their anchor was foul, on the 25th they hove it up to clear, and let +it go again; presently afterwards, finding the ship adrift, they sounded, +and had twenty-five fathoms, but as she was at the edge of the bank, they +hove the anchor up, and made a stretch to the southward, but did not +again fetch the bay till the evening of the 26th. The two following days +they had dark heavy weather with very hard squalls, and almost continual +rain, the wind from north-east to south-east. At day light in the morning +of the 29th, the wind veered round to the south south-west, and soon +afterwards, a very severe squall, attended with heavy rain, set the ship +adrift, and the tide making strong to the north-west with a large hollow +sea, they veered the reef very fast; however, the squall something +abating, and fortunately backing round to the south south-east, they got +their anchor up (which they otherwise would not have been able to have +effected) and bore away to the north north-west. At noon the body of +Tinian bore east half south, about four leagues distant. + +During their stay at Tinian, filling water took up the whole of their +time, the well not affording more than three tons a day, sometimes only +two tons: the water was rather brackish, but otherwise not ill tasted. +They found the fowls and hogs very shy, and the cattle had quite deserted +the south part of the island, owing, as was imagined, to the alarm the +Charlotte's people had occasioned among them. + +They obtained two bulls, eight hogs, and about a dozen fowls; they also +got bread fruit, but it was at some distance up the country, and the +generality of it not ripe: there was abundance of guavas but they were +not in season; limes and sour oranges were also very plentiful. Cocoa-nut +trees were in abundance, but those within a moderate distance from the +beach were cut down, so that the distance they had to go for any was +attended with too much fatigue to compensate for the advantages which +could be derived from them, as they experienced from two or three +attempts of the kind: the season in general seemed very backward. In +addition to the animals of this place, they found wild cats, The country +had exactly the same appearance as when Captains Byron and Wallis visited +it, but many of the pyramidical pillars had fallen down and were much +decayed. The mean state of the thermometer during their stay, was 87°. In +their passage from hence to China, no material circumstance occurred, and +on the 19th of October they anchored in Macao Roads. + + +Chapter XXI. + +May 1788 to September 1788 + +The Scarborough leaves Port Jackson--Touches at Lord Howe's Island--Joins +the Charlotte--Falls in with a large Shoal--Discover a number of +Islands--Short account of the Inhabitants--Canoes described--Ornaments-- +Discover Lord Mulgrave's Islands--Arrival at Tinian--Sick people sent on +shore--Departure from Tinian--Arrival in Mocao Roads. + +6 May 1788-22 May 1788 + +The Scarborough transport, Captain Marshall, left Port Jackson on the 6th +of May 1788, and proceeded towards China, being engaged to take in a +cargo of teas at Canton for the East India Company. For several days they +had very unsettled weather, with frequent squalls and heavy rain. In the +afternoon of the 16th, they saw Lord Howe's Island, bearing east by south +seven leagues distant; and the next day at noon, they found the Supply +brig, the Lady Penrhyn, and the Charlotte, standing off and on under the +island. By two o'clock the Scarborough was close in with the land, but +the weather not permitting them to go on shore, the night was spent in +standing off and on. Early the next morning, Captain Marshall sent his +boat with the chief mate and six men on shore at Lord Howe's Island, in +expectation of procuring some turtle, as the Supply, Lieutenant Ball, had +caught a large quantity at this island in February: however, they were +not able, after the most diligent search, to meet with any turtle; but +this excursion was not altogether a fruitless one, for they brought off a +quantity of fine birds, sufficient to serve the ship's crew three days; +many of them were very fat, somewhat resembling a Guinea hen, and proved +excellent food. Having procured such refreshments as the island afforded, +they made sail at four o'clock, with the Charlotte in company, and stood +to the eastward, with a moderate breeze at south-west. At eight o'clock +in the morning of the 22d, they saw Norfolk Island, bearing east by south +twelve leagues distant. At two o'clock, they were within one mile of the +land, and had soundings in sixteen fathoms water over a hard bottom: the +Charlotte being a considerable distance a-stern, Captain Marshall lay to +for her to come up, and when she joined the Scarborough he stood under an +easy sail to the distance of six leagues westward of the island, and +carried soundings from sixteen to twenty-five fathoms, the ground +various; in some places being soft, in other parts a corally bottom, and +sometimes coarse white sand, intermixed with broken shells. + +26 May 1788 + +After leaving Norfolk Island, they stretched to the northward and +eastward, and at one o'clock on the twenty-sixth they saw a small island +bearing north north-east eight or nine leagues distant; when about four +miles from the island, they sounded with fifty fathoms of line, but got +no bottom. Towards evening, Captain Marshall was close in with the +island, and being desirous to examine it, he plied occasionally during +the night. At day light the next morning, he was close to the land, and +found it to be a barren rock, not more than half a mile over in the +broadest part; it is very high, and was entirely covered with birds of +various kinds, but there was no possibility of landing on account of a +frightful surf that entirely surrounded it. This rock was seen first by +Captain Gilbert, of the Charlotte, in the forenoon of the 26th, and named +by him, Matthew's Island; it is situated in 22° 22' south latitude, and +170° 41' longitude, east of Greenwich. + +30 May 1788-13 June 1788 + +On the 30th, in 17° 13' south latitude, and 172° 43' east longitude, they +passed several large trees, and a number of cocoa-nuts floating in the +water, but no land was to be seen. Nothing occurred worthy of note till +the 4th of June, when the water appearing coloured, they sounded and +struck the ground in fifteen fathoms water, although no land was to be +seen: a man was then sent to the mast-head, who could plainly discern +that the shoal run to the westward, on which Captain Marshall altered his +course and stretched to the eastward, carrying soundings from fifteen to +thirty fathoms water, over a rocky bottom, and in many places they could +see the ground very distinctly. After running to the eastward, about +eight miles, they found no bottom with seventy fathoms of line, which +occasioned the Captain to tack and stand to the southward. Vast numbers +of birds of different kinds were flying to the westward of the shoal, so +that there probably is an island near that situation. The east part of +this shoal is situated in 173° 12' east longitude, and the south part of +it in 15° 50' south latitude, but how far it extends to the westward and +northward is very uncertain, though doubtless to a considerable distance, +as the water had a white appearance from the mast head as far as the eye +could reach. Being now entirely free from the shoal, they stood to the +northward, with a light easterly breeze, and moderate weather. On the +9th, in 7° 59' south latitude, the wind shifted to the westward and +continued in the western board till the 13th when it again changed to the +eastward. + +18 June 1788 + +At six o'clock in the morning of the 18th they saw an island right +a-head, bearing north half west eight or nine miles distant: they sounded +when about six miles from the land, but got no bottom with sixty fathoms +of line; at this time Captain Marshall perceived several canoes with +their sails set, and two or three men in each canoe, coming towards the +ship, but they presently put back again and made for the shore. This +island is very low and level, and extends north-east, and south-west, +terminating at each end in a low, flat point, with an appearance of a +large bay in the middle; the Captain named it Hopper's Island; it is +situated in 00° 03' south latitude, and 173° 43' longitude east from +Greenwich. + +At seven o'clock they saw another island smaller than the former, lying +about six miles to the south-west of Hopper's Island, and nearly the same +in appearance; this was named Henderville's Island. Towards noon, another +island made its appearance, which Captain Marshall named Woodle's Island, +situated three miles to the north-west of Henderville's Island. Five +large canoes with sails set put off from Woodle's Island, and came +towards the ship, but when about four miles distant, they turned back and +stood for the shore. The wind blowing off the land prevented them from +getting in with the shore, so as to enable them to give a particular +description of these islands; they seemed to abound with cocoa-nut, and a +variety of other trees. At three o'clock in the afternoon, the +Scarborough being within three miles of Henderville's Island, they +sounded with sixty fathoms of line, but got no ground. Several large +fires were lighted up on the shore, and the natives assembled in vast +numbers on the beach, many of them pointing at the ship with looks of +wonder and surprise; presently afterwards, nineteen canoes, with five or +six men in each, came off from the shore and made towards the ship, on +which Captain Marshall lay to, in hopes they would come along side; +several of them came within a quarter of a mile of the ship, and then +taking down their sails, they stopt to gaze at the vessel, but nothing +would induce them to come alongside; however, as more canoes were seen +coming from the island, Captain Marshall determined to lay to till they +all returned on shore, as there was a probability of his procuring some +refreshments from them: two of the last canoes made for the ship without +the least hesitation; on this, the Captain ordered his people out of +sight that the natives might not be intimidated. When the canoes were +close to the ship, the Indians began to talk, and made signs for them to +bring the ship nearer the island. + +After talking with the natives some time, the Captain shewed them a few +small nails, a quart bottle, and a looking-glass, all of which they +seemed very desirous to obtain; however, they could not be prevailed on +to bring their canoes along-side, but three of them jumped out and swam +to the ship; a rope was given them to take hold of, but they could not be +persuaded to come on board. On receiving their little presents they +laughed very heartily, and by way of exchange gave the Captain some beads +and teeth of beasts or animals, which they wore about their necks as +ornaments: this circumstance serves to show that they have some idea of +barter. + +After making signs a second time for them to bring the ship nearer the +island, they took their leave, and presently afterwards all the canoes +returning towards the shore, Captain Marshall made sail and stood to the +northward. The situation of these islands has already been mentioned, +they lie in nearly a north-west and south-east direction: Hopper's Island +appears to be about ten leagues in length, Henderville's Island six +leagues, and Woodle's Island the same. + +It is to be lamented that Captain Marshall had not an opportunity of +surveying these islands more minutely, as there is scarcely a doubt of +their affording a variety of refreshments; for though nothing of the kind +was seen in the canoes, yet the natives were plump and fleshy, and seemed +to live at their ease: there is also an appearance of a most excellent +harbour at Hopper's Island. + +The inhabitants seem to be a fine set of people; they are of a copper +colour, stout and well made; their hair is long and black, with black +eyes and eye brows, and they seem to have very fine teeth. The only +ornaments seen amongst them were necklaces made of beads intermixed with +teeth, and many of them had their faces painted white. + +If we may judge of these people from the construction of their canoes, +they certainly possess a considerable share of contrivance and ingenuity: +many of them are large enough to contain sixteen or twenty people; they +are narrow, and built to sail very fast, yet there is not the least +danger of their oversetting, as they are steadied with an out-rigger +resembling a ladder on the weather side, to one end of which a log of +wood is fastened, cut sharp at each end in the form of a boat; this not +only serves to keep the canoe upright, but likewise holds her to +windward. At the other end of the out-rigger, a stout rope is fixed, +which leads up to the mast head and serves as a shroud; and when the wind +blows fresh, two or more men, according to the size of the canoe, go out +upon the ladder to keep her upright. + +Though these canoes always sail on the same side, yet they are so +contrived as to sail one way as well as the other, and the Indians manage +them with such dexterity that they put about much sooner than our boats. +Every canoe has a sail, which in general is very large; they appear to be +made of raw-silk, neatly sewed together, and are cut in the form of our +shoulder of mutton sail, with a yard at the fore-leach, and another at +the foot, so that when they want to put their canoe about, they only have +to shift their tack and bring it to leeward of the mast: in short, from +what little Captain Marshall saw of these people, they appeared to be +lively, ingenious and expert. + +20 June 1788 + +After quitting these new discovered Islands, Captain Marshall stood to +the northward, with a light breeze at east north-east, and at five +o'clock in the morning of the 20th, they saw an island bearing east +north-east, eight miles distant; it appeared very low, and almost level +with the water, so that when only four miles distant they could perceive +nothing but trees. When Captain Marshall got close in with the land, he +found it to be a chain of islands, extending from south-east to +north-west for the distance of more than thirty leagues. Having a +favourable breeze, they run along the islands about three miles from +shore, and several canoes with sails set, came after the ship, but none +of them would come near her. Great numbers of the natives presently +assembled on the beach, in order to gratify their curiosity in looking at +the ship; this induced Captain Marshall to lay to in expectation of the +natives coming along-side, but not one of them ventured near the ship: at +one time he had an intention of sending his boat on shore in order to +procure some refreshments, as many of his crew were laid up with the +scurvy; however, he prudently declined taking this step, as it certainly +would have been hazarding too much to have sent a few men amongst an +ignorant multitude, with whose temper and disposition they were perfectly +unacquainted. + +The centre of these islands is situated in 1° 50' north latitude, 173° +00' east longitude. They are very low, and yet it is rather remarkable, +that on sounding, when not more than a mile from the land, there was no +bottom found with eighty fathoms of line. Within the islands there +appeared to be some fine harbours, and they probably afford a variety of +refreshments. The natives seemed to be nearly black, and their canoes +were constructed much in the same manner as those already described. + +22 June 1788 + +There being no prospect of procuring any refreshments from these people, +Captain Marshall made sail, and at noon on the 22d they saw land in the +direction of north by east, eight miles distant; it appeared very low, +flat, and full of trees. By four o'clock, they were close in with the +southernmost land, and saw a great number of canoes sailing close to the +shore, some of which came towards the ship, and two of them very near, +but nothing would entice them to come along-side. The people appeared +much the same as those at Henderville's Island, and their canoes were of +a similar construction; one of them had a kind of vane at the mast head, +which appeared to be made of the same materials as their sail. In running +along shore, they found it to consist of six different islands, extending +from north by east to south by west, to the length of fourteen or fifteen +leagues; the centre of them is situated in 2° 58' north latitude, and +173° 00' east longitude. The southernmost island, Captain Marshall named +Allen's Island; the second, Gillespy's Island; the third, Touching's +Island; the fourth, Clarke's Island; the fifth, Smith's Island; and the +northernmost, Scarborough Island. They ran along these islands about +three miles distant from the land, and kept the lead constantly going, +but could get no bottom, which appeared rather extraordinary as the land +is very low. There appears to be good anchorage between these islands, +and the water very smooth, and they seem to abound with cocoa-nut and +cabbage trees. By the time they were abreast of Scarborough Island, it +grew so dark that they could not see the land; luckily, however, the +Indians lighted two very large fires which enabled them to get entirely +clear of all the islands. + +23 June 1788 + +At six o'clock in the afternoon of the 23d, more land made its +appearance, bearing north to north-west, four leagues distant, but night +coming on, they tacked and stood to the southward. + +24 June 1788 + +By two o'clock the next day, they were within two miles of the land, and +found it to be a chain of islands, extending from east to nearly west for +more than twenty-five leagues; and they perceived a reef from the +easternmost point of land, which ran at least three leagues into the sea. +The shore on the north-west side of these islands is bold and steep; the +Scarborough coasted along within a mile of the land, and frequently +sounded with an hundred fathoms of line, but could get no bottom; at the +same time they saw the water break near the shore, and a vast number of +the natives were collected on the beach. About three o'clock, a small +canoe with two men in her came off from the shore, on which Captain +Marshall hove to, in order to give them an opportunity of coming up with +the ship, but when they were about one hundred yards from the vessel, +they put back again as fast as possible, seemingly very much frightened: +these men had skins wrapped round their waists, and their hair was +ornamented with shells and beads. After they left the ship, Captain +Marshall made sail, being desirous to make the westward part of the +islands if possible before the night came on; but in this he was +disappointed, as the wind grew light and baffling. Several large canoes +now put off from the shore with eight or ten men in each; it already has +been observed that the Charlotte, Captain Gilbert, was in company with +the Scarborough; at this time she was some distance a-stern, and the +canoes all went along-side her; several of them went on board the +Charlotte, and ran fore and aft, stealing every thing that lay in their +way; one of them in particular, got hold of the pump-break, and attempted +to jump over-board with it, but was stopped by one of the sailors. They +appeared to be very civilized, and all of them had coverings round the +waist: their ornaments were necklaces made of beads, to which a cross was +suspended, in the same manner as those worn by the Spaniards. + +25 June 1788-27 June 1788 + +Captain Marshall distinguished these islands by the name of Lord +Mulgrave's Islands, in honour of the Right Honourable Lord Mulgrave. The +southernmost of them is situated in 5° 58' north latitude, and 172° 3' +east longitude, and the northernmost in 6° 29' north latitude, and 171° +10' east longitude. At noon on the 25th, they got round the westernmost +island, and thought themselves entirely clear of them all, as the day was +very fair, and no land could be seen from the mast-head; at the same time +they had a long swell: on this, Captain Marshall stood on under an easy +sail during the night, but was very much surprised at daylight the next +morning to see land on the weather quarter, and a large island on the lee +quarter, between which they must have passed in the night, and certainly +very near that on their lee, though they sounded every half hour, but +never struck the ground. Lord Mulgrave's Islands abound with +cocoa-nut-trees, and they could perceive remnants of oranges and various +other sorts of fruit, although the natives offered nothing of the sort to +barter. These islanders had not any offensive weapons whatever, so that +they probably are on very friendly terms with each other. With a light +easterly breeze, they kept their course to the northward, and at noon on +the 27th, in 7° 25' north latitude, and 171° 10' east longitude, they saw +land bearing from north by east to north north-west. Having now a fresh +breeze, Captain Marshall run in with the land, and found it to be a +cluster of small islands lying east and west of each other, but no +appearance was seen of their being inhabited. + +28 June 1788 + +At noon on the 28th, more islands were seen, bearing from north to +north-west by west, three or four leagues distant, their latitude at that +time was 8° 02' north, and 170° 57' east longitude. The weather being +very hazy, with constant rain, they wore, and stood from the land; +however, the afternoon proving tolerably clear, they again stood towards +it, and by four o'clock were close in with the westernmost island. Two +large canoes were lying on a sandy beach, but they did not perceive any +inhabitants. At five o'clock they saw several more islands, bearing north +north-east, five or six leagues distant. During the night, Captain +Marshall stood under an easy sail, and at day-light the next morning land +was seen a-head bearing north by east six leagues, and some land bearing +east seventeen leagues distant. These islands, like all they had yet +seen, were very low, and entirely covered with lofty trees; on sounding, +they got no ground with an hundred fathoms of line. Their latitude at +noon was 8° 59' north, and 170° 24' east longitude. + +30 June 1788 + +At five in the afternoon, more islands were seen, bearing north, five +leagues distant, but night coming on they wore and stood to the +southward. In the forenoon of the 30th, they ran between two islands, +about five leagues distant from each other, and surrounded by a number of +breakers: by eleven o'clock they were entirely clear of all the land. +Their observation at noon gave 9° 34' north latitude, and the longitude +was 169° 22' east. These last islands were supposed by Captain Marshall +to be those which Lord Anson discovered, and named Barbadoes Islands. + +31 July 1788 + +Having now a clear navigation, they prosecuted their voyage without +meeting with any thing worthy of notice till the 31st of July, when at +six clock in the morning they saw the island of Saypan bearing west by +south six leagues distant. Having light baffling winds, they did not get +in with the land till the approach of evening, so that the night was +spent in standing off and on. At day-light the next morning, Captain +Marshall sent his boat on shore, with the chief mate and four seamen, to +procure some refreshments, and look for anchorage. At two o'clock in the +afternoon, the boats returned loaded with cocoa-nuts and cabbage, both, +as the men reported, from the same tree, but they could find no place for +a vessel to anchor in, the water being very deep close to the land, with +a rocky bottom, and so heavy a surf that the boat did not land without +great difficulty. Not meeting with a harbour at Sapan, the Captain +determined to make the best of his way to Tinian, where he might come to +anchor and get his sick people on shore, having no less than fifteen men +laid up with the scurvy, and the rest of his crew were so weak that they +could scarcely work the ship: the wind, however, was so variable, that +they did not reach the south-west side of that island till afternoon on +the 4th, when they anchored in twenty-five fathoms water, and soon +afterwards the Charlotte came to anchor a small distance from the +Scarborough. + +5 August 1788-8 August 1788 + +Early the next morning, Captain Marshall sent his sick people on shore, +with a tent, and a sufficient quantity of provisions to serve them five +days. After landing the sick, and erecting their tent, the boats crew +walked about the island, and saw a great number of cattle, hogs, and +fowls, but they only caught a calf, one hog, and a fowl or two, and +loaded the boat with cocoanuts, oranges, and limes. On the 6th, the chief +mate was sent on shore to look for fresh water; he soon found out the +well, mentioned in Lord Anson's voyage, but it was quite dry, and there +was not any fresh water to be met with within two miles of the landing +place. The boat returned at noon, loaded with fruit of different sorts. +Toward evening the wind came round to south south-west blowing very +strong, which sent a heavy sea rolling into the bay, and occasioned the +Scarborough to pitch very much. The wind still blowing strongly into the +bay, Captain Marshall sent his boat on shore on the 7th, to bring off the +sick people, which they accomplished with much danger and difficulty; in +the mean time, every thing was got ready for sea, the Captain being +determined to get away the moment the wind shifted to south or south by +east, so that they could clear the west part of the island. During the +night, they had so heavy a gale at south-west that they expected every +minute to be driven on shore; fortunately, however, at day-break, the +wind shifted to south south-east, on which they immediately cut the cable +and ran clear of the land: Captain Gilbert cut both his cables and +followed the Scarborough. Scarce had they cleared the land before the +wind again shifted to south-south-west, and blew a complete hurricane, so +that had the vessels then been at anchor, they must inevitably have been +driven on shore. Though Captain Marshall's people were on land so short a +time, they found amazing benefit from it, their strength gradually +returned, and soon afterwards they were perfectly restored to health. + +7 September 1788 + +No particular occurrence happened during their passage from Tinian to +China; they saw the Lema Islands in the afternoon of the 7th of +September, and came to anchor in Macao Roads the following afternoon. + + +Chapter XXII. + +Supplemental Account of Animals + +BIRDS. + +NO. 139. BANKIAN COCKATOO. Order II. Pies. Genus V. Parrot. + + +This is about the size of the great white cockatoo; the length twenty-two +inches. The bill is exceedingly short, and of a pale lead-colour. The +head feathers are pretty long, so as to enable the bird to erect them +into a crest at will: The colour of the head, neck, and under parts of +the body are dusky brown, inclining to olive, darkest on the belly: the +feathers of the top of the head and back part of the neck are edged with +olive; the rest of the plumage on the upper part of the body, the wings, +and tail, are of a glossy black; the last is pretty long and a little +rounded at the end; the two middle feathers are wholly black; the others +of a fine vermilion in the middle for about one-third, otherwise black; +the outer edge of the exterior feather black the whole length. Legs +black. + +This bird was met with in New South Wales, and is supposed to be a +variety, if not a different sex, from the Bankian Cockatoo described in +the General Synopsis of Birds, Supplement, p. 63. pl. 109. It varies, +however, in not having the feathers of the head or those of the +wing-coverts marked with buff-coloured spots; nor is the red part of the +tail crossed with black bars, as in that bird. + +With the above specimen was sent the head of another, which differed in +having a mixture of yellow in various parts of it. We have been informed, +that the red part of the tail in this last is barred with black, not +unlike that described by Mr. Latham in the Synopsis. From these +circumstances, it may be presumed, that this bird is subject to great +variety. + +RED SHOULDERED PARROT. Order II. Pies. Genus V. + +This bird is about the size of the Guinea Parrakeet. Total length ten +inches and a half: the general colour of the plumage is green, inclining +to yellow on the under parts: the top of the head, the outer edge of the +wing, and some parts of the middle of the same are deep blue: all round +the base of the bill crimson, with a mixture of the same on the fore part +of the neck, but between the bill and eye is a mixture of yellow: the +shoulders, and under parts of the wings are blood red: two or three of +the inner quills, and the vent pale red: the greater quills dusky, +fringed outwardly with yellow: the tail is greatly wedged in shape, the +feathers at the base chesnut, towards the end dull blue: the bill and +legs are brown. + +This species inhabits New South Wales; and we believe it to be hitherto +non-descript. + +CRESTED GOAT SUCKER. Order III. Passerine. Genus XLV. + +This bird is somewhat smaller than our European species, measuring only +nine inches and a half in length. The general colour of the plumage on +the upper parts is dark-brown, mottled and crossed with obscure whitish +bars: the quills are plain brown, but five or six of the outer ones +marked with dusky white spots on the outer webs: the tail is rounded in +shape, and marked with twelve narrow bars of a dusky white, mottled with +black, as are the various whitish marks on the upper parts: the under +parts of the body are more or less white; but the fore part of the neck +and breast are crossed with numerous dusky bars: the bill is black, but +the gape and within yellow; the sides of the mouth furnished with +bristles, as in other goat-suckers; besides which, at the base of the +bill are ten or twelve erect stiff bristles, thinly barbed on their +sides, and standing perfectly upright as a crest, giving the bird a +singular appearance: the legs are weak, longer than in most of the tribe, +and of a pale yellow colour; claws brown. + +NEW HOLLAND CASSOWARY. Order VI. Struthious. Genus LIX. Cassowary. + +This is a species differing in many particulars from that generally +known, and is a much larger bird, standing higher on its legs, and having +the neck longer than in the common one. Total length seven feet two +inches. The bill is not greatly different from that of the common +Cassowary; but the horny appendage, or helmet on the top of the head, in +this species is totally wanting: the whole of the head and neck is also +covered with feathers, except the throat and fore part of the neck about +half way, which are not so well feathered as the rest; whereas in the +common Cassowary, the head and neck are bare and carunculated as in the +turkey. + +The plumage in general consists of a mixture of brown and grey, and the +feathers are somewhat curled or bent at the ends in the natural state: +the wings are so very short as to be totally useless for flight, and +indeed, are scarcely to be distinguished from the rest of the plumage, +were it not for their standing out a little. The long spines which are +seen in the wings of the common sort, are in this not observable,--nor is +there any appearance of a tail. The legs are stout, formed much as in the +Galeated Cassowary, with the addition of their being jagged or sawed the +whole of their length at the back part. + +This bird is not uncommon in New Holland, as several of them have been +seen about Botany Bay, and other parts. The one from which the plate was +taken, was shot within two miles of the settlement at Sydney Cove, and +the drawing made on the spot by Lieutenant Watts. The skin being sent +over to England in spirits, has been put into attitude, and is now the +property of Sir Joseph Banks, to whom it was presented by Lord Sydney. +Although this bird cannot fly, it runs so swiftly, that a greyhound can +scarcely overtake it. The flesh is said to be in taste not unlike beef. + +WHITE GALLINULE. Order VII. Cloven-footed. Genus LXXV. + +This beautiful bird greatly resembles the purple Gallinule in shape and +make, but is much superior in size, being as large as a dunghil fowl. The +length from the end of the bill to that of the claws is two feet three +inches: the bill is very stout, and the colour of it, the whole of the +top of the head, and the irides red; the sides of the head round the eyes +are reddish, very thinly sprinkled with white feathers; the whole of the +plumage without exception is white. The legs the colour of the bill. + +This species is pretty common on Lord Howe's Island, Norfolk Island, and +other places, and is a very tame species. The other sex, supposed to be +the male, is said to have some blue on the wings. + +Genus XII. Canis.--Lin. Syst. Nat. + +Genus XVII. Dog.--Penn. Hist. Quad. + +DOG OF NEW SOUTH WALES. + +The height of this species, standing erect, is rather less than two feet: +the length two feet and a half. The head is formed much like that of a +fox, the ears short and erect, with whiskers from one to two inches in +length on the muzzle. The general colour of the upper parts is pale +brown, growing lighter towards the belly: the hind part of the fore legs, +and the fore part of the hinder ones white, as are the feet of both: the +tail is of a moderate length, somewhat bushy, but in a less degree than +that of the fox: the teeth are much the same as is usual in the genus, as +may be seen in the top of the plate where the animal is represented. + +This species inhabits New South Wales. The specimen from which the +annexed plate was taken, (a female) is now alive in the possession of the +Marchioness of Salisbury, at Hatfield-House, and was sent over as a +present to Mr. Nepean, from Governor Phillip. It has much of the manners +of the dog, but is of a very savage nature, and not likely to change in +this particular. It laps like other dogs, but neither barks nor growls if +vexed and teized; instead of which, it erects the hairs of the whole body +like bristles, and seems furious: it is very eager after its prey, and is +fond of rabbits or chickens, raw, but will not touch dressed meat. From +its fierceness and agility it has greatly the advantage of other animals +much superior in size; for a very fine French fox-dog being put to it, in +a moment it seized him by the loins, and would have soon put an end to +his existence, had not help been at hand. With the utmost ease it is able +to leap over the back of an ass, and was very near worrying one to death, +having fastened on it, so that the creature was not able to disengage +himself without assistance; it has been also known to run down both deer +and sheep. + +A second of these is in the possession of Mr. Lascelles, of which we have +received much the same account in respect to its ferocity; whence it is +scarcely to be expected that this elegant animal will ever become +familiar. + +Genus XV. Mustela.--Lin. Syst. Nat. + +Genus XXIII. Weesel.--Penn. Hist. Quad. + +SPOTTED MARTIN. + +The species is about the size of a large polecat, and measures from the +tip of the nose to the setting on of the tail eighteen inches; the tail +itself being nearly the same length. The visage is pointed in shape, and +the whole make of the animal does not ill resemble that of the Fossane. +The general colour of the fur is black, marked all over with irregular +blotches of white, the tail not excepted, which has an elegant +appearance, and tapers gradually to a point. + +The situation of the teeth and jaws is much the same as in the rest of +the genus, as may be seen in the upper part of the plate. + +Inhabits the neighbourhood of Port Jackson. + +Genus XVII. Didelphis.--Lin. Syst. Nat. + +Genus XXII. Opossum.--Penn. Hist. 2uad. + +KANGUROO RAT. + +The upper jaw of this species has two cutting teeth in front, with three +others on each side of them, and at a distance one false grinder, sharp +at the edge, and channelled, or fluted, on the sides, and close to these, +two true grinders: in the lower jaw are two long cutting teeth, formed +like those of the squirrel, with three grinders, corresponding with those +in the upper jaw. + +The general shape of the body is not widely different from that of the +Kanguroo, both in respect to the shortness of the fore legs and the +peculiar construction of the hind ones; but the visage being strongly +similar to that of the rat, and the colour of the whole not ill +resembling that animal, it has obtained the name of the Kanguroo Rat. + +This is an inhabitant of New Holland, and two of the species are now to +be seen alive at the curious exhibition of animals over Exeter Exchange. +One of these, being a female, has brought forth young, one of which is +represented in the same plate with the adult animal. On the upper part of +the same plate is figured the jaw of a full grown subject. + +Genus CXXII. Lacerta.--Lin. Sist. Nat. + +THE LACED LIZARD. + +This most elegant species is in length, from the nose to the +end of the tail, about forty inches: in the mouth are a few weak teeth, +though rather sharp, at about a quarter of an inch distance one from +another: the tongue is long and forked: the general shape is slender; and +the ground colour of the skin, on the upper parts, a brownish or bluish +black, whimsically marked with golden yellow; in some parts this colour +is beautifully mottled or freckled, like some kinds of lace-work; in +others, striped in various directions, particularly on the legs, which +seem as if striped across with black and white: the under parts are +yellow, crossed with single bars of black on the chin and throat, and +double clouded ones on the belly: the toes are five in number on each +foot, barred across with black and yellow, as the legs, and each +furnished with a crooked black claw: the tail measures more in length +than the whole of the body; towards the base, clouded and marked as the +rest; but the further half banded with black and yellow, each band three +inches broad, the end running to a very sharp point. + +This beautiful Lizard is not uncommon at Port Jackson, where it is +reputed a harmless species. Individuals vary much one from another, in +respect to the length of the tail, as also in the colour of the markings; +some having those parts marked with a pure silvery white, which in the +above described are yellow. + +Genus CXXXV. Balistes.--Lin. Syst. Nat. + +BAG-THROATED BALISTES. + +The size of the fish figured in the plate is uncertain, as we have only +obtained a drawing of it without any description.--It agrees in many +things with others of the genus, and does not greatly differ from one +figured in Willughby's Icthyologia, Tab. 1. 22. but has the body longer +in proportion. The erect horn or spine is placed over, and a little +behind the eyes, as in Willughby's figure, attended with two shorter ones +directly behind the first: the long spine is quite straight, sharp at the +point, and deeply sawed on the back part. Another singularity presents +itself in this species, which is, a deep pouch-like appendage beneath the +throat, in shape not unlike what is called Hippocrates's sleeve, or +rather a jelly bag. + +This fish is found pretty commonly on the coast of New South Wales, and +was called by the sailors the Old Wife, having much resemblance in many +things to the species so named. When skinned, it was thought pretty good +eating. + +A FISH OF NEW SOUTH WALES. + +Of this fish it can only be said, that the ground colour is much the same +as that of our mackarel, marked with several round, blue and white spots; +and that, in the plate, it is represented faithfully from a drawing by +Daniel Butler sent from New South Wales, where it is in great plenty, and +is thought to taste much like a dolphin. As to the genus, it is difficult +to say with certainty to which it belongs, as it is deficient in the +characteristics of those generally known; it is therefore left to the +reader to settle this matter according to his own opinion. + +Genus CXXXI. Squalus.--Lin. Syst. Nat. + +PORT JACKSON SHARK. + +The length of the specimen from which the drawing was taken, is two feet; +and it is about five inches and an half over at the broadest part, from +thence tapering to the tail: the skin is rough, and the colour, in +general, brown, palest on the under parts: over the eyes on each side is +a prominence, or long ridge, of about three inches; under the middle of +which the eyes are placed: the teeth are very numerous, there being at +least ten or eleven rows; the forward teeth are small and sharp, but as +they are placed more backward, they become more blunt and larger, and +several rows are quite flat at top, forming a kind of bony palate, +somewhat like that of the Wolf-fish; differing, however, in shape, being +more inclined to square than round, which they are in that fish: the +under jaw is furnished much in the same manner as the upper: the +breathing holes are five in number, as is usual in the genus: on the back +are two fins, and before each stands a strong spine, much as in the +Prickly Hound, or Dog, fish: it has also two pectoral, and two ventral +fins; but besides these, there is likewise an anal fin, placed at a +middle distance between the last and the tail: the tail itself, is as it +were divided, the upper part much longer than the under. + +At first sight, the above might be taken for the Prickly Hound-fish, or +Squalus Spinax of Linnoeus, of which a good figure may be seen in +Willughby's Icthyol. Tab. B. 5. f. 1, but it differs, first, in having +the prominent ridge over the eyes, of a great length; secondly, in the +formation of the teeth; thirdly, in having an anal fin, of which the +Prickly Hound is destitute; all these circumstances concur to prove it a +new species. + +This was taken at Port Jackson, but to what size it may usually arrive +cannot be determined; perhaps not to a great one, as the teeth appear +very complete. Some sharks, however, of an enormous size have been seen +and caught thereabouts, though of what sort cannot here be determined. + +Genus CXXXI. Squalus.--Lin. Syst. + +WATTS'S SHARK. + +This, we believe, is a species which has hitherto escaped the researches +of our Icthyologists. The length of the specimen is nineteen inches: the +head is broad, and angular in shape; but the body rounded, and nearly +equal in its dimensions for above half the length, when it suddenly grows +very small, and so continues to the end of the tail: the colour of the +body is brown in different shades, and there are three rows of large pale +spots, of an irregular shape, most of them dark within; one row passes +down the middle, the others are on each side; besides which there are +others below them less conspicuous. The mouth is placed nearer the end of +the head than in most of the genus, and furnished in the front with nine +sharp crooked teeth, in three rows, and a great number of small ones on +each side. The eyes project considerably above the rest of the head, and +are placed on the upper part of it; the space between is hollowed or sunk +in: at the most forward part of the head are two cartilaginous +appendages, jagged at the end, with four others, nearly similar, on each +side between the first and the breathing holes: the pectoral fins are +placed beneath these last; the abdominal about the middle of the body; +and the anal, more than half way between the last and the tail; besides +which, the under part is finned from that place to the end: on the upper +part of the body are two fins, both placed uncommonly far back, as in the +figure. + +This fish was met with in Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, by Lieutenant Watts, +and is supposed to be full as voracious as any of the genus, in +proportion to its size; for after having lain on the deck for two hours, +seemingly quiet, on Mr. Watts's dog passing by, the shark sprung upon it +with all the ferocity imaginable, and seized it by the leg; nor could the +dog have disengaged himself had not the people near at hand come to his +assistance. + +Order II. Pies. Genus XXIII. Kingsfisher. + +GREAT BROWN KINGSFISHER.--Lath. Syn. ii. p. 603, No. 1. + +The length of this species is from sixteen to eighteen inches: the bill, +three inches and an half, or even more; the upper mandible is brown, and +the under white, but brown at the base: the head is pretty full of +feathers, sufficiently so to form a crest when erected; the colour +whitish, and most of the feathers either tipped or crossed with black: +the neck and under parts of the body are much the same in colour, crossed +on the sides with dusky lines: over the forehead the colour is dusky +brown, almost black, passing backwards in an irregular shaped streak a +good way behind the eye: the back, and major part of the wing, is black +or dusky, but the middle of the wing is of a glossy blue-green, as is +also the lower part of the back and rump: the tail is barred with pale +rust-colour and black, inclining to purple, and towards the end whitish: +the legs are of a dusky yellow, the claws are black. + +These birds vary much, the colours being more or less brilliant, and in +some of them the tail is wholly barred with white and black, and the legs +brown or blackish. + +This species inhabits various places in the South Seas, being pretty +common at New Guinea; but the specimen from which our figure was taken, +was sent from Port Jackson in South Wales, where, likewise, it is not +unfrequently met with. We believe it has not yet been figured in any +British work. + +KANGUROO. + +This very curious animal being naturally an object of particular +curiosity, we are happy to be enabled, before this book is given to the +world, to correct some errors which had crept into our account and +representation of it. In page 149 it is stated, that the Kanguroo has +four teeth (by which were meant cutting teeth) in the upper jaw, opposed +to two in the under. The truth is, that there are six opposed to two, as +may be perceived in the engraved representation of the skeleton of a +Kanguroo's head, inserted at page 168. The same arrangement of teeth +takes place in the Opossum, described in that page, which is there, still +more erroneously, said to have only two cutting teeth opposed to two. +This latter mistake arose from the difficulty of examining the mouth of +the living animal. It is since dead, and the teeth are found to be +disposed as now stated, and as represented in the scull of the Vulpine +Opossum, in the same plate with that of the Kanguroo. + +But the most important error is in the position of the Kanguroo, as +represented in our plate at page 106. The true standing posture of the +Kanguroo is exactly the same as that of the Kanguroo Rat, delineated at +page 277; namely, with the rump several inches from the ground, (in large +specimens, not less than eight) and resting entirely on the long last +joint of the hinder legs, the whole under side of which is bare and +callous like a hoof. This mistake was occasioned merely by the adherence +of the engraver to the drawing from which he worked; which, among others, +came from Mr. White, the surgeon at Port Jackson: too implicit reliance +being placed on an authority which, in this respect, turned out delusive. + +With respect to the representations of the Kanguroo which have hitherto +been published, it may be observed, that nothing is wanting to that in +Captain Cook's first voyage, except the character of the toes of the +hinder legs, and in particular the distinguishing of a minute, but very +characteristic circumstance, in the inner claw of each, which is divided +down the middle into two, as if split by some sharp instrument. The same +remark is applicable to the plate in Mr. Pennant's History of Quadrupeds, +which appears to have been copied from the other. Mr. Pennant was the +first author who gave a scientific description of the Kanguroo, in his +History of Quadrupeds, p. 306. No. 184. and of the New Holland Opossum, +p. 310. No. 188. + +Zimmerman, in his Zoologia Geographica, p. 527, confounds the Kanguroo +with the great Jerboa of Africa, described by Allamand, in his additions +to Buffon; and by Mr. Pennant, History of Quadrupeds, p. 432. No. 293. + +Our own plate of the Kanguroo very accurately expresses the form and +character of that animal, and is deficient only in the position, which +unfortunately was not remarked till the plate was worked off, and the +book almost ready for delivery. + +ANECDOTE OF CAPTAIN COOK AND O'TOO. + +As nothing can be devoid of interest which relates to a man so justly +admired as Captain Cook, the reader will probably be pleased to find +here, though out of its proper place, an anecdote communicated by Mr. +Webber. It exhibits in a pleasing point of view the friendship which +subsisted between that great navigator and the Otaheitean chief O'too, a +circumstance highly to the honour of both; since it displays in them the +power of discerning real merit, though obscured by diversity of manners, +and that of being able to impress a steady attachment, where nothing more +was to be expected than transient regard. Under every species of +disparity, goodness of heart supplies both a medium of attraction, and an +indissoluble bond of union. + +Every reader must have seen with pleasure the charming proof of O'too's +tender and inviolable friendship for Captain Cook, which appears in page +233 of this work; where he is described as attended by a man carrying the +portrait of that illustrious Englishman, without which he never moves +from one place to another. That portrait, as Mr. Webber assures us, was +obtained in the following manner. + +O'too, by the Captain's particular desire, sat to Mr. Webber, in order to +furnish such a memorial of his features, as might serve for the subject +of a complete whole length picture, on the return of the ship to England. +When the portrait was finished, and O'too was informed that no more +sittings would be necessary, he anxiously enquired of Captain Cook, and +Captain Clerke, what might be the particular meaning and purpose of this +painting. He was informed, that it would be kept by Captain Cook, as a +perpetual memorial of his person, his friendship, and the many favours +received from him. He seemed pleased with the idea, and instantly +replied, that, for the very same reasons, a picture of Captain Cook would +be highly acceptable to him. This answer, so unexpected, and expressed +with strong tokens of real attachment, made both Captain Clerke and Mr. +Webber his advocates; and Captain Cook, charmed with the natural +sincerity of his manner, complied with his request much more readily than +on any other occasion he would have granted such a favour. + +When the portrait was finished it was framed, and with a box, lock, and +key, by which it was secured, was delivered to O'too; who received it +with inexpressible satisfaction. He readily, and, as the event has +proved, most faithfully promised that he would preserve it always with +the utmost care; and would show it to the commanders of such ships as +might in future touch at the Society Islands. Who can fail to love a +character like that of O'too, in which unalterable steadiness of +affection is as conspicuous, as honest and natural ardour? Long may he +enjoy his authority and his health; and preserve the honourable memorial +of his friend, without being afflicted by the knowledge of that +melancholy catastrophe which terminated the career of his glory! + +* * * * * + +With respect to the yellow gum, or resin, mentioned in page 60, we are +informed by Dr. Blane, physician to St. Thomas's Hospital, that he has +found it remarkably efficacious in the cure of old fluxes; and this not +only in a few instances, but in many obstinate cases. Of the plants in +general which have been brought from Botany Bay, and the adjacent +country, no notice has been taken in this work, as it would have led to +such a detail as must too considerably have extended its limits. Many of +them are now to be seen in the highest perfection at the nursery gardens +of that eminent and learned botanist, Mr. Lee, of Hammersmith: who still +retains enough of zeal for his favourite science, to regret that the +discovery of those countries was not made at a period of his life, when +he could have gone personally to reap the glorious harvest they afford. + +* * * * * + +The following account of the weather in Botany Bay and Port Jackson, +communicated by Lieutenant Watts, may perhaps be found important. + +During the seven days we were in Botany Bay the weather was generally +fine, and very warm. The thermometer on a mean stood at 78°. it never +exceeded 80°. and one day, which was thick and rainy, the wind blowing +strongly from the south, it fell to 63°. In Port Jackson the weather was +at first much the same, but afterwards, the days became very hot, and the +nights constantly brought on tremendous thunder, lightning, and rain. The +thermometer, at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, was generally about 80°. +but when the sea breezes set in it usually fell two or three degrees. One +very sultry day was felt soon after the arrival of the fleet. The +thermometer, on board, stood at 88°. and on shore, though in the shade, +at 92°. On the 15th of March was a terrible squall of wind, accompanied +by thunder, lightning, and rain. The thermometer then fell from 80° to +50°. and in other squalls it frequently fell 15 or 20 degrees. + +Such are the principal notices hitherto received from the new settlement +on the southern continent, which, if from unavoidable circumstances, they +are a little deficient in point of order, will, it is hoped, make ample +amends by their novelty, importance, and authenticity. + +Genus XVII. Didelphis. Lin. Syst. Nat. + +Genus XXII. Opossum. Penn. Hist. Quad. + +BLACK FLYING OPOSSUM. + +The following is, according to every appearance, a new animal of this +genus. The length from the tip of the nose, which is pointed in shape, to +the root of the tail, is twenty inches; of the tail itself twenty-two +inches, at the base quite light, increasing gradually to black at the +end: the width across the loins sixteen inches: the ears are large and +erect: the coat or fur is of a much richer texture or more delicate than +the sea-otter of Cook's River: on the upper parts of the body, at first +sight, appearing of a glossy black, but on a nicer inspection, is really +what the French call petit gris, or minever, being mixed with grey; the +under parts are white, and on each hip may be observed a tan-coloured +spot, nearly as big as a shilling; at this part the fur is thinnest, but +at the root of the tail it is so rich and close that the hide cannot be +felt through it. The fur is also continued to the claws: the membrane, +which is expanded on each side of the body, is situated much as in the +grey species, though broader in proportion. The jaws are furnished with +teeth, placed as in some others of this genus: in the upper jaw forwards +are four small cutting teeth, then two canine ones, and backwards five +grinders: the under jaw has two long large cutting teeth, like the +Vulpine Opossum, [See skeleton on the plate at page 168.] five grinders, +with no intermediate canine ones, the space being quite vacant. The fore +legs have five toes on each foot, with a claw on each; the hinder ones +four toes, with claws, (the three outside ones without any separation) +and a thumb without a claw, enabling the animal to use the foot as a +hand, as many of the opossum tribe are observed to do. See the skeleton +of the foot in the annexed plate. + +This beautiful quadruped inhabits New South Wales. The specimen from +which the above account has been taken, is a male, and the property of +Henry Constantine Nowell, Esq. of Shiplake, in Oxfordshire. The fur of it +is so beautiful, and of so rare a texture, that should it hereafter be +found in plenty, it might probably be thought a very valuable article of +commerce. + + +APPENDIX + +[Tables of the Route taken by each of the ships of the First Fleet after +leaving Port Jackson--not included in this ebook.] + + +A LIST OF CONVICTS SENT TO NEW SOUTH WALES, IN 1787. + +Name. Where Convicted. Date Of Conviction. Years. + +Abel, Robert London 23 Feb. 1785. 7 +Abrams, Henry +Abrahams, Esther London 30 August, 1786 7 +Abell, Mary, alias Tilley Worcester 5 March, 1785 7 +Acres, Thomas Exeter 14 March, 1786 7 +Adams, John London 26 May, 1784 7 +Adams, Mary Ditto 13 Decem. 1786 7 +Agley, Richard Winchester 2 March, 1784 7 +Allen, John Hertford 2 March, 1786 7 +Allen, William Ormskirk 11 April, 1785 7 +Allen, Charles London 7 July, 1784 7 +Allen, Susannah Ditto 18 April, 1787 7 +Allen, Mary Ditto 25 October, 1786 7 +Allen, Jamasin, alias Boddington Ditto 25 Oct. 1786 7 +Allen, Mary, alias Conner Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Anderson, John Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Anderson, Elizabeth London 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Anderson, John Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Anderson, Fanny Winchester 7 March, 1786 7 +Archer, John London 26 May, 1784 7 +Arscott, John Bodmin 18 August, 1783 7 +Atkinson, George London 21 April, 1784 7 +Ault, Sarah Ditto 21 Feb. 1787 7 +Ayners, John, alias Agnew Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Ayres John Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Bartlett, James Winchester 1 March, 1785 7 +Barsby, George Ditto 1 March, 1785 Life +Barnett, Henry, alias Barnard, alias Burton Warwick 21 March, 1785 7 +Bails, Robert Reading 28 Feb. 1785 Life +Barnes, Stephen York 9 July, 1785 7 +Bannister, George London 1 April, 1784 7 +Barferd, John Ditto 14 Decem. 1784 7 +Barland, George Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Balding, James, alias William Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Bason, Elizabeth, wife of William Bason New Sarum 24 July, 1784 7 +Bayley, James Ditto 11 March, 1786 7 +Bazley, John Exeter 12 Jan. 1785 7 +Baker, Thomas Ditto 10 Jan. 1786 7 +Barrett, Thomas Ditto 24 May, 1784 Life +Batley, Caten Ditto 24 May, 1784 7 +Barsby, Samuel Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Ball, John Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Barry, John Bristol 23 Novem. 1785 7 +Barret, Daniel +Barber, Elizabeth +Baldwin, Ruth, alias Bowyer London 20 August, 1786 7 +Baker, Martha Ditto 30 August, 1786 7 +Bell, William Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Benear, Samuel Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Bellett, Jacob Ditto 12 Jan. 1785 7 +Beardsley, Ann Derby 5 August, 1786 5 +Best, John +Beckford, Elizabeth London 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Bellamy, Thomas Worcester 9 July, 1785 7 +Bird, James Croydon 20 July, 1785 7 +Bird, Samuel Ditto 20 July, 1785 7 +Bishop, Joseph +Bingham, John, alias Baughan +Bingham, Elizabeth, alias Mooring London +Bird, Elizabeth, alias Winisred Maidstone 14 March, 1787 7 +Blackhall, William Abingdon 6 March, 1786 7 +Blunt, William London 10 Decem. 1783 7 +Blake, Francis Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Blatherhorn, William Exeter 24 May, 1784 Life +Bloedworth, James Kingstone 3 Oct. 1785 7 +Blanchett, Susannah Ditto 2 April, 1787 7 +Bond, Peter London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Boyle, John London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Boggis, William +Bond, William Exeter 18 July, 1785 7 +Bond, Mary, wife of John Bond Wells 19 August, 1786 7 +Boulton, Rebecca Lincoln 16 July, 1784 7 +Bonner, Jane London 18 April, 1787 7 +Bolton, Mary Shrewsbury 12 March, 1785 7 +Brown, James Hertford 2 March, 1785 7 +Brown, William Southwark 10 Jan. 1786 7 +Brindley, John Warwick 21 March, 1785 7 +Brown, Richard Reading 15 July, 1783 7 +Brough, William Stafford 9 March, 1789 7 +Bradley, James London 29 June, 1785 7 +Bradley, James Ditto 6 May, 1784 7 +Brown, Thomas Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 7 +Bradbury, William Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 7 +Bryant, Thomas Maidstone 15 March, 1784 7 +Bryant, William Launceston 20 March, 1784 7 +Brown, Thomas Exeter 24 May, 1784 7 +Bradford, John Ditto 9 Jan. 1786 7 +Brannegan, James Ditto 24 May, 1784 7 +Bruce, Robert Ditto 24 May, 1784 7 +Brown, William Ditto 24 May, 1784 7 +Bryant, John Ditto 14 March, 1786 7 +Brewer, William Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Brice, William Bristol 11 Feb. 1785 7 +Brand, Curtis +Bryant, Michael +Brand, Lucy, alias Wood London 19 July, 1786 7 +Branham, Mary Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Bruce, Elizabeth Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Burleigh, James Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Burn, Peter Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 7 +Burne, James Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Butler, William Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Buckley, Joseph Dorchester 16 March, 1786 7 +Burridge, Samuel Ditto 3 August, 1786 7 +Burn, Patrick +Burn, Simon +Busley, John +Bunn, Margaret London 26 April, 1786 7 +Burkitt, Mary Ditto 20 August, 1786 7 +Burdo, Sarah Ditto 25 Oct. 1786 7 +Carver, Joseph Maidstone 13 March, 1786 7 +Castle, James London 7 July, 1784 7 +Campbell, James, alias George Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Campbell, James Guildford 11 August, 1784 7 +Carney, John Exeter 22 July, 1782 7 +Carty, Francis Bodmin 14 August, 1786 7 +Carey, Ann Taunton 30 March, 1786 7 +Carter, Richard, alias Michael Cartwright Shrewsbury 13 March, 1784 7 +Cable, Henry +Carroll, Mary, wife of James Carroll London 25 Oct. 1786 7 +Cesar, John Maidstone 14 March, 1785 7 +Chields, William +Chaddick, Thomas London 7 July, 1784 7 +Church, William Dorchester 16 March, 1786 7 +Chaaf, William Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Chinery, Samuel Ditto 7 August, 1786 7 +Chanin, Edward Ditto 7 August, 1786 7 +Clough, Richard Durham 19 July, 1785 7 +Clements, Thomas London 7 July, 1784 7 +Clark, John, alias Hosier Ditto 6 April, 1785 7 +Clark, William Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Clarke, John Exeter 7 August, 1786 7 +Cleaver, Mary Bristol 4 April, 1786 7 +Clear, George +Clark, Elizabeth +Connelly, William Bristol 3 Feb. 1785 7 +Cormick, Edward Hertford 2 March, 1786 7 +Corden, James Warwick 21 March, 1785 7 +Colling, Joseph London 7 July, 1784 7 +Cole, William Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Cox, John Matthew Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Collier, Richard Kingstone 24 March, 1784 7 +Connolly, William Bodmin 14 August, 1786 7 +Conelly, Cornelius Exeter 7 August, 1786 7 +Colman, Ishmael Dorchester 16 March, 1786 7 +Coffin, John Exeter 9 Jan. 1786 7 +Cole, Elizabeth Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Cox, James Ditto 24 May, 1784 Life +Copp, James Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Coombes, Ann, wife of Samuel Coombes Taunton 30 March, 1786 7 +Cole, Elizabeth London 26 April, 1786 7 +Colley, Elizabeth London 23 Feb. 1785 14 +Cooke, Charlotte Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Cooper, Mary Worcester 19 July, 1785 7 +Colpitts, Ann Durham 2 Oct. 1786 7 +Cross, John New Sarum 25 March, 1785 7 +Cropper, John London 14 Decem. 1784 7 +Cross, William Coventry 21 March, 1783 7 +Creamer, John Exeter 12 Jan. 1785 7 +Creek, Jane London 14 Septem. 1785 7 +Cunningham, Edward Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Cullen, James Bryen Ditto 6 April, 1785 7 +Cullyhorn, John Exeter 22 July, 1782 7 +Cudlip, Jacob, alias Norris Bodmin 25 July, 1785 7 +Cuss, John, alias Hanaboy New Sarum 11 March, 1786 7 +Cuckow, William +Davis, Aaron Bristol 29 March, 1785 7 +Day, Richard Reading 24 July, 1786 7 +Davies, Edward Stafford 27 July, 1785 7 +Day, Samuel Glocester 23 March, 1785 14 +Davis, Samuel Ditto 13 July, 1785 7 +Davis, William +Davis, James London 8 Decem. 1784 7 +Daniells, Daniel Ditto 6 May, 1784 7 +Daley, James Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Davidson, John Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Davis, William Brecon 15 July 1785 Life +Davis Richard +Daley, Ann, wife of Gore Daley, alias Ann Warburton Nether Knutsford 3 Oct1786 7 +Darnell, Margaret London 18 April, 1787 7 +Davis, Ann Ditto 26 April, 1786 7 +Dalton, Elizabeth Ditto 14 Sept. 1785 7 +Davidson, Rebecca, wife of Robert Davidson Ditto 25 Oct. 1786 7 +Dawson, Margaret Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Davis, Frances Chelmsford 6 March, 1786 14 +Davies, Sarah Worcester 2 August, 1783 7 +Davies, Mary Shrewsbury 12 March, 1785 7 +Dennison, Michael Poole 15 April, 1785 7 +Denison, Barnaby Bristol 30 April, 1783 7 +Delany, Patrick +Dickson, Thomas, alias Ralph Raw Durham 19 July, 1785 7 +Discall, Timothy Bodmin 25 July, 1785 7 +Dixon, Mary London 31 May, 1786 7 +Dickenson, Mary Southwark 8 Jan. 1787 7 +Douglas, William Lincoln 9 July, 1785 7 +Dowland, Ferdinand London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Dodding, James, alias Doring +Dring, William Kingston upon Hull 7 Oct. 1784 7 +Dunnage, Joseph London 21 April, 1784 Life +Dudgens, Elizabeth +Dundass, Jane London 18 April, 1787 7 +Dutton, Ann Ditto 26 April, 1786 7 +Deyer, Leonard Southwark 10 Jan. 1786 7 +Dykes, Mary London 26 April, 1786 7 +Earle, William New Sarum 5 March, 1785 7 +Eagleton, William, alias Bones Kingston 22 March, 1786 7 +Eaton, Mary, alias Shephard +Early, Rachel Reading 24 July, 1786 7 +Eaton, Martha +Eccles, Thomas Guildford 22 July, 1782 Life +Edmunds, William Monmouth 21 March, 1785 7 +Edwards, William +Eggleston, George Maidstone 13 March, 1786 7 +Ellam, Peter Ormskirk 18 July, 1785 7 +Elliot, William Croydon 18 August, 1783 7 +Elliot, Joseph Bristol 24 Nov. 1784 7 +Ellam, Deborah Chester 30 August, 1784 7 +English, Nicholas London 8 Decem. 1784 7 +Everett, John Hertford 2 March, 1786 7 +Everingham, Matthew London 7 July, 1784 7 +Evans, Williams Shrewsbury 12 March, 1785 7 +Evans, Elizabeth London 13 Decem. 1786 7 +Farrell, Phillip London 15 Sep. 1784 7 +Farley, William Bristol 10 Feb. 1785 7 +Farmer, Ann London +Fentum, Benjamin Ditto 10 Oct. 1783 7 +Ferguson, John Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Fillesey, Thomas Bristol 29 April, 1783 7 +Fitzgerald, Jane, alias Phillips Ditto 4 April, 1786 7 +Field, William +Finlow, John, alias Hervey +Field, Jane London +Fitzgerald, Elizabeth Ditto 13 Decem. 1786 7 +Flyn, Edward +Flarty, Phebe London 21 Feb. 1787 7 +Fowkes, Francis Ditto 13 Decem. 1785 7 +Forrester, Robert Ditto 10 Sept. 1783 7 +Foyle, William New Sarum 9 July, 1785 7 +Fowles, Ann London 6 April, 1785 7 +Fownes, Margaret Shrewsbury 4 August, 1784 7 +Forbes, Ann Kingston 2 April, 1787 7 +Freeman, James Hertford 3 March, 1784 7 +Freeman, Robert London 10 Decem. 1784 7 +Francis, William Ditto 14 Decem. 1784 7 +Francisco, George Ditto 8 Decem. 1784 7 +Fry, George +Fryer, Catherine, alias Prior +Fraser, William Manchester Jan. 1787 7 +Fraser, Ellen Ditto Jan. 1787 7 +Fuller, John Ditto 15 March, 1784 7 +Gardner, Francis London 21 April, 1784 7 +Garth, Edward Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Garland, Francis Exeter 24 May, 1784 7 +Garth, Susannah, alias Grath +Gabel, Mary Southwark 13 Jan. 1784 7 +Gascoygne, Olive Worcester 5 March, 1785 7 +Gearing, Thomas Oxford 8 March, 1786 Life +Gess, George Glocester 24 March, 1784 7 +George, Anne London 11 May, 1785 7 +Glenton, Thomas Northallerton 5 April, 1785 7 +Gloster, William London 29 June, 1785 7 +Gordon, Daniel Winchester 5 April, 1785 7 +Goodwin, Edward London 21 April, 1784 7 +Goodwin, Andrew Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Gould, John Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Gray, Charles Southwark 16 Feb. 1785 7 +Griffiths, Samuel, alias Briscow, alias Butcher Gloucester 24 March, 1784 7 +Greenwell, Nicholas London 10 Decem. 1784 7 +Green, John Reading 11 July, 1786 7 +Griffiths, Thomas London 15 Septem. 1784 7 +Granger, Charles Plymouth 20 Decem. 1786 7 +Grace, James +Green, Hannah +Groves, Mary Lincoln 9 July, 1785 7 +Green, Mary London 18 August, 1787 7 +Green, Ann Ditto 13 Decem. 1786 7 +Greenwood, Mary Ditto 13 Decem. 1786 7 +Gunter, William Bristol 4 August, 1783 7 +Handford, John Winchester 1 March, 1785 7 +Hatcher, John Ditto 1 March, 1785 7 +Hatfield, William Maidstone 14 March, 1785 7 +Hawkes, Richard Reading 28 July, 1785 7 +Harris, William Maidstone 11 July, 1785 7 +Hatch, John Reading 10 Jan. 1786 7 +Hartley, John Oxford 2 March, 1785 7 +Hart, John Stafford 27 July, 1785 7 +Haines, Joseph Gloucester 13 July, 1785 7 +Hathaway, Henry Ditto 24 March, 1784 7 +Hayes, Dennis London 10 Decem. 1784 7 +Hall, Samuel Ditto 12 March, 1785 7 +Harbine, Joseph +Harper, Joshua London 10 Septem. 1783 7 +Hayton, George, alias Clayton Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Harrison, Joseph Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Hart, John Ditto 12 Jan. 1785 7 +Harris, John Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 Life +Hayes, John Guildford 11 August, 1784 7 +Hattom, Joseph +Harrison, Joseph +Hamlin, William Exeter 12 Jan. 1784 7 +Hall, Joseph Ditto 12 Jan. 1784 Life +Hall, John Ditto 24 May, 1784 7 +Hadon, John Ditto +Hares, William +Handy, Cooper +Haynes, William +Hervey, Elizabeth +Hall, Margaret +Hart, Frances +Harrison, Mary Lincoln 6 March, 1784 7 +Heading, James Chelmsford 7 March, 1785 Life +Headington, Thomas Abingdon 7 July, 1785 7 +Herbert, John London 21 April, 1784 7 +Hart, Catherine Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Herbert, John Exeter 14 March, 1786 7 +Handland, Dorothy, alias Gray London 22 Feb. 1786 7 +Hall, Sarah Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Hamilton, Maria Ditto 19 October, 1785 7 +Harrison, Mary Ditto 19 October, 1785 7 +Harwood, Esther, alias Howard Ditto 20 August, 1786 7 +Hayward, Elizabeth Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Hall, Elizabeth Newcastle 18 Jan. 1786 7 +Herbert, Jane, alias Rose, alias Jenny Russell London 30 August, 1786 7 +Henry, Catherine Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Hill, John Maidstone 14 March, 1785 Life +Hindley, William, alias Platt Ormskirk 18 July, 1785 7 +Hindle, Ottiwell Preston 6 Oct. 1785 7 +Hill, John London 6 May, 1784 7 +Hill, Thomas Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Hilt, William Exeter 18 July, 1785 Life +Hill, Thomas 7 +Hipsley, Elizabeth London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Hill, Mary Ditto 25 Oct. 1786 7 +Hollister, Job Bristol 10 Feb. 1785 7 +Hawell, Thomas Stafford 5 Oct. 1785 7 +Holmes, William London 7 July, 1784 7 +Holloway, James Ditto 24 Aug. 1784 7 +Howard, Thomas Ditto 12 Jan. 1785 7 +Hogg, William Ditto 23 Feb. 1786 14 +Howard, John Ditto 23 July, 1783 7 +Hortop, James Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Holland, William Ditto 7 August, 1786 7 +Holmes, Susannah +Hollogin, Elizabeth London 18 April, 1787 7 +Hughes, Hugh Southwark 16 Feb. 1785 7 +Humphrey, Edward London 8 Decem. 1784 7 +Husband, William Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Hughes, John Maidstone 15 March, 1784 7 +Hurley, Jeremiah Exeter 22 July, 1782 7 +Hubbard, William +Humphreys, Henry Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Hughes, Thomas +Hudson, John +Hussey, James +Hughes, Frances Ann Lancaster 6 March, 1787 7 +Hussnell, Susannah Worcester 2 Oct. 1786 7 +Humphries, Mary +Hylids, Thomas Guildford 1 Aug. 1784 7 +Jackson, William Durham 19 July, 1785 7 +Jacobs, David London 20 Oct. 1784 7 +Jacobs, John Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Jackson, Hannah Bristol 27 July, 1785 7 +Jameson, James +Jackson, Jane, alias Esther Roberts London 29 June, 1785 7 +Jackson, Mary Ditto 20 August, 1786 7 +Jeffries, Robert Devizes 5 April, 1785 7 +Jefferies, John Maidstone 11 July, 1785 7 +Jenkins, Robert, alias Brown Ditto 13 March, 1786 7 +Jepp, John London 10 Decem. 1784 7 +Jenkins, William Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Ingram, Benjamin London 8 Decem. 1784 7 +Inett, Ann Worcester 11 March, 1786 7 +Jones, Francis Winchester 12 July, 1785 7 +Jones, Thomas Warwick 21 March, 1785 7 +Johnson, Charles Manchester 14 April, 1785 7 +Jones, Edward London 15 Septem. 1784 7 +Josephs, Thomas Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 7 +Johnson, William Kingston 24 March, 1784 7 +Johns, Stephen Launceston 25 March, 1786 7 +Jones, Margaret Ditto 8 March, 1783 14 +Johnson, Edward Dorchester 16 March, 1786 7 +Jones, John Exeter 24 May, 1784 14 +Jones, William Shrewsbury 12 March, 1785 7 +Jones, Richard Ditto 4 August, 1784 7 +Jones, Thomas Bristol 30 March, 1784 14 +Johnson, Catherine London 18 April, 1787 7 +Johnson, Mary Ditto 26 April, 1786 7 +Irvine, John, alias Aderson, alias Law Lincoln 6 March, 1784 7 +Kelly, Thomas Pontefract 13 Jan. 1785 7 +Kellan, John, alias Keeling London 10 Septem. 1783 Life +Kennedy, Martha Kingston 2 April, 1787 7 +Kidney, Thomas Bristol 20 Oct. 1783 7 +Kilby, William Reading 16 Jan. 1784 7 +King, John London 21 April, 1784 7 +Kilpack, David Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 Life +Kimberley, Edward Coventry 20 March, 1783 7 +Knowler, John Maidstone 14 March, 1785 7 +Knowland, Andrew +Lankey, David London 26 May, 1784 7 +Lane, Richard Winchester 2 March, 1784 7 +Lawrell, John Bodmin 18 August, 1783 7 +Lane, William Chelmsford 8 July, 1784 7 +Larne, James Exeter 12 July, 1785 7 +Lambeth, John Bristol 31 May, 1785 7 +Lavell, Henry +Lara, Flora London +Laycock, Carolina Ditto +Langley, Jane Ditto 14 Sept. 1785 7 +Lawrence, Mary Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Lemon, Isaac Chelmsford 7 March, 1785 7 +Levy, Joseph London 6 May, 1784 7 +Leary, John Winchester 3 March, 1783 7 +Legg, George Dorchester 16 March, 1786 7 +Leary, Jeremiah Bristol 30 March, 1784 14 +Legrove, Stephen +Lee, Elizabeth London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Lewis, Sophia Ditto 25 Oct. 1786 7 +Leonard, Elizabeth Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Levy, Amelia Southwark 9 Jan. 1787 7 +List, George, London 10 Septem. 1783 Life +Limeburner, John New Sarum 9 July, 1785 7 +Limpus, Thomas Exeter 24 May, 1784 Life +Lightfoot, Samuel Ditto 14 March, 1786 7 +Longstreet, Joseph Marlborough 5 Oct. 1784 7 +Long, Joseph Glocester 23 March, 1785 14 +Lockley, John London 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Long, Mary Ditto 21 Feb. 1787 Life +Love, Mary Maidstone 14 March, 1785 7 +Lock, Elizabeth Gloucester 26 March, 1783 7 +Lucas, Nathaniel London 7 July, 1784 7 +Lynch, Humphry New Sarum 25 March, 1785 7 +Lynch, Ann Bristol 20 March, 1786 14 +Lyde, John +May, Richard New Sarum 25 March, 1785 7 +Martin, Stephen Bristol 28 April, 1783 7 +Mansfield, John Chelmsford 6 March, 1786 7 +M'Lean, Francis Guildford 11 August, 1784 7 +M'Lean, Thomas Ditto 11 August, 1784 7 +Maton, Thomas Maidstone 11 July, 1785 7 +M'Donnaugh, James Ditto 11 July, 1785 7 +Mariner, William Oxford 8 March, 1786 7 +Marrott, John Gloucester 24 March, 1784 7 +M'Laughlin, Charles Durham 19 July, 1785 7 +Macintire, John Ditto 19 July, 1785 7 +Martin, John London 3 July, 1782 7 +M'Donald, Alexander Ditto 10 Decem. 1784 7 +Marney, William Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Marshall, Joseph Ditto 21 April, 1784 14 +M'Lean, Edward Maidstone 15 March, 1784 7 +Martin, Abraham New Sarum 11 March, 1786 7 +Martin, Thomas Exeter 24 May, 1784 7 +Martyn, James Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +M'Cormick, Sarah Manchester 4 May, 1786 7 +M'Cormack, Mary Liverpool 12 Aug. 1784 7 +Mason, Betty Gloucester 23 March, 1785 14 +M'Grah, Redman +M'Deed, Richard +M'Na Mar, William +Mackrie, James +Marriott, Jane London 18 April, 1787 7 +Mather, Ann Ditto 18 April, 1787 7 +Mather, Mather Ditto 18 April, 1787 7 +Mason, Susannah, alias Gibbs Ditto +M'Cabe, Eleanor Ditto 11 May, 1785 7 +Marshall, Mary Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 Life +Marshall, Mary Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Martin, Ann Southwark 9 Jan. 1787 7 +Meynell, John, alias William Radford Nottingham 10 March, 1785 7 +Messiah, Jacob +Meech, Jane, wife of William Meech Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Milton, Charles Maidstone 14 March, 1785 7 +Midgley, Samuel Lancaster 22 March, 1785 7 +Middleton, Richard London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Mitchell Nathaniel Dorchester 3 August, 1786 7 +Mills Matthew +Mitchcraft, Mary Kingston 2 April, 1787 7 +Mitchell, Mary Ditto 3 Oct. 1785 7 +Morris, Peter Bristol 12 July, 1784 7 +Mowbray, John Lincoln 5 March, 1785 7 +Morgan, Richard Glocester 23 March, 1785 7 +Morrisby, John London 7 July, 1784 7 +Moore, William Ditto 21 Jan. 1785 7 +Morley, John Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Moorin, John Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Morgan, Robert Ditto 6 May, 1784 7 +Mobbs, Samuel Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Morgan, William Ditto 15 Septem. 1784 7 +Mould, William Guildford 11 August, 1784 7 +Mollands, John Launceston 20 March, 1784 7 +Moyle, Edward Ditto 19 March, 1785 7 +Mood, Charles +Mortimore, John Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Morley, Joseph +Morton, Mary London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Mullock, Jesse New Sarum 25 March, 1785 7 +Murphy, William Liverpool 26 Jan. 1785 7 +Munroe, John, alias Nurse London 21 April, 1784 7 +Mullis, Stephen Exeter 12 Jan. 1785 7 +Murphy, James 7 +Munro, Lydia Kingston 2 April, 1787 14 +Mullens, Hannah London 10 Jan. 1787 Life +Nettleton, Robert Kingston upon Hull 12 October, 1784 7 +Newland, John London 21 April, 1784 7 +Neal, John Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Neal, James Bristol 10 Feb. 1785 7 +Needham, Elizabeth London 19 July, 1786 7 +Nicholls, John Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Norton, Phebe Ditto 25 Oct. 1786 7 +Nunn, Robert Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +O'Craft, John Exeter 24 May, 1784 7 +Ogden, James Manchester 20 Jan. 1785 7 +Okey, William Gloucester 24 March, 1784 7 +Oldfield, Thomas Manchester 20 July, 1786 7 +Oldfield, Isabella Ditto 20 July, 1786 7 +Opley, Peter Maidstone 13 March, 1786 7 +Orford, Thomas London 7 July, 1784 7 +Osborne, Thomas Ditto 14 Decem. 1784 7 +Osborne, Elizabeth, alias Jones Ditto 30 August, 1786 7 +Owles, John Croydon 20 July, 1785 7 +Owen, John London 10 Septem. 1783 7 +Owen, Joseph Shrewsbury 12 March, 1785 14 +Page, Paul Lincoln 11 March, 1786 7 +Pane, William Nottingham 10 March, 1785 7 +Parry, Edward Stafford 27 July, 1785 7 +Parr, William Liverpool 17 Jan. 1785 7 +Palmer, John Herry London 10 Jan. 1786 7 +Parker, John Ditto 1 April, 1784 7 +Parish, William Ditto 20 Oct. 1784 7 +Partridge, Richard Ditto 10 Sep. 1783 Life +Parris, Peter Exeter 17 March, 1783 7 +Paget, Joseph Ditto 10 Jan. 1786 7 +Parkinson, Jane, alias Partington, alias Ann Marsden Manchester 21 July, 1785 7 +Parker, Elizabeth Gloucester 23 March, 1785 7 +Parsley, Ann London 21 Feb. 1787 7 +Parker, Mary Ditto 26 April, 1786 7 +Partridge, Sarah, alias Roberts Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Parry, Sarah Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 Life +Perrot, Edward Bearcroft Bristol 3 Feb. 1785 7 +Petrie, John London 14 Jan. 1784 7 +Peyton, Samuel Ditto 26 May, 1785 7 +Percival, Richard Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Pettitt, John Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Peaulet, James Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Peet, Charles Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 Life +Peck, Joshua Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Perkins, Edward Plymouth 26 Jan. 1785 7 +Petherick, John Plymouth 26 Jan. 1785 7 +Penny, John 7 +Phillimore, William London 10 Sept. 1783 7 +Phillips, Richard Ditto 10 Decem. 1783 7 +Phillips, Mary Taunton 30 March, 1786 7 +Phyfield, Roger, alias Twyfield Shrewsbury 12 March, 1785 7 +Phyn, Mary London 14 Septem. 1785 7 +Pigott, Samuel Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Pinder, Mary Lincoln 13 Jan. 1787 7 +Pipkin, Elizabeth London 7 +Piles, Mary Ditto 6 April, 1785 7 +Pope, David Southwark 16 Feb. 1785 7 +Power, John London 14 Decem. 1786 7 +Pontie, John Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 Life +Poole, Jane Wells 19 August, 1786 7 +Power, William +Powley, Elizabeth +Powell, Ann London 13 Decem. 1786 7 +Price, John Southwark 16 Feb. 1785 7 +Prior, Thomas Reading 16 Jan. 1784 7 +Price, James Gloucester 13 July, 1785 7 +Pritchard, Thomas +Pugh, Edward Gloucester 5 Oct. 1784 7 +Randall, John Manchester 14 April, 1785 7 +Reymond, George London 12 Jan. 1785 7 +Ramsey, John Kingston 24 March, 1784 7 +Repeat, Charles Warwick 21 March, 1785 7 +Read, William Croydon 18 August, 1783 7 +Reardon, Bartholemew Winchester 15 July, 1783 7 +Read, Ann London 23 Feb. 1785 Life +Risdale, Thomas, alias Crowder Bristol 29 March, 1785 Life +Richard, James East Grinstead 20 March, 1786 7 +Richardson, James Maidstone 14 March, 1785 7 +Risby, Edward Gloucester 24 March, 1784 7 +Richardson, William London 10 Decem. 1784 7 +Richardson, Hardwicke Ditto 25 Oct. 1785 7 +Richardson, John Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Richard, David Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Richardson, Samuel Ditto 15 Septem. 1784 7 +Rickson, William Chelmsford 8 July, 1784 7 +Richards, John, alias Williams Winchester 2 March, 1784 7 +Richard, James Launceston 25 March, 1786 7 +Rice, John Exeter 18 July, 1785 7 +Rope, Anthony Chelmsford 7 March, 1785 7 +Rogers, Daniel Croydon 20 July, 1785 7 +Robinson, George Lincoln 9 July, 1785 7 +Rogers, Isaac Gloucester 23 March, 1785 14 +Robinson, Thomas Kingston upon Hull 7 Oct. 1784 7 +Robert, John Liverpool 26 Jan. 1785 7 +Robinson, George London 21 April, 1784 7 +Romain, John, Ditto 15 Septem. 1784 7 +Rowe, John Launceston 19 March, 1785 7 +Rowe, William Ditto 19 March, 1785 7 +Roberts, William Bodmin 14 August, 1786 7 +Robinson, William Exeter 24 May, 1784 7 +Roach, Henry Ditto 24 May, 1784 7 +Robins, John, alias Major Ditto 18 July, 1785 7 +Rous, Walton, alias Batley +Rolt, Mary London +Rosson, Isabella Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Russel, John Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Ruglass, John Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 Life +Russler, John Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 Life +Ruce, James Bodmin 29 July, 1782 7 +Ruth, Robert Exeter 14 March, 1786 7 +Ryan, John +Saltmarsh, William Kingston 28 March, 1785 7 +Sanderson, Thomas Lincoln 9 July, 1785 7 +Sands, William Ditto 9 July, 1785 7 +Sampson, Peter London 7 July, 1784 7 +Sandlin, Ann, alias Lynes, alias Pattens Ditto 13 Decem. 1786 7 +Scattergood, Robert Stafford 6 Oct. 1785 7 +Scott, Elizabeth London 21 Feb. 1787 7 +Selshire, Samuel Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Seymour, John Sherborne 25 April, 1786 7 +Shearman, William Reading 7 Oct. 1785 7 +Shaw, Joseph Stafford 27 July, 1785 7 +Shepherd, Robert Durham 19 July, 1785 7 +Sharpe, George Ditto 19 July, 1785 7 +Shore, William Lancaster 22 March, 1785 7 +Shore, John +Shiers, James London 23 Feb. 1785 Life +Silverthorn, John New Sarum 6 March, 1784 7 +Sideway, Robert +Slater, Sarah London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Smart, Richard Gloucester 10 Jan. 1786 7 +Smart, Daniel Ditto 10 Jan. 1786 7 +Smith, Thomas Lancaster 22 March, 1785 7 +Smith, William Liverpool 26 Jan. 1785 7 +Smith, Edward London 15 Oct. 1784 7 +Smith, William Ditto 10 April, 1783 7 +Smith, Thomas, alias Haynes Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Smith, James Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Smith, John Guildford 11 August, 1784 7 +Smith, William Bodmin 25 July, 1785 7 +Smith, Ann, wife of John Smith Winchester 1 March, 1785 7 +Smith, Hannah Ditto 5 April, 1785 7 +Smith, William Dorchester 16 March, 1786 7 +Smith, Edward Exeter 14 March, 1786 7 +Smith, John Ditto 14 March, 1786 7 +Small, John Ditto 14 March, 1786 7 +Smith, Ann London 18 April, 1787 7 +Smith, Catherine Ditto 18 April, 1787 7 +Smith, Ann Ditto 30 August, 1786 7 +Smith, Catherine Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Smith, Mary Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Snaleham, William Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Sparks, Henry +Spencer, Daniel Dorchester 3 August, 1786 14 +Spencer, John, alias Pearce +Spence, Mary Wigan Jan. 1786 5 +Sprigmore, Charlotte London 19 August, 1785 7 +Springham, Mary Ditto 25 October, 1786 7 +Squires, James Kingston 11 April, 1785 7 +Stanley, William New Sarum 25 March, 1785 7 +Strong, James Dorchester 10 March, 1784 7 +Stow, James Lincoln 9 July, 1785 7 +Stone, Martin Warwick 21 March, 1785 7 +Stokee, John Durham 19 July, 1785 7 +Stone, Charles London 10 Decem. 1784 7 +Stone, Henry Ditto 10 Decem. 1784 7 +Stogdell, John Ditto 20 Decem. 1784 14 +Stuart, James Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Stanton, Thomas, alias Ebden Launceston 20 March, 1784 7 +Stephens, John Morris Dorchester 16 March, 1786 7 +Stewart, Margaret Exeter 28 August, 1786 7 +Strech, Thomas Shrewsbury 16 August, 1783 7 +Summers, John Gloucester 13 July, 1784 7 +Taylor, Joshua Manchester 14 Oct. 1784 7 +Taylor, Henry +Taylor, Sarah Kingston 2 April, 1787 7 +Tenant, Thomas Hilton, alias Phillip Divine Chelmsford 6 March, 1786 7 +Teague, Cornelius Bodmin 25 July, 1785 7 +Tenchall, James, alias Tenninghill +Thompson, William Durham 19 July, 1785 7 +Thomas, James London 10 Decem. 1784 7 +Thompson, James Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Thomas, James Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 7 +Thomas, John Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Thompson, William Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Thackery, Elizabeth Manchester 4 May, 1786 7 +Thoudy, James +Thomas, Elizabeth Wigan Jan. 1787 7 +Thornton, Ann London 13 Decem. 1786 7 +Tunmins, Thomas Warwick 21 March, 1785 7 +Tilley, Thomas Stafford 27 July, 1785 7 +Till, Thomas London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Todd, Nicholas Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Trotter, Joseph Maidstone 13 March, 1786 7 +Trace, John Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Trippett, Susannah London 20 August, 1786 7 +Turner, Ralph Manchester 14 April, 1785 7 +Tuso, Joseph London 23 Feb. 1785 Life +Turner, John +Tucker, Moses Plymouth 7 June, 1786 7 +Turner, Thomas +Turner, John +Turner, Mary Worcester 5 March, 1785 7 +Twyneham, William Reading 10 Jan. 1786 7 +Twyfield, Ann, since said to be married to William Dawley, + a convict Shrewsbury 4 August, 1784 7 +Tyrrell, William Winchester 1 March, 1785 7 +Vandell, Edward East Grinstead 22 March, 1784 7 +Vincent, Henry London 21 April, 1784 7 +Vickery, William Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Underwood, James New Sarum 11 March, 1786 14 +Usher, John Maidstone 14 March, 1785 7 +Waterhouse, William Kingston 28 March, 1785 7 +Watsan, John Maidstone 13 March, 1786 7 +Ward, John Lowth 11 July, 1786 7 +Wall, William Oxford 8 March, 1786 7 +Wager, Benjamin London 20 Oct. 1784 7 +Walsh, William Ditto 15 Septem. 1784 7 +Walker, John Ditto 20 Oct. 1784 7 +Walbourne, James Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 7 +Watson, Thomas Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Ware, Charlottee +Watkins, Mary +Wainwright, Ellen, alias Estther Eccles Preston Jan. 1787 7 +Ward, Ann London 19 Decem. 1786 7 +Wade, Mary, alias Cacklane Ditto 19 July, 1786 14 +Welch, James Maidstone 14 March, 1785 7 +Welch, John Durham 19 July, 1785 7 +West, Benjamin London 10 Decem. 1784 7 +Westwood, John Ditto 20 October, 1784 7 +Welch, John Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Welch, John Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 Life +Westlale, Edward Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Waddicomb, Richard Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Wheeler, Samuel Croydon 20 July, 1785 7 +Whitaker, George Maidstone 14 March, 1785 7 +Whiting, William Gloucester 23 March, 1785 7 +Whitton, Edward Maidstone 10 March, 1783 Life +White, James Ditto 11 August, 1783 7 +Wilcocks, Samuel Dorcester 10 March, 1784 7 +Wilton, William Bristol 12 Jan. 1784 7 +Wilson, Peter Manchester 20 Jan. 1785 7 +Wilson, John Wigan 10 Oct. 1785 7 +Williams, Charles London 7 July, 1784 7 +Williams, James Ditto 11 May, 1785 7 +Wilson, Charles Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 Life +Williams, John, alias Black Jack Maidstone 2 August, 1784 7 +Williams, Robert Launceston 25 March, 1786 7 +Williams, John, alias Floyd Bodmin 18 August, 1783 7 +Wilding, John, alias Warren Bury 23 March, 1784 7 +Wickham, Mary New Sarum 2 August, 1788 14 +Williams, Peter, alias Flaggett, alias Creamer Exeter 24 May, 1784 7 +Wilcocks, Richard Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Williams, John Ditto 7 August, 1786 7 +Wisehammer, John Bristol 10 Feb. 1785 7 +Williams, Daniel Preston 23 March, 1785 7 +Williams, Frances Mold 2 Septem. 1783 7 +Williams, Mary London 22 Feb. 1786 7 +Wood, George Ditto 20 Oct. 1784 7 +Woodcock, Peter Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Woodham, Samuel Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 Life +Worsdell, William Launceston 22 March, 1783 7 +Woolcot, John Exeter 18 July, 1785 Life +Woodcock, Francis Shrewsbury 13 March, 1784 7 +Wood, Mark +Wright, Thomas Reading 28 Feb. 1785 7 +Wright, Benjamin London 6 May, 1784 7 +Wright, Joseph Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Wright, William Ditto 15 Sept. 1783 7 +Wright, James Maidstone 11 August, 1783 7 +Wright, Ann London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Yardsley, Thomas, Shrewsbury 4 August, 1784 7 +Yates, Nancy York 9 July, 1785 7 +Young, John London 20 Oct. 1784 7 +Young, Simon Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Youngson, Elizabeth Lancaster 6 March, 1787 7 +Youngson, George Ditto 6 March, 1787 7 + +The End + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Voyage Of Governor Phillip To +Botany Bay, by Arthur Phillip + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VOYAGE TO BOTANY BAY *** + +***** This file should be named 15100-8.txt or 15100-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/1/0/15100/ + +Produced by Col Choat + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Voyage Of Governor Phillip To Botany Bay + With An Account Of The Establishment Of The Colonies Of Port Jackson + And Norfolk Island (1789) + + +Author: Arthur Phillip + +Release Date: February 18, 2005 [EBook #15100] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VOYAGE TO BOTANY BAY *** + + + + +Produced by Col Choat + + + + + +</pre> + +<p><a name="home"></a></p> + +<h2>The Voyage</h2> + +<h3>of</h3> + +<h2>Governor Phillip</h2> + +<h3>to</h3> + +<h2>Botany Bay</h2> + +<h3>with an</h3> + +<h2>Account of the Establishment of the Colonies of Port Jackson +and Norfolk Island;</h2> + +<h3>compiled from Authentic Papers,</h3> + +<h3>which have been obtained from the several Departments</h3> + +<h3>to which are added</h3> + +<h2>the Journals of Lieuts. Shortland, Watts, Ball and Capt. +Marshall</h2> + +<h3>with an Account of their New Discoveries,</h3> + +<h3>embellished with fifty five Copper Plates,</h3> + +<h3>the Maps and Charts taken from Actual Surveys,</h3> + +<h3>and the plans and views drawn on the spot,</h3> + +<h2>by Capt. Hunter, Lieuts. Shortland, Watts, Dawes, Bradley, +Capt. Marshall, etc.</h2> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> +<h2>London</h2> + +<h3>Printed for John Stockdale, Piccadilly</h3> + +<h2>1789</h2> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> +<center> +<p><a name="phillip-01"></a><img alt="" src="images/phillip-01.jpg"></p> + +<p><b>Arthur Phillip Esq.<br> +Captain-General and Commander in Chief in and over<br> +the Territory of New South Wales</b></p> +</center> + +<center> +<p><a name="phillip-02"></a><img alt="" src="images/phillip-02.jpg"></p> +</center> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> +<h3>TO THE MOST NOBLE<br> +THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY,<br> +LORD CHAMBERLAIN OF HIS MAJESTY'S HOUSEHOLD, ETC., ETC.<br> +THIS VOLUME,<br> +CONTAINING ALL THAT IS YET KNOWN OF THE<br> +SETTLEMENT AT SYDNEY COVE,<br> +IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, BY<br> +HIS LORDSHIP'S<br> +MUCH OBLIGED, AND<br> +MOST FAITHFUL<br> +HUMBLE SERVANT,<br> +JOHN STOCKDALE.<br> +NOVEMBER 25, 1789.</h3> + +<p align="center"><a href="#contents">Go to Table of +Contents</a></p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> +<p><a name="anecdotes"></a></p> + +<h2>ANECDOTES OF GOVERNOR PHILLIP.</h2> + +<p>Arthur Phillip is one of those officers, who, like Drake, +Dampier, and Cook, has raised himself by his merit and his +services, to distinction and command. His father was Jacob +Phillip, a native of Frankfort, in Germany, who having settled in +England, maintained his family and educated his son by teaching +the languages. His mother was Elizabeth Breach, who married for +her first husband, Captain Herbert of the navy, a kinsman of Lord +Pembroke. Of her marriage with Jacob Phillip, was her son, +Arthur, born in the parish of Allhallows, Bread-street, within +the city of London, on the 11th of October, 1738.</p> + +<p>Being designed for a seafaring life, he was very properly sent +to the school of Greenwich, where he received an education +suitable to his early propensities. At the age of sixteen, he +began his maritime career, under the deceased Captain Michael +Everet of the navy, at the commencement of hostilities, in 1755: +and at the same time that he learned the rudiments of his +profession under that able officer, he partook with him in the +early misfortunes, and subsequent glories of the seven years war. +Whatever opulence Phillip acquired from the capture of the +Havannah, certain it is, that, at the age of twenty-three, he +there was made a Lieutenant into the Stirling-castle, on the 7th +of June, 1761, by Sir George Pococke, an excellent judge of naval +accomplishments.</p> + +<p>But of nautical exploits, however they may raise marine +officers, there must be an end. Peace, with its blessings, was +restored in 1763. And Phillip now found leisure to marry; and to +settle at Lyndhurst, in the New Forest, where he amused himself +with farming, and like other country gentlemen, discharged +assiduously those provincial offices, which, however unimportant, +occupy respectably the owners of land, who, in this island, +require no office to make them important.</p> + +<p>But sailors, like their own element, are seldom at rest. Those +occupations, which pleased Phillip while they were new, no longer +pleased him when they became familiar. And he hastened to offer +his skill and his services to Portugal when it engaged in warfare +with Spain. His offer was readily accepted, because such skill +and services were necessary amidst an arduous struggle with a too +powerful opponent. And, such was his conduct and such his +success, that when the recent interference of France, in 1778, +made it his duty to fight for his king, and to defend his +country, the Portugueze court regretted his departure, but +applauded his motive.</p> + +<p>His return was doubtless approved by those who, knowing his +value, could advance his rank: For he was made master and +commander into the Basilisk fireship, on the 2d of September, +1779. But in her he had little opportunity of displaying his +zeal, or of adding to his fame. This step, however, led him up to +a higher situation; and he was made post-captain into the Ariadne +frigate, on the 13th of November, 1781, when he was upwards of +three and forty. This is the great epoch in the lives of our +naval officers, because it is from this that they date their +rank. In the Ariadne, he had little time for active adventures, +or for gainful prizes, being appointed to the Europe of +sixty-four guns, on the 23d of December, 1781. During the +memorable year 1782, Phillip promoted its enterprises, and shared +in its glories. And in January, 1783, he sailed with a +reinforcement to the East Indies, where superior bravery +contended against superior force, till the policy of our +negotiators put an end to unequal hostilities by a necessary +peace.</p> + +<p>The activity, or the zeal of Phillip, was now turned to more +peaceful objects. And when it was determined to form a settlement +on that part of New Holland, denominated New South Wales, he was +thought of as a proper officer to conduct an enterprize, which +required professional knowledge, and habitual prudence. His +equipment, his voyage, and his settlement, in the other +hemisphere, will be found in the following volume. When the time +shall arrive that the European settlers on Sydney Cove demand +their historian, these authentic anecdotes of their pristine +legislator will be sought for as curious, and considered as +important.</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> +<p><a name="errata"></a></p> + +<h2>ERRATA (These have been corrected in this eBook)</h2> + +<p>Page, line<br> +1, 15, for enterprizes, read enterprises.<br> +13, penult. for only fifty, read an hundred.<br> +Ibid. ult. for Penryn, read Penrhyn.<br> +75, 7, for Surprize, read Surprise.<br> +87, 14, after 17, dele th.<br> +96, 13, for into, read in.<br> +149, 10, for Kangooroo, read Kanguroo. The orthography of a word +derived only from oral sound is in some degree arbitrary; but it +ought to be consistant. The plates, by mistake, have Kangooroo. +185, 14, for it were were, read if it were.<br> +203, 3, for Fobn, read Thomas.<br> +213, 10, for four, read forty.<br> +228, 23, bis, for Macauley, read Macaulay.<br> +231, 15, for Patri, read Pabi.<br> +252, Margin, for May, read June.<br> +253, Ditto.<br> +255, Margin, for July, read June.<br> +256, Ditto.<br> +232, 18, for Taha, read Toha.<br> +242, 9, for who, read whom.<br> +246, 25, for veer'd, read near'd.</p> + +<p>N. B. Some of the early impressions of the plates have +erroneously Wulpine Oppossum for Vulpine Opossum. After a few +were work'd off the fault was perceived, and corrected.</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> +<p><a name="advertisement"></a></p> + +<h2>ADVERTISEMENT.</h2> + +<p>The arrangement of materials in this volume being in some +respects less perfect than might be wished, it is necessary that +something should be said to obviate any imputation of negligence. +The truth will be the best, and, as it ought, the only apology. +The official papers of Governor Phillip, which were liberally +communicated by Government, formed at first our principal source +of intelligence. These, from their nature, could contain but +little information on subjects of natural history, and many other +points, concerning which the curiosity of every reader would +naturally be excited. The efforts of the publisher to give +satisfaction to the public in these respects produced a gradual +influx of materials; and the successive arrival of different +vessels from the Indian seas, occasioned additions to the work, +which made it necessary to engrave new plates. While, therefore, +the completion of the book was anxiously pressed by many who were +eager to possess it, that desirable point has constantly been +deferred by the communications of those who were studious to +render it more valuable; and the word Finis, has seemed to fly +from us, like Italy before the wandering Trojans. From the +combination of these circumstances it has arisen, that every +separate part has been hurried on in the execution; and yet, in +the finishing of the whole, more time has elapsed, than would +have been necessary to complete a much more ample volume. The +defects that proceed from these causes, it is hoped, the reader +will forgive, and accept with complacency a volume in which, it +is confidently hoped, nothing material has been omitted that is +connected with its principal object, the formation of a +settlement promising both glory and advantage to this country; in +which several important discoveries are announced; no small +accession is made to the stores of natural history; and +interesting notices are communicated of countries visited before, +and persons in whose fate the public has long felt an +interest.</p> + +<p>The publisher thinks it his duty, in this place, to return +thanks to the following noblemen and gentlemen, for their kind +assistance and free communications. The Marquis of Salisbury, +Viscount Sydney, Lord Hood, Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. Mr. Rose, Mr. +Nepean, Mr. Stephens, Sir Charles Middleton, Sir Andrew Snape +Hammond, Mr. Dalrymple, and Mr. Chalmers: but, to Mr. Latham +particularly, the most grateful acknowledgements are due, for +having furnished many drawings and accurate descriptions, which +stamp a value on the natural history contained in this work, and +must for ever render it an object of attention to all lovers of +that science: and to Lieutenant Shortland, Lieutenant Watts, and +Captain Marshall, of the <i>Scarborough</i> transport, the public owe +whatever important discoveries and useful knowledge may be found +in their journals, which they communicated with a +disinterestedness that the publisher will be always happy to +acknowledge.</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> +<p><a name="vignette"></a></p> + +<h2>ACCOUNT OF THE VIGNETTE.</h2> + +<p>The elegant vignette in the title-page, was engraved from a +medallion which the ingenious Mr. Wedge-wood caused to be +modelled from a small piece of clay brought from Sydney Cove. The +clay proves to be of a fine texture, and will be found very +useful for the manufactory of earthern ware. The design is +allegorical; it represents Hope encouraging Art and Labour, under +the influence of Peace, to pursue the employments necessary to +give security and happiness to an infant settlement. The +following verses upon the same subject, and in allusion to the +medallion, were written by the author of The Botanic Garden, and +will speak more powerfully for themselves than any encomium we +could bestow.</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> +<p><a name="hope"></a></p> + +<h2>VISIT OF HOPE TO SYDNEY-COVE, NEAR BOTANY-BAY.</h2> + +<p>Where Sydney Cove her lucid bosom swells,<br> +Courts her young navies, and the storm repels;<br> +High on a rock amid the troubled air<br> +HOPE stood sublime, and wav'd her golden hair;<br> +Calm'd with her rosy smile the tossing deep,<br> +And with sweet accents charm'd the winds to sleep;<br> +To each wild plain she stretch'd her snowy hand,<br> +High-waving wood, and sea-encircled strand.<br> +"Hear me," she cried, "ye rising Realms! record<br> +"Time's opening scenes, and Truth's unerring word.--<br> +"There shall broad streets their stately walls extend,<br> +"The circus widen, and the crescent bend;<br> +"There, ray'd from cities o'er the cultur'd land,<br> +"Shall bright canals, and solid roads expand.--<br> +"There the proud arch, Colossus-like, bestride<br> +"Yon glittering streams, and bound the chasing tide;<br> +"Embellish'd villas crown the landscape-scene,<br> +"Farms wave with gold, and orchards blush between.--<br> +"There shall tall spires, and dome-capt towers ascend,<br> +"And piers and quays their massy structures blend;<br> +"While with each breeze approaching vessels glide,<br> +"And northern treasures dance on every tide!"--<br> +Then ceas'd the nymph--tumultuous echoes roar,<br> +And JOY's loud voice was heard from shore to shore--<br> +Her graceful steps descending press'd the plain,<br> +And PEACE, and ART, and LABOUR, join'd her train.</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> +<p><a name="view"></a></p> + +<h2>VIEW of the FLEET and ESTABLISHMENT sent out with GOVERNOR +PHILLIP to NEW SOUTH WALES.</h2> + +<p>Captain ARTHUR PHILLIP of the Navy, Governor and Commander in +Chief of the territory of New South Wales, and of his Majesty's +ships and vessels employed on that coast.</p> + +<p>Major Robert Ross, Lieutenant Governor.<br> +Richard Johnson, Chaplain.<br> +Andrew Miller, Commissary.<br> +David Collins, Judge Advocate.<br> +John Long, Adjutant.<br> +James Furzer, Quarter-Master.<br> +*George <i>Alexander</i>, Provost Martial.<br> +John White, Surgeon.<br> +Thomas Arndell, Assistant Ditto.<br> +William Balmain, Ditto Ditto.</p> + +<p>[* This Gentleman did not go]</p> + +<p>His Majesty's ship <i>Sirius</i>,<br> +Captain Arthur Phillip.<br> +Captain John Hunter.</p> + +<p>His Majesty's armed tender <i>Supply</i>,</p> + +Lieutenant H. L. Ball. + +<p>Six transports carrying the convicts.<br> +<i>Alexander</i> 210 men convicts. women convicts.<br> +<i>Scarborough</i> 210 men convicts.<br> +<i>Friendship</i> 80 men convicts. 24<br> +<i>Charlotte</i> 100 men convicts. 24<br> +<i>Prince of Wales</i> -- -- 100<br> +<i>Lady Penrhyn</i> -- -- 102</p> + +<p>Each transport had a detachment of marines on board.</p> + +<p>Three store ships:</p> + +<p>The <i>Golden Grove</i>, <i>Fishburn</i>, and <i>Borrowdale</i>;<br> +With provisions, implements for husbandry, cloathing,<br> +etc. for the convicts.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant John Shortland, agent for the transports.</p> + +<p>The garrison is formed from the marines.</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> +<center> +<p><a name="phillip-table-00"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-table-00.jpg"></p> +</center> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> +<p><a name="contents"></a></p> + +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + +<p><a href="#anecdotes">ANECDOTES OF GOVERNOR PHILLIP.</a></p> + +<p><a href="#errata">ERRATA.</a></p> + +<p><a href="#advertisement">ADVERTISEMENT.</a></p> + +<p><a href="#vignette">ACCOUNT OF THE VIGNETTE.</a></p> + +<p><a href="#hope">VISIT OF HOPE TO SYDNEY COVE, NEAR BOTANY +BAY.</a></p> + +<p><a href="#view">VIEW OF THE FLEET AND ESTABLISHMENT SENT OUT +TO N.S.W.</a></p> + +<p><a href="#subscribers">A LIST OF THE SUBSCRIBERS.</a></p> + +<p><a href="#plates">A LIST OF THE PLATES.</a></p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-01">Chapter I.</a></p> + +<p>Public utility of voyages--Peculiar circumstances of this--New +Holland properly a continent--Reasons for fixing our settlement +there--Transportation to America, its origin, advantages, and +cessation--Experiments made--The present plan +adopted--Disadvantages of other expedients.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-02">Chapter II.</a></p> + +<p>Preparation of the fleet ordered to Botany Bay.--Particulars +of its arrangement.--Departure and passage to the Canary +Isles.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-03">Chapter III.</a></p> + +<p>Reasons for touching at the Canary Isles--Precautions for +preserving Health--Their admirable Success--Some Account of the +Canaries--Fables respecting them--Attempt of a Convict to +escape--Departure. Report of the Marines and Convicts under +medical treatment, June 4, 1787</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-04">Chapter IV.</a></p> + +<p>Attempt to put in at Port Praya--Relinquished--Weather--Sail +for Rio de Faneiro--Reasons for touching at a South American +port--The Fleet passes the Line--Arrives at Rio de +Faneiro--Account of that Place--Transactions +there--Departure.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-05">Chapter V.</a></p> + +<p>Prosperous passage from Rio to the Cape--Account of the +Harbours there--The Cape of Good Hope not the most Southern +point--Height of Table Mountain and others--Supineness of the +European nations in neglecting to occupy the Cape--Live stock +laid in--Departure--Separation of the fleet--Arrival of the +<i>Supply</i> at Botany Bay.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-06">Chapter VI.</a></p> + +<p>First interview with the natives--the bay examined--arrival of +the whole fleet--Port Jackson examined--second interview with the +natives--and third--Governor Phillip returns to Botany Bay--and +gives orders for the evacuation of it.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-07">Chapter VII.</a></p> + +<p>Removal from Botany Bay--Arrival of two French ships--Account +of them--Preparations for encampment--Difficulties--Scurvy breaks +out--Account of the red and yellow gum trees.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-08">Chapter VIII.</a></p> + +<p>Description of Port Jackson and the adjacent country--The +Governor's commission read--his Speech--his humane resolutions +respecting the Natives--difficulties in erecting huts and other +buildings--departure of Lieutenant King to Norfolk Island. +Instructions for P. G. King, Esq; Superintendant and Commandant +of the Settlement of Norfolk Island</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-09">Chapter IX.</a></p> + +<p>A Criminal Court held--Broken Bay explored by Governor +Phillip--Interviews with the Natives--Peculiarities +remarked--Friendly behaviour and extraordinary courage of an old +man.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-10">Chapter X.</a></p> + +<p>Departure of the French Ships--Death of M. Le Receveur--Return +of the <i>Supply</i> from Norfolk Island--Description of that +Place--Howe Island discovered. Particulars of the life of P. G. +King, Esq</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-11">Chapter XI.</a></p> + +<p>Three of the transports cleared--Two excursions made into the +country, on the fifteenth of April, and on the +twenty-second--Huts of the natives--Sculpture, and other +particulars. Description of the Kanguroo. Dimensions of the +stuffed Kanguroo, in the possession of Mr. Stockdale. Account of +the live stock in the settlement at Port Jackson, May 1, 1788</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-12">Chapter XII.</a></p> + +<p>The <i>Supply</i> returns from Lord Howe Island--Some convicts +assaulted by the natives--excursion of Governor Phillip to Botany +Bay by Land--interview with many natives--the fourth of June +celebrated--some account of the climate. Return of Sick, etc. +June 30, 1788</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-13">Chapter XIII.</a></p> + +<p>Particular description of Sydney Cove--Of the buildings +actually erected--and of the intended town--A settlement made at +the head of the harbour.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-14">Chapter XIV.</a></p> + +<p>Fish violently seized by the natives--Another expedition of +the Governor--Further account of the manners and manufactures of +the native inhabitants of New South Wales--Difficulty of +obtaining any intercourse. Remarks and Directions for sailing +into PORT JACKSON, by Capt. J. HUNTER, of the SIRIUS. Height of +neap and spring tides, at full and change of the moon.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-15">Chapter XV.</a></p> + +<p>Some Specimens of Animals from New South Wales; description of +The spotted Opossum; Vulpine Opossum; Norfolk Island +Flying-Squirrel. Blue Bellied Parrot; Tabuan Parrot; Pennantian +Parrot; Pacific Parrakeet; Sacred King's-fisher; Superb Warbler, +male; Superb Warbler, female; Caspian Tern; Norfolk Island +Petrel; Bronze-winged Pigeon; White-fronted Heron; Wattled +Bee-Eater; Psittaceous Hornbill; dimensions of a large +Kanguroo.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-16">Chapter XVI.</a></p> + +<p>Papers relative to the settlement at Port Jackson.--General +return of marines.--Return of officers.--Artificers belonging to +the Marine Detachment.--List of officers and privates desirous of +remaining in the country.--Return of provisions.--Return of +Sick.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-17">Chapter XVII.</a></p> + +<p>Nautical directions, and other detached remarks, by Lieutenant +Ball, concerning Rio de Janeiro, Norfolk Island, Ball Pyramid, +and Lord Howe Island.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-18">Chapter XVIII.</a></p> + +<p>Concise account of Lieutenant Shortland--His various +services--Appointed agent to the transports sent to New South +Wales--Ordered by Governor Phillip to England, by +Batavia--Journal of his voyage--New discoveries.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-19">Chapter XIX.</a></p> + +<p>August 1788 to February 1789</p> + +<p>Appearance of the scurvy--The boats land at one of the Pelew +Islands--Account of the Natives who were seen, and conjectures +concerning them--Distresses--The <i>Friendship</i> cleared and +sunk--Miserable condition of the <i>Alexander</i> when she reached +Batavia.--Conclusion.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-20">Chapter XX.</a></p> + +<p>Lieutenant Watts's Narrative of the Return of the <i>Lady Penrhyn</i> +Transport; containing an Account of the Death of Omai, and other +interesting Particulars at Otaheite.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-21">Chapter XXI.</a></p> + +<p>The <i>Scarborough</i> leaves Port Jackson--Touches at Lord Howe's +Island--Joins the <i>Charlotte</i>--Falls in with a large +Shoal--Discover a number of Islands--Short account of the +Inhabitants--Canoes described--Ornaments-- Discover Lord +Mulgrave's Islands--Arrival at Tinian--Sick people sent on +shore--Departure from Tinian--Arrival in Mocao Roads.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-22">Chapter XXII.</a></p> + +<p>Supplemental Account of Animals from New South Wales, +containing, Descriptions of the Bankian Cockatoo; Red-shouldered +Parrakeet; Crested Goat Sucker; New Holland Cassowary; White +Gallinule; Dog from New South Wales; Spotted Martin; Kanguroo +Rat; Laced Lizard; Port Jackson Shark; Bag Throated Balistes; +Unknown Fish from New South Wales; Watts's Shark; Great Brown +Kingsfisher.--Additional Account of the Kanguroo--Anecdote of +Captain Cook and Otoo, by Mr. Webber.--Dr. Blane's Account of the +good Effects of the Yellow Gum.--Botany Bay Plants.--Lieut. +Watts's Account of the Weather at Botany Bay and Port +Jackson.--Conclusion.</p> + +<p><a href="#chapter-appendix">CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX.</a></p> + +<p>Table I. Route of the <i>Alexander</i>, Lieutenant Shortland, from +the Cape of Good Hope to Botany Bay<br> +Table II. Route of the <i>Supply</i>, Lieut. Ball, after parting with +the <i>Alexander</i>, to Botany Bay<br> +Table III. Route of the <i>Supply</i>, Lieut. Ball, from Port Jackson to +Norfolk Island<br> +Table IV. Route of the <i>Supply</i> from Norfolk Island to Port +Jackson<br> +Table V. Route of the <i>Supply</i> from Port Jackson to Lord Howe +Island, and from thence to Port Jackson<br> +Table VI. Route of the <i>Alexander</i>, Lieut. Shortland, from Port +Jackson to Batavia<br> +Table VII. Route of the <i>Lady Penrhyn</i>, Capt. Sever, from Port +Jackson to Otaheite<br> +Table VIII.Route of the <i>Lady Penrhyn</i>, Capt. Sever, from Otaheite +to China<br> +Table IX. Route of the <i>Scarborough</i>, Capt. Marshall, from Port +Jackson to China<br> +List of the Convicts sent to New South Wales</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<p><a name="subscribers"></a></p> + +<h2>A LIST OF THE SUBSCRIBERS.