diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 14777-0.txt | 650 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 14777-h/14777-h.htm | 602 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 14777-h/images/1.png | bin | 0 -> 19310 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/14777-8.txt | 1043 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/14777-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 23079 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/14777-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 44944 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/14777-h/14777-h.htm | 1009 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/14777-h/images/1.png | bin | 0 -> 19310 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/14777.txt | 1043 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/14777.zip | bin | 0 -> 23057 bytes |
13 files changed, 4363 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/14777-0.txt b/14777-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d13c15d --- /dev/null +++ b/14777-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,650 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14777 *** + +Note: Images of the original pages are available through the Canadian + Institute for Historical Microreproductions/Institut canadien + de microreproductions historiques (Early Canadiana Online). + See http://www.canadiana.org/eco/index.html + + + + +From the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada + +Second Series--1899-1900 + +Volume V Section Ii + +English History, Literature, Archæology, Etc. + +HOCHELAGANS AND MOHAWKS + +A Link in Iroquois History + +by + +W. D. LIGHTHALL, M.A., F.R.S.L. + +For Sale by J. Hope & Sons, Ottawa; The Copp-Clark Co., Toronto +Bernard Quaritch, London, England + +1899 + + + + + + + +II. Hochelagans and Mohawks; A Link in Iroquois History. + +By W. D. LIGHTHALL, M.A., F.R.S.L. + +(Presented by John Reade and read May 26, 1899.) + + +The exact origin and first history of the race whose energy so stunted +the growth of early Canada and made the cause of France in America +impossible, have long been wrapped in mystery. In the days of the first +white settlements the Iroquois are found leagued as the Five Nations in +their familiar territory from the Mohawk River westward. Whence they +came thither has always been a disputed question. The early Jesuits +agreed that they were an off-shoot of the Huron race whose strongholds +were thickly sown on the eastern shore of Lake Huron, but the Jesuits +were not clear as to their course of migration from that region, it +being merely remarked that they had once possessed some settlements on +the St. Lawrence below Montreal, with the apparent inference that they +had arrived at these by way of Lake Champlain. Later writers have drawn +the same inference from the mention made to Cartier by the Hochelagans +of certain enemies from the south whose name and direction had a +likeness to later Iroquois conditions. Charlevoix was persuaded by +persons who he considered had sufficiently studied the subject that +their seats before they left for the country of the Five Nations were +about Montreal. The late Horatio Hale[1] put the more recently current +and widely accepted form of this view as follows: "The clear and +positive traditions of all the surviving tribes, Hurons, Iroquois and +Tuscaroras, point to the Lower St. Lawrence as the earliest known abode +of their stock. Here the first explorer, Cartier, found Indians of this +stock at Hochelaga and Stadacona, now the sites of Montreal and Quebec. +Centuries before his time, according to the native tradition, the +ancestors of the Huron-Iroquois family had dwelt in this locality, or +still further east and nearer to the river's mouth. As the numbers +increased, dissensions arose. The hive swarmed and band after band moved +off to the west and south." + +"Their first station on the south side of the lakes was at the mouth of +the Oswego River.[2] Advancing to the southeast, the emigrants struck +the River Hudson" and thence the ocean. "Most of them returned to the +Mohawk River, where the Huron speech was altered to Mohawk. In Iroquois +tradition and in the constitution of their League the Canienga (Mohawk) +nation ranks as 'eldest brother' of the family. A comparison of the +dialects proves this tradition to be well founded. The Canienga language +approaches nearest to the Huron, and is undoubtedly the source from +which all the other Iroquois dialects are derived. Cusick states +positively that the other families, as he styles them, of the Iroquois +household, leaving the Mohawks in their original abode, proceeded +step by step to the westward. The Oneidas halted at their creek, the +Onondagas at their mountain, the Cayugas at their lake and the Senecas +or Sonontowans, the great hill people, at a lofty eminence which rises +south of the Canandaigua Lake." Hale appeals also to the Wyandot +tradition recorded by Peter Dooyentate Clark, that the Huron originally +lived about Montreal near the "Senecas," until war broke out and drove +them westward. He sets the formation of the League of the Long House as +far back as the fourteenth century. + +All these authors, it will be seen, together with every historian who +has referred to the League,--treat of the Five Nations as _always +having been one people_. A very different view, based principally on +archæology, has however been recently accepted by at least several of +the leading authorities on the subject,--the view that the Iroquois +League was a _compound of two distinct peoples_, the Mohawks, in the +east, including the Oneidas; and the Senecas, in the west, including the +Onondagas and Cayugas. Rev. W.M. Beauchamp, of Baldwinsville, the most +thorough living student of the matter, first suggested a late date for +the coming of the Mohawks and formation of the League. He had noticed +that the three Seneca dialects differed very greatly from the two +Mohawk, and that while the local relics of the former showed they had +been long settled in their country, those of the latter evidenced a very +recent occupation. He had several battles with Hale on the subject, +the latter arguing chiefly from tradition and change of language. "The +probability," writes Mr. Beauchamp--privately to the writer--"is that a +division took place at Lake Erie, or perhaps further west; some passed +on the north side and became the Neutrals and Hurons; _the vanguard +becoming the Mohawks or Hochelagans, afterwards Mohawks and Oneidas_. +Part went far south, as the Tuscaroras and Cherokees, and a more +northern branch, the Andastes; part followed the south shore and became +the Eries, Senecas and Cayugas; part went to the east of Lake Ontario, +removing and becoming the Onondagas, when the Huron war began." + +It is noticeable that the earliest accounts of the Five Nations speak of +them as of two kinds--Mohawks and "Sinnekes," or as termed by the French +the Inferior and Superior Iroquois. For example Antony Van Corlear's +_Journal_, edited by Gen. James Grant Wilson, also certain of the +New York documents. The most thorough local student of early Mohawk +town-sites, Mr. S.L. Frey, of Palatine Bridge, N.Y., supports Mr. +Beauchamp in his view of the late coming of the Mohawks into the Mohawk +River Valley, where they have always been settled in historic times. +According to him, although these people changed their sites every 25 or +30 years from failure of the wood supply and other causes, only four +prehistoric sites have been discovered in that district, all the others +containing relics of European origin. Mr. Beauchamp believes even this +number too large. Both put forward the idea that the Mohawks were the +ancient race of Hochelaga, whose town on the island of Montreal was +visited by Jacques Cartier in 1535, and had disappeared completely in +1608 when Champlain founded Quebec. "What had become of these people?" +writes Mr. Frey, in his pamphlet "The Mohawks." "An overwhelming force +of wandering Algonquins had destroyed their towns. To what new land had +they gone? I think we shall find them seated in the impregnable +strongholds among the hills and in the dense forests of the Mohawk +Valley." + +It is my privilege to take up their theory from the Montreal end and in +the light of the local archaeology of this place and of early French +historical lore, to supply links which seem to throw considerable light +on the problem. + +The description given by Cartier of the picturesque palisaded town +of Hochelaga, situated near the foot of Mount Royal, surrounded by +cornfields, has frequently been quoted. But other points of Cartier's +narrative, concerning the numbers and relations of the population, have +scarcely been studied. Let us examine this phase of it. During his first +voyage in 1534, in the neighbourhood of Gaspé, he met on the water the +first people speaking the tongue of this race, a temporary fishing +community of over 200 souls, men, women and children, in some 40 +canoes, under which they slept, having evidently no village there, but +belonging, as afterwards is stated, to Stadacona. He seized and carried +to France two of them, who, when he returned next year, called the place +where they had been taken _Honguédo_, and said that the north shore, +above Anticosti Island, was the commencement of inhabited country which +led to _Canada_ (the Quebec region), Hochelaga, (Montreal) and the +country of _Saguenay_, far to the west "whence came the red copper" (of +which axes have since been found in the débris of Hochelaga, and which, +in fact, came from Lake Superior), and that no man they ever heard of +had ever been to the end of the great river of fresh water above. Here +we have the first indication of the racial situation of the Hochelagans. +At the mouth of the Saguenay River--so called because it was one of the +routes to the Sagnenay of the Algonquins, west of the Upper Ottawa--he +found four fishing canoes from Canada. Plenty of fishing was prosecuted +from this point upwards. In "the Province of Canada," he proceeds, +"there are several peoples in unwalled villages." At the Isle of +Orleans, just below Quebec, the principal peace chief, or, Agouhanna of +"Canada," Donnaconna, came to them with 12 canoes from the town (ville) +of Stadacona, or Stadaconé, which was surrounded by tilled land on the +heights. Twenty-five canoes from Stadacona afterwards visited them; +and later Donnaconna brought on board "10 or 12 other of the greatest +chiefs" with more than 500 persons, men, women and children, some +doubtless from the neighbouring settlements. If the same 200 persons as +in the previous year were absent fishing at Gaspé, and others in other +spots, these figures argue a considerable population. + +Below Stadacona, were four "peoples and settlements": _Ajoasté, +Starnatam, Tailla_ (on a mountain) and _Satadin_ or _Stadin_. Above +_Stadacona_ were _Tekenouday_ (on a mountain) and _Hochelay_ (_Achelacy_ +or _Hagouchouda_)[3] which was in open country. Further up were +_Hochelaga_ and some settlements on the island of Montreal, and various +other places unobserved by Cartier, belonging to the same race; who +according to a later statement of the remnant of them, confirmed by +archæology, had several "towns" on the island of Montreal and inhabited +"_all the hills to the south and east_."[4] The hills to be seen from +Mount Royal to the south are the northern slopes of the Adirondacks; +while to the east are the lone volcanic eminences in the plain, +Montarville, Beloeil, Rougemont, Johnson, Yamaska, Shefford, Orford and +the Green Mountains. All these hills deserve search for Huron-Iroquois +town-sites. The general sense of this paragraph includes an implication +also of settlements towards and on Lake Champlain, that is to say, when +taken in connection with the landscape. (My own dwelling overlooks this +landscape.) At the same time let me say that perhaps due inquiries might +locate some of the sites of Ajoaste and the other villages in the Quebec +district. In Cartier's third voyage he refers obscurely, in treating +of Montreal, to "the said town of _Tutonaguy_." This word, with French +pronunciation, appears to be the same as that still given by Mohawks to +the Island,--_Tiotiaké_, meaning "deep water beside shallow," that is +to say, "below the Rapid." In the so-called Cabot map of 1544 the name +Hochelaga is replaced by "_Tutonaer_," apparently from some map of +Cartier's. It may be a reproduction of some lost map of his. Lewis H. +Morgan gives "Tiotiake" as "Do-de-a-ga." Another place named by Cartier +is _Maisouna_, to which the chief of Hochelay had been gone two days +when the explorer made his settlement a visit. On a map of Ortelius +of 1556 quoted by Parkman this name appears to be given as Muscova, a +district placed on the right bank of the Richelieu River and opposite +Hochelay, but possibly this is a pure guess, though it is a likely one. +It may perhaps be conjectured that Stadacona, Tailla and Tekenouday, +being on heights, were the oldest strongholds in their region. + +All the country was covered with forests "except around the peoples, +who cut it down to make their settlement and tillage." At Stadacona he +was shown five scalps of a race called _Toudamans_ from the south, with +whom they were constantly at war, and who had killed about 200 of their +people at Massacre Island, Bic, in a cave, while they were on the way to +Honguédo to fish. All these names must of course be given the old French +pronunciation. + +Proceeding up the river near Hochelaga he found "a great number of +dwellings along the shore" inhabited by fisherfolk, as was the custom of +the Huron-Iroquois in the summer season. The village called Hochelay was +situated about forty-five miles above Stadacona, at the Richelieu rapid, +between which and Hochelaga, a distance of about 135 miles, he mentions +no village. This absence of settlements I attribute to the fact that the +intermediate Three Rivers region was an ancient special appurtenance of +the Algonquins, with whom the Hochelagans were to all appearance then on +terms of friendly sufferance and trade, if not alliance. In later days +the same region was uninhabited, on account of Iroquois incursions by +the River Richelieu and Lake Champlain. In the islands at the head of +Lake St. Peter, Cartier met five hunters who directed him to Hochelaga. +"More than a thousand" persons, he says, received them with joy at +Hochelaga. This expression of number however is not very definite. It is +frequently used by Dante to signify a multitude in the _Divina Comédia_. +The town of Hochelaga consisted of "about fifty houses, in length about +fifty paces each at most, and twelve or fifteen paces wide," made of +bark on sapling frames in the manner of the Iroquois long houses. The +round "fifties" are obviously approximate. The plan of the town given in +Ramusio shows some forty-five fires, each serving some five families, +but the interior division differs so greatly from that of early Huron +and Iroquois houses, and from his phrase "fifty by twelve or fifteen," +that it appears to be the result of inaccurate drawing. There is +therefore considerable room for difference as to the population of the +town, ranging from say 1,200 to 2,000 souls, the verbal description +which is much the more authoritative, inclining in favour of the latter. +Any estimate of the total population of the Hochelagan race on the +river, must be a guess. If, however, those on the island of Montreal be +set at 2,000, and the "more than 500" of Stadacona be considered as a +fair average for the principal town and 300 (which also was the average +estimated by Père Lalemant for the Neutral nation) as an average for the +eight or so villages of the Quebec district, (the absentees, such as the +200 at Gaspé from Stadacona being perhaps offset by contingents from the +places close to Stadacona) we have some 4,900 accounted for. Those on +all the hills to the south and east of Mount Royal would add anywhere +from say 3,000 to an indefinitely greater number more. Perhaps 5,000, +however, should not be exceeded as the limit for these hills and Lake +Champlain. We arrive therefore at a guess of from 7,900 to 9,900 as the +total. As the lower figures seem conservative, compared with the early +average of Huron and Iroquois villages, the guess may perhaps be raised +a little to say from 10,000 to 11,000. "This people confines itself to +tillage and fishing, for they do not leave their country and are not +migratory like those of Canada and Saguenay, although the said Canadians +are subject to them, _with eight or nine other peoples who are on +the said river_." Nevertheless the site of Hochelaga, unearthed in +1860, shows them to have been _traders_ to some extent with the west, +evidently through the Ottawa Algonquins. What Cartier did during his +brief visit to the town itself is well known. The main point for us is +that three men led him to the top of Mount Royal and showed him the +country. They told him of the Ottawa River and of three great rapids in +the St. Lawrence, after passing which, "one could sail more than three +moons along the said river," doubtless meaning along the Great Lakes. +Silver and brass they identified as coming from that region, and "there +were Agojudas, or wicked people, armed even to the fingers," of whom +they showed "the make of their armor, which is of cords and wood laced +and woven together; giving to understand that the said Agojudas are +continually at war with one and other." This testimony clearly describes +the armour of the early Hurons and Iroquois[5] as found by Champlain, +and seems to relate to war between the Hurons and Senecas at that period +and to an aversion to them by the people of the town of Hochelaga +themselves; who were, however, living in security from them at the time, +apparently cut off from regular communication with them by Algonquin +peoples, particularly those of the Ottawa, who controlled Huron +communication with the lower St. Lawrence in the same way in Champlain's +days. + +On returning to Stadacona, Cartier, by talking with Donnaconna, learnt +what showed this land of Saguenay so much talked of by these people, to +be undoubtedly the Huron country. "The straight and good and safest road +to it is by the _Fleuve_ (St. Lawrence), to above Hochelaga and by the +river which descends from the said Saguenay and enters the said Fleuve +(as we had seen); and thence it takes a month to reach." This is simply +the Ottawa route to Lake Huron used by the Jesuits in the next century. +What they had seen was the Ottawa River entering the St. Lawrence--from +the top of Mount Royal, whence it is visible to-day. The name Saguenay +may possibly be _Saginaw_,--the old _Saguenam_, the "very deep bay on +the west shore of Lake Huron," of Charlevoix, (Book XI.) though it is +not necessarily Saginaw Bay itself, as such names shift. "And they gave +to understand that in that country the people are clothed with clothes +like us, and _there are many peoples in towns_ and _good persons_ and +that they have a great quantity of gold and of _red copper_. And they +told us that _all the land from the said first river to Hochelagea and +Saguenay is an island surrounded by streams and the said great river +(St. Lawrence)_; and that after passing Saguenay, said river (Ottawa) +enters _two or three great lakes of water, very large; after which a +fresh water sea is reached_, whereof there is no mention of having seen +the end, _as they have heard from those of the Saguenay; for they told +us they had never been there themselves_." Yet later, in chapter XIX., +it is stated that old Donnaconna assured them he had been in the land +of the Saguenay, where he related several impossible marvels, such as +people of only one leg. It is to be noted that "the peoples in towns," +who are apparently Huron-Iroquois, are here referred to as "good +people," while the Hochelagans speak of them as "wicked." This is +explicable enough as a difference of view on distant races with whom +they had no contact. It seems to imply that the "Canada" people were not +in such close communication with the town of Hochelaga as to have the +same opinions and perhaps the Canada view of the Hurons as good persons +was the original view of the early settlers, while the Hochelagans +may have had unpleasant later experiences or echo those of the Ottawa +Algonquins. But furthermore they told him of the Richelieu River where +apparently it took a month to go with their canoes from Sainte Croix +(Stadacona) to a country "where there are never ice nor snow; but where +there are constant wars one against another, and there are oranges, +almonds, nuts, plums, and other kinds of fruit in great abundance, and +oil is made from trees, very good for the cure of diseases; there the +inhabitants are clothed and accoutred in skins like themselves." This +land Cartier considered to be Florida,--but the point for our present +purpose is the frequenting of the Richelieu, Lake Champlain and lands +far south of them by the Hochelagans at that period. At the beginning of +the seventeenth century Capt. John Smith met the canoes of an Iroquois +people on the upper part of Chesapeake Bay. + +We may now draw some conclusions. Originally the population of the St. +Lawrence valley seems to have been occupied by Algonquins, as these +people surrounded it on all sides. A question I would like to see +investigated is whether any of these built villages and grew corn here, +as did some of the Algonquins of the New England coast and those of +Allumette Island on the Ottawa. This might explain some of the deserted +Indian clearings which the early Jesuits noted along the shore of the +river, and of which Champlain, in 1611, used one of about 60 acres +at Place Royale, Montreal. Cartier, it is seen, expressly explains +some of them to be Huron-Iroquois clearings cultivated under his own +observation. The known Algonquins of the immediate region were all +nomadic. + +In 1534 we have, from below Stadacona (Quebec) to above Hochelaga +(Montreal), and down the Richelieu River to Lake Champlain, the valley +in possession of a Huron-Iroquois race, dominated by Hochelaga, a town +of say 2,000 souls, judging from the Huron average and from Cartier's +details. The descendants of the Hochelagans in 1642 pointed out the +spots where there were "several towns" on the island. Mr. Beauchamp +holds, with Parkman, Dawson and other writers, that "those who pointed +out spots in 1642 were of an _Algonquin_ tribe, not descendants of the +Mohawk Hochelagans, but locally their successors." But I cannot accept +this Algonquin theory, as their connection with the Hochelagans is +too explicit and I shall give other reasons further on. The savages, +it is true, called the island by an Algonquin name; "the island where +there was a city or village,"[6] the Algonquin phrase for which was +Minitik-Outen-Entagougiban, but these later terms have small bearing. +The site of one of the towns on the island is conjectured, from the +finding of relics, to have been at Longue Pointe, nine miles below +Hochelaga; a village appears from Cartier's account of his third +voyage to have existed about the Lachine Rapids; and another was some +miles below, probably at Point St. Charles or the Little River at +Verdun. Fourteen skeletons, buried after the Mohawk fashion, have been +discovered on the upper slope of Westmount, the southern ridge of Mount +Royal, about a mile from Hochelaga and not far from an old Indian well, +indicating possibly the proximity of another pre-historic town-site +of the race, and at any rate a burying ground. The identification +and excavations were made by the writer. If, however, the southern +enemies, called Toudamans, five of whose scalps were shown Cartier at +Stadacona were, as one conjecture has it, Tonontouans or Senecas, the +Iroquois identity theory must be varied, but it is much more likely +the Toudamans were the Etchemins. At any rate it seems clear that the +Hochelagan race came down the St. Lawrence as a spur (probably an +adventurous fishing party) from the great Huron-Iroquois centre about +Lake Huron[7]; for that their advent had been recent appears from the +fewness of sites discovered, from the smallness of the population, +considering the richness of the country, and especially from the fact +that the Huron, and the Seneca, and their own tongues were still +mutually comprehensible, notwithstanding the rapid changes of Indian +dialects. Everything considered, their coming might perhaps be placed +about 1450, which could give time for the settlements on Lake Champlain, +unearthed by Dr. D.S. Kellogg and others and rendered probable by their +pottery and other evidence as being Huron-Iroquois.[8] Cartier, as we +have seen, described the Hochelagan towns along the river. + +[Illustration: SHALLOW GRAVE IN PREHISTORIC BURYING GROUND AT WESTMOUNT +ON MOUNT ROYAL SHOWING ATTITUDE OF SEPULTURE.] + +The likeness of the names Tekenouday and Ajoasté to that of the Huron +town Tekenonkiaye, and the Andastean Andoasté, shows how close was the +relationship. Nevertheless the Hochelagans were quite cut off from +the Hurons, whose country as we have found, some of them point to and +describe to Cartier as inhabited by evil men. As the Stadacona people, +more distant, independently refer to them as good, no war could have +been then proceeding with them. + +In 1540 when Roberval came--and down to 1543--the conditions were still +unchanged. What of the events between this date and the coming of +Champlain in 1605? This period can be filled up to some extent. + +About 1560 the Hurons came down, conquered the Hochelagans and their +subject peoples and destroyed Hochelaga. I reach this date as follows: +In 1646 (Relation of 1646, p. 34) Père Lalemant reports that "under the +Algonquin name" the French included "a diversity of small peoples," +one of which was named the Onontchataronons or "the tribe of Iroquet," +"whose ancestors formerly inhabited the island of Montreal," and one of +their old men "aged say eighty years" said "my mother told me that in +her youth _the Hurons_ drove us from this island." (1646, p. 40.) This +makes it clear that the inroad was _Huron_. Note that this man of eighty +years does not mention having _himself_ lived on the island; and also +the addition "_in her youth_." This fact brings us back to before 1566. +But in 1642, another "old man" states that his "grandfathers" had lived +there. Note that he does not say his parents nor himself. These two +statements, I think, reasoning from the average ages of old men, carry +us back to about 1550-60. Champlain, in 1622, notes a remark of two +Iroquois that the war with the Hurons was then "more than fifty years" +old. The Huron inroad could not likely have occurred for several years +after 1542, for so serious an incursion would have taken some years +to grow to such a point out of profound peace. 