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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/14759-0.txt b/14759-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7bc6065 --- /dev/null +++ b/14759-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8428 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14759 *** + +Transcriber's Notes. + +This book shows a world where character and morality are prized. The goal +of camp is not just to get the boys out the parents' hair, but to +encourage good character and citizenship. Camp leaders are enticed by the +contribution they can make to the boys' futures and are selected (or +rejected) based on their own moral virtues. + +There are many practical suggestions for safety and comfort aside from the +absence of modern materials and conveniences, like nylon and gas stoves. + +Medical advice given in the book is from 1913 and may be unhelpful, often +contradicts current practice and involves unsafe or now illegal +substances. + +The approximate conversion for prices is 20 to 1, $1 in 1913 is about $20 +in 2004. + +[Illustration: Photograph by Joseph Legg] + +The Heart of the Camp + +Have you smelled wood smoke at twilight? +Have you heard the birch log burning? +Are you quick to read the noises of the night? +You must follow with the others for the young men's feet are turning +To the camps of proved desire and known delight. + +From Kipling's "Feet of the Young Men." + + +CAMPING FOR BOYS +H. W. GIBSON + + +ASSOCIATION PRESS +NEW YORK +1913 + + +Copyright, 1911, by the +INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS + + +TO +THE THOUSAND AND MORE BOYS WHO HAVE BEEN MY CAMP MATES IN CAMPS SHAND, +DURRELL AND BECKET + +CONTENTS + +Foreword +General Bibliography +I. The Purpose of Camping +II. Leadership; Bibliography (See General Bibliography) +III. Location and Sanitation; Bibliography +IV. Camp Equipment +V. Personal Check List or Inventory +VI. Organization, Administration and Discipline +VII. The Day's Program; Bibliography +VIII. Moral and Religious Life; Bibliography +IX. Food +X. The Camp Fire; Bibliography +XI. Tramps, Hikes and Overnight Trips +XII. Cooking on Hikes; Bibliography +XIII. Health and Hygiene; Bibliography +XIV. Simple Remedies +XV. First Aid +XVI. Personal Hygiene +XVII. Athletics, Campus Games, Aquatics, Water Sports; Bibliography +XVIII. Nature Study; Bibliography +XIX. Forecasting the Weather; Bibliography +XX. Rainy Day Games; Bibliography +XXI. Educational Activities; Bibliography +XXII. Honor, Emblems and Awards +XXIII. Packing Up +Index. + + +FOREWORD + +The author has conducted boys' camps for twenty-three years, so that he is +not without experience in the subject. To share with others this +experience has been his aim in writing the book. The various chapters have +been worked out from a practical viewpoint, the desire being to make a +handbook of suggestions for those in charge of camps for boys and for boys +who go camping, rather than a theoretical treatise upon the general +subject. + +Thanks are due to E. M. Robinson, Dr. Elias G. Brown, Charles R. Scott, +Irving G. MacColl, J. A. Van Dis, Taylor Statten, W. H. Wones, H. C. +Beckman, W. H. Burger, H. M. Burr, A. B. Wegener, A. D. Murray, and H. M. +Allen, for valuable suggestions and ideas incorporated in many chapters. + +Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following publishers for permission +to quote from the books mentioned in the bibliography--Charles Scribner's +Sons, Harper Brothers, Outing Publishing Company, Baker & Taylor Company, +Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company, Penn Publishing Company, Doubleday, Page & +Company, Hinds, Noble & Eldredge, Ginn & Company, Sunday School Times +Company, G. P. Putnam's Sons, Little, Brown & Company, Moffat, Yard & +Company, Houghton, Mifflin Company, Sturgis & Walton, Funk & Wagnall's +Company, The Manual Arts Press, Frederick Warne & Company, Review and +Herald Publishing Company, Health-Education League, Pacific Press +Publishing Company. + +Every leader, before going to camp, should read some book upon boy life, +in order, not only that he may refresh his memory regarding his own +boyhood days, but that he may also the more intelligently fit himself for +the responsibility of leadership. The following books, or similar ones, +may be found in any well-equipped library. + +If this book will help some man to be of greater service to boys, as well +as to inspire boys to live the noble life which God's great out-of-doors +teaches, the author will feel amply repaid for his labor. Boston, Mass., +April, 1911. + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY. + +Boy-Life and Self Government--Fiske. Association Press, $1.00. +Boy-Training--Symposium. Association Press, $1.00. +Youth--Hall. Appleton and Company, $1.50. +Winning the Boy--Merrill. Revell and Company, $0.75. +The Boy Problem--Forbush. Pilgrim Press, $1.00. +Up Though Childhood--Hubbell. Putnam and Company, $1.25. +Growth and Education--Tyler. Houghton, Mifflin Company, $1.50. + + +SUGGESTIVE ARTICLES ON "CAMPING" IN "ASSOCIATION BOYS"; + +A Course in Camping--Edgar M. Robinson. Feb., 1902. +The Sanitary Care of a Boys' Camp--Elias G. Brown, M.D. + April and June, 1902. +Seventeen Seasons in One Boys' Camp--G. G. Peck. April. 1902. +Association Boys' Camps--Edgar M. Robinson. June, 1902. +Following Up Camp--Editorial. October, 1902. +What Men Think of Camp--Edgar M. Robinson. June, 1903. +Fun Making at Camp--C.B. Harton. June. 1903. +Educational Possibilities at Camp--F. P. Speare. June, 1903. +Bible Study at Camp--Raymond P. Kaighn. June, 1903. +Simple Remedies at Camp--Elias G. Brown, M.D. June, 1903. +Tuxis System--H.L. Smith. April, 1904. +Life at Camp Dudley--Raymond P. Kaighn. June, 1905. +Life-Saving Crew--F.H.T. Ritchie. June. 1905. +Summer Camps--Frank Streightoff. June, 1905. +Wawayanda Camp--Chas. R. Scott. June. 1907. +Objectives in Camps for Boys--Walter M. Wood. June, 1907. + + + +CHAPTER I THE PURPOSE OF CAMPING + +VACATION TIME +NEED OF OUTDOOR LIFE +PURPOSE OF CAMPING +"TOO MUCH HOUSE" +A QUERY +APOSTLES OF OUTDOOR LIFE +HEEDING NATURE'S CALL +CHARACTER BUILDING +CAMP MOTTOES +"ROUGH-HOUSE" +CAMPS +BOY SCOUTS +INFLUENCE OF CAMP LIFE + +It is great fun to live in the glorious open air, fragrant with the smell +of the woods and flowers; it is fun to swim and fish and hike it over the +hills; it is fun to sit about the open fire and spin yarns, or watch in +silence the glowing embers; but the greatest fun of all is to win the love +and confidence of some boy who has been a trouble to himself and everybody +else, and help him to become a man.--H. M. Burr. + +The summer time is a period of moral deterioration with most boys. Free +from restraint of school and many times of home, boys wander during the +vacation time into paths of wrongdoing largely because of a lack of +directed play life and a natural outlet for the expenditure of their +surplus energy. The vacation problem therefore becomes a serious one for +both the boy and his parent. Camping offers a solution. + +The Need + +"A boy in the process of growing needs the outdoors. He needs room and +range. He needs the tonic of the hills, the woods and streams. He needs to +walk under the great sky, and commune with the stars. He needs to place +himself where nature can speak to him. He ought to get close to the soil. +He ought to be toughened by sun and wind, rain and cold. Nothing can take +the place, for the boy, of stout physique, robust health, good blood, firm +muscles, sound nerves, for these are the conditions of character and +efficiency. The early teens are the most important years for the boy +physically... Through the ages of thirteen and fifteen the more he can be +in the open, free from social engagements and from continuous labor or +study, the better. He should fish, swim, row and sail, roam the woods and +the waters, get plenty of vigorous action, have interesting, healthful +things to think about."--Prof. C. W. Votaw. + +The Purpose + +This is the real purpose of camping--"something to do, something to think +about, something to enjoy in the woods, with a view always to +character-building"--this is the way Ernest Thompson-Seton, that master +wood-craftsman, puts it. Character building! What a great objective! It +challenges the best that is in a man or boy. Camping is an experience, not +an institution. It is an experience which every live, full-blooded, +growing boy longs for, and happy the day of his realization. At the first +sign of spring, back yards blossom forth with tents of endless variety. To +sleep out, to cook food, to search for nature's fascinating secrets, to +make things--all are but the expression of that instinct for freedom of +living in the great out-of-doors which God created within him. + +Too Much House + +"Too much house," says Jacob Riis; "Civilization has been making of the +world a hothouse. Man's instinct of self-preservation rebels; hence the +appeal for the return to the simple life that is growing loud." Boys need +to get away from the schoolroom and books, and may I say the martyrdom of +examinations, high marks, promotions and exhibitions! Medical examinations +of school children reveal some startling facts. Why should boys suffer +from nerves? Are we sacrificing bodily vigor for abnormal intellectual +growth? Have we been fighting against instead of cooperating with nature? + +The tide is turning, however, and the people are living more and more in +the open. Apostles of outdoor life like Henry D. Thoreau, John Burroughs, +William Hamilton Gibson, Howard Henderson, Ernest Thompson-Seton, Frank +Beard, Horace Kephart, Edward Breck, Charles Stedman Hanks, Stewart Edward +White, "Nessmuck," W. C. Gray, and a host of others, have, through their +writings, arrested the thought of busy people long enough to have them see +the error of their ways and are bringing them to repentance. + +Camps for boys are springing up like mushrooms. Literally thousands of +boys who have heretofore wasted the glorious summer time loafing on the +city streets, or as disastrously at summer hotels or amusement places, are +now living during the vacation time under nature's canopy of blue with +only enough covering for protection from rain and wind, and absorbing +through the pores of their body that vitality which only pure air, +sunshine, long hours of sleep, wholesome food, and reasonable discipline +can supply. + +Character Building + +In reading over scores of booklets and prospectuses of camps for boys, one +is impressed with their unanimity of purpose--that of character building. +These are a few quotations taken from a variety of camp booklets: + +"The object of the camp is healthful recreation without temptation." + +"A camp where boys live close to nature, give themselves up to play, +acquire skill in sports, eat plenty of wholesome food, and sleep long +hours ... and are taught high ideals for their own lives." + +"To give boys a delightful summer outing under favorable conditions, and +to give them every opportunity to become familiar with camp life in all +its phases. We believe this contributes much to the upbuilding of a boy's +character and enables him to get out of life much enjoyment that would not +otherwise be possible." + +"A place where older boys, boys of the restless age, may live a happy, +carefree, outdoor life, free from the artificialities and pernicious +influences of the larger cities"; a place where "all the cravings of a +real boy are satisfied"; a place "where constant association with +agreeable companions and the influence of well-bred college men in a clean +and healthy moral atmosphere make for noble manhood; a place where +athletic sports harden the muscles, tan the skin, broaden the shoulders, +brighten the eye, and send each lad back to his school work in the fall as +brown as a berry and as hard as nails." + +"A camp of ideals, not a summer hotel nor a supplanter of the home. The +principal reason for its existence is the providing of a safe place for +parents to send their boys during the summer vacation, where, under the +leadership of Christian men, they may be developed physically, mentally, +socially, and morally." + +Whether the camp is conducted under church, settlement, Young Men's +Christian Association, or private auspices, the prime purpose of its +existence should be that of character building. + +"Because of natural, physical, social, educational, moral, and religious +conditions, the boy is taught those underlying principles which determine +character. The harder things a boy does or endures, the stronger man he +will become; the more unselfish and noble things he does, the better man +he will become." + +No Rough-house + +The day of the extreme "rough-house" camp has passed. Boys have discovered +that real fun does not mean hurting or discomforting others, but consists +in making others happy. The boy who gets the most out of camp is the boy +who puts the most into camp. + +Mottoes + +Many camps build their program of camp activities around a motto +such as +"Each for All, and All for Each," +"Help the Other Fellow," +"Do Your Best," +"Nothing Without Labor," +"A Gentleman Always," and +"I Can and I Will." + +Scout Law + +Endurance, self-control, self-reliance, and unselfishness are taught the +"Boy Scouts" through what is called the "Scout Law." + +(1) A Scout's honor is to be trusted; +(2) Be loyal; +(3) Do a good turn to somebody every day; +(4) Be a friend to all; +(5) Be courteous; +(6) Be a friend to animals; +(7) Be obedient; +(8) Be cheerful; +(9) Be thrifty. + +All these are valuable, because they contribute to the making of +character. + +In the conduct of a boys' camp there must be a definite clear-cut purpose +if satisfactory results are to be obtained. A go-as-you-please or +do-as-you please camp will soon become a place of harm and moral +deterioration. + +Results + +Camping should give to the boy that self-reliance which is so essential in +the making of a life, that faith in others which is the foundation of +society, that spirit of altruism which will make him want to be of service +in helping other fellows, that consciousness of God as evidenced in His +handiwork which will give him a basis of morality, enduring and +reasonable, and a spirit of reverence for things sacred and eternal. He +ought to have a better appreciation of his home after a season away from +what should be to him the sweetest place on earth. + + + +CHAPTER II--LEADERSHIP + +THE DIRECTOR +ASSISTANT LEADERS +THE TERM LEADER +HOW TO GET LEADERS +VARIETY OF TALENT +SUGGESTIONS TO LEADERS +OPPORTUNITY OF LEADERSHIP + +The success or failure of a boys' camp depends upon leadership rather than +upon equipment. Boys are influenced by example rather than by precept. A +boys' camp is largely built around a strong personality. Solve the problem +of leadership, and you solve the greatest problem of camping. + +The Director + +No matter how large or how small the camp, there must be one who is in +absolute control. He may be known as the director, superintendent, or +leader. His word is final. He should be a man of executive ability and +good common sense. He should have a keen appreciation of justice. A desire +to be the friend and counsellor of every boy must always govern his +action. He will always have the interest and welfare of every individual +boy at heart, realizing that parents have literally turned over to his +care and keeping, for the time being, the bodies and souls of their boys. +To be respected should be his aim. Too often the desire to be popular +leads to failure. + +Leaders + +Aim to secure as assistant leaders or counsellors young men of +unquestioned character and moral leadership, college men if possible, men +of culture and refinement, who are good athletes, and who understand boy +life. + +"They should be strong and sympathetic, companionable men. Too much care +cannot be exercised in choosing assistants. Beware of effeminate men, men +who are morbid in sex matters. An alert leader can spot a 'crooked' man by +his actions, his glances, and by his choice of favorites. Deal with a man +of this type firmly, promptly, and quietly. Let him suddenly be 'called +home by circumstances which he could not control.'" The leader must have +the loyalty of his assistants. They should receive their rank from the +leader, and this rank should be recognized by the entire camp. The highest +ranking leader present at any time should have authority over the party. + +In a boys' camp I prefer the term "leader" to that of "counsellor." It is +more natural for a boy to follow a leader than to listen to wise +counsellors. "Come on, fellows, let's--" meets with hearty response. +"Boys, do this," is an entirely different thing. Leaders should hold +frequent councils regarding the life of the camp and share in determining +its policy. + +The most fruitful source of supply of leaders should be the colleges and +preparatory schools. No vacation can be so profitably spent as that given +over to the leadership of boy life. Here is a form of altruistic service +which should appeal to purposeful college men. Older high school boys who +have been campers make excellent leaders of younger boys. A leader should +always receive some remuneration for his services, either carfare and +board or a fixed sum of money definitely agreed upon beforehand. The pay +should never be so large that he will look upon his position as a "job." +Never cover service with the blinding attractiveness of money. The chief +purpose of pay should be to help deepen the sense of responsibility, and +prevent laxness and indifference, as well as to gain the services of those +who must earn something. + +Do not take a man as leader simply because he has certificates of +recommendation. Know him personally. Find out what he is capable of doing. +The following blank I use in securing information: + +Leader's Information Blank, Camps Durrell and Becket +Name +Address +College or school +Class of +Do you sing? What part (tenor or bass)? +Do you swim? +Do you play baseball? What position? +Do you play an instrument? What? +Will you bring it (unless piano) and music to camp? +Have you won any athletic or aquatic events? What? +Will you bring your school or college pennant with you? +Have you ever taken part in minstrel show, dramatics, or any kind +of entertainment; if so, what? +What is your hobby? (If tennis, baseball, swimming, nature study, +hiking, photography, athletics, etc., whatever it is, kindly tell +about it in order to help