</h2> + +<pre> +A. + +Andrews, James Pettit, Esq. F. A. S. +Apsley, Viscount, M. P. +Aubrey, Sir John, Bart. M. P. +Allen, Robert, Esq. +Aylesford, Earl of +A'Court, William Pierce Ashe, Esq. M. P. +Aldersey, William, Esq. +Andrews, Sir Joseph, Bart. +Addington, Right Hon. Henry, Speaker of the House of Commons +Arden, John, Esq. Arden Hall +Addington, John Hiley, Esq. M. P. +Arden, Sir Richard Pepper, M. P. Master of the Rolls +Anson, George, Esq. M. P. +Adams, Mr. James Blake +Arnold, George, Esq. +Astley, Sir Edward, Bart. M. P. +Annesley, Hon. Richard +Appleyard, Mr. 6 copies +Allen, Thomas, Esq. +Ashton, Nicholas, Esq. +Aisley, Stephen, Esq. Kensington + +B. + +Bath, Marchioness of +Bickingham, Mr. +Baber, Edward, Esq. +Bathurst, Thomas, Esq. +Blackburne, John, Esq. M. P. +Breadalbane, Earl of +Belgrave, Lord, M. P. +Buccleugh, Duke of +Barwell, Thomas Smith, Esq. +Barker, Francis, Esq. +Bootle, R. Wilbraham, Esq. M. P. +Bissett, Maurice, Fsq. +Banks, Sir Joseph, Bart. +Bolton, Duke of +Butler, Rev. Mr. +Black, Captain <i>Alexander</i> +Bosville, William, Esq. +Buckingham, Marquis of +Barwell, Richard, Esq. M. P. +Bland, General +Beaufort, Duke of +Bearcroft, Edward, Esq. M. P. +Bath, Marquis of +Black, Mr. 4 copies +Bond, Mr. +Berkeley, Earl +Beresford, Right Hon. John +Bull, Mr. bookseller, Bath, 6 copies +Baleman, Mr. +Beach, Captain +Baldwin, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Brown, Mr. bookseller +Blamire, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Booker, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Beckett, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Binns, Mr. bookseller, Leeds +Breadhower, Mr. bookseller, Portsmouth +Burbage, Mr. bookseller, Nottingham +Baker, Mr. Bookseller, Southampton, 3 copies +Blackwell, Sir L. Bart. +Bevor, Dr. +Boucher, Rev. Mr. +Brown, Richard +Barry, Mr. Library, Hastings +Bell, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies +Buckland, Mr. bookseller, 5 copies +Byfield, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Bindley, James, Esq. F. S. A. +Boosey, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Bagshaw, John, Esq. +Bew, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Barnet, Mr. Thomas + +C. + +Cottrell, John, Esq. +Clements, John, Esq. +Chalmers, George, Esq. +Chatham, Earl of +Calthorpe, Sir Henry Gough, Bart. +Call, John, Esq. M. P. +Clayton, George, Esq. +Campbell, Major +Chesterfield, Earl of +Cox, Mr. +Crauford, Mr. A. 2 copies +Charlival, Countess of +Chiswell, R. M. T. Esq. +Chetwynd, Hon. Richard +Chichester, Sir John, Bart. +Crespigny, P. C. Esq. +Carysfort, Earl of +Collins, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Cadell, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Cornell, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies +Clarke, Mr. bookseller, Manchester +Collins, Mr. bookseller, Salisbury +Constable, Golding, Esq. +Cook, Mr. bookseller, Godalming, 2 copies. +Clarke, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Cuthell, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies +Charlton, St. John, Esq. +Cooper, Dr. + +D. + +Dickens, Francis, Esq. M. P. +De Salis, Rev. Dr. +Dodswell, T. Esq. Pool-court +De Lancy, Colonel +Donowell, Mr. architect +Dalrymple, <i>Alexander</i>, Esq. +Dayrell, Edmund, Esq. +Davies, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Debrett, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Dalling, Sir John, Bart. +Dartmouth, Earl of +De Freire, Chevalier, 2 copies +Dacre, Lord +Davison, <i>Alexander</i>, Esq. +Dilly, Mr. bookseller, 50 copies +Dangerfield, Mr. bookseller +Drewry, Mr. bookseller, Derby +Dover, Lord +Dawes, John, Esq. M. P. +Delaval, Lord +Drummond, John, Esq. M. P. + +E. + +Effingham, Earl of +Essex, Earl of +East, Gilbert, Esq. +Eliott, Lord +Egerton, Colonel William, M. P. +Enderby, Mr. Samuel +Eardley, Lord +Elliott, William, Esq. +Erving, George, Esq. +Edwards, Captain +Eyre, Edward, Esq. +Evans, Mr. bookseller, 30 copies +Egertons, Messrs. booksellers, 12 copies +Edwards, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Edwards, Mr. bookseller, Halifax +Enderby, Mr. Charles +Ernst, Anthony, Esq. jun. Camberwell +Enderby, Mr. George +Edmiston, Rev. William +Elmsley, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies + +F. + +Fairford, Lord +Finch, Hon. William +Ford, Richard, Esq. M. P. +Fitzgerald, Lord Robert +Fane, Francis, Esq. M. P. +Frost, John, Esq. +Frederic, Sir John, Bart. M. P. +Fletcher, Mr. bookseller, Oxford, 6 copies +Fortescue, Earl of +Forster, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Forsyth, William, Esq. Kensington +Faulder, Mr. bookseller, 31 copies +Fife, Earl of +Fetherston, Thomas, Esq. Lincoln's-inn +Ferrier, Robert England, Esq. +Faden, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies + +G. + +Goulding, Mr. Geo. bookseller, 25 copies +Glover, Richard, Esq. +Grigby, Joshua, Esq. M. P. +Greame, Charles, Esq. +Graham, Sir James, Bart. M. P. +Gregory, Rev. Edward Langar +Grenville, Hon. Mrs. +Gardner, Mr. bookseller, 25 copies +Gernay, Mr. bookseller, Dublin, 50 copies +Goodwyn, Henry, Esq. +Goodwin, Henry, Esq. jun. +Grey de Wilton, Lord +Grote, George, Esq. + +H. + +Hopetoun, Earl of +Hawke, Lord +Hanmer, Job, Esq. Holbrook Hall +Harpur, Sir Harry, Bart. +Hunt, Joseph, Esq. +Hood, Lord, M. P. +Houghton, Sir Henry, Bart. M. P. +Hayes, Mr. Charles +Hetherington, J. Esq. +Hodges, Mr. +Humphries, Captain James +Hannay, John, Esq. +Herman, Francis Anthony, Esq. +Hanrot, Mr. +Hamilton, Duke of +Hardinge, George, Esq. M. P. +Hannay, Sir Samuel, Bart. M. P. +Hill, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Hughes, Mr. +Hobart, Major, M. P. +Howard de Walden, Lord +Hoare, Charles, Esq. +Hawkins, Christopher, Esq. M. P. +Hinuber, Mr. +Haydon and son, booksellers, Plymouth, 5 copies +Hooper, Mr. +Hookham, Mr. bookseller, 25 copies +Hastings, Warren, Esq. +Hill, Sir Richard, Bart. M. P. +Harlow, Mrs. bookseller, 12 copies +Hall, Micah, Esq. + +I. + +Johnston, Peter, Esq. +Jenkyns, Mr. +Irwin, ----, Esq. +Jackson, William, jun. Esq. Exeter +Jolliffe, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Inchiquin, Earl of, M. P. +Johnson, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies + +K. + +Keith, Captain, R. N. +Kingsmill, Captain, R. N. M. P. +Kynaston, John, Esq. M. P. +Kent, Sir Charles, Bart. M. P. +Kensington, Charles, Esq. +Kirby, Mr. bookseller +King, Mr. bookseller, 4 copies +Knight and Son, booksellers, 3 copies + +L. + +Lewisham, Lord +Lambert, J. Esq. +Law, Edward, Esq. +Lane, Mr. bookseller, 2 copies +Lane, Mrs. +Loveden, Edward Loveden, Esq. M. P. +Long, ------, Esq. Aldermaston +Latrobe, Mr. Benjamin Henry +Lucas, Mr. William +Lovaine, Lord +Long, Samuel, Esq. +Lee, Mr. James, Hammersmith +Longmate, Mr. engraver +Lindergreen, Andrew, Esq. +Leinster, Duke of +Lodge, John, Esq. +Lister, Thomas, Esq. M. P. +Long, Sir James Tylney, Bart. M. P. +Le Mesurier, Paul, Esq. M. P. +Lowndes, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Longman, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Law, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Lackington, Mr. bookseller, 25 copies +Le Fleming, Sir Michael, Bart. M. P. +Latham, John, Esq. M. D. +Latham, John, jun. Esq. +Latham, Miss Ann +Langston, John, Esq. M. P. +Luttrell, Lady Elizabeth +Lewisham, Viscount, M. P. +Little, Richard, Esq. Kensington +Lewis, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies + +M + +Mitchel, Capt. A. R. N. +Miles, William, Esq. +Mornington, Lord, M. P. +Moreau, Simon, Esq. Cheltenham +Martin, George, Esq. +Martin, Edwin, Esq. Priory +Mazell, Mr. Peter, engraver +Medland, Mr. engraver +Macclesfield, Earl of +Middleton, R. Esq. +Mineur, Mr. +Marshall, Lieutenant S. E. +Mehaux, John, Esq. +Milnes, Richard Slater, Esq. M. P. +Mecormick, Mrs. +Murray, Mr. bookseller, 18 copies +Marshall, John, Esq. +Maberly, Mr. Stephen +Martindale, John, Esq. +Mulgrave, Lord, M. P. +Monro, Dr. +M'Queen, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Matthews, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Merrill, Mr. bookseller, Cambridge +Mapletoft, Mr. +Macbride, Captain John, Esq. M. P. R. N. +Mainwaring, William, Esq. M. P. +Macnamara, John, Esq. M. P. +Middleton, William, Esq. M. P. +Morshead, Sir John, Bart. M. P. +Muncaster, Lord, M. P. +Marsh, Samuel, Esq. +Marsham, Charles, Esq. +Melbourne, Lady +Montolieu, Lewis, Esq. + +N + +Nepean, Evan, Esq. +Norton, Mr. James, bookseller, Bristol, 6 copies +Nares, Rev. Mr. +Nicol, Mr. George, bookseller, 12 copies +Neville, Richard Aldworth, Esq. M. P. +Nicholls, Frank, Esq. Whitchurch +Nash, Mr. jun. +Nowell, Henry Constantine, Esq. Shiplake +Newberry, Mrs. bookseller, 6 copies + +O + +Orchard, Paul, Esq. M. P. +Ogilvie and Speare, booksellers, 9 copies +Otridge, Mr. bookseller, 18 copies + +P + +Portlock, Capt. Nathaniel, R. N. +Pye, Walter, Esq. +Potenger, Thomas, Esq. +Prattent, Mr. engraver +Pitt, Right Hon. William, M. P. +Pocock, Sir Isaac, Bart. Reading +Peachey, John, Esq. M. P. +Penn, Granville, Esq. +Pochin, William, Esq. M. P. +Phiney, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Parkyns, Thomas Boothby, Esq. M. P. F. R. S. and F. A. S. +Pennant, Thomas, Esq. +Pitman, Thomas, Esq. Loxford Hall +Pye, Henry James, Esq. M. P. +Putland, William, Esq. +Peachey, Sir James, Bart. +Popham, Home, Esq. +Pollock, W. Esq. +Pierse, Henry, Esq. M. P. +Pery, Rev. John +Prince and Cook, booksellers, Oxford, 6 copies +Patterson, Captain +Phillips, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Peat and Newcomb, booksellers, Stamford +Pearson and Rollason, booksellers, Birmingham +Payne and Son, booksellers, 12 copies +Petrie, William, Esq. +Plampin, Lieutenant, R. N. +Phipps, Hon. Henry, M. P. +Pitt, William Morton, Esq. M. P. +Popham, William, Esq. M. P. + +R + +Rivers, Lord +Richards, Mr. +Ramsay, Capt. John +Rose, George, Esq. M. P. +Robinson, William, Esq. +Rolle, John, Esq. M. P. +Rawstorne, Lieut. Col. +Robinsons, Messrs. booksellers, 200 copies +Richardson, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Rome, George, Esq. +Roberts, Mr. +Ramsford, Nicholas, Esq. +Rous, Sir John, Bart. M. P. +Rodney, James, Esq. +Rivington, and Sons, booksellers, 20 copies +Robson and Clarke, booksellers, 25 copies + +S + +Salisbury, Marquis of, 2 copies +Salisbury, Marchioness of +St. Albans, Duke of +Stanley, Thomas, Esq. M. P. +Sturt, Charles, Esq. M. P. +Speke, Mrs. +Swale, John, Esq. +Smyth, John, Esq. +Saville, Hon. Henry +Scott, Major, M. P. +Shuckburgh, Sir George, Bart. M. P. +Stephens, Philip, Esq. M. P. +Skipwith, Sir Thomas George, Bart. +Sykes, Sir Francis, Bart. M. P. +St. John, St. Andrew, Esq. +Stanley, John, Esq. M. P. +Shore, Samuel, Esq. +Sitwell, Francis, Esq. +Spooner, Charles, Esq. +Smith, Sir John, Bart. +Smart, Baptist, Esq. +Sydney, Viscount, two copies +Spence, Mr. George +Scott, Thomas, Esq. M. P. +Sotheron, William, Esq. M. P. +Strahan, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Steele, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Scatcherd and Whittaker, booksellers, 6 copies +Sewell, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Spens, Walter, Esq. +Silvester, Mr. John, architect +Smith and Gardner, booksellers +Simmons and Kerby, booksellers, Canterbury +Swinney, Mr. bookseller, Birmingham +Smart and Cowslade, booksellers, Reading +Steele, Thomas, Esq. M. P. +Secker, George, Esq. +Swain, Rev. John Hadley +Scowen, James, Esq. +Staunton, G. T. Esq. +Sumner, John, Esq. +Society, the Philosophical, Derby +Stockdale, Mr. Jeremiah +Selkirk, Lord +Sumner, George, Esq. M. P. +Stanley, John Thomas, Esq. +Stalker, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Southern, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies + +T + +Townsend, Hon. John Thomas, M. P. +Thomson, Rev. Doctor, Kensington +Temple, Grenville, Esq. +Tullock, Mr. +Turnor, John, Esq. Gray's-inn +Tattersall, Mr. jun. +Townley, Charles, Esq. +Todd, Mr. bookseller, York, 6 copies +Tutte, Rev. Mr. +Townson, Lieutenant +Thorkelin, Dr. G. J. +Tessyman, Mr. bookseller, York +Trewman, Mr. bookseller, Exeter +Trotman, Fiennes, Esq. M. P. +Thorold, Sir John, Bart. M. P. +Temple, Sir John, Bart. +Thornton, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies + +V + +Vansittart, George, Esq. M. P. +Vansittart, Nicholas, Esq. +Vernor, Mr. bookseller, 18 copies + +W. + +Weymouth, Lord +Warren, Sir John Borlase, Bart. +Wolfe, Arthur, Esq. Attorney-General, Ireland +Walsh, John, Esq. +Wentworth, Lord +Willis, H. N. Esq. +Wright, Mr. +Woodford, Col. John +Wray, Sir Cecil, Bart. +Willis, Rev. Thomas +Wolfe, Lewis, Esq. +Watts, Lieutenant John, R. N. +Watts, Mr. D. P. +Wilton, George, Esq. +Wale, G. Esq. +Watts, Mr. Thomas +Warren, Sir George, M. P. +Walter, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Webber, Mr. John +Walker, James, Esq. +Watson, Serjeant +Welch, Mr. Joseph +White and Son, booksellers, 12 copies +Ware and Son, booksellers, White-haven +Woodmason, Mr. +Williamson, Captain +Wright, Mr. Thomas +Walcot, John, Esq. +Wood, Mr. bookseller, Shrewsbury +Wilson, Mr. +Wetton, Mr. bookseller, Chertsey +Wenman, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies +Wigglesworth, John, Esq. +Wedgewood, Josiah, Esq. +Wheeler, Mr. G. Wanstead +Wilkie, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Whieldon, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Williams, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Walker, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies +Wynne, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies + +Y + +Yorke, Hon. Philip, M. P. +Yorke, Charles, Esq. +Young, Sir Wm. Bart. M. P. +Yorke, the Hon. Mrs. Sydney-Farm +Young, William, Esq. +Yonge, Right Hon. Sir George, Bart. M. P. +Younge, Major William, Little Darnford Place. + +</pre> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<p><a name="plates"></a></p> + +<h2>LIST OF THE PLATES.</h2> + +<p><a href="#phillip-01">Head of Governor Phillip</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-02">Vignette in title page--for an +explanation see the Preface</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-03">View of Botany Bay</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-04">Yellow Gum Plant</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-05">View in Port Jackson</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-06">Caspian Tern</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-07">Natives of Botany Bay</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-08">Chart of Norfolk Island</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-09">Lieutenant King</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-10">Hut in New South Wales</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-11">The Kanguroo</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-12">View in New South Wales</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-13">Sketch of Sydney Cove</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-14">Axe, Basket, and Sword</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-15">Plan of Port Jackson</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-16">Spotted Opossum</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-17">Vulpine Opossum</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-18">Flying Squirrel</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-19">Blue-bellied Parrot</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-20">Tabuan Parrot</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-21">Pennantian Parrot</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-22">Pacific Parrakeet</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-23">Sacred Kings-fisher</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-24">Male Superb Warbler</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-25">Female Superb Warbler</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-26">Norfolk Island Petrel</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-27">Bronze-winged Pigeon</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-28">White-fronted Heron</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-29">Wattled Bee-eater</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-30">Psittaceous Hornbill</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-31">Skeleton of the Head of the Kanguroo and +Vulpine Opossum</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-32">Map and View of Lord Howe Island</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-33">Ball's Pyramid</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-34">Lieutenant Shortland</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-35">Chart of the Track of the +<i>Alexander</i></a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-36">Shortland's Chart of New Georgia</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-37">Curtis's Isles</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-38">Macaulay's Isles</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-39">Track of the <i>Scarborough</i></a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-40">A Canoe, etc. Mulgrave's Range</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-41">Bankian Cockatoo</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-42">Red Shouldered Parrakeet</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-43">New Holland Goat-sucker</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-44">New Holland Cassowary</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-45">White Gallinule</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-46">Dog of New South Wales</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-47">Martin Cat</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-48">Kanguroo Rat</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-49">Laced Lizard</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-50">Fish of New South Wales</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-51">Fish of New South Wales</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-52">Port Jackson Shark</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-53">Watt's Shark</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-54">Great brown Kingsfisher</a><br> + +<a href="#phillip-55">Black flying Opossum</a></p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<p><a name="chapter-01"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter I.</h2> + +<blockquote>Public utility of voyages--Peculiar circumstances of this--New +Holland properly a continent--Reasons for fixing our settlement +there--Transportation to America, its origin, advantages, and +cessation--Experiments made--The present plan +adopted--Disadvantages of other expedients.</blockquote> + +<p>From voyages undertaken expressly for the purpose of +discovery, the public naturally looks for information of various +kinds: and it is a fact which we cannot but contemplate with +pleasure, that by the excellent publications subsequent to such +enterprises, very considerable additions have been made, during +the present reign, to our general knowledge of the globe, of the +various tribes by which it is peopled, and of the animals and +vegetables to which it gives support.</p> + +<p>An expedition occasioned by motives of legislative policy, +carried on by public authority, and concluded by a fixed +establishment in a country very remote, not only excites an +unusual interest concerning the fate of those sent out, but +promises to lead us to some points of knowledge which, by the +former mode, however judiciously employed, could not have been +attained. A transient visit to the coast of a great continent +cannot, in the nature of things, produce a complete information +respecting its inhabitants, productions, soil, or climate: all +which when contemplated by resident observers, in every possible +circumstance of variation, though they should be viewed with less +philosophical acuteness, must yet gradually become more fully +known: Errors, sometimes inseparable from hasty observation, will +then be corrected by infallible experience; and many objects will +present themselves to view, which before had escaped notice, or +had happened to be so situated that they could not be +observed.</p> + +<p>The full discovery of the extent of New Holland, by our +illustrious navigator, Capt. Cook, has formed a singular epocha +in geography; a doubt having arisen from it, whether to a land of +such magnitude the name of island or that of continent may more +properly be applied. To this question it may be answered, that +though the etymology of the word island,* and of others +synonymous to it, points out only a land surrounded by the sea, +or by any water, (in which sense the term is applicable even to +the largest portions of the habitable globe) yet it is certain +that, in the usual acceptation, an island is conceived to signify +a land of only moderate extent, surrounded by the sea.** To +define at what point of magnitude precisely, a country so +situated shall begin to be a continent, could not answer any +purpose of utility; but the best and clearest rule for removing +the doubt appears to be the following: As long as the peculiar +advantages of an insular situation can be enjoyed by the +inhabitants of such a country, let it have the title of an +island; when it exceeds those limits let it be considered as a +continent. Now the first and principal advantage of an island, is +that of being capable of a convenient union under one government, +and of deriving thence a security from all external attacks, +except by sea. In lands of very great magnitude such an union is +difficult, if not impracticable, and a distinction founded on +this circumstance, is therefore sufficient for convenience at +least, if*** not for speculative accuracy. If we suppose this +extent to be something about one thousand miles each way, +without, however, affecting much rigour in the limitation, the +claim of New Holland to be called a continent, will be +indisputable: The greatest extent of that vast country being, +from East to West, about two thousand four hundred English miles, +and, from North to South, not less than two thousand three +hundred.****</p> + +<blockquote>[* Insula, from which island is derived, is formed from in +sulo, in the sea; and, the corresponding word in Greek, is +usually deduced from to swim, as appearing, and probably having +been originally supposed to swim in the sea.]</blockquote> + +<blockquote>[** Thus when Dionysius Periegetes considers the whole ancient +world as surrounded by the sea, he calls it, an immense island; +on which Eustathius remarks, that the addition of the epithet +immense was necessary, otherwise the expression would have been +low and inadequate.]</blockquote> + +<blockquote>[*** We do not here consider whether a country be actually +united under one government, but whether from its size it might +be so conveniently. If we might derive from, or to inhabit, the +etymological distinction would be complete on these principles. +An island being one distinct habitation of men; and a continent +land continued from one state to another. The former derivation +might be rendered specious by remarking how singularly Homer and +others use with, as if they had a natural connection. See II. B. +626. and, Sophoc. Ajax. 601.]</blockquote> + +<blockquote>[**** In or near the latitude of 30° South, New Holland +extends full 40 degrees of longitude, which, under that parallel, +may be estimated at 60 English miles to a degree. The extent from +York Cape to South Cape is full 33 degrees of latitude, which are +calculated of course at 69½ English miles each.]</blockquote> + +<p>To New South Wales England has the claim which a tacit consent +has generally made decisive among the European States, that of +prior discovery. The whole of that Eastern coast, except the very +Southern point, having been untouched by any navigator, till it +was explored by Captain Cook. This consideration, added to the +more favourable accounts given of this side of the continent than +of the other, was sufficient to decide the choice of the British +government, in appointing a place for the banishment of a certain +class of criminals.</p> + +<p>The cause of the determination to send out in this manner the +convicts under sentence of transportation, was, as is well known, +the necessary cessation of their removal to America; and the +inconveniences experienced in the other modes of destination +adopted after that period.</p> + +<p>Virginia, greatly in want, at its first settlement, of +labourers to clear away the impenetrable forests which impeded +all cultivation, was willing, from very early times, to receive +as servants, those English criminals whom our Courts of Law +deemed not sufficiently guilty for capital punishment.* The +planters hired their services during a limited term; and they +were latterly sent out under the care of contractors, who were +obliged to prove, by certificates, that they had disposed of +them, according to the intention of the law.</p> + +<blockquote>[* Banishment was first ordered as a punishment for rogues and +vagrants, by statute 39 Eliz. ch. 4. See Blackst. Com. IV. chap. +31. But no place was there specified. The practice of +transporting criminals to America is said to have commenced in +the reign of James I; the year 1619 being the memorable epoch of +its origin: but that destination is first expressly mentioned in +18 Car. II. ch. 2.--The transport traffic was first regulated by +statute 4 George I. ch. II. and the causes expressed in the +preamble to be, the failure of those who undertook to transport +themselves, and the great want of servants in his Majesty's +plantations. Subsequent Acts enforced further regulations.]</blockquote> + +<p>The benefits of this regulation were various. The colonies +received by it, at an easy rate, an assistance very necessary; +and the mother country was relieved from the burthen of subjects, +who at home were not only useless but pernicious: besides which, +the mercantile returns, on this account alone, are reported to +have arisen, in latter times, to a very considerable amount.* The +individuals themselves, doubtless, in some instances, proved +incorrigible; but it happened also, not very unfrequently, that, +during the period of their legal servitude, they became +reconciled to a life of honest industry, were altogether reformed +in their manners, and rising gradually by laudable efforts, to +situations of advantage, independence, and estimation, +contributed honourably to the population and prosperity of their +new country.**</p> + +<blockquote>[* It is said, forty thousand pounds per annum, about two +thousand convicts being sold for twenty pounds each.]</blockquote> + +<blockquote>[** The Abbe Raynal has given his full testimony to the policy +of this species of banishment, in the fourteenth Book of his +History, near the beginning.]</blockquote> + +<p>By the contest in America, and the subsequent separation of +the thirteen Colonies, this traffic was of course destroyed. +Other expedients, well known to the public, have since been +tried; some of which proved highly objectionable;* and all have +been found to want some of the principal advantages experienced +from the usual mode of transportation.--The deliberations upon +this subject, which more than once employed the attention of +Parliament, produced at length the plan of which this volume +displays the first result. On December 6, 1786, the proper orders +were issued by his Majesty in Council, and an Act establishing a +Court of Judicature in the place of settlement, and making such +other regulations as the occasion required, received the sanction +of the whole legislature early in the year 1787.</p> + +<blockquote>[* Particularly, the transporting of criminals to the +coast of Africa, where what was meant as an alleviation of +punishment too frequently ended in death.]</blockquote> + +<p>To expatiate upon the principles of penal law is foreign to +the purpose of this work, but thus much is evident to the +plainest apprehension, that the objects most to be desired in it +are the restriction of the number of capital inflictions, as far +as is consistent with the security of society; and the employment +of every method that can be devised for rendering the guilty +persons serviceable to the public, and just to themselves; for +correcting their moral depravity, inducing habits of industry, +and arming them in future against the temptations by which they +have been once ensnared.</p> + +<p>For effectuating these beneficial purposes, well regulated +penitentiary houses seem, in speculation, to afford the fairest +opportunity; and a plan of this kind, formed by the united +efforts of Judge Blackstone, Mr. Eden, and Mr. Howard, was +adopted by Parliament in the year 1779. Difficulties however +occurred which prevented the execution of this design: a +circumstance which will be something the less regretted when it +shall be considered, that it is perhaps the fate of this theory, +in common with many others of a very pleasing nature, to be more +attractive in contemplation than efficacious in real practice. A +perfect design, carried on by imperfect agents, is liable to lose +the chief part of its excellence; and the best digested plan of +confinement must in execution be committed, chiefly, to men not +much enlightened, very little armed against corruption, and +constantly exposed to the danger of it. The vigilance which in +the infancy of such institutions effectually watches over the +conduct of these public servants, will always in a little time be +relaxed; and it will readily be conceived that a large +penitentiary house, very corruptly governed, would be, of all +associations, one of the most pernicious to those confined, and +most dangerous to the peace of society.</p> + +<p>In some countries, malefactors not capitally convicted, are +sentenced to the gallies or the mines; punishments often more +cruel than death, and here, on many accounts, impracticable. In +other places they are employed in public works, under the care of +overseers. This method has been partially tried in England on the +Thames, but has been found by no means to produce the benefits +expected from it. There is, therefore, little temptation to +pursue it to a further extent. The employment of criminals in +works carried on under the public eye, is perhaps too repugnant +to the feelings of Englishmen ever to be tolerated. Reason, +indeed, acquiesces in the melancholy necessity of punishing, but +chains and badges of servitude are unpleasing objects, and +compassion will always revolt at the sight of actual infliction. +Convicts so employed would either by an ill placed charity be +rewarded, or the people, undergoing a change of character far +from desirable, would in time grow callous to those impressions +which naturally impel them to give relief.</p> + +<p>It remains therefore, that we adhere as much as possible to +the practice approved by long experience, of employing the +services of such criminals in remote and rising settlements. For +this purpose the establishment on the eastern coast of New +Holland has been projected, and carried on with every precaution +to render it as beneficial as possible. That some difficulties +will arise in the commencement of such an undertaking must be +expected; but it is required by no moral obligation that convicts +should be conveyed to a place of perfect convenience and +security; and though the voluntary emigrants and honourable +servants of the state, must in some measure, be involved for a +time in the same disadvantages, yet to have resisted difficulties +is often finally an advantage rather than an evil; and there are +probably few persons so circumstanced who will repine at moderate +hardships, when they reflect that by undergoing them they are +rendering an essential and an honourable service to their +country.</p> + +<p><a name="chapter-02"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter II.</h2> + +<p>March 1787 to June 1787</p> + +<blockquote>Preparation of the fleet ordered to Botany Bay.--Particulars +of its arrangement.--Departure and passage to the Canary +Isles.</blockquote> + +<p>16 March 1787</p> + +<p>The squadron destined to carry into execution the above +design, began to assemble at its appointed rendezvous, the Mother +Bank, within the Isle of Wight, about the 16th of March, 1787. +This small fleet consisted of the following ships: His Majesty's +frigate <i>Sirius</i>, Captain John Hunter, and his Majesty's armed +tender <i>Supply</i>, commanded by Lieutenant H. L. Ball. Three +store-ships, the <i>Golden Grove</i>, <i>Fishburn</i>, and <i>Borrowdale</i>, for +carrying provisions and stores for two years; including +instruments of husbandry, clothing for the troops and convicts, +and other necessaries; and lastly, six transports, the +<i>Scarborough</i>, and <i>Lady Penrhyn</i>, from Portsmouth; the <i>Friendship</i>, +and <i>Charlotte</i>, from Plymouth; the <i>Prince of Wales</i>, and the +<i>Alexander</i>, from Woolwich. These were to carry the convicts, with +a detachment of Marines in each, proportioned to the nature of +the service; the largest where resistance was most to be +expected, namely, in those ships which carried the greatest +number of male convicts. Altogether they formed a little squadron +of eleven sail.</p> + +<p>They only who know the nature of such equipments, and consider +the particular necessity in the present instance for a variety of +articles not usually provided, can judge properly of the time +required for furnishing out this fleet. Such persons will +doubtless be the least surprised at being told that nearly two +months had elapsed before the ships were enabled to quit this +station, and proceed upon their voyage: and that even then some +few articles were either unprepared, or, through misapprehension, +neglected. The former circumstance took place respecting some +part of the cloathing for the female convicts, which, being +unfinished, was obliged to be left behind; the latter, with +respect to the ammunition of the marines, which was furnished +only for immediate service, instead of being, as the Commodore +apprehended, completed at their first embarkation: an omission +which, in the course of the voyage, was easily supplied.</p> + +<p>This necessary interval was very usefully employed, in making +the convicts fully sensible of the nature of their situation; in +pointing out to them the advantages they would derive from good +conduct, and the certainty of severe and immediate punishment in +case of turbulence or mutiny. Useful regulations were at the same +time established for the effectual governing of these people; and +such measures were taken as could not fail to render abortive any +plan they might be desperate enough to form for resisting +authority, seizing any of the transports, or effecting, at any +favourable period, an escape. We have, however, the testimony of +those who commanded, that their behaviour, while the ships +remained in port, was regular, humble, and in all respects +suitable to their situation: such as could excite neither +suspicion nor alarm, nor require the exertion of any kind of +severity.</p> + +<p>When the fleet was at length prepared for sailing, the +complement of convicts and marines on board the transports was +thus arranged. The <i>Friendship</i> carried a Captain and forty-four +marines, subalterns and privates, with seventy-seven male and +twenty female convicts. The <i>Charlotte</i>, a Captain and forty-three +men, with eighty-eight male and twenty female convicts. In the +<i>Alexander</i>, were two Lieutenants and thirty-five marines, with two +hundred and thirteen convicts, all male. In the <i>Scarborough</i>, a +Captain and thirty-three marines, with male convicts only, two +hundred and eight in number. The <i>Prince of Wales</i> transport had +two Lieutenants and thirty marines, with an hundred convicts, all +female. And the <i>Lady Penrhyn</i>, a Captain, two Lieutenants, and +only three privates, with one hundred and two female convicts. +Ten marines, of different denominations, were also sent as +supernumeraries on board the <i>Sirius</i>. The whole complement of +marines, including officers, amounted to two hundred and twelve; +besides which, twenty-eight women, wives of marines, carrying +with them seventeen children, were permitted to accompany their +husbands. The number of convicts was seven hundred and +seventy-eight, of whom five hundred and fifty-eight were men. +Two, however, on board the <i>Alexander</i>, received a full pardon +before the departure of the fleet, and consequently remained in +England.</p> + +<p>13 May 1787</p> + +<p>Governor Phillip, on his arrival at the station, hoisted his +flag on board the <i>Sirius</i>, as Commodore of the squadron: and the +embarkation being completed, and the time requiring his +departure, at day break on the 13th of May, he gave the signal to +weigh anchor. To the distance of about an hundred leagues clear +of the channel, his Majesty's frigate Hyena, of twenty-four guns, +was ordered to attend the fleet, in order to bring intelligence +of its passage through that most difficult part of the voyage; +with any dispatches which it might be requisite for the Governor +to send home.</p> + +<p>20 May 1787</p> + +<p>On the 20th of May, the ships being then in latitude 47° +57', and longitude 12° 14' west of London, the Hyena +returned. She brought, however, no exact account of the state of +the transports; for the sea at that time ran so high, that the +Governor found it difficult even to sit to write, and quite +impracticable to send on board the several ships for exact +reports of their situation, and of the behaviour of the convicts. +All, however, had not been perfectly tranquil; the convicts in +the <i>Scarborough</i>, confiding probably in their numbers, had formed +a plan for gaining possession of that ship, which the officers +had happily detected and frustrated. This information was +received from them just before the Hyena sailed, and the Governor +had ordered two of the ringleaders on board the <i>Sirius</i> for +punishment. These men, after receiving a proper chastisement, +were separated from their party by being removed into another +ship, the <i>Prince of Wales</i>. No other attempt of this kind was made +during the voyage.</p> + +<p>We may now consider the adventurers in this small fleet as +finally detached, for the present, from their native country; +looking forward, doubtless with very various emotions, to that +unknown region, which, for a time at least, they were destined to +inhabit. If we would indulge a speculative curiosity, concerning +the tendency of such an enterprize, there are few topics which +would afford an ampler scope for conjecture. The sanguine might +form expectations of extraordinary consequences, and be +justified, in some degree, by the reflection, that from smaller, +and not more respectable beginnings, powerful empires have +frequently arisen. The phlegmatic and apprehensive might magnify +to themselves the difficulties of the undertaking, and +prognosticate, from various causes, the total failure of it. +Both, perhaps, would be wrong. The opinion nearest to the right +was probably formed by the Governor himself, and such others +among the leaders of the expedition, as from native courage, felt +themselves superior to all difficulties likely to occur; and by +native good sense were secured from the seduction of romantic +reveries. To all it must appear a striking proof of the +flourishing state of navigation in the present age, and a +singular illustration of its vast progress since the early +nautical efforts of mankind; that whereas the ancients coasted +with timidity along the shores of the Mediterranean, and thought +it a great effort to run across the narrow sea which separates +Crete from Egypt, Great Britain, without hesitation, sends out a +fleet to plant a settlement near the antipodes.</p> + +<p>3 June 1787</p> + +<p>The high sea which had impeded the intercourse between the +ships, as they were out of the reach of rocks and shoals, was +not, in other respects, an unfavourable circumstance. On the +whole, therefore, the weather was reckoned fine, and the passage +very prosperous from Spithead to Santa Cruz, in the Isle of +Teneriffe, where the fleet anchored on the 3d of June.</p> + +<p><a name="chapter-03"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter III.</h2> + +<p>June 1787</p> + +<blockquote>Reasons for touching at the Canary Isles--Precautions for +preserving Health--Their admirable Success--Some Account of the +Canaries--Fables respecting them--Attempt of a Convict to +escape--Departure.</blockquote> + +<p>3 June 1787</p> + +<p>The chief object proposed by Governor Phillip in touching at +Teneriffe, was the obtaining a fresh supply of water and +vegetables. It was adviseable also at this period to give the +people such advantages and refreshments, for the sake of health, +as this place would readily supply, but which can only be +obtained on shore. In this, and every port, the crews, soldiers, +and convicts, were indulged with fresh meat, fruit, vegetables, +and every thing which could conduce to preserve them from the +complaints formerly inevitable in long voyages. The allowance +was, to the marines, a pound of bread, a pound of beef, and a +pint of wine per man, daily: the convicts had three quarters of a +pound of beef, and of bread, but no wine. The fruits obtained +here were only figs and mulberries, but these were plentiful and +excellent. How successfully precautions of every kind, tending to +this great end, were employed throughout the voyage, the reports +of the number of sick and dead will sufficiently evince.</p> + +<p>Captain Cook had very fully shown, how favourable such +expeditions might be made to the health of those engaged in them; +and Governor Phillip was happy enough to confirm the opinion, +that the success of his great predecessor, in this essential +point, was not in any degree the effect of chance, but arose from +that care and attention of which he has humanely given us the +detail; and which, in similar circumstances, may generally be +expected to produce the same result. If the number of convicts +who died between the time of embarkation and the arrival of the +fleet at this place, should seem inconsistent with this +assertion, it must be considered that the deaths were confined +entirely to that class of people, many of whom were advanced in +years, or labouring under diseases contracted in prison or +elsewhere, while they were yet on shore.</p> + +<p>A week was passed at this place, during which time the weather +was very moderate, the thermometer not exceeding 70° of +Fahrenheit's scale. The barometer stood at about 30 inches.</p> + +<p>The Governor of the Canaries, at this time, was the Marquis de +Brancifort, by birth a Sicilian. He was resident as usual at +Santa Cruz, and paid to Governor Phillip, and the other officers, +a polite attention and respect equally honourable to all parties. +The port of Santa Cruz, though not remarkably fine, is yet the +best in the Canaries, and the usual place at which vessels touch +for refreshment; the residence of the Governor General is +therefore fixed always in Teneriffe, for the sake of a more +frequent intercourse with Europe: in preference to the great +Canary Isle, which contains the Metropolitan church, and the +palace of the Bishop. The Marquis de Brancifort has lately +established some useful manufactures in Teneriffe.</p> + +<p>To enter into much detail concerning the Canary Islands, which +lie exactly in the course of every ship that sails from Europe to +the Cape, and consequently have been described in almost every +book of voyages, must be superfluous. A few general notices +concerning them may, perhaps, not be unacceptable. They are in +number about fourteen, of which the principal, and only +considerable are, Canary, Teneriffe, Fortaventure, Palma, Ferro, +Gomera, Lancerotta. Their distance from the coast of Africa is +from about forty to eighty leagues. The circumference of +Teneriffe is not above one hundred and twenty miles, but that of +Canary, or as it is usually called, the Great Canary, is one +hundred and fifty. They have been possessed and colonized by +Spain from the beginning of the 15th century.</p> + +<p>There is no reason to doubt that these are the islands +slightly known to the ancients under the name of Fortunate: +though the mistake of Ptolemy concerning their latitude has led +one of the commentators on Solinus to contend, that this title +belongs rather to the Islands of Cape Verd. Pliny mentions +Canaria, and accounts for that name from the number of large dogs +which the island contained; a circumstance which some modern +voyagers, perhaps with little accuracy, repeat as having +occasioned the same name to be given by the Spaniards. Nivaria, +spoken of by the same author, is evidently Teneriffe, and +synonymous, if we are rightly informed, to the modern name*. +Ombrion, or Pluvialia, is supposed to be Ferro; where the dryness +of the soil has at all times compelled the inhabitants to depend +for water on the rains.</p> + +<blockquote>[* Occasioned by the perpetual snows with which the Peak is +covered. Tener is said to mean snow, and itte or iffe a mountain, +in the language of the island.]</blockquote> + +<p>If the ancients made these islands the region of fable, and +their poets decorated them with imaginary charms to supply the +want of real knowledge, the moderns cannot wholly be exempted +from a similar imputation. Travellers have delighted to speak of +the Peak of Teneriffe, as the highest mountain in the ancient +world, whereas, by the best accounts, Mont Blanc exceeds it* by +3523 feet, or near a mile of perpendicular altitude. The Isle of +Ferro, having no such mountain to distinguish it, was celebrated +for a century or two on the credit of a miraculous tree, single +in its kind, enveloped in perpetual mists, and distilling +sufficient water for the ample supply of the island.** But this +wonder, though vouched by several voyagers, and by some as +eye-witnesses, vanished at the approach of sober enquiry, nor +could a single native be found hardy enough to assert its +existence. The truth is, that the Canary Isles, though a valuable +possession to Spain, and an excellent resource to voyagers of all +nations, contain no wonders, except what belong naturally to +volcanic mountains such as the Peak, which, though it always +threatens, has not now been noxious for more than eighty +years***.</p> + +<blockquote>[* The height of Mont Blanc, on a mean of the best accounts, +is 15,673 English feet from the level of the sea, Teneriffe +12,150.]</blockquote> + +<blockquote>[** Clipperton speaks of it as a fact, Harris's Voyages, Vol. +I. p. 187. Mandelsloe pretended to have seen it, ibid. p. 806. +Baudrand was the first who by careful enquiry detected the +fiction. An account of this imaginary tree, curious from being so +circumstantial, is here given from a French book of geography, of +some credit in other respects. "Mais ce qu'il-y-a de plus digne +de remarque, est cet arbre merveilleux qui fournit d'eau toute +l'isle, tant pour les hommes que pour les bêtes. Cet arbre, +que les habitans appellent Caroë, Garoë, ou Arbre +Saint, unique en son espéce, est gros, et large de +branches; son tronc a environ douze pieds de tour; ses feuilles +sont un peu plus grosses que celles des noiers, et toujours +vertes; il porte un fruit, semblable à un gland, qui a un +noiau d'un goût aromatique, doux et piquant. Cet arbre est +perpétuellement convert d'un nuage, qui l'humecte partout, +en sorte que l'eau en distille goutte à goutte par les +branches et par les feuilles, en telle quantité qu'on en +peut emplir trente tonneaux par jour. Cette eau est +extrémement fraiche, claire, fort bonne a boire, et fort +saine. Elle tombe dans deux bassins de pierre que les insulaires +ont bâtis pour la recevoir. La nuage qui couvre cet arbre +ne se dissipe pas; settlement dans les grandes chaleurs de +l'été il se diminue un peu; mais en échange +la mer envoie une vapeur epaisse, qui se jette sur l'arbre, et +qui supplée a ce manquement." Du Bois Geogr. Part. iii. +ch. 17. Can all this have arisen from Pliny's arbores ex quibus +aquae exprimantur?]</blockquote> + +<blockquote>[*** See Captain Glasse's elaborate account of the Canaries, +and Captain Cook's last Voyage.]</blockquote> + +<p>The capital of Teneriffe is Laguna, or more properly San +Christoval de la Laguna, St. Christopher of the Lake, so called +from its situation near a lake. Both this and Santa Cruz are +built of stone, but the appearance of the latter is more pleasing +than that of Laguna. They are distant from each other about four +miles. The capital of the Great Canary, and properly of the whole +government, is the City of Palms: But that place has been for +some time the centre of ecclesiastical government only. The +custom of reckoning the first meridian as passing through these +isles was begun by Ptolemy; and perhaps it is still to be wished +that the French regulations on that subject were generally +adopted.</p> + +<p>9 June 1787.</p> + +<p>Our ships were at length preparing to depart, when on the +evening of the 9th of June, a convict belonging to the <i>Alexander</i>, +having been employed on deck, found means to cut away the boat, +and make a temporary escape; but he was missed and soon retaken. +It is not probable that he had formed any definite plan of +escape; the means of absconding must have been accidentally +offered, and suddenly embraced; and for making such an attempt, +the vague hope of liberty, without any certain prospect, would +naturally afford sufficient temptation.</p> + +<p>10 June 1787</p> + +<p>By the 10th of June the ships had completed their water, and +early the next morning, the Governor gave the signal for weighing +anchor, and the fleet pursued its course.</p> + +<p>Report of the marines and convicts under medical treatment, +given in to Governor Phillip, June 4th, 1787.</p> + +<p><i>Charlotte</i>, -- Marines 4 Convicts 16 <i>Alexander</i>, -- Marines 2 +Convicts 26 <i>Scarborough</i>, -- Marine 1 Convicts 9 <i>Friendship</i>, -- +Convicts 13 <i>Lady Penrhyn</i>, Convicts 11 <i>Prince of Wales</i>, Marines 2 +Convicts 7 --- Total Marines 9 Convicts 72</p> + +<p>Convicts dead since the first embarkation 21 Children of +convicts 3</p> + +<p>Of these only fifteen, and one child, had died since the +departure from Spithead.</p> + +<p><a name="chapter-04"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter IV.</h2> + +<p>June 1787 to September 1787</p> + +<blockquote>Attempt to put in at Port Praya--Relinquished--Weather--Sail +for Rio de Faneiro--Reasons for touching at a South American +port--The Fleet passes the Line--Arrives at Rio de +Faneiro--Account of that Place--Transactions +there--Departure.</blockquote> + +<p>Vegetables not having been so plentiful at Santa Cruz as to +afford a sufficient supply, it was the intention of Governor +Phillip to anchor for about twenty-four hours in the Bay of Port +Praya. The islands on this side of the Atlantic, seem as if +expressly placed to facilitate the navigation to and from the +Cape of Good Hope: by offering to vessels, without any material +variation from their course, admirable stations for supply and +refreshment. About latitude 40, north, the Azores; in 33, the +Madeiras; between 29 and 27, the Canaries; and between 18 and 16, +the Islands of Cape Verd, successively offer themselves to the +voyager, affording abundantly every species of accommodation his +circumstances can require. On the Southern side of the Equator, a +good harbour and abundance of turtles give some consequence even +to the little barren island of Ascension; and St. Helena, by the +industry of the English settlers, has become the seat of plenty +and of elegance. Without the assistance derived, in going or +returning, from some of these places, the interval of near forty +degrees on each side of the line, in a sea exposed to violent +heat, and subject to tedious calms, would be sufficient to +discourage even the navigators of the eighteenth century.</p> + +<p>18 June 1787</p> + +<p>On the 18th of June, the fleet came in sight of the Cape Verd +Islands, and was directed by signal to steer for St. Jago. But +the want of favourable wind, and the opposition of a strong +current making it probable that all the ships would not be able +to get into the Bay, the Governor thought it best to change his +plan. The signal for anchoring was hauled down, and the ships +were directed to continue their first course; a circumstance of +much disappointment to many individuals on board, who, as is +natural in long voyages, were eager on every occasion to enjoy +the refreshments of the shore. As an additional incitement to +such wishes, the weather had now become hot; the thermometer +stood at 82°, which, though not an immoderate heat for a +tropical climate, is sufficient to produce considerable +annoyance. But, unmoved by any consideration except that of +expedience, Governor Phillip persisted in conducting his ships to +their next intended station, the harbour of Rio de Janeiro.</p> + +<p>It may appear perhaps, on a slight consideration, rather +extraordinary, that vessels bound to the Cape of Good Hope should +find it expedient to touch at a harbour of South America. To run +across the Atlantic, and take as a part of their course, that +coast, the very existence of which was unknown to the first +navigators of these seas, seems a very circuitous method of +performing the voyage. A little examination will remove this +apparent difficulty. The calms so frequent on the African side, +are of themselves a sufficient cause to induce a navigator to +keep a very westerly course; and even the islands at which it is +so often convenient to touch will carry him within a few degrees +of the South American coast.--The returning tracks of Captain +Cooks's three voyages all run within a very small space of the +45th degree of west longitude, which is even ten degrees further +to the west than the extremity of Cape St. Roque: and that course +appears to have been taken voluntarily, without any extraordinary +inducement. But in the latitudes to which Governor Phillip's +squadron had now arrived, the old and new continent approach so +near to each other, that in avoiding the one it becomes necessary +to run within a very moderate distance of the opposite land.</p> + +<p>In the passage from the Cape Verd Islands, the fleet suffered +for some time the inconvenience of great heat, attended by heavy +rains. The heat, however, did not at any time exceed the point +already specified,* and the precautions unremittingly observed in +all the ships happily continued efficacious in preventing any +violent sickness. Nor did the oppression of the hot weather +continue so long as in these latitudes might have been expected; +for before they reached the equator the temperature had become +much more moderate.</p> + +<blockquote>[* 82°, 51. It is not unusual in England, to have the +thermometer, for a day or two in a summer, at 81°.]</blockquote> + +<p>5 July 1787</p> + +<p>On July 5, 1787, being then in long. 26° 10' west from +Greenwich, the Botany Bay fleet passed from the Northern into the +Southern Hemisphere. About three weeks more of very favourable +and pleasant weather conveyed them to Rio de Janeiro.</p> + +<p>5-6 August 1787</p> + +<p>On the 5th of August they anchored off the harbour, and on the +evening of the 6th were at their station within it. The land of +Cape Frio had been discovered some days before, but a deficiency +of wind from that time a little slackened their course.</p> + +<p>Rio de Janeiro, or January River, so called because discovered +by Dias de Solis on the feast of St. Januarius, (Sept. 19) 1525, +is not in fact a river, though its name denotes that it was then +supposed to be so: it is an arm of the sea, into which a +considerable number of small rivers descends.</p> + +<p>The city of Rio de Janeiro, called by some writers St. +Sebastian, from the name of its tutelar patron, is situated on +the west side of this bay, within less than a degree of the +tropic of Capricorn, and about 43° west of Greenwich. It is +at present the capital of all Brasil, and has been for some time +the residence of the Viceroy. These distinctions it obtained in +preference to St. Salvador, which was formerly the capital, by +means of the diamond mines discovered in its vicinity, in the +year 1730. The place increasing rapidly by the wealth thus +brought to it, was fortified and put under the care of a governor +in 1738. The port is one of the finest in the world, very narrow +at the entrance, and within capacious enough to contain more +ships than ever were assembled at one station. It has soundings +from twenty to one hundred and twenty fathoms. A hill shaped like +a sugar loaf, situated on the west side, marks the proper bearing +for entering the harbour: the situation of which is fully pointed +out at the distance of two leagues and a half by some small +islands, one of which, called Rodonda, is very high, and in form +not unlike a haycock. The mouth of the harbour is defended by +forts, particularly two, called Santa Cruz and Lozia; and the +usual anchorage within it is before the city, north of a small +island named Dos Cobras.</p> + +<p>There are in this port established fees, which are paid by all +merchant ships, Portuguese as well as strangers: 3l. 12s. each on +entering the bay, the same on going out, and 5s. 6d. a day while +they remain at anchor. The entrance fee was demanded for the +transports in this expedition, but when Governor Phillip had +alledged that they were loaded with King's stores, the payment +was no more insisted upon. Nevertheless, the Captain of the Port +gave his attendance, with his boat's crew, to assist the ships in +coming in, there being at that time only a light air, hardly +sufficient to carry them up the bay.</p> + +<p>In the narrative of Captain Cook's Voyage in 1768, we find, on +his arrival at this place, great appearance of suspicion on the +part of the Viceroy, harsh prohibitions of landing, even to the +gentlemen employed in philosophical researches, and some +proceedings rather of a violent nature. The reception given by +the present Viceroy to Governor Phillip and his officers was very +different: it was polite and flattering to a great degree, and +free from every tincture of jealous caution.</p> + +<p>Don Lewis de Varconcellos, the reigning Viceroy, belongs to +one of the noblest families in Portugal; is brother to the +Marquis of Castello Methor, and to the Count of Pombeiro. +Governor Phillip, who served for some years as a Captain in the +Portuguese navy, and is deservedly much honoured by that nation, +was not personally unknown to the Viceroy, though known in a way +which, in a less liberal mind, might have produced very different +dispositions. There had been some difference between them, on a +public account, in this port, when Governor Phillip commanded the +Europe: each party had acted merely for the honour of the nation +to which he belonged, and the Viceroy, with the true spirit of a +man of honour, far from resenting a conduct so similar to his +own, seemed now to make it his object to obliterate every +recollection of offence. As soon as he was fully informed of the +nature of Governor Phillip's commission, he gave it out in orders +to the garrison that the same honours should be paid to that +officer as to himself. This distinction the Governor modestly +wished to decline, but was not permitted. His officers were all +introduced to the Viceroy, and were, as well as himself, received +with every possible mark of attention to them, and regard for +their country. They were allowed to visit all parts of the city, +and even to make excursions as far as five miles into the +country, entirely unattended: an indulgence very unusual to +strangers, and considering what we read of the jealousy of the +Portuguese Government respecting its diamond mines, the more +extraordinary.</p> + +<p>Provisions were here so cheap, that notwithstanding the +allowance of meat was fixed by Governor Phillip at twenty ounces +a day, the men were victualled completely, rice, fresh +vegetables, and firing included, at three-pence three-farthings a +head. Wine was not at this season to be had, except from the +retail dealers, less was therefore purchased than would otherwise +have been taken. Rum, however, was laid in; and all such seeds +and plants procured as were thought likely to flourish on the +coast of New South Wales, particularly coffee, indigo, cotton, +and the cochineal fig.* As a substitute for bread, if it should +become scarce, one hundred sacks of cassada were purchased at a +very advantageous price.</p> + +<blockquote>[* Cactus Cochinilifer, of Linnaeus.]</blockquote> + +<p>Cassada, the bread of thousands in the tropical climates, +affords one of those instances in which the ingenuity of man +might be said to triumph over the intentions of nature, were it +not evidently the design of Providence that we should in all ways +exert our invention and sagacity to the utmost, for our own +security and support. It is the root of a shrub called Cassada, +or Cassava Jatropha, and in its crude state is highly poisonous. +By washing, pressure, and evaporation, it is deprived of all its +noxious qualities, and being formed into cakes becomes a +salubrious and not an unpalatable substitute for bread.</p> + +<p>By the indulgence of the Viceroy, the deficiency in the +military stores observed at the departure of the transports from +England, was made up by a supply purchased from the Royal +arsenal; nor was any assistance withheld which either the place +afforded, or the stores of government could furnish.</p> + +<p>The circumstances, which in this place most astonish a +stranger, and particularly a Protestant, are, the great abundance +of images dispersed throughout the city, and the devotion paid to +them. They are placed at the corner of almost every street, and +are never passed without a respectful salutation; but at night +they are constantly surrounded by their respective votaries, who +offer up their prayers aloud, and make the air resound in all +quarters with the notes of their hymns. The strictness of manners +in the inhabitants is not said to be at all equivalent to the +warmth of this devotion; but in all countries and climates it is +found much easier to perform external acts of reputed piety, than +to acquire the internal habits so much more essential. It must be +owned, however, that our people did not find the ladies so +indulgent as some voyagers have represented them.</p> + +<p>It was near a month before Governor Phillip could furnish his +ships with every thing which it was necessary they should now +procure. At length, on the 4th of September he weighed anchor, +and as he passed the fort, received from the Viceroy the last +compliment it was in his power to pay, being saluted with +twenty-one guns. The salute was returned by an equal number from +the <i>Sirius</i>; and thus ended an intercourse honourable to both +nations, and particularly to the principal officer employed in +the service of each.</p> + +<p><a name="chapter-05"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter V.</h2> + +<p>September 1787 to January 1788</p> + +<blockquote>Prospercus passage from Rio to the Cape--Account of the +Harbours there--The Cape of Good Hope not the most Southern +point--Height of Table Mountain and others--Supineness of the +European nations in neglecting to occupy the Cape--Live stock +laid in--Departure--Separation of the fleet--Arrival of the +<i>Supply</i> at Botany Bay.</blockquote> + +<p>4 September 1787</p> + +<p>A Prosperous course by sea, like a state of profound peace and +tranquility in civil society, though most advantageous to those +who enjoy it, is unfavourable to the purposes of narration. The +striking facts which the writer exerts himself to record, and the +reader is eager to peruse, arise only from difficult situations: +uniform prosperity is described in very few words. Of this +acceptable but unproductive kind was the passage of the Botany +Bay fleet from Rio de Janeiro to the Cape of Good Hope; uniformly +favourable, and not marked by any extraordinary incidents. This +run, from about lat. 22° south, long. 43 west of London, to +lat. 34° south, long. 18° east of London, a distance of +about four thousand miles, was performed in thirty-nine days: for +having left Rio on the 4th of September, on the 13th of October +the ships came to anchor in Table Bay. Here they were to take +their final refreshment, and lay in every kind of stock with +which they were not already provided. In this period no +additional lives had been lost, except that of a single convict +belonging to the <i>Charlotte</i> transport, who fell accidentally into +the sea, and could not by any efforts be recovered.</p> + +<p>13 October 1787</p> + +<p>Table Bay, on the north-west side of the Cape of Good Hope, is +named from the Table Mountain, a promontory of considerable +elevation, at the foot of which, and almost in the centre of the +Bay, stands Cape Town, the principal Dutch settlement in this +territory. This Bay cannot properly be called a port, being by no +means a station of security; it is exposed to all the violence of +the winds which set into it from the sea; and is far from +sufficiently secured from those which blow from the land. The +gusts which descend from the summit of Table Mountain are +sufficient to force ships from their anchors, and even violently +to annoy persons on the shore, by destroying any tents or other +temporary edifices which may be erected, and raising clouds of +fine dust, which produce very troublesome effects. A gale of this +kind, from the south-east, blew for three days successively when +Capt. Cook lay here in his first voyage, at which time, he +informs us, the Resolution was the only ship in the harbour that +had not dragged her anchors. The storms from the sea are still +more formidable; so much so, that ships have frequently been +driven by them from their anchorage, and wrecked at the head of +the Bay. But these accidents happen chiefly in the quaade +mousson, or winter months, from May 14 to the same day of August; +during which time few ships venture to anchor here. Our fleet, +arriving later, lay perfectly unmolested as long as it was +necessary for it to remain in this station.</p> + +<p>False Bay, on the south-east side of the Cape, is more secure +than Table Bay, during the prevalence of the north-west winds, +but still less so in strong gales from the south-east. It is +however less frequented, being twenty-four miles of very heavy +road distant from Cape Town, whence almost all necessaries must +be procured. The most sheltered part of False Bay is a recess on +the west side, called Simon's Bay.</p> + +<p>The Cape of Good Hope, though popularly called, and perhaps +pretty generally esteemed so, is not in truth the most southern +point of Africa. The land which projects furthest to the south is +a point to the east of it, called by the English Cape Lagullus; a +name corrupted from the original Portugueze das Agulhas, which, +as well as the French appellation des Aiguilles, is descriptive +of its form, and would rightly be translated Needle Cape. Three +eminences, divided by very narrow passes, and appearing in a +distant view like three summits of the same mountain, stand at +the head of Table Bay.--They are however of different heights, by +which difference, as well as by that of their shape, they may be +distinguished. Table Mountain is so called from its appearance, +as it terminates in a flat horizontal surface, from which the +face of the rock descends almost perpendicularly. This mountain +rises to about 3567 feet above the level of the sea. Devil's +Head, called also Charles mountain, is situated to the east of +the former, and is not above 3368 feet in height; and on the west +side of Table Mountain, Lion's Head, whose name is also meant to +be descriptive, does not exceed 2764 feet. In the neighbourhood +of the latter lies Constantia, a district consisting of two +farms, wherein the famous wines of that name are produced.</p> + +<p>Our voyagers found provisions less plentiful and less +reasonable in price at Cape Town than they had been taught to +expect. Board and lodging, which are to be had only in private +houses, stood the officers in two rix-dollars a day, which is +near nine shillings sterling. This town, the only place in the +whole colony to which that title can be applied with propriety, +is of no great extent; it does not in any part exceed two miles: +and the country, colonized here by the Dutch, is in general so +unfavourable to cultivation, that it is not without some +astonishment that we find them able to raise provisions from it +in sufficient abundance to supply themselves, and the ships of so +many nations which constantly resort to the Cape.</p> + +<p>When we consider the vast advantages derived by the Dutch +colonists from this traffic, and the almost indispensible +necessity by which navigators of all nations are driven to seek +refreshment there, it cannot but appear extraordinary, that from +the discovery of the Cape in 1493, by Barthelemi Diaz, to the +year 1650, when, at the suggestion of John Van Riebeck, the first +Dutch colony was sent, a spot so very favourable to commerce and +navigation should have remained unoccupied by Europeans. Perhaps +all the perseverance of the Dutch character was necessary even to +suggest the idea of maintaining an establishment in a soil so +burnt by the sun, and so little disposed to repay the toil of the +cultivator. The example and success of this people may serve, +however, as an useful instruction to all who in great +undertakings are deterred by trifling obstacles; and who, rather +than contend with difficulties, are inclined to relinquish the +most evident advantages.</p> + +<p>But though the country near the Cape had not charms enough to +render it as pleasing as that which surrounds Rio de Janeiro, yet +the Governor, Mynheer Van Graaffe, was not far behind the Viceroy +of Brazil in attention to the English officers. They were +admitted to his table, where they were elegantly entertained, and +had reason to be pleased in all respects with his behaviour and +disposition. Yet the minds of his people were not at this time in +a tranquil state; the accounts from Holland were such as +occasioned much uneasiness, and great preparations were making at +the fort, from apprehension of a rupture with some other +power.</p> + +<p>In the course of a month, the live stock and other provisions +were procured; and the ships, having on board not less than five +hundred animals of different kinds, but chiefly poultry, put on +an appearance which naturally enough excited the idea of Noah's +ark. This supply, considering that the country had previously +suffered from a dearth, was very considerable; but it was +purchased of course at a higher expence considerably than it +would have been in a time of greater plenty.</p> + +<p>12 November 1787</p> + +<p>On the 12th of November the fleet set sail, and was for many +days much delayed by strong winds from the south-east.</p> + +<p>25 November 1787</p> + +<p>On the 25th, being then only 80 leagues to the eastward of the +Cape, Governor Phillip left the <i>Sirius</i> and went on board the +<i>Supply</i> tender; in hopes, by leaving the convoy, to gain +sufficient time for examining the country round Botany Bay, so as +to fix on the situation most eligible for the colony, before the +transports should arrive. At the same time he ordered the agents +for the transports, who were in the <i>Alexander</i>, to separate +themselves from the convoy with that ship, the <i>Scarborough</i> and +<i>Friendship</i>, which, as they were better sailors than the rest, +might reasonably be expected sooner: in which case, by the labour +of the convicts they had on board, much might be done in making +the necessary preparations for landing the provisions and +stores.</p> + +<p>Major Ross, the Commandant of Marines, now left the <i>Sirius</i>, +and went on board the <i>Scarborough</i>, that he might accompany that +part of the detachment which probably would be landed first. +Captain Hunter, in the <i>Sirius</i>, was to follow with the +store-ships, and the remainder of the transports; and he had the +necessary instructions for his future proceedings, in case the +<i>Supply</i> had met with any accident. Lieutenant Gidley King, since +appointed Commandant of Norfolk Island, accompanied Governor +Phillip in the <i>Supply</i>.</p> + +<p>3 January 1788</p> + +<p>From this time to the 3d of January, 1788, the winds were as +favourable as could be wished, blowing generally in very strong +gales from the north-west, west, and south-west. Once only the +wind had shifted to the east, but continued in that direction not +more than a few hours. Thus assisted, the <i>Supply</i>, which sailed +but very indifferently, and turned out, from what she had +suffered in the voyage, to be hardly a safe conveyance, performed +in fifty-one days a voyage of more than seven thousand miles. On +the day abovementioned she was within sight of the coast of New +South Wales. But the winds then became variable, and a current, +which at times set very strongly to the southward, so much +impeded her course, that it was not till the 18th that she +arrived at Botany Bay.</p> + +<p><a name="chapter-06"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter VI.</h2> + +<p>January 1788</p> + +<blockquote>First interview with the natives--the bay examined--arrival of +the whole fleet--Port Jackson examined--second interview with the +natives--and third--Governor Phillip returns to Botany Bay--and +gives orders for the evacuation of it.</blockquote> + +<p>18 January 1788</p> + +<p>At the very first landing of Governor Phillip on the shore of +Botany Bay, an interview with the natives took place. They were +all armed, but on seeing the Governor approach with signs of +friendship, alone and unarmed, they readily returned his +confidence by laying down their weapons. They were perfectly +devoid of cloathing, yet seemed fond of ornaments, putting the +beads and red baize that were given them, on their heads or +necks, and appearing pleased to wear them. The presents offered +by their new visitors were all readily accepted, nor did any kind +of disagreement arise while the ships remained in Botany Bay. +This very pleasing effect was produced in no small degree by the +personal address, as well as by the great care and attention of +the Governor. Nor were the orders which enforced a conduct so +humane, more honourable to the persons from whom they originated, +than the punctual execution of them was to the officers sent out: +it was evident that their wishes coincided with their duty; and +that a sanguinary temper was no longer to disgrace the European +settlers in countries newly discovered.</p> + +<p>The next care after landing was the examination of the bay +itself, from which it appeared that, though extensive, it did not +afford a shelter from the easterly winds: and that, in +consequence of its shallowness, ships even of a moderate draught, +would always be obliged to anchor with the entrance of the bay +open, where they must be exposed to a heavy sea, that rolls in +whenever it blows hard from the eastward.</p> + +<p>Several runs of fresh water were found in different parts of +the bay, but there did not appear to be any situation to which +there was not some very strong objection. In the northern part of +it is a small creek, which runs a considerable way into the +country, but it has water only for a boat, the sides of it are +frequently overflowed, and the low lands near it are a perfect +swamp. The western branch of the bay is continued to a great +extent, but the officers sent to examine it could not find there +any supply of fresh water, except in very small drains.</p> + +<p>Point Sutherland offered the most eligible situation, having a +run of good water, though not in very great abundance. But to +this part of the harbour the ships could not approach, and the +ground near it, even in the higher parts, was in general damp and +spungy. Smaller numbers might indeed in several spots have found +a comfortable residence, but no place was found in the whole +circuit of Botany Bay which seemed at all calculated for the +reception of so large a settlement. While this examination was +carried on, the whole fleet had arrived. The <i>Supply</i> had not so +much outsailed the other ships as to give Governor Phillip the +advantage he had expected in point of time. On the 19th of +January, the <i>Alexander</i>, <i>Scarborough</i>, and <i>Friendship</i>, cast anchor +in Botany Bay; and on the 20th, the <i>Sirius</i>, with the remainder of +the convoy*. These ships had all continued very healthy; they had +not, however, yet arrived at their final station.</p> + +<blockquote>[* The annexed view of Botany Bay, represents the <i>Supply</i>, etc. +at anchor, and the <i>Sirius</i> with her convoy coming into the +bay.]</blockquote> + +<center> +<p><a name="phillip-03"></a><img alt="" src="images/phillip-03.jpg"></p> +<p><b>A View of Botany Bay</b></p> +</center> + +<p>The openness of this bay, and the dampness of the soil, by +which the people would probably be rendered unhealthy, had +already determined the Governor to seek another situation. He +resolved, therefore, to examine Port Jackson, a bay mentioned by +Captain Cook as immediately to the north of this. There he hoped +to find, not only a better harbour, but a fitter place for the +establishment of his new government. But that no time might be +lost, in case of a disappointment in these particulars, the +ground near Point Sutherland was ordered immediately to be +cleared, and preparations to be made for landing, under the +direction of the Lieutenant Governor.</p> + +<p>These arrangements having been settled, Governor Phillip +prepared to proceed to the examination of Port Jackson: and as +the time of his absence, had he gone in the <i>Supply</i>, must have +been very uncertain, he went round with three boats; taking with +him Captain Hunter and several other officers, that by examining +several parts of the harbour at once the greater dispatch might +be made.</p> + +<p>22d January, 1788.</p> + +<p>On the 22d of January they set out upon this expedition, and +early in the afternoon arrived at Port Jackson, which is distant +about three leagues. Here all regret arising from the former +disappointments was at once obliterated; and Governor Phillip had +the satisfaction to find one of the finest harbours in the world, +in which a thousand sail of the line might ride in perfect +security.</p> + +<p>The different coves of this harbour were examined with all +possible expedition, and the preference was given to one which +had the finest spring of water, and in which ships can anchor so +close to the shore, that at a very small expence quays may be +constructed at which the largest vessels may unload. This cove is +about half a mile in length, and a quarter of a mile across at +the entrance. In honour of Lord Sydney, the Governor +distinguished it by the name of Sydney Cove.</p> + +<p>On the arrival of the boats at Port Jackson, a second party of +the natives made its appearance near the place of landing. These +also were armed with lances, and at first were very vociferous; +but the same gentle means used towards the others easily +persuaded these also to discard their suspicions, and to accept +whatsoever was offered. One man in particular, who appeared to be +the chief of this tribe, shewed very singular marks both of +confidence in his new friends, and of determined resolution. +Under the guidance of Governor Phillip, to whom he voluntarily +intrusted himself, he went to a part of the beach where the men +belonging to the boats were then boiling their meat: when he +approached the marines, who were drawn up near that place, and +saw that by proceeding he should be separated from his +companions, who remained with several of the officers at some +distance, he stopped, and with great firmness, seemed by words +and gestures to threaten revenge if any advantage should be taken +of his situation. He then went on with perfect calmness to +examine what was boiling in the pot, and by the manner in which +he expressed his admiration, made it evident that he intended to +profit by what he saw. Governor Phillip contrived to make him +understand that large shells might conveniently be used for the +same purpose, and it is probable that by these hints, added to +his own observation, he will be enabled to introduce the art of +boiling among his countrymen. Hitherto they appear to have known +no other way of dressing food than broiling. Their methods of +kindling fire are probably very imperfect and laborious, for it +is observed that they usually keep it burning, and are very +rarely seen without either a fire actually made, or a piece of +lighted wood, which they carry with them from place to place, and +even in their canoes.* The perpetual fires, which in some +countries formed a part of the national religion, had perhaps no +other origin than a similar inability to produce it at pleasure; +and if we suppose the original flame to have been kindled by +lightning, the fiction of its coming down from heaven will be +found to deviate very little from the truth.</p> + +<blockquote>[* In Hawksw. Voy. vol. iii. p. 234, it is said that they +produce fire with great facility, etc. which account is the more +correct, time will probably show.]</blockquote> + +<p>In passing near a point of land in this harbour, the boats +were perceived by a number of the natives, twenty of whom waded +into the water unarmed, received what was offered them, and +examined the boat with a curiosity which impressed a higher idea +of them than any former accounts of their manners had suggested. +This confidence, and manly behaviour, induced Governor Phillip, +who was highly pleased with it, to give the place the name of +Manly Cove. The same people afterwards joined the party at the +place where they had landed to dine. They were then armed, two of +them with shields and swords, the rest with lances only. The +swords were made of wood, small in the gripe, and apparently less +formidable than a good stick. One of these men had a kind of +white clay rubbed upon the upper part of his face, so as to have +the appearance of a mask. This ornament, if it can be called +such, is not common among them, and is probably assumed only on +particular occasions, or as a distinction to a few individuals. +One woman had been seen on the rocks as the boats passed, with +her face, neck and breasts thus painted, and to our people +appeared the most disgusting figure imaginable; her own +countrymen were perhaps delighted by the beauty of the +effect.</p> + +<p>During the preparation for dinner the curiosity of these +visitors rendered them very troublesome, but an innocent +contrivance altogether removed the inconvenience. Governor +Phillip drew a circle round the place where the English were, and +without much difficulty made the natives understand that they +were not to pass that line; after which they sat down in perfect +quietness. Another proof how tractable these people are, when no +insult or injury is offered, and when proper means are to +influence the simplicity of their minds.</p> + +<p>24 January 1788</p> + +<p>January 24th, 1788. On the 24th of January, Governor Phillip +having sufficiently explored Port Jackson, and found it in all +respects highly calculated to receive such a settlement as he was +appointed to establish, returned to Botany Bay. On his arrival +there, the reports made to him, both of the ground which the +people were clearing, and of the upper parts of the Bay, which in +this interval had been more particularly examined, were in the +greatest degree unfavourable. It was impossible after this to +hesitate concerning the choice of a situation; and orders were +accordingly issued for the removal of the whole fleet to Port +Jackson.</p> + +<p>That Botany Bay should have appeared to Captain Cook in a more +advantageous light than to Governor Phillip, is not by any means +extraordinary. Their objects were very different; the one +required only shelter and refreshment for a small vessel, and +during but a short time: the other had great numbers to provide +for, and was necessitated to find a place wherein ships of very +considerable burthen might approach the shore with ease, and lie +at all times in perfect security. The appearance of the place is +picturesque and pleasing, and the ample harvest it afforded, of +botanical acquisitions, made it interesting to the philosophical +gentlemen engaged in that expedition; but something more +essential than beauty of appearance, and more necessary than +philosophical riches, must be sought in a place where the +permanent residence of multitudes is to be established.</p> + +<p><a name="chapter-07"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter VII.</h2> + +<p>January 1788</p> + +<blockquote>Removal from Botany Bay--Arrival of two French ships--Account +of them--Preparations for encampment--Difficulties--Scurvy breaks +out--Account of the red and yellow gum trees.</blockquote> + +<p>24 January 1788</p> + +<p>Preparations for a general removal were now made with all +convenient expedition: but on the morning of the 24th the +greatest astonishment was spread throughout the fleet by the +appearance of two ships, under French colours. In this remote +region visitors from Europe were very little expected, and their +arrival, while the cause of it remained unknown, produced in some +minds a temporary apprehension, accompanied by a multiplicity of +conjectures, many of them sufficiently ridiculous. Governor +Phillip was the first to recollect that two ships had been sent +out some time before from France for the purpose of discovery, +and rightly concluded these to be the same. But as the opposition +of the wind, and a strong current prevented them at present from +working into the harbour, and even drove them out of sight again +to the south, he did not think proper to delay his departure for +the sake of making further enquiry.</p> + +<p>25 January 1788</p> + +<p>On the 25th of January therefore, seven days after the arrival +of the <i>Supply</i>, Governor Phillip quitted Botany Bay in the same +ship, and sailed to Port Jackson. The rest of the fleet, under +convoy of the <i>Sirius</i>, was ordered to follow, as soon as the +abatement of the wind, which then blew a strong gale, should +facilitate its working out of the Bay. The <i>Supply</i> was scarcely +out of sight when the French ships again appeared off the mouth +of the harbour, and a boat was immediately sent to them, with +offers of every kind of information and assistance their +situation could require. It was now learnt that these were, as +the Governor had supposed, the <i>Boussole</i> and the <i>Astrolabe</i>, on a +voyage of discovery, under the conduct of Monsieur La +Perouse.</p> + +<p>26 January 1788</p> + +<p>On the 26th, the transports and store ships, attended by the +<i>Sirius</i>, finally evacuated Botany Bay; and in a very short time +they were all assembled in Sydney Cove, the place now destined +for their port, and for the reception of the new settlement. The +French ships had come to anchor in Botany Bay just before the +departure of the <i>Sirius</i>; and during the intercourse which then +took place, M. la Perouse had expressed a strong desire of having +some letters conveyed to Europe. Governor Phillip was no sooner +informed of this, than he dispatched an officer to him with full +information of the time when it was probable our ships would +sail, and with assurances that his letters should be punctually +transmitted. By this officer the following intelligence was +brought back concerning the voyage of the <i>Astrolabe</i> and +<i>Boussole</i>.</p> + +<p>These vessels had sailed from France in June 1785. They had +touched at the Isle of Santa Catharina on the coast of Brasil, +from thence had gone by the extremity of South America into the +Pacific Ocean, where they had run along by the coasts of Chili +and California. They had afterwards visited Easter Island, Nootka +Sound, Cook's River, Kamschatka, Manilla, the Isles des +Navigateurs, Sandwich and the Friendly Islands. M. la Perouse had +also anchored off Norfolk Island, but could not land, on account +of the surf. In this long voyage he had not lost any of his +people by sickness; but two boats crews had unfortunately +perished in a surf on the north-west coast of America; and at +Masuna, one of the Isles des Navigateurs, M. L'Angle, Captain of +the <i>Astrolabe</i>, had met with a fate still more unfortunate. That +officer had gone ashore with two long boats for the purpose of +filling some water casks. His party amounted to forty men, and +the natives, from whom the French had received abundance of +refreshments, and with whom they had been uniformly on the best +terms, did not on their landing show any signs of a change of +disposition. Malice unprovoked, and treachery without a motive, +seem inconsistent even with the manners of savages; the French +officers therefore, confiding in this unbroken state of amity, +had suffered their boats to lie aground. But whether it were that +the friendly behaviour of the natives had proceeded only from +fear, or that some unknown offence had been given, they seized +the moment when the men were busied in getting out the boats, to +make an attack equally furious and unexpected. The assault was +made with stones, of which prodigious numbers were thrown with +extraordinary force and accuracy of direction. To this treachery +M. L'Angle fell a sacrifice, and with him twelve of his party, +officers and men, the long-boats were destroyed, and the +remainder of those who had gone ashore escaped with difficulty in +their small boats. The ships in the mean time were under sail, +and having passed a point of land that intercepted the view, knew +nothing of this melancholy and unaccountable affray till the +boats returned. This fatal result from too implicit a confidence, +may, perhaps very properly, increase the caution of Europeans in +their commerce with savages, but ought not to excite suspicion. +The resentments of such people are sudden and sanguinary, and, +where the intercourse of language is wanting, may easily be +awakened by misapprehension: but it seems possible to treat them +with sufficient marks of confidence, without abandoning the +guards of prudence. Offence is often given by the men, while the +officers are most studious to preserve harmony, and against the +transports of rage which arise on such occasions, it is always +necessary to be prepared. Perhaps, also, a degree of awe should +always be kept up, even to preserve their friendship. It has been +uniformly remarked by our people, that defenceless stragglers are +generally ill-treated by the natives of New South Wales, while +towards parties armed and on their guard, they behave in the most +amicable manner.</p> + +<p>The debarkation was now made at Sydney Cove, and the work of +clearing the ground for the encampment, as well as for the +storehouses and other buildings, was begun without loss of time. +But the labour which attended this necessary operation was +greater than can easily be imagined by those who were not +spectators of it. The coast, as well as the neighbouring country +in general, is covered with wood; and though in this spot the +trees stood more apart, and were less incumbered with underwood +than in many other places, yet their magnitude was such as to +render not only the felling, but the removal of them afterwards, +a task of no small difficulty. By the habitual indolence of the +convicts, and the want of proper overseers to keep them to their +duty, their labour was rendered less efficient than it might have +been.</p> + +<p>26 January 1788</p> + +<p>In the evening of the 26th the colours were displayed on +shore, and the Governor, with several of his principal officers +and others, assembled round the flag-staff, drank the king's +health, and success to the settlement, with all that display of +form which on such occasions is esteemed propitious, because it +enlivens the spirits, and fills the imagination with pleasing +presages. From this time to the end of the first week in February +all was hurry and exertion. They who gave orders and they who +received them were equally occupied; nor is it easy to conceive a +busier scene than this part of the coast exhibited during the +continuance of these first efforts towards establishment. The +plan of the encampment was quickly formed, and places were marked +out for every different purpose, so as to introduce, as much as +possible, strict order and regularity. The materials and frame +work to construct a slight temporary habitation for the Governor, +had been brought out from England ready formed: these were landed +and put together with as much expedition as the circumstances +would allow. Hospital tents were also without delay erected, for +which there was soon but too much occasion. In the passage from +the Cape there had been but little sickness, nor had many died +even among the convicts; but soon after landing, a dysentery +prevailed, which in several instances proved fatal, and the +scurvy began to rage with a virulence which kept the hospital +tents generally supplied with patients. For those afflicted with +this disorder, the advantage of fish or other fresh provisions +could but rarely be procured; nor were esculent vegetables often +obtained in sufficient plenty to produce any material alleviation +of the complaint. In the dysentery, the red gum of the tree which +principally abounds on this coast, was found a very powerful +remedy. The yellow gum has been discovered to possess the same +property, but in an inferior degree.</p> + +<p>The tree which yields the former kind of gum is very +considerable in size, and grows to a great height before it puts +out any branches. The red gum is usually compared to that called +sanguis draconis, but differs from it by being perfectly soluble +in water, whereas the other, being more properly a resin, will +not dissolve except in spirits of wine. It may be drawn from the +tree by tapping, or taken out of the veins of the wood when dry, +in which it is copiously distributed. The leaves are long and +narrow, not unlike those of a willow. The wood is heavy and fine +grained, but being much intersected by the channels containing +the gum, splits and warps in such a manner as soon to become +entirely useless; especially when worked up, as necessity at +first occasioned it to be, without having been properly +seasoned.</p> + +<p>The yellow gum as it is called, is strictly a resin, not being +at all soluble in water; in appearance it strongly resembles +gamboge, but has not the property of staining. The plant that +produces it is low and small, with long grassy leaves; but the +fructification of it shoots out in a singular manner from the +centre of the leaves, on a single straight stem, to the height of +twelve or fourteen feet. Of this stem, which is strong and light, +like some of the reed class, the natives usually make their +spears; sometimes pointing them with a piece of the same +substance made sharp, but more frequently with bone. The resin is +generally dug up out of the soil under the tree, not collected +from it, and may perhaps be that which Tasman calls "gum lac of +the ground." The form of this plant is very exactly delineated in +the annexed plate, and its proportion to other trees may be +collected from the plate, entitled, A View in New South Wales, in +which many of this species are introduced.</p> + +<center> +<p><a name="phillip-04"></a><img alt="" src="images/phillip-04.jpg"></p> +<p><b>Yellow Gum Plant</b></p> +</center> + +<p>The month of February was ushered in by a very violent storm +of thunder and rain. The lightning struck and shivered a tree, +under which a shed had been erected for some sheep, and five of +those animals were at the same time unfortunately destroyed by +it. The encampment still went on with great alacrity, so that in +the beginning of this month the work of building public +storehouses was undertaken; and unremitting diligence began, +though very gradually, to triumph over the obstacles which the +nature of the place presented.</p> + +<p><a name="chapter-08"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter VIII.</h2> + +<p>February 1788</p> + +<blockquote>Description of Port Jackson and the adjacent country--The +Governor's commission read--his Speech--his humane resolutions +respecting the Natives--difficulties in erecting huts and other +buildings--departure of Lieutenant King to Norfolk Island. A View +in Port Jackson.</blockquote> + +<p>Port Jackson was not visited or explored by Captain Cook; it +was seen only at the distance of between two or three miles from +the coast: had any good fortune conducted him into that harbour, +he would have found it much more worthy of his attention as a +seaman, than that in which he passed a week. Governor Phillip +himself pronounces it to be a harbour, in extent and security, +superior to any he has ever seen: and the most experienced +navigators who were with him fully concur in that opinion. From +an entrance not more than two miles across, Port Jackson +gradually extends into a noble and capacious bason; having +soundings sufficient for the largest vessels, and space to +accommodate, in perfect security, any number that could be +assembled. It runs chiefly in a western direction, about thirteen +miles into the country, and contains not less than an hundred +small coves, formed by narrow necks of land, whose projections +afford admirable shelter from all winds. Sydney Cove lies on the +South side of the harbour, between five and six miles from the +entrance. The necks of land that form the coves are mostly +covered with timber, yet so rocky that it is not easy to +comprehend how the trees could have found sufficient nourishment +to bring them to so considerable a magnitude; but the soil +between the rocks is very good, and into those spaces the +principal roots have found their way. The soil in other parts of +the coast immediately about Port Jackson is of various qualities. +That neck of land which divides the south end of the harbour from +the sea is chiefly sand. Between Sydney Cove and Botany Bay the +first space is occupied by a wood, in some parts a mile and a +half, in others three miles across; beyond that, is a kind of +heath, poor, sandy, and full of swamps. As far as the eye can +reach to the westward, the country is one continued wood. The +head of the bay in Port Jackson, seemed at first to offer some +advantages of ground, but as it is partly left dry at low water, +and as the winds are much obstructed there by the woods and by +the windings of the channel, it was deemed that it must probably +be unhealthful, till the country can be cleared.</p> + +<center> +<p><a name="phillip-05"></a><img alt="" src="images/phillip-05.jpg"></p> +<p><b>View in Port Jackson</b></p> +</center> + +<p>There are several parts of the harbour in which the trees +stand at a greater distance from each other than in Sydney Cove; +some of these which have small runs of water, and a promising +soil, Governor Phillip purposed to cultivate as soon as hands +could be spared; but the advantage of being able to land the +stores and provisions with so much ease, unavoidably determined +his choice of a place for the principal settlement. Had it been +attempted to remove those necessaries only one mile from the spot +where they were landed, the undertaking probably would have been +fruitless; so many were the obstacles to land carriage. At the +head of Sydney Cove, therefore, Governor Phillip had fixed the +seat of his government; but intent upon providing the best and +earliest accommodation for those who were to be encamped with +him; and wholly occupied by the continual necessity of giving +directions, he had not yet found leisure for assuming regularly +his powers and title of Governor. At length the hurry of the +first preparations gave way to this more tranquil business.</p> + +<p>7 February 1788</p> + +<p>The 7th of February, 1788, was the memorable day which +established a regular form of Government on the coast of New +South Wales. For obvious reasons, all possible solemnity was +given to the proceedings necessary on this occasion. On a space +previously cleared, the whole colony was assembled; the military +drawn up, and under arms; the convicts stationed apart; and near +the person of the Governor, those who were to hold the principal +offices under him. The Royal Commission was then read by Mr. D. +Collins, the Judge Advocate. By this instrument Arthur Phillip +was constituted and appointed Captain General and Governor in +Chief in and over the territory, called New South Wales; +extending from the northern cape, or extremity of the coast, +called Cape York, in the latitude of ten degrees, thirty-seven +minutes south, to the southern extremity of the said territory of +New South Wales, or South Cape, in the latitude of forty-three +degrees, thirty-nine minutes south, and of all the country inland +to the westward, as far as the one hundred and thirty-fifth +degree of east longitude, reckoning from the meridian of +Greenwich, including all the islands adjacent in the Pacific +Ocean, within the latitudes aforesaid of 10°. 37'. south, and +43°. 39'. south, and of all towns, garrisons, castles, forts, +and all other fortifications, or other military works which may +be hereafter erected upon the said territory, or any of the said +islands. The act of Parliament establishing the courts of +judicature was next read; and lastly, the patents under the great +seal, empowering the proper persons to convene and hold those +courts whenever the exigency should require. The Office of +Lieutenant Governor was conferred on Major Ross, of the Marines. +A triple discharge of musquetry concluded this part of the +ceremony; after which Governor Phillip advanced, and addressing +first the private soldiers, thanked them for their steady good +conduct on every occasion: an honour which was repeated to them +in the next general orders. He then turned to the convicts, and +distinctly explained to them the nature of their present +situation. The greater part, he bade them recollect, had already +forfeited their lives to the justice of their country: yet, by +the lenity of its laws, they were now so placed that, by industry +and good behaviour, they might in time regain the advantages and +estimation in society of which they had deprived themselves. They +not only had every encouragement to make that effort, but were +removed almost entirely from every temptation to guilt. There was +little in this infant community which one man could plunder from +another, and any dishonest attempts in so small a society would +almost infallibly be discovered. To persons detected in such +crimes, he could not promise any mercy; nor indeed to any whom, +under their circumstances, should presume to offend against the +peace and good order of the settlement. What mercy could do for +them they had already experienced; nor could any good be now +expected from those whom neither past warnings, nor the +peculiarities of their present situation could preserve from +guilt. Against offenders, therefore, the rigour of the law would +certainly be put in force: while they whose behaviour should in +any degree promise reformation, might always depend upon +encouragement fully proportioned to their deserts. He +particularly noticed the illegal intercourse between the sexes as +an offence which encouraged a general profligacy of manners, and +was in several ways injurious to society. To prevent this, he +strongly recommended marriage, and promised every kind of +countenance and assistance to those who, by entering into that +state, should manifest their willingness to conform to the laws +of morality and religion. Governor Phillip concluded his address, +by declaring his earnest desire to promote the happiness of all +who were under his government, and to render the settlement in +New South Wales advantageous and honourabe to his country.</p> + +<p>This speech, which was received with universal acclamations, +terminated the ceremonial peculiar to the day. Nor was it +altogether without its proper effect: For we are informed, that +in the course of the ensuing week fourteen marriages took place +among the convicts. The assembly was now dispersed, and the +Governor proceeded to review the troops on the ground cleared for +a parade: after which, he gave a dinner to the officers, and the +first evening of his government was concluded propitiously, in +good order and innocent festivity, amidst the repetition of +wishes for its prosperity.</p> + +<p>A rising government could not easily be committed to better +hands. Governor Phillip appears to have every requisite to ensure +the success of the undertaking intrusted to him, as far as the +qualities of one man can ensure it. Intelligent, active, +persevering with firmness to make his authority respected, and +mildness to render it pleasing, he was determined, if possible, +to bring even the native inhabitants of New South Wales into a +voluntary subjection; or at least to establish with them a strict +amity and alliance. Induced also by motives of humanity, it was +his determination from his first landing, to treat them with the +utmost kindness: and he was firmly resolved, that, whatever +differences might arise, nothing less than the most absolute +necessity should ever compel him to fire upon them. In this +resolution, by good fortune, and by his own great address, he has +happily been enabled to persevere. But notwithstanding this, his +intentions of establishing a friendly intercourse have hitherto +been frustrated. M. De la Peyrouse,* while he remained in Botany +Bay, had some quarrel with the inhabitants, which unfortunately +obliged him to use his fire-arms against them: this affair, +joined to the ill behaviour of some of the convicts, who in spite +of all prohibitions, and at the risque of all consequences, have +wandered out among them, has produced a shyness on their parts +which it has not yet been possible to remove, though the +properest means have been taken to regain their confidence. Their +dislike to the Europeans is probably increased by discovering +that they intend to remain among them, and that they interfere +with them in some of their best fishing places, which doubtless +are, in their circumstances, objects of very great importance. +Some of the convicts who have straggled into the woods have been +killed, and others dangerously wounded by the natives, but there +is great reason to suppose that in these cases the convicts have +usually been the aggressors.</p> + +<blockquote>[* This is the right form of that officer's name; it was +printed otherwise in a former passage by mistake.]</blockquote> + +<p>As the month of February advanced heavy rains began to fall, +which pointed out the necessity of procuring shelter for the +people as soon as possible. To have expedited this work in the +degree which was desirable a great number of artificers would +have been required. But this advantage could not be had. Only +sixteen carpenters could be hired from all the ships; among the +convicts no more than twelve were of this profession, and of them +several were sick. These therefore together formed but a small +party, in proportion to the work which was to be done. One +hundred convicts were added as labourers; but with every effort, +it was found impossible to complete either the barracks for the +men, or the huts for the officers, as soon as was desired. As +late as the middle of May these were yet unfinished, as well as +the hospital, and the storehouse for those provisions which were +not landed at first. The Governor himself at that time was still +lodged in his temporary house of canvas, which was not perfectly +impervious either to wind or weather.</p> + +<p>14 February 1788.</p> + +<p>On the 14th of February a party was sent out in the <i>Supply</i>, to +settle on a small island to the north-west of New Zealand, in +latitude 29° south, and longitude 168°. 10'. east from +London, which was discovered and much commended by Captain Cook, +and by him named Norfolk Island, in honour of the noble family to +which that title belongs. To the office of superintendant and +commandant of this island, and the settlement to be made upon it, +Governor Phillip appointed Philip Gidley King, second lieutenant +of his Majesty's ship <i>Sirius</i>, an officer much esteemed by him as +of great merit in his profession; and highly spoken of in his +letters as a man, whose perseverance in that or any other service +might fully be depended on. As it was known that there were no +inhabitants on Norfolk Island, there was sent with Lieut. King +only a small detachment, consisting of one subaltern officer, and +six marines, a very promising young man who was a midshipman, a +surgeon,* two men who understood the cultivation and dressing of +flax, with nine men and six women convicts. That the nature of +this settlement may be fully understood, a copy of the +instructions delivered to Mr. King at his departure is subjoined +to this chapter.</p> + +<blockquote>[* The surgeon's name is Jamison, whose intelligent letters to +Lewis Wolfe, Esq; were kindly lent to the publisher, and have +afforded much useful information.]</blockquote> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<h3>INSTRUCTIONS for PHILIP GIDLEY KING, Esq; Superintendant and +Commandant of the Settlement of NORFOLK ISLAND.</h3> + +<p>With these instructions you will receive my Commission, +appointing you to superintend and command the settlement to be +formed in Norfolk Island, and to obey all such orders as you +shall from time to time receive from me, his Majesty's Governor +in Chief, and Captain General of the territory of New South Wales +and its dependencies, or from the Lieutenant-Governor in my +absence.</p> + +<p>You are therefore to proceed in his Majesty's armed tender +<i>Supply</i>, whose commander has my orders to receive you, with the +men and women, stores and provisions necessary for forming the +intended settlement; and on your landing on Norfolk Island you +are to take upon you the execution of the trust reposed in you, +causing my commission, appointing you superintendant over the +said settlement, to be publicly read.</p> + +<p>After having taken the necessary measures for securing +yourself and people, and for the preservation of the stores and +provisions, you are immediately to proceed to the cultivation of +the Flax Plant, which you will find growing spontaneously on the +island: as likewise to the cultivation of cotton, corn, and other +plants, with the seeds of which you are furnished, and which you +are to regard as public stock, and of the increase of which you +are to send me an account, that I may know what quantity may be +drawn from the island for public use, or what supplies it may be +necessary to send hereafter. It is left to your discretion to use +such part of the corn that is raised as may be found necessary; +but this you are to do with the greatest oeconomy; and as the +corn, flax, cotton, and other grains are the property of the +Crown, and as such are to be accounted for, you are to keep an +exact account of the increase, and you will in future receive +directions for the disposal thereof.</p> + +<p>You are to inform yourself of the nature of the soil, what +proportion of land you find proper for the cultivation of corn, +flax, and cotton, as likewise what quantity of cattle may be bred +on the island, and the number of people you judge necessary for +the above purpose. You will likewise observe what are the +prevailing winds in the different seasons of the year, the best +anchorage according to the season, the rise and fall of the +tides, likewise when the dry and rainy seasons begin and end.</p> + +<p>You will be furnished with a four oared boat, and you are not +on any consideration to build, or to permit the building of any +vessel or boat whatever that is decked; or of any boat or vessel +that is not decked, whose length of keel exceeds twenty feet: and +if by any accident any vessel or boat that exceeds twenty feet +keel should be driven on the island, you are immediately to cause +such boat or vessel to be scuttled, or otherwise rendered +unserviceable, letting her remain in that situation until you +receive further directions from me.</p> + +<p>You will be furnished with six months provisions, within which +time you will receive an additional supply, but as you will be +able to procure fish and vegetables, you are to endeavour to make +the provisions you receive serve as long as possible.</p> + +<p>The convicts being the servants of the Crown, till the time +for which they are sentenced is expired, their labour is to be +for the public; and you are to take particular notice of their +general good or bad behaviour, that they may hereafter be +employed or rewarded according to their different merits.</p> + +<p>You are to cause the Prayers of the Church of England to be +read with all due solemnity every Sunday, and you are to inforce +a due observance of religion and good order, transmitting to me, +as often as opportunity offers, a full account of your particular +situation and transactions.</p> + +<p>You are not to permit any intercourse or trade with any ships +or vessels that may stop at the island, whether English or of any +other nation, unless such ships or vessels should be in distress, +in which case you are to afford them such assistance as may be in +your power.</p> + +<p>Given under my hand, at Head Quarters in Port Jackson, New +South Wales, this 12th day of February, 1788.</p> + +<p>(Signed)</p> + +<p>ARTHUR PHILLIP.</p> + +<p><a name="chapter-09"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter IX.</h2> + +<p>February 1788 to March 1788</p> + +<blockquote>A Criminal Court held--Broken Bay explored by Governor +Phillip--Interviews with the Natives--Peculiarities +remarked--Friendly behaviour and extraordinary courage of an old +man.</blockquote> + +<p>Governor Phillip soon found with great regret, though +doubtless without much surprise, that in the community committed +to his care the strict enforcement of the sanctions of law was +peculiarly necessary. There were in it many individuals whom +neither lenity could touch, nor rigour terrify; who, with all +sense of social duty, appeared to have lost all value for life +itself, and with the same wantonness exposed themselves to the +darts of the savages, and to the severe punishments which, +however reluctantly, every society must inflict when milder +methods have been tried without success. Towards the latter end +of February a criminal court was convened, in which six of the +convicts received sentence of death. One, who was the head of the +gang, was executed the same day; of the rest, one was pardoned; +the other four were reprieved, and afterwards exiled to a small +island within the bay, where they were kept on bread and water. +These men had frequently robbed the stores, and the other +convicts. He who suffered, and two others, had been detected in +stealing from the stores the very day that they had received a +week's provision; at a time when their allowance, as settled by +the Navy Board, was the same as that of the soldiers, spirituous +liquors excepted. So inveterate were their habits of dishonesty, +that even the apparent want of a motive could not repress +them.</p> + +<p>2 March 1788</p> + +<p>On the 2d of March Governor Phillip went with a long boat and +cutter to examine the broken land, mentioned by Captain Cook, +about eight miles to the northward of Port Jackson, and by him +named Broken Bay. This bay proved to be very extensive. The first +night they slept in the boats, within a rocky point in the +north-west part of the bay, as the natives, though friendly, +appeared to be numerous; and the next day, after passing a bar +that had only water for small vessels, they entered a very +extensive branch, from which the ebb tide came out so strong that +the boats could not row against it in the stream; and here was +deep water. This opening appeared to end in several small +branches, and in a large lagoon which could not then be examined, +as there was not time to seek a channel for the boats among the +banks of sand and mud. Most of the land in the upper part of this +branch was low and full of swamps. Pelicans and various other +birds were here seen in great numbers. Among the rest an uncommon +kind, called then the Hooded Gull, and supposed to be a non +descript; but it appears from a drawing sent to England, a plate +from which is here inserted, to be of that species called by Mr. +Latham the Caspian Tern, and is described by him as the second +variety of that species.*</p> + +<blockquote>[* Latham's Synopsis of Birds, vol. vi. p. 351.]</blockquote> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-06"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-06.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Caspian Tern</b></p> + +<p>Leaving this north-west branch they proceeded across the bay, +and went into the south-west branch. This is also very extensive; +and from it runs a second opening to the westward, affording +shelter for almost any number of ships. In this part, as far as +could then be examined, there is water for vessels of the +greatest burthen, the soundings being at the entrance seven +fathoms, and in going up still more. Continual rains prevented +them from taking a survey. The land here was found much higher +than at Port Jackson, more rocky, and equally covered with +timber. Large trees were seen growing even on the summits of the +mountains, which appeared accessible only to birds. Immediately +round the headland that forms the southern entrance into the bay, +there is a third branch, which Governor Phillip thought the +finest piece of water he had ever seen; and which therefore he +thought worthy to be honoured with the name of Pitt Water. This, +as well as the south-west branch, is of sufficient extent to +contain all the navy of Great Britain. But on a narrow bar which +runs across the entrance it has only eighteen feet depth at low +water. Within the bar there are from seven to fifteen fathoms. +The land is not so high in this part as in the south-west branch, +and there are some good situations where the land might be +cultivated. Small springs of water were seen in most of the +coves, and three cascades falling from heights, which the rains +at that time rendered inaccessible.