1550 would therefore +appear a little early. The facts demonstrate incidentally a period of +prosperity and dominance on the part of the Hurons themselves, for +instead of a mere incursion, it exhibits, even if made by invitation of +the Algonquins, a permanent breaking through of the barriers between the +Huron country and the Montreal neighbourhood, and a continuance of their +power long enough and sufficiently to press forward against the enemy +even into Lake Champlain. It also shows that the Superior Iroquois were +not then strong enough to confine them. Before the League, the latter +were only weak single tribes. When Dutch firearms were added to the +advantage of the league, the Hurons finally fell from their power, which +was therefore apparently at its height about 1560. + +Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, end of Bk. V., after +describing the first mass at Ville Marie, in 1642, says: "The evening of +the same day M. de Maisonneuve desired to visit the Mountain which gave +the island its name, and two old Indians who accompanied him thither, +having led him to the top, told him they were of the tribe who had +formerly inhabited this country." "We were," they added, "_very +numerous_ and all the hills (_collines_) which you see to the south and +east, were peopled. The Hurons drove thence our ancestors, of whom a +part took refuge among the Abénakis, _others withdrew into the Iroquois +cantons_, a few remained with our conquerors." They promised Maisonneuve +to do all they could to bring back their people, "but apparently could +not succeed in reassembling the fragments of this dispersed tribe, +which doubtless is that of the Iroquois of which I have spoken in my +_Journal_." + +A proof that this people of Iroquet were not originally Algonquins is +that by their own testimony they had cultivated the ground, one of them +actually took up a handful of the soil and called attention to its +goodness; and they also directly connected themselves in a positive +manner with the Hochelagans by the dates and circumstances indicated +in their remarks as above interpreted. The use of the term "Algonquin" +concerning them is very ambiguous and as they were merged among +Algonquin tribes they were no doubt accustomed to use that language. +Their Huron-Iroquois name, the fact that they were put forward to +interpret to the Iroquois in Champlain's first excursion; and that a +portion of them had joined the Iroquois, another portion the Hurons, and +the rest remained a little band by themselves, seem to add convincingly +to the proof that they were not true Algonquins. Their two names +"Onontchataronons" and "Iroquet" are Iroquois. The ending "Onons" (Onwe) +means "men" and is not properly part of the name. Charlevoix thought +them Hurons, from their name. They were a very small band and, while +mentioned several times in the Jesuit Relations, had disappeared by the +end of the seventeenth century from active history. It was doubtless +impossible for a remnant so placed to maintain themselves against the +great Iroquois war parties. + +A minor question to suggest itself is whether there is any connection +between the names "Iroquet" and "Iroquois". Were they originally forms +of the same word? Or were they two related names of divisions of a +people? Certainly two closely related peoples have these closely similar +names. They were as clearly used as names of distinct tribes however, +in the seventeenth century. The derivation of "Iroquois" given by +Charlevoix from "hiro"--"I have spoken" does not seem at all likely; +but the analogy of the first syllables of the names Er-ié, Hur-ons, +Hir-oquois, Ir-oquet and Cherokee may have something in it. + +The Iroquets or Hochelagans attributed their great disaster,--the +destruction of their towns and dispossession of their island,--to the +Hurons, but Charlevoix[9] records an Algonquin victory over them which +seems to have preceded, and contributed to, that event, though the +lateness of Charlevoix renders the story not so reliable in detail as +the personal recollections of the Iroquets above given: His story[10] +given "on the authority of those most versed in the old history of the +country", proceeds as follows: "Some Algonquins were at war with the +Onontcharonnons better known under the name of Tribe of Iroquet, and +whose former residence was, it is said, in the Island of Montreal. The +name they bear proclaims, they were of Huron speech; nevertheless it +is claimed that it was the Hurons who drove them from their ancient +country, and who in part destroyed them. However that may be, they were +at the time I speak of, at war with the Algonquins, who, to finish +this war at one stroke, thought of a stratagem, which succeeded". This +stratagem was an ambush placed on both sides of the River Bécancour +near Three Rivers, with some pretended fishermen out in canoes as +decoys. The Iroquets attacked and pursued the fishermen, but in the +moment of victory, a hail of arrows issued from the bushes along both +shores. Their canoes being pierced, and the majority wounded, they all +perished. "The tribe of Iroquet never recovered from this disaster; and +none to day remain. The quantity of corpses in the water and on the +banks of the river so infected it, that it retains the name of Rivière +Puante"; (Stinking River). + +Charlevoix[11] gives, as well supported, the story of the origin of the +war between the Iroquois and Algonquins. "The Iroquois had made with +them a sort of alliance very useful to both." They gave grain for +game and armed aid, and thus both lived long on good terms. At last a +disagreement rose in a joint party of 12 young hunters, on account of +the Iroquois succeeding while the Algonquins failed in the chase. The +Algonquins, therefore, maliciously tomahawked the Iroquois in their +sleep. Thence arose the war. + +In 1608, according to Ferland[12] based evidently upon the statement of +Champlain, the remnant of the Hochelagans left in Canada occupied the +triangle above Montreal now bounded by Vandreuil, Kingston and Ottawa. +This perhaps indicates it as the upper part of their former territory. +Sanson's map places them at about the same part of the Ottawa in the +middle of the seventeenth century and identifies them with La Petite +Nation, giving them as "Onontcharonons ou La Petite Nation". That +remnant accompanied Champlain against the Iroquois, being of course +under the influence of their masters the Hurons and Algonquins. +Doubtless their blood is presently represented among the Huron and +Algonquin mission Indians of Oka, Lorette, Petite Nation, etc., and +perhaps among those of Caughnawaga and to some extent, greater or less, +among the Six Nations proper. + +From the foregoing outline of their history, it does not appear as +if the Hochelagans were exactly the Mohawks proper. It seems more +likely that by 1560, settlements, at first mere fishing-parties, then +fishing-villages, and later more developed strongholds with agriculture, +had already been made on Lake Champlain by independent offshoots of the +Hochelagan communities, of perhaps some generations standing, and not +unlikely by arrangement with the Algonquins of the Lake similar to the +understanding on the river St. Lawrence, as peace and travel appear to +have existed there. The bonds of confederacy between village and village +were always shifting and loose among these races until the Great League. +To their Lake Champlain cousins the Hochelagans would naturally fly for +refuge in the day of defeat, for there was no other direction suitable +for their retreat. The Hurons and Algonquins carried on the war against +the fused peoples, down into Lake Champlain. When, after more than +fifty years of the struggle, Champlain goes down to that Lake in 1609, +he finds there the clearings from which they have been driven, and +marks their cabins on his map of the southeast shore. This testimony +is confirmed by that of archaeology showing their movement at the same +period into the Mohawk Valley. Doubtless their grandchildren among the +Iroquois, like their grandchildren among the Algonquins, remembered +perfectly well the fact of their Huron and Algonquin wrongs, and led +many a war party back to scenes known to them through tradition, and +which it was their ambition to recover. It seems then to be the fact +that the Mohawks proper, or some of their villages, while perhaps not +exactly Hochelagans, were part of the kindred peoples recently sprung +from and dominated by them and were driven out at the same time. The +two peoples--Mohawks and Iroquets--had no great time before, if not at +the time of Cartier's arrival--been one race living together in the St. +Lawrence valley: In the territory just west of the Mohawk valley, they +found the "Senecas" as the Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas together were +at first called, and soon, through the genius of the Mohawk Hiawatha, +they formed with them the famous League, in the face of the common +enemy. By that time the Oneidas had become separated from the Mohawks. +These indications place the date of the League very near 1600. The +studies of Dr. Kellogg of Plattsburgh on the New York side of Lake +Champlain and of others on the Vermont shore, who have discovered +several Mohawk sites on that side of the lake may be expected to supply +a link of much interest on the whole question, from the comparison of +pottery and pipes. On the whole the Hochelagan facts throw much light +both forward on the history of the Iroquois and backwards on that of the +Huron stock. Interpreted as above, they afford a meagre but connected +story through a period hitherto lost in darkness, and perhaps a ray by +which further links may still be discovered through continued +archæological investigation. + + NOTE. Like the numbers of the Hochelagan race, the question + how long they had been in the St. Lawrence valley must be + problematical. Sir William Dawson describes the site of Hochelaga + as indicating a residence of several generations. Their own + statements regarding the Huron country--that they "had never + been there", and that they gathered their knowledge of it + from the Ottawa Algonquins, permits some deductions. If the + Hochelagans--including their old men--had never been westward among + their kindred, it is plain that the migration must have taken place + more than the period of an old man's life previous--that is to say + more than say eighty years. If to this we add that the old men + appear not even to have derived such knowledge as they possessed + from their parents but from strangers, then the average full + life of aged parents should be added, or say sixty years more, + making a total of at least one hundred and forty years since the + immigration. Something might, it is true, be allowed for a sojourn + at intermediate points: and the scantiness of the remarks is also + to be remembered. But there remains to account for the considerable + population which had grown up in the land from apparently one + centre. If the original intruders were four hundred, for example, + then in doubling every twenty years, they would number 12,800 + in a century. But this rate is higher than their state of + "Middle-Barbarism" is likely to have permitted and a hundred and + fifty years would seem to be as fast as they could be expected to + attain the population they possessed in Cartier's time. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] "Iroquois Book of Rites," p. 10. + +[2] _Ibid._, p. 13. + +[3] The latter I conjecture not to be the real name of the place but +that the Stadacona people had referred to Hochelay as "Agojuda" or +wicked. The chief of Hochelay on one occasion warned Cartier of plots at +Stadacona, and there appears to have been some antagonism between the +places. The Hochelay people seem to have been Hochelagans proper not +Stadacona Hochelagans. Hochelay-aga could mean "people of Hochelay." + +[4] Relation of 1642. + +[5] Similar armour, though highly elaborated, is to be seen in the suits +of Japanese warriors, made of cords and lacquered wood woven together. + +[6] Relation of 1642, p. 36. + +[7] Two of the Huron nations settled in Canada West about 1400; another +about 1590; the fourth in 1610. See Relations,--W.M. Beauchamp. + +[8] Dr. Kellogg, whose collection is very large and his studies +valuable, writes me as follows: "In 1886 Mr. Frey sent me a little box +of Indian pottery from his vicinity (the Mohawk Valley). It contained +chiefly edge pieces of jars, whose ornamentation outside near the top +was in _lines_, and nearly every one of these pieces also had the _deep +finger nail indentation_. I spread these out on a board. Many had also +the small circle ornamentation, made perhaps by the end of a hollow +bone. This pottery I have always called Iroquois. At two sites near +Plattsburg this type prevails. But otherwise whenever we have found this +type we have looked on it curiously. It is _not_ the type prevailing +here. The type here has ornamentations consisting of dots and dotted +lines, dots in lines, scallop stamps, etc. These dots on a single jar +are hundreds and perhaps thousands in number. Even in Vermont the +Iroquois type is abundant. This confirms what Champlain's Indian friends +told him about the country around the mountains in the east (i.e. in +Vermont) being occupied by their enemies.... The pottery here indicates +a much closer relation with that at Hochelaga than with that at Palatine +Bridge (Mohawk Valley, N.Y.)." + +[9] Journal, Vol. I., pp. 162-4. + +[10] Journal Historique d'un Voyage à L'Am., Lettre VI. + +[11] Journal, end of Letter XII. + +[12] Hist. du Canada, Vol. I., p. 92. + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14777 *** diff --git a/14777-h/14777-h.htm b/14777-h/14777-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..37f1eab --- /dev/null +++ b/14777-h/14777-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,602 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hochelagans and Mohawks, by W. D. Lighthall</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 65%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + .blockquote {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + hr.full { width: 100%; } + a:link {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + link {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + a:hover {color:#ff0000} + pre {font-size: 8pt;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14777 ***</div> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Hochelagans and Mohawks, by W. D. Lighthall</h1> +<table border="0" bgcolor="ccccff" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Note: + </td> + <td> + Images of the original pages are available through the Canadian + Institute for Historical Microreproductions/Institut canadien + de microreproductions historiques (Early Canadiana Online). + See <a href="http://www.canadiana.org/eco/index.html"> + http://www.canadiana.org/eco/index.html</a> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + + <h3>FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA</h3> + <h4>SECOND SERIES—1899-1900</h4> + <h4>VOLUME V SECTION II</h4> + <h4>ENGLISH HISTORY, LITERATURE, ARCHÆOLOGY, ETC.</h4> + <br /> + <h1>HOCHELAGANS AND MOHAWKS</h1> + <h3>A LINK IN IROQUOIS HISTORY</h3> + <h2>By W. D. LIGHTHALL, M.A., F.R.S.L.</h2> + <br /> + <h6>For Sale by<br /> + J. Hope & Sons, Ottawa; The Copp-Clark Co., Toronto<br /> + Bernard Quaritch, London, England</h6> + <h4>1899</h4> + <hr /> + <h2>II. <i>Hochelagans and Mohawks; A Link in Iroquois History</i>.</h2> + <h4 class="smcap">By W. D. Lighthall, M.A., F.R.S.L.</h4> + <p class="center">(Presented by John Reade and read May 26, 1899.)</p> + <p>The exact origin and first history of the race whose energy so stunted the growth + of early Canada and made the cause of France in America impossible, have long been + wrapped in mystery. In the days of the first white settlements the Iroquois are found + leagued as the Five Nations in their familiar territory from the Mohawk River + westward. Whence they came thither has always been a disputed question. The early + Jesuits agreed that they were an off-shoot of the Huron race whose strongholds were + thickly sown on the eastern shore of Lake Huron, but the Jesuits were not clear as to + their course of migration from that region, it being merely remarked that they had + once possessed some settlements on the St. Lawrence below Montreal, with the apparent + inference that they had arrived at these by way of Lake Champlain. Later writers have + drawn the same inference from the mention made to Cartier by the Hochelagans of + certain enemies from the south whose name and direction had a likeness to later + Iroquois conditions. Charlevoix was persuaded by persons who he considered had + sufficiently studied the subject that their seats before they left for the country of + the Five Nations were about Montreal. The late Horatio Hale<a href="#1">[1]</a> put + the more recently current and widely accepted form of this view as follows: "The + clear and positive traditions of all the surviving tribes, Hurons, Iroquois and + Tuscaroras, point to the Lower St. Lawrence as the earliest known abode of their + stock. Here the first explorer, Cartier, found Indians of this stock at Hochelaga and + Stadacona, now the sites of Montreal and Quebec. Centuries before his time, according + to the native tradition, the ancestors of the Huron-Iroquois family had dwelt in this + locality, or still further east and nearer to the river's mouth. As the numbers + increased, dissensions arose. The hive swarmed and band after band moved off to the + west and south."</p> + <p>"Their first station on the south side of the lakes was at the mouth of the Oswego + River.<a href="#2">[2]</a> Advancing to the southeast, the emigrants struck the River + Hudson" and thence the ocean. Most of them returned to the Mohawk River, where the + Huron speech was altered to Mohawk. In Iroquois tradition and in the constitution of + their League the Canienga (Mohawk) nation ranks as 'eldest brother' of the family. A + comparison of the dialects proves this tradition to be well founded. The Canienga + language approaches nearest to the Huron, and is undoubtedly the source from which + all the other Iroquois dialects are derived. Cusick states positively that the other + families, as he styles them, of the Iroquois household, leaving the Mohawks in their + original abode, proceeded step by step to the westward. The Oneidas halted at their + creek, the Onondagas at their mountain, the Cayugas at their lake and the Senecas or + Sonontowans, the great hill people, at a lofty eminence which rises south of the + Canandaigua Lake." Hale appeals also to the Wyandot tradition recorded by Peter + Dooyentate Clark, that the Huron originally lived about Montreal near the "Senecas," + until war broke out and drove them westward. He sets the formation of the League of + the Long House as far back as the fourteenth century.</p> + <p>All these authors, it will be seen, together with every historian who has referred + to the League,—treat of the Five Nations as <i>always having been one + people</i>. A very different view, based principally on archæology, has however + been recently accepted by at least several of the leading authorities on the + subject,—the view that the Iroquois League was a <i>compound of two distinct + peoples</i>, the Mohawks, in the east, including the Oneidas; and the Senecas, in the + west, including the Onondagas and Cayugas. Rev. W.M. Beauchamp, of Baldwinsville, the + most thorough living student of the matter, first suggested a late date for the + coming of the Mohawks and formation of the League. He had noticed that the three + Seneca dialects differed very greatly from the two Mohawk, and that while the local + relics of the former showed they had been long settled in their country, those of the + latter evidenced a very recent occupation. He had several battles with Hale on the + subject, the latter arguing chiefly from tradition and change of language. "The + probability," writes Mr. Beauchamp—privately to the writer—"is that a + division took place at Lake Erie, or perhaps further west; some passed on the north + side and became the Neutrals and Hurons; <i>the vanguard becoming the Mohawks or + Hochelagans, afterwards Mohawks and Oneidas</i>. Part went far south, as the + Tuscaroras and Cherokees, and a more northern branch, the Andastes; part followed the + south shore and became the Eries, Senecas and Cayugas; part went to the east of Lake + Ontario, removing and becoming the Onondagas, when the Huron war began."</p> + <p>It is noticeable that the earliest accounts of the Five Nations speak of them as + of two kinds—Mohawks and "Sinnekes," or as termed by the French the Inferior + and Superior Iroquois. For example Antony Van Corlear's <i>Journal</i>, edited by + Gen. James Grant Wilson, also certain of the New York documents. The most thorough + local student of early Mohawk town-sites, Mr. S.L. Frey, of Palatine Bridge, N.Y., + supports Mr. Beauchamp in his view of the late coming of the Mohawks into the Mohawk + River Valley, where they have always been settled in historic times. According to + him, although these people changed their sites every 25 or 30 years from failure of + the wood supply and other causes, only four prehistoric sites have been discovered in + that district, all the others containing relics of European origin. Mr. Beauchamp + believes even this number too large. Both put forward the idea that the Mohawks were + the ancient race of Hochelaga, whose town on the island of Montreal was visited by + Jacques Cartier in 1535, and had disappeared completely in 1608 when Champlain + founded Quebec. "What had become of these people?" writes Mr. Frey, in his pamphlet + "The Mohawks." "An overwhelming force of wandering Algonquins had destroyed their + towns. To what new land had they gone? I think we shall find them seated in the + impregnable strongholds among the hills and in the dense forests of the Mohawk + Valley."</p> + <p>It is my privilege to take up their theory from the Montreal end and in the light + of the local archæology of this place and of early French historical lore, to supply + links which seem to throw considerable light on the problem.</p> + <p>The description given by Cartier of the picturesque palisaded town of Hochelaga, + situated near the foot of Mount Royal, surrounded by cornfields, has frequently been + quoted. But other points of Cartier's narrative, concerning the numbers and relations + of the population, have scarcely been studied. Let us examine this phase of it. + During his first voyage in 1534, in the neighbourhood of Gaspé, he met on the + water the first people speaking the tongue of this race, a temporary fishing + community of over 200 souls, men, women and children, in some 40 canoes, under which + they slept, having evidently no village there, but belonging, as afterwards is + stated, to Stadacona. He seized and carried to France two of them, who, when he + returned next year, called the place where they had been taken + <i>Honguédo</i>, and said that the north shore, above Anticosti Island, was + the commencement of inhabited country which led to <i>Canada</i> (the Quebec region), + Hochelaga, (Montreal) and the country of <i>Saguenay</i>, far to the west "whence + came the red copper" (of which axes have since been found in the débris of + Hochelaga, and which, in fact, came from Lake Superior), and that no man they ever + heard of had ever been to the end of the great river of fresh water above. Here we + have the first indication of the racial situation of the Hochelagans. At the mouth of + the Saguenay River—so called because it was one of the routes to the Sagnenay + of the Algonquins, west of the Upper Ottawa—he found four fishing canoes from + Canada. Plenty of fishing was prosecuted from this point upwards. In "the Province of + Canada," he proceeds, "there are several peoples in unwalled villages." At the Isle + of Orleans, just below Quebec, the principal peace chief, or, Agouhanna of "Canada," + Donnaconna, came to them with 12 canoes from the town (ville) of Stadacona, or + Stadaconé, which was surrounded by tilled land on the heights. Twenty-five + canoes from Stadacona afterwards visited them; and later Donnaconna brought on board + "10 or 12 other of the greatest chiefs" with more than 500 persons, men, women and + children, some doubtless from the neighbouring settlements. If the same 200 persons + as in the previous year were absent fishing at Gaspé, and others in other + spots, these figures argue a considerable population.</p> + <p>Below Stadacona, were four "peoples and settlements": <i>Ajoasté, + Starnatam, Tailla</i> (on a mountain) and <i>Satadin</i> or <i>Stadin</i>. Above + <i>Stadacona</i> were <i>Tekenouday</i> (on a mountain) and <i>Hochelay</i> + (<i>Achelacy</i> or <i>Hagouchouda</i>)<a href="#3">[3]</a> which was in open + country. Further up were <i>Hochelaga</i> and some settlements on the island of + Montreal, and various other places unobserved by Cartier, belonging to the same race; + who according to a later statement of the remnant of them, confirmed by + archæology, had several "towns" on the island of Montreal and inhabited "<i>all + the hills to the south and east</i>."