in planning the camp activities.) + +[Illustration: A Leader's Pulpit--Sunday Morning in the +"Chapel-by-the-Lake"--Camp Becket.] + +Leaders should not be chosen in order to secure a baseball team, or an +athletic team. Select men of diverse gifts. One should know something +about nature study, another about manual training, another a good +story-teller, another a good athlete or baseball player, another a good +swimmer, another a musician, etc. Always remember, however, that the chief +qualification should be moral worth. + +Before camp opens it is a wise plan to send each leader a letter +explaining in detail the purpose and program of the camp. A letter like +the following is sent to the leaders of Camps Durrell and Becket. + +SUGGESTIONS TO CAMP LEADERS. +READ AND RE-READ. + +The success of a boys' camp depends upon the hearty cooperation of each +leader with the superintendent. The boys will imitate you. A smile is +always better than a frown. "Kicking" in the presence of boys breeds +discontent. Loyalty to the camp and its management is absolutely necessary +if there is to be harmony in the camp life. + +Personal + +Your personal life will either be a blessing or a hindrance to the boys in +your tent. Study each boy in your tent. Win his confidence. Determine to +do your best in being a genuine friend of each boy. Remember in prayer +daily each boy and your fellow leaders. Emphasize the camp motto, "Each +for all, and all for each." Study the "tests" on pages 8 and 9 of the +booklets, and be helpful to the boys in your tent who are ambitious to +improve and win the honor emblems. + +Tents + +Neatness and cleanliness must be the watchword of each tent. Sweets draw +ants. Decayed material breeds disease. Insist upon the observance of +sanitary rules. + +It is unwise to have all the boys from one town or city in one tent. The +tendency is to form clans, which destroy camp spirit. Get the fellows +together the first thing and choose a tent name and tent yells. + +Appoint a boy who will be responsible for the boys and the tent when you +are not present. + +Too much attention cannot be given to the matter of ventilation. When it +rains, use a forked stick to hold the flaps open in the form of a diamond. +In clear weather, tie one flap back at each end (flap toward the feet), +allowing a free draft of air at all times. On rainy days encourage the +boys to spend their time in the pavillion. Whenever possible, insist upon +tent and blankets being thoroughly aired each morning. + +Three inspectors will be appointed for each day; fifteen minutes' notice +will be given and boys will not be allowed in or around their tents during +the period of inspection. Leaders may suggest but not participate in +arranging the tent. + +The Honor Banner is to be given to the tent showing the best condition and +held as long as marks are highest. + +Swimming + +The U. S. V. L. S. C.[1] crews' in boats will patrol whenever the boys are +in swimming, and the leader of swimming must give the signal before boys +go into the water. Boys who cannot swim should be encouraged to learn. The +morning dip must be a dip and not a swim. + +[Transcriber's Note 1: United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps.] + +Boats + +No boats are to be taken unless an order has been issued by the tent +leader (or by the superintendent). The man at the wharf always has power +to veto orders at his discretion. + +Order of Day + +It is the leader's part to see that the order of the day is carried out +and on time, including the setting up drill. (See Camp Booklet.) "Follow +the leader" is an old game which is still influencing boys. + +Work + +Three tents and their leaders are responsible for the work at camp, and +will be expected to report to the assistant superintendent after breakfast +for assignment of work. These tents are changed each day, so that the boys +and leaders come on duty only one day in seven. + +Each tent is under its respective leader in doing the following work: + +Tent 1. Sanitary work, such as policing the campus, emptying garbage cans, +sweeping the pavillion, disinfecting, etc. + +Tent 2. Preparing vegetables for the cook, drying dishes, pots, pans, +cleaning up the kitchen, piazza, etc. + +Tent 3. Cleaning the boats, supplying wood for the kitchen, putting ice in +the refrigerator, etc. + +The next day tents 4, 5 and 6 will come on duty, and so on until each tent +has been on duty during the week. + +Leaders for the day will call the squad together after breakfast and +explain the day's plans. Encourage the boys to do this work cheerfully. +Lead, do not drive the boys when working. Not more than three hours should +be consumed in camp work. + +Sports and Pastimes + +Bring rule books on athletics. Study up group games. Bring any old clothes +for costumes; tambourines and bones for minstrel show, grease paint, and +burnt cork--in fact, anything that you think will add to the fun of the +camp. Good stories and jokes are always in demand. Bring something +interesting to read to your boys on rainy days. Think out some stunt to do +at the social gatherings. If you play an instrument, be sure to bring it +along with you. + +Bank + +Encourage the boys to turn their money and railroad tickets over to the +camp banker instead of depositing them with you. + +Camp Council + +Meetings of the leaders will be held at the call of the superintendent. +Matters talked over at the council meeting should not be talked over with +the boys. All matters of discipline or anything that deals with the +welfare of the camp should be brought up at this meeting. Printed report +blanks will be given to each leader to be filled out and handed to the +assistant superintendent each Thursday morning. Do not show these reports +to the boys. + +Bible Study + +Each leader will be expected to read to the boys in his tent a chapter +from the Bible and have prayers before "taps" each night, also to take his +turn in leading the morning devotions at breakfast table. Groups of boys +will meet for occasional Bible study at sunset under various leaders. Each +session will continue twenty minutes--no longer. Sunday morning service +will be somewhat formal in character, with an address. The sunset vesper +service will be informal. + +Praying that the camp may prove a place where leaders and boys may grow in +the best things of life and anticipating an outing of pleasure and profit +to you, I am Your friend, (signature) + +Opportunities + +In securing men for leadership, impress upon them the many opportunities +for the investment of their lives in the kind of work that builds +character. In reading over a small folder, written by George H. Hogeman of +Orange, N .J., I was so impressed with his excellent presentation of this +theme of opportunities of leadership that the following is quoted in +preference to anything I could write upon the subject: + +"The opportunity of the boys' camp leader is, first, to engage in the +service that counts most largely in securing the future welfare of those +who will soon be called upon to carry on the work that we are now engaged +in. Most people are so busy with their own present enjoyment and future +success that they pay little heed to the future of others. They may give +some thought to the present need of those around them because it more or +less directly affects themselves, but the work of character building in +boys' camps is one that shows its best results in the years to come rather +than in the immediate present. + +"In the second place, the opportunity comes to the camp leader to know +boys as few other people know them, sometimes even better than their own +parents know them. When you live, eat, sleep with a boy in the open, free +life of camp for a month or so, you come in contact with him at vastly +more points than you do in the more restrained home life, and you see +sides of his nature that are seldom seen at other times. + +"Finally, the opportunity is given to the man who spends his vacation in +camp to make the time really count for something in his own life and in +the lives of others. To how many does vacation really mean a relaxation, a +letting down of effort along one line, without the substitution of +anything definite in its place! But he must be a dull soul, indeed, who +can come to the right kind of boys' camp and not go away with his muscles +harder, his eye brighter, his digestion better, and his spirit more awake +to the things that pertain to the Kingdom of God. + +"Then again the camp leader must have the ability to forget himself in +others. Nowhere can the real play spirit be entered into more completely +than in camp life. A watchman is the last thing he must be. That spirit of +unselfishness which forgets its own personal pleasure in doing the most +for the general good, is the ideal camp spirit. As Lowell puts it in the +Vision of Sir Launfal, it is: + +Not what we give, but what we share, +For the gift without the giver is bare. + +"The results of all these points which I have mentioned are some very +positive things. One is the very best kind of a vacation that it is +possible to have. How frequently we hear in response to the question about +enjoying a vacation, 'Oh, yes, I had a good enough time, but I'll never go +back there again.' To my mind that indicates either that the person does +not know what a really good time is, or that his surroundings made a good +time impossible. + +"Another result of camp is the real friendships that last long after +camping days are over. Of these I need not speak. You and I know of many +such and what they mean in the development of Christian character in the +lives of our men and boys. And, after all, there is the greatest result of +all, the sense of confidence in the ultimate outcome that comes with +having a share in the work of bringing others to the measure of the +stature of the fullness of Christ." + +"The ideal life for a boy is not in the city. He should know of animals, +rivers, plants, and that great out-of-door life that lays for him the +foundation of his later years." +--G. Stanley. + +[Illustration: Camp Becket] + + + +CHAPTER III--LOCATION AND SANITATION + +DIRTY DIRT VS. CLEAN DIRT +AVOID SWAMPS +SELECTING A SITE +LAYING OUT THE CAMP GROUND +THE LATRINES +GARBAGE +DISH WATER +WASTE BARRELS +WATER SUPPLY +AN INDIAN METHOD +INDIVIDUAL DRINKING CUPBOARD OF HEALTH +MAXIMS + +Dirt + +Clean camps are most easily kept by not allowing them to become dirty. + +"Cleanliness is next to Godliness. Godliness means a right relation to +things spiritual, cleanliness a right relation to things material. An old +definition says that 'Dirt is merely misplaced matter.' Of all the +vehicles of disease, the most important perhaps is dirt. The word dirt in +its strict sense comes from the Anglo-Saxon 'drit,' or excrement. 'Dirt,' +then, is not earth or clean sand--not clean dirt, but dirty dirt, that is, +matter soiled by some of the excreta of the human or animal body. +Cleanliness must be insisted upon in a boys' Camp--not the cleanliness +that makes a boy squeamish about working with his hands upon some +necessary job, but cleanliness that makes him afraid of sharing his tooth +brush or table utensils or his clothes. + +Cleanliness is not the shunning of good, clean dirt, but a recognition of +the fact that to pass anything from one mouth to another is a possible +source of death and destruction." [1] "Death to dirt" should be the +watchword of the camp. The camp should be a model of cleanliness. Every +boy should be taught the value of good sanitation and encouraged to +cooperate in making proper sanitation effective. + +[Footnote 1: Dr. Chas. E. A. Winslow--"Camp Conference," p. 58.] + +Avoid Swamps + +The location chosen for a camp should be away from swamps. Avoid swampy +and low places as you would a plague. Damp places where there are +mosquitoes, should be well drained, and open to an abundance of sunshine. +Mosquitoes breed only in water, but a very little water is sufficient if +it is dirty and stagnant. Two inches of water standing in an old tin can +will breed an innumerable horde. These "diminutive musicians" are not only +a nuisance, but dangerous, as malaria and typhoid spreaders by their +poisonous stings. + +The Site + +In selecting a camp site bear in mind these things: (1) A sandy sub-soil, +with good drainage. Avoid very sandy soil; sand provides but little hold +for tent pegs, and there is grave risk of damage should there come a gale. +(2) An open campus surrounded by hills or sheltering trees, and facing the +water. (3) Plenty of good drinking water and water for swimming. (4) Base +from which supplies and provisions are to be drawn should be within +convenient distance, not more than four miles away. (5) Camp should be +away from civilization, far enough to be free from visitors and the +temptation to "go to town" on the part of the boys. Nothing demoralizes a +boys' camp so quickly as proximity to a summer resort. + +Arrangement + +Before opening the camp much thought and care should be given to its +sanitary arrangement. First of all, the dryest section of the camp ground +should be selected for the erection of the sleeping tents. Locate them +where they will have the full benefit of the sunshine. Tents erected under +trees are liable to mildew, for the want of sunshine, and the contents of +the tent will soon get musty. Next in importance to the location of +"quarters" is the location of the kitchen. This should be near the dining +tent, so that the serving of food may be quick, and yet far enough away to +insure that disagreeable odors will not destroy the pleasure of eating. If +it is very near the sleeping tents the campers will be awakened too early +by the chopping of wood and the necessary noises made in preparation of +the morning meal. It should be near water. This is very essential for +cooking and cleaning. In some of the large camps water is carried to the +kitchen in pipes from near-by springs or pumped from wells of pure water. +The dining quarters naturally should be located near the kitchen so that +food may be served warm. Provision should be made for the protection of +the boys from cold, wind, rain, and dampness while eating. The toilet +should be located rather far away from the camp, and not in the direction +from which the prevailing wind comes toward the camp. Make sure that it is +on the line of opposite drainage from the water used by the camp. The +details of laying out a camp, erection of tents, etc., are given in +another chapter. + +Latrines + +Particular precaution should be exercised in location and care of the +toilets or latrines, even in a one-night camp. Neglect of this will mean +disease. When on a one-night camp, dig a small pit which can be filled in +again after use. If the camp is to be continued for a week or longer, dig +a pit or trench about two or three feet deep and about eighteen inches +wide, plant posts on each side of the trench, and eighteen inches above +the ground level. Nail shaped seating on these posts. The number of seats +will be determined by the size of the camping party. It is desirable to +erect a six-foot canvas screen with an opening around the toilet. Dry +earth should be sprinkled freely in the trench each time it is used. Also +each morning sprinkle plenty of chloride of lime or some good, reliable +disinfectant in the trench. Do not permit the throwing of paper about the +toilet. Have a box in which paper is to be kept. Flies should be excluded +by boxing up the sides of the seats and fastening a hinged lid upon the +seats (see illustration). It is an advantage to admit the direct sunlight +about the middle of the day because of its bactericidal action on disease +germs. In a permanent camp regular wooden closets should be built, with +covered roof for protection from rain and wind. The back of the closet +should be arranged either by a hinged door or some other method so that +the contents may be removed as often as once a week. A wooden box on +rollers placed beneath the seats will facilitate removal. The seats should +be scrubbed with hot water, sulpho-naphthol, or soap, daily. "Springfield +Oval" type of toilet paper prevents unnecessary waste. In one camp the +water from a near-by brook is dammed and thus by gravity made to flow by a +system of modern plumbing through the urinals and flush closets. This is +ideal. Insist upon cleanliness. The cutting of initials and names upon the +seats and woodwork should be considered a disgrace as well as a +misdemeanor. + +[Illustration: Pit Toilet; seat, hinged cover, hinged door at back.] + +Taboo the taking of books and papers to the toilet to read. It should be +an imperative rule that no other place be used. A little carelessness will +cause disagreeable as well as dangerous results. By way of reiteration: +First, rigid prohibition of the pollution of the surface of the ground by +the strictest rules, diligently enforced. Second, the provision of toilets +or latrines of adequate size with proper precaution to prevent the +dispersal of excreta by wind, flies, or other agencies. The latrines +should be located a distance from camp but not so far as to offer +temptation to pollution of the ground. Third, boys should be educated when +on hikes or tramps in the old Mosaic Rule laid down in Deuteronomy 23: +12-14. [1] + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: "Thou shalt have a place also without the camp, +whither thou shalt go forth abroad: And thou shalt have a paddle upon thy +weapon; and it shall be, when thou wilt ease thyself abroad, thou shalt +dig therewith, and shalt turn back and cover that which cometh from thee: +For the LORD thy God walketh in the midst of thy camp, to deliver thee, +and to give up thine enemies before thee; therefore shall thy camp be +holy: that he see no unclean thing in thee, and turn away from thee."] + +Garbage + +Garbage, consisting chiefly of trimmings of meat and vegetables and the +waste from the table, if stored in open buckets soon becomes offensive and +is an ideal breeding place in warm weather for flies "that drink of +cesspools, dine at privy vaults, eat sputum and are likely to be the most +familiar guests at the dinner table, sampling every article of food upon +which they walk, leaving in their tracks disease-producing germs which +have adhered to their sticky feet where they have previously dined." +Declare war upon the "fly who won't wipe his feet" by keeping the garbage +in a covered galvanized-iron pail and dispose of it before decomposition +takes place. Wash