</p> + +<p>In this excursion some interviews with the natives took place. +When the party first landed in Broken Bay several women came down +to the beach with the men. One of these, a young woman, was very +talkative and remarkably cheerful. This was a singular instance, +for in general they are observed on this coast to be much less +cheerful than the men, and apparently under great awe and +subjection. They certainly are not treated with much tenderness, +and it is thought that they are employed chiefly in the canoes, +in which women have frequently been seen with very young children +at the breast. The lively young lady, when she joined the party +the second day in her canoe, stood up and gave a song which was +far from unpleasing. The men very readily gave their assistance +to the English in making a fire, and behaved in the most friendly +manner. In a bay where Governor Phillip and his company landed to +draw the seine, a number of the natives again came to them. It +was now first observed by the Governor that the women in general +had lost two joints from the little finger of the left hand. As +these appeared to be all married women, he at first conjectured +this privation to be a part of the marriage ceremony; but going +afterwards into a hut where were several women and children, he +saw a girl of five or six years of age whose left hand was thus +mutilated; and at the same time an old woman, and another who +appeared to have had children, on both of whom all the fingers +were perfect. Several instances were afterwards observed of women +with child, and of others that were evidently wives, who had not +lost the two joints, and of children from whom they had been cut. +Whatever be the occasion of this mutilation, it is performed on +females only; and considering the imperfection of their +instruments, must be a very painful operation. Nothing has been +seen in the possession of these people that is at all calculated +for performing such an amputation, except a shell fixed to a +short stick, and used generally for pointing their spears, or for +separating the oysters from the rocks. More fingers than one are +never cut; and in every instance it is the same finger that has +suffered.*</p> + +<blockquote>[* In Patterson's Travels in Africa, lately published, we are +told, that he met with a tribe of Hottentots near Orange River, +all of whom had lost the first joint of the little finger: the +reason they gave for cutting it off was, that it was a cure for a +particular sickness to which they were subject when young. Fourth +Journey, p. 117. It would be a curious coincidence of customs +should it be discovered that the natives of New Holland do it for +any similar reason.]</blockquote> + +<p>The men are distinguished in a different manner: their fingers +are not mutilated, but most of them, as other voyagers have +observed, want the right front tooth in the upper jaw. Governor +Phillip having remarked this, pointed out to them that he had +himself lost one of his front teeth, which occasioned a general +clamour; and it was thought he derived some merit in their +opinion from this circumstance. The perforation of the cartilage +that divides the nostrils, and the strange disfiguring ornament +of a long bone or stick thrust through it, was now observed, as +described by Captain Cook; and the same appellation of sprit-sail +yard, was ludicrously applied to it by the sailors. But several +very old men were seen in this excursion who had not lost the +tooth, nor had their noses prepared to receive that grotesque +appendage: probably, therefore, these are marks of distinction: +ambition must have its badges, and where cloaths are not worn, +the body itself must be compelled to bear them.</p> + +<p>Whether the scars raised upon the skin were of this kind, or +as Captain Cook understood by their signs, marks of sorrow for +deceased friends, could not now be learnt. They are of a very +singular nature: sometimes the skin is raised from the flesh for +several inches, appearing as if it were filled with wind, and +forming a round surface of more than a quarter of an inch +diameter. Their bodies are scarred in various parts, particularly +about the breast and arms, and frequently on the instep. Nor does +the head always escape; one man in particular, putting aside the +hair on the forepart of his head, showed a scar, and then +pointing to one on the foot, and to others on different parts of +the body, seemed to intimate that he thought himself much +honoured by having these marks upon him from head to foot. The +women did not appear equally forward to produce the mutilated +finger; nor was it always possible to ascertain whether they had +lost the joints or not. For though they made no attempt to +secrete themselves, nor seemed impressed with any idea that one +part of the body more requires concealment than another, yet +there was a shyness and timidity among them which frequently kept +them at a distance. They never would approach so readily as the +men, and sometimes would not even land from their canoes, but +made signs that what was offered should be given to the men. We +are not yet enough acquainted with the manners of the people to +decide whether this reserve proceeds from the fears of the women, +or from the jealousy of their husbands, by whom they are +evidently kept in great subordination.</p> + +<p>One of their modes of fishing was now observed: their hooks +are made of the inside of a shell resembling mother of pearl. +When a fish which has taken the bait is supposed to be too strong +to be landed with the line, the canoe is paddled to shore, and +while one man gently draws the fish along, another stands +prepared to strike it with a spear: in this attempt they seldom +fail. In the plate which represents this action, the engraver has +inadvertently left the bodies of the figures rather too white; in +other respects it is very accurate.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-07"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-07.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Natives of Botany Bay</b></p> + +<p>When the southern branch of Broken Bay was first visited, the +getting round the headland that separates the branches, was +attended with some difficulty, on account of very heavy squalls +of wind, accompanied with rain. An attempt was made to land, +where there proved not to be sufficient water for the boat. +During this transaction, an old man and a youth were standing on +the rocks where the boat was trying to approach. Having seen how +much our men had laboured to get under land, they were very +solicitous to point out the deepest water. Afterwards they +brought fire, and seemed willing to render any service in their +power. Two of the officers suffered themselves to be conducted by +the old man to a cave at some distance, but declined going in, +though he invited them by all the signs he could invent. This was +rather unfortunate, as the rain was falling very violently, and +the cave was found next day sufficiently large to have sheltered +the whole party. The old man certainly took great pains to make +this understood, but the motive of his earnestness unluckily was +mistaken, and his visitors suffered for their suspicions. He +afterwards assisted in clearing away the bushes, and making +preparations for the party to sleep on shore, and next morning +was rewarded with presents for his very friendly behaviour. Two +days afterwards, when Governor Phillip returned to the same spot, +the old man met him with a dance and a song of joy. His son was +with him, and several of the natives; a hatchet was given them +and other presents; and as the Governor was to return next day to +Port Jackson, it was hoped that the friendship thus begun, and so +studiously cultivated, would have continued firm. But as soon as +it was dark, the old man stole a spade, and was caught with it in +his hand. Governor Phillip thought it necessary, on this +occasion, to shew some tokens of displeasure, and therefore when +the delinquent approached, he gave him two or three slight slaps +on the shoulder, and then pushed him away, at the same time +pointing to the spade. This gentle chastisement at once destroyed +their friendship. The old man immediately seized a spear, and +coming close up to the Governor, poized it, and seemed determined +to strike. But seeing that his threats were disregarded, (for his +antagonist chose rather to risk the effects of his anger than to +fire upon him) or perhaps dissuaded by something the other +natives said, in a few moments he dropped the spear and went +away. It was impossible not to be struck with the courage +displayed by him on this occasion, for Governor Phillip at the +time was not alone, but had several officers and men about him. +From this and other similar events, personal bravery appears to +be a quality in which the natives of New South Wales are not by +any means deficient. The old man returned the next morning with +many other natives, but, in order to convince him of his fault, +he was less noticed than his companions, who were presented with +hatchets and various other articles.</p> + +<p>9 March 1788</p> + +<p>It was now the 9th of March, and Governor Phillip returned to +Port Jackson: having gained some useful knowledge of the country, +and maintained an intercourse with the natives without departing +from his favourite plan of treating them with the utmost +kindness. He had endeavoured at the same time to gain their +confidence, if possible, and secure their friendship. If these +humane endeavours were afterwards rendered fruitless by the +wanton profligacy of some depraved individuals, however he might +regret it, he could have no reason to reproach himself.</p> + +<p>The rain, which was almost constant, prevented the Governor +from returning by land, which otherwise he meant to have done, +for the sake of exploring a part of the country which appeared to +be good and free from timber.</p> + +<p><a name="chapter-10"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter X.</h2> + +<p>March 1788</p> + +<blockquote>Departure of the French Ships--Death of M. Le Receveur--Return +of the <i>Supply</i> from Norfolk Island--Description of that +Place--Howe Island discovered.</blockquote> + +<p>10 March 1788</p> + +<p>On the 10th of March, the French ships sailed from Botany Bay. +M. De la Peyrouse during his stay there had set up two long +boats, the frames of which he had brought with him from Europe. +There had not been much intercourse between the French and +English in this interval: both being too busily employed to waste +their time in parties of pleasure. Captain Clonard had waited on +Governor Phillip with the letters which were to be forwarded to +the French ambassador; and a few of the English officers had gone +over by land about the same time to pay a visit in Botany Bay; +both parties were of course received with politeness and +hospitality. Some few of the convicts contrived to abscond, and +endeavoured to get admitted into the French ships, but were, with +great propriety, rejected. Those vessels returned towards the +north, where they were to make another voyage.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-08"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-08.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Chart of Norfolk Island</b></p> + +<p>During the stay of M. De la Peyrouse in Botany Bay, Father Le +Receveur, who had come out in the <i>Astrolabe</i> as a naturalist, +died. His death was occasioned by wounds which he received in the +unfortunate rencounter at the Navigator's Islands. A slight +monument was erected to his memory, with the following +inscription.</p> + +<pre> + +Hic jacet LE RECEVEUR, +E. F. F. Minimis Galliae Sacerdos, +Physicus in circumnavigatione +Mundi, +Duce DE LA PEYROUSE, +Ob. 17 Feb. 1788. + +</pre> + +<p>The monument being soon after destroyed by the natives, +Governor Phillip caused the inscription to be engraved on copper, +and affixed to a neighbouring tree. M. De la Peyrouse had paid a +similar tribute of respect to the memory of Captain Clerke, at +the harbour of St. Peter and Paul in Kamtschatka.</p> + +<p>19 March 1788</p> + +<p>On the 19th of this month, Lieutenant Ball arrived in the +<i>Supply</i> from Norfolk Island. He had made that island on the 29th +of February, but was five days off the coast before a place could +be found at which it was possible to land the stores and +provisions. So completely do the rocks surround the island, that +it was not easy to find a place even to land a man. At length, +however, they succeeded, having discovered at the south-west end, +a small opening in a reef that runs across a bay. Here the +people, provisions and stores were all put on shore in perfect +safety. The Commandant wrote in high spirits at the promising +appearance of his new territory; and subsequent accounts have +proved, that the opinion he then formed was not erroneous. He +described Norfolk Island as one entire wood, or rather as a +garden overrun with the noblest pines, in straightness, size, and +magnitude, far superior to any he had ever seen. Nothing can +exceed the fertility of its soil. Wherever it has been since +examined, a rich black mould has been found to the depth of five +or six feet: and the grain and garden seeds which have been sown, +such only excepted as were damaged in the carriage, or by the +weevil, have vegetated with the utmost luxuriance. To prevent +repetitions, it may perhaps be best to unite in this place the +accounts which have been received of this island, though many of +them will easily be perceived to be greatly posterior to this +first return of the <i>Supply</i>.</p> + +<p>Norfolk Island is about seven leagues in circumference, and if +not originally formed, like many other small islands, by the +eruption of volcanic matter from the bed of the sea, must +doubtless have contained a volcano. This conclusion is formed +from the vast quantity of pumice stone which is scattered in all +parts of it, and mixed with the soil. The crater, or at least +some traces of its former existence, will probably be found at +the summit of a small mountain, which rises near the middle of +the island. To this mountain the Commandant has given the name of +Mount Pitt. The island is exceedingly well watered. At, or near +Mount Pitt, rises a strong and copious stream, which flowing +through a very fine valley, divides itself into several branches, +each of which retains sufficient force to be used in turning +mills: and in various parts of the island excellent springs have +been discovered.</p> + +<p>The climate is pure, salubrious, and delightful, preserved +from oppressive heats by constant breezes from the sea, and of so +mild a temperature throughout the winter, that vegetation +continues there without interruption, one crop succeeding +another. Refreshing showers from time to time maintain perpetual +verdure; not indeed of grass, for none has yet been seen upon the +island, but of the trees, shrubs, and other vegetables which in +all parts grow abundantly. On the leaves of these, and of some +kinds in particular, the sheep, hogs, and goats, not only live, +but thrive and fatten very much. To the salubrity of the air +every individual in this little colony can bear ample testimony, +from the uninterrupted state of good health which has been in +general enjoyed.</p> + +<p>When our settlers landed, there was not a single acre clear of +wood in the island, and the trees were so bound together by that +kind of creeping shrub called supple jack, interwoven in all +directions, as to render it very difficult to penetrate far among +them. The Commandant, small as his numbers were at first, by +indefatigable activity soon caused a space to be cleared +sufficient for the requisite accommodations, and for the +production of esculent vegetables of all kinds in the greatest +abundance. When the last accounts arrived, three acres of barley +were in a very thriving state, and ground was prepared to receive +rice and Indian corn. In the wheat there had been a +disappointment, the grain that was sown having been so much +injured by the weevil, as to be unfit for vegetation. But the +people were all at that time in commodious houses; and, according +to the declarations of Mr. King himself, in his letters to +Governor Phillip, there was not a doubt that this colony would be +in a situation to support itself entirely without assistance, in +less than four years: and with very little in the intermediate +time. Even two years would be more than sufficient for this +purpose, could a proper supply of black cattle be sent.</p> + +<p>Fish are caught in great plenty, and in the proper season very +fine turtle. The woods are inhabited by innumerable tribes of +birds, many of them very gay in plumage. The most useful are +pigeons, which are very numerous, and a bird not unlike the +Guinea fowl, except in colour, (being chiefly white,) both of +which were at first so tame as to suffer themselves to be taken +by hand. Of plants that afford vegetables for the table, the +chief are cabbage palm, the wild plantain, the fern tree, a kind +of wild spinage, and a tree which produces a diminutive fruit, +bearing some resemblance to a currant. This, it is hoped, by +transplanting and care, will be much improved in size and +flavour.</p> + +<p>But the productions which give the greatest importance to +Norfolk Island are the pines and the flax plant, the former +rising to a size and perfection unknown in other places, and +promising the most valuable supply of masts and spars for our +navy in the East Indies; the latter not less estimable for the +purposes of making sail-cloth, cordage, and even the finest +manufactures; growing in great plenty, and with such luxuriance +as to attain the height of eight feet.* The pines measure +frequently one hundred and sixty, or even one hundred and eighty +feet in height, and are sometimes nine or ten feet in diameter at +the bottom of the trunk. They rise to about eighty feet without a +branch; the wood is said to be of the best quality, almost as +light as that of the best Norway masts; and the turpentine +obtained from it is remarkable for purity and whiteness. The fern +tree is found also of a great height for its species, measuring +from seventy to eighty feet, and affords excellent food for the +sheep and other small cattle. A plant producing pepper, and +supposed to be the true oriental pepper, has been discovered +lately in the island, growing in great plenty; and specimens have +been sent to England, in order to ascertain this important +point.</p> + +<blockquote>[* The flax plant is thus described in Captain Cook's first +voyage, vol. iii. p. 39. as found at New Zealand. "There is, +however, a plant that serves the inhabitants instead of hemp and +flax, which excels all that are put to the same purposes in other +countries. Of this plant there are two sorts; the leaves of both +resemble those of flags, but the flowers are smaller and their +clusters more numerous; in one kind they are yellow, and in the +other a deep red. Of the leaves of these plants, with very little +preparation, they make all their common apparel; and of these +they also make their strings, lines, and cordage for every +purpose, which are so much stronger than any thing we can make +with hemp, that they will not bear a comparison. From the same +plant, by another preparation, they draw long slender fibres +which shine like silk, and are as white as snow: of these, which +are also surprizingly strong, the finer clothes are made; and of +the leaves, without any other preparation than splitting them +into proper breadths and trying the strips together, they make +their fishing nets; some of which, as I have before remarked, are +of an enormous size." It is added, that it is found in every kind +of soil. It is perennial, and has a bulbous root. Some of the +roots have lately been sent to England.]</blockquote> + +<p>The chief disadvantage experienced by those who are sent to +Norfolk Island, is the want of a good landing place. The bay +which has been used for this purpose is inclosed by a reef of +coral rock, through which there is a passage only for a boat; and +during the tide of flood, when the wind is westerly, the landing +is rather dangerous. In one of the debarkations a midshipman, who +was ordered to lie within the reef, that he might attend the +boats coming to shore, imprudently suffered his own boat to drive +into the surf, and was lost, with four men. He had been once +before overset in consequence of a similar inattention, and then +had lost one man. On the coast of the island are several small +bays, and there are still hopes that a better landing place may +be discovered; but the necessity of employing all the men in +sheltering themselves and the stores from the weather, or in +clearing ground for various purposes, has hitherto prevented Mr. +King from sending out any persons to complete the examination. +Should this enquiry prove unsuccessful, it is proposed to attempt +the blowing up of one or two small rocks, by which the reef is +rendered dangerous. If this expedient also should fail, the evil +must be borne with patience. In summer the landing will generally +be sufficiently secure; and seamen, who have seen the bay of +Riga, in the Baltic, declare, that it will at all times be safer +for a ship to load with masts and spars at Norfolk Island, than +in that place, where so many ships are freighted yearly.</p> + +<p>Rats are the only quadrupeds which have been found in this +island; and from these, as well as from the ants, it was feared +the crops might suffer; but no great inconvenience has yet been +experienced from them; and proper exertions seldom fail in a +short time to reduce the number of such enemies, enough to make +their depredations very inconsiderable. On the whole, Norfolk +Island certainly deserves to be considered as an acquisition of +some importance, and is likely to answer even the most sanguine +expectations. Some canoes have been found on the rocks, which +were supposed to have been driven from New Zealand; but the +appearance of a fresh cocoa nut and a small piece of manufactured +wood, which seemed to have been only a small time in the water, +has lately suggested an idea that probably some inhabited island +may lie at no great distance. There has not been as yet any +opportunity to determine whether this opinion be well founded or +not.</p> + +<p>A small island, but entirely uninhabited, was discovered by +Lieutenant Ball in his passage to Norfolk Island. In his return +he examined it, and found that the shore abounded with turtle, +but there was no good anchorage. He named it Lord Howe Island. It +is in 31° 36' south latitude, and 159° east longitude. +Part of this island being very high may be seen at the distance +of sixteen leagues, and a rock to the south-east of it, may be +discerned even at eighteen leagues. In latitude 29° 25' +south, longitude 159° 59' east, a very dangerous reef has +since been seen. The ship from which it was observed was then +four leagues to the southward, and it could not at that time be +ascertained how far it extends to the northward.</p> + +<p>To expedite the cultivation of Norfolk Island a fresh +detachment was sent thither in October, consisting of an officer +and eight marines, with thirty convicts, consisting of ten women +and twenty men: Thus, there existed on this islet, when the last +accounts were transmitted, forty-four men and sixteen women, who, +having eighteen months provisions, lived comfortably on this +sequestered spot, under the prudent management of a youthful +ruler, of whose busy life the reader may wish to know all the +particulars, which at present can be authentically told.</p> + +<p>Philip Gidley King, who had the honour to conduct the original +settlers to Norfolk Island, was born at Launceston in Cornwall, +on the 23d of April, 1758. He is the son of Philip King, of that +town, draper, who married the daughter of John Gidley, of Exeter, +attorney at law. Much as he owes to his parents, he is indebted +for his scholastic learning to Mr. Bailey at Yarmouth. He +derives, probably, some advantages from making an early choice of +his profession. At the age of twelve, he went to the East Indies +on board the Swallow frigate, Captain Shirley, by whom he was +rated a midshipman. From this station he returned to England, at +the end of five years, with much knowledge of his business, and +some acquaintance with the world. In 1775, he entered upon real +service; and has continued in active employment from that period +to this great epoch of his life. He went to Virginia with Captain +Bellew, in the Liverpool, during the year 1775; with whom he +continued till the shipwreck of that frigate in Delaware Bay. And +having entered on board the Princess Royal, in October 1778, he +was made a Lieutenant by Admiral Byron, in the Renown, on the +26th of November following. He returned to England in the +subsequent year; and served in the Channel on board the Kite +cutter, and Ariadne frigate, till the beginning of 1783. With +Captain Phillip he went to the East Indies, as Lieutenant of the +Europe, in January 1783; from whence he returned on the +restoration of complete peace, in May 1784. In this service it +was, that Phillip and King became acquainted with the merit of +each other. And when the expedition to New South Wales was +projected, King was appointed Lieutenant of the <i>Sirius</i>, on the +25th of October, 1786, at the same time that Phillip was +nominated Commander of the voyage.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-09"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-09.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Lieutenant King</b></p> + +<p><a name="chapter-11"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter XI.</h2> + +<p>March 1788 to May 1788</p> + +<blockquote>Three of the transports cleared--Two excursions made into the +country, on the fifteenth of April, and on the twenty-second--Huts of +the natives--Sculpture, and other particulars.</blockquote> + +<p>25 March 1788</p> + +<p>On the 25th of March, the <i>Charlotte</i>, <i>Lady Penrhyn</i>, and +<i>Scarborough</i> transports, having been cleared of all their stores, +were discharged from government service, and left at liberty to +proceed for China, whenever their commanders should think proper. +The other ships were of necessity detained till the store-houses +could be finished.</p> + +<p>15 April 1788</p> + +<p>The month of April was not distinguished by any events that +deserve to be related, except two expeditions of Governor Phillip +for the purpose of exploring the country. On the first of these +excursions he set out on the 15th with provisions for four days; +attended by several officers, and a small party of marines. They +landed at the head of a small cove, called Shell Cove, near the +entrance of the harbour on the north side. Proceeding in this +direction they arrived at a large lake, which they examined, +though not without great labour. It was surrounded by a +considerable extent of bog and marshy ground, in which, in the +course of their progress, they were frequently plunged up to the +waist. On this lake they first observed a black swan, which +species, though proverbially rare in other parts of the world, is +here by no means uncommon, being found on most of the lakes. This +was a very noble bird, larger than the common swan, and equally +beautiful in form. On being shot at, it rose and discovered that +its wings were edged with white: the bill was tinged with +red.</p> + +<p>In three days, with great difficulty, they passed the swamps +and marshes which lie near the harbour. Nothing can more fully +point out the great improvement which may be made by the industry +of a civilized people in this country, than the circumstances of +the small streams which descend into Port Jackson. They all +proceed from swamps produced by the stagnation of the water after +rising from the springs. When the obstacles which impede their +course can be removed, and free channels opened through which +they may flow, the adjacent ground will gradually be drained, and +the streams themselves will become more useful; at the same time +habitable and salubrious situations will be gained in places +where at present perpetual damps prevail, and the air itself +appears to stagnate.</p> + +<p>On leaving these low grounds, they found them succeeded by a +rocky and barren country. The hills were covered with flowering +shrubs, but by means of various obstacles the ascending and +descending was difficult, and in many parts impracticable. At the +distance of about fifteen miles from the sea coast Governor +Phillip obtained a very fine view of the inland country and its +mountains, to several of which he now gave names. The most +northern of them he named Carmarthen Hills, the most southern +Lansdown Hills; one which lay between these was called Richmond +Hill. From the manner in which these mountains appeared to rise, +it was thought almost certain that a large river must descend +from among them. But it was now necessary to return, without +making any further examination.</p> + +<p>22 April 1788</p> + +<p>On the 22d another excursion of the same kind was undertaken: +Governor Phillip landed with his party near the head of the +harbour. Here they found a good country, but in a short time +arrived at a very close cover; and after passing the chief part +of the day in fruitless attempts to make their way through it, +were obliged to relinquish the attempt, and return. The next day, +by keeping close to the banks of a small creek for about four +miles, they contrived to pass the cover, and for the three +succeeding days continued their course to the west-ward. The +country through which they travelled was singularly fine, level, +or rising in small hills of a very pleasing and picturesque +appearance. The soil excellent, except in a few small spots where +it was stony. The trees growing at the distance of from twenty to +forty feet from each other, and in general entirely free from +underwood, which was confined to the stony and barren spots. On +the fifth day they ascended a small eminence, whence, for the +first time in this second expedition, they saw Carmarthen and +Lansdown Hills. The country round this hill was so beautiful, +that Governor Phillip gave it the name of Belle-vue. They were +still apparently thirty miles from the mountains which it had +been their object to reach, and not having found it practicable, +with the tents, arms, and other necessaries, to carry more than +six days provisions, were obliged to return. Even with this small +stock, the officers as well as men, had been under the necessity +of carrying heavy loads. Water for the use of the day was always +taken; for though it happened in every instance that pools of +water were found which had remained after the rains, yet this was +a supply on which they could not previously depend. The +extraordinary difficulty of penetrating into this country had now +been fully experienced; where unexpected delays from deep ravines +and other obstacles, frequently force the traveller from his +direct course, and baffle every conjecture concerning the time +required for passing a certain tract. The utmost extent of this +excursion in a direct line had not been more than thirty miles, +and it had taken up five days. The return of the party was +effected with much more ease; the track was made, and the trees +marked the whole way where they had passed; with these +assistances they reached their boats in a day and a half.</p> + +<p>It was still the general opinion that the appearance of the +country promised the discovery of a large river in that district, +whenever the line now taken could be fully pursued. Another +expedition was therefore planned, in which it was determined, if +possible, to reach either Lansdown or Carmarthen Hills: and the +hope of so important a discovery as that of a river made every +one anxious to go, notwithstanding the great fatigue with which +these undertakings were attended. But this design was for the +present unavoidably deferred. Governor Phillip, who had not been +perfectly well even at the time of setting out on the excursion +to Broken Bay, had then contracted a severe pain in his side, by +sleeping frequently on the wet ground. This complaint had in the +two last journeys received so much increase, that he found it +absolutely necessary to allow himself the respite of a few weeks, +before he again encountered so much fatigue.</p> + +<p>The country explored in this last journey was so good and so +fit for the purposes of cultivation, that the Governor resolved +to send a detachment to settle there, as soon as a sufficient +number could be spared from works of more immediate necessity. +But notwithstanding the goodness of the soil it is a matter of +astonishment how the natives, who know not how to avail +themselves of its fertility, can subsist in the inland country. +On the coast fish makes a considerable part of their food, but +where that cannot be had, it seems hardly possible that with +their spears, the only missile weapon yet observed among them, +they should be able to procure any kind of animal food. With the +assistance of their guns the English gentlemen could not obtain, +in the last six days they were out, more than was barely +sufficient for two meals. Yet, that these parts are frequented by +the natives was undeniably proved by the temporary huts which +were seen in several places. Near one of these huts the bones of +a kanguroo were found, and several trees were seen on fire. A +piece of a root resembling that of the fern tree was also picked +up by Governor Phillip; part of this root had been chewed, and so +recently that it was thought it could not have been left many +minutes. It seemed evident by several marks, that the natives had +only fled at the approach of the English party, but so +effectually did they conceal themselves that not one was +seen.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-10"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-10.jpg"></p> + +<p align="center"><b>Hut in New South Wales</b></p> + +<p>The number of the natives in these inland parts must, however, +be very small. Whether these reside by choice where they must +encounter so many difficulties, or whether they are driven from +the society of those who inhabit the coast, has not yet been +discovered. The huts seen here consisted of single pieces of +bark, about eleven feet in length, and from four to six in +breadth, bent in the middle while fresh from the tree, and set up +so as to form an acute angle, not a little resembling cards set +up by children. In the plate inserted here, not only the huts, +but some of the spears of the natives are introduced. It was +conjectured, that the chief use of these imperfect structures +might be, to conceal them from the animals for which they must +frequently be obliged to lie in wait. They may also afford +shelter from a shower of rain to one or two who sit or lie under +them. The bark of many trees was observed to be cut into notches, +as if for the purpose of climbing; and in several there were +holes, apparently the retreat of some animal, but enlarged by the +natives for the purpose of catching the inhabitant. The +enlargement of these holes with their imperfect instruments, must +itself be a work of time, and must require no little patience. In +some places, where the hole was rather too high to be reached +from the ground, boughs of trees were laid to facilitate the +ascent. The animals that take refuge in those places are probably +the squirrel, the opossum, or the kanguroo-rat. At the bottom of +one of these trees, the skin of a flying squirrel was found.</p> + +<p>In many places fires had lately been made; but in one only +were seen any shells of oysters or muscles, and there not more +than half a dozen. Fish-bones were not found at all, which seems +to prove, that in their journies inland these people do not carry +with them any provisions of that kind. Kanguroos were frequently +seen, but were so shy that it was very difficult to shoot them. +With respect to these animals, it is rather an extraordinary +circumstance, that, notwithstanding their great shyness, and +notwithstanding they are daily shot at, more of them are seen +near the camp than in any other part of the country. The +kanguroo, though it resembles the jerboa in the peculiarity of +using only the hinder legs in progression, does not belong to +that genus. The pouch of the female, in which the young are +nursed, is thought to connect it rather with the opossum tribe. +This extraordinary formation, hitherto esteemed peculiar to that +one genus, seems, however, in New Holland not to be sufficiently +characteristic: it has been found both in the rat and the +squirrel kind. The largest kanguroo which has yet been shot +weighed about one hundred and forty pounds. But it has been +discovered that there are two kinds, one of which seldom exceeds +sixty pounds in weight: these live chiefly on the high grounds: +their hair is of a reddish cast, and the head is shorter than in +the larger sort. Young kanguroos which have been taken, have in a +few days grown very tame, but none have lived more than two or +three weeks. Yet it is still possible that when their proper food +shall be better known, they may be domesticated. Near some water, +in this journey, was found the dung of an animal that fed on +grass, which, it was supposed, could not have been less than a +horse. A kanguroo, so much above the usual size, would have been +an extraordinary phaenomenon, though no larger animal has yet +been seen, and the limits of growth in that species are not +ascertained. The tail of the kanguroo, which is very large, is +found to be used as a weapon of offence, and has given such +severe blows to dogs as to oblige them to desist from pursuit. +Its flesh is coarse and lean, nor would it probably be used for +food, where there was not a scarcity of fresh provisions. The +disproportion between the upper and lower parts of this animal is +greater than has been shown in any former delineations of it, but +is well expressed in the plate inserted here.</p> + +<p>The dimensions of a stuffed kanguroo in the possession of Mr. +Nepean, are these,</p> + +<pre> + f. in. +Length from the point of the nose to the end of the tail, 6 1 +-- of the tail, 2 1 +---- head, 0 8 +---- fore legs, 1 0 +---- hinder legs, 2 8 +Circumference of the forepart, by the legs, 1 1 +---- lower parts, ---- 3 2 + +</pre> + +<p>The middle toe of the hind feet is remarkably long, strong, +and sharp.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-11"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-11.jpg"></p> + +<p align="center"><b>The Kanguroo</b></p> + +<p>The natives of New South Wales, though in so rude and +uncivilized a state as not even to have made an attempt towards +clothing themselves, notwithstanding that at times they evidently +suffer from the cold and wet, are not without notions of +sculpture. In all these excursions of Governor Phillip, and in +the neighbourhood of Botany Bay and Port Jackson, the figures of +animals, of shields, and weapons, and even of men, have been seen +carved upon the rocks, roughly indeed, but sufficiently well to +ascertain very fully what was the the object intended. Fish were +often represented, and in one place the form of a large lizard +was sketched out with tolerable accuracy. On the top of one of +the hills, the figure of a man in the attitude usually assumed by +them when they begin to dance, was executed in a still superior +style. That the arts of imitation and amusement, should thus in +any degree precede those of necessity, seems an exception to the +rules laid down by theory for the progress of invention. But +perhaps it may better be considered as a proof that the climate +is never so severe as to make the provision of covering or +shelter a matter of absolute necessity. Had these men been +exposed to a colder atmosphere, they would doubtless have had +clothes and houses, before they attempted to become +sculptors.</p> + +<p>In all the country hitherto explored, the parties have seldom +gone a quarter of a mile without seeing trees which had been on +fire. As violent thunder storms are not uncommon on this coast, +it is possible that they may have been burnt by lightning, which +the gum-tree is thought particularly to attract; but it is +probable also that they may have been set on fire by the natives. +The gum-tree is highly combustible, and it is a common practice +with them to kindle their fires at the root of one of these +trees. When they quit a place they never extinguish the fire they +have made, but leave it to burn out, or to communicate its flames +to the tree, as accidental circumstances may determine.</p> + +<p>Governor Phillip, on his return from this excursion, had the +mortification to find that five ewes and a lamb had been killed +very near the camp, and in the middle of the day. How this had +happened was not known, but it was conjectured that they must +have been killed by dogs belonging to the natives. The loss of +any part of the stock of cattle was a serious misfortune, since +it must be a considerable time before it could be replaced. Fish +affords, in this place, only an uncertain resource: on some days +great quantities are caught, though not sufficient to save any +material part of the provisions; but at times it is very scarce. +An account of the live stock at this time in the settlement is +subjoined to this chapter.</p> + +<p>The three transports bound to China, sailed the 5th, 6th, and +8th of May; and the <i>Supply</i> having been caulked, sailed on the 6th +to Lord Howe Island for turtle, in hopes of giving some check to +the scurvy, with which the people were still so much affected +that near two hundred were incapable of work.</p> + +<p>From the great labour which attended the clearing of the +ground it proved to be impracticable to sow at present more than +eight or ten acres with wheat and barley*: and it was apprehended +that even this crop would suffer from the depredations of ants +and field mice. In the beginning of May it was supposed, as it +had been once or twice before, that the rainy season was set in; +but in about a week the weather became fine again.</p> + +<blockquote>[* Besides what was sown by the Lieutenant Governor and other +individuals, for the support of their own stock: to assist whom, +the labour of the convicts was occasionally lent.]</blockquote> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-table-01"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-table-01.jpg"></p> + +<p align="center"><a name="chapter-12"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter XII.</h2> + +<p>May 1788 to June 1788</p> + +<blockquote>The <i>Supply</i> returns from Lord Howe Island--Some convicts +assaulted by the natives--excursion of Governor Phillip to Botany +Bay by Land--interview with many natives--the fourth of June +celebrated--some account of the climate.</blockquote> + +<p>25 May 1788</p> + +<p>On the 25th of May, the <i>Supply</i> tender returned from Lord Howe +Island, but unfortunately without having been able to procure any +turtle. She had met with squally weather, and had been obliged to +cut away her best bower anchor, but suffered no other damage. The +three transports bound for China had all appeared off the island +while the <i>Supply</i> remained there.</p> + +<p>About this time one of the convicts who, in searching for +vegetables, had gone a considerable way from the camp, returned +very dangerously wounded in the back. He said, that another man +who had gone out for the same purpose, had been carried off by +the natives in his sight, after having been wounded in the head. +A shirt and hat were afterwards found, both pierced with spears, +in one of the huts of the natives; but no intelligence of the man +could be gained. There could be little doubt that the convicts +had been the aggressors, though the man who returned strongly +denied having given any kind of provocation.</p> + +<p>30 May 1788</p> + +<p>On the thirtieth of May, two men who had been employed in +collecting rushes for thatch at some distance from the camp, were +found dead. One of them had four spears in his body, one of which +had pierced entirely through it: the other had not any marks of +violence upon him. In this case it was clearly proved that the +first injury had been offered by the unfortunate men, who paid so +dearly for their dishonesty and disobedience of orders; for they +had been seen with a canoe, which they had taken from one of the +fishing places. These events were much regretted by Governor +Phillip, as tending entirely to the frustration of the plan he +had so much at heart, of conciliating the affections of the +natives, and establishing a friendly intercourse with them.</p> + +<p>As the rush-cutters tools had been carried away, the Governor +thought it might be possible to discover the natives who had been +concerned in this unfortunate affray; and to make them understand +that the conduct of their assailants had been entirely +unwarranted, and was very highly disapproved. He judged the +attempt to be at least worth making, as it seemed the only way to +restore that confidence which must have been interrupted by this +affair. The next day, therefore, he went out with a small party, +consisting altogether of twelve persons, and landed at the place +where the men were killed. After traversing the country for more +than twenty miles, they arrived at the north shore of Botany Bay, +without having met with one of the natives.</p> + +<p>In this place, at length, they saw about twenty canoes +employed in fishing: and when the fires were made, and the party +encamped to pass the night upon the beach, it was fully expected +that some of those in the canoes would have joined them, but not +one appeared. The next morning, though fifty canoes were drawn up +on the beach, not a single person could be found belonging to +them. Governor Phillip had now determined to return to Port +Jackson; but as he went, keeping for some time near the sea +coast, he discovered a great number of the natives, apparently +more than could belong to that district, assembled at the mouth +of a cave. The party was within ten yards of them before they +were perceived, and the Governor had hardly time to make his +people halt before numbers appeared in arms. The man who seemed +to take the lead, as he advanced made signs for the English to +retire, but when he saw Governor Phillip approach alone, unarmed, +and in a friendly manner, he gave his spear away and met him with +perfect confidence. In less than three minutes the English party +found itself surrounded by two hundred and twelve men; but +nothing occurred in this transaction which could in the least +confirm the idea, that the natives were accustomed to act with +treachery, or inclined to take any cruel advantage of superiority +in numbers. The moment the offered friendship was accepted on +their side, they laid down their spears and stone hatchets, and +joined the party in the most amicable manner. Numbers of women +and children remained at a small distance, some of whom the men +afterwards brought down to receive the little articles which were +offered as presents. Nothing was seen among these people which +could at all prove that any of them had been engaged in the +affray with the rush-cutters; and the Governor parted with them +on the most friendly terms, but more convinced than ever of the +necessity of treating them with a proper degree of confidence, in +order to prevent disagreement. Had he gone up with all his party, +or had he even hesitated a moment before he advanced himself, +making the signals of friendship, a lance would probably have +been thrown, after which nothing could have prevented a +rencounter, which in such circumstances must have been fatal.</p> + +<p>Here was seen the finest stream of water that had hitherto +been discovered in the country, but the cove into which it runs +lies very open to the sea. When the natives saw that the English +were going forward towards the next cove, one of them, an old +man, made signs that he might be allowed to go first. He did so, +and as soon as he had ascended the hill, called out, holding up +both his hands, (the usual signal of amity among these people) to +signify to the natives in the next cove that they who were +advancing were friends. The Governor's party did not, however, +descend to that cove, but saw about forty men, so that, unless +they had assembled themselves on some particular occasion, they +must be more numerous in that part than had been before imagined. +Governor Phillip had calculated before, from the parties he had +seen, that in Botany Bay, Port Jackson, Broken Bay, and all the +intermediate country, the inhabitants could not exceed one +thousand five hundred. In crossing the hills at this time between +Botany Bay and Port Jackson, smoke was seen on the top of +Lansdown Hills, which seems to prove beyond a doubt, that the +country is inhabited as far as those mountains, which are not +less than fifty miles from the sea.</p> + +<p>Further enquiries having given some reason to suppose, that +one of the natives had been murdered, and several wounded, +previously to the attack made upon the rush-cutters, Governor +Phillip on his return, proclaimed the reward of emancipation to +any convict who should discover the aggressors. This step, if it +did not in this instance procure any information, seemed likely +to prevent such acts of violence in future.</p> + +<p>No very good fortune had hitherto attended the live stock +belonging to the settlement, but the heaviest blow was yet to +come. About this time the two bulls and four cows, belonging to +Government, and to the Governor, having been left for a time by +the man who was appointed to attend them, strayed into the woods, +and though they were traced to some distance, never could be +recovered. This was a loss which must be for some time +irreparable.</p> + +<p>4 June 1788</p> + +<p>The fourth of June was not suffered to pass without due +celebration. It was a day of remission from labour, and of +general festivity throughout the settlement. At sun-rise the +<i>Sirius</i> and <i>Supply</i> fired each a salute of twenty-one guns, and +again at one o'clock, when the marines on shore also saluted with +three vollies. At sunset the same honours were a third time +repeated from the ships; large bonfires were lighted, and the +whole camp afforded a scene of joy. That there might not be any +exception to the happiness of this day, the four convicts who had +been reprieved from death, and banished to an island in the +middle of the harbour, received a full pardon, and were sent for +to bear their part in the general exultation. The Governor, in +his letters, with that humanity which so strongly distinguishes +his character, says, he trusts that on this day there was not a +single heavy heart in this part of his Majesty's dominions. His +own house was the centre of conviviality to all who could be +admitted to that society, nor was any thing neglected which in +such a situation could mark a day of celebrity, consistently with +propriety and good order. Perhaps no birth-day was ever +celebrated in more places, or more remote from each other, than +that of his Majesty on this day.</p> + +<p>It was now, it seems, first generally known, that the name of +Cumberland County had been given by the Governor to this part of +the territory. This name had been fixed before the assembling of +the first courts, for the sake of preserving regularity in the +form of the public acts, in which it is usual to name the county. +The boundaries fixed for Cumberland County were, on the west, +Carmarthen and Lansdown Hills: on the north, the northern parts +of Broken Bay; and to the southward, the southern parts of Botany +Bay. Thus including completely these three principal bays, and +leaving the chief place of settlement at Sydney Cove nearly in +the centre.</p> + +<p>On the 22d of June was a slight shock of an earthquake, which +did not last more than two or three seconds. It was felt by most +people in the camp, and by the Governor himself, who heard at the +same time a noise from the southward, which he took at first for +the report of guns fired at a great distance.</p> + +<p>24 June 1788</p> + +<p>On the 24th, a convict who had absconded on the 5th, having +been guilty of a robbery, returned into the camp almost starved. +He had hoped to subsist in the woods, but found it impossible. +One of the natives gave him a fish, and then made signs for him +to go away. He said, that afterwards he joined a party of the +natives, who would have burnt him, but that with some difficulty +he made his escape; and he pretended to have seen the remains of +a human body actually lying on a fire, but little credit can be +given to reports from such a quarter. He was of opinion that the +natives were at this time in great distress for food, and said, +that he had seen four of them dying in the woods, who made signs +for something to eat, as if they were perishing through hunger. +It is certain that very little fish could be caught at this time, +and the convict seemed desirous to suggest the notion that they +supplied their necessities occasionally with human flesh; but +there seems to be no good foundation for such an opinion. This +man was tried for his offence, pleaded guilty, and suffered with +another criminal.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-12"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-12.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>View in New South Wales</b></p> + +<p>It was now sufficiently ascertained, that though the necessity +of subsisting so long chiefly upon salt provisions, and of +remaining encamped in very wet weather had produced the scurvy, +and other disorders common in such circumstances, the climate +itself wherein this new settlement is fixed is mild and +salubrious. Heavy rains had generally attended the changes of the +moon during the winter months, but there had not been any time +that could properly be called a rainy season. The clearing away +of the woods will of course assist the circulation of air, and +continually increase the healthfulness of the place. Violent +storms of thunder and lightning sometimes happened, and Governor +Phillip observed the variation of his thermometer, in the shade, +to amount frequently to thirty-three degrees, between eight in +the morning and two in the afternoon. The report of the surgeon +at this time is subjoined.</p> + +<pre> +A RETURN OF SICK, ETC. JUNE 30, 1788. + +Marines sick in the hospital 4 +Convalescents in the hospital 2 +Marines sick in camp 18 +Convalescents in the hospital 6 +Wives and children of marines sick in the hospital 6 +Total belonging to the battalion under medical treatment 36 + +Of marines dead from the time of embarkation to landing 1 +Women dead from the time of embarkation to landing 1 +Children dead from the time of embarkation to landing 1 +Marines dead since landing 3 +Women dead since landing 0 +Children dead since landing 2 +Total dead from the time of embarkation to the present date 8 + +Convicts sick in the hospital 20 +Convalescents in the hospital 4 +Convicts sick in camp 26 +Convalescents in the hospital 16 +Total of convicts under medical treatment 66 + +Male convicts dead from the time of embarkation to landing 36 +Female convicts dead from the time of embarkation to landing 4 +Convicts children dead from the time of embarkation to landing 5 +Total 45 + +Male convicts dead since landing 20 +Female convicts dead since landing 8 +Convicts children dead since landing 8 +Total dead, from the time of embarkation to the present date 81 + +Convicts unfit for labour, from old age, infirmities, etc. 52 + +JOHN WHITE, Surgeon. +Sydney Cove, Port Jackson. + +</pre> + +<p><a name="chapter-13"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter XIII.</h2> + +<p>June 1788 to July 1788</p> + +<blockquote>Particular description of Sydney Cove--Of the buildings +actually erected--and of the intended town--A settlement made at +the head of the harbour.</blockquote> + +<p>There are few things more pleasing than the contemplation of +order and useful arrangement, arising gradually out of tumult and +confusion; and perhaps this satisfaction cannot any where be more +fully enjoyed than where a settlement of civilized people is +fixing itself upon a newly discovered or savage coast. The wild +appearance of land entirely untouched by cultivation, the close +and perplexed growing of trees, interrupted now and then by +barren spots, bare rocks, or spaces overgrown with weeds, +flowers, flowering shrubs, or underwood, scattered and +intermingled in the most promiscuous manner, are the first +objects that present themselves; afterwards, the irregular +placing of the first tents which are pitched, or huts which are +erected for immediate accommodation, wherever chance presents a +spot tolerably free from obstacles, or more easily cleared than +the rest, with the bustle of various hands busily employed in a +number of the most incongruous works, increases rather than +diminishes the disorder, and produces a confusion of effect, +which for a time appears inextricable, and seems to threaten an +endless continuance of perplexity. But by degrees large spaces +are opened, plans are formed, lines marked, and a prospect at +least of future regularity is clearly discerned, and is made the +more striking by the recollection of the former confusion.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-13"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-13.jpg"></p> + +<p align="center"><b>Sketch of Sydney Cove</b></p> + +<p>To this latter state the settlement at Sydney Cove had now at +length arrived, and is so represented in the plan annexed. Lines +are there traced out which distinguish the principal street of an +intended town, to be terminated by the Governor's house, the main +guard, and the criminal court. In some parts of this space +temporary barracks at present stand, but no permanent buildings +will be suffered to be placed, except in conformity to the plan +laid down. Should the town be still further extended in future, +the form of other streets is also traced in such a manner as to +ensure a free circulation of air. The principal streets, +according to this design, will be two hundred feet wide; the +ground proposed for them to the southward is nearly level, and is +altogether an excellent situation for buildings. It is proposed +by Governor Phillip that when houses are to be built here, the +grants of land shall be made with such clauses as will prevent +the building of more than one house on one allotment, which is to +consist of sixty feet in front, and one hundred and fifty feet in +depth. These regulations will preserve a kind of uniformity in +the buildings, prevent narrow streets, and exclude many +inconveniences which a rapid increase of inhabitants might +otherwise occasion hereafter. It has been also an object of the +Governor's attention to place the public buildings in situations +that will be eligible at all times, and particularly to give the +storehouses and hospital sufficient space for future enlargement, +should it be found necessary.</p> + +<p>The first huts that were erected here were composed of very +perishable materials, the soft wood of the cabbage palm, being +only designed to afford immediate shelter. The necessity of using +the wood quite green made it also the less likely to prove +durable. The huts of the convicts were still more slight, being +composed only of upright posts, wattled with slight twigs, and +plaistered up with clay. Barracks and huts were afterwards formed +of materials rather more lasting. Buildings of stone might easily +have been raised, had there been any means of procuring lime for +mortar. The stone which has been found is of three sorts: A fine +free stone, reckoned equal in goodness to that of Portland; an +indifferent kind of sand stone, or firestone; and a sort which +appears to contain a mixture of iron. But neither chalk, nor any +species of lime-stone has yet been discovered. In building a +small house for the Governor on the eastern side of the Cove, +(marked 1 in the plan) lime was made of oyster shells, collected +in the neighbouring coves; but it cannot be expected that lime +should be supplied in this manner for many buildings, or indeed +for any of great extent. Till this difficulty shall be removed by +the discovery of chalk or lime-stone, the public buildings must +go on very slowly, unless care be taken to send out those +articles as ballast in all the ships destined for Port Jackson. +In the mean time the materials can only be laid in clay, which +makes it necessary to give great thickness to the walls, and even +then they are not so firm as might be wished. Good clay for +bricks is found near Sydney Cove, and very good bricks have been +made. The wood, from the specimens that have been received in +England, appears to be good; it is heavy indeed, but fine +grained, and apparently strong, and free from knots. The +imperfections that were found in it at first arose probably from +the want of previous seasoning.</p> + +<p>The hospital is placed on the west side of the Cove, in a very +healthful situation, entirely clear of the town; and is built in +such a manner as to last for some years. On the high ground +between the hospital and the town, if water can be found by +sinking wells, it is the Governor's intention to erect the +barracks, surrounding them with proper works. These were to have +been begun as soon as the transports were cleared, and the men +hutted, but the progress of work was rendered so slow by the want +of an adequate number of able workmen, that it was necessary to +postpone that undertaking for a time. The ground marked out for a +church lies still nearer to the town, so that this edifice will +form in part one side of the principal parade. The design which +demanded the most immediate execution was that of a storehouse, +which might be secure from the danger of fire. In a country +exposed to frequent storms of thunder and lightning, it was +rather an uneasy situation to have all the provisions and other +necessaries lodged in wooden buildings, covered with thatch of +the most combustible kind. On the point of land that forms the +west side of the Cove, and on an elevated spot, a small +observatory has been raised under the direction of Lieutenant +Dawes, who was charged by the Board of Longitude with the care of +observing the expected comet. The longitude of this observatory +is ascertained to be 159° 19' 30" east from Greenwich, and +the latitude 32° 52' 30" south. A small house, built by the +Lieutenant Governor for himself, forms at present the corner of +the parade; the principal street will be carried on at right +angles with the front of this building. Instead of thatch, they +now use shingles made from a tree in appearance like a fir, but +producing a wood not unlike the English oak. This, though more +secure than thatching, is not enough so for storehouses. For +these, if slate-stone should not be found, tiles must be made of +the clay which has been used for bricks. The principal farm is +situated in the next cove to the east of the town, and less than +half a mile from it. When the plan was drawn it contained about +nine acres laid down in corn of different kinds. Later accounts +speak of six acres of wheat, eight of barley, and six of other +grain, as raised on the public account, and in a very promising +way.</p> + +<p>Sydney cove lies open to the north-east, and is continued in a +south-west direction for near a thousand yards, gradually +decreasing from the breadth of about one thousand four hundred +feet, till it terminates in a point, where it receives a small +stream of fresh water. The anchorage extends about two thousand +feet up the cove, and has soundings in general of four fathoms +near the shore, and five, six, or seven, nearer the middle of the +channel. It is perfectly secure in all winds; and for a +considerable way up on both sides, ships can lie almost close to +the shore: nor are there, in any part of it, rocks or shallows to +render the navigation dangerous. Such a situation could not fail +to appear desireable to a discerning man, whose object it was to +establish a settlement, which he knew must for some time depend +for support on the importation of the principal necessaries of +life.</p> + +<p>It is supposed that metals of various kinds abound in the soil +on which the town is placed. A convict, who had formerly been +used to work in the Staffordshire lead mines, declared very +positively, that the ground which they were now clearing, +contains a large quantity of that ore: and copper is supposed to +lie under some rocks which were blown up in sinking a cellar for +the public stock of spirituous liquors. It is the opinion of the +Governor himself that several metals are actually contained in +the earth hereabouts, and that mines may hereafter be worked to +great advantage: but at present he strongly discourages any +search of this kind, very judiciously discerning, that in the +present situation of his people, which requires so many exertions +of a very different nature, the discovering of a mine would be +the greatest evil that could befal the settlement. In some places +where they dug, in making wells, they found a substance which at +first was taken for a metal, but which proving perfectly +refractory in a very strong and long continued heat, has since +been concluded to be black lead. The kind of pigment called by +painters Spanish brown, is found in great abundance, and the +white clay with which the natives paint themselves is still in +greater plenty. The Abbe le Receveur was of opinion, that this +clay, if cleared from the sand, which might easily be separated, +would make excellent porcelain.</p> + +<p>The climate at Sydney Cove is considered, on the whole, as +equal to the finest in Europe. The rains are not ever of long +duration, and there are seldom any fogs: the soil, though in +general light, and rather sandy in this part, is full as good as +usually is found so near the sea-coast. All the plants and fruit +trees brought from Brasil and the Cape, which were not damaged in +the passage, thrive exceedingly; and vegetables have now become +plentiful, both the European sorts and such as are peculiar to +this country. In the Governor's garden are excellent +cauliflowers, and melons very fine of their kinds. The orange +trees flourish, and the fig trees and vines are improving still +more rapidly. In a climate so favourable, the cultivation of the +vine may doubtless be carried to any degree of perfection; and +should not other articles of commerce divert the attention of the +settlers from this point, the wines of New South Wales may, +perhaps, hereafter be sought with avidity, and become an +indispensable part of the luxury of European tables.</p> + +<p>The rank grass under the trees, unfortunately proved fatal to +all the sheep purchased by Governor Phillip, on his own and on +the public account. Those which private individuals kept close to +their own tents, and fed entirely there, were preserved. Hogs and +poultry not only thrive but increase very fast; black cattle will +doubtless succeed as well, and it will be easy in future to +secure them from straying. The horses have not met with any +accident.</p> + +<p>The last dispatches from Governor Phillip bring an account of +his having sent a small detachment up to that ground at the upper +end of Port Jackson, which he discovered in one of his excursions +to be so highly fit for cultivation. This party consisted of a +captain, two lieutenants of marines, with twenty-five +non-commissioned officers and privates: about fifty convicts were +added as labourers. This spot is very pleasant, and has been +named by the Governor, Rose-hill. The flax-plant, which was seen +at the first arrival of our people, has not been found since in +any great abundance. A most ample supply of this valuable article +may, however, always be obtained from Norfolk Island. Governor +Phillip, when he judged the seeds to be ripe, ordered them to be +collected, but at that time very few of the plants were found, +and not any in the places where the greatest quantity had been +seen. It is thought that the natives pull up the plant when it is +in flower to make their fishing lines.</p> + +<p>On the whole, notwithstanding the difficulties and +disadvantages at first experienced, which, though great, were not +more than must naturally be expected to occur in such an +undertaking; notwithstanding the sicknesses which from various +causes prevailed for some time among the people, the settlement +at Sydney Cove wore a very promising aspect at the time when the +last accounts were sent; and there can be no doubt that it will +be found hereafter fully to answer every expectation which was +formed when the design was projected. The scantiness of the +streams of fresh water was thought at first unfavourable, but +good springs have since been found by digging. The house built +for Governor Phillip stands about fifty-six feet above high-water +mark, and there, by sinking a well about fifteen feet in the +rock, an excellent spring of pure water has been obtained.</p> + +<p><a name="chapter-14"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter XIV.</h2> + +<p>July 1788 to October 1788</p> + +<blockquote>Fish violently seized by the natives--Another expedition of +the Governor--Further account of the manners and manufactures of +the native inhabitants of New South Wales--Difficulty of +obtaining any intercourse.</blockquote> + +<p>9 July 1788</p> + +<p>On the ninth of July, an effort was made by a party of +natives, which seems to indicate that they were still distressed +for provisions, or that they very highly resent the incroachments +made upon their fishing places. A general order had been issued +to those sent out on fishing parties, to give a part of what was +caught to the natives if they approached, however small the +quantity taken might be; and by these means they had always been +sent away apparently satisfied. But on this day, about twenty of +them, armed with spears, came down to the spot where our men were +fishing, and without any previous attempt to obtain their purpose +by fair means, violently seized the greatest part of the fish +which was in the seine. While this detachment performed this act +of depredation, a much greater number stood at a small distance +with their spears poized, ready to have thrown them if any +resistance had been made. But the cockswain who commanded the +fishing party, very prudently suffered them to take away what +they chose, and they parted on good terms. This is the only +instance in which these people have attempted any unprovoked act +of violence, and to this they probably were driven by necessity. +Since this transaction, an officer has always been sent down the +harbour with the boat.</p> + +<p>Governor Phillip went out about this time with a small party, +to examine the land between Port Jackson and Broken Bay. Here +were found many hundred acres of land, free from timber, and very +fit for cultivation. He proceeded as far as Pitt Water, and saw +several of the natives, but none of them chose to approach. When +the party returned to the boats near the mouth of the harbour, +about sixty of these people, men, women, and children, were +assembled there. Some hours were passed with them in a peaceful +and very friendly manner, but though in all this time they +discovered no uneasiness, they seemed best pleased when their +visitors were preparing to depart. This has always been the case, +since it has been known among them that our people intend to +remain on the coast. Many of the women were employed at this time +in fishing, a service which is not uncommonly performed by them, +the men being chiefly occupied in making canoes, spears, +fish-gigs, and the other articles that constitute their small +stock of necessary implements. Two women were here observed to be +scarred on the shoulders like the men; this was the first +instance in which they had been seen so marked.</p> + +<p>The sailors who waited on the beach to take care of the boat +saw about two hundred men assembled in two parties, who after +some time drew themselves up on opposite sides, and from each +party men advanced singly and threw their spears, guarding +themselves at the same time with their shields. This seemed at +first to be merely a kind of exercise, for the women belonging to +both parties remained together on the beach; afterwards it had a +more serious aspect, and the women are said to have run up and +down in great agitation uttering violent shrieks. But it was not +perceived that any men were killed.</p> + +<p>As it had been supposed that many of the natives had left this +part of the coast, on account of the great scarcity of fish, the +different coves of the harbour were examined in one day. At this +time, not more than sixty-seven canoes were counted, and about +one hundred and thirty of the people were seen. But it was the +season in which they make their new canoes, and large parties +were known to be in the woods for that purpose.</p> + +<p>A few days after this examination, Governor Phillip himself +went again to explore the coast between Port Jackson and Botany +Bay. In this journey few of the natives were seen, but new proofs +were observed of their having been distressed for food. In the +preceding summer they would not eat either the shark or the +sting-ray, but now even coarser meat was acceptable, and indeed +any thing that could afford the smallest nourishment. A young +whale had just been driven upon the coast, which they were busily +employed in carrying away. All that were seen at this time had +large pieces of it, which appeared to have been laid upon the +fire only long enough to scorch the outside. In this state they +always eat their fish, never broiling it for more than a few +minutes; they broil also the fern root, and another root, of +which the plant is not yet known; and they usually eat together +in families. Among the fruits used by them is a kind of wild fig; +and they eat also the kernels of that fruit which resembles a +pine-apple. The latter, when eaten by some of the French seamen, +occasioned violent retchings; possibly the natives may remove the +noxious qualities, by some process like those employed upon the +cassada. The winter months, in which fish is very scarce upon the +coast, are June, July, August, and part of September. From the +beaten paths that are seen between Port Jackson and Broken Bay, +and in other parts, it is thought that the natives frequently +change their situation, but it has not been perceived that they +make any regular migrations to the northward in the winter +months, or to the south in summer.</p> + +<p>In consequence of the very extraordinary shyness of these +people since the arrival of our settlement, little addition has +been made to the knowledge of their manners attained by Captain +Cook: but most of his observations have been confirmed. The +whole, indeed, that can be known of a people, among whom +civilization and the arts of life have made so small a progress, +must amount to very little. The assertion that they have no +nets*, is amongst the very few that have been found erroneous. +Some small nets have been brought over, the manufacture of which +is very curious. The twine of which they are made, appears to be +composed of the fibres of the flax plant, with very little +preparation; it is very strong, heavy, and so admirably well +twisted as to have the appearance of the best whipcord. Governor +Phillip mentions having had lines of their manufacture, which +were made from the fur of some animal, and others that appeared +to be of cotton. The meshes of their nets are formed of large +loops, very artificially inserted into each other, but without +any knots. At a small distance they have exactly the appearance +of our common nets, but when they are closely examined the +peculiar mode in which the loops are managed is very remarkable. +Some ladies who have inspected one of these nets lately imported, +declare that it is formed exactly on the same principle as the +ground of point lace, except that it has only one turn of the +thread, instead of two, in every loop. This net appears to have +been used either as a landing net, or for the purpose of carrying +the fish when taken. They have also small hoop nets, in which +they catch lobsters, and sea crayfish. Their canoes and other +implements are very exactly described by Captain Cook.</p> + +<blockquote>[* Cook's first voyage, Hawkesworth, Vol. III. p. 233.--If it +was only meant that they have no large nets for fishing, like the +feine, as the New Zealanders have, the remark is certainly +true.]</blockquote> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-14"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-14.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Axe, Basket, and Sword</b></p> + +<p>The inhabitants of New South Wales have very few ornaments, +except those which are impressed upon the skin itself, or laid on +in the manner of paint. The men keep their beards short, it is +thought by scorching off the hair, and several of them at the +first arrival of our people seemed to take great delight in being +shaved. They sometimes hang in their hair the teeth of dogs, and +other animals, the claws of lobsters, and several small bones, +which they fasten there by means of gum; but such ornaments have +never been seen upon the women. Though they have not made any +attempt towards clothing themselves, they are by no means +insensible of the cold, and appear very much to dislike the rain. +During a shower they have been observed to cover their heads with +pieces of bark, and to shiver exceedingly. Governor Phillip was +convinced by these circumstances that clothing would be very +acceptable to them, if they could be induced to come enough among +the English to learn the use of it. He has therefore applied for +a supply of frocks and jackets to distribute among them, which +are to be made long and loose, and to serve for either men or +women.</p> + +<p>The bodies of these people in general smell strongly of oil, +and the darkness of their colour is much increased by dirt. But +though in these points they shew so little delicacy, they are not +without emotions of disgust, when they meet with strong effluvia +to which their organs are unaccustomed. One of them, after having +touched a piece of pork, held out his finger for his companions +to smell, with strong marks of distaste. Bread and meat they +seldom refuse to take, but generally throw it away soon after. +Fish they always accept very eagerly.</p> + +<p>Whether they use any particular rites of burial is not yet +known, but from the following account it seems evident that they +burn their dead. The ground having been observed to be raised in +several places, like the ruder kind of graves of the common +people in our church yards, Governor Phillip caused some of these +barrows to be opened. In one of them a jaw bone was found not +quite consumed, but in general they contained only ashes. From +the manner in which these ashes were disposed, it appeared that +the body must have been laid at length, raised from the ground a +few inches only, or just enough to admit a fire under it; and +having been consumed in this posture, it must then have been +covered lightly over with mould. Fern is usually spread upon the +surface, with a few stones, to keep it from being dispersed by +the wind. These graves have not been found in very great numbers, +nor ever near their huts.</p> + +<p>When the latest accounts arrived from Port Jackson, the +natives still avoided all intercourse with our settlement, +whether from dislike or from contempt is not perfectly clear: +They think perhaps that we cannot teach them any thing of +sufficient value to make them amends for our encroachments upon +their fishing places. They seem to be among themselves perfectly +honest, and often leave their spears and other implements upon +the beach, in full confidence of finding them untouched. But the +convicts too frequently carry them off, and dispose of them to +vessels coming to England, though at the hazard on one side of +being prosecuted for theft, and on the other for purchasing +stolen goods. Injuries of this nature they generally revenge on +such stragglers as they happen to meet; and perhaps have already +learnt to distinguish these freebooters, by their blue and yellow +jackets, as they very early did the soldiers by their red +clothes. Beyond these attacks they have not yet committed any +open acts of hostility, except the seizing of the fish in the +instance above related. They have not attempted to annoy the +settlers by setting fire to the grass, as they did when Captain +Cook was on the coast; nor have they, which is more important, +shown any desire to burn the crops of corn. So absolutely +indispensable to the welfare of the settlement is the +preservation of the grain, that an attempt of this kind must at +all events be counteracted; but in no other case will any harsh +measures be adopted, or any effort made to drive them to a +greater distance. Conciliation is the only plan intended to be +pursued: But Governor Phillip, when he last wrote, seemed to +despair of getting any of them to remain among his people, long +enough for either to acquire the language of the other, except by +constraint. Hitherto he has been unwilling to take this method, +but if it can be done in such a manner as not to create any +general alarm among them, it will probably turn out to be the +kindest piece of violence that could be used. Whenever it shall +be practicable, by any means, to explain to them the friendly +disposition of Governor Phillip and his people towards them, and +to make them understand, that the men from whom they receive +occasional injuries, are already a disgraced class, and liable to +severe punishment for such proceedings, they will then perhaps +acquire sufficient confidence in their new countrymen to mix with +them, to enrich themselves with some of their implements, and to +learn and adopt some of the most useful and necessary of their +arts. It may, indeed, admit of a doubt whether many of the +accommodations of civilized life, be not more than +counterbalanced by the artificial wants to which they give birth; +but it is undeniably certain that to teach the shivering savage +how to clothe his body, and to shelter himself completely from +the cold and wet, and to put into the hands of men, ready to +perish for one half of the year with hunger, the means of +procuring constant and abundant provision, must be to confer upon +them benefits of the highest value and importance.</p> + +<p>According to the latest advices from Governor Phillip, the +<i>Sirius</i> sailed for the Cape on the 2d of October, 1788, to +purchase grain, flour, and other necessaries. Live stock was not +to be procured by this ship, as being less wanted in the present +state of the settlement, which had provisions in store for +eighteen months, but not grain enough for seed, and for the +support of cattle. The <i>Fishburn</i> and <i>Golden Grove</i> storeships +sailed in November for England; the <i>Supply</i> was detained in Port +Jackson for occasional use. At this time the officers were all in +separate houses, and the whole detachment comfortably lodged, +though the barracks were yet unfinished. Nothing more, that +requires to be related, has yet been heard from the +settlement.</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<h3>REMARKS and DIRECTIONS for SAILING into PORT JACKSON, by Capt. +J. HUNTER, of the <i>Sirius</i>.</h3> + +<p>In coming in with Port Jackson, you will not immediately +discover where the harbour is: Steer right in for the outer +points, for there is not any thing in the way but what shows +itself by the sea breaking on it, except a reef on the south +shore which runs off a small distance only: when you are past +this reef and are a-breast the next point on the same side, you +will open to the south-ward of you an extensive branch of the +harbour, into which you will sail; taking care to keep the shore +on either side well on board, for there is a reef which dries at +low water and lies very near the mid-channel, right off the first +sandy cove on the east shore; this reef is pretty broad athwart, +as well as up and down the channel, and shoals very gradually: +The marks for it are, the outer north point and inner south point +touching, Green Point will then be on with a remarkable notch in +the back land. To avoid it to the eastward, pass the inner south +head a cable's length from it, and when you open any part of the +sandy beach of Camp Cove, haul short in for it until you bring +the inner north head and inner south head on with each other; +that mark will carry you up in five and six fathom: But if you +cannot weather the reef, tack and stand into Camp Cove, which +shoals gradually. If you pass to the westward of the reef, steer +in for Middle Cape, which is steep too, then steer up for the +next point above it on the same side; when you are that length, +you may take what part of the channel you please, or anchor where +you like.</p> + +<p>It flows Full and Change a quarter past eight.<br> +Rises 4 6 Neap Tide.<br> +Rises 6 0 Spring Tide.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-15"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-15.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Plan of Port Jackson</b></p> + +<p><a name="chapter-15"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter XV.</h2> + +<blockquote>Some Specimens of Animals from New South Wales.</blockquote> + +<p>The great advantage of a scientific eye over that of the +unlearned observer, in viewing the productions of nature, cannot +be more strongly exemplified than by the present state of the +natural history of Botany Bay, and its vicinity. The English who +first visited this part of the coast, staid there only a week, +but having among them persons deeply versed in the study of +nature, produced an account, to which the present settlers, after +a residence of near eleven months when the last dispatches were +dated, have been able to add but very little of importance. The +properties and relations of many objects are known to the +philosopher at first sight, his enquiries after novelty are +conducted with sagacity, and when he cannot describe by name what +he discovers, as being yet unnamed, he can at least refer it to +its proper class and genus. The observation of unskilful persons +is often detailed by trivial resemblances, while it passes by the +marks which are really characteristic. Governor Phillip, in one +of his letters, remarking the prodigious variety of vegetable +productions then before his eyes, laments, that among all the +people with him there happens not to be one who has any tolerable +knowledge of botany. This circumstance is perhaps less to be +regretted than a deficiency in any other branch of natural +knowledge. The researches of some gentlemen among the first +voyagers were particularly directed to botanical discoveries, and +a work which is now preparing, in a style of uncommon accuracy +and elegance by one of the most illustrious of them, will +probably discover that there was little left undone, even in +their short stay, towards completing that branch of enquiry. Of +quadrupeds the whole stock contained in the country appears to be +confined to a very few species: Wolves have not been seen, though +the tracks of them were so frequently thought to be detected on +this coast by Captain Cook's party. Birds are numerous, but they +belong in general to classes already known to naturalists; a few +drawings however, and specimens of both, have been sent over. +These, to gratify, as far as possible, the curiosity of those +readers whose attention is particularly directed to natural +history, have been engraved, and a short account of them is +thrown together in this chapter. Of reptiles few have been seen +that are at all curious. A large Lizard, of the Scincus kind, +with the remarkable peculiarity of a small spine or horn standing +near the extremity of the tail, is said to be among some +specimens sent over as private presents; and also a kind of frog, +whose colour is blue; but these do not in other respects differ +materially from the usual form of their respective species. The +ants are fully described in Captain Cook's first voyage.</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<h3>QUADRUPEDS.</h3> + +<p>The <b>KANGUROO</b> has been particularly described already.</p> + +<p><b>THE SPOTTED OPOSSUM.</b></p> + +<p>The annexed plate represents a small animal of the opossum +kind, which has not before been delineated. It is perhaps the +same which is slightly described in Captain Cook's first voyage +as resembling a polecat, having the back spotted with white; and +is there said to be called by the natives Quoll.* The colour +however is darker, being rather black than brown.</p> + +<blockquote>[* Hawkesw. iii. p. 222.]</blockquote> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-16"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-16.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Spotted Opossum</b></p> + +<p>The Spotted Opossum, for so it may properly be named, is in +length from the nose to the extremity of the tail about +twenty-five inches, of which the tail itself takes up about nine +or ten. The general colour of the animal is black, inclining to +brown beneath; the neck and body spotted with irregular roundish +patches of white; the ears are pretty large, and stand erect, the +visage is pointed, the muzzle furnished with long slender hairs; +the fore, as well as hind legs, from the knees downward, almost +naked, and ash-coloured; on the fore feet are five claws, and on +the hind, four and a thumb without a claw; the tail, for about an +inch and an half from the root, covered with hairs of the same +length as those on the body, from thence to the end with long +ones not unlike that of a squirrel. The specimen from which the +above account was taken, is a female, and has six teats placed in +a circle, within the pouch.</p> + +<p>Another animal of the opossum kind has been sent alive to the +Rev. Dr. Hamilton, Rector of St. Martin's, Westminster, and is +now living in the possession of Mr. J. Hunter. It appears to be +of the same sort as that mentioned in Captain Cook's first +voyage,* and that also which was found near Adventure Bay, +represented in the eighth plate of Captain Cook's third voyage, +and slightly described in Vol. I. p. 109 of that work: but it +must be owned, that neither its form nor character is very well +expressed in that plate.</p> + +<blockquote>[* Hawkesw. vol. iii. p. 182.]</blockquote> + +<p>The countenance of this animal much resembles that of a fox, +but its manners approach more nearly to those of the squirrel. +When disposed to sleep, or to remain inactive, it coils itself up +into a round form; but when eating, or on the watch for any +purpose, sits up, throwing its tail behind it. In this posture it +uses its fore feet to hold any thing, and to feed itself. When +irritated, it sits still more erect on the hind legs, or throws +itself upon its back, making a loud and harsh noise. It feeds +only on vegetable substances.</p> + +<p>This specimen is a male. The fur is long, but close and thick; +of a mixed brown or greyish colour on the back, under the belly +and neck, of a yellowish white. Its length is about eighteen +inches, exclusive of the tail, which is twelve inches long, and +prehensile. The face is three inches in length, broad above and +very pointed at the muzzle, which is furnished with long +whiskers. The eyes are very large, but not fierce. On the fore +feet are five claws; on the hind, three and a thumb. The teeth +are two in the front of the upper jaw, and two in the lower; the +upper projecting beyond the under. In the Kanguroo it is +remarkable that there are four teeth in the upper jaw, opposed to +two in the under. The testicles are contained in a pendulous +scrotum, between the two thighs of the hind legs, as in the +common opossum. The affinity of almost all the quadrupeds yet +discovered on this coast to the opossum kind, in the circumstance +of the pouch in which the female receives and suckles her young, +seems to open a field of investigation most interesting to the +naturalist: and the public will doubtless learn with pleasure, +that it is the intention of the most able comparative anatomist +of the age, to give a paper on this subject to the Royal Society. +It cannot, therefore, be necessary at present to pursue the +enquiry any farther.</p> + +<p><b>THE VULPINE OPOSSUM.</b></p> + +<p>This is not unlike the common fox in shape, but considerably +inferior to it in respect to size, being, from the point of the +nose to the setting on of the tail, only twenty-six inches; the +tail itself fifteen inches: the upper parts of the body are of a +grisly colour, arising from a mixture of dusky and white hairs, +with rufous-yellow tinge; the head and shoulders partaking most +of this last colour: round the eyes blackish: above the nostrils +ten or twelve black whiskers, four inches or more in length: all +the under parts of the body are of a tawny buff-colour, deepest +on the throat, where the bottom of the hairs are rust-colour: the +tail is of the colour of the back for about one quarter of its +length, from thence to the end, black: the toes on the fore feet +are five in number, the inner one placed high up: on the hind +feet four toes only: with a thumb, consisting of two joints, +without a claw, placed high up at the base of the inner toe. The +whole foot serving the purpose of a hand, as observable in many +of the opossum genus. The legs are much shorter in proportion +than those of the common fox: the ears about one inch and an half +in length: in the upper jaw are six cutting teeth, and four +grinders, with two small canine teeth placed at an equal distance +between them: in the under jaw two long cutting teeth, not unlike +those of a squirrel, and four grinders to answer those in the +upper jaw, but no canine teeth.--A representation of the mouth +and teeth may be seen in one of the following plates.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-17"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-17.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Vulpine Opossum</b></p> + +<p><b>NORFOLK ISLAND FLYING SQUIRREL.</b></p> + +<p>Size of the American grey squirrel, and the general colour of +the upper parts very nearly resembling that animal; the under +parts white: from the nose to the tail runs a streak of dusky +black, and another springs on each side of the head behind the +nostrils, passing over the eyes and finishing behind them: ears +not rising from the head: on each side of the body is a broad +flap or membrane, as in other flying squirrels, which is united +to both the fore and hind legs, as usual in many of this +division: this membrane is black, fringed on the outer edge with +white: the tail for two-thirds of the length, is of an elegant +ash colour, paler than the body, from thence to the end dusky +black: the toes on the fore legs are five in number; those of the +hinder uncertain, as the legs behind were wanting: length from +head to rump nine inches; the tail is ten inches.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-18"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-18.jpg"></p> + +<p align="center"><b>Norfolk Island Flying Squirrel</b></p> + +<p>BIRDS.</p> + +<p><b>BLUE BELLIED PARROT.</b> Order II. Pies. Genus V. Species XIV. +Var. B.</p> + +<p>Described thus by Mr. Latham.</p> + +<p>"The length of this beautiful parrot is fifteen inches. The +bill is reddish: orbits black: head and throat dark blue, with a +mixture of lighter blue feathers: back part of the head green; +towards the throat yellow green: back and wings green: prime +quills dusky, barred with yellow: breast red, mixed with yellow: +belly of a fine blue: thighs green and yellow: tail cuneiform; +the two middle feathers green; the others the same, but bright +yellow on the outer edges: legs dusky. Inhabits Botany Bay in New +Holland." Latham's Synopsis, vol. i. p. 213.</p> + +<p>To this account little need be added, except that in our +present specimens the parts there said to be blue are rather a +bright lilac: the bill is a deep orange; and there are red spots +on the back between the wings, and a few near the vent +feathers.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-19"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-19.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Blue-bellied Parrot</b></p> + +<p><b>TABUAN PARROT.</b> Order and Genus the same. Species XVI. A +Variety.</p> + +<p>The bird here represented has been seen by Mr. Latham, and was +by him referred to this species; of which however it seems a very +remarkable variety: The prevalent colour of the head, neck and +breast, being, instead of a deep crimson or purplish red, as in +his description and plate, as well as in a fine specimen now in +his own collection, a very bright scarlet: the blue mark across +the lower part of the neck appears the same; but the blue +feathers in the wings are entirely wanting; and the bill is not +black. (See Latham's Synopsis, vol. i. p. 214.)</p> + +<p>The specimen here delineated may be thus described.</p> + +<p>Length twenty-four inches: bill brown, the upper mandible +tinged with red: the head, neck, and all the under parts of the +body a bright scarlet: the back and wings a fine green. On the +lower part of the neck, between that and the back, a crescent of +blue: the tail long and cuneiform, most of its feathers deep +blue: the legs ash coloured: on the upper part of the wings a +narrow line of lighter green.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-20"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-20.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Tabuan Parrot</b></p> + +<p><b>PENNANTIAN PARROT.</b> Order and Genus the same. Species, 134.</p> + +<p>Size of the scarlet lory, length sixteen inches: the bill of a +blueish horn colour; the general colour of the plumage scarlet; +the base of the under mandible and the chin covered with rich +blue feathers: the back black, the feathers edged with crimson: +wings blue, down the middle much paler than the rest: the quills +and tail black, the feathers edged outwardly with blue, and three +of the outer tail feathers, from the middle to the end, of a pale +hoary blue: the tail is wedge shaped, the middle feathers eight +inches in length; the outermost, or shortest, only four: the +bottom of the thighs blue, legs dusky, claws black.</p> + +<p>This beautiful bird is not unfrequent about Port Jackson, and +seems to correspond greatly with the Pennantian Parrot, described +by Mr. Latham in the supplement to his General Synopsis of Birds, +p. 61. differing in so few particulars, as to make us suppose it +to differ only in sex from that species.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-21"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-21.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Pennantian Parrot</b></p> + +<p><b>PACIFIC PAROQUET.</b> Order and Genus the same. Species L VI. A +new variety.</p> + +<p>Mr. Latham's description is this:</p> + +<p>"Length twelve inches, bill of a silvery blue; end black: in +some, the forehead and half the crown; in others, the forehead +only, of a deep crimson: behind each eye a spot of the same +colour: on each side of the vent a patch of the same: the plumage +in general of a dark green, palest on the under parts: the tail +is cunei-form; the two middle feathers are five inches and an +half in length; the outer ones two inches and an half; upper +parts of it the same green with the body; beneath ash colour: the +outer edge of the wings, as far as the middle of the quills, deep +blue; the ends of the quills dusky: legs brown: claws black." +Latham's Synopsis, vol. I. p. 252.</p> + +<p>The variety here represented has a brown bill, tinged with red +at the end, and a cap of azure blue at the back of the head, +interspersed with a few small feathers of a yellowish green; the +top of the wings is of a yellow hue, and there are no blue +feathers in the wings.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-22"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-22.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Pacific Parrakeet</b></p> + +<p><b>THE SACRED KING'S FISHER.</b> Order of Birds II. Pies. Genus +XXIII. Species 12.</p> + +<p>The following description is extracted from Mr. Latham's +Synopsis of Birds, vol. ii. p. 623. The specimen here +represented, being the same as his fourth variety of that species +marked D.</p> + +<p>"This in size is rather less than a blackbird: the bill is +black; the lower mandible yellowish at the base: head, back, +wings, and tail, blue tinged with green: the under parts of the +body white, extending round the middle of the neck like a collar: +legs blackish."</p> + +<p>To which account we may add, that the bill is very strong at +the base, and sharp at the point; that the feathers immediately +above the bill are tinged with yellow; and that the toes, as in +most of this species, are three before and one behind.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-23"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-23.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Sacred Kings-fisher</b></p> + +<p><b>SUPERB WARBLER, MALE.</b> Birds, Order III. Passerine. Genus XLI. +Warbler. Species 137. A new variety.</p> + +<p>"The length of this beautiful species is five inches and a +half: the bill black: the feathers of the head are long, and +stand erect like a full crest; from the forehead to the crown +they are of a bright blue; from thence to the nape, black like +velvet: through the eyes from the bill, a line of black; beneath +the eye springs a tuft of the same blue feathers; beneath these +and on the chin, it is of a deep blue almost black, and feeling +like velvet: on the ears is another patch of blue, and across the +back part of the head a band of the same, (in some specimens, the +patches of blue under the eye and on the ear unite together, and +join with the band at the nape, as in the plate*) the whole +giving the head a greater appearance of bulk than is natural: the +hind part of the neck and upper parts of the body and tail, deep +blue black; the under, pure white: wings, dusky; shafts of the +quills chesnut: the tail, two inches and a quarter long, and +cuneiform; the two outer feathers very short: legs dusky brown: +claws black." Latham's Synopsis, vol. iv. p. 501.</p> + +<blockquote>[* Latham's Synopsis, vol. iv. pl. 53.]</blockquote> + +<p>The disposition of the blue is found to differ in most of the +specimens. In the present variety, the whole head is enveloped in +blue, which terminates in an irregularly waving line, and is +continued below the eye in a broad band, edged in the same +manner, and running almost to a point, as low as the bottom of +the neck on each side; but there is no band continued round the +neck, which, both above and below, is of the deep blue like +velvet, mentioned by Mr. Latham. Some feathers of a very bright +orange lie immediately under that blue, and above the wings*.</p> + +<blockquote>[* The Specimens from which Mr. Latham took his descriptions +were met with at Van Diemen's Land, the most southern part of New +Holland.]</blockquote> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-24"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-24.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Male Superb Warbler</b></p> + +<p><b>SUPERB WARBLER</b>, Female.</p> + +<p>When Mr. Latham's Synopsis was published, the female of this +species was entirely unknown; and it was conjectured by that +author that the disposition of the blue might possibly mark the +sexes. The female is now discovered to be entirely destitute of +all the fine blue colours, both pale and dark, by which the male +is adorned, except that there is a very narrow circle of azure +round each eye, apparently on the skin only: all the upper +feathers consist of shades of brown, and the whole throat and +belly is pure white. Except from the shape and size, this bird +would not be suspected at first sight to belong to the same +species as the male: the epithet of superb applies very ill to +the female.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-25"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-25.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Female Superb Warbler</b></p> + +<p><b>CASPIAN TERN.</b> Birds, Order IX. Webfooted. Genus LXXXVIII. +Species I. Variety B.</p> + +<p>Mr. Latham's description is as follows.</p> + +<p>"Length nineteen or twenty inches: bill three inches, stout +and of a pale yellow: nostrils pervious: the crown of the head +black; the feathers longish, and forming a kind of pensile crest +at the nape; the rest of the head, neck, and under parts of the +body, white: back and wings pale cinereous grey: quills grey, +with the ends dusky; the inner webs, half way from the base, +white: tail grey, forked; the end half of the other feathers +white; the last is exceeded by the first an inch: legs black. +Supposed to inhabit China; seen also, or very similar, from the +Friendly Isles; also found at Hapaee, one of the Sandwich +Islands." Syn. Vol. vi. p. 351.</p> + +<p><b>NORFOLK ISLAND PETREL.</b> Order IX. Web-Footed. Genus Xc.</p> + +<p>Length sixteen inches, bill one inch and an half long, black, +and very hooked at the tip: the head as far as the eyes, the chin +and throat, waved, brown and dusky white: the rest of the body on +the upper parts of a sooty brown, the under of a deep ash colour; +the inner part of the quills, especially next the base, very +pale, nearly white, and the wings, when closed, exceed the tail +by about an inch: the tail is much rounded in shape, and consists +of twelve feathers, of the same colour as the upper parts of the +body: the legs are pale yellow, the outer toe black the whole +length, the middle one half way from the tip, the webs also +correspond, the outer one being black, except just at the base; +and the inner one black for about one third from the end: the +claws black; the spur, which serves in place of a back toe, is +also black.</p> + +<p>This inhabits Norfolk Island, and burrows in the sand like a +rabbit, lying hid in the holes throughout the day, and coming out +of evenings in quest of food. This bird appears to differ so very +little from the dark grey Petrel of Cook's Voyage, vol. i. p. +258. that it is not improbable it may prove to be the same +species. This is described in the General Synopsis of Birds, vol. +vi. p. 399. under the name of Grey Petrel; as also another +species, in p. 400. by the name of White-breasted Petrel, +differing only in the breast from our specimen.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-26"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-26.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Norfolk Island Petrel</b></p> + +<p><b>BRONZE-WINGED PIGEON.</b> Order IV. Columbine. Genus XLVI.</p> + +<p>Size of a large dove-house pigeon: general colour of the +plumage ash-coloured, brown on the upper parts, the feathers +margined with pale rufous; the under parts pale ash-colour, with +very pale margins: the wing coverts are much the same colour as +the back, but the greater ones, or lower series, have each of +them a large oval spot of bronze on the outer webs near the ends, +forming together, when the wings are closed, two bars of the most +brilliant and beautiful bronze, changing into red, copper, and +green, in different reflections of light: several of the feathers +also among the other coverts have the same spots on them, but are +irregularly placed: the quills are brown, with the inner webs, +from the middle to the base, pale rufous; as are the sides of the +body and all the under wing coverts: the tail consists of sixteen +feathers; the two middle ones are brown, the others pale lead, or +dove colour, with a bar of black near the tips: the bill is of a +dull red: the forehead very pale, nearly white, passing a little +way under the eye: the chin and throat pale grey: the legs are +red.</p> + +<p>This bird inhabits Norfolk Island; and is clearly a +non-descript species.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-27"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-27.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Bronze-winged Pigeon</b></p> + +<p><b>WHITE-FRONTED HERON.</b> Order VII. Cloven-footed. Genus LXV.</p> + +<p>This is little more than half the size of the common Heron: +length 28 inches: the general colour of the plumage is bluish +ash, inclining to lead colour: top of the head black, and a +trifle crested; the forehead, sides of the head, chin, and throat +white, passing downwards, and finishing in a point about the +middle of the neck before: on the lower part of the neck the +feathers are long and loose, and of a pale rufous cinnamon +colour; all the under parts of the body also incline to this last +colour, but are much paler: the quills and tail are dark lead +colour, nearly black: on the back the feathers are long and +narrow, and hang part of the way on the tail: the bill is four +inches long, and black; but the base half of the under mandible +is yellowish: the legs are formed as in other herons, of a +yellowish brown colour, and the claws are black.</p> + +<p>This bird was sent from Port Jackson in New Holland, and as it +has not been noticed by any author, we consider it as a new +species.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-28"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-28.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>White-fronted Heron</b></p> + +<p><b>WATTLED BEE-EATER.</b> Order II. Pies. Genus XXVI.</p> + +<p>The size of this bird is nearly that of a cuckow: length +fourteen inches and a half: the bill one inch long, and of nearly +the same shape and size as in the Poe Bird; the colour black: the +general colour of the plumage is brown, palest on the under +parts; most of the feathers are pointed in shape, and have a +streak of white down the middle: the fore part of the head, as +far as the eyes, is smooth, but the rest of the head appears +full, the feathers being longer: from the gape of the bill a +broad streak of silvery white passes under the eye, and beneath +this, on each side of the throat, hangs a pendulous wattle, about +half an inch in length, and of an orange colour: the wings, when +closed, reach about one third on the tail, which is about half +the length of the bird, and cuneiform in shape: both the quills +and tail feathers are of a darker brown than the rest of bird, +and have the tips white: the middle of the belly is yellow: the +legs are of a pale brown, the hind toe very stout, and the outer +toe connected to the middle one as far as the first joint.</p> + +<p>The above inhabits New Holland; it was received from Port +Jackson, and is no doubt a non-descript species.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-29"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-29.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Wattled Bee-eater</b></p> + +<p><b>PSITTACEOUS HORNBILL.</b> Order II. Pies. Genus VIII.</p> + +<p>The bird is about the size of a crow: the total length two +feet three inches: the bill is large, stout at the base, much +curved at the point, and channelled on the sides; the colour pale +brown, inclining to yellow near the end: the nostrils are quite +at the base, and are surrounded with a red skin, as is the eye +also, on the upper part: the head, neck, and under parts of the +body are pale blue-grey; the upper parts of the body, wings, and +tail, ash colour; and most of the feathers are tipt with dusky +black, forming bars of that colour across the wings: the wings, +when closed, reach to near three-quarters of the length of the +tail: the tail itself is long, and cuneiform, the two middle +feathers measuring eleven inches, and the outer one on each side +little more than seven; a bar of black crosses the whole near the +end, and the tips of all the feathers are white: the legs are +short and scaly, and the toes placed two forwards, and two +backwards, as in those of the toucan or parrot genus: the colour +of legs and claws black.*</p> + +<p>[* Mr. Latham, who has been kind enough to give his sentiments +on this occasion, is of opinion that this bird does not strictly +belong to any of the present established genera. The make indeed +is altogether that of an hornbill, and the edges of the mandible +are smooth, but the toes being placed two forwards and two +backwards, seem to rank it with the Parrots or Toucans; and it +has been unlucky that in the specimen from which the description +was taken, the tongue was wanting, which might in a great measure +have determined the point: but the inducement for placing it with +the hornbills has had the greater weight, as not a single species +of the toucan tribe has yet been met with in that part of the +world.]</p> + +<p>This bird was killed at Port Jackson, and we believe it to be +hitherto non-descript.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-30"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-30.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Psittaceous Hornbill</b></p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<p>Such is the account of the birds of which drawings or +specimens have been obtained from Port Jackson or from Norfolk +Island. Wild ducks, teal, quails, and other common species are +numerous in both places, and the variety, as well as number of +the small birds is considerable. Birds of the Cassowary or Emu +kind have very frequently been seen; but they are so shy, and run +so swiftly, that only one has yet been killed. That bird was shot +near the camp, while Governor Phillip was absent on his first +expedition to Broken Bay, and was thought by him to differ +materially both from the ostrich and cassowary; the skin was sent +over, but at the time when this sheet was printed off, had not +been stuffed, or put into form. Should it, on examination, +exhibit any remarkable peculiarities, we shall endeavour to +obtain a description of it, to subjoin at the conclusion of this +volume.</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<p>Since stating the dimensions of the kanguroo, in page 106, +Lord Sydney has received from Governor Phillip, a male of a much +larger size, which measures as follows.</p> + +<pre> + f. in. +Length from the point of the nose to the end of the tail, 8 5 +Length of the tail, 3 1 +-- head, 0 11 +-- fore legs, 2 0 +-- hind legs 3 7 +Circumference of the fore part by the legs, 1 9 +---- lower parts -- 4 5 +Round the thicker part of the tail, which gradually +tapers to the end. 1 1 + +</pre> + +<p>The above is the largest kanguroo that has yet been seen, and +there is every reason to believe that even this had not nearly +attained its full growth.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant Shortland describes them as feeding in herds of +about thirty or forty, and assures us, that one is always +observed to be apparently upon the watch, at a distance from the +rest.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-31"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-31.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Skeleton of the Head of the Kanguroo and Vulpine +Opossum</b></p> + +<p><a name="chapter-16"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter XVI.</h2> + +<h3>PAPERS RELATIVE TO THE SETTLEMENT AT PORT JACKSON.</h3> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-table-02"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-table-02.jpg"></p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-table-03"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-table-03.jpg"></p> + +<p>These artificers were employed on the representation of the +Lieutenant-Governor to Governor Phillip, that it was impossible +to erect the barracks necessary for the officers and men of the +detachment, without employing such artificers for that purpose as +could be found among themselves. It was at the same time +represented, that these men could not properly be retained at +such work, unless they were to be paid in the customary manner of +paying all troops employed on extra works for the public service: +and more especially, as it was known that the artificers taken +from the ships of war and transports were to be paid for all work +done on shore.</p> + +<p>Governor Phillip agreed entirely as to the necessity of +employing the artificers, and with respect to their pay, had no +doubt that the matter must be decided by custom: In consequence +of which he issued an order for that purpose on the 17th of May, +1788.</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<h3>No. III.</h3> + +<p>The Right Hon. the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, in a +letter, dated the 8th of October, 1786, addressed to the +commanding officers of each division of the marines, directed +them to signify to such marines as would make a voluntary tender +of their service for Botany Bay, that they should at the +expiration of their station of three years be entitled to their +discharge on their return to England, provided their good +behaviour during this service should have merited such marks of +favour: Or that, if they preferred it, they should at the time of +relief be discharged in New South Wales, and permitted to settle +there. In consequence of this, at the date of the following +paper, the question was put by the Lieutenant Governor to all the +officers and men, whether they chose to remain in the country, +either as soldiers or settlers. Before this question was asked, +Major Ross applied to Governor Phillip to know what encouragement +Government held out to those who should wish to remain in either +capacity. To this application it was answered by the Governor, +that the proper instructions and authorities for giving every +reasonable encouragement to such of the military and others as +should be desirous to remain in New South Wales, and for making +grants of land, were to be sent from England as soon as +Government being sufficiently informed of the actual state of the +country, and the quality of the soil, at and near the settlement, +could determine what was the most eligible mode of granting the +lands.