<a href="#4">[4]</a> The hills to be seen from + Mount Royal to the south are the northern slopes of the Adirondacks; while to the + east are the lone volcanic eminences in the plain, Montarville, Beloeil, Rougemont, + Johnson, Yamaska, Shefford, Orford and the Green Mountains. All these hills deserve + search for Huron-Iroquois town-sites. The general sense of this paragraph includes an + implication also of settlements towards and on Lake Champlain, that is to say, when + taken in connection with the landscape. (My own dwelling overlooks this landscape.) + At the same time let me say that perhaps due inquiries might locate some of the sites + of Ajoaste and the other villages in the Quebec district. In Cartier's third voyage + he refers obscurely, in treating of Montreal, to "the said town of <i>Tutonaguy</i>." + This word, with French pronunciation, appears to be the same as that still given by + Mohawks to the Island,—<i>Tiotiaké</i>, meaning "deep water beside + shallow," that is to say, "below the Rapid." In the so-called Cabot map of 1544 the + name Hochelaga is replaced by "<i>Tutonaer</i>," apparently from some map of + Cartier's. It may be a reproduction of some lost map of his. Lewis H. Morgan gives + "Tiotiake" as "Do-de-a-ga." Another place named by Cartier is <i>Maisouna</i>, to + which the chief of Hochelay had been gone two days when the explorer made his + settlement a visit. On a map of Ortelius of 1556 quoted by Parkman this name appears + to be given as Muscova, a district placed on the right bank of the Richelieu River + and opposite Hochelay, but possibly this is a pure guess, though it is a likely one. + It may perhaps be conjectured that Stadacona, Tailla and Tekenouday, being on + heights, were the oldest strongholds in their region.</p> + <p>All the country was covered with forests "except around the peoples, who cut it + down to make their settlement and tillage." At Stadacona he was shown five scalps of + a race called <i>Toudamans</i> from the south, with whom they were constantly at war, + and who had killed about 200 of their people at Massacre Island, Bic, in a cave, + while they were on the way to Honguédo to fish. All these names must of course + be given the old French pronunciation.</p> + <p>Proceeding up the river near Hochelaga he found "a great number of dwellings along + the shore" inhabited by fisherfolk, as was the custom of the Huron-Iroquois in the + summer season. The village called Hochelay was situated about forty-five miles above + Stadacona, at the Richelieu rapid, between which and Hochelaga, a distance of about + 135 miles, he mentions no village. This absence of settlements I attribute to the + fact that the intermediate Three Rivers region was an ancient special appurtenance of + the Algonquins, with whom the Hochelagans were to all appearance then on terms of + friendly sufferance and trade, if not alliance. In later days the same region was + uninhabited, on account of Iroquois incursions by the River Richelieu and Lake + Champlain. In the islands at the head of Lake St. Peter, Cartier met five hunters who + directed him to Hochelaga. "More than a thousand" persons, he says, received them + with joy at Hochelaga. This expression of number however is not very definite. It is + frequently used by Dante to signify a multitude in the <i>Divina Comédia</i>. + The town of Hochelaga consisted of "about fifty houses, in length about fifty paces + each at most, and twelve or fifteen paces wide," made of bark on sapling frames in + the manner of the Iroquois long houses. The round "fifties" are obviously + approximate. The plan of the town given in Ramusio shows some forty-five fires, each + serving some five families, but the interior division differs so greatly from that of + early Huron and Iroquois houses, and from his phrase "fifty by twelve or fifteen," + that it appears to be the result of inaccurate drawing. There is therefore + considerable room for difference as to the population of the town, ranging from say + 1,200 to 2,000 souls, the verbal description which is much the more authoritative, + inclining in favour of the latter. Any estimate of the total population of the + Hochelagan race on the river, must be a guess. If, however, those on the island of + Montreal be set at 2,000, and the "more than 500" of Stadacona be considered as a + fair average for the principal town and 300 (which also was the average estimated by + Père Lalemant for the Neutral nation) as an average for the eight or so + villages of the Quebec district, (the absentees, such as the 200 at Gaspé from + Stadacona being perhaps offset by contingents from the places close to Stadacona) we + have some 4,900 accounted for. Those on all the hills to the south and east of Mount + Royal would add anywhere from say 3,000 to an indefinitely greater number more. + Perhaps 5,000, however, should not be exceeded as the limit for these hills and Lake + Champlain. We arrive therefore at a guess of from 7,900 to 9,900 as the total. As the + lower figures seem conservative, compared with the early average of Huron and + Iroquois villages, the guess may perhaps be raised a little to say from 10,000 to + 11,000. "This people confines itself to tillage and fishing, for they do not leave + their country and are not migratory like those of Canada and Saguenay, although the + said Canadians are subject to them, <i>with eight or nine other peoples who are on + the said river</i>." Nevertheless the site of Hochelaga, unearthed in 1860, shows + them to have been <i>traders</i> to some extent with the west, evidently through the + Ottawa Algonquins. What Cartier did during his brief visit to the town itself is well + known. The main point for us is that three men led him to the top of Mount Royal and + showed him the country. They told him of the Ottawa River and of three great rapids + in the St. Lawrence, after passing which, "one could sail more than three moons along + the said river," doubtless meaning along the Great Lakes. Silver and brass they + identified as coming from that region, and "there were Agojudas, or wicked people, + armed even to the fingers," of whom they showed "the make of their armor, which is of + cords and wood laced and woven together; giving to understand that the said Agojudas + are continually at war with one and other." This testimony clearly describes the + armour of the early Hurons and Iroquois<a href="#5">[5]</a> as found by Champlain, + and seems to relate to war between the Hurons and Senecas at that period and to an + aversion to them by the people of the town of Hochelaga themselves; who were, + however, living in security from them at the time, apparently cut off from regular + communication with them by Algonquin peoples, particularly those of the Ottawa, who + controlled Huron communication with the lower St. Lawrence in the same way in + Champlain's days.</p> + <p>On returning to Stadacona, Cartier, by talking with Donnaconna, learnt what showed + this land of Saguenay so much talked of by these people, to be undoubtedly the Huron + country. "The straight and good and safest road to it is by the <i>Fleuve</i> (St. + Lawrence), to above Hochelaga and by the river which descends from the said Saguenay + and enters the said Fleuve (as we had seen); and thence it takes a month to reach." + This is simply the Ottawa route to Lake Huron used by the Jesuits in the next + century. What they had seen was the Ottawa River entering the St. Lawrence—from + the top of Mount Royal, whence it is visible to-day. The name Saguenay may possibly + be <i>Saginaw</i>,—the old <i>Saguenam</i>, the "very deep bay on the west + shore of Lake Huron," of Charlevoix, (Book XI.) though it is not necessarily Saginaw + Bay itself, as such names shift. "And they gave to understand that in that country the + people are clothed with clothes like us, and <i>there are many peoples in towns</i> + and <i>good persons</i> and that they have a great quantity of gold and of <i>red + copper</i>. And they told us that <i>all the land from the said first river to + Hochelagea and Saguenay is an island surrounded by streams and the said great river + (St. Lawrence)</i>; and that after passing Saguenay, said river (Ottawa) enters + <i>two or three great lakes of water, very large; after which a fresh water sea is + reached</i>, whereof there is no mention of having seen the end, <i>as they have + heard from those of the Saguenay; for they told us they had never been there + themselves</i>." Yet later, in chapter XIX., it is stated that old Donnaconna assured + them he had been in the land of the Saguenay, where he related several impossible + marvels, such as people of only one leg. It is to be noted that "the peoples in + towns," who are apparently Huron-Iroquois, are here referred to as "good people," + while the Hochelagans speak of them as "wicked." This is explicable enough as a + difference of view on distant races with whom they had no contact. It seems to imply + that the "Canada" people were not in such close communication with the town of + Hochelaga as to have the same opinions and perhaps the Canada view of the Hurons as + good persons was the original view of the early settlers, while the Hochelagans may + have had unpleasant later experiences or echo those of the Ottawa Algonquins. But + furthermore they told him of the Richelieu River where apparently it took a month to + go with their canoes from Sainte Croix (Stadacona) to a country "where there are + never ice nor snow; but where there are constant wars one against another, and there + are oranges, almonds, nuts, plums, and other kinds of fruit in great abundance, and + oil is made from trees, very good for the cure of diseases; there the inhabitants are + clothed and accoutred in skins like themselves." This land Cartier considered to be + Florida,—but the point for our present purpose is the frequenting of the + Richelieu, Lake Champlain and lands far south of them by the Hochelagans at that + period. At the beginning of the seventeenth century Capt. John Smith met the canoes + of an Iroquois people on the upper part of Chesapeake Bay.</p> + <p>We may now draw some conclusions. Originally the population of the St. Lawrence + valley seems to have been occupied by Algonquins, as these people surrounded it on + all sides. A question I would like to see investigated is whether any of these built + villages and grew corn here, as did some of the Algonquins of the New England coast + and those of Allumette Island on the Ottawa. This might explain some of the deserted + Indian clearings which the early Jesuits noted along the shore of the river, and of + which Champlain, in 1611, used one of about 60 acres at Place Royale, Montreal. + Cartier, it is seen, expressly explains some of them to be Huron-Iroquois clearings + cultivated under his own observation. The known Algonquins of the immediate region + were all nomadic.</p> + <p>In 1534 we have, from below Stadacona (Quebec) to above Hochelaga (Montreal), and + down the Richelieu River to Lake Champlain, the valley in possession of a + Huron-Iroquois race, dominated by Hochelaga, a town of say 2,000 souls, judging from + the Huron average and from Cartier's details. The descendants of the Hochelagans in + 1642 pointed out the spots where there were "several towns" on the island. Mr. + Beauchamp holds, with Parkman, Dawson and other writers, that "those who pointed out + spots in 1642 were of an <i>Algonquin</i> tribe, not descendants of the Mohawk + Hochelagans, but locally their successors." But I cannot accept this Algonquin + theory, as their connection with the Hochelagans is too explicit and I shall give + other reasons further on. The savages, it is true, called the island by an Algonquin + name; "the island where there was a city or village,"<a href="#6">[6]</a> the + Algonquin phrase for which was Minitik-Outen-Entagougiban, but these later terms have small + bearing. The site of one of the towns on the island is conjectured, from the finding + of relics, to have been at Longue Pointe, nine miles below Hochelaga; a village + appears from Cartier's account of his third voyage to have existed about the Lachine + Rapids; and another was some miles below, probably at Point St. Charles or the Little + River at Verdun. Fourteen skeletons, buried after the Mohawk fashion, have been + discovered on the upper slope of Westmount, the southern ridge of Mount Royal, about + a mile from Hochelaga and not far from an old Indian well, indicating possibly the + proximity of another pre-historic town-site of the race, and at any rate a burying + ground. The identification and excavations were made by the writer. If, however, the + southern enemies, called Toudamans, five of whose scalps were shown Cartier at + Stadacona, were, as one conjecture has it, Tonontouans or Senecas, the Iroquois + identity theory must be varied, but it is much more likely the Toudamans were the + Etchemins. At any rate it seems clear that the Hochelagan race came down the St. + Lawrence as a spur (probably an adventurous fishing party) from the great + Huron-Iroquois centre about Lake Huron<a href="#7">[7]</a>; for that their advent had + been recent appears from the fewness of sites discovered, from the smallness of the + population, considering the richness of the country, and especially from the fact + that the Huron, and the Seneca, and their own tongues were still mutually + comprehensible, notwithstanding the rapid changes of Indian dialects. Everything + considered, their coming might perhaps be placed about 1450, which could give time + for the settlements on Lake Champlain, unearthed by Dr. D.S. Kellogg and others and + rendered probable by their pottery and other evidence as being Huron-Iroquois.<a + href="#8">[8]</a> Cartier, as we have seen, described the Hochelagan towns along the + river.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/1.png" width="100%" + alt="SHALLOW GRAVE IN PREHISTORIC BURYING GROUND AT WESTMOUNT ON MOUNT ROYAL SHOWING ATTITUDE OF SEPULTURE." /> + <font size="-1">SHALLOW GRAVE IN PREHISTORIC BURYING GROUND AT WESTMOUNT + ON MOUNT ROYAL SHOWING ATTITUDE OF SEPULTURE.</font> + </div> + <br /> + + <p>The likeness of the names Tekenouday and Ajoasté to that of the Huron town + Tekenonkiaye, and the Andastean Andoasté, shows how close was the + relationship. Nevertheless the Hochelagans were quite cut off from the Hurons, whose + country as we have found, some of them point to and describe to Cartier as inhabited + by evil men. As the Stadacona people, more distant, independently refer to them as + good, no war could have been then proceeding with them.</p> + <p>In 1540 when Roberval came—and down to 1543—the conditions were still + unchanged. What of the events between this date and the coming of Champlain in 1605? + This period can be filled up to some extent.</p> + <p>About 1560 the Hurons came down, conquered the Hochelagans and their subject + peoples and destroyed Hochelaga. I reach this date as follows: In 1646 (Relation of + 1646, p. 34) Père Lalemant reports that "under the Algonquin name" the French + included "a diversity of small peoples," one of which was named the Onontchataronons + or "the tribe of Iroquet," "whose ancestors formerly inhabited the island of + Montreal," and one of their old men "aged say eighty years" said "my mother told me + that in her youth <i>the Hurons</i> drove us from this island." (1646, p. 40.) This + makes it clear that the inroad was <i>Huron</i>. Note that this man of eighty years + does not mention having <i>himself</i> lived on the island; and also the addition + "<i>in her youth</i>." This fact brings us back to before 1566. But in 1642, another + "old man" states that his "grandfathers" had lived there. Note that he does not say + his parents nor himself. These two statements, I think, reasoning from the average + ages of old men, carry us back to about 1550-60. Champlain, in 1622, notes a remark + of two Iroquois that the war with the Hurons was then "more than fifty years" old. + The Huron inroad could not likely have occurred for several years after 1542, for so + serious an incursion would have taken some years to grow to such a point out of + profound peace. 1550 would therefore appear a little early. The facts demonstrate + incidentally a period of prosperity and dominance on the part of the Hurons + themselves, for instead of a mere incursion, it exhibits, even if made by invitation + of the Algonquins, a permanent breaking through of the barriers between the Huron + country and the Montreal neighbourhood, and a continuance of their power long enough + and sufficiently to press forward against the enemy even into Lake Champlain. It also + shows that the Superior Iroquois were not then strong enough to confine them. Before + the League, the latter were only weak single tribes. When Dutch firearms were added + to the advantage of the league, the Hurons finally fell from their power, which was + therefore apparently at its height about 1560.</p> + <p>Charlevoix, <i>Histoire de la Nouvelle France</i>, end of Bk. V., after describing + the first mass at Ville Marie, in 1642, says: "The evening of the same day M. de + Maisonneuve desired to visit the Mountain which gave the island its name, and two old + Indians who accompanied him thither, having led him to the top, told him they were of + the tribe who had formerly inhabited this country." "We were," they added, "<i>very + numerous</i> and all the hills (<i>collines</i>) which you see to the south and east, + were peopled. The Hurons drove thence our ancestors, of whom a part took refuge among + the Abénakis, <i>others withdrew into the Iroquois cantons</i>, a few remained + with our conquerors." They promised Maisonneuve to do all they could to bring back + their people, "but apparently could not succeed in reassembling the fragments of this + dispersed tribe, which doubtless is that of the Iroquois of which I have spoken in my + <i>Journal</i>."</p> + <p>A proof that this people of Iroquet were not originally Algonquins is that by + their own testimony they had cultivated the ground, one of them actually took up a + handful of the soil and called attention to its goodness; and they also directly + connected themselves in a positive manner with the Hochelagans by the dates and + circumstances indicated in their remarks as above interpreted. The use of the term + "Algonquin" concerning them is very ambiguous and as they were merged among Algonquin + tribes they were no doubt accustomed to use that language. Their Huron-Iroquois name, + the fact that they were put forward to interpret to the Iroquois in Champlain's first + excursion; and that a portion of them had joined the Iroquois, another portion the + Hurons, and the rest remained a little band by themselves, seem to add convincingly + to the proof that they were not true Algonquins. Their two names "Onontchataronons" + and "Iroquet" are Iroquois. The ending "Onons" (Onwe) means "men" and is not properly + part of the name. Charlevoix thought them Hurons, from their name. They were a very + small band and, while mentioned several times in the Jesuit Relations, had + disappeared by the end of the seventeenth century from active history. It was + doubtless impossible for a remnant so placed to maintain themselves against the great + Iroquois war parties.</p> + <p>A minor question to suggest itself is whether there is any connection between the + names "Iroquet" and "Iroquois". Were they originally forms of the same word? Or were + they two related names of divisions of a people? Certainly two closely related + peoples have these closely similar names. They were as clearly used as names of + distinct tribes however, in the seventeenth century. The derivation of "Iroquois" + given by Charlevoix from "hiro"—"I have spoken" does not seem at all likely; + but the analogy of the first syllables of the names Er-ié, Hur-ons, + Hir-oquois, Ir-oquet and Cherokee may have something in it.</p> + <p>The Iroquets or Hochelagans attributed their great disaster,—the destruction + of their towns and dispossession of their island,—to the Hurons, but + Charlevoix<a href="#9">[9]</a> records an Algonquin victory over them which seems to + have preceded, and contributed to, that event, though the lateness of Charlevoix + renders the story not so reliable in detail as the personal recollections of the + Iroquets above given: His story<a href="#10">[10]</a> given "on the authority of + those most versed in the old history of the country", proceeds as follows: "Some + Algonquins were at war with the Onontcharonnons better known under the name of Tribe + of Iroquet, and whose former residence was, it is said, in the Island of Montreal. + The name they bear proclaims, they were of Huron speech; nevertheless it is claimed + that it was the Hurons who drove them from their ancient country, and who in part + destroyed them. However that may be, they were at the time I speak of, at war with + the Algonquins, who, to finish this war at one stroke, thought of a stratagem, which + succeeded". This stratagem was an ambush placed on both sides of the River + Bécancour near Three Rivers, with some pretended fishermen out in canoes as + decoys. The Iroquets attacked and pursued the fishermen, but in the moment of + victory, a hail of arrows issued from the bushes along both shores. Their canoes + being pierced, and the majority wounded, they all perished. "The tribe of Iroquet + never recovered from this disaster; and none to day remain. The quantity of corpses + in the water and on the banks of the river so infected it, that it retains the name + of Rivière Puante"; (Stinking River).</p> + <p>Charlevoix<a href="#11">[11]</a> gives, as well supported, the story of the origin + of the war between the Iroquois and Algonquins. "The Iroquois had made with them a + sort of alliance very useful to both." They gave grain for game and armed aid, and + thus both lived long on good terms. At last a disagreement rose in a joint party of + 12 young hunters, on account of the Iroquois succeeding while the Algonquins failed + in the chase. The Algonquins, therefore, maliciously tomahawked the Iroquois in their + sleep. Thence arose the war.</p> + <p>In 1608, according to Ferland<a href="#12">[12]</a> based evidently upon the + statement of Champlain, the remnant of the Hochelagans left in Canada occupied the + triangle above Montreal now bounded by Vandreuil, Kingston and Ottawa. This perhaps + indicates it as the upper part of their former territory. Sanson's map places them at + about the same part of the Ottawa in the middle of the seventeenth century and + identifies them with La Petite Nation, giving them as "Onontcharonons ou La Petite + Nation". That remnant accompanied Champlain against the Iroquois, being of course + under the influence of their masters the Hurons and Algonquins. Doubtless their blood + is presently represented among the Huron and Algonquin mission Indians of Oka, + Lorette, Petite Nation, etc., and perhaps among those of Caughnawaga and to some + extent, greater or less, among the Six Nations proper.</p> + <p>From the foregoing outline of their history, it does not appear as if the + Hochelagans were exactly the Mohawks proper. It seems more likely that by 1560, + settlements, at first mere fishing-parties, then fishing-villages, and later more + developed strongholds with agriculture, had already been made on Lake Champlain by + independent offshoots of the Hochelagan communities, of perhaps some generations + standing, and not unlikely by arrangement with the Algonquins of the Lake similar to + the understanding on the river St. Lawrence, as peace and travel appear to have + existed there. The bonds of confederacy between village and village were always + shifting and loose among these races until the Great League. To their Lake Champlain + cousins the Hochelagans would naturally fly for refuge in the day of defeat, for + there was no other direction suitable for their retreat. The Hurons and Algonquins + carried on the war against the fused peoples, down into Lake Champlain. When, after + more than fifty years of the struggle, Champlain goes down to that Lake in 1609, he + finds there the clearings from which they have been driven, and marks their cabins on + his map of the southeast shore. This testimony is confirmed by that of archæology + showing their movement at the same period into the Mohawk Valley. Doubtless their + grandchildren among the Iroquois, like their grandchildren among the Algonquins, + remembered perfectly well the fact of their Huron and Algonquin wrongs, and led many + a war party back to scenes known to them through tradition, and which it was their + ambition to recover. It seems then to be the fact that the Mohawks proper, or some of + their villages, while perhaps not exactly Hochelagans, were part of the kindred + peoples recently sprung from and dominated by them and were driven out at the same + time. The two peoples—Mohawks and Iroquets—had no great time before, if + not at the time of Cartier's arrival—been one race living together in the St. + Lawrence valley: In the territory just west of the Mohawk valley, they found the + "Senecas" as the Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas together were at first called, and + soon, through the genius of the Mohawk Hiawatha, they formed with them the famous + League, in the face of the common enemy. By that time the Oneidas had become + separated from the Mohawks. These indications place the date of the League very near + 1600. The studies of Dr. Kellogg of Plattsburgh on the New York side of Lake + Champlain and of others on the Vermont shore, who have discovered several Mohawk + sites on that side of the lake may be expected to supply a link of much interest on + the whole question, from the comparison of pottery and pipes. On the whole the + Hochelagan facts throw much light both forward on the history of the Iroquois and + backwards on that of the Huron stock. Interpreted as above, they afford a meagre but + connected story through a period hitherto lost in darkness, and perhaps a ray by + which further links may still be discovered through continued archæological + investigation.