and dry the pail after emptying. If the camp is located +near a farm, give the garbage to the farmer. It is the natural food of +swine or poultry. Where this is not possible, the garbage should be buried +every day in the earth and covered with three or four inches of dirt. +Another and better plan, especially in a large camp, is the burning of the +garbage and human excreta in an incinerator, such as the McCall. This is +the method of the United States Army. + +Exercise caution in throwing aside tin cans. The vegetable matter +remaining in the cans soon decays and attracts flies. Have a place where +these cans may be buried or burned with other refuse each day. Keep the +ground surrounding the kitchen free from all kinds of garbage or refuse. + +Do not throw dirty dish water promiscuously upon the ground. Dig a trench +and put the water in this trench. Sprinkle chloride of lime or a +disinfectant upon it each day. In a permanent camp a waste water well +should be dug and lined with stone. The drain pipe should be laid from the +kitchen to the well. This water soon disappears in the soil and does not +become a nuisance. Make sure that the well is not in line with the water +supply of the camp. A little potash or some washing soda dissolved in the +sink will help to keep the drain clean. + +Place barrels in different parts of the camp for refuse and scraps. A coat +of whitewash or white paint will make them conspicuous. In one camp the +following suggestive bit of verse was painted on the waste barrels: + +Ravenous Barrel + +I am all mouth and vacuum + I never get enough, +So cram me full of fruit peels, + Old papers, trash and stuff. + +Epicurean Barrel + +O, how sorry I feel for a boy + Who litters clean places with trash, +Who throws away papers and fruit peels + Which form my favorite hash. + +Waste Barrels + +These barrels should be set upon two strips of wood placed parallel. This +permits the air to pass beneath the barrel and keeps its bottom from +decaying by contact with the ground. The barrels should be emptied daily +and the trash burned. + +A dirty, carelessly kept, untidy camp will make discipline and order very +difficult to attain and the influence will soon be noticed in the careless +personal habits of the boys. There is an educational and moral value in +cleanliness which is second only to that of good health. + +Water Supply + +Dr. Charles E. A. Winslow, the noted biologist, is authority for the +following statement; [Camp Conference, p.61] "The source of danger in +water is always human or animal pollution. Occasionally we find water +which is bad to drink on account of minerals dissolved on its way through +the ground or on account of passage through lead pipes, but the danger is +never from ordinary decomposing vegetable matter. If you have to choose +between a bright, clear stream which may be polluted at some point above, +and a pond full of dead leaves and peaty matter, but which you can inspect +all around and find free from contamination, choose the pond. Even in the +woods it is not easy to find surface waters that are surely protected, and +streams particularly are dangerous sources of water supply. We have now +got rid of the idea that running water purifies itself. It is standing +water which purifies itself, if anything, for in stagnation there is much +more chance for the disease germs to die out. Better than either a pond or +stream, unless you can carry out a rather careful exploration of their +surroundings, is ground water from a well or spring; though that again is +not necessarily safe. If the well is in good sandy soil with no cracks or +fissures, even water that has been polluted may be well purified and made +safe to drink. In a clayey or rocky region, on the other hand, +contaminating material may travel for considerable distance under ground. +Even if your well is protected below, a very important point to look after +is the pollution from the surface. I believe more cases of typhoid fever +from wells are due to surface pollution than to the character of the water +itself. This is a danger which can, of course, be done away with by +protection of the well from surface drainage, by seeing that the surface +wash is not allowed to drain toward it and that it is protected by a tight +covering from the entrance of its own waste water. If good water cannot be +secured in any of these ways, the water must be purified. It has been said +that what we desire in water supply is innocence and not repentance; but +if you cannot get pristine innocence, you can, at least, secure works meet +for repentance and make the water safe, by filtering through either a +Pasteur or a Berkefeld filter--either of those filters will take out +bacteria, while no other filters that I know of will or by various +chemical disinfectants, not any of them very satisfactory--or, best of +all, by boiling, which will surely destroy all disease germs." + +Indians had a way of purifying water from a pond or swamp by digging a +hole about one foot across and down about six inches below the water +level, a few feet from the pond. After it had filled with water, they +bailed it out quickly, repeating the bailing process about three times. +After the third bailing the hole would fill with filtered water. Try it. + +Drinking Cups + +Insist upon the boys bringing to camp a supply of inexpensive paper cups +or collapsible pocket drinking cups. Filthy and dangerous diseases are not +infrequently transmitted by the use of a common drinking cup. + +Paper Drinking Cup. + +Take a piece of clean paper about 6 inches square and fold it on the +dotted lines, as shown in Figure 1, so as to make a triangle. Do not use +paper having anything printed on it, as there is danger of poison from the +ink. The other folds are made in the dotted lines, as shown in Figure 2. +Each pointed end of the triangle is turned over on one side, as shown in +Figure 3, then the sheets of the remaining points are separated and each +one folded down on its respective side. This practical idea is furnished +by R. H. Lufkin in Popular Mechanics for February, 1911. + +Board of Health + +Boys should be encouraged to cooperate in keeping the camp clean. A Board +of Health may be organized, to be composed of an equal number of boys and +camp leaders with the camp physician, or director of the camp as chairman. + +[Illustration: A Paper Drinking Cup] + +The duties of the board will be to inspect daily the toilets, sinks, and +drains, the water supply, the garbage disposal and waste barrels; condemn +everything that is unsanitary, and correct all sanitary disorders. The +board will also arrange for a series of talks upon "Sanitation and +Health," such as: + +Sunshine and Health +Johnnie and the Microbes +Dirt and Cleanliness +Fresh Air +Flies and Filth +Health--Its Value and Its Cost. + +Have the boys write essays upon these subjects and give credits or points +for original interpretation, accuracy of report of talk given, and +observance and correction of sanitary disorders. + +Maxims + +Clean up as you go. Sunshine and dryness are great microbe killers. It is +better to keep clean, than to get clean. Dirt, dampness and disease can +often be avoided by decency, dryness and determination. Uncleanness is at +the root of many of the evils which cause suffering and ill health. Fire +is the best disinfectant. Typhoid fever and cholera are carried by dirty +habits, by dirty water and dirty milk. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY. + +Camp Sanitation-Review and Herald Pub. Assn., Washington, D. C. 6 cents. A +twelve-page folder of useful hints on what to do and what not to do. + +Wastes and Their Disposal--Henry J. Barnes, M.D. Health-Education League, +Boston, Mass., 4 cents. An authoritative booklet written by the Professor +of Hygiene, Tufts Medical School. This League publishes a number of very +valuable and comprehensive booklets on health subjects. + +Good Health--Francis Gulick Jewett. Ginn and Co., 40 cents. Gives detail +instruction in matters of health and hygiene. Prepared especially for +younger people. + +Health--B. Franklin Richards. Pacific Press Pub. Co., $1.00. Written in +language easily understood and filled with sensible suggestions. + +[Illustration: "The Sardines"--Eight Boys in a 12X14 Tent--Camp Becket] + + + +CHAPTER IV--CAMP EQUIPMENT + +ADVANCE PARTY +PLAN OF CAMP GROUNDS +A MEASURING DEVICE +SETTING UP A WALL TENT +GUYING THE TENT +TRENCHING +PEG WISDOM +INTERIOR TENT CONVENIENCES +HOW TO MAKE A TEPEE +TENT WISDOM +SLEEPING ON THE GROUND +A "HIP HOLE" +HOW TO KEEP WARM +MAKING A BED +DOUBLE-DECK BUNKS +BLANKETS +PILLOWS +KITCHEN WARE +TABLE WARE +TABLE TOPS +A "HORSE" IDEA +PERMANENT BUILDINGS +SURVEYING +HOME-MADE INSTRUMENTS +CAMP SURVEY + + +The greatest help after all is to take the children back to the garden +that the Lord God planted. A boy must learn to sleep under the open sky +and to tramp ten miles through the rain if he wants to be strong. He must +learn what sort of men it was who made America, and he must not get into +this fuss and flurry of our American civilization and think that patent +leather shoes and white kid gloves are necessary for the salvation of his +life.--Edward Everett Hale. + +Selecting a camp site and general directions for the laying out of the +camp grounds is treated very fully in the chapter on Camp Sanitation, so +that this chapter will be devoted to methods that to the experienced +camper may seem trite, but which the novice will appreciate. + +[Illustration: Laying Out a Camp] + +Advance Party + +If the camp is a large one it is usually customary to send an advance +party several days ahead to erect the tents and get the camp in readiness +for the larger party. The successful management of a camp depends very +much upon placing the tents in such a position as to give plenty of room +and yet be compact. When tents are scattered the difficulty of control is +increased. The above diagram is a suggestion for the laying out of a camp +which provides for room and control. + +Plan of Grounds + +The following hints will help the advance party to layout the camp in a +systematic and scientific manner. To find the right angle of the camp +square, drive a peg at A, another 3 feet distant at B; attach a 5-foot +cord from the peg at B, and a 4 foot cord from the peg at A. The point at +which the two cords meet at C, where another peg may be driven in, will be +the line at right angles to B-A. + +[Illustration: Right Angle of Camp Square] + +Measuring Device + +The illustrations opposite show a device by which a camp, baseball +grounds, running track, tennis court or any distance may be quickly and +accurately measured. The first thing to do is to get an inch board and cut +a round disc (a) about 12 inches in diameter. Cut two of them and tack +them together. The diagram "b" is easier to cut out and will serve the +purpose just as well. When the two are temporarily tacked together, bore a +hole through the centre for the axle. The eight spokes should be of light +material and not too pointed or they will sink in the ground and prevent +accuracy. The spokes are tacked on one disc as shown in "c" and then the +other disc is nailed on the outside. + +[Illustration: A Measuring Device] + +Paint the end of one spoke red, so that you can count it every time it +comes around. By having the points that touch the ground exactly 9 inches +apart, one revolution of the wheel will measure six feet. For an axle use +a small piece of broom handle, and for a handle use a long light pole. By +varying the length of the spokes you can make the wheel measure any +desired distance. + +Wall Tent + +The line of the camp having been laid out, the next thing is the erection +of the tents. The best way of setting up a wall tent (either the 12 x 14 +or 14 x 16 size), the type used in most of the boys' camps, is the method +used by the army and described in Kephart's "Book of Camping and +Woodcraft." Four boys or men proceed as follows: Nos. 1 and 2 procure +canvas, and Nos. 3 and 4 the poles. + +Nos. 3 and 4 lay the ridge pole on the ground, in the direction that the +tent is to stand; then lay the uprights at each end of ridge-pole and at +right angles to it, on the side opposite that from which the wind blows. +Then drop the tent pins and hammers at their respective ends of the tent; +then drive a pin at each end of the ridge to mark front and rear. +Meanwhile Nos. 1 and 2 unroll the tent and spread it out over the +ridge-pole and on both sides of it. + +Nos. 1 and 3 now go to the rear, and Nos. 2 and 4 to the front, and slip +the pins of the uprights through the ridge-pole and tent. If a fly is +used, it is placed in position over the tent, and the loops of the long +guys over the front and rear pole pins. No. 4 secures center (door) loops +over center pin in front, and No. 1 in rear. Each goes to his corner, No. +1 right rear, No. 2 right front, No. 3 left rear, No. 4 left front. + +All draw bottom of tent taut and square, the front and rear at right +angles to the ridge, and fasten it with pins through the corner loops, +then stepping outward two paces from the corner, and a pace to the front +(Nos. 2 and 4) or rear (Nos. 1 and 3) each securely sets a long pin, over +which is passed the extended corner guy rope. Care must be taken that the +tent is properly squared and pinned to the ground at the door and four +corners before raising it. + +[Illustration: Shelter Tents, Seton Tepee, Tent Made Of A "Fly", Wall +Tent] + +Nos. 1 and 3 now go to the rear, and Nos. 2 and 4 to the front pole, and +raise the tent to a convenient height from the ground, when Nos. 2 and 3 +enter and seize their respective poles, and all together raise the tent +until the upright poles are vertical. While Nos. 2 and 3 support the +poles, Nos. 1 and 4 tighten the corner guys, beginning on the windward +side. The tent being thus temporarily secured, all set the guy pins and +fasten the guy ropes, Nos. 1 and 2 to the right, Nos. 3 and 4 left, and +then set the wall pins. + +To prevent the upright poles from sinking in the ground under the pressure +of the canvas, place a flat stone or piece of wood under the pole. + +Guying the Tent + +One of the troubles with tents is their remarkable proclivity for +tightening and slackening with the varying conditions of the weather. This +means a constant loosening or tightening of the guy ropes, and the longer +the guy ropes the more they will shrink or stretch according as they are +wet or dry. This may be overcome to some extent by using very heavy corner +posts securely driven into the ground and spiking a pole across them, and +very short guy ropes fastening to this pole. (See page 47.) A shower, or +even ordinary dew, will cause the canvas to shrink, therefore be sure to +slacken the guys, or you may have a torn tent or broken ridge pole. + +Trenching + +Dig a trench around the tent and do it before you have to. If you have +ever gotten out in the middle of the night when the rain was coming down +in torrents, to dig a ditch or trench, you will appreciate this bit of +advice. + +Warn the boys not to touch the roof of the tent on the inside when it is +raining, for it will surely leak wherever it is touched. + +There is a right and a wrong way of driving stakes into the ground. Study +illustrations, p. 47. + +Peg Wisdom + +In taking down the tent, don't pound loose the tent pins or pegs, but with +a looped rope and a pull in the direction from which they are driven they +can easily be removed. + +Conveniences + +After pitching your tent, put everything in order. Run a stout line, +either of rope or rustless wire, between the two upright poles, about a +foot below the ridge pole. A very convenient thing to throw clothes over. +In some camps they have a shelf suspended from the ridge pole, divided +into compartments, one for each boy in the tent. Nails driven in the +upright poles afford convenient pegs to hang things on. Be sure the nails +are removed before taking down the tent or a rip in the canvas will be the +result. + +A bundle of elder leaves in a tent will keep away flies. If ants show a +desire to creep into your tent, dust cayenne pepper into their holes and +they will no longer trouble you. + +When there is no wooden floor in the tent, strew small hemlock twigs. They +make a fine carpet and the odor is both pleasant and healthful. + +In addition to the different styles of tents shown in the illustrations on +page 43, the following description of how to make a ten-foot teepee is +given by Charles R. Scott in his Vacation Diary: + +Making a Teepee + +Sew canvas together making oblong ABCD 20 by 10 feet; with E as centre and +EA as a radius, draw half-circle AFD. From remaining canvas cut smoke +flaps LKCM and ONBP. Sew piece of canvas at C and B making pocket for ends +of smoke poles. Sew ML to HI and PO to GJ on one large piece of canvas. +Sew lash to E to tie teepee to pole. Sew 6 or 7-foot lash to K and N to +set smoke flaps with. Make holes in pairs from L to D and O to A for +lacing pins. Ten poles 12 feet long are needed. Make tripod of nine of +these and tie teepee at E to pole two feet from top and place over tripod. + +In "Recreation," April, 1911, in an article on "Tent Making Made Easy," H. +J. Holden tells how to make ten different tents with but one piece of +canvas. + +[Illustration: The Ten Foot Teepee] + +Tent Wisdom + +The best type of tent to use in a permanent camp is a wall tent, either 12 +x 14 or 14 x 16, which will accommodate from four to six fellows. An eight +ounce, mildew-proofed duck, with a ten or twelve ounce duck fly will give +excellent wear. Have a door at each end of the tent and the door ties made +of cotton cord instead of tape. Double pieces of canvas should be sewed in +all the corners and places where there is unusual strain. Manilla rope is +best for guys, and metal slides are preferable to wood. If the tents are +made to order, have a cotton cord about two feet long sewed in each seam +just under the eaves, so that one end shall hang down inside the tent and +the other outside. The walls of the tent can then be rolled up and tied so +that the tent will be thoroughly aired. Make sure that the end of the +ridge pole and of the upright poles have iron bands to prevent splitting +of the poles. + +Bed on Ground + +For a short-term camp, pine boughs make the best kind of a bed (see +chapter on Tramps and Hikes for description of bed). Sometimes a rubber +blanket is spread upon the ground and the boys roll themselves up in their +blankets. An old camper gives