</p> + +<p>Those documents having been received, the amplest powers are +now to be sent out to Governor Phillip, that he may make such +grants and give such encouragement as may be proportioned to the +merits of those who apply, and satisfactory to every +individual.</p> + +<p>The following list exhibits the result of the question put by +the Lieutenant Governor to the officers and men of the marines, +concerning their desire to return, or to remain in New South +Wales.</p> + +<h3>LIST of such OFFICERS, NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS, DRUMMERS, +and PRIVATES, as are desirous of remaining in this Country, after +the time when their Lordships the Commissioners of the Admiralty +intended to relieve the Detachment, as expressed in their Letter +of the 8th October, 1788.</h3> + +<p>NEW SOUTH WALES, 1st October, 1788.</p> + +<p>Names and quality. Desirous of remaining in this country.</p> + +<p>Watkin Tench, Capt. Lieutenant, as a soldier for one tour more +of three years.</p> + +<p>George Johnstone, First Lieutenant, having been so short a +time in this country, cannot determine whether he would wish to +remain or not, as to settling can say nothing.</p> + +<p>John Johnstone, ditto, having been so short a time in this +country, cannot determine whether he would wish to remain another +tour or not, as to settling can say nothing, till he knows on +what terms.</p> + +<p>James Maitland Shairp, ditto, being so short a time in the +country, he cannot yet judge whether he would wish to remain or +not another tour, as to settling, until he knows the terms and +nature of the grants, cannot determine.</p> + +<p>William Dawes, Second Lieutenant, as a soldier for one tour +more of three years.</p> + +<p>William Baker, Serjeant, as a soldier.<br> +George Flemming, private, as a soldier for three years more.<br> +Isaac Tarr, ditto, as a settler.<br> +James Manning, as a soldier.</p> + +<p>All the officers, non-commissioned officers, drummers, and +private men of the detachment, whose names are not expressed in +the above list, wish to return to England, at the time proposed +by their Lordship's letter of the 8th October, 1786, or as soon +after as their Lordships may find it convenient.</p> + +<p>R. ROSS, MAJOR.</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<h3>No. IV.</h3> + +<h3>AN ACCOUNT OF PROVISIONS REMAINING IN HIS MAJESTY'S STORES, AT +SYDNEY COVE, NEW SOUTH WALES, 30TH SEPTEMBER, 1788.</h3> + +<pre> +Flour, 414,176 pounds, is 62 weeks ration. +Rice, 51,330 -- -- 15 -- +Beef, 127,608 -- -- 43 -- +Pork, 214,344 -- -- 128 -- +Pease, 2,305 bushels, -- 58 -- +Butter, 15,450 pounds, -- 49 -- + +Number of Persons victualled. +Men, 698. Women, 193. Children, 42. + +Provisions at Norfolk Island, twenty months. + +Number of Persons victualled. +Men,44. Women, 16. + +ANDREW MILLER, Commissary. + +</pre> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<h3>No. V.</h3> + +<pre> +Return of Sick, September 27th, 1788. + +Marines sick in hospital 4 + ---- camp 21 +Marine women and children in camp 5 +Deaths since last return 0 +Total belonging to the battalion +under medical treatment 30 + +Male convicts sick 62 +Female ditto and children 31 +Total of convicts under medical +treatment 93 + +Male convicts dead since the last +report of June 30 6 +Female convicts ditto since ditto 4 +Total convicts dead since ditto 10 +Convicts unserviceable from old +age, infirmities, etc. 53 + +</pre> + +<p><a name="chapter-17"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter XVII.</h2> + +<blockquote>Nautical directions, and other detached remarks, by Lieutenant +Ball, concerning Rio de Janeiro, Norfolk Island, Ball Pyramid, +and Lord Howe Island.</blockquote> + +<p>Some notice has already been taken in the preceding sheets of +Rio de Janeiro, Norfolk Isle, and Lord Howe Isle; but since they +were committed to the press, the following particulars respecting +those places have very obligingly been communicated to the +editor, by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball. As these remarks are +the result of minute observation, they cannot fail of being +useful and interesting to the seafaring reader, which, it is +presumed, will be a sufficient apology for giving them a place +here.</p> + +<p>There is no danger in going up the harbour to Rio de Janeiro +but what may easily be seen. The course up the harbour is +north-west by north; you anchor before the town in seventeen +fathoms water, over a muddy bottom; the middle of the town +bearing west by north, west, or west by south, about a mile and +an half distant from the watering place, and the Fort Saint Cruz +bearing south-east. No pilot is necessary; the soundings a-breast +of St. Cruz Fort are twenty-two fathoms, and shoal gradually to +seventeen fathoms, where the ships moored a-breast of the town. +The tide flows two hours and thirty minutes at full and change, +and rises in general about eight feet. In going into the harbour, +it is necessary to keep the starboard shore best aboard, as the +tide sets on the other side, till you get nearly a-breast of St. +Cruz Fort, and in that situation you must be on your guard, if +going in with the flood, as the passage is narrow: and there are +whirlpools in many places, which will take all command from the +rudder. Water is procured at a pipe, by which it is conveyed from +a fountain situated in the large square near the principal +landing place, which is opposite the palace. This pipe is +continued down to the waterside, and you fill your casks in +boats: the water is so plentiful, that a fleet might be supplied +in a short time.</p> + +<p>Bullocks, sheep, and Portugal wine, may be had here in plenty; +there is also an excellent market for poultry and vegetables +every day; in short, every refreshment that is necessary for a +fleet may be procured in great abundance, and very cheap.</p> + +<p>The whole harbour, as well as the town, is defended by a +number of strong fortifications; and as far as Lieutenant Ball +had an opportunity of examining the harbour, the draft of it +published in the East India chart is very true, the soundings +right, and the bearings very accurate.</p> + +<p>Their trade is chiefly to Portugal, and consists of bullion, +indigo, sugar, rum, tobacco, brazil wood, whale-oil, whale bone, +spermaceti, etc. and of late years diamonds and many other +valuable commodities.</p> + +<p>In approaching Norfolk Island there is no danger: Lieut. Ball +anchored in nineteen fathoms, over a bottom of coarse sand and +coral, the north-east end of the island bearing west south-west +quarter west; the easternmost rocks east south-east, about a mile +distant from the nearest shore: at this place Capt. Cook landed. +Ships have anchored also at south end of the isle in twenty-two +fathoms, the westernmost point of Phillip Isle south south-east, +the body of Nepean's Isle east north-east half east, and the +south point of Norfolk Isle north-east by east. They anchored +again in eighteen fathoms, over a bottom of sand and coral, the +west point of Phillip Isle bearing south, the easternmost point +of it south south-east half east, and the south point of Norfolk +Isle north-east. The pine trees on this island are of an immense +size, measuring from twenty to twenty-seven and even thirty feet +in girth, and so tall that it was not easy to form any exact +judgment of their height. This place affords vast numbers of +cabbage trees, and amazing quantities of fish may be procured on +the banks that lie on the west side of the small island; those +they got on board the <i>Supply</i> were of the snapper kind, and very +good, yet they were caught in such abundance that many of the +people were as much satiated with them as the sailors are with +cod on the banks of Newfoundland.</p> + +<p>The only places where it was found practicable to land was +a-breast of their first station (which is the place described by +Captain Cook, and where the people landed with the utmost +difficulty,) and at Sydney Bay on the south end of the isle, the +outer breaker off the westernmost point in sight bearing +north-west by west half west.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-32"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-32.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Map and View of Lord Howe Island</b></p> + +<p>Lord Howe Island was discovered by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird +Ball, Commander of his Majesty's tender <i>Supply</i>, on the 17th +February, 1788, and was so named by him, in honour of the Right +Honourable Lord Howe. At the same time he observed a remarkably +high pyramidical rock at a considerable distance from the island, +which has been named Ball's Pyramid; from a correct drawing of +this rock and others near it, the annexed engraving was +taken.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-33"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-33.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Ball's Pyramid</b></p> + +<p>There is no danger in approaching Lord Howe island, the <i>Supply</i> +anchored there in thirteen fathoms, sand and coral; but there +lies about four miles from the south-west part of the pyramid, a +dangerous rock, which shows itself a little above the surface of +the water, and appears not to be larger than a boat. Lieutenant +Ball had no opportunity of examining whether there is a safe +passage between them or not. The island is in the form of a +crescent, the convex side towards the north-east. Two points at +first supposed to be separate islands, proved to be high +mountains on its south-west end, the southernmost of which was +named Mount Gower, and the other Mount Lidgbird; between these +mountains there is a very deep valley, which obtained the name of +Erskine Valley; the south-east point was called Point King, and +the north-west point, Point Phillip. The land between these two +points forms the concave side of the island facing the +south-west, and is lined with a sandy beach, which is guarded +against the sea by a reef of coral rock, at the distance of half +a mile from the beach, through which there are several small +openings for boats; but it is to be regretted that the depth of +water within the reef no where exceeds four feet. They found no +fresh water on the island, but it abounds with cabbage-palms, +mangrove and manchineal trees, even up to to the summits of the +mountains. No vegetables were to be seen. On the shore there are +plenty of ganets, and a land-fowl, of a dusky brown colour, with +a bill about four inches long, and feet like those of a chicken; +these proved remarkably fat, and were very good food; but we have +no further account of them. There are also many very large +pigeons, and the white birds resembling the Guinea fowl, which +were found at Norfolk Island, were seen here also in great +numbers. The bill of this bird is red, and very strong, thick, +and sharp-pointed. Innumerable quantities of exceeding fine +turtle frequent this place in the summer season, but at the +approach of winter they all go to the northward. There was not +the least difficulty in taking them. The sailors likewise caught +plenty of fish with a hook and line.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-34"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-34.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Lieutenant Shortland</b></p> + +<p><a name="chapter-18"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter XVIII.</h2> + +<p>July 1788 to August 1788</p> + +<blockquote>Concise account of Lieutenant Shortland--His various +services--Appointed agent to the transports sent to New South +Wales--Ordered by Governor Phillip to England, by +Batavia--Journal of his voyage--New discoveries.</blockquote> + +<p>We have been induced to subjoin in this place a concise +account of Lieutenant Shortland, as well because his experience +as an officer has been great, as from the consideration that his +journal has been deemed, by those who best know its value, of +very serious importance.</p> + +<p>Lieutenant John Shortland very early in life had a strong +predilection for the Navy, and in 1755, at the age of sixteen, he +entered into his Majesty's service, on board the Anson, a sixty +gun ship, which went out in the fleet under the command of +Admiral Boscawen. On the Banks of Newfoundland this fleet fell in +with, and took the Alcide and Ly's, two French ships, of +seventy-four guns. On his return from this expedition, he went on +board the Culloden, a seventy-four gun ship, and was in the fleet +under Admiral Byng, off Minorca. Shortly afterwards, he went into +the Hampton Court, commanded by Capt. Harvey, in which ship he +was present at the taking of the Foudroyant and Arpè. On +his arrival in England, he went on board the Vanguard, Commodore +Swanton, to the West Indies, in the fleet under Admiral Rodney, +and was present at the reduction of Martinique, the Grenades, and +the other islands which were then captured. In 1763, he was +promoted to the rank of Lieutenant by Admiral Swanton; since +which period he has always been employed in active and important +services. During the late war, and for some time afterwards, he +was chiefly employed in going to and from America, except in the +year 1782, when he was appointed to command the transports with +the 97th regiment on board, destined for the relief of Gibraltar, +under convoy of his Majesty's ships Cerberus and Apollo: he was +not only successful in getting all the transports in safe, but he +also landed the men without any loss.</p> + +<p>On Lieutenant Shortland's return home from this service, in +endeavouring to get through the Gut of Gibraltar in the night, he +was chased by a squadron of Spanish frigates, who took three of +the transports in company, but he was so fortunate as to escape +in the Betsey transport, and arrived safe in England, without +either loss or damage. In the year 1786, he was appointed Agent +to the transports sent by Government to New South Wales, at which +place he arrived in January, 1788. After remaining six months at +the new settlement at Port Jackson, he was ordered to England by +way of Batavia, by his Excellency Governor Phillip, who honoured +him with the official dispatches for Government, and he arrived +in England on the 29th of May, 1789.</p> + +<p>This summary recapitulation of Mr. Shortland's services +sufficiently points out his merit and ability as an experienced +seaman, without any further elogium; which, it were were wanted, +might be abundantly supplied from the subsequent account of his +passage from Port Jackson to Batavia.</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<p>The <i>Alexander</i>, the <i>Friendship</i>, the <i>Prince of Wales</i>, and the +<i>Borrowdale</i>, were got ready in the beginning of July, 1788, to +sail for England, under the care and conduct of Lieutenant +Shortland; at which time Governor Phillip took the opinions of +the masters of those transports concerning their route. The +season was thought to be too far advanced for them to attempt the +southern course, by Van Diemen's Land; and the passage by Cape +Horn was objected to by the Governor. It was therefore agreed +unanimously that they should go to the northward, either through +Endeavour Straits, or round New Guinea. Unfortunately the ships +were ill prepared to encounter the difficulties, which were to be +expected in every mode of return; their complement of men was +small, only six to an hundred tons, officers included; they were +without a surgeon, and unprovided with those articles which have +been found essential to the preservation of health in long +voyages, such as bore-cole, sour-crout, portable soup, and the +other antiseptics recommended by the Royal Society. It cannot +therefore be wondered, though it must be deeply regretted, that +the sailors should have suffered so dreadfully from the scurvy, +in the length of time necessary for exploring a passage through +an unknown sea perplexed with islands, where they were destitute +of assistance from charts, or observations of former navigators; +and were not fortunate enough to obtain a supply of salutary +refreshments.</p> + +<p>14 July 1788</p> + +<p>Lieutenant Shortland, in the <i>Alexander</i> transport, sailed out +of the harbour of Port Jackson, on Monday, July 14, 1788, +directing his course to the east-north-east, with intention to +touch at Lord Howe Island, and there to appoint each ship a place +of rendezvous in case of separation. This necessary step, which +ought to have been previously taken, had been prevented by the +hurry of preparation; the <i>Alexander</i> not having been able to join +the other transports till the evening before their departure. +Even then, the boats, booms, and spare anchors, were stowed loose +between decks, in a manner which must have produced the most +dangerous consequences, had the ship been exposed in that +condition to the heavy sea which it was likely she would meet +with off the shore. To the very last moment, therefore, the men +and officers were most busily employed in providing against this +danger; and as soon as the weather appeared tolerably favourable +for working out of the harbour, Lieutenant Shortland made the +signal to the masters of the other transports to get under way, +without waiting for his ship. When the transports had cleared the +harbour they were obliged to carry a press of sail in order to +get off the coast, the vessels being very light, and a powerful +swell then setting in upon the shore. The wind was at the same +time strong from the south-east, and continued so for two days, +with the same heavy swell, which made it very difficult to keep +the ships off shore.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-35"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-35.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Chart of the Track of the <i>Alexander</i></b></p> + +<p>16 July 1788</p> + +<p>At eight, A. M. on the 16th of July, the rocks off the +entrance of Port Stephens bore north-west by west distant three +leagues. Lieutenant Shortland very much regretted that this place +had not been surveyed; had it been known to afford safe +anchorage, it would have been much more prudent to put in there +and wait for a change of wind, than to attempt keeping the sea in +circumstances so very unfavourable, with ships so little +calculated to run along a great extent of lee shore. This day the +<i>Prince of Wales</i> being two or three miles to the leeward, the +signal was made for her to tack into the fleet. At nine in the +evening the wind coming to the east-south-east, Lieutenant +Shortland fired a gun, and made the signal to veer ship and sail +on the other tack. At this time the <i>Prince of Wales</i> was about +five miles on the lee bow of the <i>Alexander</i>, and the <i>Borrowdale</i> +and <i>Friendship</i> close in company; but by twelve at midnight the +<i>Friendship</i> only was in sight. At two, the wind shifting again to +the south-south-east, the signal was once more made to veer ship, +and change the tack, as lying off east would clear the coast; a +strong current setting to the southward.</p> + +<p>19 July 1788</p> + +<p>Lieutenant Shortland, having now lost sight of the <i>Prince of +Wales</i> and <i>Borrowdale</i>, was fully determined to go to Lord Howe +Island to wait a day or two for them, expecting that they might +probably touch there with similar intentions. On the 19th, +therefore, he steered a direct course for that island, with a +strong gale at south-west, but as this wind, which was exactly +favourable to the intended course of the voyage, and made the +anchoring place off Lord Howe Island a lee shore, continued +unvaried, and blew very hard on the 20th, it appeared best to +relinquish the design of calling there. At two in the afternoon, +therefore, Lieutenant Shortland again altered his course and +sailed north-east by north. The <i>Prince of Wales</i> and <i>Borrowdale</i> +transports, were seen no more throughout the voyage, and it has +since been known that they took another course; but the +<i>Friendship</i> continued close in company with the <i>Alexander</i>. About +noon this day, the men at the mast head discovered a very +extensive shoal on the larboard beam, bearing from north by west +to north by south, distant between two and three leagues. It +trended north by east and south by west, and was judged to be in +length about three leagues and a half. The breadth could not be +ascertained, for, while the ship ran along it, the sand bank was +seen to extend as far as the eye could discern. It lies in +latitude 29°. 20'. south, and in longitude 158°. 48'. +east, and was named by Lieutenant Shortland, Middleton +Shoals.</p> + +<p>21 July 1788</p> + +<p>At ten in the morning, on Monday July 21, the master of the +<i>Friendship</i> went on board the <i>Alexander</i>, and Carteret's harbour in +New Ireland, was appointed by Lieutenant Shortland as the place +of rendezvous. The same day, at half past five in the afternoon, +land was discovered, bearing from south-west by west, to west +half south, at the distance of about eight leagues. It trended to +the north-north-west, and was about six or seven leagues in +length, the land very high, with a remarkable peak, which bore +south-south-west. This island was now named Sir Charles +Middleton's Island: It lies in latitude 28°. 10. south, and +in longitude 159°. 50. east. Lieutenant Shortland thinks it +probable that the reef seen on the preceding day may be connected +with this island, as it trended in a right direction for it; but +it must, in that case, be of very great extent. The island was +still in sight on the morning of the 22d.</p> + +<p>24 July 1788</p> + +<p>On Thursday July 24th, they had an accurate observation of the +sun and moon to determine the longitude, and found the effect of +a current to have been so great as to set the ship two degrees of +longitude to the eastward of the dead reckoning. The longitude of +Sir Charles Middleton's Island must therefore be corrected by +that observation, and placed considerably further to the east. +The latitude may be depended upon, as the bearing was observed +when the sun was on the meridian.</p> + +<p>27 July 1788</p> + +<p>Many land birds being seen on the 27th and 28th, when the ship +was by reckoning and observation near the north-west end of New +Caledonia, Lieutenant Shortland very reasonably concluded that he +must have passed very close to that land, though it did not +happen to be discerned: probably it is low at that extremity.</p> + +<p>31 July 1788</p> + +<p>At noon, on Thursday the 31st, land was discovered, bearing +from north half west to east-north-east, and distant about five +or six leagues. As the ship was now in latitude 10°. 52'. +south, Lieutenant Shortland at first conjectured it might be +Egmont Island, which was seen by Capt. Carteret, notwithstanding +a considerable difference in longitude, which might be accounted +for from the effect of currents, as they had been for some time +very strong. The longitude laid down by Captain Carteret was +164°. 49'. east; that of the <i>Alexander</i> at this time about +161°. 11'. It proved however that the difference was real, +and that this was another island. Lieutenant Shortland now kept a +north-west course, in which direction the land trended. He ran +along the coast about six or seven leagues, and found it formed +into an island by two points, the south-east of which he called +Cape Sydney, the north-west, Cape Phillip. Having passed this +point, he continued steering in a north-west direction till about +seven o'clock the same afternoon, when the men who were reefing +the top-sails for the night, discovered land bearing exactly in +the ship's course. On receiving this intelligence he immediately +brought to, with the ship's head off from the land, and gave a +signal for the <i>Friendship</i> to do the same. They lay to all night, +and the next morning were surprised with the sight of a most +mountainous coast, bearing from north-east by east to +west-north-west, about five or six leagues distant. This proved +sufficiently that the land seen the preceding day could not be +Egmont Island, and Lieutenant Shortland was inclined to think +that this was united to it. At six in the morning he bore away +west by north, and west by north half north, as the land trended, +running along the shore at five or six leagues distance. The most +eastern point of this land he called Cape Henslow, the most +western which was then in sight, Cape Hunter. Between these two +points the land is very singularly mountainous, the summits of +the mountains rising among the clouds to a prodigious height. It +may be known by one summit more elevated than the rest, which, +from being discovered on the first of August, was named Mount +Lammas, and is thought in height to equal, if not to exceed the +Peak of Teneriffe. This day the latitude was by observation +9°. 58'. south, and the longitude 160°. 21'. east. More +land still continued to open to the west-north-west, and the same +course was therefore kept at an equal distance from the shore +till three in the afternoon, when the water appearing suddenly of +a different colour, they brought to, and sounded, but found no +ground at 120 fathoms. At four, a part of the land which had the +appearance of a harbour, bore north-north-east distant seven +leagues. The land still continued mountainous, and at six o'clock +bore from north-east to north-west by west. The furthest land +then in sight appeared to be at the distance of about thirteen or +fourteen leagues, and was named Cape Marsh. At half past six the +ships were brought to, and lay to for the night, the weather +being very squally, with violent thunder, lightning, and +rain.</p> + +<p>2 August 1788</p> + +<p>Soon after five in the morning of August the 2d, the ships +made sail again, and bore away west by north, but the weather +being hazy, no land was then in sight; many flying fish were seen +at this time. At eleven, there being a prospect of clearer +weather, Lieutenant Shortland endeavoured to make the land again. +At noon the latitude was, by observation, 9°. 40'. south, and +the longitude 158°. 42'. east. Lieutenant Shortland continued +to steer north-west to discover whether he had reached the utmost +extent of the land, and at eight in the evening spoke to the +<i>Friendship</i>, and told the master that he intended to bring to at +nine.</p> + +<p>3 August 1788</p> + +<p>At three in the morning, on Sunday August 3, land was +discovered bearing from north-north-east to north-west, on which +the ships stood off again with a light air of wind. At six, the +land in sight appeared like several islands, and an endeavour was +made to pass between them to the north, but on approaching +sufficiently near, it was discovered that all these points were +joined together by a low neck of land covered with trees. As the +land rose in nine roundish points, which seamen call hummocks, +this place was named Nine Hummock Bay. At noon on this day, the +ship then standing to the south-west, in latitude 8°. 55'. +south, and longitude 158°. 14'. east, the extreme points of +land bore from east by north to west, when Lieutenant Shortland +named the western point Cape Nepean, and the eastern Cape Pitt. +The intermediate land may, he says, easily be known by the nine +hummocks, and the exact resemblance they bear to islands when +seen from the distance of five or six leagues. They had now light +airs and calm weather, but at two in the afternoon a breeze +sprung up from the eastward, and at four Cape Nepean bore +north-west, half west, distant five or six leagues. At six the +<i>Alexander</i> shortened sail, and stood off and on for the night +under double reefed top-sails, Lieutenant Shortland imagining +that he had reached the utmost extent of this land. At five, on +Monday morning, the 4th of August, he made sail again, and at six +a bluff point of the island bore north-north-west, distant five +or six leagues: this he called Point Pleasant. At noon the +latitude was by observation 8°. 54'. south, the longitude +154°. 44'. east. Point Pleasant then bore east by north; at +four, the most western point of land in sight, which was then +supposed to be the extreme point of the island, but proved not to +be so, bore north-west by north, distant four or five leagues. +From this mistake it was named Cape Deception.</p> + +<p>Under the persuasion that he had reached the extremity of the +land, but desirous to ascertain that point, Lieutenant Shortland +kept the ships standing under an easy sail all night. Some +islands lying close to Cape Deception, and seeming to form a good +harbour, were called Hammond's Isles. At day light on the 5th of +August, land was again discovered, bearing from east north-east +to west by north half north, and forming a very deep bay. This +land appeared in six hummocks, like islands, but was joined by a +low neck of sand. Not knowing how far it might trend to the +north-west, Lieutenant Shortland stood out to the south. At +eleven o'clock, the longitude was observed to be 157° 30' +east; and at noon the latitude was also determined by observation +to be 8° 44' south. At the same time, Cape Deception bore +north-east four or five leagues distant; and two remarkable +hills, from their similiarity called the Two Brothers, forming +the most western point then in view, bore north-west half north, +distant ten leagues. At three in the afternoon, they bore away +for the two Brothers, which at six bore north-west by north, +distant seven leagues. At eight, the ships lay to for the +night.</p> + +<p>6 August 1788</p> + +<p>At five o'clock in the morning of Wednesday, August 6th, they +made sail again to the north-west; and at eight discerned a rock +which had exactly the appearance of a ship under sail, with her +top-gallant sails flying. So strongly were all the <i>Alexander</i>'s +people prepossessed with this imagination, that the private +signal was made, under the supposition that it might be either +the <i>Boussole</i> or <i>Astrolabe</i>, or one of the two transports which had +parted from them on the coast of New South Wales. Nor was the +mistake detected till they approached it within three or four +miles. This rock bore from the Two Brothers south south-west, +distant one league.</p> + +<p>Between ten and eleven, some canoes were seen with Indians in +them, who came close up to the ship without any visible +apprehension. Ropes were thrown to them over the stern, of which +they took hold, and suffered the ship to tow them along; in this +situation they willingly exchanged a kind of rings which they +wore on their arms, small rings of bone, and beads of their own +manufacture, for nails, beads, and other trifles, giving however +a manifest preference to whatever was made of iron. Gimlets were +most acceptable, but they were also pleased with nails, and +pieces of iron hoops. They dealt very fairly, not betraying the +least desire to steal or to defraud. But though they so readily +suffered themselves to be towed after the ship, they could not by +any means be prevailed upon to go along side, and whenever an +attempt was made to haul up a canoe by one of the ropes, the men +in it immediately disengaged themselves from that rope, and took +hold of another. At the same time they appeared extremely +desirous that our people should anchor on the coast, and go +ashore with them; and, by way of enticement, held up the rind of +an orange or lemon, the feathers of tame fowls, and other things, +signifying that they might be procured on shore. They presented +also to Lieutenant Shortland, a fruit, which he conceived to be +the bread-fruit; it was about the size of a small cocoa-nut, +brown on the outside and white within, and contained a kind of +soft pithy substance which stuck between the teeth, and was +rather troublesome to chew, besides three or four kernels not +unlike chesnuts, but very white. The leaves of the plantain +served the Indians to make boxes or small cases, of which every +man had one to contain his small rings and beads. At noon a point +of land which runs from the Two Brothers, and was now named Cape +Satisfaction, bore north north-east; and the rock which had been +mistaken for a ship was called the Eddystone, and bore north by +west, distant four leagues. The Eddystone bears from Cape +Satisfaction south south-west, distant two leagues. As the land +from Cape Satisfaction began to trend northward, Lieutenant +Shortland again entertained hopes of finding a passage.</p> + +<p>It was understood from the natives that they called the island +from which they came, Simboo; for whenever an attempt was made to +put that question to them, they pointed to the land near Cape +Satisfaction, and uttered that word. Of these men, Lieutenant +Shortland remarks, that they were remarkably stout and well +built, from which appearance he very judiciously drew a +favourable conclusion with respect to the goodness and plenty of +their food. Their superiority over the New Hollanders in size and +strength, he says, was very striking. Their canoes, which +contained from six to fourteen men, seemed to be well put +together, the bows and stems very lofty, carved with various +figures, and stained with a kind of red paint; in a word, they +were to all appearance formed exactly upon the same model and +construction as those of Otaheite. The ornaments worn by the +inhabitants of Simboo were large rings of a white bone, one or +more of which every man had upon his wrist, and a shell with a +feather, which was tied upon the head. Lieutenant Shortland was +desirous to purchase one of their lances, but could not obtain +it. About two in the afternoon his visitors, finding perhaps that +they had followed the ship as far as they could venture to trust +themselves, left him, and made immediately for the shore. From +what was seen in the possession of these people, there can be no +doubt that their land produces cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit, bananas, +and most other vegetables of the Society and Friendly Isles. Nor +was it without the greatest regret that Lieutenant Shortland +declined the invitations of the natives, and proceeded without +touching for refreshments, which doubtless might have been +obtained in plenty; but the length and uncertainty of his passage +seemed to forbid the least delay; nor was it at this time +foreseen how much superior to every other consideration the +acquirement of a wholesome change of diet would be found. The bay +from which these men had come he named Indian Bay. At three P. M. +the longitude was, by lunar observation, 156° 55' east; and +at six the furthest land in sight bore north, Cape Satisfaction +east by south half east, and the body of the land north-east, +distant five or six leagues. The furthest point of land north was +named Cape Middleton.</p> + +<p>7 August 1788</p> + +<p>After lying to in the night, the ships made sail again at four +in the morning of August 7th, and bore away to the north by west. +At five, they saw the land which they had left the preceding +night, and six or more small islands bearing from north-east to +west. These were called the Treasury Isles; they are moderately +high and seemed to be well clothed with trees and herbage. At +noon, the latitude was by observation 7° 24' south, the +longitude 156° 30' east; and the north-west extremity of the +land then in sight, which was named Cape Allen, bore east by +south, distant six leagues: Cape Middleton, south-east, distant +eight leagues. Off Cape Allen lies a small island, to which the +name of Wallis Island was given. At six in the afternoon the +extremes of the islands in sight bore from north-east by east to +west by north; and the entrance between two islands, which formed +a passage or strait, bore north by east, distant five or six +leagues.</p> + +<p>The <i>Alexander</i> and the <i>Friendship</i> had now run from the latitude +of 10° 44' south, and longitude 161° 30' east, to the +latitude of 7° 10' south, and longitude 156° 50' east, +the whole way nearly in sight of land. As, therefore, proceeding +westward, to the south of the next land, might have entangled +them with New Guinea, Lieutenant Shortland determined to try the +passage which was now before him; and being very well convinced, +before it was dark, that the way was clear, kept under a +commanding sail all night. At ten o'clock in the evening, the +<i>Alexander</i> was nearly a-breast of the two points that form the +passage, and the soundings were very irregular, from ten to +thirty fathoms, on a soft, sandy bottom: the anchors were +therefore cleared, that they might immediately be dropped if it +should prove necessary.</p> + +<p>8 August 1788</p> + +<p>At two in the morning of August the 8th, a strong ripple of a +current was very plainly to be perceived; and by five the ship +had nearly cleared the straits. She had then the following +bearings: Cape <i>Alexander</i>, south-east; some islands and rocks that +lie off the most western island of those which form the straits, +west by south; and the remotest point in sight to the +north-westward, north-west by north, distant fourteen or fifteen +leagues. This point is remarkably high and forms the centre of a +large body of land, between the first and last point of the +straits on the western side, which were called Cape <i>Friendship</i>, +and Cape Le Cras.</p> + +<p>These straits Lieutenant Shortland judged to be between four +and five leagues in length, and about seven or eight miles broad, +running in a north-west direction; and, conceiving himself to be +the first navigator who had sailed through them, he ventured to +give them the name of Shortland's Straits. On comparing his +account with the narrative of M. Bougainville, which he had not +then by him, there seems to be reason to suspect that this is the +same passage through which that navigator sailed at the latter +end of June, 1768; and that the island supposed to be called +Simboo, is the same which was then named Choiseul Island. To +corroborate this suspicion, M. Bougainville's description of the +canoes and persons of the natives agrees entirely, as far as it +goes, with that given by Mr. Shortland*. A small difference in +longitude affords the chief reason for doubting the identity of +the passage, which, should it be proved, will not detract at all +from the merit of the latter navigator, who proceeded entirely by +his own attention and sagacity, in a sea unknown to himself and +those who were with him, which, if not wholly unexplored, had +not, however, been surveyed before with equal minuteness of +observation.</p> + +<p>[* Some of the vessels indeed were larger. "Il y avoit +vingt-deux hommes dans la plus grande, dans les moyennes, huit +ont dix, deux ou trois dans les plus petites. Ces pirogues +paroissoient bien faites; elles ont I'avant et I'amere fort +relévés, etc. Ils portent des bracelets, et des +plaques au front et sur le col. J'ignore de quelle matiere, elle +m'a paru etre blanche." Boug. Chap. v. p. 264.]</p> + +<p>Lieutenant Shortland now congratulated himself on having +cleared this large tract of land, which he had the greatest +reason to suppose united the whole way from the place at which he +first fell in with it; as in sailing at a very moderate distance +from the coast, he had made every effort in his power to find a +passage to the northward. A place called by one of the French +navigators, Port Surville, is probably a part of it, as well as +Choiseul Bay, but the points seen and described by the French +discoverers are very few; and for the knowledge of the form and +bearings of the rest of the coast, throughout the whole extent of +near three degrees of latitude, and full five of longitude, we +are indebted entirely to the researches of our own countryman, as +we are for the beautiful delineation of the whole coast, to the +care and ingenuity of his son, Mr. John George Shortland. The +only places in which Lieutenant Shortland suspected there might +possibly be a passage which had escaped his observation, was +between Cape Phillip and Cape Henslow, and again between the +capes Marsh and Pitt. The ascertaining of these matters he leaves +to other navigators, at the same time recommending the route he +took as the safest and most expeditious passage within his +knowledge from Port Jackson to China; Middleton Shoal, on the +coast of New South Wales, being the only place of danger he had +hitherto discovered. Should any objection be made to passing +through a strait, where a more open sea can be obtained, he would +recommend the much wider channel between Egmont Island and +Simboo, and not by any means the whole circuit to the east of the +New Hebrides. To the whole of this land, consisting of the two +principal islands on each side of the straits, and the Treasury +Isles between them, Lieutenant Shortland gave the name of New +Georgia. There is, indeed, an island of Georgia, to the east of +Staten Land, so named by Captain Cook in 1775: but between these, +it seems to be a sufficient distinction to call the one the Isle +of Georgia, and the other New Georgia. The land on the western +side of Shortland's Straits, continued to be very high, and +extended as far as the eye could reach; from these circumstances, +and from the direction in which it trended, no doubt was +entertained of its joining that which was called by Captain +Carteret, Lord Anson's Isle. With respect to the charts here +given of these discoveries, Lieutenant Shortland, though he +cannot, from the distance at which they were taken, presume to +vouch for the laying down of every single point, as if the coast +had undergone a regular survey, undertakes to promise, that they +are sufficiently accurate for the direction of any future +navigators; as he had, in the course of his progress along it, +many opportunities of taking lunar observations.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-36"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-36.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Shortland's Chart of New Georgia</b></p> + +<p>9 August 1788</p> + +<p>At six in the afternoon of Saturday, August 9th, the extreme +point in sight of the high land to the westward of the passage, +bore south-west by south, distant twelve or fourteen leagues: and +two islands which the ship had just made, bore north-west by +north, distant five or six leagues. They are supposed to lie in +latitude 4° 50' south, and longitude 156° 11' east. At +day light on Sunday August 10th, Lieutenant Shortland set his +steering sails, and bore away to the north-west, in order to make +more distinctly the islands seen the preceding evening.</p> + +<p>10 August 1788</p> + +<p>At six in the morning, four were in sight, and bore +south-west, distant six leagues. It was at first thought that +they would prove to be the nine islands seen by Captain Carteret; +but as neither the number nor the longitude was found to +correspond, Lieutenant Shortland afterwards concluded they were +not the same; and determined, as the weather appeared squally and +unsettled, not to attempt pursuing the tract of that officer +through St. George's Channel, but to go round New Ireland.</p> + +<p><a name="chapter-19"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter XIX.</h2> + +<p>August 1788 to February 1789</p> + +<blockquote>Appearance of the scurvy--The boats land at one of the Pelew +Islands--Account of the Natives who were seen, and conjectures +concerning them--Distresses--The <i>Friendship</i> cleared and +sunk--Miserable condition of the <i>Alexander</i> when she reached +Batavia.--Conclusion.</blockquote> + +<p>10 August 1788</p> + +<p>Hitherto no difficulties had been encountered but such as +necessarily attend the exploring of new coasts, wherein the +anxiety is fully compensated by the satisfaction of becoming a +discoverer: but a dreadful scourge now hung over our navigators, +the severity of which cannot easily be conceived, even by those +who have been placed in similar scenes, so much did it exceed in +degree every thing of the same kind that has been usually +experienced. It was about this time, the 10th of August, that the +scurvy began to make its appearance, which, for want of the +proper remedies, increased to a malignity that was destructive of +many lives, rendered it necessary to sacrifice one of the ships, +and finally reduced the consolidated crews of both in the +remaining transport to such a state of weakness, that without +immediate assistance they must have perished even in port, or +would have been driven adrift again, from total inability to take +the necessary steps for their own preservation.</p> + +<p>13 August 1788</p> + +<p>On the thirteenth of August, five seamen of the <i>Alexander</i> were +already on the sick list, complaining of pains in the legs and +breast, with their gums so swelled, and their teeth so loose that +they could not without difficulty eat even flour or rice. The +weather was now very variable, often sultry, at other times +squally, with occasional showers. The ships were probably at no +great distance from some land, as birds were frequently seen in +great numbers; and on the 16th the <i>Friendship</i> made the signal for +seeing land, but it could not be descried from the <i>Alexander</i>. +Sharks were also caught with the hook, and now and then some +floating wood and vegetables were observed. On this day the two +transports passed the equator. On the 24th, Lieutenant Shortland +found by observation, that a current had set the ship to the west +north-west or north-west by west of her account, at the rate of +eleven miles a day since the 13th, when the last lunar +observation had been taken.</p> + +<p>The scurvy gained ground rapidly in the <i>Alexander</i>, +notwithstanding the precautions of smoking the ship, washing with +vinegar, and distributing porter, spruce-beer, and wine among the +seamen. On the 2d of September six men and a boy, on the 5th +eight, and on the 8th ten, were disabled by it from performing +any duty. An increase of this kind, in the midst of all the +efforts that could be made to counteract the malignity of the +disorder, gave but too certain a prognostic of the ravages it was +afterwards to make.</p> + +<p>10 September 1788</p> + +<p>About noon on the 10th of September, the looming of land was +discerned to the westward, which an hour after was clearly +perceived, bearing west north-west, at the distance of six +leagues. As the ships were then in latitude about 6° 49' +north, and longitude 135° 25' east, it is evident that this +must have been one of the Pelew Islands, lately so much +celebrated for their hospitable reception of Captain Wilson and +his crew. As the account of that voyage was not then published, +and Lieutenant Shortland had no charts with him that noticed +these islands, he concluded that he was among the most southern +of the New Carolines; but finding his longitude, from accurate +observation, to be more westerly than the situation of those +islands, he conceived their longitude to be laid down in the +charts erroneously.</p> + +<p>11 September 1788</p> + +<p>At six in the morning, September 11th, a small island not seen +before, bore west south-west, distant five leagues; and the wind +coming round to the south south-west, Lieutenant Shortland bore +away for the passage between the two islands. At nine, having +entered the passage, he founded and found thirteen fathoms, with +a fine sandy bottom, and a strong current setting through very +rapidly. Many cocoa-palms were seen on the shore, and excited an +earnest expectation of procuring effectual refreshment for the +sick: a boat from each of the ships was therefore manned and sent +out. While the boats were sounding a-head, many Indians +approached in their canoes, and by signs invited our people to +shore, giving them to understand that they might be supplied with +cocoa nuts and many other things; but when they attempted to land +at a place which had the appearance of a Morai or burying-place, +they would not suffer it, insisting that they should proceed +further one way or the other. In the mean time many persons of +both sexes swam off from shore, holding up bamboos* full of +water, which they imagined the ships to want. Mr. Sinclair, the +Master of the <i>Alexander</i>, being in the boat, brought the following +account of this expedition. "Finding I could not make them +understand that I wanted cocoa-nuts, and not water, I was +resolved to land, and therefore put on shore as soon as I found a +convenient place, amidst a concourse of between three and four +hundred people. I immediately fixed upon an old man, (whom, from +an ornament of bone upon his arm, I concluded to be a chief) and +made him a present of some nails and beads, which were accepted +with evident pleasure, and immediately conciliated his +friendship. This was a fortunate step, as he afterwards often +showed his authority by checking the most insolent of his people +when they pressed forward and endeavoured to steal whatever they +could seize. One seaman holding his cutlass rather carelessly had +it snatched from him, and the thief had so well watched his +opportunity, that he was almost out of sight before he was +distinguished. Notwithstanding the offers of the natives in the +canoes, I could not procure above thirty cocoanuts, and those +green; whether it was that the people did not comprehend my +signs, or that they were not inclined to carry on the traffic. +These islanders were well limbed men, moderately tall, with long +hair: many of them chewed the betel nut, and these were all +furnished with a small hollow stick, apparently of ebony, out of +which they struck a kind of powder like lime* Their arms were a +lance, and a kind of adze hung over the shoulder; some men +carrying one, and others two. These adzes were of iron, and +evidently of European manufacture. As the place where we landed +was very rocky and unpleasant for walking, when I found myself +unsuccessful in the chief object for which I was sent out, I +returned as expeditiously as I could. In return for my presents, +the old chief gave one to me which was not equally acceptable. It +was a mixture of fish, yams, and many other things, the odour of +which, probably from the staleness of the composition, was very +far from being agreeable. When we first landed, many of the +natives repeated the word, Englees, as if to enquire whether we +were of that nation, but when they understood that we were they +shook their heads and said, Espagnol: possibly, therefore, the +discovery of our nation might prevent them from being as +courteous on shore as they had been in their canoes."</p> + +<blockquote>[* Bamboos were the only water vessels in the Pelew Islands. +See Wilson, chap. xxv. p. 312.]</blockquote> + +<blockquote>[* This was the Chinam, or coral, burnt to lime, always used +with the betel. See Wilson's Account, p. 27. The Areca is the +nut, the leaves only of betel are used. These are produced by +different plants.]</blockquote> + +<p>From some of the above circumstances it is undeniably evident +that these people have had intercourse with Europeans, and +probably with the Spaniards; and from the aversion which they +expressed to the English, it seems not an unfair conjecture that +this island might perhaps be Artingall, where our countrymen had +distinguished themselves five years before by the assistance they +gave to a hostile state*: but if so, their knowledge of the +Spaniards must have been posterior to the departure of the +English, who from the narrative must have been the first +Europeans seen there. Had the adventures of the Antelope's crew +been then made known to the world, Lieutenant Shortland would +with joy have presented himself before the beneficent Abba +Thulle; and probably by obtaining a stock of fresh provisions and +vegetables might have preserved the lives of many of his +companions, and prevented the sufferings of the rest; but he was +not fortunate enough to know that so propitious a retreat was +within so small a distance.</p> + +<blockquote>[* It might, perhaps, be thought by some readers, that if this +had been the case they would now have endeavoured to take +revenge, but we find from Captain Wilson's narrative, that all +animosity was dropped as soon as peace had been established with +the inhabitants of Pelew. See that work, Chap. xvi. p. 192.]</blockquote> + +<p>23 September 1788</p> + +<p>His people were doomed to find their distresses augmented +instead of diminished. Towards the latter end of September, agues +and intermittent fevers began to prevail among them; the +proportion of those disabled by the scurvy was constantly great, +some deaths had happened, and the few men who still had health +enough to carry them with difficulty through the necessary duty, +were subject to the swelling of the legs, and harrassed by +violent pains in the breast. Hitherto the <i>Friendship</i> had been +much more happily circumstanced. On the 23d of September she was +spoken to, and had then only one man disabled by the scurvy: but +this advantage was of short duration, and the more rapid increase +of the malady made a fatal compensation for the greater delay of +its commencement.</p> + +<p>27 September 1788-19 October 1788</p> + +<p>On the 27th of September, about noon, the <i>Alexander</i> made the +land of Mindanao. It bore from west by north to north-west by +west, distant fourteen leagues. Part of it was remarkably high, +and at this distance appeared like a separate island, but on a +nearer approach was found to be all connected. On the 30th, about +four in the afternoon, Hummock Island bore west by south, half +south, distant six or seven leagues. In all this sea a strong +current constantly set the ship considerably to the south of her +reckoning. On the third of October the wind fell suddenly, and +the <i>Alexander</i> being in great danger of driving with the current +upon the shore of Karkalang or Sanguir Island, was obliged to +drop her anchor, which happily brought her up in forty fathoms +water. In the evening of the 17th, the <i>Friendship</i> actually struck +upon a reef on the coast of Borneo, when the <i>Alexander</i> +immediately cast anchor, and sent a boat to her assistance; but +at day light the next morning it appeared that she also lay so +encompassed with sand-keys and shoals, that it was difficult to +discern how she had sailed into that situation, or what track she +must pursue to be extricated from it. The <i>Friendship</i>, however, +fortunately got off from the reef without sustaining any material +damage: and in the morning of the nineteenth a narrow channel was +found, through which the <i>Alexander</i> with difficulty sailed out of +her dangerous station. Attempts had been made to weigh anchor the +preceding day, but the wind failing, the force of the currents +prevented it. The ships were at this time not more than eight +leagues from the coast of Borneo.</p> + +<p>The scurvy had now brought both the crews to a most pitiable +situation. The <i>Alexander</i> had lost eight of her complement, and +was reduced to two men in a watch, only four seamen and two boys +being at all fit for duty: and though these were willing to do +their best, and further encouraged by the promise of double wages +when they should arrive at Batavia, their utmost exertions were +inadequate to the necessities of the ship, which they were hardly +able to put about; nor could they have weighed even a small +anchor had the currents obliged them to bring to again. The +<i>Friendship</i> had only five men not disabled, and was by no means +well provided with provisions. In this melancholy state of both +ships, the western monsoon being expected soon to set in, it was +indispensably necessary to give up one for the sake of preserving +the other. Upon this subject the masters consulted, and after +some time came to an agreement. As the <i>Friendship</i> was the smaller +vessel, and would be cleared more easily than the <i>Alexander</i>, +having fewer stores on board, Mr. Walton, her master, consented +that she should be evacuated and sunk, on condition that he +should be allowed half freight of the <i>Alexander</i>. In four days the +<i>Friendship</i> had her crew and stores transferred to the <i>Alexander</i>, +after which she was bored and turned adrift. The ships company +thus made out from both vessels was of no great strength, not +amounting to half the proper complement of the <i>Alexander</i>, nor was +it more than, allowing for the further ravages of disease, was +absolutely necessary to work that ship to Batavia.</p> + +<p>The following list contains the whole number of persons now on +board the <i>Alexander</i>.</p> + +<pre> +BELONGING TO THE <i>Alexander</i>. + +In Health. + +Lieutenant Shortland, Commander. +Duncan Sinclair, Master. +W. A. Long, first Mate. +T. G. Shortland, second ditto. +John Winter, Seamen. +Ant. Hedley, +Edward Waters, +John Lewis, +Thomas Frazer, Boys. +John White + +Sick. + +Charles Clay, Seamen. +James Stockell, +Robert Ranson, +William Dixon, Boy. + +FROM THE FRIENDSHIP. + +Well. + +Francis Walton, Master. +Robert Laurence, first Mate. +J. Walton, second Mate. +Robert Barnes, Boatswain. +William Hern, Steward. +William Bruce, Cook. +James Craven, Seamen. +William Allen + +Sick. + +John Philpot, Corp. +Corn. Du Heg, Seamen. +R. Smith, +Robert George, +Rich. Sandell, +John Morris, +Robert Cockran, +Lieutenant Collins, a passenger. + +</pre> + +<p>29 October 1788</p> + +<p>On the 29th of October, at five in the morning, a land wind +springing up from the coast of Borneo, within six miles of which +the <i>Alexander</i> had lain at anchor, she got again under way, and at +ten was abreast of the point that forms the entrance into the +harbour of Pamanookan. At five in the afternoon Pulo Laoot bore +from south-south-west to south-west by south, distant twelve or +fourteen leagues; but the wind being now southerly, and the +current strongly against the vessel, she did not get round this +island till November the 5th.</p> + +<p>1 November 1788</p> + +<p>Wine was constantly served in due proportions to the sick and +well, but neither that, nor any other remedy that could be tried +amended the condition of the people. Sickness continued to spread +among them, insomuch that in the beginning of November only one +man besides the officers was able to go aloft. A short alarm by +no means added to the comfort of their condition: on the first of +this month four large boats, three of which rowed eighteen oars, +and the fourth not less than twelve or fourteen, bore down upon +the ship, apparently with hostile intentions. When they +approached within about a mile they lay to, as if to consult with +each other, and then continued to row and sail after the +<i>Alexander</i>. Lieutenant Shortland hoisted English colours, which +one of the boats answered by hoisting Dutch, and another +Portugueze colours. They continued in chase till five in the +afternoon, and it was imagined that their design was to board and +seize the ship in the night. During the pursuit the little +strength that could be raised was put in motion, all were +stationed at their quarters, and the carronades and great guns +put in order. When these preparations were made, Lieutenant +Shortland determined to show his own resolution, and to try that +of his assailants, by firing a shot in a direct line over them. +This was done accordingly, and fully answered the intention, for +they immediately desisted from the pursuit, and made hastily for +the shore.</p> + +<p>Had the <i>Alexander</i> been at this time a very few days sail more +distant from Batavia, she must inevitably have been lost, not +from any stress of weather, or danger of coasts or shoals, but +merely from inability to conduct her into port, as every man on +board must have been totally disabled.</p> + +<p>17 November 1788</p> + +<p>On the 17th of November only one man was fit for work, besides +the officers; a very little longer continuance would have reduced +her to the condition of floating at the mercy of winds and waves, +without any possibility of assisting, impeding, or directing her +course. At six that evening, the wind being too scanty to carry +her into the roads of Batavia, an effort was made by all +indiscriminately who were able to work, and anchor was cast +between the islands of Leyden and Alkmara; soon after a gun was +fired, and a signal made for assistance. At two in the afternoon +on the 18th, as no assistance arrived, the still greater effort +of weighing anchor was tried, and the task performed with the +utmost difficulty; after which, standing in with the sea breeze, +the ship came again to anchor at five, in nine fathoms. The boat +was now hoisted out, and sent to beg assistance from the Dutch +Commodore, the crew of the <i>Alexander</i> being so much reduced as to +be unable to furl their own sails. A party was immediately sent +to assist, and six of the Dutch seamen remained on board all +night, lest any blowing weather should come on. Never, perhaps, +did any ship arrive in port more helpless, without being +shattered by weather, from the mere effects of a dreadful and +invincible disorder.</p> + +<p>19 November 1788-7 December 1788</p> + +<p>At five in the morning of the 19th, the welcome sight appeared +of a boat from the Dutch Commodore, which he had humanely laded +with refreshments. She brought also a boatswain's mate and twelve +seamen to assist in refitting the ship for sea. The sick were +sent on the 20th to the hospital, where several of them died, +being too far gone for any accommodation or skill to recover. +From the Bridgewater and Contractor East Indiamen, which lay in +the road when the <i>Alexander</i> arrived; and from the Raymond, Asia, +and Duke of Montrose, which came in a few days after; with the +assistance of a few men from the Dutch Commodore, a fresh crew +was at length made up, in which only four of the original seamen +remained, the rest being either dead, or not enough recovered to +return with the <i>Alexander</i>, when she sailed again on the 7th of +December.</p> + +<p>18 February 1789</p> + +<p>The remaining part of the voyage was attended with few +circumstances worthy of notice, and was made in a track +sufficiently known to all navigators to permit us to dispense +with a minute description of it. At the Cape they met with +Captain Hunter, in the <i>Sirius</i>, who, when the <i>Alexander</i> arrived, +on the 18th of February, 1789, had been in Table Bay six weeks. +From him Lieutenant Shortland learned that the <i>Borrowdale</i> and the +<i>Prince of Wales</i> transports, which had parted from him on the +coast of New South Wales, had returned by the southern passage, +and had been heard of from Rio de Janeiro. In Table Bay the +<i>Alexander</i> remained at anchor till the 16th of March, when she +sailed again, and arrived off the Isle of Wight on the 28th of +May.</p> + +<p>Thus concluded a voyage, the first part of which was enlivened +and rendered important by discoveries; the next involved in gloom +through the virulent attacks of distemper, and the frequent +inroads of death. Much was certainly performed, and very much was +suffered, but from the whole we are authorized to conclude, that +the settlement of our countrymen on the new southern continent, +must powerfully tend to the improvement of navigation, and the +extension of geographical knowledge. Nor is it necessary, that +any ill-omened apprehensions should be excited by the misfortunes +of the <i>Alexander</i> and the <i>Friendship</i>. It may not happen again that +ships shall quit Port Jackson so ill prepared with antidotes +against the malignant poison of the scurvy: nor, if they should, +is it by any means certain that their visitation will be equally +severe.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-table-04"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-table-04.jpg"></p> + +<p><a name="chapter-20"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter XX.</h2> + +<blockquote>Lieutenant Watts's Narrative of the Return of the <i>Lady Penrhyn</i> +Transport; containing an Account of the Death of Omai, and other +interesting Particulars at Otaheite.</blockquote> + +<p>5 May 1788-17 May 1788</p> + +<p>The <i>Lady Penrhyn</i>, Capt. Sever, left Port Jackson on the 5th of +May, 1788. In the evening of the 7th, imagining they saw a fire +on shore, they sounded, but found no bottom with ninety fathoms +of line. By their observation at noon, on the 9th, they found a +current had set the vessel eighty miles to the southward since +their leaving Port Jackson. The scurvy began already to make its +appearance amongst them; one man was rendered unfit for duty, and +several others complained very much. The weather in general was +squally, with thunder, lightning, and rain. In the morning of the +14th they saw an island bearing north-east, half north, 18 or 20 +leagues distant, which made in two detached hummocks: At seven in +the afternoon, the island seen in the morning was about nine +leagues distant, on which they brought to for the night, and next +morning made sail and stood for it. At noon they spoke to the +<i>Supply</i>, Lieutenant Ball, who informed them that this island is +named Lord Howe's Island. During the afternoon and night they +stood off and on, and at nine o'clock the next morning a boat was +hoisted out, and Lieutenant Watts with a party went on shore in +search of turtle, but they could distinguish no traces of any, +though the different bays were very closely explored: about noon, +Mr. Watts returned on board. This disappointment did not deter +them from making another effort, as some turtle would have been a +very valuable acquisition: accordingly Mr. Anstis went with a +party in the pinnace to try his success in the night. About noon +the next day Mr. Anstis returned without having seen one turtle, +but to make some amends, the party had met with great success in +fishing, having caught a sufficient quantity to serve the ship's +company three or four days.</p> + +<p>Lord Howe's Island was discovered by Lieutenant Ball on his +passage to Norfolk Island in the month of February, and on his +return he stopt and surveyed it; at that time he caught a +quantity of fine green turtles, of which there were great +numbers: this induced Governor Phillip to send the <i>Supply</i> a +second time to this island, but she then was unsuccessful, the +weather probably being so cold as to occasion the turtle to +remove to the northward. The island is about two leagues in +extent, and lies in the direction of north 30° west, and +south 30° east; the south-east end making in two very high +mounts, which may be seen at the distance of more than twenty +leagues, and at first appear like two detached isles. About three +leagues from these, and nearly in a south-east direction, is a +remarkably high and pointed rock,* which may be seen at least +twelve leagues off; from this there are dangerous rocks extending +three or four miles, both in a south-east and south-west line; +those to the south-west not shewing themselves above water: there +are also rocks extending four or five miles off the north-west +and north-east ends of the island, which is of a moderate height. +Both extremes are bluff, and there appears to be much foul ground +about them: within the north-west point lies a rock with eleven +fathoms water close to it, and there is a passage between it and +the island. The reef on the west side extends nearly to both +extremes with breaks in it, through which boats may pass with +safety, but within the reef it is in general very shoaly. The +island is tolerably broad at each end, and very narrow, with low +land in the center, forming two bays, that should the wind be +from south-east to north-east, or south-west to north-west, a +ship may always be secure by running to the leeward of the +island. There are regular soundings on the west side, but the +ground is too hard for holding well, being coral rocks. The east +side they did not examine. The low narrow part has evidently been +overflowed and the island disjointed, for in the very center, as +they walked across, they saw large beds of coral rocks, and +shells in great abundance; and on the east side, which seems in +general to be the weather side, the sea has thrown up a bank of +sand, from twenty-five to thirty feet in height, which serves as +a barrier against future inundations. The island has likewise +every appearance of having undergone a volcanic revolution, as +they found great quantities of burnt stone and pumice stone; and +Mr. Anstis, who landed on the reef which shelters the west bay, +at dead low water, found the whole a burnt up mass.</p> + +<blockquote>[* Ball's Pyramid.]</blockquote> + +<p>The inhabitants of this island were all of the feathered +tribe, and the chief of these was the ganet, of which there were +prodigious numbers, and it should seem that this is the time of +their incubation, the females being all on their nests: these are +places simply hollowed in the sand, there not being a single +quadruped that could be found upon the island to disturb them. +The people brought numbers of their eggs on board. Very large +pigeons were also met with in great plenty; likewise beautiful +parrots and parroquets; a new species, apparently, of the coote, +and also of the rail, and magpie; and a most beautiful small +bird, brown, with a yellow breast and yellow on the wing; it +seemed to be a species of humming bird: there was also a black +bird, like a sheerwater, with a hooked bill, which burrows in the +ground. Numbers of ants were seen, which appeared the only insect +at this place, except the common earth worm. The soil is of a +sandy nature, and fresh water extremely scarce in those places +which they had an opportunity of examining.</p> + +<p>This island is well covered with wood, the chief of which is +the large and dwarf mangrove, the bamboo, and the cabbage tree. +The different vegetables met with were scurvy grass, wild celery, +spinach, endive, and samphire.</p> + +<p>31 May 1788</p> + +<p>From the mean of all their observations they found this island +to be situated in 31°. 30'. 49". south latitude, and by +comparing their lunar observations with those of Lieutenant Ball, +they found its longitude to be 159°. 10'. 00". east of +Greenwich. The mean state of the thermometer, during their short +stay, was 66°. and the variation of the compass, by many +observations, was found to be 10°. east. In the afternoon the +pinnace was hoisted in, and they made sail to the eastward with a +fresh breeze at south-west. Nothing material occurred till the +31st, when about three o'clock in the afternoon they saw two +islands, one bearing north-east, half east, seven leagues, and +the other east by south, about six leagues distant. Not having an +opportunity of getting well in with the land before night came +on, they plied occasionally under an easy sail, and at day-light +next morning [1 June 1788] made sail and bore up for it. On +approaching the southernmost land, they found it to form two +barren isles, separated by a channel about a quarter of a mile +over, and apparently free from danger: the north island lies in a +north half east direction from these, and about five leagues +distant. At noon, the body of the north island bore north-east by +north three miles distant: their latitude at that time was +30°. 11'. south, and the longitude by lunar observation +180°. 58'. 37". east. At one o'clock they bore round the west +end of the island, and hove to near the center of it, about a +mile off shore. They were in hopes, from the appearance of the +island at a distance, that they should have found it productive +of something beneficial to the people, (the scurvy gaining ground +daily) but they were greatly disappointed; both the north and +south sides are surrounded by rocks, over which the water flows, +without the least opening for a boat; however, Capt. Sever +ordered the small boat to be hoisted out, and went on shore +accompanied by Mr. Anstis: they found great difficulty in +landing, and, when upon the rocks, they had to mount a very +dangerous precipice, in order to gain the level part of the +island. This island forms very high at the west end, and slopes +gradually to the east end, where it terminates in a cliff of a +moderate height: both sides have a range of these cliffs +extending the whole length, which are chiefly composed of white +sand. The whole of the island bears the strongest marks of being +a volcanic production, having great quantities of pumice stone on +it, and the rocks quite burnt up. The top of the land was covered +with a coarse kind of grass, and the place affords great plenty +of the wild mangrove. The extent of this island is about two +miles and an half, nearly in the direction of east-south-east and +west-north-west; the soil a mixture of mould and sand. The +inhabitants are the brown gull, the light-grey bird, ganets, and +a parroquet of the same species with those met with at Lord +Howe's Island. The gentlemen could scarcely walk a step without +being up to the knee in holes: they saw a great number of rats +and mice, and found many birds lying dead at the entrances of +their burrows: they saw no appearance of fresh water, though from +the gullies that were formed in various parts, the island must +certainly be subject to very heavy rains. This island was named +Macaulay's Island, after G. M. Macaulay, Esq; and the two islands +to the southward, Curtis's Isles, after Timothy and William +Curtis, Esqrs. At five in the afternoon, the Captain returning on +board, the boat was hoisted in, and they made sail, standing to +the eastward with a moderate breeze at south-west. Macaulay's +Island is situated in 30°. 09'. south latitude, and 180°. +58'. 37''. east longitude.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-37"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-37.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Curtis's Isles</b></p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-38"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-38.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Macaulay's Isles</b></p> + +<p>6 June 1788-10 July 1788</p> + +<p>The scurvy now began to spread very fast among the crew, and +by the 6th, they had nine men unable to get out of their +hammocks, and many others complained very much: swelled gums, the +flesh exceeding black and hard, a contraction of the sinews, with +a total debility; were the general appearances. Wine was daily +served out to them, and there was sour-krout on on board, but the +people refused to eat it. From this to the 17th they had little +variety; by that time the people were in a deplorable state, for +with every person on board, the Captain included, they could only +muster ten men able to do duty, and some of them were in a very +weakly state: sour-krout, which before had been refused, now +began to be sought after, and they had all the Captain's fresh +stock, himself and officers living solely on salt provisions; and +to add to their melancholy situation the wind hung almost +constantly in the eastern board, so that they could scarcely make +any progress. For several days they had very squally unsettled +weather, attended with almost constant heavy rain, and frequent +storms of thunder and lightning. On the 24th, being then in +32°. 12'. south latitude, and 207°. 28'. east longitude, +the wind shifted to the westward, but the weather still continued +squally and unsettled. On the 7th July, in 21°. 57'. south +latitude, they fell in with the south-east trade wind, and as the +people were in a very weak condition, it was determined to make +Otaheite as soon as possible. At six o'clock in the morning of +the 9th, they saw Osnaburgh Island, bearing north by east, half +east, four or five leagues distant. At seven they bore up for +Otaheite, and at ten o'clock that island made its appearance, +bearing west by north; by five in the afternoon they were abreast +of Oaitepeha Bay, and ten canoes presently came alongside with +bread-fruit, cocoa nuts, etc. The Indians pressed them very much +to come to an anchor there, but as they were not able to purchase +their anchor again when once let go, Mr. Watts advised the +Captain to stand on for Matavai Bay. During the night they wore +occasionally, and at day-light in the morning of the 10th stood +in for the land. At noon, Point Venus bore south-west by south +about three miles distant. In standing into Matavai Bay the ship +got rather too close on the Dolphin Bank, having only two and a +half fathoms water for several casts, over a hard bottom, but she +deepened at once to seventeen fathoms, and they stood over to the +south side of the bay, in hopes by making a board, to fetch the +Resolution's old birth, which would have made the watering place +very handy; but the ship missing stays, they were obliged to let +go the anchor, and content themselves in their situation. They +anchored at nine o'clock in eight fathoms water, over a soft +bottom, Point Venus bearing north-north-east, and One Tree Hill +south by east, half east, distant from shore about half a mile. +On approaching the bay, they could perceive a prodigious number +of the natives on Point Venus, and round the beach, and several +canoes put off from the shore, the Indians waving pieces of white +cloth and making signs for them to come into the bay. When +anchored they had only three men in one watch, and two in the +other besides the mates, and two of these ailing; the rest of the +crew were in a truly deplorable state.</p> + +<p>Their first care was naturally to procure some refreshments, +and it was a pleasing circumstance for them to see the natives +flock round the ship, calling out "Tayo Tayo," which signifies +friends; and "Pabii no Tutti," Cook's ship; and bringing in very +great plenty cocoa nuts, bread-fruit, plantains and taro, and a +fruit known by the name of the Otaheite apple; they also brought +some hogs and fowls. All the Indians appeared glad to see them, +and disposed of their various commodities on very moderate terms, +and indeed their whole behaviour indicated the most friendly +intentions. In the evening, the Chief of Matavai came on board, +and in him Lieutenant Watts recollected an old friend: the Chief +was greatly pleased to see Mr. Watts, as he was the only person +in the ship who had been here before, except the steward, who had +been before the mast in the Resolution; therefore, when Mona +(which was the chief's name) saw his old acquaintance, he +explained to his companions who he was, and that he had been with +Capt. Cook, and they seemed very glad to have some of their old +visitors again. Mr. Watts learnt from Mona, that O'too was still +living, that he was always called Earee Tutti, and then was +absent on a visit to the eastward, but expected to return in four +or five days: At the same time, he said, messengers had been sent +to acquaint him of the ship's arrival. He also informed Mr. +Watts, that Maheine, the chief of Eimeo, to retaliate the +mischief done him by Capt. Cook, had, after the departure of the +Resolution and Discovery from the islands, landed in the night at +Oparree, and destroyed all the animals and fowls he could lay +hold of, and that O'too was obliged to fly to the mountains. He +likewise intimated that the Attahooroo men joined Maheine in this +business. Indeed, it occurred to Mr. Watts, that when here in the +Resolution, Toha, the chief of that district, threatened +something of the kind in a quarrel with O'too, and probably +smothered his resentment only for a time, fearful of Capt. Cook +revenging it, should it come to his knowledge.</p> + +<p>11 July 1788</p> + +<p>The next day, Oediddee agreeably surprised them with a visit +on board: he was greatly rejoiced to see them, and enquired after +all his friends in a very affectionate manner: He took great +pleasure in recounting his route in the Resolution, had treasured +up in his memory the names of the several places he had been at +in her, nor had he forgot his English compliments. He informed +them that no ship had been at the islands since Capt. Cook: +therefore, they concealed his death, and Capt. Sever made +Oediddee a present, as coming from Capt. Cook. Oediddee confirmed +the report of the cattle, etc. being destroyed by Maheine, and +likewise informed them that Omai, and the two New Zealand boys +had been dead a considerable time through illness, and that one +horse only was alive at Huaheine, but they could not learn any +further particulars from him.</p> + +<p>13 July 1788</p> + +<p>In the evening of the 13th, a messenger came on board with a +present from O'too of a small pig, a dog, and some white cloth, +and intimated that he would be at Matavai the next day. Early in +the next morning but few canoes came off to the ship, and the +natives were observed assembling on the shore in prodigious +numbers: soon afterwards, a canoe came alongside and informed +them that O'too was on the beach; on this, the Captain and Mr. +Watts went on shore immediately, and found him surrounded by an +amazing concourse of people, amongst whom were several women +cutting their foreheads very much with the shark's tooth, but +what both surprised and pleased them very much, was, to see a man +carrying the portrait of Captain Cook, drawn by Webber in 1777. +Notwithstanding so much time had elapsed since the picture was +drawn, it had received no injury, and they were informed that +O'too always carried it with him wherever he went. After the +first salutations were over, Mr. Watts asked O'too to accompany +him to the ship, to which he readily agreed; but previously to +his entering the boat he ordered the portrait in, and when he got +alongside the ship he observed the same ceremony. When on board +he appeared much pleased, asked after his old friends, and was +very particular in his enquiries after Capt. Cook. He visited the +ship between decks, was astonished to see so few people on board, +and the greatest part of them in a debilitated state, and +enquired if they had lost any men at sea. He acquainted them with +the revenge taken by the Eimeo people, and asked why they had not +brought out some cattle, etc. He also mentioned the death of +Omai, and the New Zealand boys, and added, that there had been a +skirmish between the men of Uliatea and those of Huaheine, in +which the former were victorious, and that a great part of Omai's +property was carried to Uliatea. O'too was considerably improved +in his person, and was by much the best made man of any that they +saw; nor was he, as yet, disfigured by the baneful effects of the +ava. He preserved his original character in supplying the ship +with provisions of every kind in the most liberal manner; and +when any of the natives who had come from a considerable +distance, begged his intercession with them on board to take +their hogs, etc. off their hands, which, on account of the few +people they had, they were often obliged, much against their +inclination, to refuse, he was very moderate: indeed, he +generally left the matter to themselves, and whenever he +undertook to dispose of another person's property was always well +paid for his trouble. During their stay at Otaheite he daily paid +them a visit, and importuned the Captain very much to move the +ship into the Resolution's old birth: where she then lay, she was +nearly in the situation of the Dolphin on her first anchoring; +and though at some distance from the watering place, yet, +considering the small number of people on board, and their weak +situation, the Captain judged it prudent to remain where he was, +as in case of necessity he could put to sea instantly.</p> + +<p>O'too was always accompanied by a woman, whose advice he asked +upon every occasion; she was by no means handsome, neither did +she possess that delicacy, or those engaging manners that so much +distinguish her countrywomen in general: she was of the Earree +class, and seemed to have great authority; but whether or no she +was his wife they did not learn, though Mr. Watts was rather +inclined to think they were married, and he appeared to be +greatly attached to her. The king and all the chiefs were very +urgent for Captain Sever to go to Eimeo, and revenge their +quarrel, and several of them offered to get a stock of provisions +and accompany him; however, to this request he gave a positive +refusal. About three days before they quitted Matavai Bay, O'too +brought the ring of an anchor on board, observing it might be +made into small hatchets: Mr. Watts upon examining it, +recollected that it certainly belonged to an anchor which Captain +Cook bought of Opooni, at Bola Bola, in 1777: as there was no +forge on board the <i>Lady Penrhyn</i>, the Captain offered O'too three +hatchets for it, which he readily took. When Captain Cook bought +the anchor just mentioned it wanted the ring and one of the +palms, and at that time they knew that it had been carried from +Otaheite, and belonged to Mons. Bougainville: how O'too came by +the ring, Mr. Watts could not learn, but had he possessed it when +the Resolution was here, it is reasonable to suppose he would +have brought it to Captain Cook, and the more so as at that time +the natives used to bring many large pieces of iron (which they +had obtained from the Spaniards) to be either worked up or +exchanged for trinkets. Though from the season of the year they +had reason to expect a scarcity of vegetables, yet they were +agreably surprised to find them in the greatest plenty and +profusion; hogs were multiplied amazingly, and from the +proceedings of the natives, Mr. Watts was induced to think they +were desirous to thin them, as they brought none to barter but +sows, and the greatest part of them were with pig: fowls were +obtained in tolerable plenty, but they were all cocks, and old; +the natives likewise brought goats alongside for sale, and some +of them brought cats and offered them in barter. Captain Sever +purchased a fine male and milch goat with two kids.</p> + +<p>Cocoa nuts are a never failing article at this place, and the +bread-fruit, which was so scarce when the Endeavour was here at +the same season of the year, was now exceedingly plentiful, and +in high perfection, as was the Otaheite apple; plantains, both +ripe and green, and taro, the natives brought in great +quantities, but yams and sweet potatoes were very scarce. They +purchased seven or eight dozen of pumkins, and a quantity of +chilipods, which were some of the produce of the Resolution's +garden, and one of the Indians brought some cabbage leaves on +board, but the cabbages, as well as sundry other vegetables, were +gone to ruin for want of proper care and attention. The natives +could not be enticed to eat any of the pumkins, and the chilipods +they said poisoned them.</p> + +<p>It already has been observed, that no ship of any nation had +visited this island since Captain Cook, and from appearances, the +iron which the natives obtained at that time was pretty well +exhausted, as the only iron now seen was the blade of a +table-knife; neither did they bring any tools on board to be +sharpened, which certainly would have been the case had they been +possessed of any, and such was their avidity to obtain hatchets, +knives, etc. that every produce the island afforded was purchased +at very reasonable rates, nor were the first prices given, +attempted to be altered during their stay. Besides hatchets, +knives, and nails, the natives were very desirous to have +gimlets, files, and scissars; they also asked for +looking-glasses, and white transparent beads, but of these latter +articles they had none on board: red feathers, which had formerly +been held in great esteem, were now of no value; they would +accept them as presents indeed, but would not barter any one +article for them.</p> + +<p>As their situation was not a very eligible one, Mr. Watts did +not think it prudent to go any great distance from the ship, or +even to be much on shore, so that he was prevented from gaining +much information, or seeing into many matters that might have +enabled him to judge whether the whole of their report respecting +Omai, and the loss of his property, etc. was true or not; +however, he was inclined to think that the cattle and all the +animals were killed, except goats, as Oediddee, when he confirmed +the revenge of the Eimeo people, never mentioned that any one +animal was saved: goats, indeed, had been left on former voyages, +and from increase had become the property of many, but Maheine's +resentment, it seems, was levelled at O'too only.</p> + +<p>23 July 1788</p> + +<p>Great numbers of the natives had been carried off by the +venereal disease, which they had caught from their connections +with the crews of the Resolution and Discovery; nor were the +women so free from this complaint as formerly, especially the +lowest class, the better sort seemingly not wishing to hazard the +catching so terrible a disorder. The people having recovered in a +most astonishing manner, and being now able to assist in the +duties of the ship, Captain Sever thought it adviseable to run +down amongst the Society Isles, as they had got a plentiful +supply of provisions on board; accordingly, they got under way +before daylight in the morning of the 23d. The natives soon took +the alarm, and the breeze slackening, they were soon crowded with +visitors, none of whom came empty handed. Their friends parted +from them with great reluctance, and the suddenness of their +departure seemed to disappoint the natives greatly; indeed, they +would not have left the place so abruptly, had they not been +apprehensive that if their intention was known, the Indians would +have flocked on board in too great numbers, and have been +troublesome. They had the satisfaction of leaving this Island in +perfect amity with the natives, and it is but doing them justice +to say, that during the time the <i>Lady Penrhyn</i> lay here, not one +occasion offered to induce them to fire a musquet. Oediddee +regretted their departure exceedingly, and importuned the Captain +very much to take him to Uliatea, but O'too (whatever were his +reasons) begged that he might by no means be taken from Otaheite; +the Captain promised he should not, and taking leave of Oediddee, +put him into his canoe, on which he shed tears in abundance, said +he was very unhappy, and when he put from the ship never once +turned to look at her: his situation was much to be pitied, and +he truly merited every friendship that could be shown him; during +the time they lay here, he was a constant visitor, and daily +brought on board a supply of ready drest provisions. O'too was +one of the earliest on board in the morning, and did not leave +the ship till they had cleared the reef; he expressed great +sorrow at their departure, mentioned how much time had elapsed +since the Resolution and Discovery were at Otaheite, begged they +would not be so long absent any more, and desired very much to +have some horses brought to him, more particularly than any other +animal: just before he quitted the ship, he asked for a few guns +to be fired, with which the Captain complied. A breeze now +springing up, their friends took a last farewell, and they stood +to the north-west for Huaheine; at noon, Point Venus was about +five miles distant.</p> + +<p>It may, perhaps, be lamented, that Lieutenant Watts (whose +acquaintance with the Chiefs, and knowledge of their language, +rendered him a proper person to make enquiries) should not have +been able to give a more full account of matters, at an island +that has so much engaged the public notice; but, when the short +stay of the ship, and her situation are considered, it will be +natural to imagine, that the officers found their time very fully +employed: such particulars, however, as have been above related +may be depended on as facts.</p> + +<p>25 July 1788</p> + +<p>At noon on the 25th, they saw the island, Huaheine, bearing +west three-quarters north, fourteen leagues distant: from this +time they had very light winds, and those westerly, which +prevented their reaching the island before noon on the 26th; when +the extremes of it bore from west half north to south by west +half west, off shore three miles. They kept standing off and on, +on the east side (the wind continuing in the western board) till +the 29th, during which time the natives brought off plenty of +refreshments, but they were far more exorbitant in their demands +than their neighbours.</p> + +<p>29 July 1788</p> + +<p>In the morning of the 29th, the wind veering to the south +south-east, they stood round the north end of the island, and +brought to off Owharree harbour; the natives appeared perfectly +friendly, and constantly supplied them with every article except +bread-fruit, which they said had failed that season: they were +very importunate for them to go into the harbour, but as Captain +Sever did not intend to stay more than a day or two, he did not +think it worth the trouble.</p> + +<p>In the evening, an elderly chief, who went by the name of +Tutti, and whom Mr. Watts recollected to have frequently seen +with Captain Cook, came on board; he confirmed the reports they +had heard at Otaheite, and told them, that after Omai had got +perfectly settled, he found himself under the necessity of +purchasing a great quantity of cloth, and other necessaries, for +himself and family, of which his neighbours took advantage, and +made him pay extravagantly for every article he purchased; that +he frequently visited Uliatea, and never went empty handed, so +that by these means he expended much of his treasure: he died at +his own house, as did the New Zealand boys, but in what order +their deaths had happened, Tutti could not give information. Upon +Omai's decease, the Uliatea men came over and attacked them for +his property, alledging that as he was a native of their island +they had an undoubted right to it. Tutti said they carried away a +considerable part of his remaining property, and particularly his +musquets, the stocks of which they broke, and took the powder and +buried it in the sand: he added, that the conflict had been very +fierce, and that great numbers were slain on both sides, nor were +they friends even at this time. Three of the natives who came on +board, had the os frontis fractured in a terrible manner, but +they were then perfectly recovered of their wounds. The house +that Captain Cook had built for Omai was still in being, and was +covered by a very large one built after the country fashion; it +was taken possession of by the chief of the island. With respect +to the horses, the mare had foaled, but died soon afterwards, as +did the foal, the horse was still living though of no benefit: +thus were rendered fruitless the benevolent intentions of his +Majesty, and all the pains and trouble Captain Cook had been at +in preserving the cattle, during a tedious passage to these +islands.</p> + +<p>2 August 1788-24 August 1788</p> + +<p>Having recruited their stock of provisions, and added a large +quantity of yams and sugar cane, and the wind coming to the +eastward (which had not been the case more than four or five days +since their first anchoring in Matavai Bay) they on the 2d of +August took leave of their friends, and stood to the northward +until noon, when they steered north-west. They carried away from +these hospitable islands, sixty hogs, weighing from seventy to +two hundred and twenty pounds each, besides near fifty small +pigs, ten dozen of fowls, an immense quantity of cocoa-nuts, +green plantains, sugar cane, taro, and yams, and about eight +dozen of pumkins; the people were all perfectly recovered, and +from the plentiful stock of provisions on board there was reason +to hope that they would not be any more alarmed for their safety. +At day light in the Morning of the 8th, they saw a low flat +island, bearing from east to north-east seven or eight miles +distant; it appeared to be well clothed with trees, but the +weather at that time being squally allowed them a very imperfect +view. Captain Sever named it Penrhyn's Island; it is situated in +9°. 10'. south latitude, and 202°. 15'. east longitude. +In the afternoon of the 20th, the Captain and some others +imagining they saw land, and the sun setting in a fog-bank, which +prevented them ascertaining the reality, they shortened sail, and +lay by for the night; but at five o'clock the next morning no +land being in sight, they made sail and stood to the north-west +by west, with a fine breeze at north-east. In the evening of the +23d, being near the situation of an island and reef, as laid down +in Lord Anson's chart, they brought to for the night. A number of +ganets and other birds were flying about the next day, but no +land appeared in sight: their latitude at noon was 9° 30' +north, and 179° 18' east longitude.</p> + +<p>15 September 1788</p> + +<p>Nothing occured worthy of note till the 15th of September, +when about noon they saw the island of Saypan, bearing west half +north, twelve leagues distant. The next day at noon the south end +of Tinian was about four leagues distant: in the afternoon the +small boat was hoisted out, and Mr. Anstis went in her to sound a +small bay round the south point of Saypan; he returned at seven +o'clock, having found from ten to twenty fathoms water about a +mile off shore, but the ground hard. The next morning, Mr. Anstis +went on shore in the small boat to endeavour to procure a +bullock, great numbers of which were seen grazing on the island +Tinian. At six in the afternoon, they stood round the south point +of Tinian, but finding they could not fetch into the road, they +brought to for the night. In the evening, Mr. Anstis returned +with the best part of a young bullock. The next morning at day +light, they made sail and stood in for the road, and at nine +o'clock came to anchor in eighteen fathoms, over a bottom of +coral, about a mile and an half distant from shore. Soon after +they anchored, a party were sent on shore to hunt.</p> + +<p>25 September 1788-29 September 1788</p> + +<p>From this to the 25th, they had light winds varying from south +to east, with frequent showers over the land, and the flies so +very troublesome that they found Captain Byron's account of them +perfectly just. On coming to an anchor, they observed a buoy a +little to the southward, with a slip buoy to it, they swept for +the anchor, weighed it, and found it belonged to the <i>Charlotte</i> +(Gilbert, master) one of the ships from Port Jackson bound to +China; there were two-thirds of a cable to it. The party on shore +also found some spars, apparently erected for a tent, and three +water casks, one of which was full: it is most likely the +<i>Charlotte</i> was blown out of the road, and could not regain her +station again. Observing that their anchor was foul, on the 25th +they hove it up to clear, and let it go again; presently +afterwards, finding the ship adrift, they sounded, and had +twenty-five fathoms, but as she was at the edge of the bank, they +hove the anchor up, and made a stretch to the southward, but did +not again fetch the bay till the evening of the 26th. The two +following days they had dark heavy weather with very hard +squalls, and almost continual rain, the wind from north-east to +south-east. At day light in the morning of the 29th, the wind +veered round to the south south-west, and soon afterwards, a very +severe squall, attended with heavy rain, set the ship adrift, and +the tide making strong to the north-west with a large hollow sea, +they veered the reef very fast; however, the squall something +abating, and fortunately backing round to the south south-east, +they got their anchor up (which they otherwise would not have +been able to have effected) and bore away to the north +north-west. At noon the body of Tinian bore east half south, +about four leagues distant.</p> + +<p>During their stay at Tinian, filling water took up the whole +of their time, the well not affording more than three tons a day, +sometimes only two tons: the water was rather brackish, but +otherwise not ill tasted. They found the fowls and hogs very shy, +and the cattle had quite deserted the south part of the island, +owing, as was imagined, to the alarm the <i>Charlotte</i>'s people had +occasioned among them.</p> + +<p>They obtained two bulls, eight hogs, and about a dozen fowls; +they also got bread fruit, but it was at some distance up the +country, and the generality of it not ripe: there was abundance +of guavas but they were not in season; limes and sour oranges +were also very plentiful. Cocoa-nut trees were in abundance, but +those within a moderate distance from the beach were cut down, so +that the distance they had to go for any was attended with too +much fatigue to compensate for the advantages which could be +derived from them, as they experienced from two or three attempts +of the kind: the season in general seemed very backward. In +addition to the animals of this place, they found wild cats, The +country had exactly the same appearance as when Captains Byron +and Wallis visited it, but many of the pyramidical pillars had +fallen down and were much decayed. The mean state of the +thermometer during their stay, was 87°. In their passage from +hence to China, no material circumstance occurred, and on the +19th of October they anchored in Macao Roads.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-39"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-39.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Track of the <i>Scarborough</i></b></p> + +<p><a name="chapter-21"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter XXI.</h2> + +<p>May 1788 to September 1788</p> + +<blockquote>The <i>Scarborough</i> leaves Port Jackson--Touches at Lord Howe's +Island--Joins the <i>Charlotte</i>--Falls in with a large +Shoal--Discover a number of Islands--Short account of the +Inhabitants--Canoes described--Ornaments-- Discover Lord +Mulgrave's Islands--Arrival at Tinian--Sick people sent on +shore--Departure from Tinian--Arrival in Mocao Roads.</blockquote> + +<p>6 May 1788-22 May 1788</p> + +<p>The <i>Scarborough</i> transport, Captain Marshall, left Port Jackson +on the 6th of May 1788, and proceeded towards China, being +engaged to take in a cargo of teas at Canton for the East India +Company. For several days they had very unsettled weather, with +frequent squalls and heavy rain. In the afternoon of the 16th, +they saw Lord Howe's Island, bearing east by south seven leagues +distant; and the next day at noon, they found the <i>Supply</i> brig, +the <i>Lady Penrhyn</i>, and the <i>Charlotte</i>, standing off and on under +the island. By two o'clock the <i>Scarborough</i> was close in with the +land, but the weather not permitting them to go on shore, the +night was spent in standing off and on. Early the next morning, +Captain Marshall sent his boat with the chief mate and six men on +shore at Lord Howe's Island, in expectation of procuring some +turtle, as the <i>Supply</i>, Lieutenant Ball, had caught a large +quantity at this island in February: however, they were not able, +after the most diligent search, to meet with any turtle; but this +excursion was not altogether a fruitless one, for they brought +off a quantity of fine birds, sufficient to serve the ship's crew +three days; many of them were very fat, somewhat resembling a +Guinea hen, and proved excellent food. Having procured such +refreshments as the island afforded, they made sail at four +o'clock, with the <i>Charlotte</i> in company, and stood to the +eastward, with a moderate breeze at south-west. At eight o'clock +in the morning of the 22d, they saw Norfolk Island, bearing east +by south twelve leagues distant. At two o'clock, they were within +one mile of the land, and had soundings in sixteen fathoms water +over a hard bottom: the <i>Charlotte</i> being a considerable distance +a-stern, Captain Marshall lay to for her to come up, and when she +joined the <i>Scarborough</i> he stood under an easy sail to the +distance of six leagues westward of the island, and carried +soundings from sixteen to twenty-five fathoms, the ground +various; in some places being soft, in other parts a corally +bottom, and sometimes coarse white sand, intermixed with broken +shells.</p> + +<p>26 May 1788</p> + +<p>After leaving Norfolk Island, they stretched to the northward +and eastward, and at one o'clock on the twenty-sixth they saw a +small island bearing north north-east eight or nine leagues +distant; when about four miles from the island, they sounded with +fifty fathoms of line, but got no bottom. Towards evening, +Captain Marshall was close in with the island, and being desirous +to examine it, he plied occasionally during the night. At day +light the next morning, he was close to the land, and found it to +be a barren rock, not more than half a mile over in the broadest +part; it is very high, and was entirely covered with birds of +various kinds, but there was no possibility of landing on account +of a frightful surf that entirely surrounded it. This rock was +seen first by Captain Gilbert, of the <i>Charlotte</i>, in the forenoon +of the 26th, and named by him, Matthew's Island; it is situated +in 22° 22' south latitude, and 170° 41' longitude, east +of Greenwich.</p> + +<p>30 May 1788-13 June 1788</p> + +<p>On the 30th, in 17° 13' south latitude, and 172° 43' +east longitude, they passed several large trees, and a number of +cocoa-nuts floating in the water, but no land was to be seen. +Nothing occurred worthy of note till the 4th of June, when the +water appearing coloured, they sounded and struck the ground in +fifteen fathoms water, although no land was to be seen: a man was +then sent to the mast-head, who could plainly discern that the +shoal run to the westward, on which Captain Marshall altered his +course and stretched to the eastward, carrying soundings from +fifteen to thirty fathoms water, over a rocky bottom, and in many +places they could see the ground very distinctly. After running +to the eastward, about eight miles, they found no bottom with +seventy fathoms of line, which occasioned the Captain to tack and +stand to the southward. Vast numbers of birds of different kinds +were flying to the westward of the shoal, so that there probably +is an island near that situation. The east part of this shoal is +situated in 173° 12' east longitude, and the south part of it +in 15° 50' south latitude, but how far it extends to the +westward and northward is very uncertain, though doubtless to a +considerable distance, as the water had a white appearance from +the mast head as far as the eye could reach. Being now entirely +free from the shoal, they stood to the northward, with a light +easterly breeze, and moderate weather. On the 9th, in 7° 59' +south latitude, the wind shifted to the westward and continued in +the western board till the 13th when it again changed to the +eastward.</p> + +<p>18 June 1788</p> + +<p>At six o'clock in the morning of the 18th they saw an island +right a-head, bearing north half west eight or nine miles +distant: they sounded when about six miles from the land, but got +no bottom with sixty fathoms of line; at this time Captain +Marshall perceived several canoes with their sails set, and two +or three men in each canoe, coming towards the ship, but they +presently put back again and made for the shore. This island is +very low and level, and extends north-east, and south-west, +terminating at each end in a low, flat point, with an appearance +of a large bay in the middle; the Captain named it Hopper's +Island; it is situated in 00° 03' south latitude, and +173° 43' longitude east from Greenwich.</p> + +<p>At seven o'clock they saw another island smaller than the +former, lying about six miles to the south-west of Hopper's +Island, and nearly the same in appearance; this was named +Henderville's Island. Towards noon, another island made its +appearance, which Captain Marshall named Woodle's Island, +situated three miles to the north-west of Henderville's Island. +Five large canoes with sails set put off from Woodle's Island, +and came towards the ship, but when about four miles distant, +they turned back and stood for the shore. The wind blowing off +the land prevented them from getting in with the shore, so as to +enable them to give a particular description of these islands; +they seemed to abound with cocoa-nut, and a variety of other +trees. At three o'clock in the afternoon, the <i>Scarborough</i> being +within three miles of Henderville's Island, they sounded with +sixty fathoms of line, but got no ground. Several large fires +were lighted up on the shore, and the natives assembled in vast +numbers on the beach, many of them pointing at the ship with +looks of wonder and surprise; presently afterwards, nineteen +canoes, with five or six men in each, came off from the shore and +made towards the ship, on which Captain Marshall lay to, in hopes +they would come along side; several of them came within a quarter +of a mile of the ship, and then taking down their sails, they +stopt to gaze at the vessel, but nothing would induce them to +come alongside; however, as more canoes were seen coming from the +island, Captain Marshall determined to lay to till they all +returned on shore, as there was a probability of his procuring +some refreshments from them: two of the last canoes made for the +ship without the least hesitation; on this, the Captain ordered +his people out of sight that the natives might not be +intimidated. When the canoes were close to the ship, the Indians +began to talk, and made signs for them to bring the ship nearer +the island.</p> + +<p>After talking with the natives some time, the Captain shewed +them a few small nails, a quart bottle, and a looking-glass, all +of which they seemed very desirous to obtain; however, they could +not be prevailed on to bring their canoes along-side, but three +of them jumped out and swam to the ship; a rope was given them to +take hold of, but they could not be persuaded to come on board. +On receiving their little presents they laughed very heartily, +and by way of exchange gave the Captain some beads and teeth of +beasts or animals, which they wore about their necks as +ornaments: this circumstance serves to show that they have some +idea of barter.</p> + +<p>After making signs a second time for them to bring the ship +nearer the island, they took their leave, and presently +afterwards all the canoes returning towards the shore, Captain +Marshall made sail and stood to the northward. The situation of +these islands has already been mentioned, they lie in nearly a +north-west and south-east direction: Hopper's Island appears to +be about ten leagues in length, Henderville's Island six leagues, +and Woodle's Island the same.</p> + +<p>It is to be lamented that Captain Marshall had not an +opportunity of surveying these islands more minutely, as there is +scarcely a doubt of their affording a variety of refreshments; +for though nothing of the kind was seen in the canoes, yet the +natives were plump and fleshy, and seemed to live at their ease: +there is also an appearance of a most excellent harbour at +Hopper's Island.</p> + +<p>The inhabitants seem to be a fine set of people; they are of a +copper colour, stout and well made; their hair is long and black, +with black eyes and eye brows, and they seem to have very fine +teeth. The only ornaments seen amongst them were necklaces made +of beads intermixed with teeth, and many of them had their faces +painted white.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-40"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-40.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>A Canoe and Natives of Mulgrave's Range</b></p> + +<p>If we may judge of these people from the construction of their +canoes, they certainly possess a considerable share of +contrivance and ingenuity: many of them are large enough to +contain sixteen or twenty people; they are narrow, and built to +sail very fast, yet there is not the least danger of their +oversetting, as they are steadied with an out-rigger resembling a +ladder on the weather side, to one end of which a log of wood is +fastened, cut sharp at each end in the form of a boat; this not +only serves to keep the canoe upright, but likewise holds her to +windward. At the other end of the out-rigger, a stout rope is +fixed, which leads up to the mast head and serves as a shroud; +and when the wind blows fresh, two or more men, according to the +size of the canoe, go out upon the ladder to keep her +upright.</p> + +<p>Though these canoes always sail on the same side, yet they are +so contrived as to sail one way as well as the other, and the +Indians manage them with such dexterity that they put about much +sooner than our boats. Every canoe has a sail, which in general +is very large; they appear to be made of raw-silk, neatly sewed +together, and are cut in the form of our shoulder of mutton sail, +with a yard at the fore-leach, and another at the foot, so that +when they want to put their canoe about, they only have to shift +their tack and bring it to leeward of the mast: in short, from +what little Captain Marshall saw of these people, they appeared +to be lively, ingenious and expert.</p> + +<p>20 June 1788</p> + +<p>After quitting these new discovered Islands, Captain Marshall +stood to the northward, with a light breeze at east north-east, +and at five o'clock in the morning of the 20th, they saw an +island bearing east north-east, eight miles distant; it appeared +very low, and almost level with the water, so that when only four +miles distant they could perceive nothing but trees. When Captain +Marshall got close in with the land, he found it to be a chain of +islands, extending from south-east to north-west for the distance +of more than thirty leagues. Having a favourable breeze, they run +along the islands about three miles from shore, and several +canoes with sails set, came after the ship, but none of them +would come near her. Great numbers of the natives presently +assembled on the beach, in order to gratify their curiosity in +looking at the ship; this induced Captain Marshall to lay to in +expectation of the natives coming along-side, but not one of them +ventured near the ship: at one time he had an intention of +sending his boat on shore in order to procure some refreshments, +as many of his crew were laid up with the scurvy; however, he +prudently declined taking this step, as it certainly would have +been hazarding too much to have sent a few men amongst an +ignorant multitude, with whose temper and disposition they were +perfectly unacquainted.</p> + +<p>The centre of these islands is situated in 1° 50' north +latitude, 173° 00' east longitude. They are very low, and yet +it is rather remarkable, that on sounding, when not more than a +mile from the land, there was no bottom found with eighty fathoms +of line. Within the islands there appeared to be some fine +harbours, and they probably afford a variety of refreshments. The +natives seemed to be nearly black, and their canoes were +constructed much in the same manner as those already +described.</p> + +<p>22 June 1788</p> + +<p>There being no prospect of procuring any refreshments from +these people, Captain Marshall made sail, and at noon on the 22d +they saw land in the direction of north by east, eight miles +distant; it appeared very low, flat, and full of trees. By four +o'clock, they were close in with the southernmost land, and saw a +great number of canoes sailing close to the shore, some of which +came towards the ship, and two of them very near, but nothing +would entice them to come along-side. The people appeared much +the same as those at Henderville's Island, and their canoes were +of a similar construction; one of them had a kind of vane at the +mast head, which appeared to be made of the same materials as +their sail. In running along shore, they found it to consist of +six different islands, extending from north by east to south by +west, to the length of fourteen or fifteen leagues; the centre of +them is situated in 2° 58' north latitude, and 173° 00' +east longitude. The southernmost island, Captain Marshall named +Allen's Island; the second, Gillespy's Island; the third, +Touching's Island; the fourth, Clarke's Island; the fifth, +Smith's Island; and the northernmost, <i>Scarborough</i> Island. They +ran along these islands about three miles distant from the land, +and kept the lead constantly going, but could get no bottom, +which appeared rather extraordinary as the land is very low. +There appears to be good anchorage between these islands, and the +water very smooth, and they seem to abound with cocoa-nut and +cabbage trees. By the time they were abreast of <i>Scarborough</i> +Island, it grew so dark that they could not see the land; +luckily, however, the Indians lighted two very large fires which +enabled them to get entirely clear of all the islands.