</p> + <blockquote><p>NOTE. Like the numbers of the Hochelagan race, the + question how long they had been in the St. Lawrence valley must + be problematical. Sir William Dawson describes the + site of Hochelaga as indicating a residence of several generations. + Their own statements regarding the Huron country—that + they "had never been there", and that they gathered their knowledge of + it from the Ottawa Algonquins, permits some deductions. If + the Hochelagans—including their old men—had + never been westward among their kindred, it is plain that the migration must + have taken place more than the period of an old man's life + previous—that is to say more than say eighty years. If to this we add that + the old men appear not even to have derived such knowledge as + they possessed from their parents but from strangers, then the + average full life of aged parents should be added, or say sixty years + more, making a total of at least one hundred and forty years since + the immigration. Something might, it is true, be + allowed for a sojourn at intermediate points: and the scantiness of the + remarks is also to be remembered. But there remains to account for + the considerable population which had grown up in the land from + apparently one centre. If the original intruders were four + hundred, for example, then in doubling every twenty years, they would + number 12,800 in a century. But this rate is higher than their state + of "Middle-Barbarism" is likely to have permitted and a hundred and + fifty years would seem to be as fast as they could be expected to + attain the population they possessed in Cartier's time.</p></blockquote> + + <hr /> + + <h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + <p class="footnote"><a name="1">[1]</a> "Iroquois Book of Rites," p. 10.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="2"></a>[2] <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 13.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="3"></a>[3] The latter I conjecture not to be the real name of + the place but that the Stadacona people had referred to Hochelay as "Agojuda" or + wicked. The chief of Hochelay on one occasion warned Cartier of plots at Stadacona, + and there appears to have been some antagonism between the places. The Hochelay + people seem to have been Hochelagans proper not Stadacona Hochelagans. Hochelay-aga + could mean "people of Hochelay."</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="4"></a>[4] Relation of 1642.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="5"></a>[5] Similar armour, though highly elaborated, is to be + seen in the suits of Japanese warriors, made of cords and lacquered wood woven + together.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="6"></a>[6] Relation of 1642, p. 36.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="7"></a>[7] Two of the Huron nations settled in Canada West about + 1400; another about 1590; the fourth in 1610. See Relations,—W.M. + Beauchamp.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="8"></a>[8] Dr. Kellogg, whose collection is very large and his + studies valuable, writes me as follows: "In 1886 Mr. Frey sent me a little box of + Indian pottery from his vicinity (the Mohawk Valley). It contained chiefly edge + pieces of jars, whose ornamentation outside near the top was in <i>lines</i>, and + nearly every one of these pieces also had the <i>deep finger nail indentation</i>. + I spread these out on a board. Many had also the small circle ornamentation, made + perhaps by the end of a hollow bone. This pottery I have always called Iroquois. At + two sites near Plattsburg this type prevails. But otherwise whenever we have found + this type we have looked on it curiously. It is <i>not</i> the type prevailing + here. The type here has ornamentations consisting of dots and dotted lines, dots in + lines, scallop stamps, etc. These dots on a single jar are hundreds and perhaps + thousands in number. Even in Vermont the Iroquois type is abundant. This confirms + what Champlain's Indian friends told him about the country around the mountains in + the east (i.e. in Vermont) being occupied by their enemies.... The pottery here + indicates a much closer relation with that at Hochelaga than with that at Palatine + Bridge (Mohawk Valley, N.Y.)."</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="9"></a>[9] Journal, Vol. I., pp. 162-4.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="10"></a>[10] Journal Historique d'un Voyage à L'Am., + Lettre VI.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="11"></a>[11] Journal, end of Letter XII.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="12"></a>[12] Hist. du Canada, Vol. I., p. 92.</p> + +<p> </p> +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14777 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/14777-h/images/1.png b/14777-h/images/1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb24be7 --- /dev/null +++ b/14777-h/images/1.png diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..726ba81 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #14777 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14777) diff --git a/old/14777-8.txt b/old/14777-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d14e7b --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14777-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1043 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Hochelagans and Mohawks, by W. D. Lighthall + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Hochelagans and Mohawks + +Author: W. D. Lighthall + +Release Date: January 24, 2005 [eBook #14777] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOCHELAGANS AND MOHAWKS*** + + +E-text prepared by Wallace McLean, Eric Betts, and the Project Gutenberg +Online Distributed Proofreading Team from page images generously made +available by the Canadian Institute for Historical +Microreproductions/Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques +(Early Canadiana Online) + + + +Note: Images of the original pages are available through the Canadian + Institute for Historical Microreproductions/Institut canadien + de microreproductions historiques (Early Canadiana Online). + See http://www.canadiana.org/eco/index.html + + + + +From the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada + +Second Series--1899-1900 + +Volume V Section Ii + +English History, Literature, Archæology, Etc. + +HOCHELAGANS AND MOHAWKS + +A Link in Iroquois History + +by + +W. D. LIGHTHALL, M.A., F.R.S.L. + +For Sale by J. Hope & Sons, Ottawa; The Copp-Clark Co., Toronto +Bernard Quaritch, London, England + +1899 + + + + + + + +II. Hochelagans and Mohawks; A Link in Iroquois History. + +By W. D. LIGHTHALL, M.A., F.R.S.L. + +(Presented by John Reade and read May 26, 1899.) + + +The exact origin and first history of the race whose energy so stunted +the growth of early Canada and made the cause of France in America +impossible, have long been wrapped in mystery. In the days of the first +white settlements the Iroquois are found leagued as the Five Nations in +their familiar territory from the Mohawk River westward. Whence they +came thither has always been a disputed question. The early Jesuits +agreed that they were an off-shoot of the Huron race whose strongholds +were thickly sown on the eastern shore of Lake Huron, but the Jesuits +were not clear as to their course of migration from that region, it +being merely remarked that they had once possessed some settlements on +the St. Lawrence below Montreal, with the apparent inference that they +had arrived at these by way of Lake Champlain. Later writers have drawn +the same inference from the mention made to Cartier by the Hochelagans +of certain enemies from the south whose name and direction had a +likeness to later Iroquois conditions. Charlevoix was persuaded by +persons who he considered had sufficiently studied the subject that +their seats before they left for the country of the Five Nations were +about Montreal. The late Horatio Hale[1] put the more recently current +and widely accepted form of this view as follows: "The clear and +positive traditions of all the surviving tribes, Hurons, Iroquois and +Tuscaroras, point to the Lower St. Lawrence as the earliest known abode +of their stock. Here the first explorer, Cartier, found Indians of this +stock at Hochelaga and Stadacona, now the sites of Montreal and Quebec. +Centuries before his time, according to the native tradition, the +ancestors of the Huron-Iroquois family had dwelt in this locality, or +still further east and nearer to the river's mouth. As the numbers +increased, dissensions arose. The hive swarmed and band after band moved +off to the west and south." + +"Their first station on the south side of the lakes was at the mouth of +the Oswego River.[2] Advancing to the southeast, the emigrants struck +the River Hudson" and thence the ocean. "Most of them returned to the +Mohawk River, where the Huron speech was altered to Mohawk. In Iroquois +tradition and in the constitution of their League the Canienga (Mohawk) +nation ranks as 'eldest brother' of the family. A comparison of the +dialects proves this tradition to be well founded. The Canienga language +approaches nearest to the Huron, and is undoubtedly the source from +which all the other Iroquois dialects are derived. Cusick states +positively that the other families, as he styles them, of the Iroquois +household, leaving the Mohawks in their original abode, proceeded +step by step to the westward. The Oneidas halted at their creek, the +Onondagas at their mountain, the Cayugas at their lake and the Senecas +or Sonontowans, the great hill people, at a lofty eminence which rises +south of the Canandaigua Lake." Hale appeals also to the Wyandot +tradition recorded by Peter Dooyentate Clark, that the Huron originally +lived about Montreal near the "Senecas," until war broke out and drove +them westward. He sets the formation of the League of the Long House as +far back as the fourteenth century. + +All these authors, it will be seen, together with every historian who +has referred to the League,--treat of the Five Nations as _always +having been one people_. A very different view, based principally on +archæology, has however been recently accepted by at least several of +the leading authorities on the subject,--the view that the Iroquois +League was a _compound of two distinct peoples_, the Mohawks, in the +east, including the Oneidas; and the Senecas, in the west, including the +Onondagas and Cayugas. Rev. W.M. Beauchamp, of Baldwinsville, the most +thorough living student of the matter, first suggested a late date for +the coming of the Mohawks and formation of the League. He had noticed +that the three Seneca dialects differed very greatly from the two +Mohawk, and that while the local relics of the former showed they had +been long settled in their country, those of the latter evidenced a very +recent occupation. He had several battles with Hale on the subject, +the latter arguing chiefly from tradition and change of language. "The +probability," writes Mr. Beauchamp--privately to the writer--"is that a +division took place at Lake Erie, or perhaps further west; some passed +on the north side and became the Neutrals and Hurons; _the vanguard +becoming the Mohawks or Hochelagans, afterwards Mohawks and Oneidas_. +Part went far south, as the Tuscaroras and Cherokees, and a more +northern branch, the Andastes; part followed the south shore and became +the Eries, Senecas and Cayugas; part went to the east of Lake Ontario, +removing and becoming the Onondagas, when the Huron war began." + +It is noticeable that the earliest accounts of the Five Nations speak of +them as of two kinds--Mohawks and "Sinnekes," or as termed by the French +the Inferior and Superior Iroquois. For example Antony Van Corlear's +_Journal_, edited by Gen. James Grant Wilson, also certain of the +New York documents. The most thorough local student of early Mohawk +town-sites, Mr. S.L. Frey, of Palatine Bridge, N.Y., supports Mr. +Beauchamp in his view of the late coming of the Mohawks into the Mohawk +River Valley, where they have always been settled in historic times. +According to him, although these people changed their sites every 25 or +30 years from failure of the wood supply and other causes, only four +prehistoric sites have been discovered in that district, all the others +containing relics of European origin. Mr. Beauchamp believes even this +number too large. Both put forward the idea that the Mohawks were the +ancient race of Hochelaga, whose town on the island of Montreal was +visited by Jacques Cartier in 1535, and had disappeared completely in +1608 when Champlain founded Quebec. "What had become of these people?" +writes Mr. Frey, in his pamphlet "The Mohawks." "An overwhelming force +of wandering Algonquins had destroyed their towns. To what new land had +they gone? I think we shall find them seated in the impregnable +strongholds among the hills and in the dense forests of the Mohawk +Valley." + +It is my privilege to take up their theory from the Montreal end and in +the light of the local archaeology of this place and of early French +historical lore, to supply links which seem to throw considerable light +on the problem. + +The description given by Cartier of the picturesque palisaded town +of Hochelaga, situated near the foot of Mount Royal, surrounded by +cornfields, has frequently been quoted. But other points of Cartier's +narrative, concerning the numbers and relations of the population, have +scarcely been studied. Let us examine this phase of it. During his first +voyage in 1534, in the neighbourhood of Gaspé, he met on the water the +first people speaking the tongue of this race, a temporary fishing +community of over 200 souls, men, women and children, in some 40 +canoes, under which they slept, having evidently no village there, but +belonging, as afterwards is stated, to Stadacona. He seized and carried +to France two of them, who, when he returned next year, called the place +where they had been taken _Honguédo_, and said that the north shore, +above Anticosti Island, was the commencement of inhabited country which +led to _Canada_ (the Quebec region), Hochelaga, (Montreal) and the +country of _Saguenay_, far to the west "whence came the red copper" (of +which axes have since been found in the débris of Hochelaga, and which, +in fact, came from Lake Superior), and that no man they ever heard of +had ever been to the end of the great river of fresh water above. Here +we have the first indication of the racial situation of the Hochelagans. +At the mouth of the Saguenay River--so called because it was one of the +routes to the Sagnenay of the Algonquins, west of the Upper Ottawa--he +found four fishing canoes from Canada. Plenty of fishing was prosecuted +from this point upwards. In "the Province of Canada," he proceeds, +"there are several peoples in unwalled villages." At the Isle of +Orleans, just below Quebec, the principal peace chief, or, Agouhanna of +"Canada," Donnaconna, came to them with 12 canoes from the town (ville) +of Stadacona, or Stadaconé, which was surrounded by tilled land on the +heights. Twenty-five canoes from Stadacona afterwards visited them; +and later Donnaconna brought on board "10 or 12 other of the greatest +chiefs" with more than 500 persons, men, women and children, some +doubtless from the neighbouring settlements. If the same 200 persons as +in the previous year were absent fishing at Gaspé, and others in other +spots, these figures argue a considerable population. + +Below Stadacona, were four "peoples and settlements": _Ajoasté, +Starnatam, Tailla_ (on a mountain) and _Satadin_ or _Stadin_. Above +_Stadacona_ were _Tekenouday_ (on a mountain) and _Hochelay_ (_Achelacy_ +or _Hagouchouda_)[3] which was in open country. Further up were +_Hochelaga_ and some settlements on the island of Montreal, and various +other places unobserved by Cartier, belonging to the same race; who +according to a later statement of the remnant of them, confirmed by +archæology, had several "towns" on the island of Montreal and inhabited +"_all the hills to the south and east_."[4] The hills to be seen from +Mount Royal to the south are the northern slopes of the Adirondacks; +while to the east are the lone volcanic eminences in the plain, +Montarville, Beloeil, Rougemont, Johnson, Yamaska, Shefford, Orford and +the Green Mountains. All these hills deserve search for Huron-Iroquois +town-sites. The general sense of this paragraph includes an implication +also of settlements towards and on Lake Champlain, that is to say, when +taken in connection with the landscape. (My own dwelling overlooks this +landscape.) At the same time let me say that perhaps due inquiries might +locate some of the sites of Ajoaste and the other villages in the Quebec +district. In Cartier's third voyage he refers obscurely, in treating +of Montreal, to "the said town of _Tutonaguy_." This word, with French +pronunciation, appears to be the same as that still given by Mohawks to +the Island,--_Tiotiaké_, meaning "deep water beside shallow," that is +to say, "below the Rapid." In the so-called Cabot map of 1544 the name +Hochelaga is replaced by "_Tutonaer_," apparently from some map of +Cartier's. It may be a reproduction of some lost map of his. Lewis H. +Morgan gives "Tiotiake" as "Do-de-a-ga." Another place named by Cartier +is _Maisouna_, to which the chief of Hochelay had been gone two days +when the explorer made his settlement a visit. On a map of Ortelius +of 1556 quoted by Parkman this name appears to be given as Muscova, a +district placed on the right bank of the Richelieu River and opposite +Hochelay, but possibly this is a pure guess, though it is a likely one. +It may perhaps be conjectured that Stadacona, Tailla and Tekenouday, +being on heights, were the oldest strongholds in their region. + +All the country was covered with forests "except around the peoples, +who cut it down to make their settlement and tillage." At Stadacona he +was shown five scalps of a race called _Toudamans_ from the south, with +whom they were constantly at war, and who had killed about 200 of their +people at Massacre Island, Bic, in a cave, while they were on the way to +Honguédo to fish. All these names must of course be given the old French +pronunciation. + +Proceeding up the river near Hochelaga he found "a great number of +dwellings along the shore" inhabited by fisherfolk, as was the custom of +the Huron-Iroquois in the summer season. The village called Hochelay was +situated about forty-five miles above Stadacona, at the Richelieu rapid, +between which and Hochelaga, a distance of about 135 miles, he mentions +no village. This absence of settlements I attribute to the fact that the +intermediate Three Rivers region was an ancient special appurtenance of +the Algonquins, with whom the Hochelagans were to all appearance then on +terms of friendly sufferance and trade, if not alliance. In later days +the same region was uninhabited, on account of Iroquois incursions by +the River Richelieu and Lake Champlain. In the islands at the head of +Lake St. Peter, Cartier met five hunters who directed him to Hochelaga. +"More than a thousand" persons, he says, received them with joy at +Hochelaga. This expression of number however is not very definite. It is +frequently used by Dante to signify a multitude in the _Divina Comédia_. +The town of Hochelaga consisted of "about fifty houses, in length about +fifty paces each at most, and twelve or fifteen paces wide," made of +bark on sapling frames in the manner of the Iroquois long houses. The +round "fifties" are obviously approximate. The plan of the town given in +Ramusio shows some forty-five fires, each serving some five families, +but the interior division differs so greatly from that of early Huron +and Iroquois houses, and from his phrase "fifty by twelve or fifteen," +that it appears to be the result of inaccurate drawing. There is +therefore considerable room for difference as to the population of the +town, ranging from say 1,200 to 2,000 souls, the verbal description +which is much the more authoritative, inclining in favour of the latter. +Any estimate of the total population of the Hochelagan race on the +river, must be a guess. If, however, those on the island of Montreal be +set at 2,000, and the "more than 500" of Stadacona be considered as a +fair average for the principal town and 300 (which also was the average +estimated by Père Lalemant for the Neutral nation) as an average for the +eight or so villages of the Quebec district, (the absentees, such as the +200 at Gaspé from Stadacona being perhaps offset by contingents from the +places close to Stadacona) we have some 4,900 accounted for. Those on +all the hills to the south and east of Mount Royal would add anywhere +from say 3,000 to an indefinitely greater number more. Perhaps 5,000, +however, should not be exceeded as the limit for these hills and Lake +Champlain. We arrive therefore at a guess of from 7,900 to 9,900 as the +total. As the lower figures seem conservative, compared with the early +average of Huron and Iroquois villages, the guess may perhaps be raised +a little to say from 10,000 to 11,000. "This people confines itself to +tillage and fishing, for they do not leave their country and are not +migratory like those of Canada and Saguenay, although the said Canadians +are subject to them, _with eight or nine other peoples who are on +the said river_." Nevertheless the site of Hochelaga, unearthed in +1860, shows them to have been _traders_ to some extent with the west, +evidently through the Ottawa Algonquins. What Cartier did during his +brief visit to the town itself is well known. The main point for us is +that three men led him to the top of Mount Royal and showed him the +country. They told him of the Ottawa River and of three great rapids in +the St. Lawrence, after passing which, "one could sail more than three +moons along the said river," doubtless meaning along the Great Lakes. +Silver and brass they identified as coming from that region, and "there +were Agojudas, or wicked people, armed even to the fingers," of whom +they showed "the make of their armor, which is of cords and wood laced +and woven together; giving to understand that the said Agojudas are +continually at war with one and other." This testimony clearly describes +the armour of the early Hurons and Iroquois[5] as found by Champlain, +and seems to relate to war between the Hurons and Senecas at that period +and to an aversion to them by the people of the town of Hochelaga +themselves; who were, however, living in security from them at the time, +apparently cut off from regular communication with them by Algonquin +peoples, particularly those of the Ottawa, who controlled Huron +communication with the lower St. Lawrence in the same way in Champlain's +days. + +On returning to Stadacona, Cartier, by talking with Donnaconna, learnt +what showed this land of Saguenay so much talked of by these people, to +be undoubtedly the Huron country. "The straight and good and safest road +to it is by the _Fleuve_ (St. Lawrence), to above Hochelaga and by the +river which descends from the said Saguenay and enters the said Fleuve +(as we had seen); and thence it takes a month to reach." This is simply +the Ottawa route to Lake Huron used by the Jesuits in the next century. +What they had seen was the Ottawa River entering the St. Lawrence--from +the top of Mount Royal, whence it is visible to-day. The name Saguenay +may possibly be _Saginaw_,--the old _Saguenam_, the "very deep bay on +the west shore of Lake Huron," of Charlevoix, (Book XI.) though it is +not necessarily Saginaw Bay itself, as such names shift. "And they gave +to understand that in that country the people are clothed with clothes +like us, and _there are many peoples in towns_ and _good persons_ and +that they have a great quantity of gold and of _red copper_. And they +told us that _all the land from the said first river to Hochelagea and +Saguenay is an island surrounded by streams and the said great river +(St. Lawrence)_; and that after passing Saguenay, said river (Ottawa) +enters _two or three great lakes of water, very large; after which a +fresh water sea is reached_, whereof there is no mention of having seen +the end, _as they have heard from those of the Saguenay; for they told +us they had never been there themselves_." Yet later, in chapter XIX., +it is stated that old Donnaconna assured them he had been in the land +of the Saguenay, where he related several impossible marvels, such as +people of only one leg. It is to be noted that "the peoples in towns," +who are apparently Huron-Iroquois, are here referred to as "good +people," while the Hochelagans speak of them as "wicked." This is +explicable enough as a difference of view on distant races with whom +they had no contact. It seems to imply that the "Canada" people were not +in such close communication with the town of Hochelaga as to have the +same opinions and perhaps the Canada view of the Hurons as good persons +was the original view of the early settlers, while the Hochelagans +may have had unpleasant later experiences or echo those of the Ottawa +Algonquins. But furthermore they told him of the Richelieu River where +apparently it took a month to go with their canoes from Sainte Croix +(Stadacona) to a country "where there are never ice nor snow; but where +there are constant wars one against another, and there are oranges, +almonds, nuts, plums, and other kinds of fruit in great abundance, and +oil is made from trees, very good for the cure of diseases; there the +inhabitants are clothed and accoutred in skins like themselves." This +land Cartier considered to be Florida,--but the point for our present +purpose is the frequenting of the Richelieu, Lake Champlain and lands +far south of them by the Hochelagans at that period. At the beginning of +the seventeenth century Capt. John Smith met the canoes of an Iroquois +people on the upper part of Chesapeake Bay. + +We may now draw some conclusions. Originally the population of the St. +Lawrence valley seems to have been occupied by Algonquins, as these +people surrounded it on all sides. A question I would like to see +investigated is whether any of these built villages and grew corn here, +as did some of the Algonquins of the New England coast and those of +Allumette Island on the Ottawa. This might explain some of the deserted +Indian clearings which the early Jesuits noted along the shore of the +river, and of which Champlain, in 1611, used one of about 60 acres +at Place Royale, Montreal. Cartier, it is seen, expressly explains +some of them to be Huron-Iroquois clearings cultivated under his own +observation. The known Algonquins of the immediate region were all +nomadic. + +In 1534 we have, from below Stadacona (Quebec) to above Hochelaga +(Montreal), and down the Richelieu River to Lake Champlain, the valley +in possession of a Huron-Iroquois race, dominated by Hochelaga, a town +of say 2,000 souls, judging from the Huron average and from Cartier's +details. The descendants of the Hochelagans in 1642 pointed out the +spots where there were "several towns" on the island. Mr. Beauchamp +holds, with Parkman, Dawson and other writers, that "those who pointed +out spots in 1642 were of an _Algonquin_ tribe, not descendants of the +Mohawk Hochelagans, but locally their successors." But I cannot accept +this Algonquin theory, as their connection with the Hochelagans is +too explicit and I shall give other reasons further on. The savages, +it is true, called the island by an Algonquin name; "the island where +there was a city or village,"[6] the Algonquin phrase for which was +Minitik-Outen-Entagougiban, but these later terms have small bearing. +The site of one of the towns on the island is conjectured, from the +finding of relics, to have been at Longue Pointe, nine miles below +Hochelaga; a village appears from Cartier's account of his third +voyage to have existed about the Lachine Rapids; and another was some +miles below, probably at Point St. Charles or the Little River at +Verdun. Fourteen skeletons, buried after the Mohawk fashion, have been +discovered on the upper slope of Westmount, the southern ridge of Mount +Royal, about a mile from Hochelaga and not far from an old Indian well, +indicating possibly the proximity of another pre-historic town-site +of the race, and at any rate a burying ground. The identification +and excavations were made by the writer. If, however, the southern +enemies, called Toudamans, five of whose scalps were shown Cartier at +Stadacona were, as one conjecture has it, Tonontouans or Senecas, the +Iroquois identity theory must be varied, but it is much more likely +the Toudamans were the Etchemins. At any rate it seems clear that the +Hochelagan race came down the St. Lawrence as a spur (probably an +adventurous fishing party) from the great Huron-Iroquois centre about +Lake Huron[7]; for that their advent had been recent appears from the +fewness of sites discovered, from the smallness of the population, +considering the richness of the country, and especially from the fact +that the Huron, and the Seneca, and their own tongues were still +mutually comprehensible, notwithstanding the rapid changes of Indian +dialects. Everything considered, their coming might perhaps be placed +about 1450, which could give time for the settlements on Lake Champlain, +unearthed by Dr. D.S. Kellogg and others and rendered probable by their +pottery and other evidence as being Huron-Iroquois.