the following suggestion to those who desire +to sleep in this fashion: + +The bed should be made in the afternoon while the sun is shining. To make +the bed, clear the ground of twigs and stones. The space should be about 6 +x 3 feet. + +A "Hip Hole" + +A shovelful of dirt is removed, making a shallow, transverse trench, about +midway of the bed. This trench is the "hip hole" and the making of it +properly is what renders the bed comfortable. In making the bed the +following order should be observed: + +(1) spread the rubber blanket; + +(2) the blanket spread so that one-half only covers the prepared couch; + +(3) then spread the woolen blankets so that the "hip hole" is in the right +place; + +(4) add the pillow; + +(5) fold the blankets over you and pin them with big safety pins across +the bottom and along the side. + +To Keep Warm + +Stewart Edward White in "Camp and Trail" tells how to keep warm when +sleeping on the ground: "Lie flat on your back. Spread the blanket over +you. Now raise your legs rigid from the hip, the blanket, of course, +draping over them. In two swift motions tuck first one edge under your +legs from right to left, then the second edge under from left to right, +and over the first edge. Lower your legs, wrap up your shoulders and go to +sleep. If you roll over, one edge will unwind but the other will tighten." + +A bed tick[1] 6-1/2 feet long and 2-1/2 feet wide, to be filled with +grass, leaves, straw or any available stuff makes a comfortable bed. + +[Transcribers Footnote 1: Cloth case for a mattress or pillow or a light +mattress without springs.] + +To Make a Bed + +A comfortable bed used at Camp Durrell, is made by driving four posts in +the ground and nailing a frame work of saplings on these posts. Rope is +then interwoven from side to side in somewhat the fashion of the old-time +cord bed. Pine boughs are then placed "shingle" fashion in the cording, +making a very comfortable bed. + +Double-Deck Bunks + +Many of the long-term camps, however, have cots or bunks with canvas +bottoms. This is the best way to sleep for boys who are going to be in +camp the entire summer. The following type of double-deck bunk is in use +at Camps Adirondack, Becket, Wawayanda and Dudley. The illustrations give +a clear idea of its construction. Use wood as free from knots as possible. +Spruce seems to be the best kind as it is both light in weight and very +durable. The top section upon which the canvas beds are tacked is bolted +to the uprights which makes a bunk easily taken apart. Three of these +uprights, one at each end and one in the middle, will make a bed section +accommodating four boys, two on the "first floor" and two on the "second +floor." In this manner eight boys may be comfortably housed in a 12 x 14 +or 14 x 16 foot tent, with room for baggage in the center, as shown in the +illustration on page 37. + +Blankets + +Always remember that to keep warm while sleeping in a cot or bunk, you +must have as much thickness of blanket under you as above you. Usually +boys will pile blankets on top of them and have only one blanket under +them and then wonder why they are cold. + +Pillows + +A pillow may be made out of a bag of muslin or dark denim and stuffed with +a sweater or extra clothing. Much better--take a small pillow with you +with removable and washable "case" made of dark green or brown denim. + +[Illustration: Bunk Diagram] + +Kitchen Ware + +In purchasing kitchen ware, a mistake is frequently made by getting a +cheap kind of ware unfitted for the hard usage of camp life. The kind +manufactured for hotels and restaurants and of sufficient capacity, is +more expensive, but will outwear two outfits of the cheaper type and is +really more economical in the long run. In the buying do not omit that +most adaptable and convenient of all cooking utensils for camp--a wash +boiler. Get one that is copper-lined and made of the heaviest tin. + +Table Ware + +Campers prefer the white enamel ware on account of its appearance and +wear. If the imported kind is purchased it will last for at least three +long-term seasons. Avoid tin and the cheap gray enamel ware. Each boy +should be provided with a large plate of the deep soup pattern, cereal +bowl not too large, a saucer for sauce and dessert, a cup, knife, fork, +table spoon and tea spoon. In a small camp the boy usually brings his own +"eating utensils." When the table is set with white oil cloth, white +enamelled dishes, both serving and individual, with decorations of ferns, +wild flowers or blossoms, the food always seems to taste better and the +meal proceeds with that keen enjoyment, which is not only conducive to +good digestion but promotive of good fellowship. A dirty table and dishes +and rough-house table manners are a disgrace to a camp even as small as +six boys. Cleanliness, courtesy and cheerful conversation contribute to +the making of character while at meals. + +Table Tops + +Table tops should be made of matched boards and battened. Screw the +battens[1] to the boards. The tables should be thirty-six inches in width. +The length must be determined by the number of persons to be seated. The +seating of boys in tent groups is considered the best plan. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Narrow strip of wood for flooring.] + +A "Horse" Idea + +A wooden horse made after the following sketch will support the table top +and seats. The seat may be a plank about twelve inches wide and one and +one-eighth inches thick. + +[Illustration: Wooden Horse Table and Seat Support] + +Buildings + +Permanent buildings are largely planned according to the ideas of the +director or organization operating the camp and this, therefore, is a +matter which cannot be fully treated in a book of this character. +Convenience, harmony with natural surroundings, and adaptability are the +three things which govern the planning and erection of permanent camp +buildings. "Wilderness Homes," by Oliver Kemp, contains many suggestions +for camps of this character. In "Recreation" for April, 1911, is an +excellent article by William D. Brinckle on "Log Cabins." + +Surveying + +The following practical suggestions on surveying in a boys' camp have been +especially prepared by H. M. Allen. Surveying is an important subject for +study and practice, as it is both interesting and useful and may serve as +a stepping-stone in the later education of the boy. + +The surveying may be roughly divided into two parts, simple and advanced. +The simple work includes that which can be carried on with a few cheap +instruments easily secured or made by the boys. The advanced work requires +better instruments and is adapted to high school boys. Only the simple +work will be described. + +Home-made + +The instruments needed in simple surveying are, compass, measuring tape, +draughtsman's scale, protractor, drawing materials and a small home-made +transit. The leader should, if possible, become familiar with some good +textbook on surveying, such as Wentworth's Plane Trigonometry and +Surveying. He should also get some civil engineer to give him a little +instruction in the rudiments. It is well also to get some practice before +going to camp. Any vacant lot or gymnasium floor will be suitable. If the +leader is near a small lake that will be especially desirable. + +The transit is easily made. A flat board should be selected, about twelve +inches in diameter, which will not warp. Upon this a circle is marked +about ten inches in diameter. For this purpose use a pair of drawing +compasses. Then with a protractor lay off the degrees of the circle. A +small brass protractor can be bought for 15 cents, a good one, large size, +costs 80 cents. A good plan is to mark the circle on bristol board [1] +which can be tacked in the board. Then a pointed piece of wood ten inches +long should be fastened with a nail in the center of the circle. At the +ends of the pointer pins should be placed vertically so that they are in +line with the pivot nail. This will form a sight for measuring the angles. +The board is then mounted upon a pointed stick or tripod. You will need a +hatchet and a half dozen sharpened sticks for markers and a boy for rod +man. You are now ready for the survey. + +[Transcribers Footnote 1: Smooth, heavy pasteboard.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 1. Top View of Transit, Protractor, Sighting Pins, +Board for Circle, Support] + +Camp Survey + +To make a map of the location of the camp, the first thing is to locate a +base line on a level piece of ground. At the two ends A and B stakes are +placed and the length carefully measured with the tape. Then from one end +of the line stretch a string about ten feet long, toward the other stake. +Under this string place the compass. In this way the direction of the line +may be learned. + +In figure 1, the base line runs about 10 degrees west of north. Drive a +stake where the tent is to be located. This place will be called C. Then +place the transit at A and measure the angle formed by the imaginary lines +AC and AB. In the example the angle is about 45 degrees. Then place the +transit at B and measure the angle there, formed by the lines AB and BC. +Then the angle at C should be measured and the sum of the angles thus +measured will be 180 degrees, if the work is correct. + +[Illustration: Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4] + +Now make a drawing of the survey. Draw on paper a line corresponding to +the line AB, making a certain scale, say 100 feet to the inch. If the real +line is 200 feet long, the line on the paper will be 2 inches. With the +protractor the angles at B and A may be drawn or plotted. This will give +the location of the point C. With the scale determine on the plan the +length of the other sides of the triangle ABC. The actual distances should +next be measured with the tape to test the accuracy of the survey. + +Next place a stake along the side of the lake at a point D. Then in a +similar manner measure the triangle with the transit. With the protractor +the lines AD and BD can be plotted on the plan. With the scale the length +of the lines AD and BD can be estimated from the map. The rest of the lake +is surveyed in the same manner. It is only necessary to take other points +on the lake and survey the resulting triangles. It is a good idea to use +four-foot stakes with flags placed so as to be easy to sight to them. + +Finally a tracing may be made with carbon paper giving only the shore line +and leaving out the lines of the triangles and the map is finished. The +boys in one camp surveyed a lake a mile long with home-made instruments +with excellent results. + +Boys should be taught how to use the compass and a map in tracing their +way through an unknown country. Also to travel by the stars or by the moss +on the trees. + + + +CHAPTER V--PERSONAL CHECK LIST OR INVENTORY + +CHECK LIST +MARKING +LOST AND FOUND +MEMORY +HOW TO PACK +SHIPPING +LABELS +NEATNESS +GENERAL HINTS + +Experience only can determine what should be taken to camp. Usually the +first camping trip decides what to take on the second trip, and also +reveals how few things, providing they are right things, one really needs +to be comfortable in camp. A boy's mother, who is generally the official +trunk packer of the family, makes a mistake in stowing away in the trunk a +lot of things not serviceable or suitable for camping. Cotton goods, +except towels, handkerchiefs, and hose, are of no use. Gray woolen shirts, +gray, brown, or green sweaters (a boon to campers--avoid white, red, or +striped colors), khaki suit, outing flannel pajamas (tan color preferred) +are in the class of real camp necessities so far as clothing is concerned. +The hat should be drab or khaki color, of campaign style, something that +will shed water and sun. The hat used by the Boy Scouts of America is +admirably adapted for campers. + +The outfit may be divided into four classes: things necessary, things +desirable, things convenient, and luxuries. Boys who go camping for two +weeks or less should take articles in the following list marked (1); those +who go for four weeks or less should take articles marked (2) in addition +to those marked (1); and those who go for what may be called the season, +six or more weeks, should take those marked (3), in addition to all of (1) +and (2). + +Necessary + +Woolen sweater (coat style) (1) +Note book or diary (1) +Twine and rope (2) +Two flannel shirts (gray) (1) +Lead pencil (1) +Change of underwear (1) +Pens and ink (2) +Two pairs stockings (1) +Stamps, stamped envelopes (1) +Jersey (2) +Outing flannel pajamas (1) +Paper, postals and envelopes(2) +Running pants (1) +Handkerchiefs (1) +Needles and thread (1) +Two pairs woolen blankets (1) +Matches in metal box (1) +Poncho (1) +Folding drinking cup (1) +Turkish towels (1) +Strong pocket knife on chain(1) +Extra pair heavy shoes (2) +Toilet soap (in aluminum or +celluloid box) (1) +Echo whistle (2) +Fishing tackle (2) +Comb and brush (1) +Camera (2) +Tooth brush and tooth paste(1) +Small-sized Bible (1) +Money (1) +Pins and safety pins (safeties one-inch and four-inch) (1) +Good disposition (1) +Leggings-tan, army style (1) + +Desirable + +Extra suit of clothes (2) +Rubber-soled shoes (sneakers) (1) +Soft laundered shirt (2) +Bathing suit or tights (2) +Small compass (2) +Small mirror (1) +Baseball, bats, gloves (2) +Whisk broom (2) +Tennis racquets and balls (3) +Dish towels (2) +Ping Pong racquets, balls (3) +Cheap watch (1) +Rubber boots or overshoes (2) +Map of vicinity (2) +Clothes pins (2) +Musical instruments (2) +Flash lamp (2) +Scissors (2) +Repair outfit (2) + +Convenient + +Games (3) +Can opener (2) +Books (3) +Small hand washboard (3) +Small pillow (2) +Thick strong gloves (3) +Mosquito netting (2) +Heavy woolen stockings (3) +Candles (3) +Elk hide moccasins (3) + +Luxuries + +Bath robe (3) +Blacking and brush (3) +Shaving outfit (3) +Laundry bag (2) +Face rag (3) + +It is understood that cooking utensils; tools, tents, cots and the general +camp equipment is supplied by the camp management. The above list is for +the individual campers. + +Mark Everything + +Mark everything with your initials, or, if in a large camp, your camp +number. This may be done with indelible ink upon white tape, and the tape +sewed upon the garments, or you may order through the large department +stores your full name embroidered on tape in sufficient quantity to sew +upon your belongings. Marking your "goods and chattels" helps identify +ownership, for things somehow get fearfully mixed up in a boys' camp. + +A clever scheme for locating lost articles was adopted by one large camp. +A "Lost and Found" shop was opened. Articles found were brought to the +shop. Hours for identification and reclaiming were announced, the owner +paying two cents for each article claimed. This method had the effect of +making the boys more systematic and less careless in throwing things +around, or leaving them upon the ground after a ball game or play. After a +certain length of time, an auction was held of all unclaimed articles. The +money received was put into books for the camp library. + +Write it Down + +Make your "check list" during the winter. Have an old box handy in which +to put things you think you will want to take to camp. Boys usually talk +over the experiences of the last camp until about January 1st, then they +begin to talk and plan about the next camp. As you think of things jot +them down in a little memorandum book marked "Camp Ideas." Leaders will +find this plan especially helpful. In making up the list, put down each +article on a separate line. Don't jumble things together. Leave nothing to +memory which, alas, too frequently is a splendid "forgetter." Write it +down on paper. Examine your list very carefully, and strike out everything +you can do without. Simplicity coupled with comfort should be the guide in +making up the list or inventory. Tack the list on the inside of your trunk +or camp box. Often the little trifles prove the most valuable things on a +camping trip. For instance, a supply of giant safety pins is invaluable +for pinning blankets together in sleeping-bag fashion. Ever roll out of +your blankets or toss them off on a cool night? If so, you know the value +of a giant safety pin. + +What to pack the outfit in and how to pack it is a problem which each must +solve for himself. A cracker box, with hinged cover, padlock, and rope +handles, is good for a short-time camping trip. It should be of the +following dimensions: 30 x 18 x 15 inches. + +[Illustration: Camp Box] + +A good strong steamer trunk is about the best thing. It is convenient, +easy to handle, and takes up very little space. + +The boys who are mechanically inclined, will want to have the fun of +making a camp box. The illustration is a suggestion successfully worked +out by a number of boys. The dimensions may be determined by the maker. +Don't make it too big, or it will be a burden and also occupy too much +room in the tent. It stands upright and serves as a dresser. Boys who +spend a summer in camp should have either a steamer trunk or this dresser. + +If the trunk or box is too small to carry blankets, a good plan is to roll +blankets, bedding and such articles in a roll or canvas, the ends and +sides of which are doubled inward, so as to prevent articles from dropping +out or getting wet. Strap with a good shawl or strong rope. (See +illustration.) + +[Illustration: Blanket Roll.] + +A dunnage[1], duffle, or carry-all bag is sometimes used for packing, but +there is a possibility of a "mess" as well as a loss of your good +disposition and patience in trying to locate some desired article. + +Carry your poncho to be used in case of rain en route. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Personal baggage.] + +Shipping + +Have your expressman deliver your baggage at the station at least one hour +before the train starts. If the baggage is delayed, much annoyance and +loss of temper is the result. If the camp is a large one, some one should +be designated to look after the baggage arrangements. After checking the +baggage, this person should receive checks and attend to claiming baggage +at destination. + +Many of the large camps provide mucilaged labels or "stickers" to paste on +the end of the trunk or box making identification easy at railroad baggage +room. Initials and camp number should be painted on outside of trunk or +box. + +Neatness + +"A place for everything and everything in place" should be the real key to +find things in your trunk. Neatness is good discipline for the mind, and +should characterize every real camper. The trunks of some boys in camp +look as if a cyclone had struck them. "Full, pressed down, and running +over." Every old thing in any old way is both slovenly and unhygienic. + +About once a week everything should be taken from the trunk or box, and +exposed to the sun. Let the sun also get into the trunk or box. Then +repack neatly. This will prevent mould and dampness, and be the means of +discovering lost articles. Finally be sure to go over with care your +"check list" or inventory the day before camp breaks. This will prevent +rushing around excitedly at the eleventh hour, hunting lost articles. + +GENERAL HINTS + +Gray and khaki are the most inconspicuous colors for camping. + +Shirts should be provided with breast pockets. + +Each lock should have a duplicate key to be given to the tent leader, or +in a large camp, to the camp banker. + +Have an old laundry bag in which to put soiled clothes. "Wash day" is a +popular day in many camps. No camper need be dirty when there is abundance +of water. + +There is a luxuriance in a piece of soap and a clean towel that only +experienced campers can understand and appreciate. + +Wet towels, swimming suits or tights should not be placed in the trunk or +box, but hung upon a rope, or non-rust wire outside of the tent. + +The poncho is the camper's friend. It makes a good rubber blanket, a wrap, +a cushion, a bag, a sail or a tent. + +Be sure to take enough bed clothes. You will need them on cold nights. + +Stamps wiped over the hair of your head will not stick together--the oil +of the hair does the trick. Take a self-filler fountain pen--no glass +filler to break. + +A small Williams or Colgate shaving stick box, with screw or hinged cover, +makes a good match box. A better one is a water-tight hard rubber box, +with screw top. If dropped into a lake or stream it will float, whereas a +metal box will sink. + +Some one has said that "Good temper is as necessary for camping as water +is for swimming." Be sure it is on your "check list." + +[Illustration: Personal Labels] + + + +CHAPTER VI--ORGANIZATION, ADMINISTRATION AND DISCIPLINE + +A RECOGNIZED LAW +COOPERATIVE SELF-GOVERNMENT +COUNCIL MEETINGS +DEPARTMENT ADMINISTRATION +RULES +DISCIPLINE BY WHISTLE +DISCIPLINE BY CONSCIENCE +SELF IMPOSED DISCIPLINE +SEVEN THINGS WHICH GOD HATES +LIARS AND SNEAKS +A "MEDITATION LOG" AND OTHER METHODS +PRIVATE TALKS +PERFECT FREEDOM + +The heavens themselves, the planets and this centre +Observe degree, priority and place, +Insisture, course, proportion, season, form, +Office and custom, in all lines of order. +-Troilus and Cressida. Act 1, Scene 3. + +Order + +It matters very little if the camp be a large or small one, all will agree +that system and organization must prevail if the camp is to be a "place of +known delight and proved desire." Order is said to be Heaven's first law, +and a boys' camp should not be operated contrary to this recognized law. +What is everybody's business usually becomes nobody's business. Much soup +has been spoiled by the stirring of too many cooks. A boys' camp becomes +a place of discord when everybody takes a hand in "running it." There must +be one whose word is absolute and final, and who is recognized as the +leader or director of the camp; at the same time the campers should have a +voice in the government and share in planning and participating in its +activities. (See chapter on Leadership.) + +The following charting of organization will explain the "degree, priority +and place" of those who are to be responsible for the administration and +welfare of the camp. + +Cooperative Self-Government + +This form of organization recognizes maturity, experience, ability, +cooperation, justice and altruistic service. Self-government wholly by the +boys is unwise. There must always be a paternal guidance of hot, impulsive +and indiscriminate youth. Boys desire adult leadership and where a wise +combination is formed of man and boy working together, there will be found +the highest type of efficient, wholesome, happy and purposeful camp life. + +Council Meetings + +Frequent council meetings should be held. When the senior council, +composed of the leaders and director, meet for planning and to discuss the +work, it should be understood that whatever is said or discussed at the +meeting, must not be talked over in the presence of the boys, particularly +matters of discipline, awarding of honors and camp policy. Joint meetings +of the junior and senior councils should be held weekly. Each "tent" is +represented on the junior council by electing one of their tent-mates, who +shall present the views of his constituents at council meetings. + +[Illustration: Camp Organization Chart] + +Departments + +The director should have the power of appointing the chairmen or heads of +departments, and the chairmen the privilege of selecting associates from +the two councils. The policy of each department must be ratified by a +joint meeting of the councils before it becomes operative. Prevent +bickering over minor parliamentary details. Keep in mind first, last and +always, the highest welfare of the camp. Let the "voice of the people" be +heard, yet see that the legislation introduced is in the interest of the +highest good of the campers. The chart suggests the work of the various +departments. + +RULES + +In all well-organized and purposeful camps for boys, three rules are +considered absolutely essential for the safety and welfare of the campers. +These rules are: + +1. No fire-arms, air-rifles or explosives of any kind allowed. + +2. No one of the party shall enter the water for swimming or bathing, +except during the designated period. + +3. No tobacco used in any form. + +Every boy going to camp agrees, in signing his application, to observe +whatever rules are decided upon as best for the welfare of all. Boys +should be trusted and expected to do as the majority think best. There +should be a happy understanding and mutual confidence existing which +should make a long list of rules unnecessary. When the boys arrive in +camp, the director should outline and explain the purpose and policy of +the camp in kind, but unmistakable terms. + +A camp of a dozen boys and their school teacher, in the White Mountains, +was operated for three delightful weeks, upon the following "agreement," +which all the boys and their leader signed. + +We, the members of Camp Bejoyful, do hereby subscribe cheerfully to the +following rules and regulations and will be governed by them while we are +members of this camp. + +We further agree to pay any penalty the other members of the camp may +think fit to impose upon us for breaking these rules or resolutions. + +We will not lose our tempers. + +We will not use any language we would not use in the presence of ladies. + +We will not tell stories we would not tell or want told to our sisters. + +We will perform cheerfully any duties our Camp Master asks us to perform. + +We will at all times respect the rights and feelings of others. + +We will remember that the command to "Remember the Sabbath day and keep it +holy," is obligatory at all times and in all places. + +The motto of this camp shall be "Noblesse oblige." + +The Whistle + +Unless the camp is conducted under the auspices of the Boys' Brigade or +some military organization, where boys prefer the military discipline, it +is unwise to introduce it in a camp for boys. The type of discipline to be +used will depend upon the type of leader. Some camps are controlled by the +use of a whistle. When the attention of the boys is desired, the leader +blows a shrill blast of the whistle and the boys immediately respond by +absolute silence and await the announcement or whatever the leader or +director desires to say to them. Never blow the whistle unless necessary. +Secure first the attention of the boys if you want their interest. Camp +boys become accustomed to continuous blowing of the whistle in the same +manner that city boys become used to the noise of the street-car gong. +Blow your whistle and wait. Cause for a second blast should be considered +serious. + +Conscience + +"In a camp where through the thoughtlessness of a boy a misdemeanor had +been committed, the leader explained at the camp fire how mean the action +was and said that he did not believe there was a boy in camp who, if he +had realized its contemptible nature, would for one moment have thought of +doing such a thing. He concluded his remarks by saying, 'If there is any +boy here who knows who did this thing, I earnestly request that he will +keep it to himself and not breathe the name of the offender to anyone in +camp.' Especially did he request that on no account should the offender's +name be told to him. There were a few rather red faces about the camp +fire, but the name of the offender was never known and no similar +misdemeanor occurred while the camp was open. + +Self-Imposed Discipline + +"In another camp two boys had thoughtlessly violated the understanding +regarding swimming and they spent an hour on the hillside with the leader +discussing the situation. After the leader had explained to them his +responsibility to the parents of each boy in camp and how insecure parents +would feel if they thought their boys were not being properly taken care +of, he asked them: 'Now, if you were in my place, what would you do with +two such fellows?' And they both replied that they thought the two boys +should be sent home as an example to the rest of the camp. The leader +agreed with them and the two boys, who had pronounced their own sentence, +left the next morning for home. That leader has today no better friends +among boys than those two particular fellows." [1] + +[Footnote 1: E. M. Robinson, Association Boys, June, 1902. ] + +Seven Things Which God Hates + +Solomon in his book of Proverbs says, "These six things does the Lord +hate: yea, seven are an abomination unto him. A proud look, a lying +tongue, and hands that shed innocent blood, a heart that deviseth wicked +imaginations, feet that be swift in running to mischief, a false witness +that speaketh lies, and he that soweth discord among brethren." (Proverbs; +16:19.) + +Liars and Sneaks + +Punish the liar heavily. Help the boy to see that to make a mistake and +own up to it, is regarded in a much more favorable light than to sneak and +lie out of it. Have him understand that the lie is the worst part of the +offence. It is awful to have the reputation of being a liar, for even when +a boy does tell the truth nobody believes him because of his past +reputation. Never indulge suspicion. Above all discountenance sneaking; +nothing is more harmful than to maintain a feeble discipline through the +medium of tale-bearing. + +Never keep a boy in camp who is out of tune with the camp life or its +standards, and whose presence only serves to militate against the real +purpose of the camp. "Grouchitis" is a catching disease. + +Meditation Log + +The methods of punishment are as varied as the colors of the rainbow. In +one camp, a "Meditation Log," upon which the boy sits and thinks, and +thinks, and thinks, and--. No doubt he is a sadder and wiser boy for his +period of meditation. A "wood pile" where boys saw from one to five or +more sticks of cord wood into stove lengths, is an economic mode of +punishment, for it not only provides wood for the kitchen stove, but +hardens the boys' muscle as well as helps him to remember his mistakes and +to avoid repetition. Walking around the campus for a certain length of +time carrying an oar over the shoulder, is another method. Curtailing a +boy's privileges, such as swimming, boating, taking away his dessert, are +other methods in vogue in boys' camps. When a boy swears, if he is a +"scout," the other "scouts" pour a cup of cold water down the offender's +sleeve or back, for each offence. Some boys have been cured of swearing by +having their mouths washed out with "Welcome Soap," publicly, along the +shore of the lake or stream, with camp-mates as silent spectators. Make +the "punishment fit the crime," but always the kind of punishment which +the boy will acknowledge is deserved and just. Never punish in anger. + +Private Talks + +A "heart-to-heart" talk with the boy during a walk in the woods, or in +some quiet place of the camp, will do more good to get him to see and +realize his need of adjustment to camp life and enlist his willingness to +try again and to "do his best" than any form of physical punishment. + +When it becomes necessary to send a boy home, always telegraph or write +his parents, telling them on what train or boat they may expect him and +the reason for sending him home. + +[Illustration: Raising the Flag--Camp Kineo.] + + + +CHAPTER VII--THE DAY'S PROGRAM + +A MORNING PRAYER +REQUISITES OF A CAMPER +7.00, "REVEILLE" +7.15, THE DIP +7.30, BREAKFAST +8.30, CAMP DUTIES +9.30 TO 11, EDUCATIONAL RECREATION +11, "BLANKETS IN" +11.30, SWIMMING TIME +12, NOON INSPECTION +12.30, DINNER +12.45 TO 2, "SIESTA" +2 TO 4.30, SPORTS +4.30, PREPARATION FOR THE NIGHT +5, GENERAL INSPECTION +5.45, "COLORS" +6, SUPPER +6.45, MEDITATION AND STUDY +7.15, CAMPUS GAMES +8, CAMP FIRE AND ENTERTAINMENT +8.45, "TATTOO" AND HYMN +9, "TAPS" AND "GOOD NIGHT" + +A Morning Prayer + +The day returns and brings in the petty round of irritating concerns and +duties. Help us to play the man, help us to perform them with laughter and +kind faces. Let cheerfulness abound with industry. Give us to go blithely +on our business all the day. Bring us to our resting beds weary and +content and undishonored, and grant us in the end the gift of sleep. +--Robert Louis Stevenson. + +Requisites + +All the major habits of life are formed during the teen period of life. If +camping teaches a boy anything it teaches him the habit of being +systematic. The day's program should be built upon a platform calculated +not only to keep the camp running smoothly, but to develop within the boy +and man those qualities requisite for a good camper, viz., truth, +sincerity, self-control, courage, energy, skill, mental capacity, justice, +patriotism, stamina, efficiency, executive power, consideration, +kindliness, cheerfulness, self-reliance, good temper, good manners, tact, +promptness, obedience, helpfulness, and cooperation. Camping has as good +an effect on a boy's character as it has upon his health. It teaches him +to be self-reliant, to look after his own wants, and not to be abnormally +self-centered. It is marvellous how much more tidy and considerate a boy +becomes after he has had a season in camp, looking after himself and his +own belongings, as well as sharing in keeping his tent neat and clean, and +having his part in the day's work. From "reveille" at 7 A.M. to "taps" at +9 P.M. the day's program should be definitely planned. In order to make +this chapter of practical value the different periods of the day and its +activities will be described very fully and enough suggestions given to +make the day purposeful, educational, recreational and attractive in +either a large or small camp. + +Seven o'clock is usually the hour of beginning the day, although some +camps make the rising hour six-thirty o'clock. The first morning in camp +boys want to get up around four o'clock, thinking it about three hours +later, on account of the sun streaming into their tent. After the first +morning boys who wake early should be expected to keep silent and remain +in their tent until "reveille" sounds. Consideration should be shown +toward those who desire to sleep. + +7.00 + +When the bugle sounds "reveille" everybody turns out in pajamas or +swimming tights and indulges in a brisk ten-minute setting-up exercise. +This should be made snappy, giving particular attention to correcting +stooping shoulders and breathing. Boys should not be excused from this +exercise unless ill. At the end of the exercise the flag is raised and the +campers salute the stars and stripes as they are flung to the morning +breeze. A small cannon is fired in some camps when the flag is raised. The +honor of raising the flag may be given to the boys of the tent having won +the honor tent pennant of the preceding day or to boys specially assigned. +The spirit of patriotism is fostered by respect to the flag. + +7.15 + +Flag-raising is followed by a dip in the lake. It should be understood +that this is to be a dip or plunge and not a swim. Five minutes is +sufficient time to be in the water. Place some responsible person in +charge of the dip. A safe rule is never to permit boys in the water unless +supervised. The boys should take soap, towels and tooth brushes with them +when they go for the dip. A good morning scrub of the teeth with a brush +saves many hours of pain. Boys are woefully negligent (because ignorant) +of the care of their teeth. Saturday is "scrub" day in many of the large +camps when all are required to take a "soap scrub." Marvellous how the +"tan" disappears after this scrubbing period! + +7.30 + +By this time every fellow is hungry enough to devour whatever food is set +before him, whether he is fond of it or not, and there is an alacrity of +response to the Mess Call of the bugle which only a camper understands and +appreciates. When the campers are seated there is either silent or audible +grace before the meal is eaten. Take plenty of time for the eating of the +meal. Forty-five minutes is not too long. Encourage wholesome conversation +and good natural pleasantry, but discountenance "rough house" and +ungentlemanliness. The announcements for the day are usually given at the +breakfast table followed by the reading of a chapter from the Bible and a +short prayer. + +8.30 + +A boy should be taught that all labor is noble, that "no one can rise that +slights his work" and the "grand business in life is not to see what lies +dimly at a distance, but to do what lies clearly at hand." With this kind +of a spirit, blankets are taken out of the tent to be aired and the sides +of the tent tied up, the camp is cleaned and put in a sanitary condition, +the tents are put in order, and kitchen work, if part of the boys' duties, +is attended to. All work should be finished by 9.30. No matter whether the +boy pays twenty dollars a week or three dollars a week for the outing, +labor of some sort should be a part of his daily life while at camp, for +when one gets to love work, his life becomes a happy one. The world +despises a shirker but honors a worker. + +The work of the day is sometimes done by