</p> + +<p>23 June 1788</p> + +<p>At six o'clock in the afternoon of the 23d, more land made its +appearance, bearing north to north-west, four leagues distant, +but night coming on, they tacked and stood to the southward.</p> + +<p>24 June 1788</p> + +<p>By two o'clock the next day, they were within two miles of the +land, and found it to be a chain of islands, extending from east +to nearly west for more than twenty-five leagues; and they +perceived a reef from the easternmost point of land, which ran at +least three leagues into the sea. The shore on the north-west +side of these islands is bold and steep; the <i>Scarborough</i> coasted +along within a mile of the land, and frequently sounded with an +hundred fathoms of line, but could get no bottom; at the same +time they saw the water break near the shore, and a vast number +of the natives were collected on the beach. About three o'clock, +a small canoe with two men in her came off from the shore, on +which Captain Marshall hove to, in order to give them an +opportunity of coming up with the ship, but when they were about +one hundred yards from the vessel, they put back again as fast as +possible, seemingly very much frightened: these men had skins +wrapped round their waists, and their hair was ornamented with +shells and beads. After they left the ship, Captain Marshall made +sail, being desirous to make the westward part of the islands if +possible before the night came on; but in this he was +disappointed, as the wind grew light and baffling. Several large +canoes now put off from the shore with eight or ten men in each; +it already has been observed that the <i>Charlotte</i>, Captain Gilbert, +was in company with the <i>Scarborough</i>; at this time she was some +distance a-stern, and the canoes all went along-side her; several +of them went on board the <i>Charlotte</i>, and ran fore and aft, +stealing every thing that lay in their way; one of them in +particular, got hold of the pump-break, and attempted to jump +over-board with it, but was stopped by one of the sailors. They +appeared to be very civilized, and all of them had coverings +round the waist: their ornaments were necklaces made of beads, to +which a cross was suspended, in the same manner as those worn by +the Spaniards.</p> + +<p>25 June 1788-27 June 1788</p> + +<p>Captain Marshall distinguished these islands by the name of +Lord Mulgrave's Islands, in honour of the Right Honourable Lord +Mulgrave. The southernmost of them is situated in 5° 58' +north latitude, and 172° 3' east longitude, and the +northernmost in 6° 29' north latitude, and 171° 10' east +longitude. At noon on the 25th, they got round the westernmost +island, and thought themselves entirely clear of them all, as the +day was very fair, and no land could be seen from the mast-head; +at the same time they had a long swell: on this, Captain Marshall +stood on under an easy sail during the night, but was very much +surprised at daylight the next morning to see land on the weather +quarter, and a large island on the lee quarter, between which +they must have passed in the night, and certainly very near that +on their lee, though they sounded every half hour, but never +struck the ground. Lord Mulgrave's Islands abound with +cocoa-nut-trees, and they could perceive remnants of oranges and +various other sorts of fruit, although the natives offered +nothing of the sort to barter. These islanders had not any +offensive weapons whatever, so that they probably are on very +friendly terms with each other. With a light easterly breeze, +they kept their course to the northward, and at noon on the 27th, +in 7° 25' north latitude, and 171° 10' east longitude, +they saw land bearing from north by east to north north-west. +Having now a fresh breeze, Captain Marshall run in with the land, +and found it to be a cluster of small islands lying east and west +of each other, but no appearance was seen of their being +inhabited.</p> + +<p>28 June 1788</p> + +<p>At noon on the 28th, more islands were seen, bearing from +north to north-west by west, three or four leagues distant, their +latitude at that time was 8° 02' north, and 170° 57' east +longitude. The weather being very hazy, with constant rain, they +wore, and stood from the land; however, the afternoon proving +tolerably clear, they again stood towards it, and by four o'clock +were close in with the westernmost island. Two large canoes were +lying on a sandy beach, but they did not perceive any +inhabitants. At five o'clock they saw several more islands, +bearing north north-east, five or six leagues distant. During the +night, Captain Marshall stood under an easy sail, and at +day-light the next morning land was seen a-head bearing north by +east six leagues, and some land bearing east seventeen leagues +distant. These islands, like all they had yet seen, were very +low, and entirely covered with lofty trees; on sounding, they got +no ground with an hundred fathoms of line. Their latitude at noon +was 8° 59' north, and 170° 24' east longitude.</p> + +<p>30 June 1788</p> + +<p>At five in the afternoon, more islands were seen, bearing +north, five leagues distant, but night coming on they wore and +stood to the southward. In the forenoon of the 30th, they ran +between two islands, about five leagues distant from each other, +and surrounded by a number of breakers: by eleven o'clock they +were entirely clear of all the land. Their observation at noon +gave 9° 34' north latitude, and the longitude was 169° +22' east. These last islands were supposed by Captain Marshall to +be those which Lord Anson discovered, and named Barbadoes +Islands.</p> + +<p>31 July 1788</p> + +<p>Having now a clear navigation, they prosecuted their voyage +without meeting with any thing worthy of notice till the 31st of +July, when at six clock in the morning they saw the island of +Saypan bearing west by south six leagues distant. Having light +baffling winds, they did not get in with the land till the +approach of evening, so that the night was spent in standing off +and on. At day-light the next morning, Captain Marshall sent his +boat on shore, with the chief mate and four seamen, to procure +some refreshments, and look for anchorage. At two o'clock in the +afternoon, the boats returned loaded with cocoa-nuts and cabbage, +both, as the men reported, from the same tree, but they could +find no place for a vessel to anchor in, the water being very +deep close to the land, with a rocky bottom, and so heavy a surf +that the boat did not land without great difficulty. Not meeting +with a harbour at Sapan, the Captain determined to make the best +of his way to Tinian, where he might come to anchor and get his +sick people on shore, having no less than fifteen men laid up +with the scurvy, and the rest of his crew were so weak that they +could scarcely work the ship: the wind, however, was so variable, +that they did not reach the south-west side of that island till +afternoon on the 4th, when they anchored in twenty-five fathoms +water, and soon afterwards the <i>Charlotte</i> came to anchor a small +distance from the <i>Scarborough</i>.</p> + +<p>5 August 1788-8 August 1788</p> + +<p>Early the next morning, Captain Marshall sent his sick people +on shore, with a tent, and a sufficient quantity of provisions to +serve them five days. After landing the sick, and erecting their +tent, the boats crew walked about the island, and saw a great +number of cattle, hogs, and fowls, but they only caught a calf, +one hog, and a fowl or two, and loaded the boat with cocoanuts, +oranges, and limes. On the 6th, the chief mate was sent on shore +to look for fresh water; he soon found out the well, mentioned in +Lord Anson's voyage, but it was quite dry, and there was not any +fresh water to be met with within two miles of the landing place. +The boat returned at noon, loaded with fruit of different sorts. +Toward evening the wind came round to south south-west blowing +very strong, which sent a heavy sea rolling into the bay, and +occasioned the <i>Scarborough</i> to pitch very much. The wind still +blowing strongly into the bay, Captain Marshall sent his boat on +shore on the 7th, to bring off the sick people, which they +accomplished with much danger and difficulty; in the mean time, +every thing was got ready for sea, the Captain being determined +to get away the moment the wind shifted to south or south by +east, so that they could clear the west part of the island. +During the night, they had so heavy a gale at south-west that +they expected every minute to be driven on shore; fortunately, +however, at day-break, the wind shifted to south south-east, on +which they immediately cut the cable and ran clear of the land: +Captain Gilbert cut both his cables and followed the <i>Scarborough</i>. +Scarce had they cleared the land before the wind again shifted to +south-south-west, and blew a complete hurricane, so that had the +vessels then been at anchor, they must inevitably have been +driven on shore. Though Captain Marshall's people were on land so +short a time, they found amazing benefit from it, their strength +gradually returned, and soon afterwards they were perfectly +restored to health.</p> + +<p>7 September 1788</p> + +<p>No particular occurrence happened during their passage from +Tinian to China; they saw the Lema Islands in the afternoon of +the 7th of September, and came to anchor in Macao Roads the +following afternoon.</p> + +<p><a name="chapter-22"></a></p> + +<h2>Chapter XXII.</h2> + +<blockquote>Supplemental Account of Animals</blockquote> + +<h3>BIRDS.</h3> + +<p>No. 139. <b>BANKIAN COCKATOO.</b> Order II. Pies. Genus V. +Parrot.</p> + +<p>This is about the size of the great white cockatoo; the length +twenty-two inches. The bill is exceedingly short, and of a pale +lead-colour. The head feathers are pretty long, so as to enable +the bird to erect them into a crest at will: The colour of the +head, neck, and under parts of the body are dusky brown, +inclining to olive, darkest on the belly: the feathers of the top +of the head and back part of the neck are edged with olive; the +rest of the plumage on the upper part of the body, the wings, and +tail, are of a glossy black; the last is pretty long and a little +rounded at the end; the two middle feathers are wholly black; the +others of a fine vermilion in the middle for about one-third, +otherwise black; the outer edge of the exterior feather black the +whole length. Legs black.</p> + +<p>This bird was met with in New South Wales, and is supposed to +be a variety, if not a different sex, from the Bankian Cockatoo +described in the General Synopsis of Birds, Supplement, p. 63. +pl. 109. It varies, however, in not having the feathers of the +head or those of the wing-coverts marked with buff-coloured +spots; nor is the red part of the tail crossed with black bars, +as in that bird.</p> + +<p>With the above specimen was sent the head of another, which +differed in having a mixture of yellow in various parts of it. We +have been informed, that the red part of the tail in this last is +barred with black, not unlike that described by Mr. Latham in the +Synopsis. From these circumstances, it may be presumed, that this +bird is subject to great variety.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-41"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-41.jpg"></p> + +<p align="center"><b>Bankian Cockatoo</b></p> + +<p><b>RED SHOULDERED PARROT.</b> Order II. Pies. Genus V.</p> + +<p>This bird is about the size of the Guinea Parrakeet. Total +length ten inches and a half: the general colour of the plumage +is green, inclining to yellow on the under parts: the top of the +head, the outer edge of the wing, and some parts of the middle of +the same are deep blue: all round the base of the bill crimson, +with a mixture of the same on the fore part of the neck, but +between the bill and eye is a mixture of yellow: the shoulders, +and under parts of the wings are blood red: two or three of the +inner quills, and the vent pale red: the greater quills dusky, +fringed outwardly with yellow: the tail is greatly wedged in +shape, the feathers at the base chesnut, towards the end dull +blue: the bill and legs are brown.</p> + +<p>This species inhabits New South Wales; and we believe it to be +hitherto non-descript.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-42"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-42.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Red Shouldered Parrakeet</b></p> + +<p><b>CRESTED GOAT SUCKER.</b> Order III. Passerine. Genus XLV.</p> + +<p>This bird is somewhat smaller than our European species, +measuring only nine inches and a half in length. The general +colour of the plumage on the upper parts is dark-brown, mottled +and crossed with obscure whitish bars: the quills are plain +brown, but five or six of the outer ones marked with dusky white +spots on the outer webs: the tail is rounded in shape, and marked +with twelve narrow bars of a dusky white, mottled with black, as +are the various whitish marks on the upper parts: the under parts +of the body are more or less white; but the fore part of the neck +and breast are crossed with numerous dusky bars: the bill is +black, but the gape and within yellow; the sides of the mouth +furnished with bristles, as in other goat-suckers; besides which, +at the base of the bill are ten or twelve erect stiff bristles, +thinly barbed on their sides, and standing perfectly upright as a +crest, giving the bird a singular appearance: the legs are weak, +longer than in most of the tribe, and of a pale yellow colour; +claws brown.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-43"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-43.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>New Holland Goat-sucker</b></p> + +<p><b>NEW HOLLAND CASSOWARY.</b> Order VI. Struthious. Genus LIX. +Cassowary.</p> + +<p>This is a species differing in many particulars from that +generally known, and is a much larger bird, standing higher on +its legs, and having the neck longer than in the common one. +Total length seven feet two inches. The bill is not greatly +different from that of the common Cassowary; but the horny +appendage, or helmet on the top of the head, in this species is +totally wanting: the whole of the head and neck is also covered +with feathers, except the throat and fore part of the neck about +half way, which are not so well feathered as the rest; whereas in +the common Cassowary, the head and neck are bare and carunculated +as in the turkey.</p> + +<p>The plumage in general consists of a mixture of brown and +grey, and the feathers are somewhat curled or bent at the ends in +the natural state: the wings are so very short as to be totally +useless for flight, and indeed, are scarcely to be distinguished +from the rest of the plumage, were it not for their standing out +a little. The long spines which are seen in the wings of the +common sort, are in this not observable,--nor is there any +appearance of a tail. The legs are stout, formed much as in the +Galeated Cassowary, with the addition of their being jagged or +sawed the whole of their length at the back part.</p> + +<p>This bird is not uncommon in New Holland, as several of them +have been seen about Botany Bay, and other parts. The one from +which the plate was taken, was shot within two miles of the +settlement at Sydney Cove, and the drawing made on the spot by +Lieutenant Watts. The skin being sent over to England in spirits, +has been put into attitude, and is now the property of Sir Joseph +Banks, to whom it was presented by Lord Sydney. Although this +bird cannot fly, it runs so swiftly, that a greyhound can +scarcely overtake it. The flesh is said to be in taste not unlike +beef.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-44"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-44.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>New Holland Cassowary</b></p> + +<p><b>WHITE GALLINULE.</b> Order VII. Cloven-footed. Genus LXXV.</p> + +<p>This beautiful bird greatly resembles the purple Gallinule in +shape and make, but is much superior in size, being as large as a +dunghil fowl. The length from the end of the bill to that of the +claws is two feet three inches: the bill is very stout, and the +colour of it, the whole of the top of the head, and the irides +red; the sides of the head round the eyes are reddish, very +thinly sprinkled with white feathers; the whole of the plumage +without exception is white. The legs the colour of the bill.</p> + +<p>This species is pretty common on Lord Howe's Island, Norfolk +Island, and other places, and is a very tame species. The other +sex, supposed to be the male, is said to have some blue on the +wings.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-45"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-45.jpg"></p> + +<p align="center"><b>White Gallinule</b></p> + +<p><b>DOG OF NEW SOUTH WALES.</b><br> +Genus XII. Canis.--Lin. Syst. Nat.<br> +Genus XVII. Dog.--Penn. Hist. Quad.</p> + +<p>The height of this species, standing erect, is rather less +than two feet: the length two feet and a half. The head is formed +much like that of a fox, the ears short and erect, with whiskers +from one to two inches in length on the muzzle. The general +colour of the upper parts is pale brown, growing lighter towards +the belly: the hind part of the fore legs, and the fore part of +the hinder ones white, as are the feet of both: the tail is of a +moderate length, somewhat bushy, but in a less degree than that +of the fox: the teeth are much the same as is usual in the genus, +as may be seen in the top of the plate where the animal is +represented.</p> + +<p>This species inhabits New South Wales. The specimen from which +the annexed plate was taken, (a female) is now alive in the +possession of the Marchioness of Salisbury, at Hatfield-House, +and was sent over as a present to Mr. Nepean, from Governor +Phillip. It has much of the manners of the dog, but is of a very +savage nature, and not likely to change in this particular. It +laps like other dogs, but neither barks nor growls if vexed and +teized; instead of which, it erects the hairs of the whole body +like bristles, and seems furious: it is very eager after its +prey, and is fond of rabbits or chickens, raw, but will not touch +dressed meat. From its fierceness and agility it has greatly the +advantage of other animals much superior in size; for a very fine +French fox-dog being put to it, in a moment it seized him by the +loins, and would have soon put an end to his existence, had not +help been at hand. With the utmost ease it is able to leap over +the back of an ass, and was very near worrying one to death, +having fastened on it, so that the creature was not able to +disengage himself without assistance; it has been also known to +run down both deer and sheep.</p> + +<p>A second of these is in the possession of Mr. Lascelles, of +which we have received much the same account in respect to its +ferocity; whence it is scarcely to be expected that this elegant +animal will ever become familiar.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-46"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-46.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Dog of New South Wales</b></p> + +<p><b>SPOTTED MARTIN.</b><br> +Genus XV. Mustela.--Lin. Syst. Nat.<br> +Genus XXIII. Weesel.--Penn. Hist. Quad.</p> + +<p>The species is about the size of a large polecat, and measures +from the tip of the nose to the setting on of the tail eighteen +inches; the tail itself being nearly the same length. The visage +is pointed in shape, and the whole make of the animal does not +ill resemble that of the Fossane. The general colour of the fur +is black, marked all over with irregular blotches of white, the +tail not excepted, which has an elegant appearance, and tapers +gradually to a point.</p> + +<p>The situation of the teeth and jaws is much the same as in the +rest of the genus, as may be seen in the upper part of the +plate.</p> + +<p>Inhabits the neighbourhood of Port Jackson.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-47"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-47.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Martin Cat</b></p> + +<p><b>KANGUROO RAT.</b><br> +Genus XVII. Didelphis.--Lin. Syst. Nat.<br> +Genus XXII. Opossum.--Penn. Hist. 2uad.</p> + +<p>The upper jaw of this species has two cutting teeth in front, +with three others on each side of them, and at a distance one +false grinder, sharp at the edge, and channelled, or fluted, on +the sides, and close to these, two true grinders: in the lower +jaw are two long cutting teeth, formed like those of the +squirrel, with three grinders, corresponding with those in the +upper jaw.</p> + +<p>The general shape of the body is not widely different from +that of the Kanguroo, both in respect to the shortness of the +fore legs and the peculiar construction of the hind ones; but the +visage being strongly similar to that of the rat, and the colour +of the whole not ill resembling that animal, it has obtained the +name of the Kanguroo Rat.</p> + +<p>This is an inhabitant of New Holland, and two of the species +are now to be seen alive at the curious exhibition of animals +over Exeter Exchange. One of these, being a female, has brought +forth young, one of which is represented in the same plate with +the adult animal. On the upper part of the same plate is figured +the jaw of a full grown subject.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-48"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-48.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Kanguroo Rat</b></p> + +<p><b>THE LACED LIZARD.</b> Genus CXXII. Lacerta.--Lin. Sist. Nat.</p> + +<p>This most elegant species is in length, from the nose to the +end of the tail, about forty inches: in the mouth are a few weak +teeth, though rather sharp, at about a quarter of an inch +distance one from another: the tongue is long and forked: the +general shape is slender; and the ground colour of the skin, on +the upper parts, a brownish or bluish black, whimsically marked +with golden yellow; in some parts this colour is beautifully +mottled or freckled, like some kinds of lace-work; in others, +striped in various directions, particularly on the legs, which +seem as if striped across with black and white: the under parts +are yellow, crossed with single bars of black on the chin and +throat, and double clouded ones on the belly: the toes are five +in number on each foot, barred across with black and yellow, as +the legs, and each furnished with a crooked black claw: the tail +measures more in length than the whole of the body; towards the +base, clouded and marked as the rest; but the further half banded +with black and yellow, each band three inches broad, the end +running to a very sharp point.</p> + +<p>This beautiful Lizard is not uncommon at Port Jackson, where +it is reputed a harmless species. Individuals vary much one from +another, in respect to the length of the tail, as also in the +colour of the markings; some having those parts marked with a +pure silvery white, which in the above described are yellow.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-49"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-49.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Laced Lizard</b></p> + +<p><b>BAG-THROATED BALISTES.</b> Genus CXXXV. Balistes.--Lin. Syst. Nat.</p> + +<p>The size of the fish figured in the plate is uncertain, as we +have only obtained a drawing of it without any description.--It +agrees in many things with others of the genus, and does not +greatly differ from one figured in Willughby's Icthyologia, Tab. +1. 22. but has the body longer in proportion. The erect horn or +spine is placed over, and a little behind the eyes, as in +Willughby's figure, attended with two shorter ones directly +behind the first: the long spine is quite straight, sharp at the +point, and deeply sawed on the back part. Another singularity +presents itself in this species, which is, a deep pouch-like +appendage beneath the throat, in shape not unlike what is called +Hippocrates's sleeve, or rather a jelly bag.</p> + +<p>This fish is found pretty commonly on the coast of New South +Wales, and was called by the sailors the Old Wife, having much +resemblance in many things to the species so named. When skinned, +it was thought pretty good eating.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-50"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-50.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>A fish of New South Wales</b></p> + +<p><b>A FISH OF NEW SOUTH WALES.</b></p> + +<p>Of this fish it can only be said, that the ground colour is +much the same as that of our mackarel, marked with several round, +blue and white spots; and that, in the plate, it is represented +faithfully from a drawing by Daniel Butler sent from New South +Wales, where it is in great plenty, and is thought to taste much +like a dolphin. As to the genus, it is difficult to say with +certainty to which it belongs, as it is deficient in the +characteristics of those generally known; it is therefore left to +the reader to settle this matter according to his own +opinion.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-51"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-51.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Fish of New South Wales</b></p> + +<p><b>PORT JACKSON SHARK.</b> Genus CXXXI. Squalus.--Lin. Syst. Nat.</p> + +<p>The length of the specimen from which the drawing was taken, +is two feet; and it is about five inches and an half over at the +broadest part, from thence tapering to the tail: the skin is +rough, and the colour, in general, brown, palest on the under +parts: over the eyes on each side is a prominence, or long ridge, +of about three inches; under the middle of which the eyes are +placed: the teeth are very numerous, there being at least ten or +eleven rows; the forward teeth are small and sharp, but as they +are placed more backward, they become more blunt and larger, and +several rows are quite flat at top, forming a kind of bony +palate, somewhat like that of the Wolf-fish; differing, however, +in shape, being more inclined to square than round, which they +are in that fish: the under jaw is furnished much in the same +manner as the upper: the breathing holes are five in number, as +is usual in the genus: on the back are two fins, and before each +stands a strong spine, much as in the Prickly Hound, or Dog, +fish: it has also two pectoral, and two ventral fins; but besides +these, there is likewise an anal fin, placed at a middle distance +between the last and the tail: the tail itself, is as it were +divided, the upper part much longer than the under.</p> + +<p>At first sight, the above might be taken for the Prickly +Hound-fish, or Squalus Spinax of Linnoeus, of which a good figure +may be seen in Willughby's Icthyol. Tab. B. 5. f. 1, but it +differs, first, in having the prominent ridge over the eyes, of a +great length; secondly, in the formation of the teeth; thirdly, +in having an anal fin, of which the Prickly Hound is destitute; +all these circumstances concur to prove it a new species.</p> + +<p>This was taken at Port Jackson, but to what size it may +usually arrive cannot be determined; perhaps not to a great one, +as the teeth appear very complete. Some sharks, however, of an +enormous size have been seen and caught thereabouts, though of +what sort cannot here be determined.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-52"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-52.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Port Jackson Shark</b></p> + +<p><b>WATTS'S SHARK.</b> Genus CXXXI. Squalus.--Lin. Syst.</p> + +<p>This, we believe, is a species which has hitherto escaped the +researches of our Icthyologists. The length of the specimen is +nineteen inches: the head is broad, and angular in shape; but the +body rounded, and nearly equal in its dimensions for above half +the length, when it suddenly grows very small, and so continues +to the end of the tail: the colour of the body is brown in +different shades, and there are three rows of large pale spots, +of an irregular shape, most of them dark within; one row passes +down the middle, the others are on each side; besides which there +are others below them less conspicuous. The mouth is placed +nearer the end of the head than in most of the genus, and +furnished in the front with nine sharp crooked teeth, in three +rows, and a great number of small ones on each side. The eyes +project considerably above the rest of the head, and are placed +on the upper part of it; the space between is hollowed or sunk +in: at the most forward part of the head are two cartilaginous +appendages, jagged at the end, with four others, nearly similar, +on each side between the first and the breathing holes: the +pectoral fins are placed beneath these last; the abdominal about +the middle of the body; and the anal, more than half way between +the last and the tail; besides which, the under part is finned +from that place to the end: on the upper part of the body are two +fins, both placed uncommonly far back, as in the figure.</p> + +<p>This fish was met with in Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, by +Lieutenant Watts, and is supposed to be full as voracious as any +of the genus, in proportion to its size; for after having lain on +the deck for two hours, seemingly quiet, on Mr. Watts's dog +passing by, the shark sprung upon it with all the ferocity +imaginable, and seized it by the leg; nor could the dog have +disengaged himself had not the people near at hand come to his +assistance.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-53"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-53.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Watt's Shark</b></p> + +<p><b>GREAT BROWN KINGSFISHER.</b>--Lath. Syn. ii. p. 603, No. 1.<br> +Order II. Pies. Genus XXIII. Kingsfisher.</p> + +<p>The length of this species is from sixteen to eighteen inches: +the bill, three inches and an half, or even more; the upper +mandible is brown, and the under white, but brown at the base: +the head is pretty full of feathers, sufficiently so to form a +crest when erected; the colour whitish, and most of the feathers +either tipped or crossed with black: the neck and under parts of +the body are much the same in colour, crossed on the sides with +dusky lines: over the forehead the colour is dusky brown, almost +black, passing backwards in an irregular shaped streak a good way +behind the eye: the back, and major part of the wing, is black or +dusky, but the middle of the wing is of a glossy blue-green, as +is also the lower part of the back and rump: the tail is barred +with pale rust-colour and black, inclining to purple, and towards +the end whitish: the legs are of a dusky yellow, the claws are +black.</p> + +<p>These birds vary much, the colours being more or less +brilliant, and in some of them the tail is wholly barred with +white and black, and the legs brown or blackish.</p> + +<p>This species inhabits various places in the South Seas, being +pretty common at New Guinea; but the specimen from which our +figure was taken, was sent from Port Jackson in South Wales, +where, likewise, it is not unfrequently met with. We believe it +has not yet been figured in any British work.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-54"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-54.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Great brown Kingsfisher</b></p> + +<p><b>KANGUROO.</b></p> + +<p>This very curious animal being naturally an object of +particular curiosity, we are happy to be enabled, before this +book is given to the world, to correct some errors which had +crept into our account and representation of it. In page 149 it +is stated, that the Kanguroo has four teeth (by which were meant +cutting teeth) in the upper jaw, opposed to two in the under. The +truth is, that there are six opposed to two, as may be perceived +in the engraved representation of the skeleton of a Kanguroo's +head, inserted at page 168. The same arrangement of teeth takes +place in the Opossum, described in that page, which is there, +still more erroneously, said to have only two cutting teeth +opposed to two. This latter mistake arose from the difficulty of +examining the mouth of the living animal. It is since dead, and +the teeth are found to be disposed as now stated, and as +represented in the scull of the Vulpine Opossum, in the same +plate with that of the Kanguroo.</p> + +<p>But the most important error is in the position of the +Kanguroo, as represented in our plate at page 106. The true +standing posture of the Kanguroo is exactly the same as that of +the Kanguroo Rat, delineated at page 277; namely, with the rump +several inches from the ground, (in large specimens, not less +than eight) and resting entirely on the long last joint of the +hinder legs, the whole under side of which is bare and callous +like a hoof. This mistake was occasioned merely by the adherence +of the engraver to the drawing from which he worked; which, among +others, came from Mr. White, the surgeon at Port Jackson: too +implicit reliance being placed on an authority which, in this +respect, turned out delusive.</p> + +<p>With respect to the representations of the Kanguroo which have +hitherto been published, it may be observed, that nothing is +wanting to that in Captain Cook's first voyage, except the +character of the toes of the hinder legs, and in particular the +distinguishing of a minute, but very characteristic circumstance, +in the inner claw of each, which is divided down the middle into +two, as if split by some sharp instrument. The same remark is +applicable to the plate in Mr. Pennant's History of Quadrupeds, +which appears to have been copied from the other. Mr. Pennant was +the first author who gave a scientific description of the +Kanguroo, in his History of Quadrupeds, p. 306. No. 184. and of +the New Holland Opossum, p. 310. No. 188.</p> + +<p>Zimmerman, in his Zoologia Geographica, p. 527, confounds the +Kanguroo with the great Jerboa of Africa, described by Allamand, +in his additions to Buffon; and by Mr. Pennant, History of +Quadrupeds, p. 432. No. 293.</p> + +<p>Our own plate of the Kanguroo very accurately expresses the +form and character of that animal, and is deficient only in the +position, which unfortunately was not remarked till the plate was +worked off, and the book almost ready for delivery.</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<h3>ANECDOTE OF CAPTAIN COOK AND O'TOO.</h3> + +<p>As nothing can be devoid of interest which relates to a man so +justly admired as Captain Cook, the reader will probably be +pleased to find here, though out of its proper place, an anecdote +communicated by Mr. Webber. It exhibits in a pleasing point of +view the friendship which subsisted between that great navigator +and the Otaheitean chief O'too, a circumstance highly to the +honour of both; since it displays in them the power of discerning +real merit, though obscured by diversity of manners, and that of +being able to impress a steady attachment, where nothing more was +to be expected than transient regard. Under every species of +disparity, goodness of heart supplies both a medium of +attraction, and an indissoluble bond of union.</p> + +<p>Every reader must have seen with pleasure the charming proof +of O'too's tender and inviolable friendship for Captain Cook, +which appears in page 233 of this work; where he is described as +attended by a man carrying the portrait of that illustrious +Englishman, without which he never moves from one place to +another. That portrait, as Mr. Webber assures us, was obtained in +the following manner.</p> + +<p>O'too, by the Captain's particular desire, sat to Mr. Webber, +in order to furnish such a memorial of his features, as might +serve for the subject of a complete whole length picture, on the +return of the ship to England. When the portrait was finished, +and O'too was informed that no more sittings would be necessary, +he anxiously enquired of Captain Cook, and Captain Clerke, what +might be the particular meaning and purpose of this painting. He +was informed, that it would be kept by Captain Cook, as a +perpetual memorial of his person, his friendship, and the many +favours received from him. He seemed pleased with the idea, and +instantly replied, that, for the very same reasons, a picture of +Captain Cook would be highly acceptable to him. This answer, so +unexpected, and expressed with strong tokens of real attachment, +made both Captain Clerke and Mr. Webber his advocates; and +Captain Cook, charmed with the natural sincerity of his manner, +complied with his request much more readily than on any other +occasion he would have granted such a favour.</p> + +<p>When the portrait was finished it was framed, and with a box, +lock, and key, by which it was secured, was delivered to O'too; +who received it with inexpressible satisfaction. He readily, and, +as the event has proved, most faithfully promised that he would +preserve it always with the utmost care; and would show it to the +commanders of such ships as might in future touch at the Society +Islands. Who can fail to love a character like that of O'too, in +which unalterable steadiness of affection is as conspicuous, as +honest and natural ardour? Long may he enjoy his authority and +his health; and preserve the honourable memorial of his friend, +without being afflicted by the knowledge of that melancholy +catastrophe which terminated the career of his glory!</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<p>With respect to the yellow gum, or resin, mentioned in page +60, we are informed by Dr. Blane, physician to St. Thomas's +Hospital, that he has found it remarkably efficacious in the cure +of old fluxes; and this not only in a few instances, but in many +obstinate cases. Of the plants in general which have been brought +from Botany Bay, and the adjacent country, no notice has been +taken in this work, as it would have led to such a detail as must +too considerably have extended its limits. Many of them are now +to be seen in the highest perfection at the nursery gardens of +that eminent and learned botanist, Mr. Lee, of Hammersmith: who +still retains enough of zeal for his favourite science, to regret +that the discovery of those countries was not made at a period of +his life, when he could have gone personally to reap the glorious +harvest they afford.</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<p>The following account of the weather in Botany Bay and Port +Jackson, communicated by Lieutenant Watts, may perhaps be found +important.</p> + +<p>During the seven days we were in Botany Bay the weather was +generally fine, and very warm. The thermometer on a mean stood at +78°. it never exceeded 80°. and one day, which was thick +and rainy, the wind blowing strongly from the south, it fell to +63°. In Port Jackson the weather was at first much the same, +but afterwards, the days became very hot, and the nights +constantly brought on tremendous thunder, lightning, and rain. +The thermometer, at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, was generally +about 80°. but when the sea breezes set in it usually fell +two or three degrees. One very sultry day was felt soon after the +arrival of the fleet. The thermometer, on board, stood at +88°. and on shore, though in the shade, at 92°. On the +15th of March was a terrible squall of wind, accompanied by +thunder, lightning, and rain. The thermometer then fell from +80° to 50°. and in other squalls it frequently fell 15 or +20 degrees.</p> + +<p>Such are the principal notices hitherto received from the new +settlement on the southern continent, which, if from unavoidable +circumstances, they are a little deficient in point of order, +will, it is hoped, make ample amends by their novelty, +importance, and authenticity.</p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<p><b>BLACK FLYING OPOSSUM.</b><br> +Genus XVII. Didelphis. Lin. Syst. Nat.<br> +Genus XXII. Opossum. Penn. Hist. Quad.</p> + +<p>The following is, according to every appearance, a new animal +of this genus. The length from the tip of the nose, which is +pointed in shape, to the root of the tail, is twenty inches; of +the tail itself twenty-two inches, at the base quite light, +increasing gradually to black at the end: the width across the +loins sixteen inches: the ears are large and erect: the coat or +fur is of a much richer texture or more delicate than the +sea-otter of Cook's River: on the upper parts of the body, at +first sight, appearing of a glossy black, but on a nicer +inspection, is really what the French call petit gris, or +minever, being mixed with grey; the under parts are white, and on +each hip may be observed a tan-coloured spot, nearly as big as a +shilling; at this part the fur is thinnest, but at the root of +the tail it is so rich and close that the hide cannot be felt +through it. The fur is also continued to the claws: the membrane, +which is expanded on each side of the body, is situated much as +in the grey species, though broader in proportion. The jaws are +furnished with teeth, placed as in some others of this genus: in +the upper jaw forwards are four small cutting teeth, then two +canine ones, and backwards five grinders: the under jaw has two +long large cutting teeth, like the Vulpine Opossum, [See skeleton +on the plate at page 168.] five grinders, with no intermediate +canine ones, the space being quite vacant. The fore legs have +five toes on each foot, with a claw on each; the hinder ones four +toes, with claws, (the three outside ones without any separation) +and a thumb without a claw, enabling the animal to use the foot +as a hand, as many of the opossum tribe are observed to do. See +the skeleton of the foot in the annexed plate.</p> + +<p>This beautiful quadruped inhabits New South Wales. The +specimen from which the above account has been taken, is a male, +and the property of Henry Constantine Nowell, Esq. of Shiplake, +in Oxfordshire. The fur of it is so beautiful, and of so rare a +texture, that should it hereafter be found in plenty, it might +probably be thought a very valuable article of commerce.</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-55"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-55.jpg"></p> +<p align="center"><b>Black flying Opossum</b></p> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<p><a name="chapter-appendix"></a></p> + +<h2>APPENDIX</h2> + +<p>Table I. Route of the <i>Alexander</i>, Lieutenant Shortland, from +the Cape of Good Hope to Botany Bay<br> +Table II. Route of the <i>Supply</i>, Lieut. Ball, after parting with +the <i>Alexander</i>, to Botany Bay<br> +Table III. Route of the <i>Supply</i>, Lieut. Ball, from Port Jackson to +Norfolk Island<br> +Table IV. Route of the <i>Supply</i> from Norfolk Island to Port +Jackson<br> +Table V. Route of the <i>Supply</i> from Port Jackson to Lord Howe +Island, and from thence to Port Jackson<br> +Table VI. Route of the <i>Alexander</i>, Lieut. Shortland, from Port +Jackson to Batavia<br> +Table VII. Route of the <i>Lady Penrhyn</i>, Capt. Sever, from Port +Jackson to Otaheite<br> +Table VIII.Route of the <i>Lady Penrhyn</i>, Capt. Sever, from Otaheite +to China<br> +Table IX. Route of the <i>Scarborough</i>, Capt. Marshall, from Port +Jackson to China</p> + +<p align="center"><a name="phillip-table-05"></a><img alt="" src= +"images/phillip-table-05.jpg"></p> + +<blockquote><b>[The first page of the Tables of the Routes taken by ships of +the First Fleet after leaving Port Jackson is reproduced above. A +further 52 pages of such tables are not included in this +ebook.]</b></blockquote> + +<hr align="center" width="50%"> + +<pre> +<b>A LIST OF CONVICTS SENT TO NEW SOUTH WALES, IN 1787.</b> + +Name. Where Convicted. Date Of Conviction. Years. + +Abel, Robert London 23 Feb. 1785. 7 +Abrams, Henry +Abrahams, Esther London 30 August, 1786 7 +Abell, Mary, alias Tilley Worcester 5 March, 1785 7 +Acres, Thomas Exeter 14 March, 1786 7 +Adams, John London 26 May, 1784 7 +Adams, Mary Ditto 13 Decem. 1786 7 +Agley, Richard Winchester 2 March, 1784 7 +Allen, John Hertford 2 March, 1786 7 +Allen, William Ormskirk 11 April, 1785 7 +Allen, Charles London 7 July, 1784 7 +Allen, Susannah Ditto 18 April, 1787 7 +Allen, Mary Ditto 25 October, 1786 7 +Allen, Jamasin, alias Boddington Ditto 25 Oct. 1786 7 +Allen, Mary, alias Conner Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Anderson, John Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Anderson, Elizabeth London 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Anderson, John Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Anderson, Fanny Winchester 7 March, 1786 7 +Archer, John London 26 May, 1784 7 +Arscott, John Bodmin 18 August, 1783 7 +Atkinson, George London 21 April, 1784 7 +Ault, Sarah Ditto 21 Feb. 1787 7 +Ayners, John, alias Agnew Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Ayres John Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Bartlett, James Winchester 1 March, 1785 7 +Barsby, George Ditto 1 March, 1785 Life +Barnett, Henry, alias Barnard, alias Burton Warwick 21 March, 1785 7 +Bails, Robert Reading 28 Feb. 1785 Life +Barnes, Stephen York 9 July, 1785 7 +Bannister, George London 1 April, 1784 7 +Barferd, John Ditto 14 Decem. 1784 7 +Barland, George Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Balding, James, alias William Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Bason, Elizabeth, wife of William Bason New Sarum 24 July, 1784 7 +Bayley, James Ditto 11 March, 1786 7 +Bazley, John Exeter 12 Jan. 1785 7 +Baker, Thomas Ditto 10 Jan. 1786 7 +Barrett, Thomas Ditto 24 May, 1784 Life +Batley, Caten Ditto 24 May, 1784 7 +Barsby, Samuel Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Ball, John Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Barry, John Bristol 23 Novem. 1785 7 +Barret, Daniel +Barber, Elizabeth +Baldwin, Ruth, alias Bowyer London 20 August, 1786 7 +Baker, Martha Ditto 30 August, 1786 7 +Bell, William Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Benear, Samuel Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Bellett, Jacob Ditto 12 Jan. 1785 7 +Beardsley, Ann Derby 5 August, 1786 5 +Best, John +Beckford, Elizabeth London 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Bellamy, Thomas Worcester 9 July, 1785 7 +Bird, James Croydon 20 July, 1785 7 +Bird, Samuel Ditto 20 July, 1785 7 +Bishop, Joseph +Bingham, John, alias Baughan +Bingham, Elizabeth, alias Mooring London +Bird, Elizabeth, alias Winisred Maidstone 14 March, 1787 7 +Blackhall, William Abingdon 6 March, 1786 7 +Blunt, William London 10 Decem. 1783 7 +Blake, Francis Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Blatherhorn, William Exeter 24 May, 1784 Life +Bloedworth, James Kingstone 3 Oct. 1785 7 +Blanchett, Susannah Ditto 2 April, 1787 7 +Bond, Peter London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Boyle, John London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Boggis, William +Bond, William Exeter 18 July, 1785 7 +Bond, Mary, wife of John Bond Wells 19 August, 1786 7 +Boulton, Rebecca Lincoln 16 July, 1784 7 +Bonner, Jane London 18 April, 1787 7 +Bolton, Mary Shrewsbury 12 March, 1785 7 +Brown, James Hertford 2 March, 1785 7 +Brown, William Southwark 10 Jan. 1786 7 +Brindley, John Warwick 21 March, 1785 7 +Brown, Richard Reading 15 July, 1783 7 +Brough, William Stafford 9 March, 1789 7 +Bradley, James London 29 June, 1785 7 +Bradley, James Ditto 6 May, 1784 7 +Brown, Thomas Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 7 +Bradbury, William Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 7 +Bryant, Thomas Maidstone 15 March, 1784 7 +Bryant, William Launceston 20 March, 1784 7 +Brown, Thomas Exeter 24 May, 1784 7 +Bradford, John Ditto 9 Jan. 1786 7 +Brannegan, James Ditto 24 May, 1784 7 +Bruce, Robert Ditto 24 May, 1784 7 +Brown, William Ditto 24 May, 1784 7 +Bryant, John Ditto 14 March, 1786 7 +Brewer, William Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Brice, William Bristol 11 Feb. 1785 7 +Brand, Curtis +Bryant, Michael +Brand, Lucy, alias Wood London 19 July, 1786 7 +Branham, Mary Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Bruce, Elizabeth Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Burleigh, James Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Burn, Peter Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 7 +Burne, James Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Butler, William Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Buckley, Joseph Dorchester 16 March, 1786 7 +Burridge, Samuel Ditto 3 August, 1786 7 +Burn, Patrick +Burn, Simon +Busley, John +Bunn, Margaret London 26 April, 1786 7 +Burkitt, Mary Ditto 20 August, 1786 7 +Burdo, Sarah Ditto 25 Oct. 1786 7 +Carver, Joseph Maidstone 13 March, 1786 7 +Castle, James London 7 July, 1784 7 +Campbell, James, alias George Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Campbell, James Guildford 11 August, 1784 7 +Carney, John Exeter 22 July, 1782 7 +Carty, Francis Bodmin 14 August, 1786 7 +Carey, Ann Taunton 30 March, 1786 7 +Carter, Richard, alias Michael Cartwright Shrewsbury 13 March, 1784 7 +Cable, Henry +Carroll, Mary, wife of James Carroll London 25 Oct. 1786 7 +Cesar, John Maidstone 14 March, 1785 7 +Chields, William +Chaddick, Thomas London 7 July, 1784 7 +Church, William Dorchester 16 March, 1786 7 +Chaaf, William Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Chinery, Samuel Ditto 7 August, 1786 7 +Chanin, Edward Ditto 7 August, 1786 7 +Clough, Richard Durham 19 July, 1785 7 +Clements, Thomas London 7 July, 1784 7 +Clark, John, alias Hosier Ditto 6 April, 1785 7 +Clark, William Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Clarke, John Exeter 7 August, 1786 7 +Cleaver, Mary Bristol 4 April, 1786 7 +Clear, George +Clark, Elizabeth +Connelly, William Bristol 3 Feb. 1785 7 +Cormick, Edward Hertford 2 March, 1786 7 +Corden, James Warwick 21 March, 1785 7 +Colling, Joseph London 7 July, 1784 7 +Cole, William Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Cox, John Matthew Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Collier, Richard Kingstone 24 March, 1784 7 +Connolly, William Bodmin 14 August, 1786 7 +Conelly, Cornelius Exeter 7 August, 1786 7 +Colman, Ishmael Dorchester 16 March, 1786 7 +Coffin, John Exeter 9 Jan. 1786 7 +Cole, Elizabeth Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Cox, James Ditto 24 May, 1784 Life +Copp, James Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Coombes, Ann, wife of Samuel Coombes Taunton 30 March, 1786 7 +Cole, Elizabeth London 26 April, 1786 7 +Colley, Elizabeth London 23 Feb. 1785 14 +Cooke, <i>Charlotte</i> Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Cooper, Mary Worcester 19 July, 1785 7 +Colpitts, Ann Durham 2 Oct. 1786 7 +Cross, John New Sarum 25 March, 1785 7 +Cropper, John London 14 Decem. 1784 7 +Cross, William Coventry 21 March, 1783 7 +Creamer, John Exeter 12 Jan. 1785 7 +Creek, Jane London 14 Septem. 1785 7 +Cunningham, Edward Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Cullen, James Bryen Ditto 6 April, 1785 7 +Cullyhorn, John Exeter 22 July, 1782 7 +Cudlip, Jacob, alias Norris Bodmin 25 July, 1785 7 +Cuss, John, alias Hanaboy New Sarum 11 March, 1786 7 +Cuckow, William +Davis, Aaron Bristol 29 March, 1785 7 +Day, Richard Reading 24 July, 1786 7 +Davies, Edward Stafford 27 July, 1785 7 +Day, Samuel Glocester 23 March, 1785 14 +Davis, Samuel Ditto 13 July, 1785 7 +Davis, William +Davis, James London 8 Decem. 1784 7 +Daniells, Daniel Ditto 6 May, 1784 7 +Daley, James Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Davidson, John Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Davis, William Brecon 15 July 1785 Life +Davis Richard +Daley, Ann, wife of Gore Daley, alias Ann Warburton Nether Knutsford 3 Oct1786 7 +Darnell, Margaret London 18 April, 1787 7 +Davis, Ann Ditto 26 April, 1786 7 +Dalton, Elizabeth Ditto 14 Sept. 1785 7 +Davidson, Rebecca, wife of Robert Davidson Ditto 25 Oct. 1786 7 +Dawson, Margaret Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Davis, Frances Chelmsford 6 March, 1786 14 +Davies, Sarah Worcester 2 August, 1783 7 +Davies, Mary Shrewsbury 12 March, 1785 7 +Dennison, Michael Poole 15 April, 1785 7 +Denison, Barnaby Bristol 30 April, 1783 7 +Delany, Patrick +Dickson, Thomas, alias Ralph Raw Durham 19 July, 1785 7 +Discall, Timothy Bodmin 25 July, 1785 7 +Dixon, Mary London 31 May, 1786 7 +Dickenson, Mary Southwark 8 Jan. 1787 7 +Douglas, William Lincoln 9 July, 1785 7 +Dowland, Ferdinand London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Dodding, James, alias Doring +Dring, William Kingston upon Hull 7 Oct. 1784 7 +Dunnage, Joseph London 21 April, 1784 Life +Dudgens, Elizabeth +Dundass, Jane London 18 April, 1787 7 +Dutton, Ann Ditto 26 April, 1786 7 +Deyer, Leonard Southwark 10 Jan. 1786 7 +Dykes, Mary London 26 April, 1786 7 +Earle, William New Sarum 5 March, 1785 7 +Eagleton, William, alias Bones Kingston 22 March, 1786 7 +Eaton, Mary, alias Shephard +Early, Rachel Reading 24 July, 1786 7 +Eaton, Martha +Eccles, Thomas Guildford 22 July, 1782 Life +Edmunds, William Monmouth 21 March, 1785 7 +Edwards, William +Eggleston, George Maidstone 13 March, 1786 7 +Ellam, Peter Ormskirk 18 July, 1785 7 +Elliot, William Croydon 18 August, 1783 7 +Elliot, Joseph Bristol 24 Nov. 1784 7 +Ellam, Deborah Chester 30 August, 1784 7 +English, Nicholas London 8 Decem. 1784 7 +Everett, John Hertford 2 March, 1786 7 +Everingham, Matthew London 7 July, 1784 7 +Evans, Williams Shrewsbury 12 March, 1785 7 +Evans, Elizabeth London 13 Decem. 1786 7 +Farrell, Phillip London 15 Sep. 1784 7 +Farley, William Bristol 10 Feb. 1785 7 +Farmer, Ann London +Fentum, Benjamin Ditto 10 Oct. 1783 7 +Ferguson, John Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Fillesey, Thomas Bristol 29 April, 1783 7 +Fitzgerald, Jane, alias Phillips Ditto 4 April, 1786 7 +Field, William +Finlow, John, alias Hervey +Field, Jane London +Fitzgerald, Elizabeth Ditto 13 Decem. 1786 7 +Flyn, Edward +Flarty, Phebe London 21 Feb. 1787 7 +Fowkes, Francis Ditto 13 Decem. 1785 7 +Forrester, Robert Ditto 10 Sept. 1783 7 +Foyle, William New Sarum 9 July, 1785 7 +Fowles, Ann London 6 April, 1785 7 +Fownes, Margaret Shrewsbury 4 August, 1784 7 +Forbes, Ann Kingston 2 April, 1787 7 +Freeman, James Hertford 3 March, 1784 7 +Freeman, Robert London 10 Decem. 1784 7 +Francis, William Ditto 14 Decem. 1784 7 +Francisco, George Ditto 8 Decem. 1784 7 +Fry, George +Fryer, Catherine, alias Prior +Fraser, William Manchester Jan. 1787 7 +Fraser, Ellen Ditto Jan. 1787 7 +Fuller, John Ditto 15 March, 1784 7 +Gardner, Francis London 21 April, 1784 7 +Garth, Edward Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Garland, Francis Exeter 24 May, 1784 7 +Garth, Susannah, alias Grath +Gabel, Mary Southwark 13 Jan. 1784 7 +Gascoygne, Olive Worcester 5 March, 1785 7 +Gearing, Thomas Oxford 8 March, 1786 Life +Gess, George Glocester 24 March, 1784 7 +George, Anne London 11 May, 1785 7 +Glenton, Thomas Northallerton 5 April, 1785 7 +Gloster, William London 29 June, 1785 7 +Gordon, Daniel Winchester 5 April, 1785 7 +Goodwin, Edward London 21 April, 1784 7 +Goodwin, Andrew Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Gould, John Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Gray, Charles Southwark 16 Feb. 1785 7 +Griffiths, Samuel, alias Briscow, alias Butcher Gloucester 24 March, 1784 7 +Greenwell, Nicholas London 10 Decem. 1784 7 +Green, John Reading 11 July, 1786 7 +Griffiths, Thomas London 15 Septem. 1784 7 +Granger, Charles Plymouth 20 Decem. 1786 7 +Grace, James +Green, Hannah +Groves, Mary Lincoln 9 July, 1785 7 +Green, Mary London 18 August, 1787 7 +Green, Ann Ditto 13 Decem. 1786 7 +Greenwood, Mary Ditto 13 Decem. 1786 7 +Gunter, William Bristol 4 August, 1783 7 +Handford, John Winchester 1 March, 1785 7 +Hatcher, John Ditto 1 March, 1785 7 +Hatfield, William Maidstone 14 March, 1785 7 +Hawkes, Richard Reading 28 July, 1785 7 +Harris, William Maidstone 11 July, 1785 7 +Hatch, John Reading 10 Jan. 1786 7 +Hartley, John Oxford 2 March, 1785 7 +Hart, John Stafford 27 July, 1785 7 +Haines, Joseph Gloucester 13 July, 1785 7 +Hathaway, Henry Ditto 24 March, 1784 7 +Hayes, Dennis London 10 Decem. 1784 7 +Hall, Samuel Ditto 12 March, 1785 7 +Harbine, Joseph +Harper, Joshua London 10 Septem. 1783 7 +Hayton, George, alias Clayton Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Harrison, Joseph Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Hart, John Ditto 12 Jan. 1785 7 +Harris, John Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 Life +Hayes, John Guildford 11 August, 1784 7 +Hattom, Joseph +Harrison, Joseph +Hamlin, William Exeter 12 Jan. 1784 7 +Hall, Joseph Ditto 12 Jan. 1784 Life +Hall, John Ditto 24 May, 1784 7 +Hadon, John Ditto +Hares, William +Handy, Cooper +Haynes, William +Hervey, Elizabeth +Hall, Margaret +Hart, Frances +Harrison, Mary Lincoln 6 March, 1784 7 +Heading, James Chelmsford 7 March, 1785 Life +Headington, Thomas Abingdon 7 July, 1785 7 +Herbert, John London 21 April, 1784 7 +Hart, Catherine Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Herbert, John Exeter 14 March, 1786 7 +Handland, Dorothy, alias Gray London 22 Feb. 1786 7 +Hall, Sarah Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Hamilton, Maria Ditto 19 October, 1785 7 +Harrison, Mary Ditto 19 October, 1785 7 +Harwood, Esther, alias Howard Ditto 20 August, 1786 7 +Hayward, Elizabeth Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Hall, Elizabeth Newcastle 18 Jan. 1786 7 +Herbert, Jane, alias Rose, alias Jenny Russell London 30 August, 1786 7 +Henry, Catherine Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Hill, John Maidstone 14 March, 1785 Life +Hindley, William, alias Platt Ormskirk 18 July, 1785 7 +Hindle, Ottiwell Preston 6 Oct. 1785 7 +Hill, John London 6 May, 1784 7 +Hill, Thomas Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Hilt, William Exeter 18 July, 1785 Life +Hill, Thomas 7 +Hipsley, Elizabeth London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Hill, Mary Ditto 25 Oct. 1786 7 +Hollister, Job Bristol 10 Feb. 1785 7 +Hawell, Thomas Stafford 5 Oct. 1785 7 +Holmes, William London 7 July, 1784 7 +Holloway, James Ditto 24 Aug. 1784 7 +Howard, 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James Ditto 11 May, 1785 7 +Wilson, Charles Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 Life +Williams, John, alias Black Jack Maidstone 2 August, 1784 7 +Williams, Robert Launceston 25 March, 1786 7 +Williams, John, alias Floyd Bodmin 18 August, 1783 7 +Wilding, John, alias Warren Bury 23 March, 1784 7 +Wickham, Mary New Sarum 2 August, 1788 14 +Williams, Peter, alias Flaggett, alias Creamer Exeter 24 May, 1784 7 +Wilcocks, Richard Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Williams, John Ditto 7 August, 1786 7 +Wisehammer, John Bristol 10 Feb. 1785 7 +Williams, Daniel Preston 23 March, 1785 7 +Williams, Frances Mold 2 Septem. 1783 7 +Williams, Mary London 22 Feb. 1786 7 +Wood, George Ditto 20 Oct. 1784 7 +Woodcock, Peter Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Woodham, Samuel Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 Life +Worsdell, William Launceston 22 March, 1783 7 +Woolcot, John Exeter 18 July, 1785 Life +Woodcock, Francis Shrewsbury 13 March, 1784 7 +Wood, Mark +Wright, Thomas Reading 28 Feb. 1785 7 +Wright, Benjamin London 6 May, 1784 7 +Wright, Joseph Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Wright, William Ditto 15 Sept. 1783 7 +Wright, James Maidstone 11 August, 1783 7 +Wright, Ann London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Yardsley, Thomas, Shrewsbury 4 August, 1784 7 +Yates, Nancy York 9 July, 1785 7 +Young, John London 20 Oct. 1784 7 +Young, Simon Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Youngson, Elizabeth Lancaster 6 March, 1787 7 +Youngson, George Ditto 6 March, 1787 7 + +</pre> + +<h2>The End</h2> + +<hr align="center" width="70%"> +<hr align="center" width="40%"> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Voyage Of Governor Phillip To +Botany Bay, by Arthur Phillip + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VOYAGE TO BOTANY BAY *** + +***** This file should be named 15100-h.htm or 15100-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/1/0/15100/ + +Produced by Col Choat + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Voyage Of Governor Phillip To Botany Bay + With An Account Of The Establishment Of The Colonies Of Port Jackson + And Norfolk Island (1789) + + +Author: Arthur Phillip + +Release Date: February 18, 2005 [EBook #15100] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VOYAGE TO BOTANY BAY *** + + + + +Produced by Col Choat + + + + + +The Voyage +of +Governor Phillip +to +Botany Bay +with an +Account of the Establishment of the Colonies of +Port Jackson and Norfolk Island; +compiled from Authentic Papers, +which have been obtained from the several Departments +to which are added +the Journals of Lieuts. Shortland, Watts, Ball and Capt. Marshall +with an Account of their New Discoveries, +embellished with fifty five Copper Plates, +the Maps and Charts taken from Actual Surveys, +and the plans and views drawn on the spot, +by Capt. Hunter, Lieuts. Shortland, Watts, Dawes, Bradley, Capt. Marshall, etc. + + +London +Printed for John Stockdale, Piccadilly +1789 + + +TO THE MOST NOBLE +THE MARQUIS OF SALISBURY, +LORD CHAMBERLAIN OF HIS MAJESTY'S HOUSEHOLD, ETC., ETC. +THIS VOLUME, +CONTAINING ALL THAT IS YET KNOWN OF THE +SETTLEMENT AT SYDNEY COVE, +IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, BY +HIS LORDSHIP'S +MUCH OBLIGED, AND +MOST FAITHFUL +HUMBLE SERVANT, +JOHN STOCKDALE. +NOVEMBER 25, 1789. + + +ANECDOTES OF GOVERNOR PHILLIP. + +Arthur Phillip is one of those officers, who, like Drake, Dampier, and +Cook, has raised himself by his merit and his services, to distinction +and command. His father was Jacob Phillip, a native of Frankfort, in +Germany, who having settled in England, maintained his family and educated +his son by teaching the languages. His mother was Elizabeth Breach, who +married for her first husband, Captain Herbert of the navy, a kinsman of +Lord Pembroke. Of her marriage with Jacob Phillip, was her son, Arthur, +born in the parish of Allhallows, Bread-street, within the city of London, +on the 11th of October, 1738. + +Being designed for a seafaring life, he was very properly sent to the +school of Greenwich, where he received an education suitable to his early +propensities. At the age of sixteen, he began his maritime career, under +the deceased Captain Michael Everet of the navy, at the commencement of +hostilities, in 1755: and at the same time that he learned the rudiments +of his profession under that able officer, he partook with him in the early +misfortunes, and subsequent glories of the seven years war. Whatever +opulence Phillip acquired from the capture of the Havannah, certain it is, +that, at the age of twenty-three, he there was made a Lieutenant into the +Stirling-castle, on the 7th of June, 1761, by Sir George Pococke, an +excellent judge of naval accomplishments. + +But of nautical exploits, however they may raise marine officers, there +must be an end. Peace, with its blessings, was restored in 1763. And Phillip +now found leisure to marry; and to settle at Lyndhurst, in the New Forest, +where he amused himself with farming, and like other country gentlemen, +discharged assiduously those provincial offices, which, however unimportant, +occupy respectably the owners of land, who, in this island, require no office +to make them important. + +But sailors, like their own element, are seldom at rest. Those occupations, +which pleased Phillip while they were new, no longer pleased him when +they became familiar. And he hastened to offer his skill and his services to +Portugal when it engaged in warfare with Spain. His offer was readily +accepted, because such skill and services were necessary amidst an arduous +struggle with a too powerful opponent. And, such was his conduct and such +his success, that when the recent interference of France, in 1778, made +it his duty to fight for his king, and to defend his country, the Portugueze +court regretted his departure, but applauded his motive. + +His return was doubtless approved by those who, knowing his value, could +advance his rank: For he was made master and commander into the Basilisk +fireship, on the 2d of September, 1779. But in her he had little opportunity +of displaying his zeal, or of adding to his fame. This step, however, led +him up to a higher situation; and he was made post-captain into the Ariadne +frigate, on the 13th of November, 1781, when he was upwards of three and +forty. This is the great epoch in the lives of our naval officers, because +it is from this that they date their rank. In the Ariadne, he had little +time for active adventures, or for gainful prizes, being appointed to the +Europe of sixty-four guns, on the 23d of December, 1781. During the memorable +year 1782, Phillip promoted its enterprises, and shared in its glories. +And in January, 1783, he sailed with a reinforcement to the East Indies, +where superior bravery contended against superior force, till the policy +of our negotiators put an end to unequal hostilities by a necessary peace. + +The activity, or the zeal of Phillip, was now turned to more peaceful +objects. And when it was determined to form a settlement on that part of +New Holland, denominated New South Wales, he was thought of as a proper +officer to conduct an enterprize, which required professional knowledge, +and habitual prudence. His equipment, his voyage, and his settlement, in +the other hemisphere, will be found in the following volume. When the time +shall arrive that the European settlers on Sydney Cove demand their historian, +these authentic anecdotes of their pristine legislator will be sought for +as curious, and considered as important. + + +ERRATA (These have been corrected in this eBook) +Page, line +1, 15, for enterprizes, read enterprises. +13, penult. for only fifty, read an hundred. +Ibid. ult. for Penryn, read Penrhyn. +75, 7, for Surprize, read Surprise. +87, 14, after 17, dele th. +96, 13, for into, read in. +149, 10, for Kangooroo, read Kanguroo. The orthography of a word + derived only from oral sound is in some degree arbitrary; but + it ought to be consistant. The plates, by mistake, have Kangooroo. +185, 14, for it were were, read if it were. +203, 3, for Fobn, read Thomas. +213, 10, for four, read forty. +228, 23, bis, for Macauley, read Macaulay. +231, 15, for Patri, read Pabi. +252, Margin, for May, read June. +253, Ditto. +255, Margin, for July, read June. +256, Ditto. +232, 18, for Taha, read Toha. +242, 9, for who, read whom. +246, 25, for veer'd, read near'd. + + +N. B. Some of the early impressions of the plates have erroneously Wulpine +Oppossum for Vulpine Opossum. After a few were work'd off the fault was +perceived, and corrected. + + +ADVERTISEMENT. + +The arrangement of materials in this volume being in some respects less +perfect than might be wished, it is necessary that something should be +said to obviate any imputation of negligence. The truth will be the best, +and, as it ought, the only apology. The official papers of Governor Phillip, +which were liberally communicated by Government, formed at first our principal +source of intelligence. These, from their nature, could contain but little +information on subjects of natural history, and many other points, concerning +which the curiosity of every reader would naturally be excited. The efforts +of the publisher to give satisfaction to the public in these respects produced +a gradual influx of materials; and the successive arrival of different vessels +from the Indian seas, occasioned additions to the work, which made it +necessary to engrave new plates. While, therefore, the completion +of the book was anxiously pressed by many who were eager to possess it, +that desirable point has constantly been deferred by the communications of +those who were studious to render it more valuable; and the word Finis, has +seemed to fly from us, like Italy before the wandering Trojans. From the +combination of these circumstances it has arisen, that every separate part +has been hurried on in the execution; and yet, in the finishing of the +whole, more time has elapsed, than would have been necessary to complete +a much more ample volume. The defects that proceed from these causes, it +is hoped, the reader will forgive, and accept with complacency a volume +in which, it is confidently hoped, nothing material has been omitted that +is connected with its principal object, the formation of a settlement +promising both glory and advantage to this country; in which several +important discoveries are announced; no small accession is made to the +stores of natural history; and interesting notices are communicated of +countries visited before, and persons in whose fate the public has long +felt an interest. + +The publisher thinks it his duty, in this place, to return thanks to the +following noblemen and gentlemen, for their kind assistance and free +communications. The Marquis of Salisbury, Viscount Sydney, Lord Hood, +Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. Mr. Rose, Mr. Nepean, Mr. Stephens, Sir Charles +Middleton, Sir Andrew Snape Hammond, Mr. Dalrymple, and Mr. Chalmers: but, +to Mr. Latham particularly, the most grateful acknowledgements are due, +for having furnished many drawings and accurate descriptions, which stamp +a value on the natural history contained in this work, and must for ever +render it an object of attention to all lovers of that science: and to +Lieutenant Shortland, Lieutenant Watts, and Captain Marshall, of the +Scarborough transport, the public owe whatever important discoveries and +useful knowledge may be found in their journals, which they communicated +with a disinterestedness that the publisher will be always happy to +acknowledge. + + +ACCOUNT OF THE VIGNETTE. + +The elegant vignette in the title-page, was engraved from a medallion which +the ingenious Mr. Wedge-wood caused to be modelled from a small piece of +clay brought from Sydney Cove. The clay proves to be of a fine texture, +and will be found very useful for the manufactory of earthern ware. The +design is allegorical; it represents Hope encouraging Art and Labour, +under the influence of Peace, to pursue the employments necessary to give +security and happiness to an infant settlement. The following verses upon +the same subject, and in allusion to the medallion, were written by the +author of The Botanic Garden, and will speak more powerfully for themselves +than any encomium we could bestow. + + +VISIT OF HOPE TO SYDNEY-COVE, NEAR BOTANY-BAY. + +Where Sydney Cove her lucid bosom swells, +Courts her young navies, and the storm repels; +High on a rock amid the troubled air +HOPE stood sublime, and wav'd her golden hair; +Calm'd with her rosy smile the tossing deep, +And with sweet accents charm'd the winds to sleep; +To each wild plain she stretch'd her snowy hand, +High-waving wood, and sea-encircled strand. +"Hear me," she cried, "ye rising Realms! record +"Time's opening scenes, and Truth's unerring word.-- +"There shall broad streets their stately walls extend, +"The circus widen, and the crescent bend; +"There, ray'd from cities o'er the cultur'd land, +"Shall bright canals, and solid roads expand.-- +"There the proud arch, Colossus-like, bestride +"Yon glittering streams, and bound the chasing tide; +"Embellish'd villas crown the landscape-scene, +"Farms wave with gold, and orchards blush between.-- +"There shall tall spires, and dome-capt towers ascend, +"And piers and quays their massy structures blend; +"While with each breeze approaching vessels glide, +"And northern treasures dance on every tide!"-- +Then ceas'd the nymph--tumultuous echoes roar, +And JOY's loud voice was heard from shore to shore-- +Her graceful steps descending press'd the plain, +And PEACE, and ART, and LABOUR, join'd her train. + + +VIEW of the FLEET and ESTABLISHMENT sent out with +GOVERNOR PHILLIP to NEW SOUTH WALES. + +Captain ARTHUR PHILLIP of the Navy, Governor and Commander in Chief of +the territory of New South Wales, and of his Majesty's ships and vessels +employed on that coast. + +Major Robert Ross, Lieutenant Governor. +Richard Johnson, Chaplain. +Andrew Miller, Commissary. +David Collins, Judge Advocate. +John Long, Adjutant. +James Furzer, Quarter-Master. +*George Alexander, Provost Martial. +John White, Surgeon. +Thomas Arndell, Assistant Ditto. +William Balmain, Ditto Ditto. + +His Majesty's ship Sirius, +Captain Arthur Phillip. +Captain John Hunter. + +His Majesty's armed tender Supply, +Lieutenant H. L. Ball. + +Six transports carrying the convicts. +Alexander 210 men convicts. women convicts. +Scarborough 210 men convicts. +Friendship 80 men convicts. 24 +Charlotte 100 men convicts. 24 +Prince of Wales -- -- 100 +Lady Penrhyn -- -- 102 + +Each transport had a detachment of marines on board. + +Three store ships: + +The Golden Grove, Fishburn, and Borrowdale; +With provisions, implements for husbandry, cloathing, +etc. for the convicts. + +Lieutenant John Shortland, agent for the transports. + +The garrison is formed from the marines. + + +Distribution of the Detachment of MARINES for NEW SOUTH +WALES, with the Number embarked on board of each of +the Transports upon that Service. + +Ships |Names |Captains |Subs|Serj-|Corp-|Drum and|Privates|Embarked| +Names |of Officers | | |eants|orals|fife | | | + +Lady Captain Campbell 1 2 0 0 0 3 Portsmouth +Penrhyn Lieut G. Johnston + Lieut. Wm Collins + +Scarb- Captain Shea 1 2 2 2 1 26 Portsmouth +orough Lieutenant Kellow + Lieutenant Morrison + +Friend- Capt. Lieut. Meredith 1 2 2 3 1 36 Plymouth +ship Lieutenant Clarke + Lieutenant Faddy + +Charl- Captain Tench 1 2 3 3 1 34 Plymouth +otte Lieutenant Cresswell + Lieutenant Poulden + +Alex- Lieutenant J. Johnston 0 2 2 2 1 30 Woolwich. +ander Lieutenant Shairp + +Prince Lieutenant Davy 0 2 2 2 1 25 +of Lieutenant Timmins +Wales Provost Martial + --------------------------------------- + 4 12 11 12 5 154 +put on board his Majesty's ship 0 0 1 0 3 6 +Sirius, as supernumeraries. + --------------------------------------- +Total of the detachment 4 12 12 12 8 160 + --------------------------------------- + +Forty women, wives to the Marines, permitted to go out with the Garrison. + + +CONTENTS + +Chapter I. + +Public utility of voyages--Peculiar circumstances of this--New Holland +properly a continent--Reasons for fixing our settlement +there--Transportation to America, its origin, advantages, and +cessation--Experiments made--The present plan adopted--Disadvantages of +other expedients. + +Chapter II. + +Preparation of the fleet ordered to Botany Bay.--Particulars of its +arrangement.--Departure and passage to the Canary Isles. + +Chapter III. + +Reasons for touching at the Canary Isles--Precautions for preserving +Health--Their admirable Success--Some Account of the Canaries--Fables +respecting them--Attempt of a Convict to escape--Departure. +Report of the Marines and Convicts under medical treatment, June 4, 1787 + +Chapter IV. + +Attempt to put in at Port Praya--Relinquished--Weather--Sail for Rio de +Faneiro--Reasons for touching at a South American port--The Fleet passes +the Line--Arrives at Rio de Faneiro--Account of that Place--Transactions +there--Departure. + +Chapter V. + +Prosperous passage from Rio to the Cape--Account of the Harbours there--The +Cape of Good Hope not the most Southern point--Height of Table Mountain +and others--Supineness of the European nations in neglecting to occupy the +Cape--Live stock laid in--Departure--Separation of the fleet--Arrival of the +Supply at Botany Bay. + +Chapter VI. + +First interview with the natives--the bay examined--arrival of the whole +fleet--Port Jackson examined--second interview with the natives--and +third--Governor Phillip returns to Botany Bay--and gives orders for the +evacuation of it. + +Chapter VII. + +Removal from Botany Bay--Arrival of two French ships--Account of +them--Preparations for encampment--Difficulties--Scurvy breaks out--Account +of the red and yellow gum trees. + +Chapter VIII. + +Description of Port Jackson and the adjacent country--The Governor's +commission read--his Speech--his humane resolutions respecting the +Natives--difficulties in erecting huts and other buildings--departure of +Lieutenant King to Norfolk Island. Instructions for P. G. King, Esq; +Superintendant and Commandant of the Settlement of Norfolk Island + +Chapter IX. + +A Criminal Court held--Broken Bay explored by Governor Phillip--Interviews +with the Natives--Peculiarities remarked--Friendly behaviour and +extraordinary courage of an old man. + +Chapter X. + +Departure of the French Ships--Death of M. Le Receveur--Return of the +Supply from Norfolk Island--Description of that Place--Howe Island +discovered. Particulars of the life of P. G. King, Esq + +Chapter XI. + +Three of the transports cleared--Two excursions made into the country, on +the fifteenth of April, and on the twenty-second--Huts of the +natives--Sculpture, and other particulars. Description of the Kanguroo. +Dimensions of the stuffed Kanguroo, in the possession of Mr. Stockdale. +Account of the live stock in the settlement at Port Jackson, May 1, 1788 + +Chapter XII. + +The Supply returns from Lord Howe Island--Some convicts assaulted by the +natives--excursion of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay by Land--interview +with many natives--the fourth of June celebrated--some account of the +climate. Return of Sick, &c. June 30, 1788 + +Chapter XIII. + +Particular description of Sydney Cove--Of the buildings actually +erected--and of the intended town--A settlement made at the head of the +harbour. + +Chapter XIV. + +Fish violently seized by the natives--Another expedition of the +Governor--Further account of the manners and manufactures of the native +inhabitants of New South Wales--Difficulty of obtaining any intercourse. +Remarks and Directions for sailing into PORT JACKSON, by Capt. J. HUNTER, +of the SIRIUS. Height of neap and spring tides, at full and change of the moon. + +Chapter XV. + +Some Specimens of Animals from New South Wales; description of The spotted +Opossum; Vulpine Opossum; Norfolk Island Flying-Squirrel. Blue Bellied Parrot; +Tabuan Parrot; Pennantian Parrot; Pacific Parrakeet; Sacred King's-fisher; +Superb Warbler, male; Superb Warbler, female; Caspian Tern; Norfolk Island +Petrel; Bronze-winged Pigeon; White-fronted Heron; Wattled Bee-Eater; +Psittaceous Hornbill; dimensions of a large Kanguroo. + +Chapter XVI. + +Papers relative to the settlement at Port Jackson.--General return of +marines.--Return of officers.--Artificers belonging to the Marine +Detachment.--List of officers and privates desirous of remaining in the +country.--Return of provisions.--Return of Sick. + +Chapter XVII. + +Nautical directions, and other detached remarks, by Lieutenant Ball, +concerning Rio de Janeiro, Norfolk Island, Ball Pyramid, and Lord Howe +Island. + +Chapter XVIII. + +Concise account of Lieutenant Shortland--His various services--Appointed +agent to the transports sent to New South Wales--Ordered by Governor +Phillip to England, by Batavia--Journal of his voyage--New discoveries. + +Chapter XIX. + +August 1788 to February 1789 + +Appearance of the scurvy--The boats land at one of the Pelew +Islands--Account of the Natives who were seen, and conjectures concerning +them--Distresses--The Friendship cleared and sunk--Miserable condition of +the Alexander when she reached Batavia.--Conclusion. + +Chapter XX. + +Lieutenant Watts's Narrative of the Return of the Lady Penrhyn Transport; +containing an Account of the Death of Omai, and other interesting +Particulars at Otaheite. + +Chapter XXI. + +The Scarborough leaves Port Jackson--Touches at Lord Howe's Island--Joins +the Charlotte--Falls in with a large Shoal--Discover a number of +Islands--Short account of the Inhabitants--Canoes described--Ornaments-- +Discover Lord Mulgrave's Islands--Arrival at Tinian--Sick people sent on +shore--Departure from Tinian--Arrival in Mocao Roads. + +CHAPTER XXII. + +Supplemental Account of Animals from New South Wales, containing, Descriptions +of the Bankian Cockatoo; Red-shouldered Parrakeet; Crested Goat Sucker; +New Holland Cassowary; White Gallinule; Dog from New South Wales; Spotted +Martin; Kanguroo Rat; Laced Lizard; Port Jackson Shark; Bag Throated Balistes; +Unknown Fish from New South Wales; Watts's Shark; Great Brown +Kingsfisher.--Additional Account of the Kanguroo--Anecdote of Captain Cook +and Otoo, by Mr. Webber.--Dr. Blane's Account of the good Effects of the +Yellow Gum.--Botany Bay Plants.--Lieut. Watts's Account of the Weather at +Botany Bay and Port Jackson.--Conclusion. + +CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX. + +Table I. Route of the Alexander, Lieutenant Shortland, from the Cape + of Good Hope to Botany Bay +Table II. Route of the Supply, Lieut. Ball, after parting with the + Alexander, to Botany Bay +Table III. Route of the Supply, Lieut. Ball, from Port Jackson to Norfolk + Island +Table IV. Route of the Supply from Norfolk Island to Port Jackson +Table V. Route of the Supply from Port Jackson to Lord Howe Island, + and from thence to Port Jackson +Table VI. Route of the Alexander, Lieut. Shortland, from Port Jackson + to Batavia +Table VII. Route of the Lady Penrhyn, Capt. Sever, from Port Jackson + to Otaheite +Table VIII.Route of the Lady Penrhyn, Capt. Sever, from Otaheite to China +Table IX. Route of the Scarborough, Capt. Marshall, from Port Jackson to China +List of the Convicts sent to New South Wales + + +A LIST OF THE SUBSCRIBERS + +A. + +ANDREWS, James Pettit, Esq. F. A. S. +Apsley, Viscount, M. P. +Aubrey, Sir John, Bart. M. P. +Allen, Robert, Esq. +Aylesford, Earl of +A'Court, William Pierce Ashe, Esq. M. P. +Aldersey, William, Esq. +Andrews, Sir Joseph, Bart. +Addington, Right Hon. Henry, Speaker of the House of Commons +Arden, John, Esq. Arden Hall +Addington, John Hiley, Esq. M. P. +Arden, Sir Richard Pepper, M. P. Master of the Rolls +Anson, George, Esq. M. P. +Adams, Mr. James Blake +Arnold, George, Esq. +Astley, Sir Edward, Bart. M. P. +Annesley, Hon. Richard +Appleyard, Mr. 6 copies +Allen, Thomas, Esq. +Ashton, Nicholas, Esq. +Aisley, Stephen, Esq. Kensington + +B. + +Bath, Marchioness of +Bickingham, Mr. +Baber, Edward, Esq. +Bathurst, Thomas, Esq. +Blackburne, John, Esq. M. P. +Breadalbane, Earl of +Belgrave, Lord, M. P. +Buccleugh, Duke of +Barwell, Thomas Smith, Esq. +Barker, Francis, Esq. +Bootle, R. Wilbraham, Esq. M. P. +Bissett, Maurice, Fsq. +Banks, Sir Joseph, Bart. +Bolton, Duke of +Butler, Rev. Mr. +Black, Captain Alexander +Bosville, William, Esq. +Buckingham, Marquis of +Barwell, Richard, Esq. M. P. +Bland, General +Beaufort, Duke of +Bearcroft, Edward, Esq. M. P. +Bath, Marquis of +Black, Mr. 4 copies +Bond, Mr. +Berkeley, Earl +Beresford, Right Hon. John +Bull, Mr. bookseller, Bath, 6 copies +Baleman, Mr. +Beach, Captain +Baldwin, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Brown, Mr. bookseller +Blamire, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Booker, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Beckett, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Binns, Mr. bookseller, Leeds +Breadhower, Mr. bookseller, Portsmouth +Burbage, Mr. bookseller, Nottingham +Baker, Mr. Bookseller, Southampton, 3 copies +Blackwell, Sir L. Bart. +Bevor, Dr. +Boucher, Rev. Mr. +Brown, Richard +Barry, Mr. Library, Hastings +Bell, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies +Buckland, Mr. bookseller, 5 copies +Byfield, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Bindley, James, Esq. F. S. A. +Boosey, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Bagshaw, John, Esq. +Bew, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Barnet, Mr. Thomas + +C. + +Cottrell, John, Esq. +Clements, John, Esq. +Chalmers, George, Esq. +Chatham, Earl of +Calthorpe, Sir Henry Gough, Bart. +Call, John, Esq. M. P. +Clayton, George, Esq. +Campbell, Major +Chesterfield, Earl of +Cox, Mr. +Crauford, Mr. A. 2 copies +Charlival, Countess of +Chiswell, R. M. T. Esq. +Chetwynd, Hon. Richard +Chichester, Sir John, Bart. +Crespigny, P. C. Esq. +Carysfort, Earl of +Collins, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Cadell, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Cornell, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies +Clarke, Mr. bookseller, Manchester +Collins, Mr. bookseller, Salisbury +Constable, Golding, Esq. +Cook, Mr. bookseller, Godalming, 2 copies. +Clarke, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Cuthell, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies +Charlton, St. John, Esq. +Cooper, Dr. + +D. + +Dickens, Francis, Esq. M. P. +De Salis, Rev. Dr. +Dodswell, T. Esq. Pool-court +De Lancy, Colonel +Donowell, Mr. architect +Dalrymple, Alexander, Esq. +Dayrell, Edmund, Esq. +Davies, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Debrett, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Dalling, Sir John, Bart. +Dartmouth, Earl of +De Freire, Chevalier, 2 copies +Dacre, Lord +Davison, Alexander, Esq. +Dilly, Mr. bookseller, 50 copies +Dangerfield, Mr. bookseller +Drewry, Mr. bookseller, Derby +Dover, Lord +Dawes, John, Esq. M. P. +Delaval, Lord +Drummond, John, Esq. M. P. + +E. + +Effingham, Earl of +Essex, Earl of +East, Gilbert, Esq. +Eliott, Lord +Egerton, Colonel William, M. P. +Enderby, Mr. Samuel +Eardley, Lord +Elliott, William, Esq. +Erving, George, Esq. +Edwards, Captain +Eyre, Edward, Esq. +Evans, Mr. bookseller, 30 copies +Egertons, Messrs. booksellers, 12 copies +Edwards, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Edwards, Mr. bookseller, Halifax +Enderby, Mr. Charles +Ernst, Anthony, Esq. jun. Camberwell +Enderby, Mr. George +Edmiston, Rev. William +Elmsley, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies + +F. + +Fairford, Lord +Finch, Hon. William +Ford, Richard, Esq. M. P. +Fitzgerald, Lord Robert +Fane, Francis, Esq. M. P. +Frost, John, Esq. +Frederic, Sir John, Bart. M. P. +Fletcher, Mr. bookseller, Oxford, 6 copies +Fortescue, Earl of +Forster, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Forsyth, William, Esq. Kensington +Faulder, Mr. bookseller, 31 copies +Fife, Earl of +Fetherston, Thomas, Esq. Lincoln's-inn +Ferrier, Robert England, Esq. +Faden, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies + +G. + +Goulding, Mr. Geo. bookseller, 25 copies +Glover, Richard, Esq. +Grigby, Joshua, Esq. M. P. +Greame, Charles, Esq. +Graham, Sir James, Bart. M. P. +Gregory, Rev. Edward Langar +Grenville, Hon. Mrs. +Gardner, Mr. bookseller, 25 copies +Gernay, Mr. bookseller, Dublin, 50 copies +Goodwyn, Henry, Esq. +Goodwin, Henry, Esq. jun. +Grey de Wilton, Lord +Grote, George, Esq. + +H. + +Hopetoun, Earl of +Hawke, Lord +Hanmer, Job, Esq. Holbrook Hall +Harpur, Sir Harry, Bart. +Hunt, Joseph, Esq. +Hood, Lord, M. P. +Houghton, Sir Henry, Bart. M. P. +Hayes, Mr. Charles +Hetherington, J. Esq. +Hodges, Mr. +Humphries, Captain James +Hannay, John, Esq. +Herman, Francis Anthony, Esq. +Hanrot, Mr. +Hamilton, Duke of +Hardinge, George, Esq. M. P. +Hannay, Sir Samuel, Bart. M. P. +Hill, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Hughes, Mr. +Hobart, Major, M. P. +Howard de Walden, Lord +Hoare, Charles, Esq. +Hawkins, Christopher, Esq. M. P. +Hinuber, Mr. +Haydon and son, booksellers, Plymouth, 5 copies +Hooper, Mr. +Hookham, Mr. bookseller, 25 copies +Hastings, Warren, Esq. +Hill, Sir Richard, Bart. M. P. +Harlow, Mrs. bookseller, 12 copies +Hall, Micah, Esq. + +I. + +Johnston, Peter, Esq. +Jenkyns, Mr. +Irwin, ----, Esq. +Jackson, William, jun. Esq. Exeter +Jolliffe, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Inchiquin, Earl of, M. P. +Johnson, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies + +K. + +Keith, Captain, R. N. +Kingsmill, Captain, R. N. M. P. +Kynaston, John, Esq. M. P. +Kent, Sir Charles, Bart. M. P. +Kensington, Charles, Esq. +Kirby, Mr. bookseller +King, Mr. bookseller, 4 copies +Knight and Son, booksellers, 3 copies + +L. + +Lewisham, Lord +Lambert, J. Esq. +Law, Edward, Esq. +Lane, Mr. bookseller, 2 copies +Lane, Mrs. +Loveden, Edward Loveden, Esq. M. P. +Long, ------, Esq. Aldermaston +Latrobe, Mr. Benjamin Henry +Lucas, Mr. William +Lovaine, Lord +Long, Samuel, Esq. +Lee, Mr. James, Hammersmith +Longmate, Mr. engraver +Lindergreen, Andrew, Esq. +Leinster, Duke of +Lodge, John, Esq. +Lister, Thomas, Esq. M. P. +Long, Sir James Tylney, Bart. M. P. +Le Mesurier, Paul, Esq. M. P. +Lowndes, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Longman, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Law, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Lackington, Mr. bookseller, 25 copies +Le Fleming, Sir Michael, Bart. M. P. +Latham, John, Esq. M. D. +Latham, John, jun. Esq. +Latham, Miss Ann +Langston, John, Esq. M. P. +Luttrell, Lady Elizabeth +Lewisham, Viscount, M. P. +Little, Richard, Esq. Kensington +Lewis, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies + +M + +Mitchel, Capt. A. R. N. +Miles, William, Esq. +Mornington, Lord, M. P. +Moreau, Simon, Esq. Cheltenham +Martin, George, Esq. +Martin, Edwin, Esq. Priory +Mazell, Mr. Peter, engraver +Medland, Mr. engraver +Macclesfield, Earl of +Middleton, R. Esq. +Mineur, Mr. +Marshall, Lieutenant S. E. +Mehaux, John, Esq. +Milnes, Richard Slater, Esq. M. P. +Mecormick, Mrs. +Murray, Mr. bookseller, 18 copies +Marshall, John, Esq. +Maberly, Mr. Stephen +Martindale, John, Esq. +Mulgrave, Lord, M. P. +Monro, Dr. +M'Queen, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Matthews, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Merrill, Mr. bookseller, Cambridge +Mapletoft, Mr. +Macbride, Captain John, Esq. M. P. R. N. +Mainwaring, William, Esq. M. P. +Macnamara, John, Esq. M. P. +Middleton, William, Esq. M. P. +Morshead, Sir John, Bart. M. P. +Muncaster, Lord, M. P. +Marsh, Samuel, Esq. +Marsham, Charles, Esq. +Melbourne, Lady +Montolieu, Lewis, Esq. + +N + +Nepean, Evan, Esq. +Norton, Mr. James, bookseller, Bristol, 6 copies +Nares, Rev. Mr. +Nicol, Mr. George, bookseller, 12 copies +Neville, Richard Aldworth, Esq. M. P. +Nicholls, Frank, Esq. Whitchurch +Nash, Mr. jun. +Nowell, Henry Constantine, Esq. Shiplake +Newberry, Mrs. bookseller, 6 copies + +O + +Orchard, Paul, Esq. M. P. +Ogilvie and Speare, booksellers, 9 copies +Otridge, Mr. bookseller, 18 copies + +P + +Portlock, Capt. Nathaniel, R. N. +Pye, Walter, Esq. +Potenger, Thomas, Esq. +Prattent, Mr. engraver +Pitt, Right Hon. William, M. P. +Pocock, Sir Isaac, Bart. Reading +Peachey, John, Esq. M. P. +Penn, Granville, Esq. +Pochin, William, Esq. M. P. +Phiney, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Parkyns, Thomas Boothby, Esq. M. P. F. R. S. and F. A. S. +Pennant, Thomas, Esq. +Pitman, Thomas, Esq. Loxford Hall +Pye, Henry James, Esq. M. P. +Putland, William, Esq. +Peachey, Sir James, Bart. +Popham, Home, Esq. +Pollock, W. Esq. +Pierse, Henry, Esq. M. P. +Pery, Rev. John +Prince and Cook, booksellers, Oxford, 6 copies +Patterson, Captain +Phillips, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Peat and Newcomb, booksellers, Stamford +Pearson and Rollason, booksellers, Birmingham +Payne and Son, booksellers, 12 copies +Petrie, William, Esq. +Plampin, Lieutenant, R. N. +Phipps, Hon. Henry, M. P. +Pitt, William Morton, Esq. M. P. +Popham, William, Esq. M. P. + +R + +Rivers, Lord +Richards, Mr. +Ramsay, Capt. John +Rose, George, Esq. M. P. +Robinson, William, Esq. +Rolle, John, Esq. M. P. +Rawstorne, Lieut. Col. +Robinsons, Messrs. booksellers, 200 copies +Richardson, Mr. bookseller, 20 copies +Rome, George, Esq. +Roberts, Mr. +Ramsford, Nicholas, Esq. +Rous, Sir John, Bart. M. P. +Rodney, James, Esq. +Rivington, and Sons, booksellers, 20 copies +Robson and Clarke, booksellers, 25 copies + +S + +Salisbury, Marquis of, 2 copies +Salisbury, Marchioness of +St. Albans, Duke of +Stanley, Thomas, Esq. M. P. +Sturt, Charles, Esq. M. P. +Speke, Mrs. +Swale, John, Esq. +Smyth, John, Esq. +Saville, Hon. Henry +Scott, Major, M. P. +Shuckburgh, Sir George, Bart. M. P. +Stephens, Philip, Esq. M. P. +Skipwith, Sir Thomas George, Bart. +Sykes, Sir Francis, Bart. M. P. +St. John, St. Andrew, Esq. +Stanley, John, Esq. M. P. +Shore, Samuel, Esq. +Sitwell, Francis, Esq. +Spooner, Charles, Esq. +Smith, Sir John, Bart. +Smart, Baptist, Esq. +Sydney, Viscount, two copies +Spence, Mr. George +Scott, Thomas, Esq. M. P. +Sotheron, William, Esq. M. P. +Strahan, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Steele, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Scatcherd and Whittaker, booksellers, 6 copies +Sewell, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Spens, Walter, Esq. +Silvester, Mr. John, architect +Smith and Gardner, booksellers +Simmons and Kerby, booksellers, Canterbury +Swinney, Mr. bookseller, Birmingham +Smart and Cowslade, booksellers, Reading +Steele, Thomas, Esq. M. P. +Secker, George, Esq. +Swain, Rev. John Hadley +Scowen, James, Esq. +Staunton, G. T. Esq. +Sumner, John, Esq. +Society, the Philosophical, Derby +Stockdale, Mr. Jeremiah +Selkirk, Lord +Sumner, George, Esq. M. P. +Stanley, John Thomas, Esq. +Stalker, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Southern, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies + +T + +Townsend, Hon. John Thomas, M. P. +Thomson, Rev. Doctor, Kensington +Temple, Grenville, Esq. +Tullock, Mr. +Turnor, John, Esq. Gray's-inn +Tattersall, Mr. jun. +Townley, Charles, Esq. +Todd, Mr. bookseller, York, 6 copies +Tutte, Rev. Mr. +Townson, Lieutenant +Thorkelin, Dr. G. J. +Tessyman, Mr. bookseller, York +Trewman, Mr. bookseller, Exeter +Trotman, Fiennes, Esq. M. P. +Thorold, Sir John, Bart. M. P. +Temple, Sir John, Bart. +Thornton, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies + +V + +Vansittart, George, Esq. M. P. +Vansittart, Nicholas, Esq. +Vernor, Mr. bookseller, 18 copies + +W. + +Weymouth, Lord +Warren, Sir John Borlase, Bart. +Wolfe, Arthur, Esq. Attorney-General, Ireland +Walsh, John, Esq. +Wentworth, Lord +Willis, H. N. Esq. +Wright, Mr. +Woodford, Col. John +Wray, Sir Cecil, Bart. +Willis, Rev. Thomas +Wolfe, Lewis, Esq. +Watts, Lieutenant John, R. N. +Watts, Mr. D. P. +Wilton, George, Esq. +Wale, G. Esq. +Watts, Mr. Thomas +Warren, Sir George, M. P. +Walter, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Webber, Mr. John +Walker, James, Esq. +Watson, Serjeant +Welch, Mr. Joseph +White and Son, booksellers, 12 copies +Ware and Son, booksellers, White-haven +Woodmason, Mr. +Williamson, Captain +Wright, Mr. Thomas +Walcot, John, Esq. +Wood, Mr. bookseller, Shrewsbury +Wilson, Mr. +Wetton, Mr. bookseller, Chertsey +Wenman, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies +Wigglesworth, John, Esq. +Wedgewood, Josiah, Esq. +Wheeler, Mr. G. Wanstead +Wilkie, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Whieldon, Mr. bookseller, 12 copies +Williams, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies +Walker, Mr. bookseller, 3 copies +Wynne, Mr. bookseller, 6 copies + +Y + +Yorke, Hon. Philip, M. P. +Yorke, Charles, Esq. +Young, Sir Wm. Bart. M. P. +Yorke, the Hon. Mrs. Sydney-Farm +Young, William, Esq. +Yonge, Right Hon. Sir George, Bart. M. P. +Younge, Major William, Little Darnford Place. + + +LIST OF THE PLATES. + +1. Head of Governor Phillip +2. View of Botany Bay +3. Yellow Gum Plant +4. View in Port Jackson +5. Caspian Tern +6. Natives of Botany Bay +7. Chart of Norfolk Island +8. Lieutenant King +9. Hut in New South Wales +10. The Kanguroo +11. View in New South Wales +12. Sketch of Sydney Cove +13. Axe, Basket, and Sword +14. Plan of Port Jackson +15. Spotted Opossum +16. Vulpine Opossum +17. Flying Squirrel +18. Blue-bellied Parrot +19. Tabuan Parrot +20. Pennantian Parrot +21. Pacific Parrakeet +22. Sacred Kings-fisher +23. Male Superb Warbler +24. Female Superb Warbler +25. Norfolk Island Petrel +26. Bronze-winged Pigeon +27. White-fronted Heron +28. Wattled Bee-eater +29. Psittaceous Hornbill +30. Skeleton of the Head of the Kanguroo and Vulpine Opossum +31. Map and View of Lord Howe Island +32. Ball's Pyramid +33. Lieutenant Shortland +34. Chart of the Track of the Alexander +35. Shortland's Chart of New Georgia +36. Curtis's Isles +37. Macaulay's Isles +38. Track of the Scarborough +39. A Canoe, &c. Mulgrave's Range +40. Bankian Cockatoo +41. Red Shouldered Parrakeet +42. New Holland Goat-sucker +43. New Holland Cassowary +44. White Gallinule +45. Dog of New South Wales +46. Martin Cat +47. Kanguroo Rat +48. Laced Lizard +49. Bag-throated Balistes +50. Fish of New South Wales +51. Port Jackson Shark +52. Watt's Shark +53. Great brown Kingsfisher +54. Black flying Opossum +55. Vignette in title page.--For an explanation see the Preface. + + +Chapter I. + +Public utility of voyages--Peculiar circumstances of this--New Holland +properly a continent--Reasons for fixing our settlement +there--Transportation to America, its origin, advantages, and +cessation--Experiments made--The present plan adopted--Disadvantages of +other expedients. + +From voyages undertaken expressly for the purpose of discovery, the +public naturally looks for information of various kinds: and it is a fact +which we cannot but contemplate with pleasure, that by the excellent +publications subsequent to such enterprises, very considerable additions +have been made, during the present reign, to our general knowledge of the +globe, of the various tribes by which it is peopled, and of the animals +and vegetables to which it gives support. + +An expedition occasioned by motives of legislative policy, carried on by +public authority, and concluded by a fixed establishment in a country +very remote, not only excites an unusual interest concerning the fate of +those sent out, but promises to lead us to some points of knowledge +which, by the former mode, however judiciously employed, could not have +been attained. A transient visit to the coast of a great continent +cannot, in the nature of things, produce a complete information +respecting its inhabitants, productions, soil, or climate: all which when +contemplated by resident observers, in every possible circumstance of +variation, though they should be viewed with less philosophical +acuteness, must yet gradually become more fully known: Errors, sometimes +inseparable from hasty observation, will then be corrected by infallible +experience; and many objects will present themselves to view, which +before had escaped notice, or had happened to be so situated that they +could not be observed. + +The full discovery of the extent of New Holland, by our illustrious +navigator, Capt. Cook, has formed a singular epocha in geography; a doubt +having arisen from it, whether to a land of such magnitude the name of +island or that of continent may more properly be applied. To this +question it may be answered, that though the etymology of the word +island,* and of others synonymous to it, points out only a land +surrounded by the sea, or by any water, (in which sense the term is +applicable even to the largest portions of the habitable globe) yet it is +certain that, in the usual acceptation, an island is conceived to signify +a land of only moderate extent, surrounded by the sea.** To define at what +point of magnitude precisely, a country so situated shall begin to be a +continent, could not answer any purpose of utility; but the best and +clearest rule for removing the doubt appears to be the following: As long +as the peculiar advantages of an insular situation can be enjoyed by the +inhabitants of such a country, let it have the title of an island; when +it exceeds those limits let it be considered as a continent. Now the +first and principal advantage of an island, is that of being capable of a +convenient union under one government, and of deriving thence a security +from all external attacks, except by sea. In lands of very great +magnitude such an union is difficult, if not impracticable, and a +distinction founded on this circumstance, is therefore sufficient for +convenience at least, if*** not for speculative accuracy. If we suppose +this extent to be something about one thousand miles each way, without, +however, affecting much rigour in the limitation, the claim of New +Holland to be called a continent, will be indisputable: The greatest +extent of that vast country being, from East to West, about two thousand +four hundred English miles, and, from North to South, not less than two +thousand three hundred.**** + +[* Insula, from which island is derived, is formed from in sulo, in the +sea; and, the corresponding word in Greek, is usually deduced from to +swim, as appearing, and probably having been originally supposed to swim +in the sea.] + +[** Thus when Dionysius Periegetes considers the whole ancient world as +surrounded by the sea, he calls it, an immense island; on which +Eustathius remarks, that the addition of the epithet immense was +necessary, otherwise the expression would have been low and inadequate.] + +[*** We do not here consider whether a country be actually united under one +government, but whether from its size it might be so conveniently. If we +might derive from, or to inhabit, the etymological distinction would be +complete on these principles. An island being one distinct habitation of +men; and a continent land continued from one state to another. The former +derivation might be rendered specious by remarking how singularly Homer +and others use with, as if they had a natural connection. See II. B. +626. and, Sophoc. Ajax. 601.] + +[**** In or near the latitude of 30 deg. South, New Holland extends full 40 +degrees of longitude, which, under that parallel, may be estimated at 60 +English miles to a degree. The extent from York Cape to South Cape is full +33 degrees of latitude, which are calculated of course at 691/2 English +miles each.] + +To New South Wales England has the claim which a tacit consent has +generally made decisive among the European States, that of prior +discovery. The whole of that Eastern coast, except the very Southern +point, having been untouched by any navigator, till it was explored by +Captain Cook. This consideration, added to the more favourable accounts +given of this side of the continent than of the other, was sufficient to +decide the choice of the British government, in appointing a place for +the banishment of a certain class of criminals. + +The cause of the determination to send out in this manner the convicts +under sentence of transportation, was, as is well known, the necessary +cessation of their removal to America; and the inconveniences experienced +in the other modes of destination adopted after that period. + +Virginia, greatly in want, at its first settlement, of labourers to clear +away the impenetrable forests which impeded all cultivation, was willing, +from very early times, to receive as servants, those English criminals +whom our Courts of Law deemed not sufficiently guilty for capital +punishment.* The planters hired their services during a limited term; and +they were latterly sent out under the care of contractors, who were +obliged to prove, by certificates, that they had disposed of them, +according to the intention of the law. + +[* Banishment was first ordered as a punishment for rogues and vagrants, +by statute 39 Eliz. ch. 4. See Blackst. Com. IV. chap. 31. But no place +was there specified. The practice of transporting criminals to America is +said to have commenced in the reign of James I; the year 1619 being the +memorable epoch of its origin: but that destination is first expressly +mentioned in 18 Car. II. ch. 2.--The transport traffic was first +regulated by statute 4 George I. ch. II. and the causes expressed in the +preamble to be, the failure of those who undertook to transport +themselves, and the great want of servants in his Majesty's plantations. +Subsequent Acts enforced further regulations.] + +The benefits of this regulation were various. The colonies received by +it, at an easy rate, an assistance very necessary; and the mother country +was relieved from the burthen of subjects, who at home were not only +useless but pernicious: besides which, the mercantile returns, on this +account alone, are reported to have arisen, in latter times, to a very +considerable amount.* The individuals themselves, doubtless, in some +instances, proved incorrigible; but it happened also, not very +unfrequently, that, during the period of their legal servitude, they +became reconciled to a life of honest industry, were altogether reformed +in their manners, and rising gradually by laudable efforts, to situations +of advantage, independence, and estimation, contributed honourably to the +population and prosperity of their new country.** + +[* It is said, forty thousand pounds per annum, about two thousand +convicts being sold for twenty pounds each.] + +[** The Abbe Raynal has given his full testimony to the policy of this +species of banishment, in the fourteenth Book of his History, near the +beginning.] + +By the contest in America, and the subsequent separation of the thirteen +Colonies, this traffic was of course destroyed. Other expedients, well +known to the public, have since been tried; some of which proved highly +objectionable;* and all have been found to want some of the principal +advantages experienced from the usual mode of transportation.--The +deliberations upon this subject, which more than once employed the +attention of Parliament, produced at length the plan of which this volume +displays the first result. On December 6, 1786, the proper orders were +issued by his Majesty in Council, and an Act establishing a Court of +Judicature in the place of settlement, and making such other regulations +as the occasion required, received the sanction of the whole legislature +early in the year 1787. + +[* ¶ Particularly, the transporting of criminals to the coast of Africa, +where what was meant as an alleviation of punishment too frequently ended +in death.] + +To expatiate upon the principles of penal law is foreign to the purpose +of this work, but thus much is evident to the plainest apprehension, that +the objects most to be desired in it are the restriction of the number of +capital inflictions, as far as is consistent with the security of +society; and the employment of every method that can be devised for +rendering the guilty persons serviceable to the public, and just to +themselves; for correcting their moral depravity, inducing habits of +industry, and arming them in future against the temptations by which they +have been once ensnared. + +For effectuating these beneficial purposes, well regulated penitentiary +houses seem, in speculation, to afford the fairest opportunity; and a +plan of this kind, formed by the united efforts of Judge Blackstone, Mr. +Eden, and Mr. Howard, was adopted by Parliament in the year 1779. +Difficulties however occurred which prevented the execution of this +design: a circumstance which will be something the less regretted when it +shall be considered, that it is perhaps the fate of this theory, in +common with many others of a very pleasing nature, to be more attractive +in contemplation than efficacious in real practice. A perfect design, +carried on by imperfect agents, is liable to lose the chief part of its +excellence; and the best digested plan of confinement must in execution +be committed, chiefly, to men not much enlightened, very little armed +against corruption, and constantly exposed to the danger of it. The +vigilance which in the infancy of such institutions effectually watches +over the conduct of these public servants, will always in a little time +be relaxed; and it will readily be conceived that a large penitentiary +house, very corruptly governed, would be, of all associations, one of the +most pernicious to those confined, and most dangerous to the peace of +society. + +In some countries, malefactors not capitally convicted, are sentenced to +the gallies or the mines; punishments often more cruel than death, and +here, on many accounts, impracticable. In other places they are employed +in public works, under the care of overseers. This method has been +partially tried in England on the Thames, but has been found by no means +to produce the benefits expected from it. There is, therefore, little +temptation to pursue it to a further extent. The employment of criminals +in works carried on under the public eye, is perhaps too repugnant to the +feelings of Englishmen ever to be tolerated. Reason, indeed, acquiesces +in the melancholy necessity of punishing, but chains and badges of +servitude are unpleasing objects, and compassion will always revolt at +the sight of actual infliction. Convicts so employed would either by an +ill placed charity be rewarded, or the people, undergoing a change of +character far from desirable, would in time grow callous to those +impressions which naturally impel them to give relief. + +It remains therefore, that we adhere as much as possible to the practice +approved by long experience, of employing the services of such criminals +in remote and rising settlements. For this purpose the establishment on +the eastern coast of New Holland has been projected, and carried on with +every precaution to render it as beneficial as possible. That some +difficulties will arise in the commencement of such an undertaking must +be expected; but it is required by no moral obligation that convicts +should be conveyed to a place of perfect convenience and security; and +though the voluntary emigrants and honourable servants of the state, must +in some measure, be involved for a time in the same disadvantages, yet to +have resisted difficulties is often finally an advantage rather than an +evil; and there are probably few persons so circumstanced who will repine +at moderate hardships, when they reflect that by undergoing them they are +rendering an essential and an honourable service to their country. + + +Chapter II. + +March 1787 to June 1787 + +Preparation of the fleet ordered to Botany Bay.--Particulars of its +arrangement.--Departure and passage to the Canary Isles. + +16 March 1787 + +The squadron destined to carry into execution the above design, began to +assemble at its appointed rendezvous, the Mother Bank, within the Isle of +Wight, about the 16th of March, 1787. This small fleet consisted of the +following ships: His Majesty's frigate Sirius, Captain John Hunter, and +his Majesty's armed tender Supply, commanded by Lieutenant H. L. Ball. +Three store-ships, the Golden Grove, Fishburn, and Borrowdale, for +carrying provisions and stores for two years; including instruments of +husbandry, clothing for the troops and convicts, and other necessaries; +and lastly, six transports, the Scarborough, and Lady Penrhyn, from +Portsmouth; the Friendship, and Charlotte, from Plymouth; the Prince of +Wales, and the Alexander, from Woolwich. These were to carry the +convicts, with a detachment of Marines in each, proportioned to the +nature of the service; the largest where resistance was most to be +expected, namely, in those ships which carried the greatest number of +male convicts. Altogether they formed a little squadron of eleven sail. + +They only who know the nature of such equipments, and consider the +particular necessity in the present instance for a variety of articles +not usually provided, can judge properly of the time required for +furnishing out this fleet. Such persons will doubtless be the least +surprised at being told that nearly two months had elapsed before the +ships were enabled to quit this station, and proceed upon their voyage: +and that even then some few articles were either unprepared, or, through +misapprehension, neglected. The former circumstance took place respecting +some part of the cloathing for the female convicts, which, being +unfinished, was obliged to be left behind; the latter, with respect to +the ammunition of the marines, which was furnished only for immediate +service, instead of being, as the Commodore apprehended, completed at +their first embarkation: an omission which, in the course of the voyage, +was easily supplied. + +This necessary interval was very usefully employed, in making the +convicts fully sensible of the nature of their situation; in pointing out +to them the advantages they would derive from good conduct, and the +certainty of severe and immediate punishment in case of turbulence or +mutiny. Useful regulations were at the same time established for the +effectual governing of these people; and such measures were taken as +could not fail to render abortive any plan they might be desperate enough +to form for resisting authority, seizing any of the transports, or +effecting, at any favourable period, an escape. We have, however, the +testimony of those who commanded, that their behaviour, while the ships +remained in port, was regular, humble, and in all respects suitable to +their situation: such as could excite neither suspicion nor alarm, nor +require the exertion of any kind of severity. + +When the fleet was at length prepared for sailing, the complement of +convicts and marines on board the transports was thus arranged. The +Friendship carried a Captain and forty-four marines, subalterns and +privates, with seventy-seven male and twenty female convicts. The +Charlotte, a Captain and forty-three men, with eighty-eight male and +twenty female convicts. In the Alexander, were two Lieutenants and +thirty-five marines, with two hundred and thirteen convicts, all male. In +the Scarborough, a Captain and thirty-three marines, with male convicts +only, two hundred and eight in number. The Prince of Wales transport had +two Lieutenants and thirty marines, with an hundred convicts, all female. +And the Lady Penrhyn, a Captain, two Lieutenants, and only three privates, +with one hundred and two female convicts. Ten marines, of different +denominations, were also sent as supernumeraries on board the Sirius. The +whole complement of marines, including officers, amounted to two hundred +and twelve; besides which, twenty-eight women, wives of marines, carrying +with them seventeen children, were permitted to accompany their husbands. +The number of convicts was seven hundred and seventy-eight, of whom five +hundred and fifty-eight were men. Two, however, on board the Alexander, +received a full pardon before the departure of the fleet, and +consequently remained in England. + +13 May 1787 + +Governor Phillip, on his arrival at the station, hoisted his flag on +board the Sirius, as Commodore of the squadron: and the embarkation being +completed, and the time requiring his departure, at day break on the 13th +of May, he gave the signal to weigh anchor. To the distance of about an +hundred leagues clear of the channel, his Majesty's frigate Hyena, of +twenty-four guns, was ordered to attend the fleet, in order to bring +intelligence of its passage through that most difficult part of the +voyage; with any dispatches which it might be requisite for the Governor +to send home. + +20 May 1787 + +On the 20th of May, the ships being then in latitude 47 deg. 57', and +longitude 12 deg. 14' west of London, the Hyena returned. She brought, +however, no exact account of the state of the transports; for the sea at +that time ran so high, that the Governor found it difficult even to sit +to write, and quite impracticable to send on board the several ships for +exact reports of their situation, and of the behaviour of the convicts. +All, however, had not been perfectly tranquil; the convicts in the +Scarborough, confiding probably in their numbers, had formed a plan for +gaining possession of that ship, which the officers had happily detected +and frustrated. This information was received from them just before the +Hyena sailed, and the Governor had ordered two of the ringleaders on +board the Sirius for punishment. These men, after receiving a proper +chastisement, were separated from their party by being removed into +another ship, the Prince of Wales. No other attempt of this kind was made +during the voyage. + +We may now consider the adventurers in this small fleet as finally +detached, for the present, from their native country; looking forward, +doubtless with very various emotions, to that unknown region, which, for +a time at least, they were destined to inhabit. If we would indulge a +speculative curiosity, concerning the tendency of such an enterprize, +there are few topics which would afford an ampler scope for conjecture. +The sanguine might form expectations of extraordinary consequences, and +be justified, in some degree, by the reflection, that from smaller, and +not more respectable beginnings, powerful empires have frequently arisen. +The phlegmatic and apprehensive might magnify to themselves the +difficulties of the undertaking, and prognosticate, from various causes, +the total failure of it. Both, perhaps, would be wrong. The opinion +nearest to the right was probably formed by the Governor himself, and +such others among the leaders of the expedition, as from native courage, +felt themselves superior to all difficulties likely to occur; and by +native good sense were secured from the seduction of romantic reveries. +To all it must appear a striking proof of the flourishing state of +navigation in the present age, and a singular illustration of its vast +progress since the early nautical efforts of mankind; that whereas the +ancients coasted with timidity along the shores of the Mediterranean, and +thought it a great effort to run across the narrow sea which separates +Crete from Egypt, Great Britain, without hesitation, sends out a fleet to +plant a settlement near the antipodes. + +3 June 1787 + +The high sea which had impeded the intercourse between the ships, as they +were out of the reach of rocks and shoals, was not, in other respects, an +unfavourable circumstance. On the whole, therefore, the weather was +reckoned fine, and the passage very prosperous from Spithead to Santa +Cruz, in the Isle of Teneriffe, where the fleet anchored on the 3d of +June. + + +Chapter III. + +June 1787 + +Reasons for touching at the Canary Isles--Precautions for preserving +Health--Their admirable Success--Some Account of the Canaries--Fables +respecting them--Attempt of a Convict to escape--Departure. + +3 June 1787 + +The chief object proposed by Governor Phillip in touching at Teneriffe, +was the obtaining a fresh supply of water and vegetables. It was +adviseable also at this period to give the people such advantages and +refreshments, for the sake of health, as this place would readily supply, +but which can only be obtained on shore. In this, and every port, the +crews, soldiers, and convicts, were indulged with fresh meat, fruit, +vegetables, and every thing which could conduce to preserve them from the +complaints formerly inevitable in long voyages. The allowance was, to the +marines, a pound of bread, a pound of beef, and a pint of wine per man, +daily: the convicts had three quarters of a pound of beef, and of bread, +but no wine. The fruits obtained here were only figs and mulberries, but +these were plentiful and excellent. How successfully precautions of every +kind, tending to this great end, were employed throughout the voyage, the +reports of the number of sick and dead will sufficiently evince. + +Captain Cook had very fully shown, how favourable such expeditions might +be made to the health of those engaged in them; and Governor Phillip was +happy enough to confirm the opinion, that the success of his great +predecessor, in this essential point, was not in any degree the effect of +chance, but arose from that care and attention of which he has humanely +given us the detail; and which, in similar circumstances, may generally +be expected to produce the same result. If the number of convicts who +died between the time of embarkation and the arrival of the fleet at this +place, should seem inconsistent with this assertion, it must be +considered that the deaths were confined entirely to that class of +people, many of whom were advanced in years, or labouring under diseases +contracted in prison or elsewhere, while they were yet on shore. + +A week was passed at this place, during which time the weather was very +moderate, the thermometer not exceeding 70 deg. of Fahrenheit's scale. The +barometer stood at about 30 inches. + +The Governor of the Canaries, at this time, was the Marquis de +Brancifort, by birth a Sicilian. He was resident as usual at Santa Cruz, +and paid to Governor Phillip, and the other officers, a polite attention +and respect equally honourable to all parties. The port of Santa Cruz, +though not remarkably fine, is yet the best in the Canaries, and the +usual place at which vessels touch for refreshment; the residence of the +Governor General is therefore fixed always in Teneriffe, for the sake of +a more frequent intercourse with Europe: in preference to the great +Canary Isle, which contains the Metropolitan church, and the palace of +the Bishop. The Marquis de Brancifort has lately established some useful +manufactures in Teneriffe. + +To enter into much detail concerning the Canary Islands, which lie +exactly in the course of every ship that sails from Europe to the Cape, +and consequently have been described in almost every book of voyages, +must be superfluous. A few general notices concerning them may, perhaps, +not be unacceptable. They are in number about fourteen, of which the +principal, and only considerable are, Canary, Teneriffe, Fortaventure, +Palma, Ferro, Gomera, Lancerotta. Their distance from the coast of Africa +is from about forty to eighty leagues. The circumference of Teneriffe is +not above one hundred and twenty miles, but that of Canary, or as it is +usually called, the Great Canary, is one hundred and fifty. They have +been possessed and colonized by Spain from the beginning of the 15th +century. + +There is no reason to doubt that these are the islands slightly known to +the ancients under the name of Fortunate: though the mistake of Ptolemy +concerning their latitude has led one of the commentators on Solinus to +contend, that this title belongs rather to the Islands of Cape Verd. +Pliny mentions Canaria, and accounts for that name from the number of +large dogs which the island contained; a circumstance which some modern +voyagers, perhaps with little accuracy, repeat as having occasioned the +same name to be given by the Spaniards. Nivaria, spoken of by the same +author, is evidently Teneriffe, and synonymous, if we are rightly +informed, to the modern name*. Ombrion, or Pluvialia, is supposed to be +Ferro; where the dryness of the soil has at all times compelled the +inhabitants to depend for water on the rains. + +[* Occasioned by the perpetual snows with which the Peak is covered. Tener +is said to mean snow, and itte or iffe a mountain, in the language of the +island.] + +If the ancients made these islands the region of fable, and their poets +decorated them with imaginary charms to supply the want of real +knowledge, the moderns cannot wholly be exempted from a similar +imputation. Travellers have delighted to speak of the Peak of Teneriffe, +as the highest mountain in the ancient world, whereas, by the best +accounts, Mont Blanc exceeds it* by 3523 feet, or near a mile of +perpendicular altitude. The Isle of Ferro, having no such mountain to +distinguish it, was celebrated for a century or two on the credit of a +miraculous tree, single in its kind, enveloped in perpetual mists, and +distilling sufficient water for the ample supply of the island.