[8] Cartier, as we +have seen, described the Hochelagan towns along the river. + +[Illustration: SHALLOW GRAVE IN PREHISTORIC BURYING GROUND AT WESTMOUNT +ON MOUNT ROYAL SHOWING ATTITUDE OF SEPULTURE.] + +The likeness of the names Tekenouday and Ajoasté to that of the Huron +town Tekenonkiaye, and the Andastean Andoasté, shows how close was the +relationship. Nevertheless the Hochelagans were quite cut off from +the Hurons, whose country as we have found, some of them point to and +describe to Cartier as inhabited by evil men. As the Stadacona people, +more distant, independently refer to them as good, no war could have +been then proceeding with them. + +In 1540 when Roberval came--and down to 1543--the conditions were still +unchanged. What of the events between this date and the coming of +Champlain in 1605? This period can be filled up to some extent. + +About 1560 the Hurons came down, conquered the Hochelagans and their +subject peoples and destroyed Hochelaga. I reach this date as follows: +In 1646 (Relation of 1646, p. 34) Père Lalemant reports that "under the +Algonquin name" the French included "a diversity of small peoples," +one of which was named the Onontchataronons or "the tribe of Iroquet," +"whose ancestors formerly inhabited the island of Montreal," and one of +their old men "aged say eighty years" said "my mother told me that in +her youth _the Hurons_ drove us from this island." (1646, p. 40.) This +makes it clear that the inroad was _Huron_. Note that this man of eighty +years does not mention having _himself_ lived on the island; and also +the addition "_in her youth_." This fact brings us back to before 1566. +But in 1642, another "old man" states that his "grandfathers" had lived +there. Note that he does not say his parents nor himself. These two +statements, I think, reasoning from the average ages of old men, carry +us back to about 1550-60. Champlain, in 1622, notes a remark of two +Iroquois that the war with the Hurons was then "more than fifty years" +old. The Huron inroad could not likely have occurred for several years +after 1542, for so serious an incursion would have taken some years +to grow to such a point out of profound peace. 1550 would therefore +appear a little early. The facts demonstrate incidentally a period of +prosperity and dominance on the part of the Hurons themselves, for +instead of a mere incursion, it exhibits, even if made by invitation of +the Algonquins, a permanent breaking through of the barriers between the +Huron country and the Montreal neighbourhood, and a continuance of their +power long enough and sufficiently to press forward against the enemy +even into Lake Champlain. It also shows that the Superior Iroquois were +not then strong enough to confine them. Before the League, the latter +were only weak single tribes. When Dutch firearms were added to the +advantage of the league, the Hurons finally fell from their power, which +was therefore apparently at its height about 1560. + +Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, end of Bk. V., after +describing the first mass at Ville Marie, in 1642, says: "The evening of +the same day M. de Maisonneuve desired to visit the Mountain which gave +the island its name, and two old Indians who accompanied him thither, +having led him to the top, told him they were of the tribe who had +formerly inhabited this country." "We were," they added, "_very +numerous_ and all the hills (_collines_) which you see to the south and +east, were peopled. The Hurons drove thence our ancestors, of whom a +part took refuge among the Abénakis, _others withdrew into the Iroquois +cantons_, a few remained with our conquerors." They promised Maisonneuve +to do all they could to bring back their people, "but apparently could +not succeed in reassembling the fragments of this dispersed tribe, +which doubtless is that of the Iroquois of which I have spoken in my +_Journal_." + +A proof that this people of Iroquet were not originally Algonquins is +that by their own testimony they had cultivated the ground, one of them +actually took up a handful of the soil and called attention to its +goodness; and they also directly connected themselves in a positive +manner with the Hochelagans by the dates and circumstances indicated +in their remarks as above interpreted. The use of the term "Algonquin" +concerning them is very ambiguous and as they were merged among +Algonquin tribes they were no doubt accustomed to use that language. +Their Huron-Iroquois name, the fact that they were put forward to +interpret to the Iroquois in Champlain's first excursion; and that a +portion of them had joined the Iroquois, another portion the Hurons, and +the rest remained a little band by themselves, seem to add convincingly +to the proof that they were not true Algonquins. Their two names +"Onontchataronons" and "Iroquet" are Iroquois. The ending "Onons" (Onwe) +means "men" and is not properly part of the name. Charlevoix thought +them Hurons, from their name. They were a very small band and, while +mentioned several times in the Jesuit Relations, had disappeared by the +end of the seventeenth century from active history. It was doubtless +impossible for a remnant so placed to maintain themselves against the +great Iroquois war parties. + +A minor question to suggest itself is whether there is any connection +between the names "Iroquet" and "Iroquois". Were they originally forms +of the same word? Or were they two related names of divisions of a +people? Certainly two closely related peoples have these closely similar +names. They were as clearly used as names of distinct tribes however, +in the seventeenth century. The derivation of "Iroquois" given by +Charlevoix from "hiro"--"I have spoken" does not seem at all likely; +but the analogy of the first syllables of the names Er-ié, Hur-ons, +Hir-oquois, Ir-oquet and Cherokee may have something in it. + +The Iroquets or Hochelagans attributed their great disaster,--the +destruction of their towns and dispossession of their island,--to the +Hurons, but Charlevoix[9] records an Algonquin victory over them which +seems to have preceded, and contributed to, that event, though the +lateness of Charlevoix renders the story not so reliable in detail as +the personal recollections of the Iroquets above given: His story[10] +given "on the authority of those most versed in the old history of the +country", proceeds as follows: "Some Algonquins were at war with the +Onontcharonnons better known under the name of Tribe of Iroquet, and +whose former residence was, it is said, in the Island of Montreal. The +name they bear proclaims, they were of Huron speech; nevertheless it +is claimed that it was the Hurons who drove them from their ancient +country, and who in part destroyed them. However that may be, they were +at the time I speak of, at war with the Algonquins, who, to finish +this war at one stroke, thought of a stratagem, which succeeded". This +stratagem was an ambush placed on both sides of the River Bécancour +near Three Rivers, with some pretended fishermen out in canoes as +decoys. The Iroquets attacked and pursued the fishermen, but in the +moment of victory, a hail of arrows issued from the bushes along both +shores. Their canoes being pierced, and the majority wounded, they all +perished. "The tribe of Iroquet never recovered from this disaster; and +none to day remain. The quantity of corpses in the water and on the +banks of the river so infected it, that it retains the name of Rivière +Puante"; (Stinking River). + +Charlevoix[11] gives, as well supported, the story of the origin of the +war between the Iroquois and Algonquins. "The Iroquois had made with +them a sort of alliance very useful to both." They gave grain for +game and armed aid, and thus both lived long on good terms. At last a +disagreement rose in a joint party of 12 young hunters, on account of +the Iroquois succeeding while the Algonquins failed in the chase. The +Algonquins, therefore, maliciously tomahawked the Iroquois in their +sleep. Thence arose the war. + +In 1608, according to Ferland[12] based evidently upon the statement of +Champlain, the remnant of the Hochelagans left in Canada occupied the +triangle above Montreal now bounded by Vandreuil, Kingston and Ottawa. +This perhaps indicates it as the upper part of their former territory. +Sanson's map places them at about the same part of the Ottawa in the +middle of the seventeenth century and identifies them with La Petite +Nation, giving them as "Onontcharonons ou La Petite Nation". That +remnant accompanied Champlain against the Iroquois, being of course +under the influence of their masters the Hurons and Algonquins. +Doubtless their blood is presently represented among the Huron and +Algonquin mission Indians of Oka, Lorette, Petite Nation, etc., and +perhaps among those of Caughnawaga and to some extent, greater or less, +among the Six Nations proper. + +From the foregoing outline of their history, it does not appear as +if the Hochelagans were exactly the Mohawks proper. It seems more +likely that by 1560, settlements, at first mere fishing-parties, then +fishing-villages, and later more developed strongholds with agriculture, +had already been made on Lake Champlain by independent offshoots of the +Hochelagan communities, of perhaps some generations standing, and not +unlikely by arrangement with the Algonquins of the Lake similar to the +understanding on the river St. Lawrence, as peace and travel appear to +have existed there. The bonds of confederacy between village and village +were always shifting and loose among these races until the Great League. +To their Lake Champlain cousins the Hochelagans would naturally fly for +refuge in the day of defeat, for there was no other direction suitable +for their retreat. The Hurons and Algonquins carried on the war against +the fused peoples, down into Lake Champlain. When, after more than +fifty years of the struggle, Champlain goes down to that Lake in 1609, +he finds there the clearings from which they have been driven, and +marks their cabins on his map of the southeast shore. This testimony +is confirmed by that of archaeology showing their movement at the same +period into the Mohawk Valley. Doubtless their grandchildren among the +Iroquois, like their grandchildren among the Algonquins, remembered +perfectly well the fact of their Huron and Algonquin wrongs, and led +many a war party back to scenes known to them through tradition, and +which it was their ambition to recover. It seems then to be the fact +that the Mohawks proper, or some of their villages, while perhaps not +exactly Hochelagans, were part of the kindred peoples recently sprung +from and dominated by them and were driven out at the same time. The +two peoples--Mohawks and Iroquets--had no great time before, if not at +the time of Cartier's arrival--been one race living together in the St. +Lawrence valley: In the territory just west of the Mohawk valley, they +found the "Senecas" as the Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas together were +at first called, and soon, through the genius of the Mohawk Hiawatha, +they formed with them the famous League, in the face of the common +enemy. By that time the Oneidas had become separated from the Mohawks. +These indications place the date of the League very near 1600. The +studies of Dr. Kellogg of Plattsburgh on the New York side of Lake +Champlain and of others on the Vermont shore, who have discovered +several Mohawk sites on that side of the lake may be expected to supply +a link of much interest on the whole question, from the comparison of +pottery and pipes. On the whole the Hochelagan facts throw much light +both forward on the history of the Iroquois and backwards on that of the +Huron stock. Interpreted as above, they afford a meagre but connected +story through a period hitherto lost in darkness, and perhaps a ray by +which further links may still be discovered through continued +archæological investigation. + + NOTE. Like the numbers of the Hochelagan race, the question + how long they had been in the St. Lawrence valley must be + problematical. Sir William Dawson describes the site of Hochelaga + as indicating a residence of several generations. Their own + statements regarding the Huron country--that they "had never + been there", and that they gathered their knowledge of it + from the Ottawa Algonquins, permits some deductions. If the + Hochelagans--including their old men--had never been westward among + their kindred, it is plain that the migration must have taken place + more than the period of an old man's life previous--that is to say + more than say eighty years. If to this we add that the old men + appear not even to have derived such knowledge as they possessed + from their parents but from strangers, then the average full + life of aged parents should be added, or say sixty years more, + making a total of at least one hundred and forty years since the + immigration. Something might, it is true, be allowed for a sojourn + at intermediate points: and the scantiness of the remarks is also + to be remembered. But there remains to account for the considerable + population which had grown up in the land from apparently one + centre. If the original intruders were four hundred, for example, + then in doubling every twenty years, they would number 12,800 + in a century. But this rate is higher than their state of + "Middle-Barbarism" is likely to have permitted and a hundred and + fifty years would seem to be as fast as they could be expected to + attain the population they possessed in Cartier's time. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] "Iroquois Book of Rites," p. 10. + +[2] _Ibid._, p. 13. + +[3] The latter I conjecture not to be the real name of the place but +that the Stadacona people had referred to Hochelay as "Agojuda" or +wicked. The chief of Hochelay on one occasion warned Cartier of plots at +Stadacona, and there appears to have been some antagonism between the +places. The Hochelay people seem to have been Hochelagans proper not +Stadacona Hochelagans. Hochelay-aga could mean "people of Hochelay." + +[4] Relation of 1642. + +[5] Similar armour, though highly elaborated, is to be seen in the suits +of Japanese warriors, made of cords and lacquered wood woven together. + +[6] Relation of 1642, p. 36. + +[7] Two of the Huron nations settled in Canada West about 1400; another +about 1590; the fourth in 1610. See Relations,--W.M. Beauchamp. + +[8] Dr. Kellogg, whose collection is very large and his studies +valuable, writes me as follows: "In 1886 Mr. Frey sent me a little box +of Indian pottery from his vicinity (the Mohawk Valley). It contained +chiefly edge pieces of jars, whose ornamentation outside near the top +was in _lines_, and nearly every one of these pieces also had the _deep +finger nail indentation_. I spread these out on a board. Many had also +the small circle ornamentation, made perhaps by the end of a hollow +bone. This pottery I have always called Iroquois. At two sites near +Plattsburg this type prevails. But otherwise whenever we have found this +type we have looked on it curiously. It is _not_ the type prevailing +here. The type here has ornamentations consisting of dots and dotted +lines, dots in lines, scallop stamps, etc. These dots on a single jar +are hundreds and perhaps thousands in number. Even in Vermont the +Iroquois type is abundant. This confirms what Champlain's Indian friends +told him about the country around the mountains in the east (i.e. in +Vermont) being occupied by their enemies.... The pottery here indicates +a much closer relation with that at Hochelaga than with that at Palatine +Bridge (Mohawk Valley, N.Y.)." + +[9] Journal, Vol. I., pp. 162-4. + +[10] Journal Historique d'un Voyage à L'Am., Lettre VI. + +[11] Journal, end of Letter XII. + +[12] Hist. du Canada, Vol. I., p. 92. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOCHELAGANS AND MOHAWKS*** + + +******* This file should be named 14777-8.txt or 14777-8.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/7/7/14777 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: +https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + diff --git a/old/14777-8.zip b/old/14777-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ba8c80 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14777-8.zip diff --git a/old/14777-h.zip b/old/14777-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b145af7 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14777-h.zip diff --git a/old/14777-h/14777-h.htm b/old/14777-h/14777-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8e49d70 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14777-h/14777-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1009 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Hochelagans and Mohawks, by W. D. Lighthall</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 65%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + .blockquote {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + hr.full { width: 100%; } + a:link {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + link {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + a:hover {color:#ff0000} + pre {font-size: 8pt;} + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Hochelagans and Mohawks, by W. D. Lighthall</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: Hochelagans and Mohawks</p> +<p>Author: W. D. Lighthall</p> +<p>Release Date: January 24, 2005 [eBook #14777]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOCHELAGANS AND MOHAWKS***</p> +<br /><br /><h4>E-text prepared by Wallace McLean, Eric Betts,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + from page images generously made available by<br /> + the Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions/<br /> + Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques<br /> + (Early Canadiana Online)</h4><br /><br /> +<table border="0" bgcolor="ccccff" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Note: + </td> + <td> + Images of the original pages are available through the Canadian + Institute for Historical Microreproductions/Institut canadien + de microreproductions historiques (Early Canadiana Online). + See <a href="http://www.canadiana.org/eco/index.html"> + http://www.canadiana.org/eco/index.html</a> + </td> + </tr> +</table> + +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + + <h3>FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA</h3> + <h4>SECOND SERIES—1899-1900</h4> + <h4>VOLUME V SECTION II</h4> + <h4>ENGLISH HISTORY, LITERATURE, ARCHÆOLOGY, ETC.</h4> + <br /> + <h1>HOCHELAGANS AND MOHAWKS</h1> + <h3>A LINK IN IROQUOIS HISTORY</h3> + <h2>By W. D. LIGHTHALL, M.A., F.R.S.L.</h2> + <br /> + <h6>For Sale by<br /> + J. Hope & Sons, Ottawa; The Copp-Clark Co., Toronto<br /> + Bernard Quaritch, London, England</h6> + <h4>1899</h4> + <hr /> + <h2>II. <i>Hochelagans and Mohawks; A Link in Iroquois History</i>.</h2> + <h4 class="smcap">By W. D. Lighthall, M.A., F.R.S.L.</h4> + <p class="center">(Presented by John Reade and read May 26, 1899.)</p> + <p>The exact origin and first history of the race whose energy so stunted the growth + of early Canada and made the cause of France in America impossible, have long been + wrapped in mystery. In the days of the first white settlements the Iroquois are found + leagued as the Five Nations in their familiar territory from the Mohawk River + westward. Whence they came thither has always been a disputed question. The early + Jesuits agreed that they were an off-shoot of the Huron race whose strongholds were + thickly sown on the eastern shore of Lake Huron, but the Jesuits were not clear as to + their course of migration from that region, it being merely remarked that they had + once possessed some settlements on the St. Lawrence below Montreal, with the apparent + inference that they had arrived at these by way of Lake Champlain. Later writers have + drawn the same inference from the mention made to Cartier by the Hochelagans of + certain enemies from the south whose name and direction had a likeness to later + Iroquois conditions. Charlevoix was persuaded by persons who he considered had + sufficiently studied the subject that their seats before they left for the country of + the Five Nations were about Montreal. The late Horatio Hale<a href="#1">[1]</a> put + the more recently current and widely accepted form of this view as follows: "The + clear and positive traditions of all the surviving tribes, Hurons, Iroquois and + Tuscaroras, point to the Lower St. Lawrence as the earliest known abode of their + stock. Here the first explorer, Cartier, found Indians of this stock at Hochelaga and + Stadacona, now the sites of Montreal and Quebec. Centuries before his time, according + to the native tradition, the ancestors of the Huron-Iroquois family had dwelt in this + locality, or still further east and nearer to the river's mouth. As the numbers + increased, dissensions arose. The hive swarmed and band after band moved off to the + west and south."</p> + <p>"Their first station on the south side of the lakes was at the mouth of the Oswego + River.<a href="#2">[2]</a> Advancing to the southeast, the emigrants struck the River + Hudson" and thence the ocean. Most of them returned to the Mohawk River, where the + Huron speech was altered to Mohawk. In Iroquois tradition and in the constitution of + their League the Canienga (Mohawk) nation ranks as 'eldest brother' of the family. A + comparison of the dialects proves this tradition to be well founded. The Canienga + language approaches nearest to the Huron, and is undoubtedly the source from which + all the other Iroquois dialects are derived. Cusick states positively that the other + families, as he styles them, of the Iroquois household, leaving the Mohawks in their + original abode, proceeded step by step to the westward. The Oneidas halted at their + creek, the Onondagas at their mountain, the Cayugas at their lake and the Senecas or + Sonontowans, the great hill people, at a lofty eminence which rises south of the + Canandaigua Lake." Hale appeals also to the Wyandot tradition recorded by Peter + Dooyentate Clark, that the Huron originally lived about Montreal near the "Senecas," + until war broke out and drove them westward. He sets the formation of the League of + the Long House as far back as the fourteenth century.