tent groups or by boys grouped in +alphabetical order, each group being under a leader whose part is assigned +daily by the Camp Director (see chapter on Organization). In the writer's +camp, work is considered a great privilege. For instance, if three bushels +of peas must be picked from the camp garden for dinner, a call is made for +volunteers. From forty to fifty hands will go up and after careful +choosing, six boys are selected to do this coveted work, much to the +disappointment of the others. It is all in the way work is presented to +the boys, whether they will look upon it as a privilege or an irksome +task. + +9.30 to 11.00 + +If tutoring is a part of the camp's plan, the morning will be found a +desirable time for tutor and boy to spend an hour together. Manual +training, instruction in woodcraft, field and track athletics, boating, +life-saving drills, rehearsal for minstrel shows or entertainments, +photography, tennis, baseball, are some of the many activities to be +engaged in during this period. One day a week, each box or trunk should be +aired, and its contents gone over carefully. A sort of "clean up" day. + +11.00 + +About this time the Life Saving Crew will be getting ready for their drill +and patrolling of the swim. The other campers will be taking in their +blankets and after shaking them well and folding, will place them on their +beds for the inspection, which usually comes at noon. At 11.20 boys who +cannot swim should be given instruction by those who can swim. If this is +done before the regular swim there is less danger and greater progress is +made. + +11.30 + +This seems to be the popular hour for swimming in nearly all the camps. It +follows the ball game, the tennis match, the camp work, and usually the +temperature of air and water is just right for a swim. Allow no swimmer to +go beyond the line of patrol boats. Have some one on shore who is keen to +observe any boy who may be in need of assistance. + +Twenty minutes is sufficient length of time to be in fresh water. When the +boys come out of the water, have a towel drill, teaching the boy how to +use the towel so that his back may be dried as well as every other part of +his body. This rubbing down induces circulation of the blood and gives +that finish to a swim which makes the boy feel like a new being. It is +unwise to permit boys to lie around undressed after a swim, for +physiological as well as moral reasons. Swimming tights should be wrung +out dry, either by hand or by a wringer kept near the swimming place, and +hung out on a rope or rustless wire, stretched back of the tent. Do not +permit wet clothes to be hung in the tent, on the canvas or tent ropes. + +12.00 + +Beds or bunks should be made up for inspection. Three men or boys may be +appointed as inspectors. Considerable interest and pride is taken by the +boys in having their canvas home look neat. This training in neatness, +order and cleanliness is invaluable. (See chapter on Awards.) The +inspection should not take over twenty minutes. While this is going on +those who have kitchen or table duty will be busily engaged getting tables +in readiness for dinner. + +12.30 + +Mess call for dinner. This meal should be the heartiest meal of the day, +and plenty of time given to the eating of the food. Mail is usually given +out at this meal in camps where there is but one delivery a day. + +1.15, "Siesta." + +"Siesta," or rest hour, follows dinner. In the early days of boys' camps +this suggestion would have been laughed at, but today it is looked upon as +highly hygienic and considered one of the best things of camp and strongly +to be commended. The boy is advised to lie down flat on his back, in his +tent or under the shade of a friendly tree, and be quiet. He may talk if +he wishes, but usually some one reads aloud to his fellows. This gives the +food a chance to digest, and the whole body a nerve and muscle rest before +the active work of the afternoon. + +2.00 to 4.30 + +These hours will be spent in various ways. Usually it is the time for +athletic sports, baseball games, quoit[1] tournaments, tennis tournaments, +excursions afield, boat regatta, archery, water sports, scouting games and +other activities in which most of the campers can engage. The big outdoor +events should occupy this time of the day. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Flat rings of iron or rope are pitched at a +stake with points for encircling it. A ring used in this game.] + +4.30 + +Where daily inspection is a part of the camp plan the boys will begin +getting everything in readiness for that important event. A general bustle +of activity will be in evidence and every boy on the qui vive[2] to have +his tent win the coveted honor pennant, usually given for the neatest +tent, + +[Transcriber's Footnote 2: Sentinel's challenge. On the alert; vigilant.] + +5.00 + +Inspection is conducted during the absence of the boys. While the +inspectors are making the round of tents, the boys should assemble either +in the permanent building of the camp or under some big tree, to listen to +a practical talk by the camp physician, a demonstration in first aid work, +the reading of a story, or to something equally educational in character. +This is a valuable hour when occupied in this manner. (See chapter on +inspection, awards, etc.) + +5.45 + +Rather than depend upon "sunset" as the time to lower the flag, it is much +better to set an hour for "colors." Promptly at this hour the bugler blows +"colors." No matter where a camper may be he should stand erect, uncover +and remain attentive until after the playing of the "Star Spangled Banner" +and firing of the cannon. The flag is lowered very slowly during the +playing of the "Star Spangled Banner" and camp should be a place of silent +patriotism. Those who have witnessed this ceremony in a boys' camp will +never forget its impressiveness. The flag should never be permitted to +touch the ground, and should be carefully folded and in readiness for +hoisting the next morning. + +6.00 + +Supper hour cannot come too promptly for active boys. The announcement of +the day's inspection should be made at the meal and the honor pennant or +flag presented to the successful tent, and accepted by one of the boys. +This occasion is usually a time of rejoicing, also a time of +resolve-making on the part of tent groups to "do better tomorrow." The +record of each tent is read by one of the inspectors, and at the end of +the week the tent having the best record gets a special supper or +"seconds" on ice cream day. + +6.45 + +About this time, with the going down of the sun, nature seems to quiet +down, and it is the psychological time for serious thought. Many camps +devote twenty minutes to Bible study (for suggested lessons, see chapter +on Religion and Moral Life). Tent groups under their leader study +thoughtfully the meaning of life and the great lessons taught by God +through nature. Night after night the boys consciously or unconsciously +acquire through this study the requisites of a good camper mentioned in +the first part of this chapter. + +7.15 + +Campus games, boating, preparation for the bonfire, etc., will occupy the +time until dark. Every boy should be engaged in some recreative play, +working off whatever surplus energy he may have at hand so that when the +time for "turning in" comes, he will be physically tired and ready for +bed. + +8.00 + +The evening program varies. Some nights there will be a minstrel show, +other nights a camp fire, or mock trial, an illustrated talk, or "village +school entertainment," or a play, or a musical evening or "vo-de-ville." +Leave about two nights a week open. The boys prefer to have occasional +open evenings when they are free to loaf around, and go to bed early. Plan +the evening "stunts" very carefully. + +8.45 + +The bugler blows "tattoo"[1] which means "all in tents." After the boys +have undressed and are ready for bed, the leader reads a chapter from the +Bible, and in many camps the boys lead in volunteer prayer, remembering +especially the folks at home. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Signal on a drum or bugle to summon +soldiers to their quarters at night. Continuous, even drumming or +rapping.] + +From a hill near camp, or from a boat on the lake come the notes of a +familiar hymn such as "Abide With Me," "Lead, Kindly Light," "The Day is +Past and Over," "Sun of My Soul," or "Nearer, My God to Thee," played by +the bugler. Every boy listens and the ear records a suggestion which helps +to make the night's sleep pure and restful. Try it. Taps played slowly, +follows the hymn. As the last notes are being echoed upon the still night +air the lights are being extinguished in the tents, so that when the final +prolonged note ends the camp is in darkness and quiet, and all have +entered into a nine-hour period of restoration of body and mind. Who +knows, but God himself, how many of the boys, and even leaders, while +wrapped warmly in their blankets have silently breathed out that old, old +prayer so full of faith, which has been handed down from generation to +generation: + + Now I lay me down to sleep + I pray Thee Lord my soul to keep. + +A prayer echoed by the camp director, for now is the only time of the +day's program when he begins to breathe freely, and is partially able to +lay aside his mantle of responsibility. A cough, a sigh, and even the +moaning of the wind disturbs this ever vigilant leader and he thinks of +his charges, until finally, weariness conquers and sleep comes. + + +THE WELL-ORDERED DAY + +How shall the day be ordered? To the sage +The young man spoke. And this was his reply: + +A morning prayer. +A moment with thy God who sends thee dawn +Up from the east; to thank heaven for the care +That kept thee through the night; to give thy soul, +With faith serene, to his complete control; +To ask his guidance still along the way. + So starts the day. + +A busy day. +Do with a will the task that lies before. +So much there is for every man to do, +And soon the night when man can work no more. +And none but he to life's behest is true +Who works with zeal and pauses only when +He stretches forth his hand to help the men +Who fail or fall beside him on the way. + So runs the day. + +A merry evening. +When toil is done, then banished be the care +That frets the soul. With loved ones by the hearth +The evening hour belongs to joy and mirth; +To lighter things that make life fresh and fair. +For honest work has earned its hour of play. + So ends the day. +--John Clair Minot in the "Independent" + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Association Boys' Camps--Edgar M. Robinson. Association Boys, Vol. I., +No.3, 1902. + +The Day's Program--C. Hanford Henderson. "How to Help Boys," Vol. +III., No.3, 1903. + +The Camp Conference--Secretary's Report, 1905-06 (out of print). + +The Camp Conference--"How to Help Boys," July, 1903. + +[Illustration; The Story Hour--Sunday Afternoon--Camp Wawayanda] + + + +CHAPTER VIII--MORAL AND RELIGIOUS LIFE + +THE RELIGIOUS INSTINCT +NATURE'S TEACHINGS +SUNDAY IN CAMP +BIBLE STUDY +HOW AND WHEN TO TEACH THE BIBLE +COURSE OF CAMP BIBLE STUDY +BIBLE STUDY COURSE FOR BOY SCOUTS +DEVOTIONS IN TENT +DAILY BIBLE READINGS +A "NOVEL" BON-FIRE +READING OF STORIES ON SUNDAY +PURPOSEFUL READING +CHAPEL SERVICES +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +The aspect of nature is devout. Like the figure of Jesus, she stands with +bended head and hands folded upon her breast.--Emerson. + +Camp life should help boys to grow not only physically and mentally, but +morally. Religion is the basis of morality. The highest instinct in man is +the religious. Man made the city with all its artificiality, but, as some +one has said, "God made the country." Everything that the city boy comes +in contact with is man-made. "Even the ground is covered with buildings +and paving blocks; the trees are set in rows like telegraph poles; the +sunlight is diluted with smoke from the factory chimneys, the moon and +stars are blotted out by the glare of the electric light; and even the +so-called lake in the park is a scooped-out basin filled by pumps. Little +wonder that a boy who grows up under these conditions has little reverence +for a God whose handiwork he has not seen."[1] + +[Footnote 1: Walter M. Wood in Association Boys, June. 1907.] + +Nature's Teachings + +When a boy's soul is open to the influence of nature he feels the presence +of the divine in the forest. There is an uplift, an inspiration, a joy +that he never experiences in the city. He does not know how to express +himself, but somehow he feels the spiritual atmosphere pervading the woods +which his soul breathes in as really as his nostrils do the pure air, and +he is ready to Go forth, under the open sky and list to Nature's +teachings. +-Bryant. + +For as Martin Luther said, "God writes the Gospel not in the Bible alone, +but in trees and flowers and clouds and stars." + +Sunday + +Sunday in a boys' camp should be observed by the holding of a service in +the morning, with song, scripture reading, prayer and a short talk. The +afternoon is usually occupied by letter writing, Bible study, or reading, +the day closing with a vesper service in the evening just as the sun is +setting. Boisterousness should not be encouraged. Unnatural restraint, +however, is contrary to the spirit of the day. The day should be different +from other days. Many camp boys date their first real awakening to the +best and highest things in life from a Sunday spent in camp. + +Every real camper has experienced a Sunday similar to this one described +by Howard Henderson. "A quiet Sunday in the deep woods is a golden day to +be remembered for many a year. All nature combines to assist the camper in +directing his thoughts to the great Author of all the beauty that he +beholds. 'The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth +his handiwork.' The trees under which one reclines rear their heads +heavenward, pointing their spire-like minarets far up toward the +blue-vaulted roof. It inspires the very soul to worship in these unbuilt +cathedrals with wilderness of aisle and pillars, which for elegance and +beauty have never been equalled by the architects of any age. And the +music of the trees combined with the notes of the bird songsters, give a +joy which is unknown in listening to a city choir." + +Bible Study + +The Bible becomes a new book to boys when studied under such an +environment. As one boy wrote home to his father after a Sunday spent in a +camp where Sunday was observed in this manner, "Dad, it is so different +here, from a Sunday at home; I understood the talk and the Bible study was +great; it was a bully day!" + +The following Bible course was worked out by the author and has been used +in scores of boys' camps. These lessons were taught to groups of boys at +eventide when nature seemed to quiet down and the boys were most +responsive to good, sensible suggestion. The camp was divided into tent +groups, each group being taught by their leader or an exchange leader, one +group occupying a big rock, another the "Crow's Nest," or "Tree House," +another getting together under a big tree, another in their tent. No +leader was permitted to take more than twenty minutes for the lesson. It +is unwise to take twenty minutes for what could be said in ten minutes. +The boys all had a chance to take part in the discussion. Each lesson was +opened and closed with prayer, many of the boys participating in volunteer +prayer. In teaching a lesson don't spend too much time in description +unless you have the rare gift of being able to make your scene live before +your hearers. Talk plainly and to the point. Naturalness should +characterize each lesson. Boys hate cant[1] and apologies and lack of +definiteness. Your best illustrations will be drawn from the life of the +camp and from nature. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Monotonous talk filled with platitudes. +Hypocritically pious language.] + +In some camps these lessons were taught in the morning directly after +breakfast, while the boys were seated at the tables. + +There are "Sermons in stones, and good in every thing," therefore the +purpose of these lessons should be to help boys hear these sermons and +learn nature's lessons of purity, strength and character. + +A COURSE IN BIBLE STUDY + +LESSON 1. THE HILLS-PRAYER + +Psalm 121. +Christ going into the mountains to pray. +Matt. 14:23; Mark 6:46; Luke 6:12; Mark 1:35; Matt. 6:6-15. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Unnatural not to pray. Even Pagans pray, but they pray through fear. + +More things are wrought through prayer than this world dreams of. +--Tennyson. +Pray to Christ as friend to friend. The Lord's Prayer. + +He prayeth well who loveth well +Both man and bird and beast. +He prayeth best who loveth best +All things both great and small, +For the dear God who loveth us +He made and loveth all. +--Coleridge's "Ancient Mariner." + +Strength received through prayer. A time and place for prayer. + +LESSON 2. THE BIRDS--DEPENDENCE UPON GOD + +Matt. 6:26; Psa.147:9; Luke 12:24; Matt. 10:29-31. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +God feeding the birds. How much more does God care for you. Not one +forgotten, the most worthless, the most restless. + +God loves the birds. He loves you. Show your love to Him by caring for the +birds. + +Isa. 40: 28-31. + +Abraham Lincoln and the bird fallen from the nest.--"Gentlemen, I could +not have slept tonight if I had not helped that little bird in its +trouble, and put it back safe in the nest with its mother." + +LESSON 3. FLOWERS-PURITY + +Matt. 6:28-30. Beauty of flowers. +Isa. 55:10-13. Provision for summer growth and beauty. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +(Bring wild flowers to the class.) +Flowers come up out of the dirt yet unsoiled. +Possible for boys to keep clean and pure, surrounded by evil. +Evil thoughts determine evil deeds. + +"My strength is as the strength of ten +Because my heart is pure."-Sir Galahad. + +Purity of character, the lily. +Know thyself. Keep thyself pure. 1 Cor. 3:16,17. +White Cross Pledge. +Virtue never dwelt long with filth and nastiness.