** But this +wonder, though vouched by several voyagers, and by some as eye-witnesses, +vanished at the approach of sober enquiry, nor could a single native be +found hardy enough to assert its existence. The truth is, that the Canary +Isles, though a valuable possession to Spain, and an excellent resource +to voyagers of all nations, contain no wonders, except what belong +naturally to volcanic mountains such as the Peak, which, though it always +threatens, has not now been noxious for more than eighty years***. + +[* The height of Mont Blanc, on a mean of the best accounts, is 15,673 +English feet from the level of the sea, Teneriffe 12,150.] + +[** Clipperton speaks of it as a fact, Harris's Voyages, Vol. I. p. 187. +Mandelsloe pretended to have seen it, ibid. p. 806. Baudrand was the +first who by careful enquiry detected the fiction. An account of this +imaginary tree, curious from being so circumstantial, is here given from +a French book of geography, of some credit in other respects. "Mais ce +qu'il-y-a de plus digne de remarque, est cet arbre merveilleux qui +fournit d'eau toute l'isle, tant pour les hommes que pour les betes. Cet +arbre, que les habitans appellent Caroe, Garoe, ou Arbre Saint, unique en +son espece, est gros, et large de branches; son tronc a environ douze +pieds de tour; ses feuilles sont un peu plus grosses que celles des +noiers, et toujours vertes; il porte un fruit, semblable a un gland, qui +a un noiau d'un gout aromatique, doux et piquant. Cet arbre est +perpetuellement convert d'un nuage, qui l'humecte partout, en sorte que +l'eau en distille goutte a goutte par les branches et par les feuilles, +en telle quantite qu'on en peut emplir trente tonneaux par jour. Cette +eau est extremement fraiche, claire, fort bonne a boire, et fort saine. +Elle tombe dans deux bassins de pierre que les insulaires ont batis pour +la recevoir. La nuage qui couvre cet arbre ne se dissipe pas; settlement +dans les grandes chaleurs de l'ete il se diminue un peu; mais en echange +la mer envoie une vapeur epaisse, qui se jette sur l'arbre, et qui +supplee a ce manquement." Du Bois Geogr. Part. iii. ch. 17. Can all this +have arisen from Pliny's arbores ex quibus aquae exprimantur?] + +[*** See Captain Glasse's elaborate account of the Canaries, and Captain +Cook's last Voyage.] + +The capital of Teneriffe is Laguna, or more properly San Christoval de la +Laguna, St. Christopher of the Lake, so called from its situation near a +lake. Both this and Santa Cruz are built of stone, but the appearance of +the latter is more pleasing than that of Laguna. They are distant from +each other about four miles. The capital of the Great Canary, and +properly of the whole government, is the City of Palms: But that place +has been for some time the centre of ecclesiastical government only. The +custom of reckoning the first meridian as passing through these isles was +begun by Ptolemy; and perhaps it is still to be wished that the French +regulations on that subject were generally adopted. + +9 June 1787. + +Our ships were at length preparing to depart, when on the evening of the +9th of June, a convict belonging to the Alexander, having been employed +on deck, found means to cut away the boat, and make a temporary escape; +but he was missed and soon retaken. It is not probable that he had formed +any definite plan of escape; the means of absconding must have been +accidentally offered, and suddenly embraced; and for making such an +attempt, the vague hope of liberty, without any certain prospect, would +naturally afford sufficient temptation. + +10 June 1787 + +By the 10th of June the ships had completed their water, and early the +next morning, the Governor gave the signal for weighing anchor, and the +fleet pursued its course. + + +Report of the marines and convicts under medical treatment, given in to +Governor Phillip, June 4th, 1787. + +Charlotte, -- Marines 4 Convicts 16 +Alexander, -- Marines 2 Convicts 26 +Scarborough, -- Marine 1 Convicts 9 +Friendship, -- Convicts 13 +Lady Penrhyn, Convicts 11 +Prince of Wales, Marines 2 Convicts 7 + --- + Total Marines 9 + Convicts 72 + +Convicts dead since the first embarkation 21 +Children of convicts 3 + +Of these only fifteen, and one child, had died since the departure from +Spithead. + + +Chapter IV. + +June 1787 to September 1787 + +Attempt to put in at Port Praya--Relinquished--Weather--Sail for Rio de +Faneiro--Reasons for touching at a South American port--The Fleet passes +the Line--Arrives at Rio de Faneiro--Account of that Place--Transactions +there--Departure. + +Vegetables not having been so plentiful at Santa Cruz as to afford a +sufficient supply, it was the intention of Governor Phillip to anchor for +about twenty-four hours in the Bay of Port Praya. The islands on this +side of the Atlantic, seem as if expressly placed to facilitate the +navigation to and from the Cape of Good Hope: by offering to vessels, +without any material variation from their course, admirable stations for +supply and refreshment. About latitude 40, north, the Azores; in 33, the +Madeiras; between 29 and 27, the Canaries; and between 18 and 16, the +Islands of Cape Verd, successively offer themselves to the voyager, +affording abundantly every species of accommodation his circumstances can +require. On the Southern side of the Equator, a good harbour and +abundance of turtles give some consequence even to the little barren +island of Ascension; and St. Helena, by the industry of the English +settlers, has become the seat of plenty and of elegance. Without the +assistance derived, in going or returning, from some of these places, the +interval of near forty degrees on each side of the line, in a sea exposed +to violent heat, and subject to tedious calms, would be sufficient to +discourage even the navigators of the eighteenth century. + +18 June 1787 + +On the 18th of June, the fleet came in sight of the Cape Verd Islands, +and was directed by signal to steer for St. Jago. But the want of +favourable wind, and the opposition of a strong current making it +probable that all the ships would not be able to get into the Bay, the +Governor thought it best to change his plan. The signal for anchoring was +hauled down, and the ships were directed to continue their first course; +a circumstance of much disappointment to many individuals on board, who, +as is natural in long voyages, were eager on every occasion to enjoy the +refreshments of the shore. As an additional incitement to such wishes, +the weather had now become hot; the thermometer stood at 82 deg., which, +though not an immoderate heat for a tropical climate, is sufficient to +produce considerable annoyance. But, unmoved by any consideration except +that of expedience, Governor Phillip persisted in conducting his ships to +their next intended station, the harbour of Rio de Janeiro. + +It may appear perhaps, on a slight consideration, rather extraordinary, +that vessels bound to the Cape of Good Hope should find it expedient to +touch at a harbour of South America. To run across the Atlantic, and take +as a part of their course, that coast, the very existence of which was +unknown to the first navigators of these seas, seems a very circuitous +method of performing the voyage. A little examination will remove this +apparent difficulty. The calms so frequent on the African side, are of +themselves a sufficient cause to induce a navigator to keep a very +westerly course; and even the islands at which it is so often convenient +to touch will carry him within a few degrees of the South American +coast.--The returning tracks of Captain Cooks's three voyages all run +within a very small space of the 45th degree of west longitude, which is +even ten degrees further to the west than the extremity of Cape St. +Roque: and that course appears to have been taken voluntarily, without +any extraordinary inducement. But in the latitudes to which Governor +Phillip's squadron had now arrived, the old and new continent approach so +near to each other, that in avoiding the one it becomes necessary to run +within a very moderate distance of the opposite land. + +In the passage from the Cape Verd Islands, the fleet suffered for some +time the inconvenience of great heat, attended by heavy rains. The heat, +however, did not at any time exceed the point already specified,* and the +precautions unremittingly observed in all the ships happily continued +efficacious in preventing any violent sickness. Nor did the oppression of +the hot weather continue so long as in these latitudes might have been +expected; for before they reached the equator the temperature had become +much more moderate. + +[* 82 deg., 51. It is not unusual in England, to have the thermometer, for a +day or two in a summer, at 81 deg..] + +5 July 1787 + +On July 5, 1787, being then in long. 26 deg. 10' west from Greenwich, the +Botany Bay fleet passed from the Northern into the Southern Hemisphere. +About three weeks more of very favourable and pleasant weather conveyed +them to Rio de Janeiro. + +5-6 August 1787 + +On the 5th of August they anchored off the harbour, and on the evening +of the 6th were at their station within it. The land of Cape Frio had been +discovered some days before, but a deficiency of wind from that time a +little slackened their course. + +Rio de Janeiro, or January River, so called because discovered by Dias de +Solis on the feast of St. Januarius, (Sept. 19) 1525, is not in fact a +river, though its name denotes that it was then supposed to be so: it is +an arm of the sea, into which a considerable number of small rivers +descends. + +The city of Rio de Janeiro, called by some writers St. Sebastian, from +the name of its tutelar patron, is situated on the west side of this bay, +within less than a degree of the tropic of Capricorn, and about 43 deg. west +of Greenwich. It is at present the capital of all Brasil, and has been +for some time the residence of the Viceroy. These distinctions it +obtained in preference to St. Salvador, which was formerly the capital, +by means of the diamond mines discovered in its vicinity, in the year +1730. The place increasing rapidly by the wealth thus brought to it, was +fortified and put under the care of a governor in 1738. The port is one +of the finest in the world, very narrow at the entrance, and within +capacious enough to contain more ships than ever were assembled at one +station. It has soundings from twenty to one hundred and twenty fathoms. +A hill shaped like a sugar loaf, situated on the west side, marks the +proper bearing for entering the harbour: the situation of which is fully +pointed out at the distance of two leagues and a half by some small +islands, one of which, called Rodonda, is very high, and in form not +unlike a haycock. The mouth of the harbour is defended by forts, +particularly two, called Santa Cruz and Lozia; and the usual anchorage +within it is before the city, north of a small island named Dos Cobras. + +There are in this port established fees, which are paid by all merchant +ships, Portuguese as well as strangers: 3l. 12s. each on entering the +bay, the same on going out, and 5s. 6d. a day while they remain at +anchor. The entrance fee was demanded for the transports in this +expedition, but when Governor Phillip had alledged that they were loaded +with King's stores, the payment was no more insisted upon. Nevertheless, +the Captain of the Port gave his attendance, with his boat's crew, to +assist the ships in coming in, there being at that time only a light air, +hardly sufficient to carry them up the bay. + +In the narrative of Captain Cook's Voyage in 1768, we find, on his +arrival at this place, great appearance of suspicion on the part of the +Viceroy, harsh prohibitions of landing, even to the gentlemen employed in +philosophical researches, and some proceedings rather of a violent +nature. The reception given by the present Viceroy to Governor Phillip +and his officers was very different: it was polite and flattering to a +great degree, and free from every tincture of jealous caution. + +Don Lewis de Varconcellos, the reigning Viceroy, belongs to one of the +noblest families in Portugal; is brother to the Marquis of Castello +Methor, and to the Count of Pombeiro. Governor Phillip, who served for +some years as a Captain in the Portuguese navy, and is deservedly much +honoured by that nation, was not personally unknown to the Viceroy, +though known in a way which, in a less liberal mind, might have produced +very different dispositions. There had been some difference between them, +on a public account, in this port, when Governor Phillip commanded the +Europe: each party had acted merely for the honour of the nation to which +he belonged, and the Viceroy, with the true spirit of a man of honour, +far from resenting a conduct so similar to his own, seemed now to make it +his object to obliterate every recollection of offence. As soon as he was +fully informed of the nature of Governor Phillip's commission, he gave it +out in orders to the garrison that the same honours should be paid to +that officer as to himself. This distinction the Governor modestly wished +to decline, but was not permitted. His officers were all introduced to +the Viceroy, and were, as well as himself, received with every possible +mark of attention to them, and regard for their country. They were +allowed to visit all parts of the city, and even to make excursions as +far as five miles into the country, entirely unattended: an indulgence +very unusual to strangers, and considering what we read of the jealousy +of the Portuguese Government respecting its diamond mines, the more +extraordinary. + +Provisions were here so cheap, that notwithstanding the allowance of meat +was fixed by Governor Phillip at twenty ounces a day, the men were +victualled completely, rice, fresh vegetables, and firing included, at +three-pence three-farthings a head. Wine was not at this season to be +had, except from the retail dealers, less was therefore purchased than +would otherwise have been taken. Rum, however, was laid in; and all such +seeds and plants procured as were thought likely to flourish on the coast +of New South Wales, particularly coffee, indigo, cotton, and the +cochineal fig.* As a substitute for bread, if it should become scarce, +one hundred sacks of cassada were purchased at a very advantageous price. + +[* Cactus Cochinilifer, of Linnaeus.] + +Cassada, the bread of thousands in the tropical climates, affords one of +those instances in which the ingenuity of man might be said to triumph +over the intentions of nature, were it not evidently the design of +Providence that we should in all ways exert our invention and sagacity to +the utmost, for our own security and support. It is the root of a shrub +called Cassada, or Cassava Jatropha, and in its crude state is highly +poisonous. By washing, pressure, and evaporation, it is deprived of all +its noxious qualities, and being formed into cakes becomes a salubrious +and not an unpalatable substitute for bread. + +By the indulgence of the Viceroy, the deficiency in the military stores +observed at the departure of the transports from England, was made up by +a supply purchased from the Royal arsenal; nor was any assistance +withheld which either the place afforded, or the stores of government +could furnish. + +The circumstances, which in this place most astonish a stranger, and +particularly a Protestant, are, the great abundance of images dispersed +throughout the city, and the devotion paid to them. They are placed at +the corner of almost every street, and are never passed without a +respectful salutation; but at night they are constantly surrounded by +their respective votaries, who offer up their prayers aloud, and make the +air resound in all quarters with the notes of their hymns. The strictness +of manners in the inhabitants is not said to be at all equivalent to the +warmth of this devotion; but in all countries and climates it is found +much easier to perform external acts of reputed piety, than to acquire +the internal habits so much more essential. It must be owned, however, +that our people did not find the ladies so indulgent as some voyagers +have represented them. + +It was near a month before Governor Phillip could furnish his ships with +every thing which it was necessary they should now procure. At length, on +the 4th of September he weighed anchor, and as he passed the fort, +received from the Viceroy the last compliment it was in his power to pay, +being saluted with twenty-one guns. The salute was returned by an equal +number from the Sirius; and thus ended an intercourse honourable to both +nations, and particularly to the principal officer employed in the +service of each. + + +Chapter V. + +September 1787 to January 1788 + +Prospercus passage from Rio to the Cape--Account of the Harbours there--The +Cape of Good Hope not the most Southern point--Height of Table Mountain +and others--Supineness of the European nations in neglecting to occupy the +Cape--Live stock laid in--Departure--Separation of the fleet--Arrival of the +Supply at Botany Bay. + +4 September 1787 + +A Prosperous course by sea, like a state of profound peace and +tranquility in civil society, though most advantageous to those who enjoy +it, is unfavourable to the purposes of narration. The striking facts +which the writer exerts himself to record, and the reader is eager to +peruse, arise only from difficult situations: uniform prosperity is +described in very few words. Of this acceptable but unproductive kind was +the passage of the Botany Bay fleet from Rio de Janeiro to the Cape of +Good Hope; uniformly favourable, and not marked by any extraordinary +incidents. This run, from about lat. 22 deg. south, long. 43 west of London, +to lat. 34 deg. south, long. 18 deg. east of London, a distance of about four +thousand miles, was performed in thirty-nine days: for having left Rio on +the 4th of September, on the 13th of October the ships came to anchor in +Table Bay. Here they were to take their final refreshment, and lay in +every kind of stock with which they were not already provided. In this +period no additional lives had been lost, except that of a single convict +belonging to the Charlotte transport, who fell accidentally into the sea, +and could not by any efforts be recovered. + +13 October 1787 + +Table Bay, on the north-west side of the Cape of Good Hope, is named from +the Table Mountain, a promontory of considerable elevation, at the foot +of which, and almost in the centre of the Bay, stands Cape Town, the +principal Dutch settlement in this territory. This Bay cannot properly be +called a port, being by no means a station of security; it is exposed to +all the violence of the winds which set into it from the sea; and is far +from sufficiently secured from those which blow from the land. The gusts +which descend from the summit of Table Mountain are sufficient to force +ships from their anchors, and even violently to annoy persons on the +shore, by destroying any tents or other temporary edifices which may be +erected, and raising clouds of fine dust, which produce very troublesome +effects. A gale of this kind, from the south-east, blew for three days +successively when Capt. Cook lay here in his first voyage, at which time, +he informs us, the Resolution was the only ship in the harbour that had +not dragged her anchors. The storms from the sea are still more +formidable; so much so, that ships have frequently been driven by them +from their anchorage, and wrecked at the head of the Bay. But these +accidents happen chiefly in the quaade mousson, or winter months, from +May 14 to the same day of August; during which time few ships venture to +anchor here. Our fleet, arriving later, lay perfectly unmolested as long +as it was necessary for it to remain in this station. + +False Bay, on the south-east side of the Cape, is more secure than Table +Bay, during the prevalence of the north-west winds, but still less so in +strong gales from the south-east. It is however less frequented, being +twenty-four miles of very heavy road distant from Cape Town, whence +almost all necessaries must be procured. The most sheltered part of False +Bay is a recess on the west side, called Simon's Bay. + +The Cape of Good Hope, though popularly called, and perhaps pretty +generally esteemed so, is not in truth the most southern point of Africa. +The land which projects furthest to the south is a point to the east of +it, called by the English Cape Lagullus; a name corrupted from the +original Portugueze das Agulhas, which, as well as the French appellation +des Aiguilles, is descriptive of its form, and would rightly be +translated Needle Cape. Three eminences, divided by very narrow passes, +and appearing in a distant view like three summits of the same mountain, +stand at the head of Table Bay.--They are however of different heights, by +which difference, as well as by that of their shape, they may be +distinguished. Table Mountain is so called from its appearance, as it +terminates in a flat horizontal surface, from which the face of the rock +descends almost perpendicularly. This mountain rises to about 3567 feet +above the level of the sea. Devil's Head, called also Charles mountain, +is situated to the east of the former, and is not above 3368 feet in +height; and on the west side of Table Mountain, Lion's Head, whose name +is also meant to be descriptive, does not exceed 2764 feet. In the +neighbourhood of the latter lies Constantia, a district consisting of two +farms, wherein the famous wines of that name are produced. + +Our voyagers found provisions less plentiful and less reasonable in price +at Cape Town than they had been taught to expect. Board and lodging, +which are to be had only in private houses, stood the officers in two +rix-dollars a day, which is near nine shillings sterling. This town, the +only place in the whole colony to which that title can be applied with +propriety, is of no great extent; it does not in any part exceed two +miles: and the country, colonized here by the Dutch, is in general so +unfavourable to cultivation, that it is not without some astonishment +that we find them able to raise provisions from it in sufficient +abundance to supply themselves, and the ships of so many nations which +constantly resort to the Cape. + +When we consider the vast advantages derived by the Dutch colonists from +this traffic, and the almost indispensible necessity by which navigators +of all nations are driven to seek refreshment there, it cannot but appear +extraordinary, that from the discovery of the Cape in 1493, by Barthelemi +Diaz, to the year 1650, when, at the suggestion of John Van Riebeck, the +first Dutch colony was sent, a spot so very favourable to commerce and +navigation should have remained unoccupied by Europeans. Perhaps all the +perseverance of the Dutch character was necessary even to suggest the +idea of maintaining an establishment in a soil so burnt by the sun, and +so little disposed to repay the toil of the cultivator. The example and +success of this people may serve, however, as an useful instruction to +all who in great undertakings are deterred by trifling obstacles; and +who, rather than contend with difficulties, are inclined to relinquish +the most evident advantages. + +But though the country near the Cape had not charms enough to render it +as pleasing as that which surrounds Rio de Janeiro, yet the Governor, +Mynheer Van Graaffe, was not far behind the Viceroy of Brazil in +attention to the English officers. They were admitted to his table, where +they were elegantly entertained, and had reason to be pleased in all +respects with his behaviour and disposition. Yet the minds of his people +were not at this time in a tranquil state; the accounts from Holland were +such as occasioned much uneasiness, and great preparations were making at +the fort, from apprehension of a rupture with some other power. + +In the course of a month, the live stock and other provisions were +procured; and the ships, having on board not less than five hundred +animals of different kinds, but chiefly poultry, put on an appearance +which naturally enough excited the idea of Noah's ark. This supply, +considering that the country had previously suffered from a dearth, was +very considerable; but it was purchased of course at a higher expence +considerably than it would have been in a time of greater plenty. + +12 November 1787 + +On the 12th of November the fleet set sail, and was for many days much +delayed by strong winds from the south-east. + +25 November 1787 + +On the 25th, being then only 80 leagues to the eastward of the Cape, +Governor Phillip left the Sirius and went on board the Supply tender; +in hopes, by leaving the convoy, to gain sufficient time for examining +the country round Botany Bay, so as to fix on the situation most +eligible for the colony, before the transports should arrive. At the +same time he ordered the agents for the transports, who were in the +Alexander, to separate themselves from the convoy with that ship, +the Scarborough and Friendship, which, as they were better sailors +than the rest, might reasonably be expected sooner: in which case, +by the labour of the convicts they had on board, much might be done +in making the necessary preparations for landing the provisions and +stores. + +Major Ross, the Commandant of Marines, now left the Sirius, and went on +board the Scarborough, that he might accompany that part of the +detachment which probably would be landed first. Captain Hunter, in the +Sirius, was to follow with the store-ships, and the remainder of the +transports; and he had the necessary instructions for his future +proceedings, in case the Supply had met with any accident. Lieutenant +Gidley King, since appointed Commandant of Norfolk Island, accompanied +Governor Phillip in the Supply. + +3 January 1788 + +From this time to the 3d of January, 1788, the winds were as favourable +as could be wished, blowing generally in very strong gales from the +north-west, west, and south-west. Once only the wind had shifted to the +east, but continued in that direction not more than a few hours. Thus +assisted, the Supply, which sailed but very indifferently, and turned +out, from what she had suffered in the voyage, to be hardly a safe +conveyance, performed in fifty-one days a voyage of more than seven +thousand miles. On the day abovementioned she was within sight of the +coast of New South Wales. But the winds then became variable, and a +current, which at times set very strongly to the southward, so much +impeded her course, that it was not till the 18th that she arrived at +Botany Bay. + + +Chapter VI. + +January 1788 + +First interview with the natives--the bay examined--arrival of the whole +fleet--Port Jackson examined--second interview with the natives--and +third--Governor Phillip returns to Botany Bay--and gives orders for the +evacuation of it. + +18 January 1788 + +At the very first landing of Governor Phillip on the shore of Botany Bay, +an interview with the natives took place. They were all armed, but on +seeing the Governor approach with signs of friendship, alone and unarmed, +they readily returned his confidence by laying down their weapons. They +were perfectly devoid of cloathing, yet seemed fond of ornaments, putting +the beads and red baize that were given them, on their heads or necks, +and appearing pleased to wear them. The presents offered by their new +visitors were all readily accepted, nor did any kind of disagreement +arise while the ships remained in Botany Bay. This very pleasing effect +was produced in no small degree by the personal address, as well as by +the great care and attention of the Governor. Nor were the orders which +enforced a conduct so humane, more honourable to the persons from whom +they originated, than the punctual execution of them was to the officers +sent out: it was evident that their wishes coincided with their duty; and +that a sanguinary temper was no longer to disgrace the European settlers +in countries newly discovered. + +The next care after landing was the examination of the bay itself, from +which it appeared that, though extensive, it did not afford a shelter +from the easterly winds: and that, in consequence of its shallowness, +ships even of a moderate draught, would always be obliged to anchor with +the entrance of the bay open, where they must be exposed to a heavy sea, +that rolls in whenever it blows hard from the eastward. + +Several runs of fresh water were found in different parts of the bay, but +there did not appear to be any situation to which there was not some very +strong objection. In the northern part of it is a small creek, which runs +a considerable way into the country, but it has water only for a boat, +the sides of it are frequently overflowed, and the low lands near it are +a perfect swamp. The western branch of the bay is continued to a great +extent, but the officers sent to examine it could not find there any +supply of fresh water, except in very small drains. + +Point Sutherland offered the most eligible situation, having a run of +good water, though not in very great abundance. But to this part of the +harbour the ships could not approach, and the ground near it, even in the +higher parts, was in general damp and spungy. Smaller numbers might +indeed in several spots have found a comfortable residence, but no place +was found in the whole circuit of Botany Bay which seemed at all +calculated for the reception of so large a settlement. While this +examination was carried on, the whole fleet had arrived. The Supply had +not so much outsailed the other ships as to give Governor Phillip the +advantage he had expected in point of time. On the 19th of January, the +Alexander, Scarborough, and Friendship, cast anchor in Botany Bay; and on +the 20th, the Sirius, with the remainder of the convoy*. These ships had +all continued very healthy; they had not, however, yet arrived at their +final station. + +[* The annexed view of Botany Bay, represents the Supply, etc. at anchor, +and the Sirius with her convoy coming into the bay.] + +The openness of this bay, and the dampness of the soil, by which the +people would probably be rendered unhealthy, had already determined the +Governor to seek another situation. He resolved, therefore, to examine +Port Jackson, a bay mentioned by Captain Cook as immediately to the north +of this. There he hoped to find, not only a better harbour, but a fitter +place for the establishment of his new government. But that no time might +be lost, in case of a disappointment in these particulars, the ground +near Point Sutherland was ordered immediately to be cleared, and +preparations to be made for landing, under the direction of the +Lieutenant Governor. + +These arrangements having been settled, Governor Phillip prepared to +proceed to the examination of Port Jackson: and as the time of his +absence, had he gone in the Supply, must have been very uncertain, +he went round with three boats; taking with him Captain Hunter +and several other officers, that by examining several parts of the +harbour at once the greater dispatch might be made. + +22d January, 1788. + +On the 22d of January they set out upon this expedition, and early +in the afternoon arrived at Port Jackson, which is distant about three +leagues. Here all regret arising from the former disappointments was +at once obliterated; and Governor Phillip had the satisfaction to find +one of the finest harbours in the world, in which a thousand sail of +the line might ride in perfect security. + +The different coves of this harbour were examined with all possible +expedition, and the preference was given to one which had the finest +spring of water, and in which ships can anchor so close to the shore, +that at a very small expence quays may be constructed at which the +largest vessels may unload. This cove is about half a mile in length, and +a quarter of a mile across at the entrance. In honour of Lord Sydney, the +Governor distinguished it by the name of Sydney Cove. + +On the arrival of the boats at Port Jackson, a second party of the +natives made its appearance near the place of landing. These also were +armed with lances, and at first were very vociferous; but the same gentle +means used towards the others easily persuaded these also to discard +their suspicions, and to accept whatsoever was offered. One man in +particular, who appeared to be the chief of this tribe, shewed very +singular marks both of confidence in his new friends, and of determined +resolution. Under the guidance of Governor Phillip, to whom he +voluntarily intrusted himself, he went to a part of the beach where the +men belonging to the boats were then boiling their meat: when he +approached the marines, who were drawn up near that place, and saw that +by proceeding he should be separated from his companions, who remained +with several of the officers at some distance, he stopped, and with great +firmness, seemed by words and gestures to threaten revenge if any +advantage should be taken of his situation. He then went on with perfect +calmness to examine what was boiling in the pot, and by the manner in +which he expressed his admiration, made it evident that he intended to +profit by what he saw. Governor Phillip contrived to make him understand +that large shells might conveniently be used for the same purpose, and it +is probable that by these hints, added to his own observation, he will be +enabled to introduce the art of boiling among his countrymen. Hitherto +they appear to have known no other way of dressing food than broiling. +Their methods of kindling fire are probably very imperfect and laborious, +for it is observed that they usually keep it burning, and are very rarely +seen without either a fire actually made, or a piece of lighted wood, +which they carry with them from place to place, and even in their +canoes.* The perpetual fires, which in some countries formed a part of +the national religion, had perhaps no other origin than a similar +inability to produce it at pleasure; and if we suppose the original flame +to have been kindled by lightning, the fiction of its coming down from +heaven will be found to deviate very little from the truth. + +[* In Hawksw. Voy. vol. iii. p. 234, it is said that they produce fire +with great facility, etc. which account is the more correct, time will +probably show.] + +In passing near a point of land in this harbour, the boats were perceived +by a number of the natives, twenty of whom waded into the water unarmed, +received what was offered them, and examined the boat with a curiosity +which impressed a higher idea of them than any former accounts of their +manners had suggested. This confidence, and manly behaviour, induced +Governor Phillip, who was highly pleased with it, to give the place the +name of Manly Cove. The same people afterwards joined the party at the +place where they had landed to dine. They were then armed, two of them +with shields and swords, the rest with lances only. The swords were made +of wood, small in the gripe, and apparently less formidable than a good +stick. One of these men had a kind of white clay rubbed upon the upper +part of his face, so as to have the appearance of a mask. This ornament, +if it can be called such, is not common among them, and is probably +assumed only on particular occasions, or as a distinction to a few +individuals. One woman had been seen on the rocks as the boats passed, +with her face, neck and breasts thus painted, and to our people appeared +the most disgusting figure imaginable; her own countrymen were perhaps +delighted by the beauty of the effect. + +During the preparation for dinner the curiosity of these visitors +rendered them very troublesome, but an innocent contrivance altogether +removed the inconvenience. Governor Phillip drew a circle round the place +where the English were, and without much difficulty made the natives +understand that they were not to pass that line; after which they sat +down in perfect quietness. Another proof how tractable these people are, +when no insult or injury is offered, and when proper means are to +influence the simplicity of their minds. + +24 January 1788 + +January 24th, 1788. On the 24th of January, Governor Phillip having +sufficiently explored Port Jackson, and found it in all respects highly +calculated to receive such a settlement as he was appointed to establish, +returned to Botany Bay. On his arrival there, the reports made to him, +both of the ground which the people were clearing, and of the upper parts +of the Bay, which in this interval had been more particularly examined, +were in the greatest degree unfavourable. It was impossible after this to +hesitate concerning the choice of a situation; and orders were +accordingly issued for the removal of the whole fleet to Port Jackson. + +That Botany Bay should have appeared to Captain Cook in a more +advantageous light than to Governor Phillip, is not by any means +extraordinary. Their objects were very different; the one required only +shelter and refreshment for a small vessel, and during but a short time: +the other had great numbers to provide for, and was necessitated to find +a place wherein ships of very considerable burthen might approach the +shore with ease, and lie at all times in perfect security. The appearance +of the place is picturesque and pleasing, and the ample harvest it +afforded, of botanical acquisitions, made it interesting to the +philosophical gentlemen engaged in that expedition; but something more +essential than beauty of appearance, and more necessary than +philosophical riches, must be sought in a place where the permanent +residence of multitudes is to be established. + + +Chapter VII. + +January 1788 + +Removal from Botany Bay--Arrival of two French ships--Account of +them--Preparations for encampment--Difficulties--Scurvy breaks out--Account +of the red and yellow gum trees. + +24 January 1788 + +Preparations for a general removal were now made with all convenient +expedition: but on the morning of the 24th the greatest astonishment was +spread throughout the fleet by the appearance of two ships, under French +colours. In this remote region visitors from Europe were very little +expected, and their arrival, while the cause of it remained unknown, +produced in some minds a temporary apprehension, accompanied by a +multiplicity of conjectures, many of them sufficiently ridiculous. +Governor Phillip was the first to recollect that two ships had been sent +out some time before from France for the purpose of discovery, and +rightly concluded these to be the same. But as the opposition of the +wind, and a strong current prevented them at present from working into +the harbour, and even drove them out of sight again to the south, he did +not think proper to delay his departure for the sake of making further +enquiry. + +25 January 1788 + +On the 25th of January therefore, seven days after the arrival of the +Supply, Governor Phillip quitted Botany Bay in the same ship, and sailed +to Port Jackson. The rest of the fleet, under convoy of the Sirius, was +ordered to follow, as soon as the abatement of the wind, which then blew +a strong gale, should facilitate its working out of the Bay. The Supply +was scarcely out of sight when the French ships again appeared off the +mouth of the harbour, and a boat was immediately sent to them, with +offers of every kind of information and assistance their situation could +require. It was now learnt that these were, as the Governor had supposed, +the Boussole and the Astrolabe, on a voyage of discovery, under the +conduct of Monsieur La Perouse. + +26 January 1788 + +On the 26th, the transports and store ships, attended by the Sirius, +finally evacuated Botany Bay; and in a very short time they were all +assembled in Sydney Cove, the place now destined for their port, and for +the reception of the new settlement. The French ships had come to anchor +in Botany Bay just before the departure of the Sirius; and during the +intercourse which then took place, M. la Perouse had expressed a strong +desire of having some letters conveyed to Europe. Governor Phillip was no +sooner informed of this, than he dispatched an officer to him with full +information of the time when it was probable our ships would sail, and +with assurances that his letters should be punctually transmitted. By +this officer the following intelligence was brought back concerning the +voyage of the Astrolabe and Boussole. + +These vessels had sailed from France in June 1785. They had touched at +the Isle of Santa Catharina on the coast of Brasil, from thence had gone +by the extremity of South America into the Pacific Ocean, where they had +run along by the coasts of Chili and California. They had afterwards +visited Easter Island, Nootka Sound, Cook's River, Kamschatka, Manilla, +the Isles des Navigateurs, Sandwich and the Friendly Islands. M. la +Perouse had also anchored off Norfolk Island, but could not land, on +account of the surf. In this long voyage he had not lost any of his +people by sickness; but two boats crews had unfortunately perished in a +surf on the north-west coast of America; and at Masuna, one of the Isles +des Navigateurs, M. L'Angle, Captain of the Astrolabe, had met with a +fate still more unfortunate. That officer had gone ashore with two long +boats for the purpose of filling some water casks. His party amounted to +forty men, and the natives, from whom the French had received abundance +of refreshments, and with whom they had been uniformly on the best terms, +did not on their landing show any signs of a change of disposition. +Malice unprovoked, and treachery without a motive, seem inconsistent even +with the manners of savages; the French officers therefore, confiding in +this unbroken state of amity, had suffered their boats to lie aground. +But whether it were that the friendly behaviour of the natives had +proceeded only from fear, or that some unknown offence had been given, +they seized the moment when the men were busied in getting out the boats, +to make an attack equally furious and unexpected. The assault was made +with stones, of which prodigious numbers were thrown with extraordinary +force and accuracy of direction. To this treachery M. L'Angle fell a +sacrifice, and with him twelve of his party, officers and men, the +long-boats were destroyed, and the remainder of those who had gone ashore +escaped with difficulty in their small boats. The ships in the mean time +were under sail, and having passed a point of land that intercepted the +view, knew nothing of this melancholy and unaccountable affray till the +boats returned. This fatal result from too implicit a confidence, may, +perhaps very properly, increase the caution of Europeans in their +commerce with savages, but ought not to excite suspicion. The resentments +of such people are sudden and sanguinary, and, where the intercourse of +language is wanting, may easily be awakened by misapprehension: but it +seems possible to treat them with sufficient marks of confidence, without +abandoning the guards of prudence. Offence is often given by the men, +while the officers are most studious to preserve harmony, and against the +transports of rage which arise on such occasions, it is always necessary +to be prepared. Perhaps, also, a degree of awe should always be kept up, +even to preserve their friendship. It has been uniformly remarked by our +people, that defenceless stragglers are generally ill-treated by the +natives of New South Wales, while towards parties armed and on their +guard, they behave in the most amicable manner. + +The debarkation was now made at Sydney Cove, and the work of clearing the +ground for the encampment, as well as for the storehouses and other +buildings, was begun without loss of time. But the labour which attended +this necessary operation was greater than can easily be imagined by those +who were not spectators of it. The coast, as well as the neighbouring +country in general, is covered with wood; and though in this spot the +trees stood more apart, and were less incumbered with underwood than in +many other places, yet their magnitude was such as to render not only the +felling, but the removal of them afterwards, a task of no small +difficulty. By the habitual indolence of the convicts, and the want of +proper overseers to keep them to their duty, their labour was rendered +less efficient than it might have been. + +26 January 1788 + +In the evening of the 26th the colours were displayed on shore, +and the Governor, with several of his principal officers and others, +assembled round the flag-staff, drank the king's health, and success +to the settlement, with all that display of form which on such occasions +is esteemed propitious, because it enlivens the spirits, and fills +the imagination with pleasing presages. From this time to the end +of the first week in February all was hurry and exertion. They who +gave orders and they who received them were equally occupied; nor +is it easy to conceive a busier scene than this part of the coast +exhibited during the continuance of these first efforts towards +establishment. The plan of the encampment was quickly formed, and places +were marked out for every different purpose, so as to introduce, as much +as possible, strict order and regularity. The materials and frame work to +construct a slight temporary habitation for the Governor, had been +brought out from England ready formed: these were landed and put together +with as much expedition as the circumstances would allow. Hospital tents +were also without delay erected, for which there was soon but too much +occasion. In the passage from the Cape there had been but little +sickness, nor had many died even among the convicts; but soon after +landing, a dysentery prevailed, which in several instances proved fatal, +and the scurvy began to rage with a virulence which kept the hospital +tents generally supplied with patients. For those afflicted with this +disorder, the advantage of fish or other fresh provisions could but +rarely be procured; nor were esculent vegetables often obtained in +sufficient plenty to produce any material alleviation of the complaint. +In the dysentery, the red gum of the tree which principally abounds on +this coast, was found a very powerful remedy. The yellow gum has been +discovered to possess the same property, but in an inferior degree. + +The tree which yields the former kind of gum is very considerable in +size, and grows to a great height before it puts out any branches. The +red gum is usually compared to that called sanguis draconis, but differs +from it by being perfectly soluble in water, whereas the other, being +more properly a resin, will not dissolve except in spirits of wine. It +may be drawn from the tree by tapping, or taken out of the veins of the +wood when dry, in which it is copiously distributed. The leaves are long +and narrow, not unlike those of a willow. The wood is heavy and fine +grained, but being much intersected by the channels containing the gum, +splits and warps in such a manner as soon to become entirely useless; +especially when worked up, as necessity at first occasioned it to be, +without having been properly seasoned. + +The yellow gum as it is called, is strictly a resin, not being at all +soluble in water; in appearance it strongly resembles gamboge, but has +not the property of staining. The plant that produces it is low and +small, with long grassy leaves; but the fructification of it shoots out +in a singular manner from the centre of the leaves, on a single straight +stem, to the height of twelve or fourteen feet. Of this stem, which is +strong and light, like some of the reed class, the natives usually make +their spears; sometimes pointing them with a piece of the same substance +made sharp, but more frequently with bone. The resin is generally dug up +out of the soil under the tree, not collected from it, and may perhaps be +that which Tasman calls "gum lac of the ground." The form of this plant +is very exactly delineated in the annexed plate, and its proportion to +other trees may be collected from the plate, entitled, A View in New +South Wales, in which many of this species are introduced. + +The month of February was ushered in by a very violent storm of thunder +and rain. The lightning struck and shivered a tree, under which a shed +had been erected for some sheep, and five of those animals were at the +same time unfortunately destroyed by it. The encampment still went on +with great alacrity, so that in the beginning of this month the work of +building public storehouses was undertaken; and unremitting diligence +began, though very gradually, to triumph over the obstacles which the +nature of the place presented. + +Chapter VIII. + +February 1788 + +Description of Port Jackson and the adjacent country--The Governor's +commission read--his Speech--his humane resolutions respecting the +Natives--difficulties in erecting huts and other buildings--departure of +Lieutenant King to Norfolk Island. +A View in Port Jackson. + +Port Jackson was not visited or explored by Captain Cook; it was seen +only at the distance of between two or three miles from the coast: had +any good fortune conducted him into that harbour, he would have found it +much more worthy of his attention as a seaman, than that in which he +passed a week. Governor Phillip himself pronounces it to be a harbour, in +extent and security, superior to any he has ever seen: and the most +experienced navigators who were with him fully concur in that opinion. +From an entrance not more than two miles across, Port Jackson gradually +extends into a noble and capacious bason; having soundings sufficient for +the largest vessels, and space to accommodate, in perfect security, any +number that could be assembled. It runs chiefly in a western direction, +about thirteen miles into the country, and contains not less than an +hundred small coves, formed by narrow necks of land, whose projections +afford admirable shelter from all winds. Sydney Cove lies on the South +side of the harbour, between five and six miles from the entrance. The +necks of land that form the coves are mostly covered with timber, yet so +rocky that it is not easy to comprehend how the trees could have found +sufficient nourishment to bring them to so considerable a magnitude; but +the soil between the rocks is very good, and into those spaces the +principal roots have found their way. The soil in other parts of the +coast immediately about Port Jackson is of various qualities. That neck +of land which divides the south end of the harbour from the sea is +chiefly sand. Between Sydney Cove and Botany Bay the first space is +occupied by a wood, in some parts a mile and a half, in others three +miles across; beyond that, is a kind of heath, poor, sandy, and full of +swamps. As far as the eye can reach to the westward, the country is one +continued wood. The head of the bay in Port Jackson, seemed at first to +offer some advantages of ground, but as it is partly left dry at low +water, and as the winds are much obstructed there by the woods and by the +windings of the channel, it was deemed that it must probably be +unhealthful, till the country can be cleared. + +There are several parts of the harbour in which the trees stand at a +greater distance from each other than in Sydney Cove; some of these which +have small runs of water, and a promising soil, Governor Phillip purposed +to cultivate as soon as hands could be spared; but the advantage of being +able to land the stores and provisions with so much ease, unavoidably +determined his choice of a place for the principal settlement. Had it +been attempted to remove those necessaries only one mile from the spot +where they were landed, the undertaking probably would have been +fruitless; so many were the obstacles to land carriage. At the head of +Sydney Cove, therefore, Governor Phillip had fixed the seat of his +government; but intent upon providing the best and earliest accommodation +for those who were to be encamped with him; and wholly occupied by the +continual necessity of giving directions, he had not yet found leisure +for assuming regularly his powers and title of Governor. At length the +hurry of the first preparations gave way to this more tranquil business. + +7 February 1788 + +The 7th of February, 1788, was the memorable day which established a +regular form of Government on the coast of New South Wales. For obvious +reasons, all possible solemnity was given to the proceedings necessary on +this occasion. On a space previously cleared, the whole colony was +assembled; the military drawn up, and under arms; the convicts stationed +apart; and near the person of the Governor, those who were to hold the +principal offices under him. The Royal Commission was then read by Mr. D. +Collins, the Judge Advocate. By this instrument Arthur Phillip was +constituted and appointed Captain General and Governor in Chief in and +over the territory, called New South Wales; extending from the northern +cape, or extremity of the coast, called Cape York, in the latitude of ten +degrees, thirty-seven minutes south, to the southern extremity of the +said territory of New South Wales, or South Cape, in the latitude of +forty-three degrees, thirty-nine minutes south, and of all the country +inland to the westward, as far as the one hundred and thirty-fifth degree +of east longitude, reckoning from the meridian of Greenwich, including +all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean, within the latitudes +aforesaid of 10 deg.. 37'. south, and 43 deg.. 39'. south, and of all towns, +garrisons, castles, forts, and all other fortifications, or other +military works which may be hereafter erected upon the said territory, or +any of the said islands. The act of Parliament establishing the courts of +judicature was next read; and lastly, the patents under the great seal, +empowering the proper persons to convene and hold those courts whenever +the exigency should require. The Office of Lieutenant Governor was +conferred on Major Ross, of the Marines. A triple discharge of musquetry +concluded this part of the ceremony; after which Governor Phillip +advanced, and addressing first the private soldiers, thanked them for +their steady good conduct on every occasion: an honour which was repeated +to them in the next general orders. He then turned to the convicts, and +distinctly explained to them the nature of their present situation. The +greater part, he bade them recollect, had already forfeited their lives +to the justice of their country: yet, by the lenity of its laws, they +were now so placed that, by industry and good behaviour, they might in +time regain the advantages and estimation in society of which they had +deprived themselves. They not only had every encouragement to make that +effort, but were removed almost entirely from every temptation to guilt. +There was little in this infant community which one man could plunder +from another, and any dishonest attempts in so small a society would +almost infallibly be discovered. To persons detected in such crimes, he +could not promise any mercy; nor indeed to any whom, under their +circumstances, should presume to offend against the peace and good order +of the settlement. What mercy could do for them they had already +experienced; nor could any good be now expected from those whom neither +past warnings, nor the peculiarities of their present situation could +preserve from guilt. Against offenders, therefore, the rigour of the law +would certainly be put in force: while they whose behaviour should in any +degree promise reformation, might always depend upon encouragement fully +proportioned to their deserts. He particularly noticed the illegal +intercourse between the sexes as an offence which encouraged a general +profligacy of manners, and was in several ways injurious to society. To +prevent this, he strongly recommended marriage, and promised every kind +of countenance and assistance to those who, by entering into that state, +should manifest their willingness to conform to the laws of morality and +religion. Governor Phillip concluded his address, by declaring his +earnest desire to promote the happiness of all who were under his +government, and to render the settlement in New South Wales advantageous +and honourabe to his country. + +This speech, which was received with universal acclamations, terminated +the ceremonial peculiar to the day. Nor was it altogether without its +proper effect: For we are informed, that in the course of the ensuing +week fourteen marriages took place among the convicts. The assembly was +now dispersed, and the Governor proceeded to review the troops on the +ground cleared for a parade: after which, he gave a dinner to the +officers, and the first evening of his government was concluded +propitiously, in good order and innocent festivity, amidst the repetition +of wishes for its prosperity. + +A rising government could not easily be committed to better hands. +Governor Phillip appears to have every requisite to ensure the success of +the undertaking intrusted to him, as far as the qualities of one man can +ensure it. Intelligent, active, persevering with firmness to make his +authority respected, and mildness to render it pleasing, he was +determined, if possible, to bring even the native inhabitants of New +South Wales into a voluntary subjection; or at least to establish with +them a strict amity and alliance. Induced also by motives of humanity, it +was his determination from his first landing, to treat them with the +utmost kindness: and he was firmly resolved, that, whatever differences +might arise, nothing less than the most absolute necessity should ever +compel him to fire upon them. In this resolution, by good fortune, and by +his own great address, he has happily been enabled to persevere. But +notwithstanding this, his intentions of establishing a friendly +intercourse have hitherto been frustrated. M. De la Peyrouse,* while he +remained in Botany Bay, had some quarrel with the inhabitants, which +unfortunately obliged him to use his fire-arms against them: this affair, +joined to the ill behaviour of some of the convicts, who in spite of all +prohibitions, and at the risque of all consequences, have wandered out +among them, has produced a shyness on their parts which it has not yet +been possible to remove, though the properest means have been taken to +regain their confidence. Their dislike to the Europeans is probably +increased by discovering that they intend to remain among them, and that +they interfere with them in some of their best fishing places, which +doubtless are, in their circumstances, objects of very great importance. +Some of the convicts who have straggled into the woods have been killed, +and others dangerously wounded by the natives, but there is great reason +to suppose that in these cases the convicts have usually been the +aggressors. + +[* This is the right form of that officer's name; it was printed otherwise +in a former passage by mistake.] + +As the month of February advanced heavy rains began to fall, which +pointed out the necessity of procuring shelter for the people as soon as +possible. To have expedited this work in the degree which was desirable a +great number of artificers would have been required. But this advantage +could not be had. Only sixteen carpenters could be hired from all the +ships; among the convicts no more than twelve were of this profession, +and of them several were sick. These therefore together formed but a +small party, in proportion to the work which was to be done. One hundred +convicts were added as labourers; but with every effort, it was found +impossible to complete either the barracks for the men, or the huts for +the officers, as soon as was desired. As late as the middle of May these +were yet unfinished, as well as the hospital, and the storehouse for +those provisions which were not landed at first. The Governor himself at +that time was still lodged in his temporary house of canvas, which was +not perfectly impervious either to wind or weather. + +14 February 1788. + +On the 14th of February a party was sent out in the Supply, to settle on +a small island to the north-west of New Zealand, in latitude 29 deg. south, +and longitude 168 deg.. 10'. east from London, which was discovered and much +commended by Captain Cook, and by him named Norfolk Island, in honour of +the noble family to which that title belongs. To the office of +superintendant and commandant of this island, and the settlement to be +made upon it, Governor Phillip appointed Philip Gidley King, second +lieutenant of his Majesty's ship Sirius, an officer much esteemed by him +as of great merit in his profession; and highly spoken of in his letters +as a man, whose perseverance in that or any other service might fully be +depended on. As it was known that there were no inhabitants on Norfolk +Island, there was sent with Lieut. King only a small detachment, +consisting of one subaltern officer, and six marines, a very promising +young man who was a midshipman, a surgeon,* two men who understood the +cultivation and dressing of flax, with nine men and six women convicts. +That the nature of this settlement may be fully understood, a copy of the +instructions delivered to Mr. King at his departure is subjoined to this +chapter. + +[* The surgeon's name is Jamison, whose intelligent letters to Lewis +Wolfe, Esq; were kindly lent to the publisher, and have afforded much +useful information.] + + +INSTRUCTIONS for PHILIP GIDLEY KING, Esq; Superintendant and Commandant +of the Settlement of NORFOLK ISLAND. + +With these instructions you will receive my Commission, appointing you to +superintend and command the settlement to be formed in Norfolk Island, +and to obey all such orders as you shall from time to time receive from +me, his Majesty's Governor in Chief, and Captain General of the territory +of New South Wales and its dependencies, or from the Lieutenant-Governor +in my absence. + +You are therefore to proceed in his Majesty's armed tender Supply, whose +commander has my orders to receive you, with the men and women, stores +and provisions necessary for forming the intended settlement; and on your +landing on Norfolk Island you are to take upon you the execution of the +trust reposed in you, causing my commission, appointing you +superintendant over the said settlement, to be publicly read. + +After having taken the necessary measures for securing yourself and +people, and for the preservation of the stores and provisions, you are +immediately to proceed to the cultivation of the Flax Plant, which you +will find growing spontaneously on the island: as likewise to the +cultivation of cotton, corn, and other plants, with the seeds of which +you are furnished, and which you are to regard as public stock, and of +the increase of which you are to send me an account, that I may know what +quantity may be drawn from the island for public use, or what supplies it +may be necessary to send hereafter. It is left to your discretion to use +such part of the corn that is raised as may be found necessary; but this +you are to do with the greatest oeconomy; and as the corn, flax, cotton, +and other grains are the property of the Crown, and as such are to be +accounted for, you are to keep an exact account of the increase, and you +will in future receive directions for the disposal thereof. + +You are to inform yourself of the nature of the soil, what proportion of +land you find proper for the cultivation of corn, flax, and cotton, as +likewise what quantity of cattle may be bred on the island, and the +number of people you judge necessary for the above purpose. You will +likewise observe what are the prevailing winds in the different seasons +of the year, the best anchorage according to the season, the rise and +fall of the tides, likewise when the dry and rainy seasons begin and end. + +You will be furnished with a four oared boat, and you are not on any +consideration to build, or to permit the building of any vessel or boat +whatever that is decked; or of any boat or vessel that is not decked, +whose length of keel exceeds twenty feet: and if by any accident any +vessel or boat that exceeds twenty feet keel should be driven on the +island, you are immediately to cause such boat or vessel to be scuttled, +or otherwise rendered unserviceable, letting her remain in that situation +until you receive further directions from me. + +You will be furnished with six months provisions, within which time you +will receive an additional supply, but as you will be able to procure +fish and vegetables, you are to endeavour to make the provisions you +receive serve as long as possible. + +The convicts being the servants of the Crown, till the time for which +they are sentenced is expired, their labour is to be for the public; and +you are to take particular notice of their general good or bad behaviour, +that they may hereafter be employed or rewarded according to their +different merits. + +You are to cause the Prayers of the Church of England to be read with all +due solemnity every Sunday, and you are to inforce a due observance of +religion and good order, transmitting to me, as often as opportunity +offers, a full account of your particular situation and transactions. + +You are not to permit any intercourse or trade with any ships or vessels +that may stop at the island, whether English or of any other nation, +unless such ships or vessels should be in distress, in which case you are +to afford them such assistance as may be in your power. + +Given under my hand, at Head Quarters in Port Jackson, New South Wales, +this 12th day of February, 1788. + +(Signed) + +ARTHUR PHILLIP. + + +Chapter IX. + +February 1788 to March 1788 + +A Criminal Court held--Broken Bay explored by Governor Phillip--Interviews +with the Natives--Peculiarities remarked--Friendly behaviour and +extraordinary courage of an old man. + +Governor Phillip soon found with great regret, though doubtless without +much surprise, that in the community committed to his care the strict +enforcement of the sanctions of law was peculiarly necessary. There were +in it many individuals whom neither lenity could touch, nor rigour +terrify; who, with all sense of social duty, appeared to have lost all +value for life itself, and with the same wantonness exposed themselves to +the darts of the savages, and to the severe punishments which, however +reluctantly, every society must inflict when milder methods have been +tried without success. Towards the latter end of February a criminal +court was convened, in which six of the convicts received sentence of +death. One, who was the head of the gang, was executed the same day; of +the rest, one was pardoned; the other four were reprieved, and afterwards +exiled to a small island within the bay, where they were kept on bread +and water. These men had frequently robbed the stores, and the other +convicts. He who suffered, and two others, had been detected in stealing +from the stores the very day that they had received a week's provision; +at a time when their allowance, as settled by the Navy Board, was the +same as that of the soldiers, spirituous liquors excepted. So inveterate +were their habits of dishonesty, that even the apparent want of a motive +could not repress them. + +2 March 1788 + +On the 2d of March Governor Phillip went with a long boat and cutter to +examine the broken land, mentioned by Captain Cook, about eight miles to +the northward of Port Jackson, and by him named Broken Bay. This bay +proved to be very extensive. The first night they slept in the boats, +within a rocky point in the north-west part of the bay, as the natives, +though friendly, appeared to be numerous; and the next day, after passing +a bar that had only water for small vessels, they entered a very +extensive branch, from which the ebb tide came out so strong that the +boats could not row against it in the stream; and here was deep water. +This opening appeared to end in several small branches, and in a large +lagoon which could not then be examined, as there was not time to seek a +channel for the boats among the banks of sand and mud. Most of the land +in the upper part of this branch was low and full of swamps. Pelicans and +various other birds were here seen in great numbers. Among the rest an +uncommon kind, called then the Hooded Gull, and supposed to be a non +descript; but it appears from a drawing sent to England, a plate from +which is here inserted, to be of that species called by Mr. Latham the +Caspian Tern, and is described by him as the second variety of that +species.* + +[* Latham's Synopsis of Birds, vol. vi. p. 351.] + +Leaving this north-west branch they proceeded across the bay, and went +into the south-west branch. This is also very extensive; and from it runs +a second opening to the westward, affording shelter for almost any number +of ships. In this part, as far as could then be examined, there is water +for vessels of the greatest burthen, the soundings being at the entrance +seven fathoms, and in going up still more. Continual rains prevented them +from taking a survey. The land here was found much higher than at Port +Jackson, more rocky, and equally covered with timber. Large trees were +seen growing even on the summits of the mountains, which appeared +accessible only to birds. Immediately round the headland that forms the +southern entrance into the bay, there is a third branch, which Governor +Phillip thought the finest piece of water he had ever seen; and which +therefore he thought worthy to be honoured with the name of Pitt Water. +This, as well as the south-west branch, is of sufficient extent to +contain all the navy of Great Britain. But on a narrow bar which runs +across the entrance it has only eighteen feet depth at low water. Within +the bar there are from seven to fifteen fathoms. The land is not so high +in this part as in the south-west branch, and there are some good +situations where the land might be cultivated. Small springs of water +were seen in most of the coves, and three cascades falling from heights, +which the rains at that time rendered inaccessible. + +In this excursion some interviews with the natives took place. When the +party first landed in Broken Bay several women came down to the beach +with the men. One of these, a young woman, was very talkative and +remarkably cheerful. This was a singular instance, for in general they +are observed on this coast to be much less cheerful than the men, and +apparently under great awe and subjection. They certainly are not treated +with much tenderness, and it is thought that they are employed chiefly in +the canoes, in which women have frequently been seen with very young +children at the breast. The lively young lady, when she joined the party +the second day in her canoe, stood up and gave a song which was far from +unpleasing. The men very readily gave their assistance to the English in +making a fire, and behaved in the most friendly manner. In a bay where +Governor Phillip and his company landed to draw the seine, a number of +the natives again came to them. It was now first observed by the Governor +that the women in general had lost two joints from the little finger of +the left hand. As these appeared to be all married women, he at first +conjectured this privation to be a part of the marriage ceremony; but +going afterwards into a hut where were several women and children, he saw +a girl of five or six years of age whose left hand was thus mutilated; +and at the same time an old woman, and another who appeared to have had +children, on both of whom all the fingers were perfect. Several instances +were afterwards observed of women with child, and of others that were +evidently wives, who had not lost the two joints, and of children from +whom they had been cut. Whatever be the occasion of this mutilation, it +is performed on females only; and considering the imperfection of their +instruments, must be a very painful operation. Nothing has been seen in +the possession of these people that is at all calculated for performing +such an amputation, except a shell fixed to a short stick, and used +generally for pointing their spears, or for separating the oysters from +the rocks. More fingers than one are never cut; and in every instance it +is the same finger that has suffered.* + +[* In Patterson's Travels in Africa, lately published, we are told, that +he met with a tribe of Hottentots near Orange River, all of whom had lost +the first joint of the little finger: the reason they gave for cutting it +off was, that it was a cure for a particular sickness to which they were +subject when young. Fourth Journey, p. 117. It would be a curious +coincidence of customs should it be discovered that the natives of New +Holland do it for any similar reason.] + +The men are distinguished in a different manner: their fingers are not +mutilated, but most of them, as other voyagers have observed, want the +right front tooth in the upper jaw. Governor Phillip having remarked +this, pointed out to them that he had himself lost one of his front +teeth, which occasioned a general clamour; and it was thought he derived +some merit in their opinion from this circumstance. The perforation of +the cartilage that divides the nostrils, and the strange disfiguring +ornament of a long bone or stick thrust through it, was now observed, as +described by Captain Cook; and the same appellation of sprit-sail yard, +was ludicrously applied to it by the sailors. But several very old men +were seen in this excursion who had not lost the tooth, nor had their +noses prepared to receive that grotesque appendage: probably, therefore, +these are marks of distinction: ambition must have its badges, and where +cloaths are not worn, the body itself must be compelled to bear them. + +Whether the scars raised upon the skin were of this kind, or as Captain +Cook understood by their signs, marks of sorrow for deceased friends, +could not now be learnt. They are of a very singular nature: sometimes +the skin is raised from the flesh for several inches, appearing as if it +were filled with wind, and forming a round surface of more than a quarter +of an inch diameter. Their bodies are scarred in various parts, +particularly about the breast and arms, and frequently on the instep. Nor +does the head always escape; one man in particular, putting aside the +hair on the forepart of his head, showed a scar, and then pointing to one +on the foot, and to others on different parts of the body, seemed to +intimate that he thought himself much honoured by having these marks upon +him from head to foot. The women did not appear equally forward to +produce the mutilated finger; nor was it always possible to ascertain +whether they had lost the joints or not. For though they made no attempt +to secrete themselves, nor seemed impressed with any idea that one part +of the body more requires concealment than another, yet there was a +shyness and timidity among them which frequently kept them at a distance. +They never would approach so readily as the men, and sometimes would not +even land from their canoes, but made signs that what was offered should +be given to the men. We are not yet enough acquainted with the manners of +the people to decide whether this reserve proceeds from the fears of the +women, or from the jealousy of their husbands, by whom they are evidently +kept in great subordination. + +One of their modes of fishing was now observed: their hooks are made of +the inside of a shell resembling mother of pearl. When a fish which has +taken the bait is supposed to be too strong to be landed with the line, +the canoe is paddled to shore, and while one man gently draws the fish +along, another stands prepared to strike it with a spear: in this attempt +they seldom fail. In the plate which represents this action, the engraver +has inadvertently left the bodies of the figures rather too white; in +other respects it is very accurate. + +When the southern branch of Broken Bay was first visited, the getting +round the headland that separates the branches, was attended with some +difficulty, on account of very heavy squalls of wind, accompanied with +rain. An attempt was made to land, where there proved not to be +sufficient water for the boat. During this transaction, an old man and a +youth were standing on the rocks where the boat was trying to approach. +Having seen how much our men had laboured to get under land, they were +very solicitous to point out the deepest water. Afterwards they brought +fire, and seemed willing to render any service in their power. Two of the +officers suffered themselves to be conducted by the old man to a cave at +some distance, but declined going in, though he invited them by all the +signs he could invent. This was rather unfortunate, as the rain was +falling very violently, and the cave was found next day sufficiently +large to have sheltered the whole party. The old man certainly took great +pains to make this understood, but the motive of his earnestness +unluckily was mistaken, and his visitors suffered for their suspicions. +He afterwards assisted in clearing away the bushes, and making +preparations for the party to sleep on shore, and next morning was +rewarded with presents for his very friendly behaviour. Two days +afterwards, when Governor Phillip returned to the same spot, the old man +met him with a dance and a song of joy. His son was with him, and several +of the natives; a hatchet was given them and other presents; and as the +Governor was to return next day to Port Jackson, it was hoped that the +friendship thus begun, and so studiously cultivated, would have continued +firm. But as soon as it was dark, the old man stole a spade, and was +caught with it in his hand. Governor Phillip thought it necessary, on +this occasion, to shew some tokens of displeasure, and therefore when the +delinquent approached, he gave him two or three slight slaps on the +shoulder, and then pushed him away, at the same time pointing to the +spade. This gentle chastisement at once destroyed their friendship. The +old man immediately seized a spear, and coming close up to the Governor, +poized it, and seemed determined to strike. But seeing that his threats +were disregarded, (for his antagonist chose rather to risk the effects of +his anger than to fire upon him) or perhaps dissuaded by something the +other natives said, in a few moments he dropped the spear and went away. +It was impossible not to be struck with the courage displayed by him on +this occasion, for Governor Phillip at the time was not alone, but had +several officers and men about him. From this and other similar events, +personal bravery appears to be a quality in which the natives of New +South Wales are not by any means deficient. The old man returned the next +morning with many other natives, but, in order to convince him of his +fault, he was less noticed than his companions, who were presented with +hatchets and various other articles. + +9 March 1788 + +It was now the 9th of March, and Governor Phillip returned to Port +Jackson: having gained some useful knowledge of the country, and +maintained an intercourse with the natives without departing from his +favourite plan of treating them with the utmost kindness. He had +endeavoured at the same time to gain their confidence, if possible, and +secure their friendship. If these humane endeavours were afterwards +rendered fruitless by the wanton profligacy of some depraved individuals, +however he might regret it, he could have no reason to reproach himself. + +The rain, which was almost constant, prevented the Governor from +returning by land, which otherwise he meant to have done, for the sake of +exploring a part of the country which appeared to be good and free from +timber. + + +Chapter X. + +March 1788 + +Departure of the French Ships--Death of M. Le Receveur--Return of the +Supply from Norfolk Island--Description of that Place--Howe Island +discovered. + +10 March 1788 + +On the 10th of March, the French ships sailed from Botany Bay. M. De la +Peyrouse during his stay there had set up two long boats, the frames of +which he had brought with him from Europe. There had not been much +intercourse between the French and English in this interval: both being +too busily employed to waste their time in parties of pleasure. Captain +Clonard had waited on Governor Phillip with the letters which were to be +forwarded to the French ambassador; and a few of the English officers had +gone over by land about the same time to pay a visit in Botany Bay; both +parties were of course received with politeness and hospitality. Some few +of the convicts contrived to abscond, and endeavoured to get admitted +into the French ships, but were, with great propriety, rejected. Those +vessels returned towards the north, where they were to make another +voyage. + +During the stay of M. De la Peyrouse in Botany Bay, Father Le Receveur, +who had come out in the Astrolabe as a naturalist, died. His death was +occasioned by wounds which he received in the unfortunate rencounter at +the Navigator's Islands. A slight monument was erected to his memory, +with the following inscription. + +Hic jacet LE RECEVEUR, +E. F. F. Minimis Galliae Sacerdos, +Physicus in circumnavigatione +Mundi, +Duce DE LA PEYROUSE, +Ob. 17 Feb. 1788. + +The monument being soon after destroyed by the natives, Governor Phillip +caused the inscription to be engraved on copper, and affixed to a +neighbouring tree. M. De la Peyrouse had paid a similar tribute of +respect to the memory of Captain Clerke, at the harbour of St. Peter and +Paul in Kamtschatka. + +19 March 1788 + +On the 19th of this month, Lieutenant Ball arrived in the Supply from +Norfolk Island. He had made that island on the 29th of February, but was +five days off the coast before a place could be found at which it was +possible to land the stores and provisions. So completely do the rocks +surround the island, that it was not easy to find a place even to land a +man. At length, however, they succeeded, having discovered at the +south-west end, a small opening in a reef that runs across a bay. Here +the people, provisions and stores were all put on shore in perfect +safety. The Commandant wrote in high spirits at the promising appearance +of his new territory; and subsequent accounts have proved, that the +opinion he then formed was not erroneous. He described Norfolk Island as +one entire wood, or rather as a garden overrun with the noblest pines, in +straightness, size, and magnitude, far superior to any he had ever seen. +Nothing can exceed the fertility of its soil. Wherever it has been since +examined, a rich black mould has been found to the depth of five or six +feet: and the grain and garden seeds which have been sown, such only +excepted as were damaged in the carriage, or by the weevil, have +vegetated with the utmost luxuriance. To prevent repetitions, it may +perhaps be best to unite in this place the accounts which have been +received of this island, though many of them will easily be perceived to +be greatly posterior to this first return of the Supply. + +Norfolk Island is about seven leagues in circumference, and if not +originally formed, like many other small islands, by the eruption of +volcanic matter from the bed of the sea, must doubtless have contained a +volcano. This conclusion is formed from the vast quantity of pumice stone +which is scattered in all parts of it, and mixed with the soil. The +crater, or at least some traces of its former existence, will probably be +found at the summit of a small mountain, which rises near the middle of +the island. To this mountain the Commandant has given the name of Mount +Pitt. The island is exceedingly well watered. At, or near Mount Pitt, +rises a strong and copious stream, which flowing through a very fine +valley, divides itself into several branches, each of which retains +sufficient force to be used in turning mills: and in various parts of the +island excellent springs have been discovered. + +The climate is pure, salubrious, and delightful, preserved from +oppressive heats by constant breezes from the sea, and of so mild a +temperature throughout the winter, that vegetation continues there +without interruption, one crop succeeding another. Refreshing showers +from time to time maintain perpetual verdure; not indeed of grass, for +none has yet been seen upon the island, but of the trees, shrubs, and +other vegetables which in all parts grow abundantly. On the leaves of +these, and of some kinds in particular, the sheep, hogs, and goats, not +only live, but thrive and fatten very much. To the salubrity of the air +every individual in this little colony can bear ample testimony, from the +uninterrupted state of good health which has been in general enjoyed. + +When our settlers landed, there was not a single acre clear of wood in +the island, and the trees were so bound together by that kind of creeping +shrub called supple jack, interwoven in all directions, as to render it +very difficult to penetrate far among them. The Commandant, small as his +numbers were at first, by indefatigable activity soon caused a space to +be cleared sufficient for the requisite accommodations, and for the +production of esculent vegetables of all kinds in the greatest abundance. +When the last accounts arrived, three acres of barley were in a very +thriving state, and ground was prepared to receive rice and Indian corn. +In the wheat there had been a disappointment, the grain that was sown +having been so much injured by the weevil, as to be unfit for vegetation. +But the people were all at that time in commodious houses; and, according +to the declarations of Mr. King himself, in his letters to Governor +Phillip, there was not a doubt that this colony would be in a situation +to support itself entirely without assistance, in less than four years: +and with very little in the intermediate time. Even two years would be +more than sufficient for this purpose, could a proper supply of black +cattle be sent. + +Fish are caught in great plenty, and in the proper season very fine +turtle. The woods are inhabited by innumerable tribes of birds, many of +them very gay in plumage. The most useful are pigeons, which are very +numerous, and a bird not unlike the Guinea fowl, except in colour, (being +chiefly white,) both of which were at first so tame as to suffer +themselves to be taken by hand. Of plants that afford vegetables for the +table, the chief are cabbage palm, the wild plantain, the fern tree, a +kind of wild spinage, and a tree which produces a diminutive fruit, +bearing some resemblance to a currant. This, it is hoped, by +transplanting and care, will be much improved in size and flavour. + +But the productions which give the greatest importance to Norfolk Island +are the pines and the flax plant, the former rising to a size and +perfection unknown in other places, and promising the most valuable +supply of masts and spars for our navy in the East Indies; the latter not +less estimable for the purposes of making sail-cloth, cordage, and even +the finest manufactures; growing in great plenty, and with such +luxuriance as to attain the height of eight feet.* The pines measure +frequently one hundred and sixty, or even one hundred and eighty feet in +height, and are sometimes nine or ten feet in diameter at the bottom of +the trunk. They rise to about eighty feet without a branch; the wood is +said to be of the best quality, almost as light as that of the best +Norway masts; and the turpentine obtained from it is remarkable for +purity and whiteness. The fern tree is found also of a great height for +its species, measuring from seventy to eighty feet, and affords excellent +food for the sheep and other small cattle. A plant producing pepper, and +supposed to be the true oriental pepper, has been discovered lately in +the island, growing in great plenty; and specimens have been sent to +England, in order to ascertain this important point. + +[* The flax plant is thus described in Captain Cook's first voyage, vol. +iii. p. 39. as found at New Zealand. "There is, however, a plant that +serves the inhabitants instead of hemp and flax, which excels all that +are put to the same purposes in other countries. Of this plant there are +two sorts; the leaves of both resemble those of flags, but the flowers +are smaller and their clusters more numerous; in one kind they are +yellow, and in the other a deep red. Of the leaves of these plants, with +very little preparation, they make all their common apparel; and of these +they also make their strings, lines, and cordage for every purpose, which +are so much stronger than any thing we can make with hemp, that they will +not bear a comparison. From the same plant, by another preparation, they +draw long slender fibres which shine like silk, and are as white as snow: +of these, which are also surprizingly strong, the finer clothes are made; +and of the leaves, without any other preparation than splitting them into +proper breadths and trying the strips together, they make their fishing +nets; some of which, as I have before remarked, are of an enormous size." +It is added, that it is found in every kind of soil. It is perennial, and +has a bulbous root. Some of the roots have lately been sent to England.] + +The chief disadvantage experienced by those who are sent to Norfolk +Island, is the want of a good landing place. The bay which has been used +for this purpose is inclosed by a reef of coral rock, through which there +is a passage only for a boat; and during the tide of flood, when the wind +is westerly, the landing is rather dangerous. In one of the debarkations +a midshipman, who was ordered to lie within the reef, that he might +attend the boats coming to shore, imprudently suffered his own boat to +drive into the surf, and was lost, with four men. He had been once before +overset in consequence of a similar inattention, and then had lost one +man. On the coast of the island are several small bays, and there are +still hopes that a better landing place may be discovered; but the +necessity of employing all the men in sheltering themselves and the +stores from the weather, or in clearing ground for various purposes, has +hitherto prevented Mr. King from sending out any persons to complete the +examination. Should this enquiry prove unsuccessful, it is proposed to +attempt the blowing up of one or two small rocks, by which the reef is +rendered dangerous. If this expedient also should fail, the evil must be +borne with patience. In summer the landing will generally be sufficiently +secure; and seamen, who have seen the bay of Riga, in the Baltic, +declare, that it will at all times be safer for a ship to load with masts +and spars at Norfolk Island, than in that place, where so many ships are +freighted yearly. + +Rats are the only quadrupeds which have been found in this island; and +from these, as well as from the ants, it was feared the crops might +suffer; but no great inconvenience has yet been experienced from them; +and proper exertions seldom fail in a short time to reduce the number of +such enemies, enough to make their depredations very inconsiderable. On +the whole, Norfolk Island certainly deserves to be considered as an +acquisition of some importance, and is likely to answer even the most +sanguine expectations. Some canoes have been found on the rocks, which +were supposed to have been driven from New Zealand; but the appearance of +a fresh cocoa nut and a small piece of manufactured wood, which seemed to +have been only a small time in the water, has lately suggested an idea +that probably some inhabited island may lie at no great distance. There +has not been as yet any opportunity to determine whether this opinion be +well founded or not. + +A small island, but entirely uninhabited, was discovered by Lieutenant +Ball in his passage to Norfolk Island. In his return he examined it, and +found that the shore abounded with turtle, but there was no good +anchorage. He named it Lord Howe Island. It is in 31 deg. 36' south latitude, +and 159 deg. east longitude. Part of this island being very high may be seen +at the distance of sixteen leagues, and a rock to the south-east of it, +may be discerned even at eighteen leagues. In latitude 29 deg. 25' south, +longitude 159 deg. 59' east, a very dangerous reef has since been seen. The +ship from which it was observed was then four leagues to the southward, +and it could not at that time be ascertained how far it extends to the +northward. + +To expedite the cultivation of Norfolk Island a fresh detachment was sent +thither in October, consisting of an officer and eight marines, with +thirty convicts, consisting of ten women and twenty men: Thus, there +existed on this islet, when the last accounts were transmitted, +forty-four men and sixteen women, who, having eighteen months provisions, +lived comfortably on this sequestered spot, under the prudent management +of a youthful ruler, of whose busy life the reader may wish to know all +the particulars, which at present can be authentically told. + +Philip Gidley King, who had the honour to conduct the original settlers +to Norfolk Island, was born at Launceston in Cornwall, on the 23d of +April, 1758. He is the son of Philip King, of that town, draper, who +married the daughter of John Gidley, of Exeter, attorney at law. Much as +he owes to his parents, he is indebted for his scholastic learning to Mr. +Bailey at Yarmouth. He derives, probably, some advantages from making an +early choice of his profession. At the age of twelve, he went to the East +Indies on board the Swallow frigate, Captain Shirley, by whom he was +rated a midshipman. From this station he returned to England, at the end +of five years, with much knowledge of his business, and some acquaintance +with the world. In 1775, he entered upon real service; and has continued +in active employment from that period to this great epoch of his life. He +went to Virginia with Captain Bellew, in the Liverpool, during the year +1775; with whom he continued till the shipwreck of that frigate in +Delaware Bay. And having entered on board the Princess Royal, in October +1778, he was made a Lieutenant by Admiral Byron, in the Renown, on the +26th of November following. He returned to England in the subsequent +year; and served in the Channel on board the Kite cutter, and Ariadne +frigate, till the beginning of 1783. With Captain Phillip he went to the +East Indies, as Lieutenant of the Europe, in January 1783; from whence he +returned on the restoration of complete peace, in May 1784. In this +service it was, that Phillip and King became acquainted with the merit of +each other. And when the expedition to New South Wales was projected, +King was appointed Lieutenant of the Sirius, on the 25th of October, +1786, at the same time that Phillip was nominated Commander of the +voyage. + + +Chapter XI. + +March 1788 to May 1788 + +Three of the transports cleared--Two excursions made into the country, on +the fifteenth of April, and on the twenty-second--Huts of the +natives--Sculpture, and other particulars. + +25 March 1788 + +On the 25th of March, the Charlotte, Lady Penrhyn, and Scarborough +transports, having been cleared of all their stores, were discharged from +government service, and left at liberty to proceed for China, whenever +their commanders should think proper. The other ships were of necessity +detained till the store-houses could be finished. + +15 April 1788 + +The month of April was not distinguished by any events that deserve to be +related, except two expeditions of Governor Phillip for the purpose of +exploring the country. On the first of these excursions he set out on the +15th with provisions for four days; attended by several officers, and a +small party of marines. They landed at the head of a small cove, called +Shell Cove, near the entrance of the harbour on the north side. +Proceeding in this direction they arrived at a large lake, which they +examined, though not without great labour. It was surrounded by a +considerable extent of bog and marshy ground, in which, in the course of +their progress, they were frequently plunged up to the waist. On this +lake they first observed a black swan, which species, though proverbially +rare in other parts of the world, is here by no means uncommon, being +found on most of the lakes. This was a very noble bird, larger than the +common swan, and equally beautiful in form. On being shot at, it rose and +discovered that its wings were edged with white: the bill was tinged with +red. + +In three days, with great difficulty, they passed the swamps and marshes +which lie near the harbour. Nothing can more fully point out the great +improvement which may be made by the industry of a civilized people in +this country, than the circumstances of the small streams which descend +into Port Jackson. They all proceed from swamps produced by the +stagnation of the water after rising from the springs. When the obstacles +which impede their course can be removed, and free channels opened +through which they may flow, the adjacent ground will gradually be +drained, and the streams themselves will become more useful; at the same +time habitable and salubrious situations will be gained in places where +at present perpetual damps prevail, and the air itself appears to +stagnate. + +On leaving these low grounds, they found them succeeded by a rocky and +barren country. The hills were covered with flowering shrubs, but by +means of various obstacles the ascending and descending was difficult, +and in many parts impracticable. At the distance of about fifteen miles +from the sea coast Governor Phillip obtained a very fine view of the +inland country and its mountains, to several of which he now gave names. +The most northern of them he named Carmarthen Hills, the most southern +Lansdown Hills; one which lay between these was called Richmond Hill. +From the manner in which these mountains appeared to rise, it was thought +almost certain that a large river must descend from among them. But it +was now necessary to return, without making any further examination. + +22 April 1788 + +On the 22d another excursion of the same kind was undertaken: Governor +Phillip landed with his party near the head of the harbour. Here they +found a good country, but in a short time arrived at a very close cover; +and after passing the chief part of the day in fruitless attempts to make +their way through it, were obliged to relinquish the attempt, and return. +The next day, by keeping close to the banks of a small creek for about +four miles, they contrived to pass the cover, and for the three +succeeding days continued their course to the west-ward. The country +through which they travelled was singularly fine, level, or rising in +small hills of a very pleasing and picturesque appearance. The soil +excellent, except in a few small spots where it was stony. The trees +growing at the distance of from twenty to forty feet from each other, and +in general entirely free from underwood, which was confined to the stony +and barren spots. On the fifth day they ascended a small eminence, +whence, for the first time in this second expedition, they saw Carmarthen +and Lansdown Hills. The country round this hill was so beautiful, that +Governor Phillip gave it the name of Belle-vue. They were still +apparently thirty miles from the mountains which it had been their object +to reach, and not having found it practicable, with the tents, arms, and +other necessaries, to carry more than six days provisions, were obliged +to return. Even with this small stock, the officers as well as men, had +been under the necessity of carrying heavy loads. Water for the use of +the day was always taken; for though it happened in every instance that +pools of water were found which had remained after the rains, yet this +was a supply on which they could not previously depend. The extraordinary +difficulty of penetrating into this country had now been fully +experienced; where unexpected delays from deep ravines and other +obstacles, frequently force the traveller from his direct course, and +baffle every conjecture concerning the time required for passing a +certain tract. The utmost extent of this excursion in a direct line had +not been more than thirty miles, and it had taken up five days. The +return of the party was effected with much more ease; the track was made, +and the trees marked the whole way where they had passed; with these +assistances they reached their boats in a day and a half. + +It was still the general opinion that the appearance of the country +promised the discovery of a large river in that district, whenever the +line now taken could be fully pursued. Another expedition was therefore +planned, in which it was determined, if possible, to reach either +Lansdown or Carmarthen Hills: and the hope of so important a discovery as +that of a river made every one anxious to go, notwithstanding the great +fatigue with which these undertakings were attended. But this design was +for the present unavoidably deferred. Governor Phillip, who had not been +perfectly well even at the time of setting out on the excursion to Broken +Bay, had then contracted a severe pain in his side, by sleeping +frequently on the wet ground. This complaint had in the two last journeys +received so much increase, that he found it absolutely necessary to allow +himself the respite of a few weeks, before he again encountered so much +fatigue. + +The country explored in this last journey was so good and so fit for the +purposes of cultivation, that the Governor resolved to send a detachment +to settle there, as soon as a sufficient number could be spared from +works of more immediate necessity. But notwithstanding the goodness of +the soil it is a matter of astonishment how the natives, who know not how +to avail themselves of its fertility, can subsist in the inland country. +On the coast fish makes a considerable part of their food, but where that +cannot be had, it seems hardly possible that with their spears, the only +missile weapon yet observed among them, they should be able to procure +any kind of animal food. With the assistance of their guns the English +gentlemen could not obtain, in the last six days they were out, more than +was barely sufficient for two meals. Yet, that these parts are frequented +by the natives was undeniably proved by the temporary huts which were +seen in several places. Near one of these huts the bones of a kanguroo +were found, and several trees were seen on fire. A piece of a root +resembling that of the fern tree was also picked up by Governor Phillip; +part of this root had been chewed, and so recently that it was thought it +could not have been left many minutes. It seemed evident by several +marks, that the natives had only fled at the approach of the English +party, but so effectually did they conceal themselves that not one was +seen. + +The number of the natives in these inland parts must, however, be very +small. Whether these reside by choice where they must encounter so many +difficulties, or whether they are driven from the society of those who +inhabit the coast, has not yet been discovered. The huts seen here +consisted of single pieces of bark, about eleven feet in length, and from +four to six in breadth, bent in the middle while fresh from the tree, and +set up so as to form an acute angle, not a little resembling cards set up +by children. In the plate inserted here, not only the huts, but some of +the spears of the natives are introduced. It was conjectured, that the +chief use of these imperfect structures might be, to conceal them from +the animals for which they must frequently be obliged to lie in wait. +They may also afford shelter from a shower of rain to one or two who sit +or lie under them. The bark of many trees was observed to be cut into +notches, as if for the purpose of climbing; and in several there were +holes, apparently the retreat of some animal, but enlarged by the natives +for the purpose of catching the inhabitant. The enlargement of these +holes with their imperfect instruments, must itself be a work of time, +and must require no little patience. In some places, where the hole was +rather too high to be reached from the ground, boughs of trees were laid +to facilitate the ascent. The animals that take refuge in those places +are probably the squirrel, the opossum, or the kanguroo-rat. At the +bottom of one of these trees, the skin of a flying squirrel was found. + +In many places fires had lately been made; but in one only were seen any +shells of oysters or muscles, and there not more than half a dozen. +Fish-bones were not found at all, which seems to prove, that in their +journies inland these people do not carry with them any provisions of +that kind. Kanguroos were frequently seen, but were so shy that it was +very difficult to shoot them. With respect to these animals, it is rather +an extraordinary circumstance, that, notwithstanding their great shyness, +and notwithstanding they are daily shot at, more of them are seen near +the camp than in any other part of the country. The kanguroo, though it +resembles the jerboa in the peculiarity of using only the hinder legs in +progression, does not belong to that genus. The pouch of the female, in +which the young are nursed, is thought to connect it rather with the +opossum tribe. This extraordinary formation, hitherto esteemed peculiar +to that one genus, seems, however, in New Holland not to be sufficiently +characteristic: it has been found both in the rat and the squirrel kind. +The largest kanguroo which has yet been shot weighed about one hundred +and forty pounds. But it has been discovered that there are two kinds, +one of which seldom exceeds sixty pounds in weight: these live chiefly on +the high grounds: their hair is of a reddish cast, and the head is +shorter than in the larger sort. Young kanguroos which have been taken, +have in a few days grown very tame, but none have lived more than two or +three weeks. Yet it is still possible that when their proper food shall +be better known, they may be domesticated. Near some water, in this +journey, was found the dung of an animal that fed on grass, which, it was +supposed, could not have been less than a horse. A kanguroo, so much +above the usual size, would have been an extraordinary phaenomenon, +though no larger animal has yet been seen, and the limits of growth in +that species are not ascertained. The tail of the kanguroo, which is very +large, is found to be used as a weapon of offence, and has given such +severe blows to dogs as to oblige them to desist from pursuit. Its flesh +is coarse and lean, nor would it probably be used for food, where there +was not a scarcity of fresh provisions. The disproportion between the +upper and lower parts of this animal is greater than has been shown in +any former delineations of it, but is well expressed in the plate +inserted here. + +The dimensions of a stuffed kanguroo in the possession of Mr. Nepean, +are these, + + f. in. +Length from the point of the nose to the end of the tail, 6 1 +-- of the tail, 2 1 +---- head, 0 8 +---- fore legs, 1 0 +---- hinder legs, 2 8 +Circumference of the forepart, by the legs, 1 1 +---- lower parts, ---- 3 2 + +The middle toe of the hind feet is remarkably long, strong, and sharp. + +The natives of New South Wales, though in so rude and uncivilized a state +as not even to have made an attempt towards clothing themselves, +notwithstanding that at times they evidently suffer from the cold and +wet, are not without notions of sculpture. In all these excursions of +Governor Phillip, and in the neighbourhood of Botany Bay and Port +Jackson, the figures of animals, of shields, and weapons, and even of +men, have been seen carved upon the rocks, roughly indeed, but +sufficiently well to ascertain very fully what was the the object +intended. Fish were often represented, and in one place the form of a +large lizard was sketched out with tolerable accuracy. On the top of one +of the hills, the figure of a man in the attitude usually assumed by them +when they begin to dance, was executed in a still superior style. That +the arts of imitation and amusement, should thus in any degree precede +those of necessity, seems an exception to the rules laid down by theory +for the progress of invention. But perhaps it may better be considered as +a proof that the climate is never so severe as to make the provision of +covering or shelter a matter of absolute necessity. Had these men been +exposed to a colder atmosphere, they would doubtless have had clothes and +houses, before they attempted to become sculptors. + +In all the country hitherto explored, the parties have seldom gone a +quarter of a mile without seeing trees which had been on fire. As violent +thunder storms are not uncommon on this coast, it is possible that they +may have been burnt by lightning, which the gum-tree is thought +particularly to attract; but it is probable also that they may have been +set on fire by the natives. The gum-tree is highly combustible, and it is +a common practice with them to kindle their fires at the root of one of +these trees. When they quit a place they never extinguish the fire they +have made, but leave it to burn out, or to communicate its flames to the +tree, as accidental circumstances may determine. + +Governor Phillip, on his return from this excursion, had the +mortification to find that five ewes and a lamb had been killed very near +the camp, and in the middle of the day. How this had happened was not +known, but it was conjectured that they must have been killed by dogs +belonging to the natives. The loss of any part of the stock of cattle was +a serious misfortune, since it must be a considerable time before it +could be replaced. Fish affords, in this place, only an uncertain +resource: on some days great quantities are caught, though not sufficient +to save any material part of the provisions; but at times it is very +scarce. An account of the live stock at this time in the settlement is +subjoined to this chapter. + +The three transports bound to China, sailed the 5th, 6th, and 8th of May; +and the Supply having been caulked, sailed on the 6th to Lord Howe Island +for turtle, in hopes of giving some check to the scurvy, with which the +people were still so much affected that near two hundred were incapable +of work. + +From the great labour which attended the clearing of the ground it proved +to be impracticable to sow at present more than eight or ten acres with +wheat and barley*: and it was apprehended that even this crop