</p> + <p>All these authors, it will be seen, together with every historian who has referred + to the League,—treat of the Five Nations as <i>always having been one + people</i>. A very different view, based principally on archæology, has however + been recently accepted by at least several of the leading authorities on the + subject,—the view that the Iroquois League was a <i>compound of two distinct + peoples</i>, the Mohawks, in the east, including the Oneidas; and the Senecas, in the + west, including the Onondagas and Cayugas. Rev. W.M. Beauchamp, of Baldwinsville, the + most thorough living student of the matter, first suggested a late date for the + coming of the Mohawks and formation of the League. He had noticed that the three + Seneca dialects differed very greatly from the two Mohawk, and that while the local + relics of the former showed they had been long settled in their country, those of the + latter evidenced a very recent occupation. He had several battles with Hale on the + subject, the latter arguing chiefly from tradition and change of language. "The + probability," writes Mr. Beauchamp—privately to the writer—"is that a + division took place at Lake Erie, or perhaps further west; some passed on the north + side and became the Neutrals and Hurons; <i>the vanguard becoming the Mohawks or + Hochelagans, afterwards Mohawks and Oneidas</i>. Part went far south, as the + Tuscaroras and Cherokees, and a more northern branch, the Andastes; part followed the + south shore and became the Eries, Senecas and Cayugas; part went to the east of Lake + Ontario, removing and becoming the Onondagas, when the Huron war began."</p> + <p>It is noticeable that the earliest accounts of the Five Nations speak of them as + of two kinds—Mohawks and "Sinnekes," or as termed by the French the Inferior + and Superior Iroquois. For example Antony Van Corlear's <i>Journal</i>, edited by + Gen. James Grant Wilson, also certain of the New York documents. The most thorough + local student of early Mohawk town-sites, Mr. S.L. Frey, of Palatine Bridge, N.Y., + supports Mr. Beauchamp in his view of the late coming of the Mohawks into the Mohawk + River Valley, where they have always been settled in historic times. According to + him, although these people changed their sites every 25 or 30 years from failure of + the wood supply and other causes, only four prehistoric sites have been discovered in + that district, all the others containing relics of European origin. Mr. Beauchamp + believes even this number too large. Both put forward the idea that the Mohawks were + the ancient race of Hochelaga, whose town on the island of Montreal was visited by + Jacques Cartier in 1535, and had disappeared completely in 1608 when Champlain + founded Quebec. "What had become of these people?" writes Mr. Frey, in his pamphlet + "The Mohawks." "An overwhelming force of wandering Algonquins had destroyed their + towns. To what new land had they gone? I think we shall find them seated in the + impregnable strongholds among the hills and in the dense forests of the Mohawk + Valley."</p> + <p>It is my privilege to take up their theory from the Montreal end and in the light + of the local archæology of this place and of early French historical lore, to supply + links which seem to throw considerable light on the problem.</p> + <p>The description given by Cartier of the picturesque palisaded town of Hochelaga, + situated near the foot of Mount Royal, surrounded by cornfields, has frequently been + quoted. But other points of Cartier's narrative, concerning the numbers and relations + of the population, have scarcely been studied. Let us examine this phase of it. + During his first voyage in 1534, in the neighbourhood of Gaspé, he met on the + water the first people speaking the tongue of this race, a temporary fishing + community of over 200 souls, men, women and children, in some 40 canoes, under which + they slept, having evidently no village there, but belonging, as afterwards is + stated, to Stadacona. He seized and carried to France two of them, who, when he + returned next year, called the place where they had been taken + <i>Honguédo</i>, and said that the north shore, above Anticosti Island, was + the commencement of inhabited country which led to <i>Canada</i> (the Quebec region), + Hochelaga, (Montreal) and the country of <i>Saguenay</i>, far to the west "whence + came the red copper" (of which axes have since been found in the débris of + Hochelaga, and which, in fact, came from Lake Superior), and that no man they ever + heard of had ever been to the end of the great river of fresh water above. Here we + have the first indication of the racial situation of the Hochelagans. At the mouth of + the Saguenay River—so called because it was one of the routes to the Sagnenay + of the Algonquins, west of the Upper Ottawa—he found four fishing canoes from + Canada. Plenty of fishing was prosecuted from this point upwards. In "the Province of + Canada," he proceeds, "there are several peoples in unwalled villages." At the Isle + of Orleans, just below Quebec, the principal peace chief, or, Agouhanna of "Canada," + Donnaconna, came to them with 12 canoes from the town (ville) of Stadacona, or + Stadaconé, which was surrounded by tilled land on the heights. Twenty-five + canoes from Stadacona afterwards visited them; and later Donnaconna brought on board + "10 or 12 other of the greatest chiefs" with more than 500 persons, men, women and + children, some doubtless from the neighbouring settlements. If the same 200 persons + as in the previous year were absent fishing at Gaspé, and others in other + spots, these figures argue a considerable population.</p> + <p>Below Stadacona, were four "peoples and settlements": <i>Ajoasté, + Starnatam, Tailla</i> (on a mountain) and <i>Satadin</i> or <i>Stadin</i>. Above + <i>Stadacona</i> were <i>Tekenouday</i> (on a mountain) and <i>Hochelay</i> + (<i>Achelacy</i> or <i>Hagouchouda</i>)<a href="#3">[3]</a> which was in open + country. Further up were <i>Hochelaga</i> and some settlements on the island of + Montreal, and various other places unobserved by Cartier, belonging to the same race; + who according to a later statement of the remnant of them, confirmed by + archæology, had several "towns" on the island of Montreal and inhabited "<i>all + the hills to the south and east</i>."<a href="#4">[4]</a> The hills to be seen from + Mount Royal to the south are the northern slopes of the Adirondacks; while to the + east are the lone volcanic eminences in the plain, Montarville, Beloeil, Rougemont, + Johnson, Yamaska, Shefford, Orford and the Green Mountains. All these hills deserve + search for Huron-Iroquois town-sites. The general sense of this paragraph includes an + implication also of settlements towards and on Lake Champlain, that is to say, when + taken in connection with the landscape. (My own dwelling overlooks this landscape.) + At the same time let me say that perhaps due inquiries might locate some of the sites + of Ajoaste and the other villages in the Quebec district. In Cartier's third voyage + he refers obscurely, in treating of Montreal, to "the said town of <i>Tutonaguy</i>." + This word, with French pronunciation, appears to be the same as that still given by + Mohawks to the Island,—<i>Tiotiaké</i>, meaning "deep water beside + shallow," that is to say, "below the Rapid." In the so-called Cabot map of 1544 the + name Hochelaga is replaced by "<i>Tutonaer</i>," apparently from some map of + Cartier's. It may be a reproduction of some lost map of his. Lewis H. Morgan gives + "Tiotiake" as "Do-de-a-ga." Another place named by Cartier is <i>Maisouna</i>, to + which the chief of Hochelay had been gone two days when the explorer made his + settlement a visit. On a map of Ortelius of 1556 quoted by Parkman this name appears + to be given as Muscova, a district placed on the right bank of the Richelieu River + and opposite Hochelay, but possibly this is a pure guess, though it is a likely one. + It may perhaps be conjectured that Stadacona, Tailla and Tekenouday, being on + heights, were the oldest strongholds in their region.</p> + <p>All the country was covered with forests "except around the peoples, who cut it + down to make their settlement and tillage." At Stadacona he was shown five scalps of + a race called <i>Toudamans</i> from the south, with whom they were constantly at war, + and who had killed about 200 of their people at Massacre Island, Bic, in a cave, + while they were on the way to Honguédo to fish. All these names must of course + be given the old French pronunciation.</p> + <p>Proceeding up the river near Hochelaga he found "a great number of dwellings along + the shore" inhabited by fisherfolk, as was the custom of the Huron-Iroquois in the + summer season. The village called Hochelay was situated about forty-five miles above + Stadacona, at the Richelieu rapid, between which and Hochelaga, a distance of about + 135 miles, he mentions no village. This absence of settlements I attribute to the + fact that the intermediate Three Rivers region was an ancient special appurtenance of + the Algonquins, with whom the Hochelagans were to all appearance then on terms of + friendly sufferance and trade, if not alliance. In later days the same region was + uninhabited, on account of Iroquois incursions by the River Richelieu and Lake + Champlain. In the islands at the head of Lake St. Peter, Cartier met five hunters who + directed him to Hochelaga. "More than a thousand" persons, he says, received them + with joy at Hochelaga. This expression of number however is not very definite. It is + frequently used by Dante to signify a multitude in the <i>Divina Comédia</i>. + The town of Hochelaga consisted of "about fifty houses, in length about fifty paces + each at most, and twelve or fifteen paces wide," made of bark on sapling frames in + the manner of the Iroquois long houses. The round "fifties" are obviously + approximate. The plan of the town given in Ramusio shows some forty-five fires, each + serving some five families, but the interior division differs so greatly from that of + early Huron and Iroquois houses, and from his phrase "fifty by twelve or fifteen," + that it appears to be the result of inaccurate drawing. There is therefore + considerable room for difference as to the population of the town, ranging from say + 1,200 to 2,000 souls, the verbal description which is much the more authoritative, + inclining in favour of the latter. Any estimate of the total population of the + Hochelagan race on the river, must be a guess. If, however, those on the island of + Montreal be set at 2,000, and the "more than 500" of Stadacona be considered as a + fair average for the principal town and 300 (which also was the average estimated by + Père Lalemant for the Neutral nation) as an average for the eight or so + villages of the Quebec district, (the absentees, such as the 200 at Gaspé from + Stadacona being perhaps offset by contingents from the places close to Stadacona) we + have some 4,900 accounted for. Those on all the hills to the south and east of Mount + Royal would add anywhere from say 3,000 to an indefinitely greater number more. + Perhaps 5,000, however, should not be exceeded as the limit for these hills and Lake + Champlain. We arrive therefore at a guess of from 7,900 to 9,900 as the total. As the + lower figures seem conservative, compared with the early average of Huron and + Iroquois villages, the guess may perhaps be raised a little to say from 10,000 to + 11,000. "This people confines itself to tillage and fishing, for they do not leave + their country and are not migratory like those of Canada and Saguenay, although the + said Canadians are subject to them, <i>with eight or nine other peoples who are on + the said river</i>." Nevertheless the site of Hochelaga, unearthed in 1860, shows + them to have been <i>traders</i> to some extent with the west, evidently through the + Ottawa Algonquins. What Cartier did during his brief visit to the town itself is well + known. The main point for us is that three men led him to the top of Mount Royal and + showed him the country. They told him of the Ottawa River and of three great rapids + in the St. Lawrence, after passing which, "one could sail more than three moons along + the said river," doubtless meaning along the Great Lakes. Silver and brass they + identified as coming from that region, and "there were Agojudas, or wicked people, + armed even to the fingers," of whom they showed "the make of their armor, which is of + cords and wood laced and woven together; giving to understand that the said Agojudas + are continually at war with one and other." This testimony clearly describes the + armour of the early Hurons and Iroquois<a href="#5">[5]</a> as found by Champlain, + and seems to relate to war between the Hurons and Senecas at that period and to an + aversion to them by the people of the town of Hochelaga themselves; who were, + however, living in security from them at the time, apparently cut off from regular + communication with them by Algonquin peoples, particularly those of the Ottawa, who + controlled Huron communication with the lower St. Lawrence in the same way in + Champlain's days.</p> + <p>On returning to Stadacona, Cartier, by talking with Donnaconna, learnt what showed + this land of Saguenay so much talked of by these people, to be undoubtedly the Huron + country. "The straight and good and safest road to it is by the <i>Fleuve</i> (St. + Lawrence), to above Hochelaga and by the river which descends from the said Saguenay + and enters the said Fleuve (as we had seen); and thence it takes a month to reach." + This is simply the Ottawa route to Lake Huron used by the Jesuits in the next + century. What they had seen was the Ottawa River entering the St. Lawrence—from + the top of Mount Royal, whence it is visible to-day. The name Saguenay may possibly + be <i>Saginaw</i>,—the old <i>Saguenam</i>, the "very deep bay on the west + shore of Lake Huron," of Charlevoix, (Book XI.) though it is not necessarily Saginaw + Bay itself, as such names shift. "And they gave to understand that in that country the + people are clothed with clothes like us, and <i>there are many peoples in towns</i> + and <i>good persons</i> and that they have a great quantity of gold and of <i>red + copper</i>. And they told us that <i>all the land from the said first river to + Hochelagea and Saguenay is an island surrounded by streams and the said great river + (St. Lawrence)</i>; and that after passing Saguenay, said river (Ottawa) enters + <i>two or three great lakes of water, very large; after which a fresh water sea is + reached</i>, whereof there is no mention of having seen the end, <i>as they have + heard from those of the Saguenay; for they told us they had never been there + themselves</i>." Yet later, in chapter XIX., it is stated that old Donnaconna assured + them he had been in the land of the Saguenay, where he related several impossible + marvels, such as people of only one leg. It is to be noted that "the peoples in + towns," who are apparently Huron-Iroquois, are here referred to as "good people," + while the Hochelagans speak of them as "wicked." This is explicable enough as a + difference of view on distant races with whom they had no contact. It seems to imply + that the "Canada" people were not in such close communication with the town of + Hochelaga as to have the same opinions and perhaps the Canada view of the Hurons as + good persons was the original view of the early settlers, while the Hochelagans may + have had unpleasant later experiences or echo those of the Ottawa Algonquins. But + furthermore they told him of the Richelieu River where apparently it took a month to + go with their canoes from Sainte Croix (Stadacona) to a country "where there are + never ice nor snow; but where there are constant wars one against another, and there + are oranges, almonds, nuts, plums, and other kinds of fruit in great abundance, and + oil is made from trees, very good for the cure of diseases; there the inhabitants are + clothed and accoutred in skins like themselves." This land Cartier considered to be + Florida,—but the point for our present purpose is the frequenting of the + Richelieu, Lake Champlain and lands far south of them by the Hochelagans at that + period. At the beginning of the seventeenth century Capt. John Smith met the canoes + of an Iroquois people on the upper part of Chesapeake Bay.</p> + <p>We may now draw some conclusions. Originally the population of the St. Lawrence + valley seems to have been occupied by Algonquins, as these people surrounded it on + all sides. A question I would like to see investigated is whether any of these built + villages and grew corn here, as did some of the Algonquins of the New England coast + and those of Allumette Island on the Ottawa. This might explain some of the deserted + Indian clearings which the early Jesuits noted along the shore of the river, and of + which Champlain, in 1611, used one of about 60 acres at Place Royale, Montreal. + Cartier, it is seen, expressly explains some of them to be Huron-Iroquois clearings + cultivated under his own observation. The known Algonquins of the immediate region + were all nomadic.</p> + <p>In 1534 we have, from below Stadacona (Quebec) to above Hochelaga (Montreal), and + down the Richelieu River to Lake Champlain, the valley in possession of a + Huron-Iroquois race, dominated by Hochelaga, a town of say 2,000 souls, judging from + the Huron average and from Cartier's details. The descendants of the Hochelagans in + 1642 pointed out the spots where there were "several towns" on the island. Mr. + Beauchamp holds, with Parkman, Dawson and other writers, that "those who pointed out + spots in 1642 were of an <i>Algonquin</i> tribe, not descendants of the Mohawk + Hochelagans, but locally their successors." But I cannot accept this Algonquin + theory, as their connection with the Hochelagans is too explicit and I shall give + other reasons further on. The savages, it is true, called the island by an Algonquin + name; "the island where there was a city or village,"<a href="#6">[6]</a> the + Algonquin phrase for which was Minitik-Outen-Entagougiban, but these later terms have small + bearing. The site of one of the towns on the island is conjectured, from the finding + of relics, to have been at Longue Pointe, nine miles below Hochelaga; a village + appears from Cartier's account of his third voyage to have existed about the Lachine + Rapids; and another was some miles below, probably at Point St. Charles or the Little + River at Verdun. Fourteen skeletons, buried after the Mohawk fashion, have been + discovered on the upper slope of Westmount, the southern ridge of Mount Royal, about + a mile from Hochelaga and not far from an old Indian well, indicating possibly the + proximity of another pre-historic town-site of the race, and at any rate a burying + ground. The identification and excavations were made by the writer. If, however, the + southern enemies, called Toudamans, five of whose scalps were shown Cartier at + Stadacona, were, as one conjecture has it, Tonontouans or Senecas, the Iroquois + identity theory must be varied, but it is much more likely the Toudamans were the + Etchemins. At any rate it seems clear that the Hochelagan race came down the St. + Lawrence as a spur (probably an adventurous fishing party) from the great + Huron-Iroquois centre about Lake Huron<a href="#7">[7]</a>; for that their advent had + been recent appears from the fewness of sites discovered, from the smallness of the + population, considering the richness of the country, and especially from the fact + that the Huron, and the Seneca, and their own tongues were still mutually + comprehensible, notwithstanding the rapid changes of Indian dialects. Everything + considered, their coming might perhaps be placed about 1450, which could give time + for the settlements on Lake Champlain, unearthed by Dr. D.S. Kellogg and others and + rendered probable by their pottery and other evidence as being Huron-Iroquois.<a + href="#8">[8]</a> Cartier, as we have seen, described the Hochelagan towns along the + river.</p> + + <div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/1.png" width="100%" + alt="SHALLOW GRAVE IN PREHISTORIC BURYING GROUND AT WESTMOUNT ON MOUNT ROYAL SHOWING ATTITUDE OF SEPULTURE." /> + <font size="-1">SHALLOW GRAVE IN PREHISTORIC BURYING GROUND AT WESTMOUNT + ON MOUNT ROYAL SHOWING ATTITUDE OF SEPULTURE.</font> + </div> + <br /> + + <p>The likeness of the names Tekenouday and Ajoasté to that of the Huron town + Tekenonkiaye, and the Andastean Andoasté, shows how close was the + relationship. Nevertheless the Hochelagans were quite cut off from the Hurons, whose + country as we have found, some of them point to and describe to Cartier as inhabited + by evil men. As the Stadacona people, more distant, independently refer to them as + good, no war could have been then proceeding with them.</p> + <p>In 1540 when Roberval came—and down to 1543—the conditions were still + unchanged. What of the events between this date and the coming of Champlain in 1605? + This period can be filled up to some extent.</p> + <p>About 1560 the Hurons came down, conquered the Hochelagans and their subject + peoples and destroyed Hochelaga. I reach this date as follows: In 1646 (Relation of + 1646, p. 34) Père Lalemant reports that "under the Algonquin name" the French + included "a diversity of small peoples," one of which was named the Onontchataronons + or "the tribe of Iroquet," "whose ancestors formerly inhabited the island of + Montreal," and one of their old men "aged say eighty years" said "my mother told me + that in her youth <i>the Hurons</i> drove us from this island." (1646, p. 40.) This + makes it clear that the inroad was <i>Huron</i>. Note that this man of eighty years + does not mention having <i>himself</i> lived on the island; and also the addition + "<i>in her youth</i>." This fact brings us back to before 1566. But in 1642, another + "old man" states that his "grandfathers" had lived there. Note that he does not say + his parents nor himself. These two statements, I think, reasoning from the average + ages of old men, carry us back to about 1550-60. Champlain, in 1622, notes a remark + of two Iroquois that the war with the Hurons was then "more than fifty years" old. + The Huron inroad could not likely have occurred for several years after 1542, for so + serious an incursion would have taken some years to grow to such a point out of + profound peace. 1550 would therefore appear a little early. The facts demonstrate + incidentally a period of prosperity and dominance on the part of the Hurons + themselves, for instead of a mere incursion, it exhibits, even if made by invitation + of the Algonquins, a permanent breaking through of the barriers between the Huron + country and the Montreal neighbourhood, and a continuance of their power long enough + and sufficiently to press forward against the enemy even into Lake Champlain. It also + shows that the Superior Iroquois were not then strong enough to confine them. Before + the League, the latter were only weak single tribes. When Dutch firearms were added + to the advantage of the league, the Hurons finally fell from their power, which was + therefore apparently at its height about 1560.</p> + <p>Charlevoix, <i>Histoire de la Nouvelle France</i>, end of Bk. V., after describing + the first mass at Ville Marie, in 1642, says: "The evening of the same day M. de + Maisonneuve desired to visit the Mountain which gave the island its name, and two old + Indians who accompanied him thither, having led him to the top, told him they were of + the tribe who had formerly inhabited this country." "We were," they added, "<i>very + numerous</i> and all the hills (<i>collines</i>) which you see to the south and east, + were peopled. The Hurons drove thence our ancestors, of whom a part took refuge among + the Abénakis, <i>others withdrew into the Iroquois cantons</i>, a few remained + with our conquerors." They promised Maisonneuve to do all they could to bring back + their people, "but apparently could not succeed in reassembling the fragments of this + dispersed tribe, which doubtless is that of the Iroquois of which I have spoken in my + <i>Journal</i>."</p> + <p>A proof that this people of Iroquet were not originally Algonquins is that by + their own testimony they had cultivated the ground, one of them actually took up a + handful of the soil and called attention to its goodness; and they also directly + connected themselves in a positive manner with the Hochelagans by the dates and + circumstances indicated in their remarks as above interpreted. The use of the term + "Algonquin" concerning them is very ambiguous and as they were merged among Algonquin + tribes they were no doubt accustomed to use that language. Their Huron-Iroquois name, + the fact that they were put forward to interpret to the Iroquois in Champlain's first + excursion; and that a portion of them had joined the Iroquois, another portion the + Hurons, and the rest remained a little band by themselves, seem to add convincingly + to the proof that they were not true Algonquins. Their two names "Onontchataronons" + and "Iroquet" are Iroquois. The ending "Onons" (Onwe) means "men" and is not properly + part of the name. Charlevoix thought them Hurons, from their name. They were a very + small band and, while mentioned several times in the Jesuit Relations, had + disappeared by the end of the seventeenth century from active history. It was + doubtless impossible for a remnant so placed to maintain themselves against the great + Iroquois war parties.</p> + <p>A minor question to suggest itself is whether there is any connection between the + names "Iroquet" and "Iroquois". Were they originally forms of the same word? Or were + they two related names of divisions of a people? Certainly two closely related + peoples have these closely similar names. They were as clearly used as names of + distinct tribes however, in the seventeenth century. The derivation of "Iroquois" + given by Charlevoix from "hiro"—"I have spoken" does not seem at all likely; + but the analogy of the first syllables of the names Er-ié, Hur-ons, + Hir-oquois, Ir-oquet and Cherokee may have something in it.</p> + <p>The Iroquets or Hochelagans attributed their great disaster,—the destruction + of their towns and dispossession of their island,—to the Hurons, but + Charlevoix<a href="#9">[9]</a> records an Algonquin victory over them which seems to + have preceded, and contributed to, that event, though the lateness of Charlevoix + renders the story not so reliable in detail as the personal recollections of the + Iroquets above given: His story<a href="#10">[10]</a> given "on the authority of + those most versed in the old history of the country", proceeds as follows: "Some + Algonquins were at war with the Onontcharonnons better known under the name of Tribe + of Iroquet, and whose former residence was, it is said, in the Island of Montreal. + The name they bear proclaims, they were of Huron speech; nevertheless it is claimed + that it was the Hurons who drove them from their ancient country, and who in part + destroyed them. However that may be, they were at the time I speak of, at war with + the Algonquins, who, to finish this war at one stroke, thought of a stratagem, which + succeeded". This stratagem was an ambush placed on both sides of the River + Bécancour near Three Rivers, with some pretended fishermen out in canoes as + decoys. The Iroquets attacked and pursued the fishermen, but in the moment of + victory, a hail of arrows issued from the bushes along both shores. Their canoes + being pierced, and the majority wounded, they all perished. "The tribe of Iroquet + never recovered from this disaster; and none to day remain. The quantity of corpses + in the water and on the banks of the river so infected it, that it retains the name + of Rivière Puante"; (Stinking River).</p> + <p>Charlevoix<a href="#11">[11]</a> gives, as well supported, the story of the origin + of the war between the Iroquois and Algonquins. "The Iroquois had made with them a + sort of alliance very useful to both." They gave grain for game and armed aid, and + thus both lived long on good terms. At last a disagreement rose in a joint party of + 12 young hunters, on account of the Iroquois succeeding while the Algonquins failed + in the chase. The Algonquins, therefore, maliciously tomahawked the Iroquois in their + sleep. Thence arose the war.</p> + <p>In 1608, according to Ferland<a href="#12">[12]</a> based evidently upon the + statement of Champlain, the remnant of the Hochelagans left in Canada occupied the + triangle above Montreal now bounded by Vandreuil, Kingston and Ottawa. This perhaps + indicates it as the upper part of their former territory. Sanson's map places them at + about the same part of the Ottawa in the middle of the seventeenth century and + identifies them with La Petite Nation, giving them as "Onontcharonons ou La Petite + Nation". That remnant accompanied Champlain against the Iroquois, being of course + under the influence of their masters the Hurons and Algonquins. Doubtless their blood + is presently represented among the Huron and Algonquin mission Indians of Oka, + Lorette, Petite Nation, etc., and perhaps among those of Caughnawaga and to some + extent, greater or less, among the Six Nations proper.</p> + <p>From the foregoing outline of their history, it does not appear as if the + Hochelagans were exactly the Mohawks proper. It seems more likely that by 1560, + settlements, at first mere fishing-parties, then fishing-villages, and later more + developed strongholds with agriculture, had already been made on Lake Champlain by + independent offshoots of the Hochelagan communities, of perhaps some generations + standing, and not unlikely by arrangement with the Algonquins of the Lake similar to + the understanding on the river St. Lawrence, as peace and travel appear to have + existed there. The bonds of confederacy between village and village were always + shifting and loose among these races until the Great League. To their Lake Champlain + cousins the Hochelagans would naturally fly for refuge in the day of defeat, for + there was no other direction suitable for their retreat. The Hurons and Algonquins + carried on the war against the fused peoples, down into Lake Champlain. When, after + more than fifty years of the struggle, Champlain goes down to that Lake in 1609, he + finds there the clearings from which they have been driven, and marks their cabins on + his map of the southeast shore. This testimony is confirmed by that of archæology + showing their movement at the same period into the Mohawk Valley. Doubtless their + grandchildren among the Iroquois, like their grandchildren among the Algonquins, + remembered perfectly well the fact of their Huron and Algonquin wrongs, and led many + a war party back to scenes known to them through tradition, and which it was their + ambition to recover. It seems then to be the fact that the Mohawks proper, or some of + their villages, while perhaps not exactly Hochelagans, were part of the kindred + peoples recently sprung from and dominated by them and were driven out at the same + time. The two peoples—Mohawks and Iroquets—had no great time before, if + not at the time of Cartier's arrival—been one race living together in the St. + Lawrence valley: In the territory just west of the Mohawk valley, they found the + "Senecas" as the Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas together were at first called, and + soon, through the genius of the Mohawk Hiawatha, they formed with them the famous + League, in the face of the common enemy. By that time the Oneidas had become + separated from the Mohawks. These indications place the date of the League very near + 1600. The studies of Dr. Kellogg of Plattsburgh on the New York side of Lake + Champlain and of others on the Vermont shore, who have discovered several Mohawk + sites on that side of the lake may be expected to supply a link of much interest on + the whole question, from the comparison of pottery and pipes. On the whole the + Hochelagan facts throw much light both forward on the history of the Iroquois and + backwards on that of the Huron stock. Interpreted as above, they afford a meagre but + connected story through a period hitherto lost in darkness, and perhaps a ray by + which further links may still be discovered through continued archæological + investigation.</p> + <blockquote><p>NOTE. Like the numbers of the Hochelagan race, the + question how long they had been in the St. Lawrence valley must + be problematical. Sir William Dawson describes the + site of Hochelaga as indicating a residence of several generations. + Their own statements regarding the Huron country—that + they "had never been there", and that they gathered their knowledge of + it from the Ottawa Algonquins, permits some deductions. If + the Hochelagans—including their old men—had + never been westward among their kindred, it is plain that the migration must + have taken place more than the period of an old man's life + previous—that is to say more than say eighty years. If to this we add that + the old men appear not even to have derived such knowledge as + they possessed from their parents but from strangers, then the + average full life of aged parents should be added, or say sixty years + more, making a total of at least one hundred and forty years since + the immigration. Something might, it is true, be + allowed for a sojourn at intermediate points: and the scantiness of the + remarks is also to be remembered. But there remains to account for + the considerable population which had grown up in the land from + apparently one centre. If the original intruders were four + hundred, for example, then in doubling every twenty years, they would + number 12,800 in a century. But this rate is higher than their state + of "Middle-Barbarism" is likely to have permitted and a hundred and + fifty years would seem to be as fast as they could be expected to + attain the population they possessed in Cartier's time.</p></blockquote> + + <hr /> + + <h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + <p class="footnote"><a name="1">[1]</a> "Iroquois Book of Rites," p. 10.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="2"></a>[2] <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 13.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="3"></a>[3] The latter I conjecture not to be the real name of + the place but that the Stadacona people had referred to Hochelay as "Agojuda" or + wicked. The chief of Hochelay on one occasion warned Cartier of plots at Stadacona, + and there appears to have been some antagonism between the places. The Hochelay + people seem to have been Hochelagans proper not Stadacona Hochelagans. Hochelay-aga + could mean "people of Hochelay."</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="4"></a>[4] Relation of 1642.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="5"></a>[5] Similar armour, though highly elaborated, is to be + seen in the suits of Japanese warriors, made of cords and lacquered wood woven + together.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="6"></a>[6] Relation of 1642, p. 36.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="7"></a>[7] Two of the Huron nations settled in Canada West about + 1400; another about 1590; the fourth in 1610. See Relations,—W.M. + Beauchamp.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="8"></a>[8] Dr. Kellogg, whose collection is very large and his + studies valuable, writes me as follows: "In 1886 Mr. Frey sent me a little box of + Indian pottery from his vicinity (the Mohawk Valley). It contained chiefly edge + pieces of jars, whose ornamentation outside near the top was in <i>lines</i>, and + nearly every one of these pieces also had the <i>deep finger nail indentation</i>. + I spread these out on a board. Many had also the small circle ornamentation, made + perhaps by the end of a hollow bone. This pottery I have always called Iroquois. At + two sites near Plattsburg this type prevails. But otherwise whenever we have found + this type we have looked on it curiously. It is <i>not</i> the type prevailing + here. The type here has ornamentations consisting of dots and dotted lines, dots in + lines, scallop stamps, etc. These dots on a single jar are hundreds and perhaps + thousands in number. Even in Vermont the Iroquois type is abundant. This confirms + what Champlain's Indian friends told him about the country around the mountains in + the east (i.e. in Vermont) being occupied by their enemies.... The pottery here + indicates a much closer relation with that at Hochelaga than with that at Palatine + Bridge (Mohawk Valley, N.Y.)."</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="9"></a>[9] Journal, Vol. I., pp. 162-4.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="10"></a>[10] Journal Historique d'un Voyage à L'Am., + Lettre VI.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="11"></a>[11] Journal, end of Letter XII.</p> + <p class="footnote"><a name="12"></a>[12] Hist. du Canada, Vol. I., p. 92.</p> + +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOCHELAGANS AND MOHAWKS***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 14777-h.txt or 14777-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/7/7/14777">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/7/7/14777</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution.</p> + + + +<pre> +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +<a href="https://gutenberg.org/license">https://gutenberg.org/license)</a>. + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: +https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">https://www.gutenberg.org</a> + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. + +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/">https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/</a> + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL">https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL</a> + +*** END: FULL LICENSE *** +</pre> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/old/14777-h/images/1.png b/old/14777-h/images/1.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb24be7 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14777-h/images/1.png diff --git a/old/14777.txt b/old/14777.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e98dc23 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14777.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1043 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Hochelagans and Mohawks, by W. D. Lighthall + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Hochelagans and Mohawks + +Author: W. D. Lighthall + +Release Date: January 24, 2005 [eBook #14777] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOCHELAGANS AND MOHAWKS*** + + +E-text prepared by Wallace McLean, Eric Betts, and the Project Gutenberg +Online Distributed Proofreading Team from page images generously made +available by the Canadian Institute for Historical +Microreproductions/Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques +(Early Canadiana Online) + + + +Note: Images of the original pages are available through the Canadian + Institute for Historical Microreproductions/Institut canadien + de microreproductions historiques (Early Canadiana Online). + See http://www.canadiana.org/eco/index.html + + + + +From the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada + +Second Series--1899-1900 + +Volume V Section Ii + +English History, Literature, Archaeology, Etc. + +HOCHELAGANS AND MOHAWKS + +A Link in Iroquois History + +by + +W. D. LIGHTHALL, M.A., F.R.S.L. + +For Sale by J. Hope & Sons, Ottawa; The Copp-Clark Co., Toronto +Bernard Quaritch, London, England + +1899 + + + + + + + +II. Hochelagans and Mohawks; A Link in Iroquois History. + +By W. D. LIGHTHALL, M.A., F.R.S.L. + +(Presented by John Reade and read May 26, 1899.) + + +The exact origin and first history of the race whose energy so stunted +the growth of early Canada and made the cause of France in America +impossible, have long been wrapped in mystery. In the days of the first +white settlements the Iroquois are found leagued as the Five Nations in +their familiar territory from the Mohawk River westward. Whence they +came thither has always been a disputed question. The early Jesuits +agreed that they were an off-shoot of the Huron race whose strongholds +were thickly sown on the eastern shore of Lake Huron, but the Jesuits +were not clear as to their course of migration from that region, it +being merely remarked that they had once possessed some settlements on +the St. Lawrence below Montreal, with the apparent inference that they +had arrived at these by way of Lake Champlain. Later writers have drawn +the same inference from the mention made to Cartier by the Hochelagans +of certain enemies from the south whose name and direction had a +likeness to later Iroquois conditions. Charlevoix was persuaded by +persons who he considered had sufficiently studied the subject that +their seats before they left for the country of the Five Nations were +about Montreal. The late Horatio Hale[1] put the more recently current +and widely accepted form of this view as follows: "The clear and +positive traditions of all the surviving tribes, Hurons, Iroquois and +Tuscaroras, point to the Lower St. Lawrence as the earliest known abode +of their stock. Here the first explorer, Cartier, found Indians of this +stock at Hochelaga and Stadacona, now the sites of Montreal and Quebec. +Centuries before his time, according to the native tradition, the +ancestors of the Huron-Iroquois family had dwelt in this locality, or +still further east and nearer to the river's mouth. As the numbers +increased, dissensions arose. The hive swarmed and band after band moved +off to the west and south." + +"Their first station on the south side of the lakes was at the mouth of +the Oswego River.[2] Advancing to the southeast, the emigrants struck +the River Hudson" and thence the ocean. "Most of them returned to the +Mohawk River, where the Huron speech was altered to Mohawk. In Iroquois +tradition and in the constitution of their League the Canienga (Mohawk) +nation ranks as 'eldest brother' of the family. A comparison of the +dialects proves this tradition to be well founded. The Canienga language +approaches nearest to the Huron, and is undoubtedly the source from +which all the other Iroquois dialects are derived. Cusick states +positively that the other families, as he styles them, of the Iroquois +household, leaving the Mohawks in their original abode, proceeded +step by step to the westward. The Oneidas halted at their creek, the +Onondagas at their mountain, the Cayugas at their lake and the Senecas +or Sonontowans, the great hill people, at a lofty eminence which rises +south of the Canandaigua Lake." Hale appeals also to the Wyandot +tradition recorded by Peter Dooyentate Clark, that the Huron originally +lived about Montreal near the "Senecas," until war broke out and drove +them westward. He sets the formation of the League of the Long House as +far back as the fourteenth century. + +All these authors, it will be seen, together with every historian who +has referred to the League,--treat of the Five Nations as _always +having been one people_. A very different view, based principally on +archaeology, has however been recently accepted by at least several of +the leading authorities on the subject,--the view that the Iroquois +League was a _compound of two distinct peoples_, the Mohawks, in the +east, including the Oneidas; and the Senecas, in the west, including the +Onondagas and Cayugas. Rev. W.M. Beauchamp, of Baldwinsville, the most +thorough living student of the matter, first suggested a late date for +the coming of the Mohawks and formation of the League. He had noticed +that the three Seneca dialects differed very greatly from the two +Mohawk, and that while the local relics of the former showed they had +been long settled in their country, those of the latter evidenced a very +recent occupation. He had several battles with Hale on the subject, +the latter arguing chiefly from tradition and change of language. "The +probability," writes Mr. Beauchamp--privately to the writer--"is that a +division took place at Lake Erie, or perhaps further west; some passed +on the north side and became the Neutrals and Hurons; _the vanguard +becoming the Mohawks or Hochelagans, afterwards Mohawks and Oneidas_. +Part went far south, as the Tuscaroras and Cherokees, and a more +northern branch, the Andastes; part followed the south shore and became +the Eries, Senecas and Cayugas; part went to the east of Lake Ontario, +removing and becoming the Onondagas, when the Huron war began." + +It is noticeable that the earliest accounts of the Five Nations speak of +them as of two kinds--Mohawks and "Sinnekes," or as termed by the French +the Inferior and Superior Iroquois. For example Antony Van Corlear's +_Journal_, edited by Gen. James Grant Wilson, also certain of the +New York documents. The most thorough local student of early Mohawk +town-sites, Mr. S.L. Frey, of Palatine Bridge, N.Y., supports Mr. +Beauchamp in his view of the late coming of the Mohawks into the Mohawk +River Valley, where they have always been settled in historic times. +According to him, although these people changed their sites every 25 or +30 years from failure of the wood supply and other causes, only four +prehistoric sites have been discovered in that district, all the others +containing relics of European origin. Mr. Beauchamp believes even this +number too large. Both put forward the idea that the Mohawks were the +ancient race of Hochelaga, whose town on the island of Montreal was +visited by Jacques Cartier in 1535, and had disappeared completely in +1608 when Champlain founded Quebec. "What had become of these people?" +writes Mr. Frey, in his pamphlet "The Mohawks." "An overwhelming force +of wandering Algonquins had destroyed their towns. To what new land had +they gone? I think we shall find them seated in the impregnable +strongholds among the hills and in the dense forests of the Mohawk +Valley." + +It is my privilege to take up their theory from the Montreal end and in +the light of the local archaeology of this place and of early French +historical lore, to supply links which seem to throw considerable light +on the problem. + +The description given by Cartier of the picturesque palisaded town +of Hochelaga, situated near the foot of Mount Royal, surrounded by +cornfields, has frequently been quoted. But other points of Cartier's +narrative, concerning the numbers and relations of the population, have +scarcely been studied. Let us examine this phase of it. During his first +voyage in 1534, in the neighbourhood of Gaspe, he met on the water the +first people speaking the tongue of this race, a temporary fishing +community of over 200 souls, men, women and children, in some 40 +canoes, under which they slept, having evidently no village there, but +belonging, as afterwards is stated, to Stadacona. He seized and carried +to France two of them, who, when he returned next year, called the place +where they had been taken _Honguedo_, and said that the north shore, +above Anticosti Island, was the commencement of inhabited country which +led to _Canada_ (the Quebec region), Hochelaga, (Montreal) and the +country of _Saguenay_, far to the west "whence came the red copper" (of +which axes have since been found in the debris of Hochelaga, and which, +in fact, came from Lake Superior), and that no man they ever heard of +had ever been to the end of the great river of fresh water above. Here +we have the first indication of the racial situation of the Hochelagans. +At the mouth of the Saguenay River--so called because it was one of the +routes to the Sagnenay of the Algonquins, west of the Upper Ottawa--he +found four fishing canoes from Canada. Plenty of fishing was prosecuted +from this point upwards. In "the Province of Canada," he proceeds, +"there are several peoples in unwalled villages." At the Isle of +Orleans, just below Quebec, the principal peace chief, or, Agouhanna of +"Canada," Donnaconna, came to them with 12 canoes from the town (ville) +of Stadacona, or Stadacone, which was surrounded by tilled land on the +heights. Twenty-five canoes from Stadacona afterwards visited them; +and later Donnaconna brought on board "10 or 12 other of the greatest +chiefs" with more than 500 persons, men, women and children, some +doubtless from the neighbouring settlements. If the same 200 persons as +in the previous year were absent fishing at Gaspe, and others in other +spots, these figures argue a considerable population. + +Below Stadacona, were four "peoples and settlements": _Ajoaste, +Starnatam, Tailla_ (on a mountain) and _Satadin_ or _Stadin_. Above +_Stadacona_ were _Tekenouday_ (on a mountain) and _Hochelay_ (_Achelacy_ +or _Hagouchouda_)[3] which was in open country. Further up were +_Hochelaga_ and some settlements on the island of Montreal, and various +other places unobserved by Cartier, belonging to the same race; who +according to a later statement of the remnant of them, confirmed by +archaeology, had several "towns" on the island of Montreal and inhabited +"_all the hills to the south and east_."