would +suffer from the depredations of ants and field mice. In the beginning of +May it was supposed, as it had been once or twice before, that the rainy +season was set in; but in about a week the weather became fine again. + +[* Besides what was sown by the Lieutenant Governor and other individuals, +for the support of their own stock: to assist whom, the labour of the +convicts was occasionally lent.] + + +AN ACCOUNT OF THE LIVE STOCK IN THE SETTLEMENT AT PORT JACKSON, MAY 1ST, 1788. + +Government + +Stallions 1 +Mares 2 +Bulls 2 +Cows 2 +Sheep: +Ram 1 +Ewes 12 +Wethers 3 +Goats 1 +Hogs: +Boar 1 +Sows 19 + +Governor + +Mares 1 +Colts 3 +Cows 2 +Sheep: +Ewe 1 +Lamb 1 +Hogs 10 +Rabbits 3 +Turkies 5 +Geese 8 +Ducks 17 +Fowls 22 + +Lieutenant Governor + +Goats 1 +Hogs 1 +Pigs 7 +Turkies 5 +Geese 6 +Ducks 4 +Fowls 9 + +Officers and men belonging to the detachment + +Cows 1 +Goats 12 +Hogs 10 +Pigs 17 +Rabbits 2 +Turkies 6 +Geese 9 +Ducks 8 +Fowls 55 +Chickens 25 + +Staff + +Sheep 11 +Goats 5 +Hogs 7 +Pigs 1 +Turkies 2 +Geese 6 +Ducks 6 +Fowls 36 +Chickens 62 + +Other individuals + +Hogs 1 + +Totals + +Stallions 1 +Mares 3 +Colts 3 +Bulls 2 +Cows 5 +Sheep 29 +Goats 19 +Hogs 49 +Pigs 25 +Rabbits 5 +Turkies 18 +Geese 29 +Ducks 35 +Fowls 122 +Chickens 87 + +(Signed,) ANDREW MILLER, Commissary. + + +Chapter XII. + +May 1788 to June 1788 + +The Supply returns from Lord Howe Island--Some convicts assaulted by the +natives--excursion of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay by Land--interview +with many natives--the fourth of June celebrated--some account of the +climate. + +25 May 1788 + +On the 25th of May, the Supply tender returned from Lord Howe Island, but +unfortunately without having been able to procure any turtle. She had met +with squally weather, and had been obliged to cut away her best bower +anchor, but suffered no other damage. The three transports bound for +China had all appeared off the island while the Supply remained there. + +About this time one of the convicts who, in searching for vegetables, had +gone a considerable way from the camp, returned very dangerously wounded +in the back. He said, that another man who had gone out for the same +purpose, had been carried off by the natives in his sight, after having +been wounded in the head. A shirt and hat were afterwards found, both +pierced with spears, in one of the huts of the natives; but no +intelligence of the man could be gained. There could be little doubt that +the convicts had been the aggressors, though the man who returned +strongly denied having given any kind of provocation. + +30 May 1788 + +On the thirtieth of May, two men who had been employed in collecting +rushes for thatch at some distance from the camp, were found dead. One of +them had four spears in his body, one of which had pierced entirely +through it: the other had not any marks of violence upon him. In this +case it was clearly proved that the first injury had been offered by the +unfortunate men, who paid so dearly for their dishonesty and disobedience +of orders; for they had been seen with a canoe, which they had taken from +one of the fishing places. These events were much regretted by Governor +Phillip, as tending entirely to the frustration of the plan he had so +much at heart, of conciliating the affections of the natives, and +establishing a friendly intercourse with them. + +As the rush-cutters tools had been carried away, the Governor thought it +might be possible to discover the natives who had been concerned in this +unfortunate affray; and to make them understand that the conduct of their +assailants had been entirely unwarranted, and was very highly +disapproved. He judged the attempt to be at least worth making, as it +seemed the only way to restore that confidence which must have been +interrupted by this affair. The next day, therefore, he went out with a +small party, consisting altogether of twelve persons, and landed at the +place where the men were killed. After traversing the country for more +than twenty miles, they arrived at the north shore of Botany Bay, without +having met with one of the natives. + +In this place, at length, they saw about twenty canoes employed in +fishing: and when the fires were made, and the party encamped to pass the +night upon the beach, it was fully expected that some of those in the +canoes would have joined them, but not one appeared. The next morning, +though fifty canoes were drawn up on the beach, not a single person could +be found belonging to them. Governor Phillip had now determined to return +to Port Jackson; but as he went, keeping for some time near the sea +coast, he discovered a great number of the natives, apparently more than +could belong to that district, assembled at the mouth of a cave. The +party was within ten yards of them before they were perceived, and the +Governor had hardly time to make his people halt before numbers appeared +in arms. The man who seemed to take the lead, as he advanced made signs +for the English to retire, but when he saw Governor Phillip approach +alone, unarmed, and in a friendly manner, he gave his spear away and met +him with perfect confidence. In less than three minutes the English party +found itself surrounded by two hundred and twelve men; but nothing +occurred in this transaction which could in the least confirm the idea, +that the natives were accustomed to act with treachery, or inclined to +take any cruel advantage of superiority in numbers. The moment the +offered friendship was accepted on their side, they laid down their +spears and stone hatchets, and joined the party in the most amicable +manner. Numbers of women and children remained at a small distance, some +of whom the men afterwards brought down to receive the little articles +which were offered as presents. Nothing was seen among these people which +could at all prove that any of them had been engaged in the affray with +the rush-cutters; and the Governor parted with them on the most friendly +terms, but more convinced than ever of the necessity of treating them +with a proper degree of confidence, in order to prevent disagreement. Had +he gone up with all his party, or had he even hesitated a moment before +he advanced himself, making the signals of friendship, a lance would +probably have been thrown, after which nothing could have prevented a +rencounter, which in such circumstances must have been fatal. + +Here was seen the finest stream of water that had hitherto been +discovered in the country, but the cove into which it runs lies very open +to the sea. When the natives saw that the English were going forward +towards the next cove, one of them, an old man, made signs that he might +be allowed to go first. He did so, and as soon as he had ascended the +hill, called out, holding up both his hands, (the usual signal of amity +among these people) to signify to the natives in the next cove that they +who were advancing were friends. The Governor's party did not, however, +descend to that cove, but saw about forty men, so that, unless they had +assembled themselves on some particular occasion, they must be more +numerous in that part than had been before imagined. Governor Phillip had +calculated before, from the parties he had seen, that in Botany Bay, Port +Jackson, Broken Bay, and all the intermediate country, the inhabitants +could not exceed one thousand five hundred. In crossing the hills at this +time between Botany Bay and Port Jackson, smoke was seen on the top of +Lansdown Hills, which seems to prove beyond a doubt, that the country is +inhabited as far as those mountains, which are not less than fifty miles +from the sea. + +Further enquiries having given some reason to suppose, that one of the +natives had been murdered, and several wounded, previously to the attack +made upon the rush-cutters, Governor Phillip on his return, proclaimed +the reward of emancipation to any convict who should discover the +aggressors. This step, if it did not in this instance procure any +information, seemed likely to prevent such acts of violence in future. + +No very good fortune had hitherto attended the live stock belonging to +the settlement, but the heaviest blow was yet to come. About this time +the two bulls and four cows, belonging to Government, and to the +Governor, having been left for a time by the man who was appointed to +attend them, strayed into the woods, and though they were traced to some +distance, never could be recovered. This was a loss which must be for +some time irreparable. + +4 June 1788 + +The fourth of June was not suffered to pass without due celebration. It +was a day of remission from labour, and of general festivity throughout +the settlement. At sun-rise the Sirius and Supply fired each a salute of +twenty-one guns, and again at one o'clock, when the marines on shore also +saluted with three vollies. At sunset the same honours were a third time +repeated from the ships; large bonfires were lighted, and the whole camp +afforded a scene of joy. That there might not be any exception to the +happiness of this day, the four convicts who had been reprieved from +death, and banished to an island in the middle of the harbour, received a +full pardon, and were sent for to bear their part in the general +exultation. The Governor, in his letters, with that humanity which so +strongly distinguishes his character, says, he trusts that on this day +there was not a single heavy heart in this part of his Majesty's +dominions. His own house was the centre of conviviality to all who could +be admitted to that society, nor was any thing neglected which in such a +situation could mark a day of celebrity, consistently with propriety and +good order. Perhaps no birth-day was ever celebrated in more places, or +more remote from each other, than that of his Majesty on this day. + +It was now, it seems, first generally known, that the name of Cumberland +County had been given by the Governor to this part of the territory. This +name had been fixed before the assembling of the first courts, for the +sake of preserving regularity in the form of the public acts, in which it +is usual to name the county. The boundaries fixed for Cumberland County +were, on the west, Carmarthen and Lansdown Hills: on the north, the +northern parts of Broken Bay; and to the southward, the southern parts of +Botany Bay. Thus including completely these three principal bays, and +leaving the chief place of settlement at Sydney Cove nearly in the +centre. + +On the 22d of June was a slight shock of an earthquake, which did not +last more than two or three seconds. It was felt by most people in the +camp, and by the Governor himself, who heard at the same time a noise +from the southward, which he took at first for the report of guns fired +at a great distance. + +24 June 1788 + +On the 24th, a convict who had absconded on the 5th, having been guilty +of a robbery, returned into the camp almost starved. He had hoped to +subsist in the woods, but found it impossible. One of the natives gave +him a fish, and then made signs for him to go away. He said, that +afterwards he joined a party of the natives, who would have burnt him, +but that with some difficulty he made his escape; and he pretended to +have seen the remains of a human body actually lying on a fire, but +little credit can be given to reports from such a quarter. He was of +opinion that the natives were at this time in great distress for food, +and said, that he had seen four of them dying in the woods, who made +signs for something to eat, as if they were perishing through hunger. It +is certain that very little fish could be caught at this time, and the +convict seemed desirous to suggest the notion that they supplied their +necessities occasionally with human flesh; but there seems to be no good +foundation for such an opinion. This man was tried for his offence, +pleaded guilty, and suffered with another criminal. + +It was now sufficiently ascertained, that though the necessity of +subsisting so long chiefly upon salt provisions, and of remaining +encamped in very wet weather had produced the scurvy, and other disorders +common in such circumstances, the climate itself wherein this new +settlement is fixed is mild and salubrious. Heavy rains had generally +attended the changes of the moon during the winter months, but there had +not been any time that could properly be called a rainy season. The +clearing away of the woods will of course assist the circulation of air, +and continually increase the healthfulness of the place. Violent storms +of thunder and lightning sometimes happened, and Governor Phillip +observed the variation of his thermometer, in the shade, to amount +frequently to thirty-three degrees, between eight in the morning and two +in the afternoon. The report of the surgeon at this time is subjoined. + +A RETURN OF SICK, ETC. JUNE 30, 1788. + +Marines sick in the hospital 4 +Convalescents in the hospital 2 +Marines sick in camp 18 +Convalescents in the hospital 6 +Wives and children of marines sick in the hospital 6 +Total belonging to the battalion under medical treatment 36 + +Of marines dead from the time of embarkation to landing 1 +Women dead from the time of embarkation to landing 1 +Children dead from the time of embarkation to landing 1 +Marines dead since landing 3 +Women dead since landing 0 +Children dead since landing 2 +Total dead from the time of embarkation to the present date 8 + +Convicts sick in the hospital 20 +Convalescents in the hospital 4 +Convicts sick in camp 26 +Convalescents in the hospital 16 +Total of convicts under medical treatment 66 + +Male convicts dead from the time of embarkation to landing 36 +Female convicts dead from the time of embarkation to landing 4 +Convicts children dead from the time of embarkation to landing 5 +Total 45 + +Male convicts dead since landing 20 +Female convicts dead since landing 8 +Convicts children dead since landing 8 +Total dead, from the time of embarkation to the present date 81 + +Convicts unfit for labour, from old age, infirmities, etc. 52 + +JOHN WHITE, Surgeon. +Sydney Cove, Port Jackson. + + +Chapter XIII. + +June 1788 to July 1788 + +Particular description of Sydney Cove--Of the buildings actually +erected--and of the intended town--A settlement made at the head of the +harbour. + +There are few things more pleasing than the contemplation of order and +useful arrangement, arising gradually out of tumult and confusion; and +perhaps this satisfaction cannot any where be more fully enjoyed than +where a settlement of civilized people is fixing itself upon a newly +discovered or savage coast. The wild appearance of land entirely +untouched by cultivation, the close and perplexed growing of trees, +interrupted now and then by barren spots, bare rocks, or spaces overgrown +with weeds, flowers, flowering shrubs, or underwood, scattered and +intermingled in the most promiscuous manner, are the first objects that +present themselves; afterwards, the irregular placing of the first tents +which are pitched, or huts which are erected for immediate accommodation, +wherever chance presents a spot tolerably free from obstacles, or more +easily cleared than the rest, with the bustle of various hands busily +employed in a number of the most incongruous works, increases rather than +diminishes the disorder, and produces a confusion of effect, which for a +time appears inextricable, and seems to threaten an endless continuance +of perplexity. But by degrees large spaces are opened, plans are formed, +lines marked, and a prospect at least of future regularity is clearly +discerned, and is made the more striking by the recollection of the +former confusion. + +To this latter state the settlement at Sydney Cove had now at length +arrived, and is so represented in the plan annexed. Lines are there +traced out which distinguish the principal street of an intended town, to +be terminated by the Governor's house, the main guard, and the criminal +court. In some parts of this space temporary barracks at present stand, +but no permanent buildings will be suffered to be placed, except in +conformity to the plan laid down. Should the town be still further +extended in future, the form of other streets is also traced in such a +manner as to ensure a free circulation of air. The principal streets, +according to this design, will be two hundred feet wide; the ground +proposed for them to the southward is nearly level, and is altogether an +excellent situation for buildings. It is proposed by Governor Phillip +that when houses are to be built here, the grants of land shall be made +with such clauses as will prevent the building of more than one house on +one allotment, which is to consist of sixty feet in front, and one +hundred and fifty feet in depth. These regulations will preserve a kind +of uniformity in the buildings, prevent narrow streets, and exclude many +inconveniences which a rapid increase of inhabitants might otherwise +occasion hereafter. It has been also an object of the Governor's +attention to place the public buildings in situations that will be +eligible at all times, and particularly to give the storehouses and +hospital sufficient space for future enlargement, should it be found +necessary. + +The first huts that were erected here were composed of very perishable +materials, the soft wood of the cabbage palm, being only designed to +afford immediate shelter. The necessity of using the wood quite green +made it also the less likely to prove durable. The huts of the convicts +were still more slight, being composed only of upright posts, wattled +with slight twigs, and plaistered up with clay. Barracks and huts were +afterwards formed of materials rather more lasting. Buildings of stone +might easily have been raised, had there been any means of procuring lime +for mortar. The stone which has been found is of three sorts: A fine free +stone, reckoned equal in goodness to that of Portland; an indifferent +kind of sand stone, or firestone; and a sort which appears to contain a +mixture of iron. But neither chalk, nor any species of lime-stone has yet +been discovered. In building a small house for the Governor on the +eastern side of the Cove, (marked 1 in the plan) lime was made of oyster +shells, collected in the neighbouring coves; but it cannot be expected +that lime should be supplied in this manner for many buildings, or indeed +for any of great extent. Till this difficulty shall be removed by the +discovery of chalk or lime-stone, the public buildings must go on very +slowly, unless care be taken to send out those articles as ballast in all +the ships destined for Port Jackson. In the mean time the materials can +only be laid in clay, which makes it necessary to give great thickness to +the walls, and even then they are not so firm as might be wished. Good +clay for bricks is found near Sydney Cove, and very good bricks have been +made. The wood, from the specimens that have been received in England, +appears to be good; it is heavy indeed, but fine grained, and apparently +strong, and free from knots. The imperfections that were found in it at +first arose probably from the want of previous seasoning. + +The hospital is placed on the west side of the Cove, in a very healthful +situation, entirely clear of the town; and is built in such a manner as +to last for some years. On the high ground between the hospital and the +town, if water can be found by sinking wells, it is the Governor's +intention to erect the barracks, surrounding them with proper works. +These were to have been begun as soon as the transports were cleared, and +the men hutted, but the progress of work was rendered so slow by the want +of an adequate number of able workmen, that it was necessary to postpone +that undertaking for a time. The ground marked out for a church lies +still nearer to the town, so that this edifice will form in part one side +of the principal parade. The design which demanded the most immediate +execution was that of a storehouse, which might be secure from the danger +of fire. In a country exposed to frequent storms of thunder and +lightning, it was rather an uneasy situation to have all the provisions +and other necessaries lodged in wooden buildings, covered with thatch of +the most combustible kind. On the point of land that forms the west side +of the Cove, and on an elevated spot, a small observatory has been raised +under the direction of Lieutenant Dawes, who was charged by the Board of +Longitude with the care of observing the expected comet. The longitude of +this observatory is ascertained to be 159 deg. 19' 30" east from Greenwich, +and the latitude 32 deg. 52' 30" south. A small house, built by the +Lieutenant Governor for himself, forms at present the corner of the +parade; the principal street will be carried on at right angles with the +front of this building. Instead of thatch, they now use shingles made +from a tree in appearance like a fir, but producing a wood not unlike the +English oak. This, though more secure than thatching, is not enough so +for storehouses. For these, if slate-stone should not be found, tiles +must be made of the clay which has been used for bricks. The principal +farm is situated in the next cove to the east of the town, and less than +half a mile from it. When the plan was drawn it contained about nine +acres laid down in corn of different kinds. Later accounts speak of six +acres of wheat, eight of barley, and six of other grain, as raised on the +public account, and in a very promising way. + +Sydney cove lies open to the north-east, and is continued in a south-west +direction for near a thousand yards, gradually decreasing from the +breadth of about one thousand four hundred feet, till it terminates in a +point, where it receives a small stream of fresh water. The anchorage +extends about two thousand feet up the cove, and has soundings in general +of four fathoms near the shore, and five, six, or seven, nearer the +middle of the channel. It is perfectly secure in all winds; and for a +considerable way up on both sides, ships can lie almost close to the +shore: nor are there, in any part of it, rocks or shallows to render the +navigation dangerous. Such a situation could not fail to appear +desireable to a discerning man, whose object it was to establish a +settlement, which he knew must for some time depend for support on the +importation of the principal necessaries of life. + +It is supposed that metals of various kinds abound in the soil on which +the town is placed. A convict, who had formerly been used to work in the +Staffordshire lead mines, declared very positively, that the ground which +they were now clearing, contains a large quantity of that ore: and copper +is supposed to lie under some rocks which were blown up in sinking a +cellar for the public stock of spirituous liquors. It is the opinion of +the Governor himself that several metals are actually contained in the +earth hereabouts, and that mines may hereafter be worked to great +advantage: but at present he strongly discourages any search of this +kind, very judiciously discerning, that in the present situation of his +people, which requires so many exertions of a very different nature, the +discovering of a mine would be the greatest evil that could befal the +settlement. In some places where they dug, in making wells, they found a +substance which at first was taken for a metal, but which proving +perfectly refractory in a very strong and long continued heat, has since +been concluded to be black lead. The kind of pigment called by painters +Spanish brown, is found in great abundance, and the white clay with which +the natives paint themselves is still in greater plenty. The Abbe le +Receveur was of opinion, that this clay, if cleared from the sand, which +might easily be separated, would make excellent porcelain. + +The climate at Sydney Cove is considered, on the whole, as equal to the +finest in Europe. The rains are not ever of long duration, and there are +seldom any fogs: the soil, though in general light, and rather sandy in +this part, is full as good as usually is found so near the sea-coast. All +the plants and fruit trees brought from Brasil and the Cape, which were +not damaged in the passage, thrive exceedingly; and vegetables have now +become plentiful, both the European sorts and such as are peculiar to +this country. In the Governor's garden are excellent cauliflowers, and +melons very fine of their kinds. The orange trees flourish, and the fig +trees and vines are improving still more rapidly. In a climate so +favourable, the cultivation of the vine may doubtless be carried to any +degree of perfection; and should not other articles of commerce divert +the attention of the settlers from this point, the wines of New South +Wales may, perhaps, hereafter be sought with avidity, and become an +indispensable part of the luxury of European tables. + +The rank grass under the trees, unfortunately proved fatal to all the +sheep purchased by Governor Phillip, on his own and on the public +account. Those which private individuals kept close to their own tents, +and fed entirely there, were preserved. Hogs and poultry not only thrive +but increase very fast; black cattle will doubtless succeed as well, and +it will be easy in future to secure them from straying. The horses have +not met with any accident. + +The last dispatches from Governor Phillip bring an account of his having +sent a small detachment up to that ground at the upper end of Port +Jackson, which he discovered in one of his excursions to be so highly fit +for cultivation. This party consisted of a captain, two lieutenants of +marines, with twenty-five non-commissioned officers and privates: about +fifty convicts were added as labourers. This spot is very pleasant, and +has been named by the Governor, Rose-hill. The flax-plant, which was seen +at the first arrival of our people, has not been found since in any great +abundance. A most ample supply of this valuable article may, however, +always be obtained from Norfolk Island. Governor Phillip, when he judged +the seeds to be ripe, ordered them to be collected, but at that time very +few of the plants were found, and not any in the places where the +greatest quantity had been seen. It is thought that the natives pull up +the plant when it is in flower to make their fishing lines. + +On the whole, notwithstanding the difficulties and disadvantages at first +experienced, which, though great, were not more than must naturally be +expected to occur in such an undertaking; notwithstanding the sicknesses +which from various causes prevailed for some time among the people, the +settlement at Sydney Cove wore a very promising aspect at the time when +the last accounts were sent; and there can be no doubt that it will be +found hereafter fully to answer every expectation which was formed when +the design was projected. The scantiness of the streams of fresh water +was thought at first unfavourable, but good springs have since been found +by digging. The house built for Governor Phillip stands about fifty-six +feet above high-water mark, and there, by sinking a well about fifteen +feet in the rock, an excellent spring of pure water has been obtained. + + +Chapter XIV. + +July 1788 to October 1788 + +Fish violently seized by the natives--Another expedition of the +Governor--Further account of the manners and manufactures of the native +inhabitants of New South Wales--Difficulty of obtaining any intercourse. + +9 July 1788 + +On the ninth of July, an effort was made by a party of natives, which +seems to indicate that they were still distressed for provisions, or that +they very highly resent the incroachments made upon their fishing places. +A general order had been issued to those sent out on fishing parties, to +give a part of what was caught to the natives if they approached, however +small the quantity taken might be; and by these means they had always +been sent away apparently satisfied. But on this day, about twenty of +them, armed with spears, came down to the spot where our men were +fishing, and without any previous attempt to obtain their purpose by fair +means, violently seized the greatest part of the fish which was in the +seine. While this detachment performed this act of depredation, a much +greater number stood at a small distance with their spears poized, ready +to have thrown them if any resistance had been made. But the cockswain +who commanded the fishing party, very prudently suffered them to take +away what they chose, and they parted on good terms. This is the only +instance in which these people have attempted any unprovoked act of +violence, and to this they probably were driven by necessity. Since this +transaction, an officer has always been sent down the harbour with the +boat. + +Governor Phillip went out about this time with a small party, to examine +the land between Port Jackson and Broken Bay. Here were found many +hundred acres of land, free from timber, and very fit for cultivation. He +proceeded as far as Pitt Water, and saw several of the natives, but none +of them chose to approach. When the party returned to the boats near the +mouth of the harbour, about sixty of these people, men, women, and +children, were assembled there. Some hours were passed with them in a +peaceful and very friendly manner, but though in all this time they +discovered no uneasiness, they seemed best pleased when their visitors +were preparing to depart. This has always been the case, since it has +been known among them that our people intend to remain on the coast. Many +of the women were employed at this time in fishing, a service which is +not uncommonly performed by them, the men being chiefly occupied in +making canoes, spears, fish-gigs, and the other articles that constitute +their small stock of necessary implements. Two women were here observed +to be scarred on the shoulders like the men; this was the first instance +in which they had been seen so marked. + +The sailors who waited on the beach to take care of the boat saw about +two hundred men assembled in two parties, who after some time drew +themselves up on opposite sides, and from each party men advanced singly +and threw their spears, guarding themselves at the same time with their +shields. This seemed at first to be merely a kind of exercise, for the +women belonging to both parties remained together on the beach; +afterwards it had a more serious aspect, and the women are said to have +run up and down in great agitation uttering violent shrieks. But it was +not perceived that any men were killed. + +As it had been supposed that many of the natives had left this part of +the coast, on account of the great scarcity of fish, the different coves +of the harbour were examined in one day. At this time, not more than +sixty-seven canoes were counted, and about one hundred and thirty of the +people were seen. But it was the season in which they make their new +canoes, and large parties were known to be in the woods for that purpose. + +A few days after this examination, Governor Phillip himself went again to +explore the coast between Port Jackson and Botany Bay. In this journey +few of the natives were seen, but new proofs were observed of their +having been distressed for food. In the preceding summer they would not +eat either the shark or the sting-ray, but now even coarser meat was +acceptable, and indeed any thing that could afford the smallest +nourishment. A young whale had just been driven upon the coast, which +they were busily employed in carrying away. All that were seen at this +time had large pieces of it, which appeared to have been laid upon the +fire only long enough to scorch the outside. In this state they always +eat their fish, never broiling it for more than a few minutes; they broil +also the fern root, and another root, of which the plant is not yet +known; and they usually eat together in families. Among the fruits used +by them is a kind of wild fig; and they eat also the kernels of that +fruit which resembles a pine-apple. The latter, when eaten by some of the +French seamen, occasioned violent retchings; possibly the natives may +remove the noxious qualities, by some process like those employed upon +the cassada. The winter months, in which fish is very scarce upon the +coast, are June, July, August, and part of September. From the beaten +paths that are seen between Port Jackson and Broken Bay, and in other +parts, it is thought that the natives frequently change their situation, +but it has not been perceived that they make any regular migrations to +the northward in the winter months, or to the south in summer. + +In consequence of the very extraordinary shyness of these people since +the arrival of our settlement, little addition has been made to the +knowledge of their manners attained by Captain Cook: but most of his +observations have been confirmed. The whole, indeed, that can be known of +a people, among whom civilization and the arts of life have made so small +a progress, must amount to very little. The assertion that they have no +nets*, is amongst the very few that have been found erroneous. Some small +nets have been brought over, the manufacture of which is very curious. +The twine of which they are made, appears to be composed of the fibres of +the flax plant, with very little preparation; it is very strong, heavy, +and so admirably well twisted as to have the appearance of the best +whipcord. Governor Phillip mentions having had lines of their +manufacture, which were made from the fur of some animal, and others that +appeared to be of cotton. The meshes of their nets are formed of large +loops, very artificially inserted into each other, but without any knots. +At a small distance they have exactly the appearance of our common nets, +but when they are closely examined the peculiar mode in which the loops +are managed is very remarkable. Some ladies who have inspected one of +these nets lately imported, declare that it is formed exactly on the same +principle as the ground of point lace, except that it has only one turn +of the thread, instead of two, in every loop. This net appears to have +been used either as a landing net, or for the purpose of carrying the +fish when taken. They have also small hoop nets, in which they catch +lobsters, and sea crayfish. Their canoes and other implements are very +exactly described by Captain Cook. + +[* Cook's first voyage, Hawkesworth, Vol. III. p. 233.--If it was only +meant that they have no large nets for fishing, like the feine, as the +New Zealanders have, the remark is certainly true.] + +The inhabitants of New South Wales have very few ornaments, except those +which are impressed upon the skin itself, or laid on in the manner of +paint. The men keep their beards short, it is thought by scorching off +the hair, and several of them at the first arrival of our people seemed +to take great delight in being shaved. They sometimes hang in their hair +the teeth of dogs, and other animals, the claws of lobsters, and several +small bones, which they fasten there by means of gum; but such ornaments +have never been seen upon the women. Though they have not made any +attempt towards clothing themselves, they are by no means insensible of +the cold, and appear very much to dislike the rain. During a shower they +have been observed to cover their heads with pieces of bark, and to +shiver exceedingly. Governor Phillip was convinced by these circumstances +that clothing would be very acceptable to them, if they could be induced +to come enough among the English to learn the use of it. He has therefore +applied for a supply of frocks and jackets to distribute among them, +which are to be made long and loose, and to serve for either men or +women. + +The bodies of these people in general smell strongly of oil, and the +darkness of their colour is much increased by dirt. But though in these +points they shew so little delicacy, they are not without emotions of +disgust, when they meet with strong effluvia to which their organs are +unaccustomed. One of them, after having touched a piece of pork, held out +his finger for his companions to smell, with strong marks of distaste. +Bread and meat they seldom refuse to take, but generally throw it away +soon after. Fish they always accept very eagerly. + +Whether they use any particular rites of burial is not yet known, but +from the following account it seems evident that they burn their dead. +The ground having been observed to be raised in several places, like the +ruder kind of graves of the common people in our church yards, Governor +Phillip caused some of these barrows to be opened. In one of them a jaw +bone was found not quite consumed, but in general they contained only +ashes. From the manner in which these ashes were disposed, it appeared +that the body must have been laid at length, raised from the ground a few +inches only, or just enough to admit a fire under it; and having been +consumed in this posture, it must then have been covered lightly over +with mould. Fern is usually spread upon the surface, with a few stones, +to keep it from being dispersed by the wind. These graves have not been +found in very great numbers, nor ever near their huts. + +When the latest accounts arrived from Port Jackson, the natives still +avoided all intercourse with our settlement, whether from dislike or from +contempt is not perfectly clear: They think perhaps that we cannot teach +them any thing of sufficient value to make them amends for our +encroachments upon their fishing places. They seem to be among themselves +perfectly honest, and often leave their spears and other implements upon +the beach, in full confidence of finding them untouched. But the convicts +too frequently carry them off, and dispose of them to vessels coming to +England, though at the hazard on one side of being prosecuted for theft, +and on the other for purchasing stolen goods. Injuries of this nature +they generally revenge on such stragglers as they happen to meet; and +perhaps have already learnt to distinguish these freebooters, by their +blue and yellow jackets, as they very early did the soldiers by their red +clothes. Beyond these attacks they have not yet committed any open acts +of hostility, except the seizing of the fish in the instance above +related. They have not attempted to annoy the settlers by setting fire to +the grass, as they did when Captain Cook was on the coast; nor have they, +which is more important, shown any desire to burn the crops of corn. So +absolutely indispensable to the welfare of the settlement is the +preservation of the grain, that an attempt of this kind must at all +events be counteracted; but in no other case will any harsh measures be +adopted, or any effort made to drive them to a greater distance. +Conciliation is the only plan intended to be pursued: But Governor +Phillip, when he last wrote, seemed to despair of getting any of them to +remain among his people, long enough for either to acquire the language +of the other, except by constraint. Hitherto he has been unwilling to +take this method, but if it can be done in such a manner as not to create +any general alarm among them, it will probably turn out to be the kindest +piece of violence that could be used. Whenever it shall be practicable, +by any means, to explain to them the friendly disposition of Governor +Phillip and his people towards them, and to make them understand, that +the men from whom they receive occasional injuries, are already a +disgraced class, and liable to severe punishment for such proceedings, +they will then perhaps acquire sufficient confidence in their new +countrymen to mix with them, to enrich themselves with some of their +implements, and to learn and adopt some of the most useful and necessary +of their arts. It may, indeed, admit of a doubt whether many of the +accommodations of civilized life, be not more than counterbalanced by the +artificial wants to which they give birth; but it is undeniably certain +that to teach the shivering savage how to clothe his body, and to shelter +himself completely from the cold and wet, and to put into the hands of +men, ready to perish for one half of the year with hunger, the means of +procuring constant and abundant provision, must be to confer upon them +benefits of the highest value and importance. + +According to the latest advices from Governor Phillip, the Sirius sailed +for the Cape on the 2d of October, 1788, to purchase grain, flour, and +other necessaries. Live stock was not to be procured by this ship, as +being less wanted in the present state of the settlement, which had +provisions in store for eighteen months, but not grain enough for seed, +and for the support of cattle. The Fishburn and Golden Grove storeships +sailed in November for England; the Supply was detained in Port Jackson +for occasional use. At this time the officers were all in separate +houses, and the whole detachment comfortably lodged, though the barracks +were yet unfinished. Nothing more, that requires to be related, has yet +been heard from the settlement. + +* * * * * + +REMARKS and DIRECTIONS for SAILING into PORT JACKSON, by Capt. J. HUNTER, +of the Sirius. + +In coming in with Port Jackson, you will not immediately discover where +the harbour is: Steer right in for the outer points, for there is not any +thing in the way but what shows itself by the sea breaking on it, except +a reef on the south shore which runs off a small distance only: when you +are past this reef and are a-breast the next point on the same side, you +will open to the south-ward of you an extensive branch of the harbour, +into which you will sail; taking care to keep the shore on either side +well on board, for there is a reef which dries at low water and lies very +near the mid-channel, right off the first sandy cove on the east shore; +this reef is pretty broad athwart, as well as up and down the channel, +and shoals very gradually: The marks for it are, the outer north point +and inner south point touching, Green Point will then be on with a +remarkable notch in the back land. To avoid it to the eastward, pass the +inner south head a cable's length from it, and when you open any part of +the sandy beach of Camp Cove, haul short in for it until you bring the +inner north head and inner south head on with each other; that mark will +carry you up in five and six fathom: But if you cannot weather the reef, +tack and stand into Camp Cove, which shoals gradually. If you pass to the +westward of the reef, steer in for Middle Cape, which is steep too, then +steer up for the next point above it on the same side; when you are that +length, you may take what part of the channel you please, or anchor where +you like. + +It flows Full and Change a quarter past eight. +Rises 4 6 Neap Tide. +Rises 6 0 Spring Tide. + + +Chapter XV. + +The great advantage of a scientific eye over that of the unlearned +observer, in viewing the productions of nature, cannot be more strongly +exemplified than by the present state of the natural history of Botany +Bay, and its vicinity. The English who first visited this part of the +coast, staid there only a week, but having among them persons deeply +versed in the study of nature, produced an account, to which the present +settlers, after a residence of near eleven months when the last +dispatches were dated, have been able to add but very little of +importance. The properties and relations of many objects are known to the +philosopher at first sight, his enquiries after novelty are conducted +with sagacity, and when he cannot describe by name what he discovers, as +being yet unnamed, he can at least refer it to its proper class and +genus. The observation of unskilful persons is often detailed by trivial +resemblances, while it passes by the marks which are really +characteristic. Governor Phillip, in one of his letters, remarking the +prodigious variety of vegetable productions then before his eyes, +laments, that among all the people with him there happens not to be one +who has any tolerable knowledge of botany. This circumstance is perhaps +less to be regretted than a deficiency in any other branch of natural +knowledge. The researches of some gentlemen among the first voyagers were +particularly directed to botanical discoveries, and a work which is now +preparing, in a style of uncommon accuracy and elegance by one of the +most illustrious of them, will probably discover that there was little +left undone, even in their short stay, towards completing that branch of +enquiry. Of quadrupeds the whole stock contained in the country appears +to be confined to a very few species: Wolves have not been seen, though +the tracks of them were so frequently thought to be detected on this +coast by Captain Cook's party. Birds are numerous, but they belong in +general to classes already known to naturalists; a few drawings however, +and specimens of both, have been sent over. These, to gratify, as far as +possible, the curiosity of those readers whose attention is particularly +directed to natural history, have been engraved, and a short account of +them is thrown together in this chapter. Of reptiles few have been seen +that are at all curious. A large Lizard, of the Scincus kind, with the +remarkable peculiarity of a small spine or horn standing near the +extremity of the tail, is said to be among some specimens sent over as +private presents; and also a kind of frog, whose colour is blue; but +these do not in other respects differ materially from the usual form of +their respective species. The ants are fully described in Captain Cook's +first voyage. + +* * * * * + +QUADRUPEDS. + +The KANGUROO has been particularly described already. + +THE SPOTTED OPOSSUM. + +The annexed plate represents a small animal of the opossum kind, which +has not before been delineated. It is perhaps the same which is slightly +described in Captain Cook's first voyage as resembling a polecat, having +the back spotted with white; and is there said to be called by the +natives Quoll.* The colour however is darker, being rather black than +brown. + +[* Hawkesw. iii. p. 222.] + +The Spotted Opossum, for so it may properly be named, is in length from +the nose to the extremity of the tail about twenty-five inches, of which +the tail itself takes up about nine or ten. The general colour of the +animal is black, inclining to brown beneath; the neck and body spotted +with irregular roundish patches of white; the ears are pretty large, and +stand erect, the visage is pointed, the muzzle furnished with long +slender hairs; the fore, as well as hind legs, from the knees downward, +almost naked, and ash-coloured; on the fore feet are five claws, and on +the hind, four and a thumb without a claw; the tail, for about an inch +and an half from the root, covered with hairs of the same length as those +on the body, from thence to the end with long ones not unlike that of a +squirrel. The specimen from which the above account was taken, is a +female, and has six teats placed in a circle, within the pouch. + +Another animal of the opossum kind has been sent alive to the Rev. Dr. +Hamilton, Rector of St. Martin's, Westminster, and is now living in the +possession of Mr. J. Hunter. It appears to be of the same sort as that +mentioned in Captain Cook's first voyage,* and that also which was found +near Adventure Bay, represented in the eighth plate of Captain Cook's +third voyage, and slightly described in Vol. I. p. 109 of that work: but +it must be owned, that neither its form nor character is very well +expressed in that plate. + +[* Hawkesw. vol. iii. p. 182.] + +The countenance of this animal much resembles that of a fox, but its +manners approach more nearly to those of the squirrel. When disposed to +sleep, or to remain inactive, it coils itself up into a round form; but +when eating, or on the watch for any purpose, sits up, throwing its tail +behind it. In this posture it uses its fore feet to hold any thing, and +to feed itself. When irritated, it sits still more erect on the hind +legs, or throws itself upon its back, making a loud and harsh noise. It +feeds only on vegetable substances. + +This specimen is a male. The fur is long, but close and thick; of a mixed +brown or greyish colour on the back, under the belly and neck, of a +yellowish white. Its length is about eighteen inches, exclusive of the +tail, which is twelve inches long, and prehensile. The face is three +inches in length, broad above and very pointed at the muzzle, which is +furnished with long whiskers. The eyes are very large, but not fierce. On +the fore feet are five claws; on the hind, three and a thumb. The teeth +are two in the front of the upper jaw, and two in the lower; the upper +projecting beyond the under. In the Kanguroo it is remarkable that there +are four teeth in the upper jaw, opposed to two in the under. The +testicles are contained in a pendulous scrotum, between the two thighs of +the hind legs, as in the common opossum. The affinity of almost all the +quadrupeds yet discovered on this coast to the opossum kind, in the +circumstance of the pouch in which the female receives and suckles her +young, seems to open a field of investigation most interesting to the +naturalist: and the public will doubtless learn with pleasure, that it is +the intention of the most able comparative anatomist of the age, to give +a paper on this subject to the Royal Society. It cannot, therefore, be +necessary at present to pursue the enquiry any farther. + +THE VULPINE OPOSSUM. + +This is not unlike the common fox in shape, but considerably inferior to +it in respect to size, being, from the point of the nose to the setting +on of the tail, only twenty-six inches; the tail itself fifteen inches: +the upper parts of the body are of a grisly colour, arising from a +mixture of dusky and white hairs, with rufous-yellow tinge; the head and +shoulders partaking most of this last colour: round the eyes blackish: +above the nostrils ten or twelve black whiskers, four inches or more in +length: all the under parts of the body are of a tawny buff-colour, +deepest on the throat, where the bottom of the hairs are rust-colour: the +tail is of the colour of the back for about one quarter of its length, +from thence to the end, black: the toes on the fore feet are five in +number, the inner one placed high up: on the hind feet four toes only: +with a thumb, consisting of two joints, without a claw, placed high up at +the base of the inner toe. The whole foot serving the purpose of a hand, +as observable in many of the opossum genus. The legs are much shorter in +proportion than those of the common fox: the ears about one inch and an +half in length: in the upper jaw are six cutting teeth, and four +grinders, with two small canine teeth placed at an equal distance between +them: in the under jaw two long cutting teeth, not unlike those of a +squirrel, and four grinders to answer those in the upper jaw, but no +canine teeth.--A representation of the mouth and teeth may be seen in one +of the following plates. + +NORFOLK ISLAND FLYING SQUIRREL. + +Size of the American grey squirrel, and the general colour of the upper +parts very nearly resembling that animal; the under parts white: from the +nose to the tail runs a streak of dusky black, and another springs on +each side of the head behind the nostrils, passing over the eyes and +finishing behind them: ears not rising from the head: on each side of the +body is a broad flap or membrane, as in other flying squirrels, which is +united to both the fore and hind legs, as usual in many of this division: +this membrane is black, fringed on the outer edge with white: the tail +for two-thirds of the length, is of an elegant ash colour, paler than the +body, from thence to the end dusky black: the toes on the fore legs are +five in number; those of the hinder uncertain, as the legs behind were +wanting: length from head to rump nine inches; the tail is ten inches. + +BIRDS. + +BLUE BELLIED PARROT. Order II. Pies. Genus V. Species XIV. Var. B. + +BLUE BELLIED PARROT. + +Described thus by Mr. Latham. + +"The length of this beautiful parrot is fifteen inches. The bill is +reddish: orbits black: head and throat dark blue, with a mixture of +lighter blue feathers: back part of the head green; towards the throat +yellow green: back and wings green: prime quills dusky, barred with +yellow: breast red, mixed with yellow: belly of a fine blue: thighs green +and yellow: tail cuneiform; the two middle feathers green; the others the +same, but bright yellow on the outer edges: legs dusky. Inhabits Botany +Bay in New Holland." Latham's Synopsis, vol. i. p. 213. + +To this account little need be added, except that in our present +specimens the parts there said to be blue are rather a bright lilac: the +bill is a deep orange; and there are red spots on the back between the +wings, and a few near the vent feathers. + +TABUAN PARROT. Order and Genus the same. Species XVI. A Variety. + + +The bird here represented has been seen by Mr. Latham, and was by him +referred to this species; of which however it seems a very remarkable +variety: The prevalent colour of the head, neck and breast, being, +instead of a deep crimson or purplish red, as in his description and +plate, as well as in a fine specimen now in his own collection, a very +bright scarlet: the blue mark across the lower part of the neck appears +the same; but the blue feathers in the wings are entirely wanting; and +the bill is not black. (See Latham's Synopsis, vol. i. p. 214.) + +The specimen here delineated may be thus described. + +Length twenty-four inches: bill brown, the upper mandible tinged with +red: the head, neck, and all the under parts of the body a bright +scarlet: the back and wings a fine green. On the lower part of the neck, +between that and the back, a crescent of blue: the tail long and +cuneiform, most of its feathers deep blue: the legs ash coloured: on the +upper part of the wings a narrow line of lighter green. + +PENNANTIAN PARROT. Order and Genus the same. Species, 134. + +Size of the scarlet lory, length sixteen inches: the bill of a blueish +horn colour; the general colour of the plumage scarlet; the base of the +under mandible and the chin covered with rich blue feathers: the back +black, the feathers edged with crimson: wings blue, down the middle much +paler than the rest: the quills and tail black, the feathers edged +outwardly with blue, and three of the outer tail feathers, from the +middle to the end, of a pale hoary blue: the tail is wedge shaped, the +middle feathers eight inches in length; the outermost, or shortest, only +four: the bottom of the thighs blue, legs dusky, claws black. + +This beautiful bird is not unfrequent about Port Jackson, and seems to +correspond greatly with the Pennantian Parrot, described by Mr. Latham in +the supplement to his General Synopsis of Birds, p. 61. differing in so +few particulars, as to make us suppose it to differ only in sex from that +species. + +PACIFIC PAROQUET. Order and Genus the same. Species L VI. A new variety. + +Mr. Latham's description is this: + +"Length twelve inches, bill of a silvery blue; end black: in some, the +forehead and half the crown; in others, the forehead only, of a deep +crimson: behind each eye a spot of the same colour: on each side of the +vent a patch of the same: the plumage in general of a dark green, palest +on the under parts: the tail is cunei-form; the two middle feathers are +five inches and an half in length; the outer ones two inches and an half; +upper parts of it the same green with the body; beneath ash colour: the +outer edge of the wings, as far as the middle of the quills, deep blue; +the ends of the quills dusky: legs brown: claws black." Latham's Synopsis, +vol. I. p. 252. + +The variety here represented has a brown bill, tinged with red at the +end, and a cap of azure blue at the back of the head, interspersed with a +few small feathers of a yellowish green; the top of the wings is of a +yellow hue, and there are no blue feathers in the wings. + +THE SACRED KING'S FISHER. Order of Birds II. Pies. Genus XXIII. Species 12. + +The following description is extracted from Mr. Latham's Synopsis of +Birds, vol. ii. p. 623. The specimen here represented, being the same as +his fourth variety of that species marked D. + +"This in size is rather less than a blackbird: the bill is black; the +lower mandible yellowish at the base: head, back, wings, and tail, blue +tinged with green: the under parts of the body white, extending round the +middle of the neck like a collar: legs blackish." + +To which account we may add, that the bill is very strong at the base, +and sharp at the point; that the feathers immediately above the bill are +tinged with yellow; and that the toes, as in most of this species, are +three before and one behind. + +SUPERB WARBLER, MALE. Birds, Order III. Passerine. Genus XLI. Warbler. +Species 137. A new variety. + + +"The length of this beautiful species is five inches and a half: the bill +black: the feathers of the head are long, and stand erect like a full +crest; from the forehead to the crown they are of a bright blue; from +thence to the nape, black like velvet: through the eyes from the bill, a +line of black; beneath the eye springs a tuft of the same blue feathers; +beneath these and on the chin, it is of a deep blue almost black, and +feeling like velvet: on the ears is another patch of blue, and across the +back part of the head a band of the same, (in some specimens, the patches +of blue under the eye and on the ear unite together, and join with the +band at the nape, as in the plate*) the whole giving the head a greater +appearance of bulk than is natural: the hind part of the neck and upper +parts of the body and tail, deep blue black; the under, pure white: +wings, dusky; shafts of the quills chesnut: the tail, two inches and a +quarter long, and cuneiform; the two outer feathers very short: legs +dusky brown: claws black." Latham's Synopsis, vol. iv. p. 501. + +[* Latham's Synopsis, vol. iv. pl. 53.] + +The disposition of the blue is found to differ in most of the specimens. +In the present variety, the whole head is enveloped in blue, which +terminates in an irregularly waving line, and is continued below the eye +in a broad band, edged in the same manner, and running almost to a point, +as low as the bottom of the neck on each side; but there is no band +continued round the neck, which, both above and below, is of the deep +blue like velvet, mentioned by Mr. Latham. Some feathers of a very bright +orange lie immediately under that blue, and above the wings*. + +[* The Specimens from which Mr. Latham took his descriptions were met with +at Van Diemen's Land, the most southern part of New Holland.] + +SUPERB WARBLER, Female. + +When Mr. Latham's Synopsis was published, the female of this species was +entirely unknown; and it was conjectured by that author that the +disposition of the blue might possibly mark the sexes. The female is now +discovered to be entirely destitute of all the fine blue colours, both +pale and dark, by which the male is adorned, except that there is a very +narrow circle of azure round each eye, apparently on the skin only: all +the upper feathers consist of shades of brown, and the whole throat and +belly is pure white. Except from the shape and size, this bird would not +be suspected at first sight to belong to the same species as the male: +the epithet of superb applies very ill to the female. + +CASPIAN TERN. Birds, Order IX. Webfooted. Genus LXXXVIII. Species I. Variety B. + +The plate of this bird is inserted at pag. 77. Mr. Latham's description +is as follows. + +"Length nineteen or twenty inches: bill three inches, stout and of a pale +yellow: nostrils pervious: the crown of the head black; the feathers +longish, and forming a kind of pensile crest at the nape; the rest of the +head, neck, and under parts of the body, white: back and wings pale +cinereous grey: quills grey, with the ends dusky; the inner webs, half +way from the base, white: tail grey, forked; the end half of the other +feathers white; the last is exceeded by the first an inch: legs black. +Supposed to inhabit China; seen also, or very similar, from the +Friendly Isles; also found at Hapaee, one of the Sandwich Islands." +Syn. Vol. vi. p. 351. + +NORFOLK ISLAND PETREL. Order IX. Web-Footed. Genus Xc. + +Length sixteen inches, bill one inch and an half long, black, and very +hooked at the tip: the head as far as the eyes, the chin and throat, +waved, brown and dusky white: the rest of the body on the upper parts of +a sooty brown, the under of a deep ash colour; the inner part of the +quills, especially next the base, very pale, nearly white, and the wings, +when closed, exceed the tail by about an inch: the tail is much rounded +in shape, and consists of twelve feathers, of the same colour as the +upper parts of the body: the legs are pale yellow, the outer toe black +the whole length, the middle one half way from the tip, the webs also +correspond, the outer one being black, except just at the base; and the +inner one black for about one third from the end: the claws black; the +spur, which serves in place of a back toe, is also black. + +This inhabits Norfolk Island, and burrows in the sand like a rabbit, +lying hid in the holes throughout the day, and coming out of evenings in +quest of food. This bird appears to differ so very little from the dark +grey Petrel of Cook's Voyage, vol. i. p. 258. that it is not improbable +it may prove to be the same species. This is described in the General +Synopsis of Birds, vol. vi. p. 399. under the name of Grey Petrel; as +also another species, in p. 400. by the name of White-breasted Petrel, +differing only in the breast from our specimen. + +BRONZE-WINGED PIGEON. Order IV. Columbine. Genus XLVI. + +Size of a large dove-house pigeon: general colour of the plumage +ash-coloured, brown on the upper parts, the feathers margined with pale +rufous; the under parts pale ash-colour, with very pale margins: the wing +coverts are much the same colour as the back, but the greater ones, or +lower series, have each of them a large oval spot of bronze on the outer +webs near the ends, forming together, when the wings are closed, two bars +of the most brilliant and beautiful bronze, changing into red, copper, +and green, in different reflections of light: several of the feathers +also among the other coverts have the same spots on them, but are +irregularly placed: the quills are brown, with the inner webs, from the +middle to the base, pale rufous; as are the sides of the body and all the +under wing coverts: the tail consists of sixteen feathers; the two middle +ones are brown, the others pale lead, or dove colour, with a bar of black +near the tips: the bill is of a dull red: the forehead very pale, nearly +white, passing a little way under the eye: the chin and throat pale grey: +the legs are red. + +This bird inhabits Norfolk Island; and is clearly a non-descript species. + +WHITE-FRONTED HERON. Order VII. Cloven-footed. Genus LXV. + +This is little more than half the size of the common Heron: length 28 +inches: the general colour of the plumage is bluish ash, inclining to +lead colour: top of the head black, and a trifle crested; the forehead, +sides of the head, chin, and throat white, passing downwards, and +finishing in a point about the middle of the neck before: on the lower +part of the neck the feathers are long and loose, and of a pale rufous +cinnamon colour; all the under parts of the body also incline to this +last colour, but are much paler: the quills and tail are dark lead +colour, nearly black: on the back the feathers are long and narrow, and +hang part of the way on the tail: the bill is four inches long, and +black; but the base half of the under mandible is yellowish: the legs are +formed as in other herons, of a yellowish brown colour, and the claws are +black. + +This bird was sent from Port Jackson in New Holland, and as it has not +been noticed by any author, we consider it as a new species. + +WATTLED BEE-EATER. Order II. Pies. Genus XXVI. + +The size of this bird is nearly that of a cuckow: length fourteen inches +and a half: the bill one inch long, and of nearly the same shape and size +as in the Poe Bird; the colour black: the general colour of the plumage +is brown, palest on the under parts; most of the feathers are pointed in +shape, and have a streak of white down the middle: the fore part of the +head, as far as the eyes, is smooth, but the rest of the head appears +full, the feathers being longer: from the gape of the bill a broad streak +of silvery white passes under the eye, and beneath this, on each side of +the throat, hangs a pendulous wattle, about half an inch in length, and +of an orange colour: the wings, when closed, reach about one third on the +tail, which is about half the length of the bird, and cuneiform in shape: +both the quills and tail feathers are of a darker brown than the rest of +bird, and have the tips white: the middle of the belly is yellow: the +legs are of a pale brown, the hind toe very stout, and the outer toe +connected to the middle one as far as the first joint. + +The above inhabits New Holland; it was received from Port Jackson, and is +no doubt a non-descript species. + +PSITTACEOUS HORNBILL. Order II. Pies. Genus VIII. + +The bird is about the size of a crow: the total length two feet three +inches: the bill is large, stout at the base, much curved at the point, +and channelled on the sides; the colour pale brown, inclining to yellow +near the end: the nostrils are quite at the base, and are surrounded with +a red skin, as is the eye also, on the upper part: the head, neck, and +under parts of the body are pale blue-grey; the upper parts of the body, +wings, and tail, ash colour; and most of the feathers are tipt with dusky +black, forming bars of that colour across the wings: the wings, when +closed, reach to near three-quarters of the length of the tail: the tail +itself is long, and cuneiform, the two middle feathers measuring eleven +inches, and the outer one on each side little more than seven; a bar of +black crosses the whole near the end, and the tips of all the feathers +are white: the legs are short and scaly, and the toes placed two +forwards, and two backwards, as in those of the toucan or parrot genus: +the colour of legs and claws black.* + +[* Mr. Latham, who has been kind enough to give his sentiments on this +occasion, is of opinion that this bird does not strictly belong to any of +the present established genera. The make indeed is altogether that of an +hornbill, and the edges of the mandible are smooth, but the toes being +placed two forwards and two backwards, seem to rank it with the Parrots +or Toucans; and it has been unlucky that in the specimen from which the +description was taken, the tongue was wanting, which might in a great +measure have determined the point: but the inducement for placing it with +the hornbills has had the greater weight, as not a single species of the +toucan tribe has yet been met with in that part of the world.] + +This bird was killed at Port Jackson, and we believe it to be hitherto +non-descript. + +* * * * * + +Such is the account of the birds of which drawings or specimens have been +obtained from Port Jackson or from Norfolk Island. Wild ducks, teal, +quails, and other common species are numerous in both places, and the +variety, as well as number of the small birds is considerable. Birds of +the Cassowary or Emu kind have very frequently been seen; but they are so +shy, and run so swiftly, that only one has yet been killed. That bird was +shot near the camp, while Governor Phillip was absent on his first +expedition to Broken Bay, and was thought by him to differ materially +both from the ostrich and cassowary; the skin was sent over, but at the +time when this sheet was printed off, had not been stuffed, or put into +form. Should it, on examination, exhibit any remarkable peculiarities, we +shall endeavour to obtain a description of it, to subjoin at the +conclusion of this volume. + +* * * * * + +Since stating the dimensions of the kanguroo, in page 106, Lord Sydney +has received from Governor Phillip, a male of a much larger size, which +measures as follows. + + f. in. +Length from the point of the nose to the end of the tail, 8 5 +Length of the tail, 3 1 +-- head, 0 11 +-- fore legs, 2 0 +-- hind legs 3 7 +Circumference of the fore part by the legs, 1 9 +---- lower parts -- 4 5 +Round the thicker part of the tail, which gradually +tapers to the end. 1 1 + +The above is the largest kanguroo that has yet been seen, and there is +every reason to believe that even this had not nearly attained its full +growth. + +Lieutenant Shortland describes them as feeding in herds of about thirty +or forty, and assures us, that one is always observed to be apparently +upon the watch, at a distance from the rest. + + +Chapter XVI. + +No. I. + +PAPERS RELATIVE TO THE SETTLEMENT AT PORT JACKSON. + +General Return of the four Companies of Marines, doing duty in the +settlement of New South Wales. + +Return of the OFFICERS. + +* * * * * + +No. II. + +Artificers belonging to the Marine Detachment, employed from the 17th May +to the 30th September, 1788, both Days inclusive. + +[These tables are not included here. Refer to html version of this ebook +available from https://gutenberg.org] + + +These artificers were employed on the representation of the +Lieutenant-Governor to Governor Phillip, that it was impossible to erect +the barracks necessary for the officers and men of the detachment, +without employing such artificers for that purpose as could be found +among themselves. It was at the same time represented, that these men +could not properly be retained at such work, unless they were to be paid +in the customary manner of paying all troops employed on extra works for +the public service: and more especially, as it was known that the +artificers taken from the ships of war and transports were to be paid for +all work done on shore. + +Governor Phillip agreed entirely as to the necessity of employing the +artificers, and with respect to their pay, had no doubt that the matter +must be decided by custom: In consequence of which he issued an order for +that purpose on the 17th of May, 1788. + +* * * * * + +No. III. + +The Right Hon. the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, in a letter, +dated the 8th of October, 1786, addressed to the commanding officers of +each division of the marines, directed them to signify to such marines as +would make a voluntary tender of their service for Botany Bay, that they +should at the expiration of their station of three years be entitled to +their discharge on their return to England, provided their good behaviour +during this service should have merited such marks of favour: Or that, if +they preferred it, they should at the time of relief be discharged in New +South Wales, and permitted to settle there. In consequence of this, at +the date of the following paper, the question was put by the Lieutenant +Governor to all the officers and men, whether they chose to remain in the +country, either as soldiers or settlers. Before this question was asked, +Major Ross applied to Governor Phillip to know what encouragement +Government held out to those who should wish to remain in either +capacity. To this application it was answered by the Governor, that the +proper instructions and authorities for giving every reasonable +encouragement to such of the military and others as should be desirous to +remain in New South Wales, and for making grants of land, were to be sent +from England as soon as Government being sufficiently informed of the +actual state of the country, and the quality of the soil, at and near the +settlement, could determine what was the most eligible mode of granting +the lands. + +Those documents having been received, the amplest powers are now to be +sent out to Governor Phillip, that he may make such grants and give such +encouragement as may be proportioned to the merits of those who apply, +and satisfactory to every individual. + +The following list exhibits the result of the question put by the +Lieutenant Governor to the officers and men of the marines, concerning +their desire to return, or to remain in New South Wales. + +LIST of such OFFICERS, NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS, DRUMMERS, and PRIVATES, +as are desirous of remaining in this Country, after the time when their +Lordships the Commissioners of the Admiralty intended to relieve the +Detachment, as expressed in their Letter of the 8th October, 1788. + +NEW SOUTH WALES, 1st October, 1788. + +Names and quality. Desirous of remaining in this country. + +Watkin Tench, Capt. Lieutenant, as a soldier for one tour more of three +years. + +George Johnstone, First Lieutenant, having been so short a time in this +country, cannot determine whether he would wish to remain or not, as to +settling can say nothing. + +John Johnstone, ditto, having been so short a time in this country, +cannot determine whether he would wish to remain another tour or not, as +to settling can say nothing, till he knows on what terms. + +James Maitland Shairp, ditto, being so short a time in the country, he +cannot yet judge whether he would wish to remain or not another tour, as +to settling, until he knows the terms and nature of the grants, cannot +determine. + +William Dawes, Second Lieutenant, as a soldier for one tour more of three +years. + +William Baker, Serjeant, as a soldier. +George Flemming, private, as a soldier for three years more. +Isaac Tarr, ditto, as a settler. +James Manning, as a soldier. + + +All the officers, non-commissioned officers, drummers, and private men of +the detachment, whose names are not expressed in the above list, wish to +return to England, at the time proposed by their Lordship's letter of the +8th October, 1786, or as soon after as their Lordships may find it +convenient. + +R. ROSS, MAJOR. + +* * * * * + +No. IV + +AN ACCOUNT OF PROVISIONS REMAINING IN HIS MAJESTY'S STORES, AT SYDNEY +COVE, NEW SOUTH WALES, 30TH SEPTEMBER, 1788. + +Flour, 414,176 pounds, is 62 weeks ration. +Rice, 51,330 -- -- 15 -- +Beef, 127,608 -- -- 43 -- +Pork, 214,344 -- -- 128 -- +Pease, 2,305 bushels, -- 58 -- +Butter, 15,450 pounds, -- 49 -- + +Number of Persons victualled. +Men, 698. Women, 193. Children, 42. + +Provisions at Norfolk Island, twenty months. + +Number of Persons victualled. +Men,44. Women, 16. + +ANDREW MILLER, Commissary. + +* * * * * + +No. V. + +Return of Sick, September 27th, 1788. + +Marines sick in hospital 4 + ---- camp 21 +Marine women and children in camp 5 +Deaths since last return 0 +Total belonging to the battalion +under medical treatment 30 + +Male convicts sick 62 +Female ditto and children 31 +Total of convicts under medical +treatment 93 + +Male convicts dead since the last +report of June 30 6 +Female convicts ditto since ditto 4 +Total convicts dead since ditto 10 +Convicts unserviceable from old +age, infirmities, etc. 53 + + +Chapter XVII. + +Nautical directions, and other detached remarks, by Lieutenant Ball, +concerning Rio de Janeiro, Norfolk Island, Ball Pyramid, and Lord Howe +Island. + +Some notice has already been taken in the preceding sheets of Rio de +Janeiro, Norfolk Isle, and Lord Howe Isle; but since they were committed +to the press, the following particulars respecting those places have very +obligingly been communicated to the editor, by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird +Ball. As these remarks are the result of minute observation, they cannot +fail of being useful and interesting to the seafaring reader, which, it +is presumed, will be a sufficient apology for giving them a place here. + +There is no danger in going up the harbour to Rio de Janeiro but what may +easily be seen. The course up the harbour is north-west by north; you +anchor before the town in seventeen fathoms water, over a muddy bottom; +the middle of the town bearing west by north, west, or west by south, +about a mile and an half distant from the watering place, and the Fort +Saint Cruz bearing south-east. No pilot is necessary; the soundings +a-breast of St. Cruz Fort are twenty-two fathoms, and shoal gradually to +seventeen fathoms, where the ships moored a-breast of the town. The tide +flows two hours and thirty minutes at full and change, and rises in +general about eight feet. In going into the harbour, it is necessary to +keep the starboard shore best aboard, as the tide sets on the other side, +till you get nearly a-breast of St. Cruz Fort, and in that situation you +must be on your guard, if going in with the flood, as the passage is +narrow: and there are whirlpools in many places, which will take all +command from the rudder. Water is procured at a pipe, by which it is +conveyed from a fountain situated in the large square near the principal +landing place, which is opposite the palace. This pipe is continued down +to the waterside, and you fill your casks in boats: the water is so +plentiful, that a fleet might be supplied in a short time. + +Bullocks, sheep, and Portugal wine, may be had here in plenty; there is +also an excellent market for poultry and vegetables every day; in short, +every refreshment that is necessary for a fleet may be procured in great +abundance, and very cheap. + +The whole harbour, as well as the town, is defended by a number of strong +fortifications; and as far as Lieutenant Ball had an opportunity of +examining the harbour, the draft of it published in the East India chart +is very true, the soundings right, and the bearings very accurate. + +Their trade is chiefly to Portugal, and consists of bullion, indigo, +sugar, rum, tobacco, brazil wood, whale-oil, whale bone, spermaceti, etc. +and of late years diamonds and many other valuable commodities. + +In approaching Norfolk Island there is no danger: Lieut. Ball anchored in +nineteen fathoms, over a bottom of coarse sand and coral, the north-east +end of the island bearing west south-west quarter west; the easternmost +rocks east south-east, about a mile distant from the nearest shore: at +this place Capt. Cook landed. Ships have anchored also at south end of +the isle in twenty-two fathoms, the westernmost point of Phillip Isle +south south-east, the body of Nepean's Isle east north-east half east, +and the south point of Norfolk Isle north-east by east. They anchored +again in eighteen fathoms, over a bottom of sand and coral, the west +point of Phillip Isle bearing south, the easternmost point of it south +south-east half east, and the south point of Norfolk Isle north-east. The +pine trees on this island are of an immense size, measuring from twenty +to twenty-seven and even thirty feet in girth, and so tall that it was +not easy to form any exact judgment of their height. This place affords +vast numbers of cabbage trees, and amazing quantities of fish may be +procured on the banks that lie on the west side of the small island; +those they got on board the Supply were of the snapper kind, and very +good, yet they were caught in such abundance that many of the people were +as much satiated with them as the sailors are with cod on the banks of +Newfoundland. + +The only places where it was found practicable to land was a-breast of +their first station (which is the place described by Captain Cook, and +where the people landed with the utmost difficulty,) and at Sydney Bay on +the south end of the isle, the outer breaker off the westernmost point in +sight bearing north-west by west half west. + +Lord Howe Island was discovered by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball, +Commander of his Majesty's tender Supply, on the 17th February, 1788, and +was so named by him, in honour of the Right Honourable Lord Howe. At the +same time he observed a remarkably high pyramidical rock at a +considerable distance from the island, which has been named Ball's +Pyramid; from a correct drawing of this rock and others near it, the +annexed engraving was taken. + +There is no danger in approaching Lord Howe island, the Supply anchored +there in thirteen fathoms, sand and coral; but there lies about four +miles from the south-west part of the pyramid, a dangerous rock, which +shows itself a little above the surface of the water, and appears not to +be larger than a boat. Lieutenant Ball had no opportunity of examining +whether there is a safe passage between them or not. The island is in the +form of a crescent, the convex side towards the north-east. Two points at +first supposed to be separate islands, proved to be high mountains on its +south-west end, the southernmost of which was named Mount Gower, and the +other Mount Lidgbird; between these mountains there is a very deep +valley, which obtained the name of Erskine Valley; the south-east point +was called Point King, and the north-west point, Point Phillip. The land +between these two points forms the concave side of the island facing the +south-west, and is lined with a sandy beach, which is guarded against the +sea by a reef of coral rock, at the distance of half a mile from the +beach, through which there are several small openings for boats; but it +is to be regretted that the depth of water within the reef no where +exceeds four feet. They found no fresh water on the island, but it +abounds with cabbage-palms, mangrove and manchineal trees, even up to to +the summits of the mountains. No vegetables were to be seen. On the shore +there are plenty of ganets, and a land-fowl, of a dusky brown colour, +with a bill about four inches long, and feet like those of a chicken; +these proved remarkably fat, and were very good food; but we have no +further account of them. There are also many very large pigeons, and the +white birds resembling the Guinea fowl, which were found at Norfolk +Island, were seen here also in great numbers. The bill of this bird is +red, and very strong, thick, and sharp-pointed. Innumerable quantities of +exceeding fine turtle frequent this place in the summer season, but at +the approach of winter they all go to the northward. There was not the +least difficulty in taking them. The sailors likewise caught plenty of +fish with a hook and line. + + +Chapter XVIII. + +July 1788 to August 1788 + +Concise account of Lieutenant Shortland--His various services--Appointed +agent to the transports sent to New South Wales--Ordered by Governor +Phillip to England, by Batavia--Journal of his voyage--New discoveries. + +We have been induced to subjoin in this place a concise account of +Lieutenant Shortland, as well because his experience as an officer has +been great, as from the consideration that his journal has been deemed, +by those who best know its value, of very serious importance. + +Lieutenant John Shortland very early in life had a strong predilection +for the Navy, and in 1755, at the age of sixteen, he entered into his +Majesty's service, on board the Anson, a sixty gun ship, which went out +in the fleet under the command of Admiral Boscawen. On the Banks of +Newfoundland this fleet fell in with, and took the Alcide and Ly's, two +French ships, of seventy-four guns. On his return from this expedition, +he went on board the Culloden, a seventy-four gun ship, and was in the +fleet under Admiral Byng, off Minorca. Shortly afterwards, he went into +the Hampton Court, commanded by Capt. Harvey, in which ship he was +present at the taking of the Foudroyant and Arpe. On his arrival in +England, he went on board the Vanguard, Commodore Swanton, to the West +Indies, in the fleet under Admiral Rodney, and was present at the +reduction of Martinique, the Grenades, and the other islands which were +then captured. In 1763, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant by +Admiral Swanton; since which period he has always been employed in active +and important services. During the late war, and for some time +afterwards, he was chiefly employed in going to and from America, except +in the year 1782, when he was appointed to command the transports with +the 97th regiment on board, destined for the relief of Gibraltar, under +convoy of his Majesty's ships Cerberus and Apollo: he was not only +successful in getting all the transports in safe, but he also landed the +men without any loss. + +On Lieutenant Shortland's return home from this service, in endeavouring +to get through the Gut of Gibraltar in the night, he was chased by a +squadron of Spanish frigates, who took three of the transports in +company, but he was so fortunate as to escape in the Betsey transport, +and arrived safe in England, without either loss or damage. In the year +1786, he was appointed Agent to the transports sent by Government to New +South Wales, at which place he arrived in January, 1788. After remaining +six months at the new settlement at Port Jackson, he was ordered to +England by way of Batavia, by his Excellency Governor Phillip, who +honoured him with the official dispatches for Government, and he arrived +in England on the 29th of May, 1789. + +This summary recapitulation of Mr. Shortland's services sufficiently +points out his merit and ability as an experienced seaman, without any +further elogium; which, it were were wanted, might be abundantly supplied +from the subsequent account of his passage from Port Jackson to Batavia. + +* * * * * + +The Alexander, the Friendship, the Prince of Wales, and the Borrowdale, +were got ready in the beginning of July, 1788, to sail for England, under +the care and conduct of Lieutenant Shortland; at which time Governor +Phillip took the opinions of the masters of those transports concerning +their route. The season was thought to be too far advanced for them to +attempt the southern course, by Van Diemen's Land; and the passage by +Cape Horn was objected to by the Governor. It was therefore agreed +unanimously that they should go to the northward, either through +Endeavour Straits, or round New Guinea. Unfortunately the ships were ill +prepared to encounter the difficulties, which were to be expected in +every mode of return; their complement of men was small, only six to an +hundred tons, officers included; they were without a surgeon, and +unprovided with those articles which have been found essential to the +preservation of health in long voyages, such as bore-cole, sour-crout, +portable soup, and the other antiseptics recommended by the Royal +Society. It cannot therefore be wondered, though it must be deeply +regretted, that the sailors should have suffered so dreadfully from the +scurvy, in the length of time necessary for exploring a passage through +an unknown sea perplexed with islands, where they were destitute of +assistance from charts, or observations of former navigators; and were +not fortunate enough to obtain a supply of salutary refreshments. + +14 July 1788 + +Lieutenant Shortland, in the Alexander transport, sailed out of the +harbour of Port Jackson, on Monday, July 14, 1788, directing his course +to the east-north-east, with intention to touch at Lord Howe Island, and +there to appoint each ship a place of rendezvous in case of separation. +This necessary step, which ought to have been previously taken, had been +prevented by the hurry of preparation; the Alexander not having been able +to join the other transports till the evening before their departure. +Even then, the boats, booms, and spare anchors, were stowed loose between +decks, in a manner which must have produced the most dangerous +consequences, had the ship been exposed in that condition to the heavy +sea which it was likely she would meet with off the shore. To the very +last moment, therefore, the men and officers were most busily employed in +providing against this danger; and as soon as the weather appeared +tolerably favourable for working out of the harbour, Lieutenant Shortland +made the signal to the masters of the other transports to get under way, +without waiting for his ship. When the transports had cleared the harbour +they were obliged to carry a press of sail in order to get off the coast, +the vessels being very light, and a powerful swell then setting in upon +the shore. The wind was at the same time strong from the south-east, and +continued so for two days, with the same heavy swell, which made it very +difficult to keep the ships off shore. + +16 July 1788 + +At eight, A. M. on the 16th of July, the rocks off the entrance of +Port Stephens bore north-west by west distant three leagues. Lieutenant +Shortland very much regretted that this place had not been surveyed; +had it been known to afford safe anchorage, it would have been much +more prudent to put in there and wait for a change of wind, than to +attempt keeping the sea in circumstances so very unfavourable, with +ships so little calculated to run along a great extent of lee shore. +This day the Prince of Wales being two or three miles to the leeward, +the signal was made for her to tack into the fleet. At nine in +the evening the wind coming to the east-south-east, Lieutenant +Shortland fired a gun, and made the signal to veer ship and sail on the +other tack. At this time the Prince of Wales was about five miles on the +lee bow of the Alexander, and the Borrowdale and Friendship close in +company; but by twelve at midnight the Friendship only was in sight. At +two, the wind shifting again to the south-south-east, the signal was once +more made to veer ship, and change the tack, as lying off east would +clear the coast; a strong current setting to the southward. + +19 July 1788 + +Lieutenant Shortland, having now lost sight of the Prince of Wales and +Borrowdale, was fully determined to go to Lord Howe Island to wait a day +or two for them, expecting that they might probably touch there with +similar intentions. On the 19th, therefore, he steered a direct course +for that island, with a strong gale at south-west, but as this wind, +which was exactly favourable to the intended course of the voyage, and +made the anchoring place off Lord Howe Island a lee shore, continued +unvaried, and blew very hard on the 20th, it appeared best to relinquish +the design of calling there. At two in the afternoon, therefore, +Lieutenant Shortland again altered his course and sailed north-east by +north. The Prince of Wales and Borrowdale transports, were seen no more +throughout the voyage, and it has since been known that they took another +course; but the Friendship continued close in company with the Alexander. +About noon this day, the men at the mast head discovered a very extensive +shoal on the larboard beam, bearing from north by west to north by south, +distant between two and three leagues. It trended north by east and south +by west, and was judged to be in length about three leagues and a half. +The breadth could not be ascertained, for, while the ship ran along it, +the sand bank was seen to extend as far as the eye could discern. It lies +in latitude 29 deg.. 20'. south, and in longitude 158 deg.. 48'. east, and was +named by Lieutenant Shortland, Middleton Shoals. + +21 July 1788 + +At ten in the morning, on Monday July 21, the master of the Friendship +went on board the Alexander, and Carteret's harbour in New Ireland, was +appointed by Lieutenant Shortland as the place of rendezvous. The same +day, at half past five in the afternoon, land was discovered, bearing +from south-west by west, to west half south, at the distance of about +eight leagues. It trended to the north-north-west, and was about six or +seven leagues in length, the land very high, with a remarkable peak, +which bore south-south-west. This island was now named Sir Charles +Middleton's Island: It lies in latitude 28 deg.. 10. south, and in longitude +159 deg.. 50. east. Lieutenant Shortland thinks it probable that the reef +seen on the preceding day may be connected with this island, as it +trended in a right direction for it; but it must, in that case, be of +very great extent. The island was still in sight on the morning of the +22d. + +24 July 1788 + +On Thursday July 24th, they had an accurate observation of the sun and +moon to determine the longitude, and found the effect of a current to +have been so great as to set the ship two degrees of longitude to the +eastward of the dead reckoning. The longitude of Sir Charles Middleton's +Island must therefore be corrected by that observation, and placed +considerably further to the east. The latitude may be depended upon, as +the bearing was observed when the sun was on the meridian. + +27 July 1788 + +Many land birds being seen on the 27th and 28th, when the ship was by +reckoning and observation near the north-west end of New Caledonia, +Lieutenant Shortland very reasonably concluded that he must have passed +very close to that land, though it did not happen to be discerned: +probably it is low at that extremity. + +31 July 1788 + +At noon, on Thursday the 31st, land was discovered, bearing from north +half west to east-north-east, and distant about five or six leagues. As +the ship was now in latitude 10 deg.. 52'. south, Lieutenant Shortland at +first conjectured it might be Egmont Island, which was seen by Capt. +Carteret, notwithstanding a considerable difference in longitude, which +might be accounted for from the effect of currents, as they had been for +some time very strong. The longitude laid down by Captain Carteret was +164 deg.. 49'. east; that of the Alexander at this time about 161 deg.. 11'. It +proved however that the difference was real, and that this was another +island. Lieutenant Shortland now kept a north-west course, in which +direction the land trended. He ran along the coast about six or seven +leagues, and found it formed into an island by two points, the south-east +of which he called Cape Sydney, the north-west, Cape Phillip. Having +passed this point, he continued steering in a north-west direction till +about seven o'clock the same afternoon, when the men who were reefing the +top-sails for the night, discovered land bearing exactly in the ship's +course. On receiving this intelligence he immediately brought to, with +the ship's head off from the land, and gave a signal for the Friendship +to do the same. They lay to all night, and the next morning were +surprised with the sight of a most mountainous coast, bearing from +north-east by east to west-north-west, about five or six leagues distant. +This proved sufficiently that the land seen the preceding day could not +be Egmont Island, and Lieutenant Shortland was inclined to think that +this was united to it. At six in the morning he bore away west by north, +and west by north half north, as the land trended, running along the +shore at five or six leagues distance. The most eastern point of this +land he called Cape Henslow, the most western which was then in sight, +Cape Hunter. Between these two points the land is very singularly +mountainous, the summits of the mountains rising among the clouds to a +prodigious height. It may be known by one summit more elevated than the +rest, which, from being discovered on the first of August, was named +Mount Lammas, and is thought in height to equal, if not to exceed the +Peak of Teneriffe. This day the latitude was by observation 9 deg.. 58'. +south, and the longitude 160 deg.. 21'. east. More land still continued to +open to the west-north-west, and the same course was therefore kept at an +equal distance from the shore till three in the afternoon, when the water +appearing suddenly of a different colour, they brought to, and sounded, +but found no ground at 120 fathoms. At four, a part of the land which had +the appearance of a harbour, bore north-north-east distant seven leagues. +The land still continued mountainous, and at six o'clock bore from +north-east to north-west by west. The furthest land then in sight +appeared to be at the distance of about thirteen or fourteen leagues, and +was named Cape Marsh. At half past six the ships were brought to, and lay +to for the night, the weather being very squally, with violent thunder, +lightning, and rain. + +2 August 1788 + +Soon after five in the morning of August the 2d, the ships made sail +again, and bore away west by north, but the weather being hazy, no land +was then in sight; many flying fish were seen at this time. At eleven, +there being a prospect of clearer weather, Lieutenant Shortland +endeavoured to make the land again. At noon the latitude was, by +observation, 9 deg.. 40'. south, and the longitude 158 deg.. 42'. east. +Lieutenant Shortland continued to steer north-west to discover whether he +had reached the utmost extent of the land, and at eight in the evening +spoke to the Friendship, and told the master that he intended to bring to +at nine. + +3 August 1788 + +At three in the morning, on Sunday August 3, land was discovered +bearing from north-north-east to north-west, on which the ships stood off +again with a light air of wind. At six, the land in sight appeared like +several islands, and an endeavour was made to pass between them to the +north, but on approaching sufficiently near, it was discovered that all +these points were joined together by a low neck of land covered with +trees. As the land rose in nine roundish points, which seamen call +hummocks, this place was named Nine Hummock Bay. At noon on this day, the +ship then standing to the south-west, in latitude 8 deg.. 55'. south, and +longitude 158 deg.. 14'. east, the extreme points of land bore from east by +north to west, when Lieutenant Shortland named the western point Cape +Nepean, and the eastern Cape Pitt. The intermediate land may, he says, +easily be known by the nine hummocks, and the exact resemblance they bear +to islands when seen from the distance of five or six leagues. They had +now light airs and calm weather, but at two in the afternoon a breeze +sprung up from the eastward, and at four Cape Nepean bore north-west, +half west, distant five or six leagues. At six the Alexander shortened +sail, and stood off and on for the night under double reefed top-sails, +Lieutenant Shortland imagining that he had reached the utmost extent of +this land. At five, on Monday morning, the 4th of August, he made sail +again, and at six a bluff point of the island bore north-north-west, +distant five or six leagues: this he called Point Pleasant. At noon the +latitude was by observation 8 deg.. 54'. south, the longitude 154 deg.. 44'. +east. Point Pleasant then bore east by north; at four, the most western +point of land in sight, which was then supposed to be the extreme point +of the island, but proved not to be so, bore north-west by north, distant +four or five leagues. From this mistake it was named Cape Deception. + +Under the persuasion that he had reached the extremity of the land, but +desirous to ascertain that point, Lieutenant Shortland kept the ships +standing under an easy sail all night. Some islands lying close to Cape +Deception, and seeming to form a good harbour, were called Hammond's +Isles. At day light on the 5th of August, land was again discovered, +bearing from east north-east to west by north half north, and forming a +very deep bay. This land appeared in six hummocks, like islands, but was +joined by a low neck of sand. Not knowing how far it might trend to the +north-west, Lieutenant Shortland stood out to the south. At eleven +o'clock, the longitude was observed to be 157 deg. 30' east; and at noon the +latitude was also determined by observation to be 8 deg. 44' south. At the +same time, Cape Deception bore north-east four or five leagues distant; +and two remarkable hills, from their similiarity called the Two Brothers, +forming the most western point then in view, bore north-west half north, +distant ten leagues. At three in the afternoon, they bore away for the +two Brothers, which at six bore north-west by north, distant seven +leagues. At eight, the ships lay to for the night. + +6 August 1788 + +At five o'clock in the morning of Wednesday, August 6th, they made sail +again to the north-west; and at eight discerned a rock which had exactly +the appearance of a ship under sail, with her top-gallant sails flying. +So strongly were all the Alexander's people prepossessed with this +imagination, that the private signal was made, under the supposition that +it might be either the Boussole or Astrolabe, or one of the two +transports which had parted from them on the coast of New South Wales. +Nor was the mistake detected till they approached it within three or four +miles. This rock bore from the Two Brothers south south-west, distant one +league. + +Between ten and eleven, some canoes were seen with Indians in them, who +came close up to the ship without any visible apprehension. Ropes were +thrown to them over the stern, of which they took hold, and suffered the +ship to tow them along; in this situation they willingly exchanged a kind +of rings which they wore on their arms, small rings of bone, and beads of +their own manufacture, for nails, beads, and other trifles, giving +however a manifest preference to whatever was made of iron. Gimlets were +most acceptable, but they were also pleased with nails, and pieces of +iron hoops. They dealt very fairly, not betraying the least desire to +steal or to defraud. But though they so readily suffered themselves to be +towed after the ship, they could not by any means be prevailed upon to go +along side, and whenever an attempt was made to haul up a canoe by one of +the ropes, the men in it immediately disengaged themselves from that +rope, and took hold of another. At the same time they appeared extremely +desirous that our people should anchor on the coast, and go ashore with +them; and, by way of enticement, held up the rind of an orange or lemon, +the feathers of tame fowls, and other things, signifying that they might +be procured on shore. They presented also to Lieutenant Shortland, a +fruit, which he conceived to be the bread-fruit; it was about the size of +a small cocoa-nut, brown on the outside and white within, and contained a +kind of soft pithy substance which stuck between the teeth, and was +rather troublesome to chew, besides three or four kernels not unlike +chesnuts, but very white. The leaves of the plantain served the Indians +to make boxes or small cases, of which every man had one to contain his +small rings and beads. At noon a point of land which runs from the Two +Brothers, and was now named Cape Satisfaction, bore north north-east; and +the rock which had been mistaken for a ship was called the Eddystone, and +bore north by west, distant four leagues. The Eddystone bears from Cape +Satisfaction south south-west, distant two leagues. As the land from Cape +Satisfaction began to trend northward, Lieutenant Shortland again +entertained hopes of finding a passage. + +It was understood from the natives that they called the island from which +they came, Simboo; for whenever an attempt was made to put that question +to them, they pointed to the land near Cape Satisfaction, and uttered +that word. Of these men, Lieutenant Shortland remarks, that they were +remarkably stout and well built, from which appearance he very +judiciously drew a favourable conclusion with respect to the goodness and +plenty of their food. Their superiority over the New Hollanders in size +and strength, he says, was very striking. Their canoes, which contained +from six to fourteen men, seemed to be well put together, the bows and +stems very lofty, carved with various figures, and stained with a kind of +red paint; in a word, they were to all appearance formed exactly upon the +same model and construction as those of Otaheite. The ornaments worn by +the inhabitants of Simboo were large rings of a white bone, one or more +of which every man had upon his wrist, and a shell with a feather, which +was tied upon the head. Lieutenant Shortland was desirous to purchase one +of their lances, but could not obtain it. About two in the afternoon his +visitors, finding perhaps that they had followed the ship as far as they +could venture to trust themselves, left him, and made immediately for the +shore. From what was seen in the possession of these people, there can be +no doubt that their land produces cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit, bananas, and +most other vegetables of the Society and Friendly Isles. Nor was it +without the greatest regret that Lieutenant Shortland declined the +invitations of the natives, and proceeded without touching for +refreshments, which doubtless might have been obtained in plenty; but the +length and uncertainty of his passage seemed to forbid the least delay; +nor was it at this time foreseen how much superior to every other +consideration the acquirement of a wholesome change of diet would be +found. The bay from which these men had come he named Indian Bay. At +three P. M. the longitude was, by lunar observation, 156 deg. 55' east; and +at six the furthest land in sight bore north, Cape Satisfaction east by +south half east, and the body of the land north-east, distant five or six +leagues. The furthest point of land north was named Cape Middleton. + +7 August 1788 + +After lying to in the night, the ships made sail again at four in the +morning of August 7th, and bore away to the north by west. At five, they +saw the land which they had left the preceding night, and six or more +small islands bearing from north-east to west. These were called the +Treasury Isles; they are moderately high and seemed to be well clothed +with trees and herbage. At noon, the latitude was by observation 7 deg. 24' +south, the longitude 156 deg. 30' east; and the north-west extremity of the +land then in sight, which was named Cape Allen, bore east by south, +distant six leagues: Cape Middleton, south-east, distant eight leagues. +Off Cape Allen lies a small island, to which the name of Wallis Island +was given. At six in the afternoon the extremes of the islands in sight +bore from north-east by east to west by north; and the entrance between +two islands, which formed a passage or strait, bore north by east, +distant five or six leagues. + +The Alexander and the Friendship had now run from the latitude of 10 deg. 44' +south, and longitude 161 deg. 30' east, to the latitude of 7 deg. 10' south, and +longitude 156 deg. 50' east, the whole way nearly in sight of land. As, +therefore, proceeding westward, to the south of the next land, might have +entangled them with New Guinea, Lieutenant Shortland determined to try +the passage which was now before him; and being very well convinced, +before it was dark, that the way was clear, kept under a commanding sail +all night. At ten o'clock in the evening, the Alexander was nearly +a-breast of the two points that form the passage, and the soundings were +very irregular, from ten to thirty fathoms, on a soft, sandy bottom: the +anchors were therefore cleared, that they might immediately be dropped if +it should prove necessary. + +8 August 1788 + +At two in the morning of August the 8th, a strong ripple of a current +was very plainly to be perceived; and by five the ship had nearly +cleared the straits. She had then the following bearings: Cape +Alexander, south-east; some islands and rocks that lie off the most +western island of those which form the straits, west by south; and +the remotest point in sight to the north-westward, north-west by +north, distant fourteen or fifteen leagues. This point is remarkably high +and forms the centre of a large body of land, between the first and last +point of the straits on the western side, which were called Cape +Friendship, and Cape Le Cras. + +These straits Lieutenant Shortland judged to be between four and five +leagues in length, and about seven or eight miles broad, running in a +north-west direction; and, conceiving himself to be the first navigator +who had sailed through them, he ventured to give them the name of +Shortland's Straits. On comparing his account with the narrative of M. +Bougainville, which he had not then by him, there seems to be reason to +suspect that this is the same passage through which that navigator sailed +at the latter end of June, 1768; and that the island supposed to be +called Simboo, is the same which was then named Choiseul Island. To +corroborate this suspicion, M. Bougainville's description of the canoes +and persons of the natives agrees entirely, as far as it goes, with that +given by Mr. Shortland*. A small difference in longitude affords the +chief reason for doubting the identity of the passage, which, should it +be proved, will not detract at all from the merit of the latter +navigator, who proceeded entirely by his own attention and sagacity, in a +sea unknown to himself and those who were with him, which, if not wholly +unexplored, had not, however, been surveyed before with equal minuteness +of observation. + +[* Some of the vessels indeed were larger. "Il y avoit vingt-deux hommes +dans la plus grande, dans les moyennes, huit ont dix, deux ou trois dans +les plus petites. Ces pirogues paroissoient bien faites; elles ont +I'avant et I'amere fort releves, etc. Ils portent des bracelets, et des +plaques au front et sur le col. J'ignore de quelle matiere, elle m'a paru +etre blanche." Boug. Chap. v. p. 264.] + +Lieutenant Shortland now congratulated himself on having cleared this +large tract of land, which he had the greatest reason to suppose united +the whole way from the place at which he first fell in with it; as in +sailing at a very moderate distance from the coast, he had made every +effort in his power to find a passage to the northward. A place called by +one of the French navigators, Port Surville, is probably a part of it, as +well as Choiseul Bay, but the points seen and described by the French +discoverers are very few; and for the knowledge of the form and bearings +of the rest of the coast, throughout the whole extent of near three +degrees of latitude, and full five of longitude, we are indebted entirely +to the researches of our own countryman, as we are for the beautiful +delineation of the whole coast, to the care and ingenuity of his son, Mr. +John George Shortland. The only places in which Lieutenant Shortland +suspected there might possibly be a passage which had escaped his +observation, was between Cape Phillip and Cape Henslow, and again between +the capes Marsh and Pitt. The ascertaining of these matters he leaves to +other navigators, at the same time recommending the route he took as the +safest and most expeditious passage within his knowledge from Port +Jackson to China; Middleton Shoal, on the coast of New South Wales, being +the only place of danger he had hitherto discovered. Should any objection +be made to passing through a strait, where a more open sea can be +obtained, he would recommend the much wider channel between Egmont Island +and Simboo, and not by any means the whole circuit to the east of the New +Hebrides. To the whole of this land, consisting of the two principal +islands on each side of the straits, and the Treasury Isles between them, +Lieutenant Shortland gave the name of New Georgia. There is, indeed, an +island of Georgia, to the east of Staten Land, so named by Captain Cook +in 1775: but between these, it seems to be a sufficient distinction to +call the one the Isle of Georgia, and the other New Georgia. The land on +the western side of Shortland's Straits, continued to be very high, and +extended as far as the eye could reach; from these circumstances, and +from the direction in which it trended, no doubt was entertained of its +joining that which was called by Captain Carteret, Lord Anson's Isle. +With respect to the charts here given of these discoveries, Lieutenant +Shortland, though he cannot, from the distance at which they were taken, +presume to vouch for the laying down of every single point, as if the +coast had undergone a regular survey, undertakes to promise, that they +are sufficiently accurate for the direction of any future navigators; as +he had, in the course of his progress along it, many opportunities of +taking lunar observations. + +9 August 1788 + +At six in the afternoon of Saturday, August 9th, the extreme point in +sight of the high land to the westward of the passage, bore south-west by +south, distant twelve or fourteen leagues: and two islands which the ship +had just made, bore north-west by north, distant five or six leagues. +They are supposed to lie in latitude 4 deg. 50' south, and longitude 156 deg. 11' +east. At day light on Sunday August 10th, Lieutenant Shortland set his +steering sails, and bore away to the north-west, in order to make more +distinctly the islands seen the preceding evening. + +10 August 1788 + +At six in the morning, four were in sight, and bore south-west, +distant six leagues. It was at first thought that they would prove to +be the nine islands seen by Captain Carteret; but as neither the +number nor the longitude was found to correspond, Lieutenant Shortland +afterwards concluded they were not the same; and determined, as the +weather appeared squally and unsettled, not to attempt pursuing the +tract of that officer through St. George's Channel, but to go round +New Ireland. + + +Chapter XIX. + +August 1788 to February 1789 + +Appearance of the scurvy--The boats land at one of the Pelew +Islands--Account of the Natives who were seen, and conjectures concerning +them--Distresses--The Friendship cleared and sunk--Miserable condition of +the Alexander when she reached Batavia.