[4] The hills to be seen from +Mount Royal to the south are the northern slopes of the Adirondacks; +while to the east are the lone volcanic eminences in the plain, +Montarville, Beloeil, Rougemont, Johnson, Yamaska, Shefford, Orford and +the Green Mountains. All these hills deserve search for Huron-Iroquois +town-sites. The general sense of this paragraph includes an implication +also of settlements towards and on Lake Champlain, that is to say, when +taken in connection with the landscape. (My own dwelling overlooks this +landscape.) At the same time let me say that perhaps due inquiries might +locate some of the sites of Ajoaste and the other villages in the Quebec +district. In Cartier's third voyage he refers obscurely, in treating +of Montreal, to "the said town of _Tutonaguy_." This word, with French +pronunciation, appears to be the same as that still given by Mohawks to +the Island,--_Tiotiake_, meaning "deep water beside shallow," that is +to say, "below the Rapid." In the so-called Cabot map of 1544 the name +Hochelaga is replaced by "_Tutonaer_," apparently from some map of +Cartier's. It may be a reproduction of some lost map of his. Lewis H. +Morgan gives "Tiotiake" as "Do-de-a-ga." Another place named by Cartier +is _Maisouna_, to which the chief of Hochelay had been gone two days +when the explorer made his settlement a visit. On a map of Ortelius +of 1556 quoted by Parkman this name appears to be given as Muscova, a +district placed on the right bank of the Richelieu River and opposite +Hochelay, but possibly this is a pure guess, though it is a likely one. +It may perhaps be conjectured that Stadacona, Tailla and Tekenouday, +being on heights, were the oldest strongholds in their region. + +All the country was covered with forests "except around the peoples, +who cut it down to make their settlement and tillage." At Stadacona he +was shown five scalps of a race called _Toudamans_ from the south, with +whom they were constantly at war, and who had killed about 200 of their +people at Massacre Island, Bic, in a cave, while they were on the way to +Honguedo to fish. All these names must of course be given the old French +pronunciation. + +Proceeding up the river near Hochelaga he found "a great number of +dwellings along the shore" inhabited by fisherfolk, as was the custom of +the Huron-Iroquois in the summer season. The village called Hochelay was +situated about forty-five miles above Stadacona, at the Richelieu rapid, +between which and Hochelaga, a distance of about 135 miles, he mentions +no village. This absence of settlements I attribute to the fact that the +intermediate Three Rivers region was an ancient special appurtenance of +the Algonquins, with whom the Hochelagans were to all appearance then on +terms of friendly sufferance and trade, if not alliance. In later days +the same region was uninhabited, on account of Iroquois incursions by +the River Richelieu and Lake Champlain. In the islands at the head of +Lake St. Peter, Cartier met five hunters who directed him to Hochelaga. +"More than a thousand" persons, he says, received them with joy at +Hochelaga. This expression of number however is not very definite. It is +frequently used by Dante to signify a multitude in the _Divina Comedia_. +The town of Hochelaga consisted of "about fifty houses, in length about +fifty paces each at most, and twelve or fifteen paces wide," made of +bark on sapling frames in the manner of the Iroquois long houses. The +round "fifties" are obviously approximate. The plan of the town given in +Ramusio shows some forty-five fires, each serving some five families, +but the interior division differs so greatly from that of early Huron +and Iroquois houses, and from his phrase "fifty by twelve or fifteen," +that it appears to be the result of inaccurate drawing. There is +therefore considerable room for difference as to the population of the +town, ranging from say 1,200 to 2,000 souls, the verbal description +which is much the more authoritative, inclining in favour of the latter. +Any estimate of the total population of the Hochelagan race on the +river, must be a guess. If, however, those on the island of Montreal be +set at 2,000, and the "more than 500" of Stadacona be considered as a +fair average for the principal town and 300 (which also was the average +estimated by Pere Lalemant for the Neutral nation) as an average for the +eight or so villages of the Quebec district, (the absentees, such as the +200 at Gaspe from Stadacona being perhaps offset by contingents from the +places close to Stadacona) we have some 4,900 accounted for. Those on +all the hills to the south and east of Mount Royal would add anywhere +from say 3,000 to an indefinitely greater number more. Perhaps 5,000, +however, should not be exceeded as the limit for these hills and Lake +Champlain. We arrive therefore at a guess of from 7,900 to 9,900 as the +total. As the lower figures seem conservative, compared with the early +average of Huron and Iroquois villages, the guess may perhaps be raised +a little to say from 10,000 to 11,000. "This people confines itself to +tillage and fishing, for they do not leave their country and are not +migratory like those of Canada and Saguenay, although the said Canadians +are subject to them, _with eight or nine other peoples who are on +the said river_." Nevertheless the site of Hochelaga, unearthed in +1860, shows them to have been _traders_ to some extent with the west, +evidently through the Ottawa Algonquins. What Cartier did during his +brief visit to the town itself is well known. The main point for us is +that three men led him to the top of Mount Royal and showed him the +country. They told him of the Ottawa River and of three great rapids in +the St. Lawrence, after passing which, "one could sail more than three +moons along the said river," doubtless meaning along the Great Lakes. +Silver and brass they identified as coming from that region, and "there +were Agojudas, or wicked people, armed even to the fingers," of whom +they showed "the make of their armor, which is of cords and wood laced +and woven together; giving to understand that the said Agojudas are +continually at war with one and other." This testimony clearly describes +the armour of the early Hurons and Iroquois[5] as found by Champlain, +and seems to relate to war between the Hurons and Senecas at that period +and to an aversion to them by the people of the town of Hochelaga +themselves; who were, however, living in security from them at the time, +apparently cut off from regular communication with them by Algonquin +peoples, particularly those of the Ottawa, who controlled Huron +communication with the lower St. Lawrence in the same way in Champlain's +days. + +On returning to Stadacona, Cartier, by talking with Donnaconna, learnt +what showed this land of Saguenay so much talked of by these people, to +be undoubtedly the Huron country. "The straight and good and safest road +to it is by the _Fleuve_ (St. Lawrence), to above Hochelaga and by the +river which descends from the said Saguenay and enters the said Fleuve +(as we had seen); and thence it takes a month to reach." This is simply +the Ottawa route to Lake Huron used by the Jesuits in the next century. +What they had seen was the Ottawa River entering the St. Lawrence--from +the top of Mount Royal, whence it is visible to-day. The name Saguenay +may possibly be _Saginaw_,--the old _Saguenam_, the "very deep bay on +the west shore of Lake Huron," of Charlevoix, (Book XI.) though it is +not necessarily Saginaw Bay itself, as such names shift. "And they gave +to understand that in that country the people are clothed with clothes +like us, and _there are many peoples in towns_ and _good persons_ and +that they have a great quantity of gold and of _red copper_. And they +told us that _all the land from the said first river to Hochelagea and +Saguenay is an island surrounded by streams and the said great river +(St. Lawrence)_; and that after passing Saguenay, said river (Ottawa) +enters _two or three great lakes of water, very large; after which a +fresh water sea is reached_, whereof there is no mention of having seen +the end, _as they have heard from those of the Saguenay; for they told +us they had never been there themselves_." Yet later, in chapter XIX., +it is stated that old Donnaconna assured them he had been in the land +of the Saguenay, where he related several impossible marvels, such as +people of only one leg. It is to be noted that "the peoples in towns," +who are apparently Huron-Iroquois, are here referred to as "good +people," while the Hochelagans speak of them as "wicked." This is +explicable enough as a difference of view on distant races with whom +they had no contact. It seems to imply that the "Canada" people were not +in such close communication with the town of Hochelaga as to have the +same opinions and perhaps the Canada view of the Hurons as good persons +was the original view of the early settlers, while the Hochelagans +may have had unpleasant later experiences or echo those of the Ottawa +Algonquins. But furthermore they told him of the Richelieu River where +apparently it took a month to go with their canoes from Sainte Croix +(Stadacona) to a country "where there are never ice nor snow; but where +there are constant wars one against another, and there are oranges, +almonds, nuts, plums, and other kinds of fruit in great abundance, and +oil is made from trees, very good for the cure of diseases; there the +inhabitants are clothed and accoutred in skins like themselves." This +land Cartier considered to be Florida,--but the point for our present +purpose is the frequenting of the Richelieu, Lake Champlain and lands +far south of them by the Hochelagans at that period. At the beginning of +the seventeenth century Capt. John Smith met the canoes of an Iroquois +people on the upper part of Chesapeake Bay. + +We may now draw some conclusions. Originally the population of the St. +Lawrence valley seems to have been occupied by Algonquins, as these +people surrounded it on all sides. A question I would like to see +investigated is whether any of these built villages and grew corn here, +as did some of the Algonquins of the New England coast and those of +Allumette Island on the Ottawa. This might explain some of the deserted +Indian clearings which the early Jesuits noted along the shore of the +river, and of which Champlain, in 1611, used one of about 60 acres +at Place Royale, Montreal. Cartier, it is seen, expressly explains +some of them to be Huron-Iroquois clearings cultivated under his own +observation. The known Algonquins of the immediate region were all +nomadic. + +In 1534 we have, from below Stadacona (Quebec) to above Hochelaga +(Montreal), and down the Richelieu River to Lake Champlain, the valley +in possession of a Huron-Iroquois race, dominated by Hochelaga, a town +of say 2,000 souls, judging from the Huron average and from Cartier's +details. The descendants of the Hochelagans in 1642 pointed out the +spots where there were "several towns" on the island. Mr. Beauchamp +holds, with Parkman, Dawson and other writers, that "those who pointed +out spots in 1642 were of an _Algonquin_ tribe, not descendants of the +Mohawk Hochelagans, but locally their successors." But I cannot accept +this Algonquin theory, as their connection with the Hochelagans is +too explicit and I shall give other reasons further on. The savages, +it is true, called the island by an Algonquin name; "the island where +there was a city or village,"[6] the Algonquin phrase for which was +Minitik-Outen-Entagougiban, but these later terms have small bearing. +The site of one of the towns on the island is conjectured, from the +finding of relics, to have been at Longue Pointe, nine miles below +Hochelaga; a village appears from Cartier's account of his third +voyage to have existed about the Lachine Rapids; and another was some +miles below, probably at Point St. Charles or the Little River at +Verdun. Fourteen skeletons, buried after the Mohawk fashion, have been +discovered on the upper slope of Westmount, the southern ridge of Mount +Royal, about a mile from Hochelaga and not far from an old Indian well, +indicating possibly the proximity of another pre-historic town-site +of the race, and at any rate a burying ground. The identification +and excavations were made by the writer. If, however, the southern +enemies, called Toudamans, five of whose scalps were shown Cartier at +Stadacona were, as one conjecture has it, Tonontouans or Senecas, the +Iroquois identity theory must be varied, but it is much more likely +the Toudamans were the Etchemins. At any rate it seems clear that the +Hochelagan race came down the St. Lawrence as a spur (probably an +adventurous fishing party) from the great Huron-Iroquois centre about +Lake Huron[7]; for that their advent had been recent appears from the +fewness of sites discovered, from the smallness of the population, +considering the richness of the country, and especially from the fact +that the Huron, and the Seneca, and their own tongues were still +mutually comprehensible, notwithstanding the rapid changes of Indian +dialects. Everything considered, their coming might perhaps be placed +about 1450, which could give time for the settlements on Lake Champlain, +unearthed by Dr. D.S. Kellogg and others and rendered probable by their +pottery and other evidence as being Huron-Iroquois.[8] Cartier, as we +have seen, described the Hochelagan towns along the river. + +[Illustration: SHALLOW GRAVE IN PREHISTORIC BURYING GROUND AT WESTMOUNT +ON MOUNT ROYAL SHOWING ATTITUDE OF SEPULTURE.] + +The likeness of the names Tekenouday and Ajoaste to that of the Huron +town Tekenonkiaye, and the Andastean Andoaste, shows how close was the +relationship. Nevertheless the Hochelagans were quite cut off from +the Hurons, whose country as we have found, some of them point to and +describe to Cartier as inhabited by evil men. As the Stadacona people, +more distant, independently refer to them as good, no war could have +been then proceeding with them. + +In 1540 when Roberval came--and down to 1543--the conditions were still +unchanged. What of the events between this date and the coming of +Champlain in 1605? This period can be filled up to some extent. + +About 1560 the Hurons came down, conquered the Hochelagans and their +subject peoples and destroyed Hochelaga. I reach this date as follows: +In 1646 (Relation of 1646, p. 34) Pere Lalemant reports that "under the +Algonquin name" the French included "a diversity of small peoples," +one of which was named the Onontchataronons or "the tribe of Iroquet," +"whose ancestors formerly inhabited the island of Montreal," and one of +their old men "aged say eighty years" said "my mother told me that in +her youth _the Hurons_ drove us from this island." (1646, p. 40.) This +makes it clear that the inroad was _Huron_. Note that this man of eighty +years does not mention having _himself_ lived on the island; and also +the addition "_in her youth_." This fact brings us back to before 1566. +But in 1642, another "old man" states that his "grandfathers" had lived +there. Note that he does not say his parents nor himself. These two +statements, I think, reasoning from the average ages of old men, carry +us back to about 1550-60. Champlain, in 1622, notes a remark of two +Iroquois that the war with the Hurons was then "more than fifty years" +old. The Huron inroad could not likely have occurred for several years +after 1542, for so serious an incursion would have taken some years +to grow to such a point out of profound peace. 1550 would therefore +appear a little early. The facts demonstrate incidentally a period of +prosperity and dominance on the part of the Hurons themselves, for +instead of a mere incursion, it exhibits, even if made by invitation of +the Algonquins, a permanent breaking through of the barriers between the +Huron country and the Montreal neighbourhood, and a continuance of their +power long enough and sufficiently to press forward against the enemy +even into Lake Champlain. It also shows that the Superior Iroquois were +not then strong enough to confine them. Before the League, the latter +were only weak single tribes. When Dutch firearms were added to the +advantage of the league, the Hurons finally fell from their power, which +was therefore apparently at its height about 1560. + +Charlevoix, _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, end of Bk. V., after +describing the first mass at Ville Marie, in 1642, says: "The evening of +the same day M. de Maisonneuve desired to visit the Mountain which gave +the island its name, and two old Indians who accompanied him thither, +having led him to the top, told him they were of the tribe who had +formerly inhabited this country." "We were," they added, "_very +numerous_ and all the hills (_collines_) which you see to the south and +east, were peopled. The Hurons drove thence our ancestors, of whom a +part took refuge among the Abenakis, _others withdrew into the Iroquois +cantons_, a few remained with our conquerors." They promised Maisonneuve +to do all they could to bring back their people, "but apparently could +not succeed in reassembling the fragments of this dispersed tribe, +which doubtless is that of the Iroquois of which I have spoken in my +_Journal_." + +A proof that this people of Iroquet were not originally Algonquins is +that by their own testimony they had cultivated the ground, one of them +actually took up a handful of the soil and called attention to its +goodness; and they also directly connected themselves in a positive +manner with the Hochelagans by the dates and circumstances indicated +in their remarks as above interpreted. The use of the term "Algonquin" +concerning them is very ambiguous and as they were merged among +Algonquin tribes they were no doubt accustomed to use that language. +Their Huron-Iroquois name, the fact that they were put forward to +interpret to the Iroquois in Champlain's first excursion; and that a +portion of them had joined the Iroquois, another portion the Hurons, and +the rest remained a little band by themselves, seem to add convincingly +to the proof that they were not true Algonquins. Their two names +"Onontchataronons" and "Iroquet" are Iroquois. The ending "Onons" (Onwe) +means "men" and is not properly part of the name. Charlevoix thought +them Hurons, from their name. They were a very small band and, while +mentioned several times in the Jesuit Relations, had disappeared by the +end of the seventeenth century from active history. It was doubtless +impossible for a remnant so placed to maintain themselves against the +great Iroquois war parties. + +A minor question to suggest itself is whether there is any connection +between the names "Iroquet" and "Iroquois". Were they originally forms +of the same word? Or were they two related names of divisions of a +people? Certainly two closely related peoples have these closely similar +names. They were as clearly used as names of distinct tribes however, +in the seventeenth century. The derivation of "Iroquois" given by +Charlevoix from "hiro"--"I have spoken" does not seem at all likely; +but the analogy of the first syllables of the names Er-ie, Hur-ons, +Hir-oquois, Ir-oquet and Cherokee may have something in it. + +The Iroquets or Hochelagans attributed their great disaster,--the +destruction of their towns and dispossession of their island,--to the +Hurons, but Charlevoix[9] records an Algonquin victory over them which +seems to have preceded, and contributed to, that event, though the +lateness of Charlevoix renders the story not so reliable in detail as +the personal recollections of the Iroquets above given: His story[10] +given "on the authority of those most versed in the old history of the +country", proceeds as follows: "Some Algonquins were at war with the +Onontcharonnons better known under the name of Tribe of Iroquet, and +whose former residence was, it is said, in the Island of Montreal. The +name they bear proclaims, they were of Huron speech; nevertheless it +is claimed that it was the Hurons who drove them from their ancient +country, and who in part destroyed them. However that may be, they were +at the time I speak of, at war with the Algonquins, who, to finish +this war at one stroke, thought of a stratagem, which succeeded". This +stratagem was an ambush placed on both sides of the River Becancour +near Three Rivers, with some pretended fishermen out in canoes as +decoys. The Iroquets attacked and pursued the fishermen, but in the +moment of victory, a hail of arrows issued from the bushes along both +shores. Their canoes being pierced, and the majority wounded, they all +perished. "The tribe of Iroquet never recovered from this disaster; and +none to day remain. The quantity of corpses in the water and on the +banks of the river so infected it, that it retains the name of Riviere +Puante"; (Stinking River). + +Charlevoix[11] gives, as well supported, the story of the origin of the +war between the Iroquois and Algonquins. "The Iroquois had made with +them a sort of alliance very useful to both." They gave grain for +game and armed aid, and thus both lived long on good terms. At last a +disagreement rose in a joint party of 12 young hunters, on account of +the Iroquois succeeding while the Algonquins failed in the chase. The +Algonquins, therefore, maliciously tomahawked the Iroquois in their +sleep. Thence arose the war. + +In 1608, according to Ferland[12] based evidently upon the statement of +Champlain, the remnant of the Hochelagans left in Canada occupied the +triangle above Montreal now bounded by Vandreuil, Kingston and Ottawa. +This perhaps indicates it as the upper part of their former territory. +Sanson's map places them at about the same part of the Ottawa in the +middle of the seventeenth century and identifies them with La Petite +Nation, giving them as "Onontcharonons ou La Petite Nation". That +remnant accompanied Champlain against the Iroquois, being of course +under the influence of their masters the Hurons and Algonquins. +Doubtless their blood is presently represented among the Huron and +Algonquin mission Indians of Oka, Lorette, Petite Nation, etc., and +perhaps among those of Caughnawaga and to some extent, greater or less, +among the Six Nations proper. + +From the foregoing outline of their history, it does not appear as +if the Hochelagans were exactly the Mohawks proper. It seems more +likely that by 1560, settlements, at first mere fishing-parties, then +fishing-villages, and later more developed strongholds with agriculture, +had already been made on Lake Champlain by independent offshoots of the +Hochelagan communities, of perhaps some generations standing, and not +unlikely by arrangement with the Algonquins of the Lake similar to the +understanding on the river St. Lawrence, as peace and travel appear to +have existed there. The bonds of confederacy between village and village +were always shifting and loose among these races until the Great League. +To their Lake Champlain cousins the Hochelagans would naturally fly for +refuge in the day of defeat, for there was no other direction suitable +for their retreat. The Hurons and Algonquins carried on the war against +the fused peoples, down into Lake Champlain. When, after more than +fifty years of the struggle, Champlain goes down to that Lake in 1609, +he finds there the clearings from which they have been driven, and +marks their cabins on his map of the southeast shore. This testimony +is confirmed by that of archaeology showing their movement at the same +period into the Mohawk Valley. Doubtless their grandchildren among the +Iroquois, like their grandchildren among the Algonquins, remembered +perfectly well the fact of their Huron and Algonquin wrongs, and led +many a war party back to scenes known to them through tradition, and +which it was their ambition to recover. It seems then to be the fact +that the Mohawks proper, or some of their villages, while perhaps not +exactly Hochelagans, were part of the kindred peoples recently sprung +from and dominated by them and were driven out at the same time. The +two peoples--Mohawks and Iroquets--had no great time before, if not at +the time of Cartier's arrival--been one race living together in the St. +Lawrence valley: In the territory just west of the Mohawk valley, they +found the "Senecas" as the Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas together were +at first called, and soon, through the genius of the Mohawk Hiawatha, +they formed with them the famous League, in the face of the common +enemy. By that time the Oneidas had become separated from the Mohawks. +These indications place the date of the League very near 1600. The +studies of Dr. Kellogg of Plattsburgh on the New York side of Lake +Champlain and of others on the Vermont shore, who have discovered +several Mohawk sites on that side of the lake may be expected to supply +a link of much interest on the whole question, from the comparison of +pottery and pipes. On the whole the Hochelagan facts throw much light +both forward on the history of the Iroquois and backwards on that of the +Huron stock. Interpreted as above, they afford a meagre but connected +story through a period hitherto lost in darkness, and perhaps a ray by +which further links may still be discovered through continued +archaeological investigation. + + NOTE. Like the numbers of the Hochelagan race, the question + how long they had been in the St. Lawrence valley must be + problematical. Sir William Dawson describes the site of Hochelaga + as indicating a residence of several generations. Their own + statements regarding the Huron country--that they "had never + been there", and that they gathered their knowledge of it + from the Ottawa Algonquins, permits some deductions. If the + Hochelagans--including their old men--had never been westward among + their kindred, it is plain that the migration must have taken place + more than the period of an old man's life previous--that is to say + more than say eighty years. If to this we add that the old men + appear not even to have derived such knowledge as they possessed + from their parents but from strangers, then the average full + life of aged parents should be added, or say sixty years more, + making a total of at least one hundred and forty years since the + immigration. Something might, it is true, be allowed for a sojourn + at intermediate points: and the scantiness of the remarks is also + to be remembered. But there remains to account for the considerable + population which had grown up in the land from apparently one + centre. If the original intruders were four hundred, for example, + then in doubling every twenty years, they would number 12,800 + in a century. But this rate is higher than their state of + "Middle-Barbarism" is likely to have permitted and a hundred and + fifty years would seem to be as fast as they could be expected to + attain the population they possessed in Cartier's time. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] "Iroquois Book of Rites," p. 10. + +[2] _Ibid._, p. 13. + +[3] The latter I conjecture not to be the real name of the place but +that the Stadacona people had referred to Hochelay as "Agojuda" or +wicked. The chief of Hochelay on one occasion warned Cartier of plots at +Stadacona, and there appears to have been some antagonism between the +places. The Hochelay people seem to have been Hochelagans proper not +Stadacona Hochelagans. Hochelay-aga could mean "people of Hochelay." + +[4] Relation of 1642. + +[5] Similar armour, though highly elaborated, is to be seen in the suits +of Japanese warriors, made of cords and lacquered wood woven together. + +[6] Relation of 1642, p. 36. + +[7] Two of the Huron nations settled in Canada West about 1400; another +about 1590; the fourth in 1610. See Relations,--W.M. Beauchamp. + +[8] Dr. Kellogg, whose collection is very large and his studies +valuable, writes me as follows: "In 1886 Mr. Frey sent me a little box +of Indian pottery from his vicinity (the Mohawk Valley). It contained +chiefly edge pieces of jars, whose ornamentation outside near the top +was in _lines_, and nearly every one of these pieces also had the _deep +finger nail indentation_. I spread these out on a board. Many had also +the small circle ornamentation, made perhaps by the end of a hollow +bone. This pottery I have always called Iroquois. At two sites near +Plattsburg this type prevails. But otherwise whenever we have found this +type we have looked on it curiously. It is _not_ the type prevailing +here. The type here has ornamentations consisting of dots and dotted +lines, dots in lines, scallop stamps, etc. These dots on a single jar +are hundreds and perhaps thousands in number. Even in Vermont the +Iroquois type is abundant. This confirms what Champlain's Indian friends +told him about the country around the mountains in the east (i.e. in +Vermont) being occupied by their enemies.... The pottery here indicates +a much closer relation with that at Hochelaga than with that at Palatine +Bridge (Mohawk Valley, N.Y.)." + +[9] Journal, Vol. I., pp. 162-4. + +[10] Journal Historique d'un Voyage a L'Am., Lettre VI. + +[11] Journal, end of Letter XII. + +[12] Hist. du Canada, Vol. I., p. 92. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOCHELAGANS AND MOHAWKS*** + + +******* This file should be named 14777.txt or 14777.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/7/7/14777 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: +https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + diff --git a/old/14777.zip b/old/14777.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..4975553 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14777.zip |