--Conclusion. + +10 August 1788 + +Hitherto no difficulties had been encountered but such as necessarily +attend the exploring of new coasts, wherein the anxiety is fully +compensated by the satisfaction of becoming a discoverer: but a dreadful +scourge now hung over our navigators, the severity of which cannot easily +be conceived, even by those who have been placed in similar scenes, so +much did it exceed in degree every thing of the same kind that has been +usually experienced. It was about this time, the 10th of August, that the +scurvy began to make its appearance, which, for want of the proper +remedies, increased to a malignity that was destructive of many lives, +rendered it necessary to sacrifice one of the ships, and finally reduced +the consolidated crews of both in the remaining transport to such a state +of weakness, that without immediate assistance they must have perished +even in port, or would have been driven adrift again, from total +inability to take the necessary steps for their own preservation. + +13 August 1788 + +On the thirteenth of August, five seamen of the Alexander were already on +the sick list, complaining of pains in the legs and breast, with their gums +so swelled, and their teeth so loose that they could not without +difficulty eat even flour or rice. The weather was now very variable, +often sultry, at other times squally, with occasional showers. The ships +were probably at no great distance from some land, as birds were +frequently seen in great numbers; and on the 16th the Friendship made the +signal for seeing land, but it could not be descried from the Alexander. +Sharks were also caught with the hook, and now and then some floating +wood and vegetables were observed. On this day the two transports passed +the equator. On the 24th, Lieutenant Shortland found by observation, that +a current had set the ship to the west north-west or north-west by west +of her account, at the rate of eleven miles a day since the 13th, when +the last lunar observation had been taken. + +The scurvy gained ground rapidly in the Alexander, notwithstanding the +precautions of smoking the ship, washing with vinegar, and distributing +porter, spruce-beer, and wine among the seamen. On the 2d of September +six men and a boy, on the 5th eight, and on the 8th ten, were disabled by +it from performing any duty. An increase of this kind, in the midst of +all the efforts that could be made to counteract the malignity of the +disorder, gave but too certain a prognostic of the ravages it was +afterwards to make. + +10 September 1788 + +About noon on the 10th of September, the looming of land was discerned to +the westward, which an hour after was clearly perceived, bearing west +north-west, at the distance of six leagues. As the ships were then in +latitude about 6 deg. 49' north, and longitude 135 deg. 25' east, it is evident +that this must have been one of the Pelew Islands, lately so much +celebrated for their hospitable reception of Captain Wilson and his crew. +As the account of that voyage was not then published, and Lieutenant +Shortland had no charts with him that noticed these islands, he concluded +that he was among the most southern of the New Carolines; but finding his +longitude, from accurate observation, to be more westerly than the +situation of those islands, he conceived their longitude to be laid down +in the charts erroneously. + +11 September 1788 + +At six in the morning, September 11th, a small island not seen before, +bore west south-west, distant five leagues; and the wind coming round +to the south south-west, Lieutenant Shortland bore away for the passage +between the two islands. At nine, having entered the passage, he +founded and found thirteen fathoms, with a fine sandy bottom, and a +strong current setting through very rapidly. Many cocoa-palms were +seen on the shore, and excited an earnest expectation of procuring +effectual refreshment for the sick: a boat from each of the ships was +therefore manned and sent out. While the boats were sounding a-head, many +Indians approached in their canoes, and by signs invited our people to +shore, giving them to understand that they might be supplied with cocoa +nuts and many other things; but when they attempted to land at a place +which had the appearance of a Morai or burying-place, they would not +suffer it, insisting that they should proceed further one way or the +other. In the mean time many persons of both sexes swam off from shore, +holding up bamboos* full of water, which they imagined the ships to want. +Mr. Sinclair, the Master of the Alexander, being in the boat, brought the +following account of this expedition. "Finding I could not make them +understand that I wanted cocoa-nuts, and not water, I was resolved to +land, and therefore put on shore as soon as I found a convenient place, +amidst a concourse of between three and four hundred people. I +immediately fixed upon an old man, (whom, from an ornament of bone upon +his arm, I concluded to be a chief) and made him a present of some nails +and beads, which were accepted with evident pleasure, and immediately +conciliated his friendship. This was a fortunate step, as he afterwards +often showed his authority by checking the most insolent of his people +when they pressed forward and endeavoured to steal whatever they could +seize. One seaman holding his cutlass rather carelessly had it snatched +from him, and the thief had so well watched his opportunity, that he was +almost out of sight before he was distinguished. Notwithstanding the +offers of the natives in the canoes, I could not procure above thirty +cocoanuts, and those green; whether it was that the people did not +comprehend my signs, or that they were not inclined to carry on the +traffic. These islanders were well limbed men, moderately tall, with long +hair: many of them chewed the betel nut, and these were all furnished +with a small hollow stick, apparently of ebony, out of which they struck +a kind of powder like lime* Their arms were a lance, and a kind of adze +hung over the shoulder; some men carrying one, and others two. These +adzes were of iron, and evidently of European manufacture. As the place +where we landed was very rocky and unpleasant for walking, when I found +myself unsuccessful in the chief object for which I was sent out, I +returned as expeditiously as I could. In return for my presents, the old +chief gave one to me which was not equally acceptable. It was a mixture +of fish, yams, and many other things, the odour of which, probably from +the staleness of the composition, was very far from being agreeable. When +we first landed, many of the natives repeated the word, Englees, as if to +enquire whether we were of that nation, but when they understood that we +were they shook their heads and said, Espagnol: possibly, therefore, the +discovery of our nation might prevent them from being as courteous on +shore as they had been in their canoes." + +[* Bamboos were the only water vessels in the Pelew Islands. See Wilson, +chap. xxv. p. 312.] + +[* This was the Chinam, or coral, burnt to lime, always used with the +betel. See Wilson's Account, p. 27. The Areca is the nut, the leaves only +of betel are used. These are produced by different plants.] + +From some of the above circumstances it is undeniably evident that these +people have had intercourse with Europeans, and probably with the +Spaniards; and from the aversion which they expressed to the English, it +seems not an unfair conjecture that this island might perhaps be +Artingall, where our countrymen had distinguished themselves five years +before by the assistance they gave to a hostile state*: but if so, their +knowledge of the Spaniards must have been posterior to the departure of +the English, who from the narrative must have been the first Europeans +seen there. Had the adventures of the Antelope's crew been then made +known to the world, Lieutenant Shortland would with joy have presented +himself before the beneficent Abba Thulle; and probably by obtaining a +stock of fresh provisions and vegetables might have preserved the lives +of many of his companions, and prevented the sufferings of the rest; but +he was not fortunate enough to know that so propitious a retreat was +within so small a distance. + +[* It might, perhaps, be thought by some readers, that if this had been +the case they would now have endeavoured to take revenge, but we find +from Captain Wilson's narrative, that all animosity was dropped as soon +as peace had been established with the inhabitants of Pelew. See that +work, Chap. xvi. p. 192.] + +23 September 1788 + +His people were doomed to find their distresses augmented instead of +diminished. Towards the latter end of September, agues and intermittent +fevers began to prevail among them; the proportion of those disabled by +the scurvy was constantly great, some deaths had happened, and the few +men who still had health enough to carry them with difficulty through the +necessary duty, were subject to the swelling of the legs, and harrassed +by violent pains in the breast. Hitherto the Friendship had been much +more happily circumstanced. On the 23d of September she was spoken to, +and had then only one man disabled by the scurvy: but this advantage was +of short duration, and the more rapid increase of the malady made a fatal +compensation for the greater delay of its commencement. + +27 September 1788-19 October 1788 + +On the 27th of September, about noon, the Alexander made the land of +Mindanao. It bore from west by north to north-west by west, distant +fourteen leagues. Part of it was remarkably high, and at this distance +appeared like a separate island, but on a nearer approach was found to be +all connected. On the 30th, about four in the afternoon, Hummock Island +bore west by south, half south, distant six or seven leagues. In all this +sea a strong current constantly set the ship considerably to the south of +her reckoning. On the third of October the wind fell suddenly, and the +Alexander being in great danger of driving with the current upon the +shore of Karkalang or Sanguir Island, was obliged to drop her anchor, +which happily brought her up in forty fathoms water. In the evening of the +17th, the Friendship actually struck upon a reef on the coast of Borneo, +when the Alexander immediately cast anchor, and sent a boat to her +assistance; but at day light the next morning it appeared that she also +lay so encompassed with sand-keys and shoals, that it was difficult to +discern how she had sailed into that situation, or what track she must +pursue to be extricated from it. The Friendship, however, fortunately got +off from the reef without sustaining any material damage: and in the +morning of the nineteenth a narrow channel was found, through which the +Alexander with difficulty sailed out of her dangerous station. Attempts +had been made to weigh anchor the preceding day, but the wind failing, +the force of the currents prevented it. The ships were at this time not +more than eight leagues from the coast of Borneo. + +The scurvy had now brought both the crews to a most pitiable situation. +The Alexander had lost eight of her complement, and was reduced to two +men in a watch, only four seamen and two boys being at all fit for duty: +and though these were willing to do their best, and further encouraged by +the promise of double wages when they should arrive at Batavia, their +utmost exertions were inadequate to the necessities of the ship, which +they were hardly able to put about; nor could they have weighed even a +small anchor had the currents obliged them to bring to again. The +Friendship had only five men not disabled, and was by no means well +provided with provisions. In this melancholy state of both ships, the +western monsoon being expected soon to set in, it was indispensably +necessary to give up one for the sake of preserving the other. Upon this +subject the masters consulted, and after some time came to an agreement. +As the Friendship was the smaller vessel, and would be cleared more +easily than the Alexander, having fewer stores on board, Mr. Walton, her +master, consented that she should be evacuated and sunk, on condition +that he should be allowed half freight of the Alexander. In four days the +Friendship had her crew and stores transferred to the Alexander, after +which she was bored and turned adrift. The ships company thus made out +from both vessels was of no great strength, not amounting to half the +proper complement of the Alexander, nor was it more than, allowing for +the further ravages of disease, was absolutely necessary to work that +ship to Batavia. + +The following list contains the whole number of persons now on board the +Alexander. + +BELONGING TO THE ALEXANDER. + +In Health. + +Lieutenant Shortland, Commander. +Duncan Sinclair, Master. +W. A. Long, first Mate. +T. G. Shortland, second ditto. +John Winter, Seamen. +Ant. Hedley, +Edward Waters, +John Lewis, +Thomas Frazer, Boys. +John White + +Sick. + +Charles Clay, Seamen. +James Stockell, +Robert Ranson, +William Dixon, Boy. + +FROM THE FRIENDSHIP. + +Well. + +Francis Walton, Master. +Robert Laurence, first Mate. +J. Walton, second Mate. +Robert Barnes, Boatswain. +William Hern, Steward. +William Bruce, Cook. +James Craven, Seamen. +William Allen + + +Sick. + +John Philpot, Corp. +Corn. Du Heg, Seamen. +R. Smith, +Robert George, +Rich. Sandell, +John Morris, +Robert Cockran, +Lieutenant Collins, a passenger. + +29 October 1788 + +On the 29th of October, at five in the morning, a land wind +springing up from the coast of Borneo, within six miles of which the +Alexander had lain at anchor, she got again under way, and at ten was +abreast of the point that forms the entrance into the harbour of +Pamanookan. At five in the afternoon Pulo Laoot bore from +south-south-west to south-west by south, distant twelve or fourteen +leagues; but the wind being now southerly, and the current strongly +against the vessel, she did not get round this island till November the +5th. + +1 November 1788 + +Wine was constantly served in due proportions to the sick and well, but +neither that, nor any other remedy that could be tried amended the +condition of the people. Sickness continued to spread among them, +insomuch that in the beginning of November only one man besides the +officers was able to go aloft. A short alarm by no means added to the +comfort of their condition: on the first of this month four large boats, +three of which rowed eighteen oars, and the fourth not less than twelve +or fourteen, bore down upon the ship, apparently with hostile intentions. +When they approached within about a mile they lay to, as if to consult +with each other, and then continued to row and sail after the Alexander. +Lieutenant Shortland hoisted English colours, which one of the boats +answered by hoisting Dutch, and another Portugueze colours. They +continued in chase till five in the afternoon, and it was imagined that +their design was to board and seize the ship in the night. During the +pursuit the little strength that could be raised was put in motion, all +were stationed at their quarters, and the carronades and great guns put +in order. When these preparations were made, Lieutenant Shortland +determined to show his own resolution, and to try that of his assailants, +by firing a shot in a direct line over them. This was done accordingly, +and fully answered the intention, for they immediately desisted from the +pursuit, and made hastily for the shore. + +Had the Alexander been at this time a very few days sail more distant +from Batavia, she must inevitably have been lost, not from any stress of +weather, or danger of coasts or shoals, but merely from inability to +conduct her into port, as every man on board must have been totally +disabled. + +17 November 1788 + +On the 17th of November only one man was fit for work, besides the +officers; a very little longer continuance would have reduced her to +the condition of floating at the mercy of winds and waves, without any +possibility of assisting, impeding, or directing her course. At six that +evening, the wind being too scanty to carry her into the roads of +Batavia, an effort was made by all indiscriminately who were able to +work, and anchor was cast between the islands of Leyden and Alkmara; soon +after a gun was fired, and a signal made for assistance. At two in the +afternoon on the 18th, as no assistance arrived, the still greater effort +of weighing anchor was tried, and the task performed with the utmost +difficulty; after which, standing in with the sea breeze, the ship came +again to anchor at five, in nine fathoms. The boat was now hoisted out, +and sent to beg assistance from the Dutch Commodore, the crew of the +Alexander being so much reduced as to be unable to furl their own sails. +A party was immediately sent to assist, and six of the Dutch seamen +remained on board all night, lest any blowing weather should come on. +Never, perhaps, did any ship arrive in port more helpless, without being +shattered by weather, from the mere effects of a dreadful and invincible +disorder. + +19 November 1788-7 December 1788 + +At five in the morning of the 19th, the welcome sight appeared of a boat +from the Dutch Commodore, which he had humanely laded with refreshments. +She brought also a boatswain's mate and twelve seamen to assist in +refitting the ship for sea. The sick were sent on the 20th to the +hospital, where several of them died, being too far gone for any +accommodation or skill to recover. From the Bridgewater and Contractor +East Indiamen, which lay in the road when the Alexander arrived; and from +the Raymond, Asia, and Duke of Montrose, which came in a few days after; +with the assistance of a few men from the Dutch Commodore, a fresh crew +was at length made up, in which only four of the original seamen +remained, the rest being either dead, or not enough recovered to return +with the Alexander, when she sailed again on the 7th of December. + +18 February 1789 + +The remaining part of the voyage was attended with few circumstances +worthy of notice, and was made in a track sufficiently known to all +navigators to permit us to dispense with a minute description of it. At +the Cape they met with Captain Hunter, in the Sirius, who, when the +Alexander arrived, on the 18th of February, 1789, had been in Table Bay +six weeks. From him Lieutenant Shortland learned that the Borrowdale and +the Prince of Wales transports, which had parted from him on the coast of +New South Wales, had returned by the southern passage, and had been heard +of from Rio de Janeiro. In Table Bay the Alexander remained at anchor +till the 16th of March, when she sailed again, and arrived off the Isle +of Wight on the 28th of May. + +Thus concluded a voyage, the first part of which was enlivened and +rendered important by discoveries; the next involved in gloom through the +virulent attacks of distemper, and the frequent inroads of death. Much +was certainly performed, and very much was suffered, but from the whole +we are authorized to conclude, that the settlement of our countrymen on +the new southern continent, must powerfully tend to the improvement of +navigation, and the extension of geographical knowledge. Nor is it +necessary, that any ill-omened apprehensions should be excited by the +misfortunes of the Alexander and the Friendship. It may not happen again +that ships shall quit Port Jackson so ill prepared with antidotes against +the malignant poison of the scurvy: nor, if they should, is it by any +means certain that their visitation will be equally severe. + +LATITUDES and LONGITUDES of CAPES, HEADLANDS, ISLANDS, and SHOALS, +according to the Track of the ALEXANDER, under the Directions of +Lieutenant JOHN SHORTLAND, Agent for Transports. + +[Table not included in this ebook] + + +Chapter XX. + +Lieutenant Watts's Narrative of the Return of the Lady Penrhyn Transport; +containing an Account of the Death of Omai, and other interesting +Particulars at Otaheite. + +5 May 1788-17 May 1788 + +The Lady Penrhyn, Capt. Sever, left Port Jackson on the 5th of May, 1788. +In the evening of the 7th, imagining they saw a fire on shore, they +sounded, but found no bottom with ninety fathoms of line. By their +observation at noon, on the 9th, they found a current had set the vessel +eighty miles to the southward since their leaving Port Jackson. The +scurvy began already to make its appearance amongst them; one man was +rendered unfit for duty, and several others complained very much. The +weather in general was squally, with thunder, lightning, and rain. In the +morning of the 14th they saw an island bearing north-east, half north, 18 +or 20 leagues distant, which made in two detached hummocks: At seven in +the afternoon, the island seen in the morning was about nine leagues +distant, on which they brought to for the night, and next morning made +sail and stood for it. At noon they spoke to the Supply, Lieutenant Ball, +who informed them that this island is named Lord Howe's Island. During +the afternoon and night they stood off and on, and at nine o'clock the +next morning a boat was hoisted out, and Lieutenant Watts with a party +went on shore in search of turtle, but they could distinguish no traces +of any, though the different bays were very closely explored: about noon, +Mr. Watts returned on board. This disappointment did not deter them from +making another effort, as some turtle would have been a very valuable +acquisition: accordingly Mr. Anstis went with a party in the pinnace to +try his success in the night. About noon the next day Mr. Anstis returned +without having seen one turtle, but to make some amends, the party had +met with great success in fishing, having caught a sufficient quantity to +serve the ship's company three or four days. + +Lord Howe's Island was discovered by Lieutenant Ball on his passage to +Norfolk Island in the month of February, and on his return he stopt and +surveyed it; at that time he caught a quantity of fine green turtles, of +which there were great numbers: this induced Governor Phillip to send the +Supply a second time to this island, but she then was unsuccessful, the +weather probably being so cold as to occasion the turtle to remove to the +northward. The island is about two leagues in extent, and lies in the +direction of north 30 deg. west, and south 30 deg. east; the south-east end +making in two very high mounts, which may be seen at the distance of more +than twenty leagues, and at first appear like two detached isles. About +three leagues from these, and nearly in a south-east direction, is a +remarkably high and pointed rock,* which may be seen at least twelve +leagues off; from this there are dangerous rocks extending three or four +miles, both in a south-east and south-west line; those to the south-west +not shewing themselves above water: there are also rocks extending four +or five miles off the north-west and north-east ends of the island, which +is of a moderate height. Both extremes are bluff, and there appears to be +much foul ground about them: within the north-west point lies a rock with +eleven fathoms water close to it, and there is a passage between it and +the island. The reef on the west side extends nearly to both extremes +with breaks in it, through which boats may pass with safety, but within +the reef it is in general very shoaly. The island is tolerably broad at +each end, and very narrow, with low land in the center, forming two bays, +that should the wind be from south-east to north-east, or south-west to +north-west, a ship may always be secure by running to the leeward of the +island. There are regular soundings on the west side, but the ground is +too hard for holding well, being coral rocks. The east side they did not +examine. The low narrow part has evidently been overflowed and the island +disjointed, for in the very center, as they walked across, they saw large +beds of coral rocks, and shells in great abundance; and on the east side, +which seems in general to be the weather side, the sea has thrown up a +bank of sand, from twenty-five to thirty feet in height, which serves as +a barrier against future inundations. The island has likewise every +appearance of having undergone a volcanic revolution, as they found great +quantities of burnt stone and pumice stone; and Mr. Anstis, who landed on +the reef which shelters the west bay, at dead low water, found the whole +a burnt up mass. + +[* Ball's Pyramid.] + +The inhabitants of this island were all of the feathered tribe, and the +chief of these was the ganet, of which there were prodigious numbers, and +it should seem that this is the time of their incubation, the females +being all on their nests: these are places simply hollowed in the sand, +there not being a single quadruped that could be found upon the island to +disturb them. The people brought numbers of their eggs on board. Very +large pigeons were also met with in great plenty; likewise beautiful +parrots and parroquets; a new species, apparently, of the coote, and also +of the rail, and magpie; and a most beautiful small bird, brown, with a +yellow breast and yellow on the wing; it seemed to be a species of +humming bird: there was also a black bird, like a sheerwater, with a +hooked bill, which burrows in the ground. Numbers of ants were seen, +which appeared the only insect at this place, except the common earth +worm. The soil is of a sandy nature, and fresh water extremely scarce in +those places which they had an opportunity of examining. + +This island is well covered with wood, the chief of which is the large +and dwarf mangrove, the bamboo, and the cabbage tree. The different +vegetables met with were scurvy grass, wild celery, spinach, endive, and +samphire. + +31 May 1788 + +From the mean of all their observations they found this island to be +situated in 31 deg.. 30'. 49". south latitude, and by comparing their lunar +observations with those of Lieutenant Ball, they found its longitude to +be 159 deg.. 10'. 00". east of Greenwich. The mean state of the thermometer, +during their short stay, was 66 deg.. and the variation of the compass, by +many observations, was found to be 10 deg.. east. In the afternoon the +pinnace was hoisted in, and they made sail to the eastward with a fresh +breeze at south-west. Nothing material occurred till the 31st, when about +three o'clock in the afternoon they saw two islands, one bearing +north-east, half east, seven leagues, and the other east by south, about +six leagues distant. Not having an opportunity of getting well in with +the land before night came on, they plied occasionally under an easy +sail, and at day-light next morning [1 June 1788] made sail and bore up for +it. On approaching the southernmost land, they found it to form two barren +isles, separated by a channel about a quarter of a mile over, and +apparently free from danger: the north island lies in a north half east +direction from these, and about five leagues distant. At noon, the body +of the north island bore north-east by north three miles distant: their +latitude at that time was 30 deg.. 11'. south, and the longitude by lunar +observation 180 deg.. 58'. 37". east. At one o'clock they bore round the west +end of the island, and hove to near the center of it, about a mile off +shore. They were in hopes, from the appearance of the island at a +distance, that they should have found it productive of something +beneficial to the people, (the scurvy gaining ground daily) but they were +greatly disappointed; both the north and south sides are surrounded by +rocks, over which the water flows, without the least opening for a boat; +however, Capt. Sever ordered the small boat to be hoisted out, and went +on shore accompanied by Mr. Anstis: they found great difficulty in +landing, and, when upon the rocks, they had to mount a very dangerous +precipice, in order to gain the level part of the island. This island +forms very high at the west end, and slopes gradually to the east end, +where it terminates in a cliff of a moderate height: both sides have a +range of these cliffs extending the whole length, which are chiefly +composed of white sand. The whole of the island bears the strongest marks +of being a volcanic production, having great quantities of pumice stone +on it, and the rocks quite burnt up. The top of the land was covered with +a coarse kind of grass, and the place affords great plenty of the wild +mangrove. The extent of this island is about two miles and an half, +nearly in the direction of east-south-east and west-north-west; the soil +a mixture of mould and sand. The inhabitants are the brown gull, the +light-grey bird, ganets, and a parroquet of the same species with those +met with at Lord Howe's Island. The gentlemen could scarcely walk a step +without being up to the knee in holes: they saw a great number of rats +and mice, and found many birds lying dead at the entrances of their +burrows: they saw no appearance of fresh water, though from the gullies +that were formed in various parts, the island must certainly be subject +to very heavy rains. This island was named Macaulay's Island, after G. M. +Macaulay, Esq; and the two islands to the southward, Curtis's Isles, +after Timothy and William Curtis, Esqrs. At five in the afternoon, the +Captain returning on board, the boat was hoisted in, and they made sail, +standing to the eastward with a moderate breeze at south-west. Macaulay's +Island is situated in 30 deg.. 09'. south latitude, and 180 deg.. 58'. 37''. +east longitude. + +6 June 1788-10 July 1788 + +The scurvy now began to spread very fast among the crew, and by the 6th, +they had nine men unable to get out of their hammocks, and many others +complained very much: swelled gums, the flesh exceeding black and hard, a +contraction of the sinews, with a total debility; were the general +appearances. Wine was daily served out to them, and there was sour-krout +on on board, but the people refused to eat it. From this to the 17th they +had little variety; by that time the people were in a deplorable state, +for with every person on board, the Captain included, they could only +muster ten men able to do duty, and some of them were in a very weakly +state: sour-krout, which before had been refused, now began to be sought +after, and they had all the Captain's fresh stock, himself and officers +living solely on salt provisions; and to add to their melancholy +situation the wind hung almost constantly in the eastern board, so that +they could scarcely make any progress. For several days they had very +squally unsettled weather, attended with almost constant heavy rain, and +frequent storms of thunder and lightning. On the 24th, being then in 32 deg.. +12'. south latitude, and 207 deg.. 28'. east longitude, the wind shifted to +the westward, but the weather still continued squally and unsettled. On +the 7th July, in 21 deg.. 57'. south latitude, they fell in with the +south-east trade wind, and as the people were in a very weak condition, +it was determined to make Otaheite as soon as possible. At six o'clock in +the morning of the 9th, they saw Osnaburgh Island, bearing north by east, +half east, four or five leagues distant. At seven they bore up for +Otaheite, and at ten o'clock that island made its appearance, bearing +west by north; by five in the afternoon they were abreast of Oaitepeha +Bay, and ten canoes presently came alongside with bread-fruit, cocoa +nuts, etc. The Indians pressed them very much to come to an anchor there, +but as they were not able to purchase their anchor again when once let +go, Mr. Watts advised the Captain to stand on for Matavai Bay. During the +night they wore occasionally, and at day-light in the morning of the 10th +stood in for the land. At noon, Point Venus bore south-west by south +about three miles distant. In standing into Matavai Bay the ship got +rather too close on the Dolphin Bank, having only two and a half fathoms +water for several casts, over a hard bottom, but she deepened at once to +seventeen fathoms, and they stood over to the south side of the bay, in +hopes by making a board, to fetch the Resolution's old birth, which would +have made the watering place very handy; but the ship missing stays, they +were obliged to let go the anchor, and content themselves in their +situation. They anchored at nine o'clock in eight fathoms water, over a +soft bottom, Point Venus bearing north-north-east, and One Tree Hill +south by east, half east, distant from shore about half a mile. On +approaching the bay, they could perceive a prodigious number of the +natives on Point Venus, and round the beach, and several canoes put off +from the shore, the Indians waving pieces of white cloth and making signs +for them to come into the bay. When anchored they had only three men in +one watch, and two in the other besides the mates, and two of these +ailing; the rest of the crew were in a truly deplorable state. + +Their first care was naturally to procure some refreshments, and it was a +pleasing circumstance for them to see the natives flock round the ship, +calling out "Tayo Tayo," which signifies friends; and "Pabii no Tutti," +Cook's ship; and bringing in very great plenty cocoa nuts, bread-fruit, +plantains and taro, and a fruit known by the name of the Otaheite apple; +they also brought some hogs and fowls. All the Indians appeared glad to +see them, and disposed of their various commodities on very moderate +terms, and indeed their whole behaviour indicated the most friendly +intentions. In the evening, the Chief of Matavai came on board, and in +him Lieutenant Watts recollected an old friend: the Chief was greatly +pleased to see Mr. Watts, as he was the only person in the ship who had +been here before, except the steward, who had been before the mast in the +Resolution; therefore, when Mona (which was the chief's name) saw his old +acquaintance, he explained to his companions who he was, and that he had +been with Capt. Cook, and they seemed very glad to have some of their old +visitors again. Mr. Watts learnt from Mona, that O'too was still living, +that he was always called Earee Tutti, and then was absent on a visit to +the eastward, but expected to return in four or five days: At the same +time, he said, messengers had been sent to acquaint him of the ship's +arrival. He also informed Mr. Watts, that Maheine, the chief of Eimeo, to +retaliate the mischief done him by Capt. Cook, had, after the departure +of the Resolution and Discovery from the islands, landed in the night at +Oparree, and destroyed all the animals and fowls he could lay hold of, +and that O'too was obliged to fly to the mountains. He likewise intimated +that the Attahooroo men joined Maheine in this business. Indeed, it +occurred to Mr. Watts, that when here in the Resolution, Toha, the chief +of that district, threatened something of the kind in a quarrel with +O'too, and probably smothered his resentment only for a time, fearful of +Capt. Cook revenging it, should it come to his knowledge. + +11 July 1788 + +The next day, Oediddee agreeably surprised them with a visit on board: +he was greatly rejoiced to see them, and enquired after all his friends in +a very affectionate manner: He took great pleasure in recounting his route +in the Resolution, had treasured up in his memory the names of the several +places he had been at in her, nor had he forgot his English compliments. +He informed them that no ship had been at the islands since Capt. Cook: +therefore, they concealed his death, and Capt. Sever made Oediddee a +present, as coming from Capt. Cook. Oediddee confirmed the report of the +cattle, etc. being destroyed by Maheine, and likewise informed them that +Omai, and the two New Zealand boys had been dead a considerable time +through illness, and that one horse only was alive at Huaheine, but they +could not learn any further particulars from him. + +13 July 1788 + +In the evening of the 13th, a messenger came on board with a present from +O'too of a small pig, a dog, and some white cloth, and intimated that he +would be at Matavai the next day. Early in the next morning but few +canoes came off to the ship, and the natives were observed assembling on +the shore in prodigious numbers: soon afterwards, a canoe came alongside +and informed them that O'too was on the beach; on this, the Captain and +Mr. Watts went on shore immediately, and found him surrounded by an +amazing concourse of people, amongst whom were several women cutting +their foreheads very much with the shark's tooth, but what both surprised +and pleased them very much, was, to see a man carrying the portrait of +Captain Cook, drawn by Webber in 1777. Notwithstanding so much time had +elapsed since the picture was drawn, it had received no injury, and they +were informed that O'too always carried it with him wherever he went. +After the first salutations were over, Mr. Watts asked O'too to accompany +him to the ship, to which he readily agreed; but previously to his +entering the boat he ordered the portrait in, and when he got alongside +the ship he observed the same ceremony. When on board he appeared much +pleased, asked after his old friends, and was very particular in his +enquiries after Capt. Cook. He visited the ship between decks, was +astonished to see so few people on board, and the greatest part of them +in a debilitated state, and enquired if they had lost any men at sea. He +acquainted them with the revenge taken by the Eimeo people, and asked why +they had not brought out some cattle, etc. He also mentioned the death of +Omai, and the New Zealand boys, and added, that there had been a skirmish +between the men of Uliatea and those of Huaheine, in which the former +were victorious, and that a great part of Omai's property was carried to +Uliatea. O'too was considerably improved in his person, and was by much +the best made man of any that they saw; nor was he, as yet, disfigured by +the baneful effects of the ava. He preserved his original character in +supplying the ship with provisions of every kind in the most liberal +manner; and when any of the natives who had come from a considerable +distance, begged his intercession with them on board to take their hogs, +etc. off their hands, which, on account of the few people they had, they +were often obliged, much against their inclination, to refuse, he was +very moderate: indeed, he generally left the matter to themselves, and +whenever he undertook to dispose of another person's property was always +well paid for his trouble. During their stay at Otaheite he daily paid +them a visit, and importuned the Captain very much to move the ship into +the Resolution's old birth: where she then lay, she was nearly in the +situation of the Dolphin on her first anchoring; and though at some +distance from the watering place, yet, considering the small number of +people on board, and their weak situation, the Captain judged it prudent +to remain where he was, as in case of necessity he could put to sea +instantly. + +O'too was always accompanied by a woman, whose advice he asked upon every +occasion; she was by no means handsome, neither did she possess that +delicacy, or those engaging manners that so much distinguish her +countrywomen in general: she was of the Earree class, and seemed to have +great authority; but whether or no she was his wife they did not learn, +though Mr. Watts was rather inclined to think they were married, and he +appeared to be greatly attached to her. The king and all the chiefs were +very urgent for Captain Sever to go to Eimeo, and revenge their quarrel, +and several of them offered to get a stock of provisions and accompany +him; however, to this request he gave a positive refusal. About three +days before they quitted Matavai Bay, O'too brought the ring of an anchor +on board, observing it might be made into small hatchets: Mr. Watts upon +examining it, recollected that it certainly belonged to an anchor which +Captain Cook bought of Opooni, at Bola Bola, in 1777: as there was no +forge on board the Lady Penrhyn, the Captain offered O'too three hatchets +for it, which he readily took. When Captain Cook bought the anchor just +mentioned it wanted the ring and one of the palms, and at that time they +knew that it had been carried from Otaheite, and belonged to Mons. +Bougainville: how O'too came by the ring, Mr. Watts could not learn, but +had he possessed it when the Resolution was here, it is reasonable to +suppose he would have brought it to Captain Cook, and the more so as at +that time the natives used to bring many large pieces of iron (which they +had obtained from the Spaniards) to be either worked up or exchanged for +trinkets. Though from the season of the year they had reason to expect a +scarcity of vegetables, yet they were agreably surprised to find them in +the greatest plenty and profusion; hogs were multiplied amazingly, and +from the proceedings of the natives, Mr. Watts was induced to think they +were desirous to thin them, as they brought none to barter but sows, and +the greatest part of them were with pig: fowls were obtained in tolerable +plenty, but they were all cocks, and old; the natives likewise brought +goats alongside for sale, and some of them brought cats and offered them +in barter. Captain Sever purchased a fine male and milch goat with two +kids. + +Cocoa nuts are a never failing article at this place, and the +bread-fruit, which was so scarce when the Endeavour was here at the same +season of the year, was now exceedingly plentiful, and in high +perfection, as was the Otaheite apple; plantains, both ripe and green, +and taro, the natives brought in great quantities, but yams and sweet +potatoes were very scarce. They purchased seven or eight dozen of +pumkins, and a quantity of chilipods, which were some of the produce of +the Resolution's garden, and one of the Indians brought some cabbage +leaves on board, but the cabbages, as well as sundry other vegetables, +were gone to ruin for want of proper care and attention. The natives +could not be enticed to eat any of the pumkins, and the chilipods they +said poisoned them. + +It already has been observed, that no ship of any nation had visited this +island since Captain Cook, and from appearances, the iron which the +natives obtained at that time was pretty well exhausted, as the only iron +now seen was the blade of a table-knife; neither did they bring any tools +on board to be sharpened, which certainly would have been the case had +they been possessed of any, and such was their avidity to obtain +hatchets, knives, etc. that every produce the island afforded was +purchased at very reasonable rates, nor were the first prices given, +attempted to be altered during their stay. Besides hatchets, knives, and +nails, the natives were very desirous to have gimlets, files, and +scissars; they also asked for looking-glasses, and white transparent +beads, but of these latter articles they had none on board: red feathers, +which had formerly been held in great esteem, were now of no value; they +would accept them as presents indeed, but would not barter any one +article for them. + +As their situation was not a very eligible one, Mr. Watts did not think +it prudent to go any great distance from the ship, or even to be much on +shore, so that he was prevented from gaining much information, or seeing +into many matters that might have enabled him to judge whether the whole +of their report respecting Omai, and the loss of his property, etc. was +true or not; however, he was inclined to think that the cattle and all +the animals were killed, except goats, as Oediddee, when he confirmed the +revenge of the Eimeo people, never mentioned that any one animal was +saved: goats, indeed, had been left on former voyages, and from increase +had become the property of many, but Maheine's resentment, it seems, was +levelled at O'too only. + +23 July 1788 + +Great numbers of the natives had been carried off by the +venereal disease, which they had caught from their connections with the +crews of the Resolution and Discovery; nor were the women so free from +this complaint as formerly, especially the lowest class, the better sort +seemingly not wishing to hazard the catching so terrible a disorder. The +people having recovered in a most astonishing manner, and being now able +to assist in the duties of the ship, Captain Sever thought it adviseable +to run down amongst the Society Isles, as they had got a plentiful supply +of provisions on board; accordingly, they got under way before daylight +in the morning of the 23d. The natives soon took the alarm, and the +breeze slackening, they were soon crowded with visitors, none of whom +came empty handed. Their friends parted from them with great reluctance, +and the suddenness of their departure seemed to disappoint the natives +greatly; indeed, they would not have left the place so abruptly, had they +not been apprehensive that if their intention was known, the Indians +would have flocked on board in too great numbers, and have been +troublesome. They had the satisfaction of leaving this Island in perfect +amity with the natives, and it is but doing them justice to say, that +during the time the Lady Penrhyn lay here, not one occasion offered to +induce them to fire a musquet. Oediddee regretted their departure +exceedingly, and importuned the Captain very much to take him to Uliatea, +but O'too (whatever were his reasons) begged that he might by no means be +taken from Otaheite; the Captain promised he should not, and taking leave +of Oediddee, put him into his canoe, on which he shed tears in abundance, +said he was very unhappy, and when he put from the ship never once turned +to look at her: his situation was much to be pitied, and he truly merited +every friendship that could be shown him; during the time they lay here, +he was a constant visitor, and daily brought on board a supply of ready +drest provisions. O'too was one of the earliest on board in the morning, +and did not leave the ship till they had cleared the reef; he expressed +great sorrow at their departure, mentioned how much time had elapsed +since the Resolution and Discovery were at Otaheite, begged they would +not be so long absent any more, and desired very much to have some horses +brought to him, more particularly than any other animal: just before he +quitted the ship, he asked for a few guns to be fired, with which the +Captain complied. A breeze now springing up, their friends took a last +farewell, and they stood to the north-west for Huaheine; at noon, Point +Venus was about five miles distant. + +It may, perhaps, be lamented, that Lieutenant Watts (whose acquaintance +with the Chiefs, and knowledge of their language, rendered him a proper +person to make enquiries) should not have been able to give a more full +account of matters, at an island that has so much engaged the public +notice; but, when the short stay of the ship, and her situation are +considered, it will be natural to imagine, that the officers found their +time very fully employed: such particulars, however, as have been above +related may be depended on as facts. + +25 July 1788 + +At noon on the 25th, they saw the island, Huaheine, bearing west +three-quarters north, fourteen leagues distant: from this time they had +very light winds, and those westerly, which prevented their reaching the +island before noon on the 26th; when the extremes of it bore from west +half north to south by west half west, off shore three miles. They kept +standing off and on, on the east side (the wind continuing in the western +board) till the 29th, during which time the natives brought off plenty of +refreshments, but they were far more exorbitant in their demands than +their neighbours. + +29 July 1788 + +In the morning of the 29th, the wind veering to the south south-east, +they stood round the north end of the island, and brought to off Owharree +harbour; the natives appeared perfectly friendly, and constantly supplied +them with every article except bread-fruit, which they said had failed +that season: they were very importunate for them to go into the harbour, +but as Captain Sever did not intend to stay more than a day or two, he +did not think it worth the trouble. + +In the evening, an elderly chief, who went by the name of Tutti, and whom +Mr. Watts recollected to have frequently seen with Captain Cook, came on +board; he confirmed the reports they had heard at Otaheite, and told +them, that after Omai had got perfectly settled, he found himself under +the necessity of purchasing a great quantity of cloth, and other +necessaries, for himself and family, of which his neighbours took +advantage, and made him pay extravagantly for every article he purchased; +that he frequently visited Uliatea, and never went empty handed, so that +by these means he expended much of his treasure: he died at his own +house, as did the New Zealand boys, but in what order their deaths had +happened, Tutti could not give information. Upon Omai's decease, the +Uliatea men came over and attacked them for his property, alledging that +as he was a native of their island they had an undoubted right to it. +Tutti said they carried away a considerable part of his remaining +property, and particularly his musquets, the stocks of which they broke, +and took the powder and buried it in the sand: he added, that the +conflict had been very fierce, and that great numbers were slain on both +sides, nor were they friends even at this time. Three of the natives who +came on board, had the os frontis fractured in a terrible manner, but +they were then perfectly recovered of their wounds. The house that +Captain Cook had built for Omai was still in being, and was covered by a +very large one built after the country fashion; it was taken possession +of by the chief of the island. With respect to the horses, the mare had +foaled, but died soon afterwards, as did the foal, the horse was still +living though of no benefit: thus were rendered fruitless the benevolent +intentions of his Majesty, and all the pains and trouble Captain Cook had +been at in preserving the cattle, during a tedious passage to these +islands. + +2 August 1788-24 August 1788 + +Having recruited their stock of provisions, and added a large quantity of +yams and sugar cane, and the wind coming to the eastward (which had not +been the case more than four or five days since their first anchoring in +Matavai Bay) they on the 2d of August took leave of their friends, and +stood to the northward until noon, when they steered north-west. They +carried away from these hospitable islands, sixty hogs, weighing from +seventy to two hundred and twenty pounds each, besides near fifty small +pigs, ten dozen of fowls, an immense quantity of cocoa-nuts, green +plantains, sugar cane, taro, and yams, and about eight dozen of pumkins; +the people were all perfectly recovered, and from the plentiful stock of +provisions on board there was reason to hope that they would not be any +more alarmed for their safety. At day light in the Morning of the 8th, +they saw a low flat island, bearing from east to north-east seven or +eight miles distant; it appeared to be well clothed with trees, but the +weather at that time being squally allowed them a very imperfect view. +Captain Sever named it Penrhyn's Island; it is situated in 9 deg.. 10'. south +latitude, and 202 deg.. 15'. east longitude. In the afternoon of the 20th, +the Captain and some others imagining they saw land, and the sun setting +in a fog-bank, which prevented them ascertaining the reality, they +shortened sail, and lay by for the night; but at five o'clock the next +morning no land being in sight, they made sail and stood to the +north-west by west, with a fine breeze at north-east. In the evening of +the 23d, being near the situation of an island and reef, as laid down in +Lord Anson's chart, they brought to for the night. A number of ganets and +other birds were flying about the next day, but no land appeared in +sight: their latitude at noon was 9 deg. 30' north, and 179 deg. 18' east +longitude. + +15 September 1788 + +Nothing occured worthy of note till the 15th of September, when about +noon they saw the island of Saypan, bearing west half north, twelve +leagues distant. The next day at noon the south end of Tinian was about +four leagues distant: in the afternoon the small boat was hoisted out, +and Mr. Anstis went in her to sound a small bay round the south point of +Saypan; he returned at seven o'clock, having found from ten to twenty +fathoms water about a mile off shore, but the ground hard. The next +morning, Mr. Anstis went on shore in the small boat to endeavour to +procure a bullock, great numbers of which were seen grazing on the island +Tinian. At six in the afternoon, they stood round the south point of +Tinian, but finding they could not fetch into the road, they brought to +for the night. In the evening, Mr. Anstis returned with the best part of +a young bullock. The next morning at day light, they made sail and stood +in for the road, and at nine o'clock came to anchor in eighteen fathoms, +over a bottom of coral, about a mile and an half distant from shore. Soon +after they anchored, a party were sent on shore to hunt. + +25 September 1788-29 September 1788 + +From this to the 25th, they had light winds varying from south to east, +with frequent showers over the land, and the flies so very troublesome +that they found Captain Byron's account of them perfectly just. On coming +to an anchor, they observed a buoy a little to the southward, with a slip +buoy to it, they swept for the anchor, weighed it, and found it belonged +to the Charlotte (Gilbert, master) one of the ships from Port Jackson +bound to China; there were two-thirds of a cable to it. The party on +shore also found some spars, apparently erected for a tent, and three +water casks, one of which was full: it is most likely the Charlotte was +blown out of the road, and could not regain her station again. Observing +that their anchor was foul, on the 25th they hove it up to clear, and let +it go again; presently afterwards, finding the ship adrift, they sounded, +and had twenty-five fathoms, but as she was at the edge of the bank, they +hove the anchor up, and made a stretch to the southward, but did not +again fetch the bay till the evening of the 26th. The two following days +they had dark heavy weather with very hard squalls, and almost continual +rain, the wind from north-east to south-east. At day light in the morning +of the 29th, the wind veered round to the south south-west, and soon +afterwards, a very severe squall, attended with heavy rain, set the ship +adrift, and the tide making strong to the north-west with a large hollow +sea, they veered the reef very fast; however, the squall something +abating, and fortunately backing round to the south south-east, they got +their anchor up (which they otherwise would not have been able to have +effected) and bore away to the north north-west. At noon the body of +Tinian bore east half south, about four leagues distant. + +During their stay at Tinian, filling water took up the whole of their +time, the well not affording more than three tons a day, sometimes only +two tons: the water was rather brackish, but otherwise not ill tasted. +They found the fowls and hogs very shy, and the cattle had quite deserted +the south part of the island, owing, as was imagined, to the alarm the +Charlotte's people had occasioned among them. + +They obtained two bulls, eight hogs, and about a dozen fowls; they also +got bread fruit, but it was at some distance up the country, and the +generality of it not ripe: there was abundance of guavas but they were +not in season; limes and sour oranges were also very plentiful. Cocoa-nut +trees were in abundance, but those within a moderate distance from the +beach were cut down, so that the distance they had to go for any was +attended with too much fatigue to compensate for the advantages which +could be derived from them, as they experienced from two or three +attempts of the kind: the season in general seemed very backward. In +addition to the animals of this place, they found wild cats, The country +had exactly the same appearance as when Captains Byron and Wallis visited +it, but many of the pyramidical pillars had fallen down and were much +decayed. The mean state of the thermometer during their stay, was 87 deg.. In +their passage from hence to China, no material circumstance occurred, and +on the 19th of October they anchored in Macao Roads. + + +Chapter XXI. + +May 1788 to September 1788 + +The Scarborough leaves Port Jackson--Touches at Lord Howe's Island--Joins +the Charlotte--Falls in with a large Shoal--Discover a number of +Islands--Short account of the Inhabitants--Canoes described--Ornaments-- +Discover Lord Mulgrave's Islands--Arrival at Tinian--Sick people sent on +shore--Departure from Tinian--Arrival in Mocao Roads. + +6 May 1788-22 May 1788 + +The Scarborough transport, Captain Marshall, left Port Jackson on the 6th +of May 1788, and proceeded towards China, being engaged to take in a +cargo of teas at Canton for the East India Company. For several days they +had very unsettled weather, with frequent squalls and heavy rain. In the +afternoon of the 16th, they saw Lord Howe's Island, bearing east by south +seven leagues distant; and the next day at noon, they found the Supply +brig, the Lady Penrhyn, and the Charlotte, standing off and on under the +island. By two o'clock the Scarborough was close in with the land, but +the weather not permitting them to go on shore, the night was spent in +standing off and on. Early the next morning, Captain Marshall sent his +boat with the chief mate and six men on shore at Lord Howe's Island, in +expectation of procuring some turtle, as the Supply, Lieutenant Ball, had +caught a large quantity at this island in February: however, they were +not able, after the most diligent search, to meet with any turtle; but +this excursion was not altogether a fruitless one, for they brought off a +quantity of fine birds, sufficient to serve the ship's crew three days; +many of them were very fat, somewhat resembling a Guinea hen, and proved +excellent food. Having procured such refreshments as the island afforded, +they made sail at four o'clock, with the Charlotte in company, and stood +to the eastward, with a moderate breeze at south-west. At eight o'clock +in the morning of the 22d, they saw Norfolk Island, bearing east by south +twelve leagues distant. At two o'clock, they were within one mile of the +land, and had soundings in sixteen fathoms water over a hard bottom: the +Charlotte being a considerable distance a-stern, Captain Marshall lay to +for her to come up, and when she joined the Scarborough he stood under an +easy sail to the distance of six leagues westward of the island, and +carried soundings from sixteen to twenty-five fathoms, the ground +various; in some places being soft, in other parts a corally bottom, and +sometimes coarse white sand, intermixed with broken shells. + +26 May 1788 + +After leaving Norfolk Island, they stretched to the northward and +eastward, and at one o'clock on the twenty-sixth they saw a small island +bearing north north-east eight or nine leagues distant; when about four +miles from the island, they sounded with fifty fathoms of line, but got +no bottom. Towards evening, Captain Marshall was close in with the +island, and being desirous to examine it, he plied occasionally during +the night. At day light the next morning, he was close to the land, and +found it to be a barren rock, not more than half a mile over in the +broadest part; it is very high, and was entirely covered with birds of +various kinds, but there was no possibility of landing on account of a +frightful surf that entirely surrounded it. This rock was seen first by +Captain Gilbert, of the Charlotte, in the forenoon of the 26th, and named +by him, Matthew's Island; it is situated in 22 deg. 22' south latitude, and +170 deg. 41' longitude, east of Greenwich. + +30 May 1788-13 June 1788 + +On the 30th, in 17 deg. 13' south latitude, and 172 deg. 43' east longitude, they +passed several large trees, and a number of cocoa-nuts floating in the +water, but no land was to be seen. Nothing occurred worthy of note till +the 4th of June, when the water appearing coloured, they sounded and +struck the ground in fifteen fathoms water, although no land was to be +seen: a man was then sent to the mast-head, who could plainly discern +that the shoal run to the westward, on which Captain Marshall altered his +course and stretched to the eastward, carrying soundings from fifteen to +thirty fathoms water, over a rocky bottom, and in many places they could +see the ground very distinctly. After running to the eastward, about +eight miles, they found no bottom with seventy fathoms of line, which +occasioned the Captain to tack and stand to the southward. Vast numbers +of birds of different kinds were flying to the westward of the shoal, so +that there probably is an island near that situation. The east part of +this shoal is situated in 173 deg. 12' east longitude, and the south part of +it in 15 deg. 50' south latitude, but how far it extends to the westward and +northward is very uncertain, though doubtless to a considerable distance, +as the water had a white appearance from the mast head as far as the eye +could reach. Being now entirely free from the shoal, they stood to the +northward, with a light easterly breeze, and moderate weather. On the +9th, in 7 deg. 59' south latitude, the wind shifted to the westward and +continued in the western board till the 13th when it again changed to the +eastward. + +18 June 1788 + +At six o'clock in the morning of the 18th they saw an island right +a-head, bearing north half west eight or nine miles distant: they sounded +when about six miles from the land, but got no bottom with sixty fathoms +of line; at this time Captain Marshall perceived several canoes with +their sails set, and two or three men in each canoe, coming towards the +ship, but they presently put back again and made for the shore. This +island is very low and level, and extends north-east, and south-west, +terminating at each end in a low, flat point, with an appearance of a +large bay in the middle; the Captain named it Hopper's Island; it is +situated in 00 deg. 03' south latitude, and 173 deg. 43' longitude east from +Greenwich. + +At seven o'clock they saw another island smaller than the former, lying +about six miles to the south-west of Hopper's Island, and nearly the same +in appearance; this was named Henderville's Island. Towards noon, another +island made its appearance, which Captain Marshall named Woodle's Island, +situated three miles to the north-west of Henderville's Island. Five +large canoes with sails set put off from Woodle's Island, and came +towards the ship, but when about four miles distant, they turned back and +stood for the shore. The wind blowing off the land prevented them from +getting in with the shore, so as to enable them to give a particular +description of these islands; they seemed to abound with cocoa-nut, and a +variety of other trees. At three o'clock in the afternoon, the +Scarborough being within three miles of Henderville's Island, they +sounded with sixty fathoms of line, but got no ground. Several large +fires were lighted up on the shore, and the natives assembled in vast +numbers on the beach, many of them pointing at the ship with looks of +wonder and surprise; presently afterwards, nineteen canoes, with five or +six men in each, came off from the shore and made towards the ship, on +which Captain Marshall lay to, in hopes they would come along side; +several of them came within a quarter of a mile of the ship, and then +taking down their sails, they stopt to gaze at the vessel, but nothing +would induce them to come alongside; however, as more canoes were seen +coming from the island, Captain Marshall determined to lay to till they +all returned on shore, as there was a probability of his procuring some +refreshments from them: two of the last canoes made for the ship without +the least hesitation; on this, the Captain ordered his people out of +sight that the natives might not be intimidated. When the canoes were +close to the ship, the Indians began to talk, and made signs for them to +bring the ship nearer the island. + +After talking with the natives some time, the Captain shewed them a few +small nails, a quart bottle, and a looking-glass, all of which they +seemed very desirous to obtain; however, they could not be prevailed on +to bring their canoes along-side, but three of them jumped out and swam +to the ship; a rope was given them to take hold of, but they could not be +persuaded to come on board. On receiving their little presents they +laughed very heartily, and by way of exchange gave the Captain some beads +and teeth of beasts or animals, which they wore about their necks as +ornaments: this circumstance serves to show that they have some idea of +barter. + +After making signs a second time for them to bring the ship nearer the +island, they took their leave, and presently afterwards all the canoes +returning towards the shore, Captain Marshall made sail and stood to the +northward. The situation of these islands has already been mentioned, +they lie in nearly a north-west and south-east direction: Hopper's Island +appears to be about ten leagues in length, Henderville's Island six +leagues, and Woodle's Island the same. + +It is to be lamented that Captain Marshall had not an opportunity of +surveying these islands more minutely, as there is scarcely a doubt of +their affording a variety of refreshments; for though nothing of the kind +was seen in the canoes, yet the natives were plump and fleshy, and seemed +to live at their ease: there is also an appearance of a most excellent +harbour at Hopper's Island. + +The inhabitants seem to be a fine set of people; they are of a copper +colour, stout and well made; their hair is long and black, with black +eyes and eye brows, and they seem to have very fine teeth. The only +ornaments seen amongst them were necklaces made of beads intermixed with +teeth, and many of them had their faces painted white. + +If we may judge of these people from the construction of their canoes, +they certainly possess a considerable share of contrivance and ingenuity: +many of them are large enough to contain sixteen or twenty people; they +are narrow, and built to sail very fast, yet there is not the least +danger of their oversetting, as they are steadied with an out-rigger +resembling a ladder on the weather side, to one end of which a log of +wood is fastened, cut sharp at each end in the form of a boat; this not +only serves to keep the canoe upright, but likewise holds her to +windward. At the other end of the out-rigger, a stout rope is fixed, +which leads up to the mast head and serves as a shroud; and when the wind +blows fresh, two or more men, according to the size of the canoe, go out +upon the ladder to keep her upright. + +Though these canoes always sail on the same side, yet they are so +contrived as to sail one way as well as the other, and the Indians manage +them with such dexterity that they put about much sooner than our boats. +Every canoe has a sail, which in general is very large; they appear to be +made of raw-silk, neatly sewed together, and are cut in the form of our +shoulder of mutton sail, with a yard at the fore-leach, and another at +the foot, so that when they want to put their canoe about, they only have +to shift their tack and bring it to leeward of the mast: in short, from +what little Captain Marshall saw of these people, they appeared to be +lively, ingenious and expert. + +20 June 1788 + +After quitting these new discovered Islands, Captain Marshall stood to +the northward, with a light breeze at east north-east, and at five +o'clock in the morning of the 20th, they saw an island bearing east +north-east, eight miles distant; it appeared very low, and almost level +with the water, so that when only four miles distant they could perceive +nothing but trees. When Captain Marshall got close in with the land, he +found it to be a chain of islands, extending from south-east to +north-west for the distance of more than thirty leagues. Having a +favourable breeze, they run along the islands about three miles from +shore, and several canoes with sails set, came after the ship, but none +of them would come near her. Great numbers of the natives presently +assembled on the beach, in order to gratify their curiosity in looking at +the ship; this induced Captain Marshall to lay to in expectation of the +natives coming along-side, but not one of them ventured near the ship: at +one time he had an intention of sending his boat on shore in order to +procure some refreshments, as many of his crew were laid up with the +scurvy; however, he prudently declined taking this step, as it certainly +would have been hazarding too much to have sent a few men amongst an +ignorant multitude, with whose temper and disposition they were perfectly +unacquainted. + +The centre of these islands is situated in 1 deg. 50' north latitude, 173 deg. +00' east longitude. They are very low, and yet it is rather remarkable, +that on sounding, when not more than a mile from the land, there was no +bottom found with eighty fathoms of line. Within the islands there +appeared to be some fine harbours, and they probably afford a variety of +refreshments. The natives seemed to be nearly black, and their canoes +were constructed much in the same manner as those already described. + +22 June 1788 + +There being no prospect of procuring any refreshments from these people, +Captain Marshall made sail, and at noon on the 22d they saw land in the +direction of north by east, eight miles distant; it appeared very low, +flat, and full of trees. By four o'clock, they were close in with the +southernmost land, and saw a great number of canoes sailing close to the +shore, some of which came towards the ship, and two of them very near, +but nothing would entice them to come along-side. The people appeared +much the same as those at Henderville's Island, and their canoes were of +a similar construction; one of them had a kind of vane at the mast head, +which appeared to be made of the same materials as their sail. In running +along shore, they found it to consist of six different islands, extending +from north by east to south by west, to the length of fourteen or fifteen +leagues; the centre of them is situated in 2 deg. 58' north latitude, and +173 deg. 00' east longitude. The southernmost island, Captain Marshall named +Allen's Island; the second, Gillespy's Island; the third, Touching's +Island; the fourth, Clarke's Island; the fifth, Smith's Island; and the +northernmost, Scarborough Island. They ran along these islands about +three miles distant from the land, and kept the lead constantly going, +but could get no bottom, which appeared rather extraordinary as the land +is very low. There appears to be good anchorage between these islands, +and the water very smooth, and they seem to abound with cocoa-nut and +cabbage trees. By the time they were abreast of Scarborough Island, it +grew so dark that they could not see the land; luckily, however, the +Indians lighted two very large fires which enabled them to get entirely +clear of all the islands. + +23 June 1788 + +At six o'clock in the afternoon of the 23d, more land made its +appearance, bearing north to north-west, four leagues distant, but night +coming on, they tacked and stood to the southward. + +24 June 1788 + +By two o'clock the next day, they were within two miles of the land, and +found it to be a chain of islands, extending from east to nearly west for +more than twenty-five leagues; and they perceived a reef from the +easternmost point of land, which ran at least three leagues into the sea. +The shore on the north-west side of these islands is bold and steep; the +Scarborough coasted along within a mile of the land, and frequently +sounded with an hundred fathoms of line, but could get no bottom; at the +same time they saw the water break near the shore, and a vast number of +the natives were collected on the beach. About three o'clock, a small +canoe with two men in her came off from the shore, on which Captain +Marshall hove to, in order to give them an opportunity of coming up with +the ship, but when they were about one hundred yards from the vessel, +they put back again as fast as possible, seemingly very much frightened: +these men had skins wrapped round their waists, and their hair was +ornamented with shells and beads. After they left the ship, Captain +Marshall made sail, being desirous to make the westward part of the +islands if possible before the night came on; but in this he was +disappointed, as the wind grew light and baffling. Several large canoes +now put off from the shore with eight or ten men in each; it already has +been observed that the Charlotte, Captain Gilbert, was in company with +the Scarborough; at this time she was some distance a-stern, and the +canoes all went along-side her; several of them went on board the +Charlotte, and ran fore and aft, stealing every thing that lay in their +way; one of them in particular, got hold of the pump-break, and attempted +to jump over-board with it, but was stopped by one of the sailors. They +appeared to be very civilized, and all of them had coverings round the +waist: their ornaments were necklaces made of beads, to which a cross was +suspended, in the same manner as those worn by the Spaniards. + +25 June 1788-27 June 1788 + +Captain Marshall distinguished these islands by the name of Lord +Mulgrave's Islands, in honour of the Right Honourable Lord Mulgrave. The +southernmost of them is situated in 5 deg. 58' north latitude, and 172 deg. 3' +east longitude, and the northernmost in 6 deg. 29' north latitude, and 171 deg. +10' east longitude. At noon on the 25th, they got round the westernmost +island, and thought themselves entirely clear of them all, as the day was +very fair, and no land could be seen from the mast-head; at the same time +they had a long swell: on this, Captain Marshall stood on under an easy +sail during the night, but was very much surprised at daylight the next +morning to see land on the weather quarter, and a large island on the lee +quarter, between which they must have passed in the night, and certainly +very near that on their lee, though they sounded every half hour, but +never struck the ground. Lord Mulgrave's Islands abound with +cocoa-nut-trees, and they could perceive remnants of oranges and various +other sorts of fruit, although the natives offered nothing of the sort to +barter. These islanders had not any offensive weapons whatever, so that +they probably are on very friendly terms with each other. With a light +easterly breeze, they kept their course to the northward, and at noon on +the 27th, in 7 deg. 25' north latitude, and 171 deg. 10' east longitude, they saw +land bearing from north by east to north north-west. Having now a fresh +breeze, Captain Marshall run in with the land, and found it to be a +cluster of small islands lying east and west of each other, but no +appearance was seen of their being inhabited. + +28 June 1788 + +At noon on the 28th, more islands were seen, bearing from north to +north-west by west, three or four leagues distant, their latitude at that +time was 8 deg. 02' north, and 170 deg. 57' east longitude. The weather being +very hazy, with constant rain, they wore, and stood from the land; +however, the afternoon proving tolerably clear, they again stood towards +it, and by four o'clock were close in with the westernmost island. Two +large canoes were lying on a sandy beach, but they did not perceive any +inhabitants. At five o'clock they saw several more islands, bearing north +north-east, five or six leagues distant. During the night, Captain +Marshall stood under an easy sail, and at day-light the next morning land +was seen a-head bearing north by east six leagues, and some land bearing +east seventeen leagues distant. These islands, like all they had yet +seen, were very low, and entirely covered with lofty trees; on sounding, +they got no ground with an hundred fathoms of line. Their latitude at +noon was 8 deg. 59' north, and 170 deg. 24' east longitude. + +30 June 1788 + +At five in the afternoon, more islands were seen, bearing north, five +leagues distant, but night coming on they wore and stood to the +southward. In the forenoon of the 30th, they ran between two islands, +about five leagues distant from each other, and surrounded by a number of +breakers: by eleven o'clock they were entirely clear of all the land. +Their observation at noon gave 9 deg. 34' north latitude, and the longitude +was 169 deg. 22' east. These last islands were supposed by Captain Marshall +to be those which Lord Anson discovered, and named Barbadoes Islands. + +31 July 1788 + +Having now a clear navigation, they prosecuted their voyage without +meeting with any thing worthy of notice till the 31st of July, when at +six clock in the morning they saw the island of Saypan bearing west by +south six leagues distant. Having light baffling winds, they did not get +in with the land till the approach of evening, so that the night was +spent in standing off and on. At day-light the next morning, Captain +Marshall sent his boat on shore, with the chief mate and four seamen, to +procure some refreshments, and look for anchorage. At two o'clock in the +afternoon, the boats returned loaded with cocoa-nuts and cabbage, both, +as the men reported, from the same tree, but they could find no place for +a vessel to anchor in, the water being very deep close to the land, with +a rocky bottom, and so heavy a surf that the boat did not land without +great difficulty. Not meeting with a harbour at Sapan, the Captain +determined to make the best of his way to Tinian, where he might come to +anchor and get his sick people on shore, having no less than fifteen men +laid up with the scurvy, and the rest of his crew were so weak that they +could scarcely work the ship: the wind, however, was so variable, that +they did not reach the south-west side of that island till afternoon on +the 4th, when they anchored in twenty-five fathoms water, and soon +afterwards the Charlotte came to anchor a small distance from the +Scarborough. + +5 August 1788-8 August 1788 + +Early the next morning, Captain Marshall sent his sick people on shore, +with a tent, and a sufficient quantity of provisions to serve them five +days. After landing the sick, and erecting their tent, the boats crew +walked about the island, and saw a great number of cattle, hogs, and +fowls, but they only caught a calf, one hog, and a fowl or two, and +loaded the boat with cocoanuts, oranges, and limes. On the 6th, the chief +mate was sent on shore to look for fresh water; he soon found out the +well, mentioned in Lord Anson's voyage, but it was quite dry, and there +was not any fresh water to be met with within two miles of the landing +place. The boat returned at noon, loaded with fruit of different sorts. +Toward evening the wind came round to south south-west blowing very +strong, which sent a heavy sea rolling into the bay, and occasioned the +Scarborough to pitch very much. The wind still blowing strongly into the +bay, Captain Marshall sent his boat on shore on the 7th, to bring off the +sick people, which they accomplished with much danger and difficulty; in +the mean time, every thing was got ready for sea, the Captain being +determined to get away the moment the wind shifted to south or south by +east, so that they could clear the west part of the island. During the +night, they had so heavy a gale at south-west that they expected every +minute to be driven on shore; fortunately, however, at day-break, the +wind shifted to south south-east, on which they immediately cut the cable +and ran clear of the land: Captain Gilbert cut both his cables and +followed the Scarborough. Scarce had they cleared the land before the +wind again shifted to south-south-west, and blew a complete hurricane, so +that had the vessels then been at anchor, they must inevitably have been +driven on shore. Though Captain Marshall's people were on land so short a +time, they found amazing benefit from it, their strength gradually +returned, and soon afterwards they were perfectly restored to health. + +7 September 1788 + +No particular occurrence happened during their passage from Tinian to +China; they saw the Lema Islands in the afternoon of the 7th of +September, and came to anchor in Macao Roads the following afternoon. + + +Chapter XXII. + +Supplemental Account of Animals + +BIRDS. + +NO. 139. BANKIAN COCKATOO. Order II. Pies. Genus V. Parrot. + + +This is about the size of the great white cockatoo; the length twenty-two +inches. The bill is exceedingly short, and of a pale lead-colour. The +head feathers are pretty long, so as to enable the bird to erect them +into a crest at will: The colour of the head, neck, and under parts of +the body are dusky brown, inclining to olive, darkest on the belly: the +feathers of the top of the head and back part of the neck are edged with +olive; the rest of the plumage on the upper part of the body, the wings, +and tail, are of a glossy black; the last is pretty long and a little +rounded at the end; the two middle feathers are wholly black; the others +of a fine vermilion in the middle for about one-third, otherwise black; +the outer edge of the exterior feather black the whole length. Legs +black. + +This bird was met with in New South Wales, and is supposed to be a +variety, if not a different sex, from the Bankian Cockatoo described in +the General Synopsis of Birds, Supplement, p. 63. pl. 109. It varies, +however, in not having the feathers of the head or those of the +wing-coverts marked with buff-coloured spots; nor is the red part of the +tail crossed with black bars, as in that bird. + +With the above specimen was sent the head of another, which differed in +having a mixture of yellow in various parts of it. We have been informed, +that the red part of the tail in this last is barred with black, not +unlike that described by Mr. Latham in the Synopsis. From these +circumstances, it may be presumed, that this bird is subject to great +variety. + +RED SHOULDERED PARROT. Order II. Pies. Genus V. + +This bird is about the size of the Guinea Parrakeet. Total length ten +inches and a half: the general colour of the plumage is green, inclining +to yellow on the under parts: the top of the head, the outer edge of the +wing, and some parts of the middle of the same are deep blue: all round +the base of the bill crimson, with a mixture of the same on the fore part +of the neck, but between the bill and eye is a mixture of yellow: the +shoulders, and under parts of the wings are blood red: two or three of +the inner quills, and the vent pale red: the greater quills dusky, +fringed outwardly with yellow: the tail is greatly wedged in shape, the +feathers at the base chesnut, towards the end dull blue: the bill and +legs are brown. + +This species inhabits New South Wales; and we believe it to be hitherto +non-descript. + +CRESTED GOAT SUCKER. Order III. Passerine. Genus XLV. + +This bird is somewhat smaller than our European species, measuring only +nine inches and a half in length. The general colour of the plumage on +the upper parts is dark-brown, mottled and crossed with obscure whitish +bars: the quills are plain brown, but five or six of the outer ones +marked with dusky white spots on the outer webs: the tail is rounded in +shape, and marked with twelve narrow bars of a dusky white, mottled with +black, as are the various whitish marks on the upper parts: the under +parts of the body are more or less white; but the fore part of the neck +and breast are crossed with numerous dusky bars: the bill is black, but +the gape and within yellow; the sides of the mouth furnished with +bristles, as in other goat-suckers; besides which, at the base of the +bill are ten or twelve erect stiff bristles, thinly barbed on their +sides, and standing perfectly upright as a crest, giving the bird a +singular appearance: the legs are weak, longer than in most of the tribe, +and of a pale yellow colour; claws brown. + +NEW HOLLAND CASSOWARY. Order VI. Struthious. Genus LIX. Cassowary. + +This is a species differing in many particulars from that generally +known, and is a much larger bird, standing higher on its legs, and having +the neck longer than in the common one. Total length seven feet two +inches. The bill is not greatly different from that of the common +Cassowary; but the horny appendage, or helmet on the top of the head, in +this species is totally wanting: the whole of the head and neck is also +covered with feathers, except the throat and fore part of the neck about +half way, which are not so well feathered as the rest; whereas in the +common Cassowary, the head and neck are bare and carunculated as in the +turkey. + +The plumage in general consists of a mixture of brown and grey, and the +feathers are somewhat curled or bent at the ends in the natural state: +the wings are so very short as to be totally useless for flight, and +indeed, are scarcely to be distinguished from the rest of the plumage, +were it not for their standing out a little. The long spines which are +seen in the wings of the common sort, are in this not observable,--nor is +there any appearance of a tail. The legs are stout, formed much as in the +Galeated Cassowary, with the addition of their being jagged or sawed the +whole of their length at the back part. + +This bird is not uncommon in New Holland, as several of them have been +seen about Botany Bay, and other parts. The one from which the plate was +taken, was shot within two miles of the settlement at Sydney Cove, and +the drawing made on the spot by Lieutenant Watts. The skin being sent +over to England in spirits, has been put into attitude, and is now the +property of Sir Joseph Banks, to whom it was presented by Lord Sydney. +Although this bird cannot fly, it runs so swiftly, that a greyhound can +scarcely overtake it. The flesh is said to be in taste not unlike beef. + +WHITE GALLINULE. Order VII. Cloven-footed. Genus LXXV. + +This beautiful bird greatly resembles the purple Gallinule in shape and +make, but is much superior in size, being as large as a dunghil fowl. The +length from the end of the bill to that of the claws is two feet three +inches: the bill is very stout, and the colour of it, the whole of the +top of the head, and the irides red; the sides of the head round the eyes +are reddish, very thinly sprinkled with white feathers; the whole of the +plumage without exception is white. The legs the colour of the bill. + +This species is pretty common on Lord Howe's Island, Norfolk Island, and +other places, and is a very tame species. The other sex, supposed to be +the male, is said to have some blue on the wings. + +Genus XII. Canis.--Lin. Syst. Nat. + +Genus XVII. Dog.--Penn. Hist. Quad. + +DOG OF NEW SOUTH WALES. + +The height of this species, standing erect, is rather less than two feet: +the length two feet and a half. The head is formed much like that of a +fox, the ears short and erect, with whiskers from one to two inches in +length on the muzzle. The general colour of the upper parts is pale +brown, growing lighter towards the belly: the hind part of the fore legs, +and the fore part of the hinder ones white, as are the feet of both: the +tail is of a moderate length, somewhat bushy, but in a less degree than +that of the fox: the teeth are much the same as is usual in the genus, as +may be seen in the top of the plate where the animal is represented. + +This species inhabits New South Wales. The specimen from which the +annexed plate was taken, (a female) is now alive in the possession of the +Marchioness of Salisbury, at Hatfield-House, and was sent over as a +present to Mr. Nepean, from Governor Phillip. It has much of the manners +of the dog, but is of a very savage nature, and not likely to change in +this particular. It laps like other dogs, but neither barks nor growls if +vexed and teized; instead of which, it erects the hairs of the whole body +like bristles, and seems furious: it is very eager after its prey, and is +fond of rabbits or chickens, raw, but will not touch dressed meat. From +its fierceness and agility it has greatly the advantage of other animals +much superior in size; for a very fine French fox-dog being put to it, in +a moment it seized him by the loins, and would have soon put an end to +his existence, had not help been at hand. With the utmost ease it is able +to leap over the back of an ass, and was very near worrying one to death, +having fastened on it, so that the creature was not able to disengage +himself without assistance; it has been also known to run down both deer +and sheep. + +A second of these is in the possession of Mr. Lascelles, of which we have +received much the same account in respect to its ferocity; whence it is +scarcely to be expected that this elegant animal will ever become +familiar. + +Genus XV. Mustela.--Lin. Syst. Nat. + +Genus XXIII. Weesel.--Penn. Hist. Quad. + +SPOTTED MARTIN. + +The species is about the size of a large polecat, and measures from the +tip of the nose to the setting on of the tail eighteen inches; the tail +itself being nearly the same length. The visage is pointed in shape, and +the whole make of the animal does not ill resemble that of the Fossane. +The general colour of the fur is black, marked all over with irregular +blotches of white, the tail not excepted, which has an elegant +appearance, and tapers gradually to a point. + +The situation of the teeth and jaws is much the same as in the rest of +the genus, as may be seen in the upper part of the plate. + +Inhabits the neighbourhood of Port Jackson. + +Genus XVII. Didelphis.--Lin. Syst. Nat. + +Genus XXII. Opossum.--Penn. Hist. 2uad. + +KANGUROO RAT. + +The upper jaw of this species has two cutting teeth in front, with three +others on each side of them, and at a distance one false grinder, sharp +at the edge, and channelled, or fluted, on the sides, and close to these, +two true grinders: in the lower jaw are two long cutting teeth, formed +like those of the squirrel, with three grinders, corresponding with those +in the upper jaw. + +The general shape of the body is not widely different from that of the +Kanguroo, both in respect to the shortness of the fore legs and the +peculiar construction of the hind ones; but the visage being strongly +similar to that of the rat, and the colour of the whole not ill +resembling that animal, it has obtained the name of the Kanguroo Rat. + +This is an inhabitant of New Holland, and two of the species are now to +be seen alive at the curious exhibition of animals over Exeter Exchange. +One of these, being a female, has brought forth young, one of which is +represented in the same plate with the adult animal. On the upper part of +the same plate is figured the jaw of a full grown subject. + +Genus CXXII. Lacerta.--Lin. Sist. Nat. + +THE LACED LIZARD. + +This most elegant species is in length, from the nose to the +end of the tail, about forty inches: in the mouth are a few weak teeth, +though rather sharp, at about a quarter of an inch distance one from +another: the tongue is long and forked: the general shape is slender; and +the ground colour of the skin, on the upper parts, a brownish or bluish +black, whimsically marked with golden yellow; in some parts this colour +is beautifully mottled or freckled, like some kinds of lace-work; in +others, striped in various directions, particularly on the legs, which +seem as if striped across with black and white: the under parts are +yellow, crossed with single bars of black on the chin and throat, and +double clouded ones on the belly: the toes are five in number on each +foot, barred across with black and yellow, as the legs, and each +furnished with a crooked black claw: the tail measures more in length +than the whole of the body; towards the base, clouded and marked as the +rest; but the further half banded with black and yellow, each band three +inches broad, the end running to a very sharp point. + +This beautiful Lizard is not uncommon at Port Jackson, where it is +reputed a harmless species. Individuals vary much one from another, in +respect to the length of the tail, as also in the colour of the markings; +some having those parts marked with a pure silvery white, which in the +above described are yellow. + +Genus CXXXV. Balistes.--Lin. Syst. Nat. + +BAG-THROATED BALISTES. + +The size of the fish figured in the plate is uncertain, as we have only +obtained a drawing of it without any description.--It agrees in many +things with others of the genus, and does not greatly differ from one +figured in Willughby's Icthyologia, Tab. 1. 22. but has the body longer +in proportion. The erect horn or spine is placed over, and a little +behind the eyes, as in Willughby's figure, attended with two shorter ones +directly behind the first: the long spine is quite straight, sharp at the +point, and deeply sawed on the back part. Another singularity presents +itself in this species, which is, a deep pouch-like appendage beneath the +throat, in shape not unlike what is called Hippocrates's sleeve, or +rather a jelly bag. + +This fish is found pretty commonly on the coast of New South Wales, and +was called by the sailors the Old Wife, having much resemblance in many +things to the species so named. When skinned, it was thought pretty good +eating. + +A FISH OF NEW SOUTH WALES. + +Of this fish it can only be said, that the ground colour is much the same +as that of our mackarel, marked with several round, blue and white spots; +and that, in the plate, it is represented faithfully from a drawing by +Daniel Butler sent from New South Wales, where it is in great plenty, and +is thought to taste much like a dolphin. As to the genus, it is difficult +to say with certainty to which it belongs, as it is deficient in the +characteristics of those generally known; it is therefore left to the +reader to settle this matter according to his own opinion. + +Genus CXXXI. Squalus.--Lin. Syst. Nat. + +PORT JACKSON SHARK. + +The length of the specimen from which the drawing was taken, is two feet; +and it is about five inches and an half over at the broadest part, from +thence tapering to the tail: the skin is rough, and the colour, in +general, brown, palest on the under parts: over the eyes on each side is +a prominence, or long ridge, of about three inches; under the middle of +which the eyes are placed: the teeth are very numerous, there being at +least ten or eleven rows; the forward teeth are small and sharp, but as +they are placed more backward, they become more blunt and larger, and +several rows are quite flat at top, forming a kind of bony palate, +somewhat like that of the Wolf-fish; differing, however, in shape, being +more inclined to square than round, which they are in that fish: the +under jaw is furnished much in the same manner as the upper: the +breathing holes are five in number, as is usual in the genus: on the back +are two fins, and before each stands a strong spine, much as in the +Prickly Hound, or Dog, fish: it has also two pectoral, and two ventral +fins; but besides these, there is likewise an anal fin, placed at a +middle distance between the last and the tail: the tail itself, is as it +were divided, the upper part much longer than the under. + +At first sight, the above might be taken for the Prickly Hound-fish, or +Squalus Spinax of Linnoeus, of which a good figure may be seen in +Willughby's Icthyol. Tab. B. 5. f. 1, but it differs, first, in having +the prominent ridge over the eyes, of a great length; secondly, in the +formation of the teeth; thirdly, in having an anal fin, of which the +Prickly Hound is destitute; all these circumstances concur to prove it a +new species. + +This was taken at Port Jackson, but to what size it may usually arrive +cannot be determined; perhaps not to a great one, as the teeth appear +very complete. Some sharks, however, of an enormous size have been seen +and caught thereabouts, though of what sort cannot here be determined. + +Genus CXXXI. Squalus.--Lin. Syst. + +WATTS'S SHARK. + +This, we believe, is a species which has hitherto escaped the researches +of our Icthyologists. The length of the specimen is nineteen inches: the +head is broad, and angular in shape; but the body rounded, and nearly +equal in its dimensions for above half the length, when it suddenly grows +very small, and so continues to the end of the tail: the colour of the +body is brown in different shades, and there are three rows of large pale +spots, of an irregular shape, most of them dark within; one row passes +down the middle, the others are on each side; besides which there are +others below them less conspicuous. The mouth is placed nearer the end of +the head than in most of the genus, and furnished in the front with nine +sharp crooked teeth, in three rows, and a great number of small ones on +each side. The eyes project considerably above the rest of the head, and +are placed on the upper part of it; the space between is hollowed or sunk +in: at the most forward part of the head are two cartilaginous +appendages, jagged at the end, with four others, nearly similar, on each +side between the first and the breathing holes: the pectoral fins are +placed beneath these last; the abdominal about the middle of the body; +and the anal, more than half way between the last and the tail; besides +which, the under part is finned from that place to the end: on the upper +part of the body are two fins, both placed uncommonly far back, as in the +figure. + +This fish was met with in Sydney Cove, Port Jackson, by Lieutenant Watts, +and is supposed to be full as voracious as any of the genus, in +proportion to its size; for after having lain on the deck for two hours, +seemingly quiet, on Mr. Watts's dog passing by, the shark sprung upon it +with all the ferocity imaginable, and seized it by the leg; nor could the +dog have disengaged himself had not the people near at hand come to his +assistance. + +Order II. Pies. Genus XXIII. Kingsfisher. + +GREAT BROWN KINGSFISHER.--Lath. Syn. ii. p. 603, No. 1. + +The length of this species is from sixteen to eighteen inches: the bill, +three inches and an half, or even more; the upper mandible is brown, and +the under white, but brown at the base: the head is pretty full of +feathers, sufficiently so to form a crest when erected; the colour +whitish, and most of the feathers either tipped or crossed with black: +the neck and under parts of the body are much the same in colour, crossed +on the sides with dusky lines: over the forehead the colour is dusky +brown, almost black, passing backwards in an irregular shaped streak a +good way behind the eye: the back, and major part of the wing, is black +or dusky, but the middle of the wing is of a glossy blue-green, as is +also the lower part of the back and rump: the tail is barred with pale +rust-colour and black, inclining to purple, and towards the end whitish: +the legs are of a dusky yellow, the claws are black. + +These birds vary much, the colours being more or less brilliant, and in +some of them the tail is wholly barred with white and black, and the legs +brown or blackish. + +This species inhabits various places in the South Seas, being pretty +common at New Guinea; but the specimen from which our figure was taken, +was sent from Port Jackson in South Wales, where, likewise, it is not +unfrequently met with. We believe it has not yet been figured in any +British work. + +KANGUROO. + +This very curious animal being naturally an object of particular +curiosity, we are happy to be enabled, before this book is given to the +world, to correct some errors which had crept into our account and +representation of it. In page 149 it is stated, that the Kanguroo has +four teeth (by which were meant cutting teeth) in the upper jaw, opposed +to two in the under. The truth is, that there are six opposed to two, as +may be perceived in the engraved representation of the skeleton of a +Kanguroo's head, inserted at page 168. The same arrangement of teeth +takes place in the Opossum, described in that page, which is there, still +more erroneously, said to have only two cutting teeth opposed to two. +This latter mistake arose from the difficulty of examining the mouth of +the living animal. It is since dead, and the teeth are found to be +disposed as now stated, and as represented in the scull of the Vulpine +Opossum, in the same plate with that of the Kanguroo. + +But the most important error is in the position of the Kanguroo, as +represented in our plate at page 106. The true standing posture of the +Kanguroo is exactly the same as that of the Kanguroo Rat, delineated at +page 277; namely, with the rump several inches from the ground, (in large +specimens, not less than eight) and resting entirely on the long last +joint of the hinder legs, the whole under side of which is bare and +callous like a hoof. This mistake was occasioned merely by the adherence +of the engraver to the drawing from which he worked; which, among others, +came from Mr. White, the surgeon at Port Jackson: too implicit reliance +being placed on an authority which, in this respect, turned out delusive. + +With respect to the representations of the Kanguroo which have hitherto +been published, it may be observed, that nothing is wanting to that in +Captain Cook's first voyage, except the character of the toes of the +hinder legs, and in particular the distinguishing of a minute, but very +characteristic circumstance, in the inner claw of each, which is divided +down the middle into two, as if split by some sharp instrument. The same +remark is applicable to the plate in Mr. Pennant's History of Quadrupeds, +which appears to have been copied from the other. Mr. Pennant was the +first author who gave a scientific description of the Kanguroo, in his +History of Quadrupeds, p. 306. No. 184. and of the New Holland Opossum, +p. 310. No. 188. + +Zimmerman, in his Zoologia Geographica, p. 527, confounds the Kanguroo +with the great Jerboa of Africa, described by Allamand, in his additions +to Buffon; and by Mr. Pennant, History of Quadrupeds, p. 432. No. 293. + +Our own plate of the Kanguroo very accurately expresses the form and +character of that animal, and is deficient only in the position, which +unfortunately was not remarked till the plate was worked off, and the +book almost ready for delivery. + +ANECDOTE OF CAPTAIN COOK AND O'TOO. + +As nothing can be devoid of interest which relates to a man so justly +admired as Captain Cook, the reader will probably be pleased to find +here, though out of its proper place, an anecdote communicated by Mr. +Webber. It exhibits in a pleasing point of view the friendship which +subsisted between that great navigator and the Otaheitean chief O'too, a +circumstance highly to the honour of both; since it displays in them the +power of discerning real merit, though obscured by diversity of manners, +and that of being able to impress a steady attachment, where nothing more +was to be expected than transient regard. Under every species of +disparity, goodness of heart supplies both a medium of attraction, and an +indissoluble bond of union. + +Every reader must have seen with pleasure the charming proof of O'too's +tender and inviolable friendship for Captain Cook, which appears in page +233 of this work; where he is described as attended by a man carrying the +portrait of that illustrious Englishman, without which he never moves +from one place to another. That portrait, as Mr. Webber assures us, was +obtained in the following manner. + +O'too, by the Captain's particular desire, sat to Mr. Webber, in order to +furnish such a memorial of his features, as might serve for the subject +of a complete whole length picture, on the return of the ship to England. +When the portrait was finished, and O'too was informed that no more +sittings would be necessary, he anxiously enquired of Captain Cook, and +Captain Clerke, what might be the particular meaning and purpose of this +painting. He was informed, that it would be kept by Captain Cook, as a +perpetual memorial of his person, his friendship, and the many favours +received from him. He seemed pleased with the idea, and instantly +replied, that, for the very same reasons, a picture of Captain Cook would +be highly acceptable to him. This answer, so unexpected, and expressed +with strong tokens of real attachment, made both Captain Clerke and Mr. +Webber his advocates; and Captain Cook, charmed with the natural +sincerity of his manner, complied with his request much more readily than +on any other occasion he would have granted such a favour. + +When the portrait was finished it was framed, and with a box, lock, and +key, by which it was secured, was delivered to O'too; who received it +with inexpressible satisfaction. He readily, and, as the event has +proved, most faithfully promised that he would preserve it always with +the utmost care; and would show it to the commanders of such ships as +might in future touch at the Society Islands. Who can fail to love a +character like that of O'too, in which unalterable steadiness of +affection is as conspicuous, as honest and natural ardour? Long may he +enjoy his authority and his health; and preserve the honourable memorial +of his friend, without being afflicted by the knowledge of that +melancholy catastrophe which terminated the career of his glory! + +* * * * * + +With respect to the yellow gum, or resin, mentioned in page 60, we are +informed by Dr. Blane, physician to St. Thomas's Hospital, that he has +found it remarkably efficacious in the cure of old fluxes; and this not +only in a few instances, but in many obstinate cases. Of the plants in +general which have been brought from Botany Bay, and the adjacent +country, no notice has been taken in this work, as it would have led to +such a detail as must too considerably have extended its limits. Many of +them are now to be seen in the highest perfection at the nursery gardens +of that eminent and learned botanist, Mr. Lee, of Hammersmith: who still +retains enough of zeal for his favourite science, to regret that the +discovery of those countries was not made at a period of his life, when +he could have gone personally to reap the glorious harvest they afford. + +* * * * * + +The following account of the weather in Botany Bay and Port Jackson, +communicated by Lieutenant Watts, may perhaps be found important. + +During the seven days we were in Botany Bay the weather was generally +fine, and very warm. The thermometer on a mean stood at 78 deg.. it never +exceeded 80 deg.. and one day, which was thick and rainy, the wind blowing +strongly from the south, it fell to 63 deg.. In Port Jackson the weather was +at first much the same, but afterwards, the days became very hot, and the +nights constantly brought on tremendous thunder, lightning, and rain. The +thermometer, at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, was generally about 80 deg.. +but when the sea breezes set in it usually fell two or three degrees. One +very sultry day was felt soon after the arrival of the fleet. The +thermometer, on board, stood at 88 deg.. and on shore, though in the shade, +at 92 deg.. On the 15th of March was a terrible squall of wind, accompanied +by thunder, lightning, and rain. The thermometer then fell from 80 deg. to +50 deg.. and in other squalls it frequently fell 15 or 20 degrees. + +Such are the principal notices hitherto received from the new settlement +on the southern continent, which, if from unavoidable circumstances, they +are a little deficient in point of order, will, it is hoped, make ample +amends by their novelty, importance, and authenticity. + +Genus XVII. Didelphis. Lin. Syst. Nat. + +Genus XXII. Opossum. Penn. Hist. Quad. + +BLACK FLYING OPOSSUM. + +The following is, according to every appearance, a new animal of this +genus. The length from the tip of the nose, which is pointed in shape, to +the root of the tail, is twenty inches; of the tail itself twenty-two +inches, at the base quite light, increasing gradually to black at the +end: the width across the loins sixteen inches: the ears are large and +erect: the coat or fur is of a much richer texture or more delicate than +the sea-otter of Cook's River: on the upper parts of the body, at first +sight, appearing of a glossy black, but on a nicer inspection, is really +what the French call petit gris, or minever, being mixed with grey; the +under parts are white, and on each hip may be observed a tan-coloured +spot, nearly as big as a shilling; at this part the fur is thinnest, but +at the root of the tail it is so rich and close that the hide cannot be +felt through it. The fur is also continued to the claws: the membrane, +which is expanded on each side of the body, is situated much as in the +grey species, though broader in proportion. The jaws are furnished with +teeth, placed as in some others of this genus: in the upper jaw forwards +are four small cutting teeth, then two canine ones, and backwards five +grinders: the under jaw has two long large cutting teeth, like the +Vulpine Opossum, [See skeleton on the plate at page 168.] five grinders, +with no intermediate canine ones, the space being quite vacant. The fore +legs have five toes on each foot, with a claw on each; the hinder ones +four toes, with claws, (the three outside ones without any separation) +and a thumb without a claw, enabling the animal to use the foot as a +hand, as many of the opossum tribe are observed to do. See the skeleton +of the foot in the annexed plate. + +This beautiful quadruped inhabits New South Wales. The specimen from +which the above account has been taken, is a male, and the property of +Henry Constantine Nowell, Esq. of Shiplake, in Oxfordshire. The fur of it +is so beautiful, and of so rare a texture, that should it hereafter be +found in plenty, it might probably be thought a very valuable article of +commerce. + + +APPENDIX + +[Tables of the Route taken by each of the ships of the First Fleet after +leaving Port Jackson--not included in this ebook.] + + +A LIST OF CONVICTS SENT TO NEW SOUTH WALES, IN 1787. + +Name. Where Convicted. Date Of Conviction. Years. + +Abel, Robert London 23 Feb. 1785. 7 +Abrams, Henry +Abrahams, Esther London 30 August, 1786 7 +Abell, Mary, alias Tilley Worcester 5 March, 1785 7 +Acres, Thomas Exeter 14 March, 1786 7 +Adams, John London 26 May, 1784 7 +Adams, Mary Ditto 13 Decem. 1786 7 +Agley, Richard Winchester 2 March, 1784 7 +Allen, John Hertford 2 March, 1786 7 +Allen, William Ormskirk 11 April, 1785 7 +Allen, Charles London 7 July, 1784 7 +Allen, Susannah Ditto 18 April, 1787 7 +Allen, Mary Ditto 25 October, 1786 7 +Allen, Jamasin, alias Boddington Ditto 25 Oct. 1786 7 +Allen, Mary, alias Conner Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Anderson, John Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Anderson, Elizabeth London 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Anderson, John Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Anderson, Fanny Winchester 7 March, 1786 7 +Archer, John London 26 May, 1784 7 +Arscott, John Bodmin 18 August, 1783 7 +Atkinson, George London 21 April, 1784 7 +Ault, Sarah Ditto 21 Feb. 1787 7 +Ayners, John, alias Agnew Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Ayres John Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Bartlett, James Winchester 1 March, 1785 7 +Barsby, George Ditto 1 March, 1785 Life +Barnett, Henry, alias Barnard, alias Burton Warwick 21 March, 1785 7 +Bails, Robert Reading 28 Feb. 1785 Life +Barnes, Stephen York 9 July, 1785 7 +Bannister, George London 1 April, 1784 7 +Barferd, John Ditto 14 Decem. 1784 7 +Barland, George Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Balding, James, alias William Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Bason, Elizabeth, wife of William Bason New Sarum 24 July, 1784 7 +Bayley, James Ditto 11 March, 1786 7 +Bazley, John Exeter 12 Jan. 1785 7 +Baker, Thomas Ditto 10 Jan. 1786 7 +Barrett, Thomas Ditto 24 May, 1784 Life +Batley, Caten Ditto 24 May, 1784 7 +Barsby, Samuel Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Ball, John Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Barry, John Bristol 23 Novem. 1785 7 +Barret, Daniel +Barber, Elizabeth +Baldwin, Ruth, alias Bowyer London 20 August, 1786 7 +Baker, Martha Ditto 30 August, 1786 7 +Bell, William Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Benear, Samuel Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Bellett, Jacob Ditto 12 Jan. 1785 7 +Beardsley, Ann Derby 5 August, 1786 5 +Best, John +Beckford, Elizabeth London 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Bellamy, Thomas Worcester 9 July, 1785 7 +Bird, James Croydon 20 July, 1785 7 +Bird, Samuel Ditto 20 July, 1785 7 +Bishop, Joseph +Bingham, John, alias Baughan +Bingham, Elizabeth, alias Mooring London +Bird, Elizabeth, alias Winisred Maidstone 14 March, 1787 7 +Blackhall, William Abingdon 6 March, 1786 7 +Blunt, William London 10 Decem. 1783 7 +Blake, Francis Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Blatherhorn, William Exeter 24 May, 1784 Life +Bloedworth, James Kingstone 3 Oct. 1785 7 +Blanchett, Susannah Ditto 2 April, 1787 7 +Bond, Peter London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Boyle, John London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Boggis, William +Bond, William Exeter 18 July, 1785 7 +Bond, Mary, wife of John Bond Wells 19 August, 1786 7 +Boulton, Rebecca Lincoln 16 July, 1784 7 +Bonner, Jane London 18 April, 1787 7 +Bolton, Mary Shrewsbury 12 March, 1785 7 +Brown, James Hertford 2 March, 1785 7 +Brown, William Southwark 10 Jan. 1786 7 +Brindley, John Warwick 21 March, 1785 7 +Brown, Richard Reading 15 July, 1783 7 +Brough, William Stafford 9 March, 1789 7 +Bradley, James London 29 June, 1785 7 +Bradley, James Ditto 6 May, 1784 7 +Brown, Thomas Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 7 +Bradbury, William Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 7 +Bryant, Thomas Maidstone 15 March, 1784 7 +Bryant, William Launceston 20 March, 1784 7 +Brown, Thomas Exeter 24 May, 1784 7 +Bradford, John Ditto 9 Jan. 1786 7 +Brannegan, James Ditto 24 May, 1784 7 +Bruce, Robert Ditto 24 May, 1784 7 +Brown, William Ditto 24 May, 1784 7 +Bryant, John Ditto 14 March, 1786 7 +Brewer, William Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Brice, William Bristol 11 Feb. 1785 7 +Brand, Curtis +Bryant, Michael +Brand, Lucy, alias Wood London 19 July, 1786 7 +Branham, Mary Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Bruce, Elizabeth Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Burleigh, James Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Burn, Peter Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 7 +Burne, James Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Butler, William Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Buckley, Joseph Dorchester 16 March, 1786 7 +Burridge, Samuel Ditto 3 August, 1786 7 +Burn, Patrick +Burn, Simon +Busley, John +Bunn, Margaret London 26 April, 1786 7 +Burkitt, Mary Ditto 20 August, 1786 7 +Burdo, Sarah Ditto 25 Oct. 1786 7 +Carver, Joseph Maidstone 13 March, 1786 7 +Castle, James London 7 July, 1784 7 +Campbell, James, alias George Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Campbell, James Guildford 11 August, 1784 7 +Carney, John Exeter 22 July, 1782 7 +Carty, Francis Bodmin 14 August, 1786 7 +Carey, Ann Taunton 30 March, 1786 7 +Carter, Richard, alias Michael Cartwright Shrewsbury 13 March, 1784 7 +Cable, Henry +Carroll, Mary, wife of James Carroll London 25 Oct. 1786 7 +Cesar, John Maidstone 14 March, 1785 7 +Chields, William +Chaddick, Thomas London 7 July, 1784 7 +Church, William Dorchester 16 March, 1786 7 +Chaaf, William Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Chinery, Samuel Ditto 7 August, 1786 7 +Chanin, Edward Ditto 7 August, 1786 7 +Clough, Richard Durham 19 July, 1785 7 +Clements, Thomas London 7 July, 1784 7 +Clark, John, alias Hosier Ditto 6 April, 1785 7 +Clark, William Ditto 21 April, 1784 7 +Clarke, John Exeter 7 August, 1786 7 +Cleaver, Mary Bristol 4 April, 1786 7 +Clear, George +Clark, Elizabeth +Connelly, William Bristol 3 Feb. 1785 7 +Cormick, Edward Hertford 2 March, 1786 7 +Corden, James Warwick 21 March, 1785 7 +Colling, Joseph London 7 July, 1784 7 +Cole, William Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Cox, John Matthew Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Collier, Richard Kingstone 24 March, 1784 7 +Connolly, William Bodmin 14 August, 1786 7 +Conelly, Cornelius Exeter 7 August, 1786 7 +Colman, Ishmael Dorchester 16 March, 1786 7 +Coffin, John Exeter 9 Jan. 1786 7 +Cole, Elizabeth Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Cox, James Ditto 24 May, 1784 Life +Copp, James Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Coombes, Ann, wife of Samuel Coombes Taunton 30 March, 1786 7 +Cole, Elizabeth London 26 April, 1786 7 +Colley, Elizabeth London 23 Feb. 1785 14 +Cooke, Charlotte Ditto 10 Jan. 1787 7 +Cooper, Mary Worcester 19 July, 1785 7 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7 +Trace, John Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Trippett, Susannah London 20 August, 1786 7 +Turner, Ralph Manchester 14 April, 1785 7 +Tuso, Joseph London 23 Feb. 1785 Life +Turner, John +Tucker, Moses Plymouth 7 June, 1786 7 +Turner, Thomas +Turner, John +Turner, Mary Worcester 5 March, 1785 7 +Twyneham, William Reading 10 Jan. 1786 7 +Twyfield, Ann, since said to be married to William Dawley, + a convict Shrewsbury 4 August, 1784 7 +Tyrrell, William Winchester 1 March, 1785 7 +Vandell, Edward East Grinstead 22 March, 1784 7 +Vincent, Henry London 21 April, 1784 7 +Vickery, William Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Underwood, James New Sarum 11 March, 1786 14 +Usher, John Maidstone 14 March, 1785 7 +Waterhouse, William Kingston 28 March, 1785 7 +Watsan, John Maidstone 13 March, 1786 7 +Ward, John Lowth 11 July, 1786 7 +Wall, William Oxford 8 March, 1786 7 +Wager, Benjamin London 20 Oct. 1784 7 +Walsh, William Ditto 15 Septem. 1784 7 +Walker, John Ditto 20 Oct. 1784 7 +Walbourne, James Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 7 +Watson, Thomas Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Ware, Charlottee +Watkins, Mary +Wainwright, Ellen, alias Estther Eccles Preston Jan. 1787 7 +Ward, Ann London 19 Decem. 1786 7 +Wade, Mary, alias Cacklane Ditto 19 July, 1786 14 +Welch, James Maidstone 14 March, 1785 7 +Welch, John Durham 19 July, 1785 7 +West, Benjamin London 10 Decem. 1784 7 +Westwood, John Ditto 20 October, 1784 7 +Welch, John Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Welch, John Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 Life +Westlale, Edward Exeter 20 March, 1786 7 +Waddicomb, Richard Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Wheeler, Samuel Croydon 20 July, 1785 7 +Whitaker, George Maidstone 14 March, 1785 7 +Whiting, William Gloucester 23 March, 1785 7 +Whitton, Edward Maidstone 10 March, 1783 Life +White, James Ditto 11 August, 1783 7 +Wilcocks, Samuel Dorcester 10 March, 1784 7 +Wilton, William Bristol 12 Jan. 1784 7 +Wilson, Peter Manchester 20 Jan. 1785 7 +Wilson, John Wigan 10 Oct. 1785 7 +Williams, Charles London 7 July, 1784 7 +Williams, James Ditto 11 May, 1785 7 +Wilson, Charles Ditto 10 Septem. 1783 Life +Williams, John, alias Black Jack Maidstone 2 August, 1784 7 +Williams, Robert Launceston 25 March, 1786 7 +Williams, John, alias Floyd Bodmin 18 August, 1783 7 +Wilding, John, alias Warren Bury 23 March, 1784 7 +Wickham, Mary New Sarum 2 August, 1788 14 +Williams, Peter, alias Flaggett, alias Creamer Exeter 24 May, 1784 7 +Wilcocks, Richard Ditto 20 March, 1786 7 +Williams, John Ditto 7 August, 1786 7 +Wisehammer, John Bristol 10 Feb. 1785 7 +Williams, Daniel Preston 23 March, 1785 7 +Williams, Frances Mold 2 Septem. 1783 7 +Williams, Mary London 22 Feb. 1786 7 +Wood, George Ditto 20 Oct. 1784 7 +Woodcock, Peter Ditto 7 July, 1784 7 +Woodham, Samuel Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 Life +Worsdell, William Launceston 22 March, 1783 7 +Woolcot, John Exeter 18 July, 1785 Life +Woodcock, Francis Shrewsbury 13 March, 1784 7 +Wood, Mark +Wright, Thomas Reading 28 Feb. 1785 7 +Wright, Benjamin London 6 May, 1784 7 +Wright, Joseph Ditto 26 May, 1784 7 +Wright, William Ditto 15 Sept. 1783 7 +Wright, James Maidstone 11 August, 1783 7 +Wright, Ann London 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Yardsley, Thomas, Shrewsbury 4 August, 1784 7 +Yates, Nancy York 9 July, 1785 7 +Young, John London 20 Oct. 1784 7 +Young, Simon Ditto 23 Feb. 1785 7 +Youngson, Elizabeth Lancaster 6 March, 1787 7 +Youngson, George Ditto 6 March, 1787 7 + +The End + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Voyage Of Governor Phillip To +Botany Bay, by Arthur Phillip + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VOYAGE TO BOTANY BAY *** + +***** This file should be named 15100.txt or 15100.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/1/0/15100/ + +Produced by Col Choat + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and 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