--Count Rumford. + +LESSON 4. TREES--GROWTH + +Psalm 1. (Hold the session under the biggest and best proportioned +tree.) + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Cedars of Lebanon--Strong in the Lord. +The oaks--From acorns grew. +The fruit tree--Living for others. +By their fruits ye shall know them. +Stunted trees. Crooked trees. +Scarred trees. Grafted trees. +Matt. 1:16-20; Jer. 11:7, 8. +Things that interfere with a boy's growth. + +LESSON 5. WATER-LIFE + +(Hold the session along the shore.) +Psa. 65:9-13. God's liberality. +Isa. 55: 1. Freeness of the gospel. +John 4:14. Woman at the well. +Rev. 22:11. The last invitation in the Bible. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +The joy of living. The fun at camp. +Friendship. +Temporal life vs. eternal life. +Water will only satisfy thirst temporarily. +Water revives--Christ satisfies. +Eternal life for the asking. + +LESSON 6. ROCKS--CHARACTER + +(Hold the session on or near some big boulder or rock.) +Matt. 7:24-27. A good foundation. +1 Cor. 3:9-14. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS +All boys are building character day by day. +All builders have a choice of foundation. +All foundations will be tried. +Only one foundation will stand. +Jesus Christ is the Rock of Ages. + +"Every thought that we've ever had + Its own little place has filled. +Every deed we have done, good or bad + Is a stone in the temple we build."-Sargant. + +Character, not reputation, will alone stand the final test. + +LESSON 7. STORMS--TROUBLE +Matt. 8:23-27. Need of help. +Phil. 4:6. A strong deliverer. +Psa. 107:28-30. A safe place. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS +Boys have real troubles, real temptations, real shipwrecks. +Difficulties in school life, at home, in camp. +Almost ready to give up. +Have faith in Christ as a Saviour. + +"The inner side of every cloud +Is bright and shining, +I therefore turn my clouds about, +And always wear them inside out +To show the lining." + +"Look ever to Jesus. He'll carry you through." + +LESSON 8. SPORTS--MASTERY +(Teach this lesson after a field day.) +1 Cor. 9:24-27. The race of life. Mastery of self. +Heb. 12:1, 2. Run with patience. +1 Tim. 6:12. A good fight. +Rev. 2:10. Faithfulness. +Ecele. 9:11. Not always to the swift. +Eccle. 9:10. Wholeheartedness. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS +"Each victory of self will help you some other to win." +Self-control. +Value of training. You are either master or slave. +The Bible, the book of instruction. +Solomon's rule of self-defence. Prov. 15: 1. + +LESSON 9. NIGHT--SIN +Psa. 19. Night unto night. +John 3:19-20. Evil deeds. +Rom. 13:11-14. Awake out of sin. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Bad thoughts come to us in the dark. +Dark places productive of crime. +Mischief at camp during the night. +Darkness cannot hide us from God. +"Thou God seest me." +North star a guide for sailors--Jesus Christ a safe guide. +"Character is what a man is in the dark." +-D. L. Moody. + +LESSON 10. CHUMS--FRIENDSHIP +1 Sam. 18:1-4. True friendship. +1 John 4:11. Love one another. +1 Cor. 13:4-7. To the end. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Chum means "to abide with," to share the same tent. Camp chums. David +and Jonathan. The genuine article. Helping each other. +The Friend--Jesus Christ. + +LESSON 11. CAMP FIRES + +Build a camp fire along the shore. Read alternately the twenty-first +chapter of the gospel of St. John. The fire on the beach. John 21:9. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Jesus was there--Jesus is here. +Peter confessed Him there. John 21:15-17. +Who will confess Him here? +Peter denied Him by another fire. Luke 22:54-62. +Will you deny Him here? +P. S. Make this a decision meeting. + +LESSON 12. FISHING--PERSONAL WORK + +Luke 5:1-11. Fishers of men. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Sometimes fish are caught and used as bait to catch others. When a boy +becomes a Christian he should bring to others the same blessing. + +Patience is essential in fishing--same in winning boys to Christ. Every +fisherman expects to catch fish. To lead others to Christ is the noblest +work in the world. Dan. 12: 3. + +Tent Devotions + +In some camps a bit of Scripture is read each night in the tent just +before retiring. The following readings having been prepared by W. H. +Wones, C. C. Robinson, Arthur Wilson and Charles R. Scott for use at Camp +Wawayanda. Just before taps, if you have a good cornetist, have him go a +short distance from the camp and play a well known hymn, like "Abide With +Me," "Nearer, My God, to Thee," "Lead, Kindly Light," then play "taps." +The effect is wonderful, and prevents all inclination toward noise or +"rough house." + +JULY + +TOPIC: VACATION + +1. Personal Work on a Journey. John 4:5-15. +2. Its Results. John 4:27-30, 39, 42. +3. The Disciples' Trip for Service. Mark 6:7-13. +4. Their Interrupted Vacation. Mark 6: 30-42. +5. A Night on the Lake. Mark 6:45-56. +6. A Foolish Journey. Luke 15:11-17. +7. A Wise Return. Luke 15:18-24. +8. The Welcome Guest. John 12:1-9. +9. A Fishing Experience. John 21:1-14. +10. Spending a Night on a Mountain. Luke 9:28-36. +11. Vacation Suggestion: "Keep Sweet." Psalm 34:8-15. +12. Vacation Suggestion: "Stick to Principle." Psalm 119:25-32. +13. Vacation Suggestion: "Confess Christ. "; Matthew 10:24-33. +14. Vacation Suggestion: "Keep up Bible Study."; Psalm 119:1-8. +15. Vacation Suggestion: "Write Good Letters." 1 Corinthians 16:3-13. +16. Speaking for Christ While Traveling; Acts 8:26-39. +17. A Queen's Visit. 1 Kings 10:1-10. +18. An Adventurous Voyage. Acts 27:1-13. +19. Shipwreck. Acts 27:14-26. +20. All Saved. Acts 27:27-44. +21. Praying for a Prosperous Journey. Romans 1:8-16. +22. A Traveler's Adventures. 2 Corinthians 11:23-33. +23. A Merry Heart Desirable. Proverbs 15:13-17. +24. Keeping from Sin. Romans 6:16-23. +25. Meeting a Stranger. Luke 24:13-27. +26. A Delightful Surprise. Luke 24:28-35. +27. Jacob's Bivouac. Genesis 28:10-22. +28. David's Prayer in the Cave. Psalm 142:1-7. +29. Avoiding Sinful Pleasure. Hebrews 11:23-27. +30. Peter's Counsel. 1 Peter 4:1-10. +31. The Greatest Pleasure. Psalm 16: 1-11. + +AUGUST + +TOPIC: NATURE + +1. The Story of Nature's Creation. Genesis 1:11-22. +2. The First Garden. Genesis 2:8-17. +3. God's Care for His Creation. Matthew 6:25-34. +4. The Symbol of Peace. Genesis 8:1-11. +5. The Sign of God's Promise. Genesis 9:8-17. +6. The Burning Bush. Exodus 3:1-6. +7. The Accompaniment of God's Presence. Exodus 19:16-25. +8. Nature Halts to Accomplish God's Purpose. Joshua 10:5-14. +9. Nature's Tribute to God's Glory. Psalm 97:1-12. +10. The Midnight Hymn. Psalm 8:1-9. +11. The Sunrise Hymn. Psalm 19:1-14. +12. The Thunder-storm Hymn. Psalm 29:1-11. +13. The God of Storm. Matthew 8:23-33. +14. Nature has no perils for the God-fearing Man. Job 5:8-27. +15. The Full Ear. Matthew 13:1-9,18,23. +16. Harmful Weeds. Matthew 13: 24-30, 36-43. +17. The God of Nature Protects Us. Psalm 121:1-8. +18. He Cares for Us. Psalm 147:1-20. +19. God's Voice After the Storm. 1 Kings 19:5-13. +20. The Tree of Life. Proverbs 3:13-21. +21. The Trees Desire a King. Judges 9:8-15; Joshua 24:15. +22. The Root Out of Dry Ground. Isaiah 53:1-12. +23. Water Without Price. Isaiah 55:1-13. +24. The Perfect Vine. John 15:1-14. +25. The Light Brighter than the Sun. Acts 9:1-20. +26. A Wonderful Star. Matthew 2:1-11. +27. Sand or Rock? Matthew 7:24-27. +28. Broken Branches. Matthew 21:1-11. +29. The Unprofitable Tree. Matthew 7:15-21. +30. The Profitable Tree. Psalm 1:1-6. +31. Do Good in all Seasons. Ecclesiastes 3:1-12. + +BOY SCOUT COURSE + +For a Boy Scout Camp, the following course, "Boy's Scout Guide +Book Study," was prepared by W. S. Dillon: + +THE SCOUT'S OATH +Lesson 1. To Do My Duty to God and My Country. +Daniel 1:8; 6:4-10. +Lesson 2. To Help Other People at All Times. Exodus 3:1-11. +Lesson 3. To Obey the Scout Law. Exodus 20:3-17; Luke 10:26, 27; +Matthew 7:12. + +THE SCOUT SALUTE AND SIGN +Lesson 4. Judges 12:6; Acts 4:12; Galatians 6:14. + +THREE CLASSES OF SCOUTS THE TENDERFOOT +Lesson 5. Luke 5:1-11. + +THE SECOND CLASS SCOUT +Lesson 6. Have at Least One Month's Service as a Tenderfoot. +2 Samuel 15:1-6. +Lesson 7. Signalling. 1 Samuel 20:20-22; 35-39. +Lesson 8. Lay and Light a Fire. Fire Lighting Contest. +1 Kings 18: 22-24. + +FIRST CLASS SCOUT +Lesson 8. Signalling. Daniel 5: 1-31. +Lesson 9. Go on Foot to a Given Point and Return and Give a Report +of the Trip. Numbers 13:1-3; 17-21; 23-33. +Lesson 10. Produce an Article of Carpentry, Joinery or Metal Work. 2 +Chronicles 2:11-16. +Lesson 11. Bring a Tenderfoot Trained in the Points Required for a +Tenderfoot. John 1: 40-42. + +THE SCOUT LAW +Lesson 12. A Scout's Honor is to be Trusted. Genesis 39:7-10. +Lesson 13. Loyalty. Esther 4:8-16. +Lesson 14. A Scout is a Friend to All, and Must NEVER BE A SNOB. +Luke +9:46-48. +Lesson 15. A Friend to Animals. 1 Samuel 17:12-16. +Lesson 16. Obey Orders. Jonah 1:1-3. +Lesson 17. Cheerfulness and Willingness. +Acts 16 :25; Phillippians 4:11-13. +Lesson 18. Thrift. Matthew 6:19-21. + +THE GREAT SCOUT MASTER +Lesson 19. Matthew 23:10. + +Novel Bonfire + +The author experienced something very unusual one Sunday afternoon in a +camp where he was invited to speak. The talk was on "Trees or Growth," one +of the studies of the course described. During the talk a number of things +were referred to that enter into the growth of a tree which either mar or +hinder it from becoming a symmetrical, beautiful tree and a similar +comparison was made regarding a boy's growth. The question was asked of +the boys, "What are some of the things which interfere with a boy's growth +physically, mentally and morally?" A number of things, such as smoking, +swearing, impurity, etc., were given, and finally one of the small boys +piped up "reading dime novels." His answer was received with howls of +derision, especially from the older boys. "Hold on," I said, "let's +discuss the matter; if dime novels are good for a boy's growth mentally, +we want to know about it, but if they are detrimental to this particular +kind of desired growth, of course, we want to cut it out." The discussion +brought out the fact that a number of the boys had smuggled a lot of this +kind of literature into camp and were just loafing through their time in +the woods, gloating over the wonderful and daring escapades of Wild West +heroes. The boys finally decided that their mental growth was retarded by +such reading. Then came the question, "What are you going to do about it?" +"We don't usually have a bonfire on Sunday," I said. "I am inclined, +however, to ask your leader for a special dispensation and we will have +one. + +You are to furnish the fuel, your leader the kerosene oil and I will +provide the match. The fuel is to consist of all the dime novels in the +camp." "Whew!" "I know it will take grit to do this, but it is a test of +your sincerity and determination to progress along right lines." "We're +game?" yelled the boys, "and we mean business." + +The start was made for the place where the bonfires were usually held. By +the time I reached the spot, the boys were coming from their tents with +bundles of novels. Every boy was requested to tear each novel in half and +throw it upon the heap. When everything was ready, the boys uncovered and +in the silence that came upon the group, the match was struck and the +flames began to leap upward, until finally, all that remained was the +small piles of ashes. For the majority of the boys it meant the burning up +of the dross and the beginning of better and nobler thinking. I shall +always remember this novel bonfire. This is what I mean by making Bible +study and camp talks effective. + +Reading + +Sunday afternoon is the time for reading good, wholesome stories. Take the +boys out into the woods where they can squat under a big tree, or if the +day is warm seek the cool shelter of the tent and while the boys are lying +down read a short story or several chapters of a story like "Dr. +Grenfell's Parish," by Norman Duncan, "Just Boys," by Mary Buell Wood, +"Some Boys I Know," "Chapel Talks," or "The Story of Good Will Farm," by +George W. Hinckley. If the group is made up of older boys who like to +discuss life problems, read a chapter or two from Robert Speer's excellent +books, "A Young Man's Questions" and "Young Men Who Overcame." Make sure +that whatever you read has the uplift note. The real purpose of the +afternoon's reading should be that of instilling in the boys' minds some +of the cardinal virtues of Christian character. + +Don't moralize; let the story do its own moralizing. Boys are hero +worshippers. If the hero or the heroic appeal of the story is of a sane +type and not abnormal there will be created naturally within the boy a +desire to emulate the good deeds of the hero in the everyday life of the +camp, which is much better than the parrot-like vocalization unfortunately +many times encouraged by well-meaning men. + +Chapel + +A pile of stones made to serve as an altar or pulpit, a chapel having the +branches of a friendly pine as its roof and under which are built a +reading desk and seats of white birch, a cathedral with towering columns +of pine and cushions of pine needles, a rocky shore along the ocean--all +are places where boys have heard the appeal for right living and responded +with an earnest decision that marked an advance step in their moral and +religious growth. + +Make much of the music at these outdoor services on Sunday. A choir of men +and boys responding in the distance to the hymns of the camp boys, in +antiphonal manner, a cornetist playing a hymn in the distance, make an +impression never to be forgotten. + +The great test of camp life is not the fun the boy had, or his gain in +weight, height or lung capacity, or the friendships formed, or his +increased knowledge in woodcraft, but his advancement in character-making +and gain in spiritual vigor. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +BOOKS HELPFUL IN THE PREPARATION OF BIBLE STUDY LESSONS: + +Lessons from Life (Animal and Human)--Thomas Whittaker. Macmillan, +$2.50. + +Sermons in Stones--Amos R. Wells. Doubleday, Page & Company, $1.00. + +Parables from Nature--Mrs. Gatty. Colportage Library, 15 cents. + +A Good Bible Dictionary and Concordance. + +BOOKS UPON THE RELIGIOUS LIFE OF Boys: + +The Boy and the Church--Eugene C. Foster. The Sunday School Times Co., +75 cents net. + +Starting to Teach--Eugene C. Foster. Association Pres., 40 cents. + +The Child and His Religion--George E. Dawson. University of Chicago, +75 cents net. + +Religion in Boyhood--Ernest B. Layard. E. P. Dutton and Company, 75 +cents net. + + + +CHAPTER IX--FOOD--ITS FUNCTION, PURCHASE, PREPARATION, COOKING, SERVING + +GOOD COOKING +FOOD CHARTS +DIGESTION CHARTS +TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES +PURCHASE OF FOOD +GROCERY LIST +THE STEWARD +COMMISSARY DEPARTMENT +THE COOK +LIST OF FOODS +WEEK OF MENUS +A FEW HINTS +TABLE ETIQUETTE +GRACE AT MEALS +SERVING +DISH WASHING + +We may live without friends, we may live without books, +But civilized man cannot live without cooks. + +Good Cooking + +The normal boy sums up life in two words of three letters each: "F-u-n" +and "E-a-t." As long as there is plenty of fun and plenty to eat, he +thinks life is worth living, and he is not so far from the truth, for it +is only when the fun of living dies within us, and our digestive apparatus +refuses to do its function that we "become of all men most miserable." A +boy will put up with all sorts of inconvenience but rebels at once at poor +food and bad cooking. The good nature, congenial atmosphere, and +contentedness of camp life is largely due to good cooking. Economize in +every other way, but think twice before cheap cooks are employed or a +cheap grade of food purchased. + +[Illustration: Where They Eat to Live] + +A good cook will economize, he knows what to do with left-overs and how to +prepare menus of variety. The quantity of swill soon reveals the worth of +the cook. In a large camp a hundred dollars may easily find its way into +the garbage can because of cheap cooks and poor food. A growing boy +demands relatively more of the tissue-building kind of food than a grown +person, because the body is being built up. When the full stature is +reached the tissue-building part of the food is only required to take the +place of that worn out each day. Professor Atwater has told us that the +boy of fifteen or sixteen requires ninety per cent of the food ration of +the adult man engaged in moderate muscular work. Boys at twelve require +seventy per cent. + +Vegetables, fruits, cereals, bread, nuts and meats furnish the essentials. +Sugar and fat have only part of them. Coffee and tea have no food values +except for the milk and sugar added. They tend to check certain normal +secretion in the body and should not be used during growth. + +Food Charts + +The United States Department of Agriculture publishes a series of fifteen +food charts of exceptional value. Leaders and cooks will find them helpful +in providing and planning the food for the boys. Boys will be interested +in the information given and the attractive form of presentation. The set +costs $1.00. Send to Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. The +following table is a condensation of the facts given on the charts, and +will help in planning menus: + +Prepared by C. F. LANGWORTHY. +Expert in charge of Nutrition Investigation. + + Carbohy- Calories +Chart 1 Protein Fat drates Ash Water per + Whole milk 3.3 4.0 5.0 0.7 87.0 310 + Skim milk 3.4 0.3 5.1 0.7 90.5 165 + Buttermilk 3.0 0.5 4.8 0.7 91.0 160 + Cream 2.5 18.5 4.5 2.5 74.0 865 + +Chart 2 + Whole egg 14.8 10.5 --- 1.0 73.7 700 + Egg white 13.0 0.2 --- 0.6 86.2 265 + Egg yolk 16.1 33.3 --- 1.1 49.5 1608 + Cream cheese 25.9 33.7 2.4 3.8 34.2 1950 + Cottage cheese 20.9 1.0 4.3 1.8 72.0 510 + +Chart 3 +(edible portion of) + Lamb chop 17.6 28.3 --- 1.0 53.1 1540 + Pork 16.9 30.1 --- 1.0 52.0 1580 + Smoked ham 16.1 38.8 --- 4.8 40.3 1940 + Beefsteak 18.6 18.5 --- 1.0 61.9 1130 + Dried beef 30.0 6.6 --- 9.1 54.3 840 + +Chart 4 + Cod, lean fish 15.8 0.4 --- 1.2 82.6 325 + Cod, Salt 21.5 0.3 --- 24.7 53.5 410 + Oyster 6.2 1.2 3.7 2.0 86.9 235 + Smoked herring 36.4 15.8 --- 13.2 34.6 1355 + Mackerel, fat 18.3 7.1 --- 1.2 73.4 645 + +Chart 5 + Olive Oil --- 100.0 --- --- ---- 4080 + Bacon 9.4 67.4 --- 4.4 18.8 3030 + Beef suet 4.7 81.8 --- 0.3 13.2 3510 + Butter 1.0 85.0 --- 3.0 11.0 3410 + Lard --- 100.0 --- --- ---- 4080 + +Chart 6 + Corn 10.0 4.3 73.4 1.5 10.8 1800 + Wheat 12.2 1.7 73.7 1.8 10.6 1750 + Buckwheat 10.0 2.2 73.2 2.0 12.6 1600 + Oat 11.8 5.0 69.2 3.0 11.0 1720 + Rice 8.0 2.0 77.0 1.0 12.0 1720 + Rye 12.2 1.5 73.9 1.9 10.5 1750 + +Chart 7 + White bread 9.2 1.3 53.1 1.1 35.3 1215 + Whole wh bread 9.7 0.9 49.7 1.3 38.4 1140 + Oat breakfast + food (cooked) 2.8 0.5 11.5 0.7 84.5 285 + Toasted bread 11.5 1.6 61.2 1.7 24.0 1420 + Cornbread 7.9 4.7 46.3 2.2 38.9 1205 + Macaroni 3.0 1.5 15.8 1.3 78.4 415 + +Chart 8 + Sugar, granulated --- 100.0 --- ---- 1860 + Molasses 2.4 --- 69.3 3.2 25.1 1290 + Stick candy --- --- 96.5 0.5 3.0 1785 + Maple sugar --- --- 82.8 0.9 16.3 1540 + Honey 0.4 --- 81.2 0.2 18.2 1520 + +Chart 9 + Parsnip 1.6 0.5 13.5 1.4 83.0 230 + Onion 1.6 0.3 9.9 0.6 87.6 225 + Potato 2.2 0.1 18.4 1.0 78.3 385 + Celery 1.1 --- 3.4 1.0 94.5 8 + + + Carbohy- Fuel Value + Chart 10 Protein Fat drates Ash Water Calories per + Shelled beans. fresh 9.4 0.6 29.1 2.0 58.9 740 + Navy beans, dry 22.5 1.8 59.6 3.5 12.6 1600 + String beans, green 2.3 0.3 7.4 0.8 89.2 195 + Corn, green 3.1 1.1 19.7 0.7 75.4 500 + +Chart 11 + Apple(edible portion) 0.4 0.5 14.2 0.3 84.6 290 + Fried fig 4.3 0.3 74.2 2.4 18.8 1475 + Strawberry 1.0 0.6 7.4 0.6 90.4 180 + Banana 1.3 0.6 22.0 0.8 75.3 460 + +Chart 12 + Grapes(edible portion)1.3 1.6 19.2 0.5 77.4 450 + Raisins 2.6 3.3 76.1 3.4 14.6 1605 + Canned fruit 1.1 0.1 21.1 0.5 77.2 415 + Fruit jelly --- --- 78.3 0.7 21.0 1455 + Grape juice 0.2 --- 7.4 0.2 92.2 150 + +Chart 13 + Walnut 16.6 63.4 16.1 1.4 2.5 3285 + Chestnut 10.7 7.0 74.2 2.2 5.9 1875 + Peanut 25.8 38.6 22.4 2.0 9.2 2500 + Peanut butter 29.3 46.5 17.1 5.0 2.1 2825 + Coconut, desiccated 6.3 57.4 31.5 1.3 3.5 3121 + +[Illustration: Chart 14 Functions and Uses of Food; Constituent of Food] + +Chart 15 +DIETARY STANDARD FOR MAN IN FULL VIGOR AT MODERATE MUSCULAR WORK + Protein Energy +Condition Considered Grams Calories + Food as purchased 115 3,800 + Food eaten 100 3,500 + Food digested 95 3,200 + +ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF MINERAL MATTER REQUIRED PER MAN PER DAY + Grams +Phosphoric acid (P2O5) 3 to 4 +Calcium oxid 0.7 to 1.0 +Sulphuric acid (SO3) 2 to 3.5 +Magnesium oxid 0.3 to 0.5 +Potassium oxid 2 to 3 +Iron 0.006 to 0.012 +Sodium oxid 4 to 6 +Clorin 6 to 8 + +Time required for Digestion of various Foods: + Hrs. Min. +Apples, sweet 1 30 +Apples, sour 2 +Beans, pod, boiled 2 30 +Beef, fresh, rare roasted 3 +Beef, dried 3 30 +Beets, boiled 3 45 +Bread, wheat, fresh 3 40 +Bread corn 3 15 +Butter (melted) 3 30 +Cabbage, raw, with vinegar 2 +Cabbage, boiled 4 30 +Cheese 3 30 +Codfish 2 +Custard, baked 2 45 +Ducks, wild, roasted 4 30 +Eggs, fresh, soft boiled 3 +Eggs, fresh, hard boiled 3 30 +Eggs, fresh, fried 3 30 +Lamb, fresh, boiled 2 30 +Milk, raw 2 15 +Milk, boiled 2 +Parsnips, boiled 2 30 +Mutton, roast 3 15 +Mutton, boiled 3 +Mutton, broiled 3 +Pork, roast 5 15 +Potato, boiled 3 30 +Potato, baked 2 30 +Rice, boiled 1 +Sago, boiled 1 45 +Salmon, boiled 4 +Soup, beef, vegetable 4 +Soup, chicken 3 +Tapioca, boiled 2 +Trout, boiled or fried 1 30 +Turnips, boiled 3 30 +Veal, fresh, boiled 4 + +Food naturally falls into four classes. Potatoes and grains furnish +starches. The starchy foods are heat and force producers. Eggs, meats, +nuts, milk, dried beans, peas and lentils furnish nitrogen, and are flesh +and muscle producers. Butter, oil, lard, and fatty meats supply fats. +Sugar, molasses, honey, fruit, etc., furnish sugar. + +Starchy foods should be cooked at a high temperature and either boiled or +baked; nitrogenous and fatty foods at lower temperature, prolonging the +time. Meats are much better broiled, roasted, or stewed than fried. +Vegetables should be steamed or baked so that the juices may not be +wasted. Veal and pork (except ham and bacon) should have no place in the +menu of a boys' summer camp. Both require from four to five hours and +fifteen minutes to digest. Study carefully the above tables and then plan +your meals intelligently. + +Table of Approximate Weights and Measures +Three teaspoonfuls = one tablespoon. +Four tablespoonfuls = one wine glass. +Two wine glasses = one gill. +Two gills = one tumbler or cup. +Two cupfuls = one pint. +One quart sifted flour = one pound. +One quart granulated sugar = one pound, nine ounces. +One pint closely packed butter = one pound. +Three cupfuls sugar = one pound. +Five cupfuls sifted flour = one pound. +One tablespoonful salt = one ounce. +Seven tablespoonfuls granulated sugar = one half pint. + Twelve tablespoonfuls +flour = one pint. +Three coffee cupfuls = one quart. +Ten eggs = one pound. + +Buying Food + +The purchase of food is an important item of expense in operating a boys' +camp, large or small. If the camp is a large one, one hundred or more +boys, and you have a good-sized refrigerator and storehouse, always +purchase in bulk form from a wholesale firm. Canned goods, such as peas, +tomatoes, corn, and apples, buy in gallon cans in case lots and save cost +of extra tin and labels. Cocoa may be purchased in five-pound cans. +Condensed milk (unsweetened) in 20-ounce cans. Flour and sugar by the +barrel. Beans by the bushel. Butter by the firkin[1]. For instance, a +good heavy 200-pound hind quarter of beef will furnish a roast beef +dinner, a steak breakfast, a meat stew supper, a meat hash breakfast, and +a good thick soup full of nourishment from the bones. The suet may be +rendered into lard. There will be no waste, and you get the very best of +meat. Buy lamb whole and fowl cleaned, and eggs by the crate. Keep an +accurate inventory, also the cost of foods. It will be found interesting +to make a resume of food at the end of each season, listing quantities, +costs, and amounts used each day and ascertain the actual cost per day for +each boy. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: About 1/4 of a barrel or 9 gallons (34 +liters).] + +The following "Grocery List" is for a large camp, but it will serve also +to form the basis of providing for small camps: + +Cocoa +Coffee +Sugar (granulated) +Beans, yellow +Beans, red kidney +Tapioca +Rice +Oatmeal (in bulk) +Cornmeal +Toasted Corn Flakes +Cream of Wheat +Shredded Wheat +Salt (table) +Salt (rock) +Pepper, black +Ginger +Cloves +Soda +Cinnamon +Baking Powder +Cream of Tartar +Magic yeast +Raisins (seeded) +Currants +Flour +Graham flour +Corn starch +Gelatin +Figs +Prunes +Evaporated fruits +Codfish cakes +Macaroni +Crackers +Ginger Snaps +Pilot Biscuits +Extracts: + Vanilla, + Lemon +Kitchen Boquet (for gravy) +Chocolate cake +Lemons +Olive Oil +Vinegar +Lard +Butter +Eggs +Onions +Potatoes +Sapolio [soap] +Gold Dust +Laundry soap +Mustard (dry) +Mustard (prepared in mugs); +Chow Chow +Pickles +Piccalilli; +Chili Sauce +Bacon +Ham +Dried beef +Salt pork +Cheese +Matches +Candles +Kerosene oil +Lantern wicks +Chloride of Lime. + +CANNED GOODS + +Corn; Sliced peaches; Tomatoes; Shredded pineapple; +Peas; Strawberries; Lima beans; Clams (for chowder); +Beets; Condensed milk (unsweetened); Apples; Salmon; +Plums; + +The Steward + +A reliable person should be in charge of the food supplies. In some camps +he is called the Steward. He will see that the supply is sufficient, +arrange the menus in consultation with the Chef, keep his storeroom neat +and scrupulously clean. As a matter of record and for the purpose of +ascertaining cost of feeding the boys, a number of camps keep a daily +record like the illustrated form. + +The Cook + +The cook is the keynote of happiness or unhappiness. Get a good cook, +professionally and morally, one who understands that he is not in camp for +a vacation. A capable cook will take care of fifty boys without any +assistance, except what help the boys may render in the preparation of +vegetables. For years two cooks have looked after the meals of 175 to 200 +boys in the camps conducted each season by the writer. The wages of the +head cook or chef range from two to three dollars and fifty cents a day. +Some camps secure cooks from the hotels and restaurants, others from the +lumber camps. No matter where he is secured, be sure that he is clean, in +person, in habits, and in speech. Do not permit boys to loaf about the +kitchen. In the planning of menus, food value and variety must be +considered. The following represents the staple articles of food for a +boys' camp. + +[Illustration: COMMISSARY DEPARTMENT CAMP BECKET] + +SUGGESTED LIST OF DISHES FOR BOYS' CAMPS +Breakfast + + Fruit: Bananas, raspberries, blueberries, cantaloupes, apples, + stewed prunes, applesauce, baked apples, stewed apples, stewed + apricots, stewed figs. + + Cereals: Oatmeal, Shredded Wheat, Cream of Wheat, Toasted + + Corn Flakes; corn meal mush and milk, Hominy Grits, Puffed Rice, + Wheatlets. + + Eggs: Fried, boiled, scrambled, omelette, poached on toast. + + Meats and Fish: Bacon, meat hash, meat stew, chopped meat on + toast, codfish cakes, creamed codfish, fried fresh fish, + creamed dried beef, fresh sausage. + + Vegetables: Potatoes-Baked, creamed, mashed, browned, German + fried; baked beans. + + Drinks: Cocoa, milk, coffee (only occasionally), pure water. + + Bread: Toasted bread, corn bread, muffins, biscuits, hot cakes. + +Dinner + + Soups: Old-fashioned vegetable soup, bean soup, clam or fish + chowder, corn chowder. Thick soups are preferable for camps. + + Meats: Roasts--beef, lamb, chicken. Stews---beef, lamb, Steak, + Fricassee of chicken, fricassee of lamb, haricot of lamb, + pot roast of beef, Hamburg steak, corned beef, boiled ham, meat pie. + + Fish: Baked, fried, boiled; escalloped salmon, salmon croquettes. + + Vegetables: Potatoes--mashed, boiled, French fried, browned. + Cabbage. Corn--stewed, escalloped, corn pie, corn on cob. Peas-- + creamed with carrots. Lima beans. Summer squash. Tomatoes-- + stewed, escalloped, au gratin with tomatoes. Apple sauce, creamed + onions; cabbage slaw. Greens-spinach, beet tops. + + Desserts: Ice Cream-vanilla, chocolate, strawberry (preserved), + raspberry, lemon, coffee, caramel, peach, pineapple (shredded), + orange, lemon. Sherbet--lemon, orange, pineapple, raspberry. Rice + pudding, plain with fruit sauce, rice with raisins. Tapioca pudding + with apples or fruit. Bread pudding. Cottage pudding, lemon sauce or + fruit sauce. Banana pudding. Sliced peaches with cream. Pie-apple, + blueberry, blackberry. Cornstarch pudding. + +Supper + + Cereals: Cream of Wheat, mush and milk, Shredded Wheat. + + Cold Dishes: Sliced beef, ham, corned beef, potato salad, Cabbage + slaw, pressed meats. + + Hot Dishes: Irish stew, meat croquettes, frankfurters, potato cakes, + baked beans, thick soups, stewed kidney beans. Potatoes--baked, + fried, creamed. Creamed salmon with peas; codfish; macaroni and + cheese; potato hash. + + Desserts: Prunes, stewed apples, stewed apricots, fresh fruits, + stewed pears, stewed figs. + + Cakes: Gingerbread, sweetbread, cookies. + + Relishes: Pickles beets, chow chow, piccalilli, watermelon spiced. + + Drinks: Lemonade, iced tea, cocoa, hot milk. + +Local geographical conditions will suggest a variety of dishes. There +should be plenty of milk to drink, and good bread and butter. Cake and +fancy dishes are not necessary. The bill of fare should be an elastic one. +When the day is cold and dreary, hot chowders, soups, cocoa, etc., should +be served. + +On a warm day, lemonade and cold dishes are desirable. Every camp should, +if possible, have its own ice-cream freezer, as ice-creams, sherbets, and +water ices are not only healthy but inexpensive. An occasional delicacy is +desirable. Canned shredded pineapple, strawberries and sliced peaches make +excellent sherbets and ice cream. In one camp chicken and ice cream are +served every Sunday dinner. + +A Sample Week of Menus + +MONDAY + +BREAKFAST +Oatmeal +Fried potatoes +Cocoa +Cream of tartar +biscuits. + +DINNER +Irish stew +Boiled potatoes +Green corn on cob +Apple tapioca +Bread and butter. + +SUPPER +Fried eggs +Prunes +Sweet cake +Bread and butter +Cocoa. + + +TUESDAY + +BREAKFAST +Toasted Cornflakes +Fish cakes +Corn bread +Cocoa. + +DINNER +Beef steak +Mashed potatoes +Peas +Corn starch +pudding +Bread and butter. + +SUPPER +Vegetable soup +Stewed figs +Gingerbread +Bread and butter. + + +WEDNESDAY + +BREAKFAST +Cream of Wheat +Meat hash +Cocoa +Bread and butter. + +DINNER +Roast lamb +Tomato sauce +Boiled potatoes +Lemon sherbet +Bread and butter. + +SUPPER +Creamed fish +Apple sauce +Sweet cake +Bread and butter. + + +THURSDAY + +BREAKFAST +Shredded Wheat +Baked potatoes +Creamed codfish +Bread and butter +Cocoa. + +DINNER +Boiled beef +Mashed potatoes +Corn starch +Pudding with +Strawberry sauce. + +SUPPER +Creamed dried beef +Apple sauce +Gingerbread +Bread and Butter. + + +FRIDAY + +BREAKFAST +Oatmeal +Codfish cakes +Bread and butter +Cocoa. + +DINNER +Fried weak fish +Stewed tomatoes +Boiled potatoes +Vanilla ice cream. + +SUPPER +Vegetable soup +Bread and butter +Sweet cake. + + +SATURDAY + +BREAKFAST +Puffed Rice +Fried eggs +Bread and butter +Cocoa. + +DINNER +Escalloped salmon +Rice +Boiled Tomatoes +Cucumbers +Bread and butter. + +SUPPER +Boston baked beans +Tomato catsup +Sweetbread. + + +SUNDAY + +BREAKFAST +Cream of Wheat +Bananas +Fried mush and maple syrup +Coffee. + +DINNER +Roast chicken +Creamed onions +Mashed potatoes +Pineapple sherbet +Bread and butter. + +SUPPER +Cold beef +Apple sauce +Sweet cake +Bread and butter. + + +Serving + +Each table is provided with meat platter, vegetable dishes, bread plate, +butter dish, sugar bowl, milk pitcher, water pitcher, salt and pepper +shakers, etc. The only need of a waiter is to bring the food to the tables +and replenish the dishes. Each boy takes his turn at waiting. If there are +seven boys in a tent, a boy serves one day in seven. He usually sits at +the right side of the leader and eats his meal with the others. This does +away with a second or "waiter" table. By this system you avoid the +tendency to smartness and roughness. Each leader is careful to see that +food is not wasted at his table, that decency and order is preserved, and +wholesome conversation and pleasantries indulged in during the meal, as an +aid to good digestion. + +Dishwashing + +Some camps pay for all work done and give boys more freedom, but +experience has clearly proven that the successful camp is the one where +boys all have responsibility and definite duties to perform. Dishwashing +is never attractive. It may be made less irksome by carefully +systematizing the work. There are several ways. One way is that of having +each boy wash his own dishes, working a tent at a time. A number of tubs +of hot, soapy water are provided for washing, and several extra tubs +filled with very hot water for rinsing. At a signal from the Camp Director +or person in charge, each table of boys by rotation passes from the dining +room with the dishes to these tubs and each boy proceeds to do his own +dishwashing and rinsing and drying. Another way is to provide two +good-sized dish-pans for each table, and assign two boys to do the +dish-washing for the day. The dishes are washed at the tables and stowed +away in a closet, each table having its own closet. Another way is to +purchase a good dish-washing machine, like that made by the Fearless +Dishwashing Co., Rochester, N. Y. (Cost, $100), and install it in the +kitchen. This plan is in operation at Camp Dudley and Camp Hayo-Went-Ha. + +[Illustration: Camp Hayo-Went-Ha dishwashing] + +Cleanliness must be insisted upon. Never leave anything unwashed until it +is used again. The eating from dirty and greasy plates, forks, knives, and +spoons will result in disease. No matter what system you use, do not let +down on dirty dishes. + +A FEW HINTS + +Soup + +"Soup makes the soldier," said Napoleon I. Bones should never be thrown +away, but cracked and placed in stock pot, covered with water and let +simmer. This makes "stock" which is the foundation of all soup. + +All green vegetables should be washed well in cold water and put in +boiling salted water, and boiled slowly until tender. All white and +underground vegetables should be cooked in boiling unsalted water, the +salt being added at the last moment. + +Potatoes take from twenty to thirty minutes to boil. In boiling and +roasting allow about a quarter of an hour for every pound of meat. The +fire should be medium hot. Boiled fish should be cooked ten minutes to +each pound. + +Water + +Water is the only true beverage. Forming as it does three-quarters of the +weight of the human body, it is of next importance to the air we breathe. +Milk is a food and not a beverage. + +Onions + +Peel or slice onions in water and you will not shed tears. + +Egg Test + +To test the freshness of an egg, drop into cold water. If the egg sinks +quickly it is fresh, if it stands on end it is doubtful, and quite bad if +it floats. The shell of a fresh egg looks dull; a stale one is glossy. + +Mending Pots + +A pot may be mended by making a paste of flour, salt and fine wood ashes. +Plaster it on where the leak is and let it dry before using. + +Table Etiquette + +A mother complained that her boy, after being in camp for two weeks, +returned home speaking a new language, particularly at the dining table. +If he wanted milk, he called for "cow," butter was "goat," biscuits were +"sinkers," meat was "corpse," and there were several other terms and +phrases peculiar to camp life. He had to learn all over the ways of +decency and reasonable table refinement. There is no plausible reason why +this should be so in a boys' camp. Grabbing of food, yelling for food, +upsetting of liquids, and table "rough-house" will be largely prevented by +the system of seating and of serving. The most satisfactory way is to seat +by tent groups. Have as many tables as you have tents. Let each tent +leader preside at the head of his table, and serve the food in family +style. The leader serves the food, and sees that the boys observe the same +delightful table life in camp as at home. + +Grace at Meals + +Grace should be said before each meal, either silently or audibly. In the +morning the hymn on the following page is sung by the boys at Camp Becket, +followed with bowed heads in silent prayer: + +MORNING PRAYER HYMN FOR BOYS' CAMPS + +To be sung at morning meal +Words and Music by H. W. Gibbon. + +[Illustration: Music] + +Morning +Gracious Giver of all good, + Thee we thank for rest and food. +Grant that all we do or say + In Thy service be this day. + +Noon +Father for this noonday meal + We would speak the praise we feel, +Health and strength we have from Thee, + Help us, Lord, to faithful be. + +Night +Tireless guardian of our way, + Thou hast kept us well this day. +While we thank Thee, we request + Care continued, pardon, rest. +-Camp Wawayanda. + +[Illustration: Forest scene] + +Go abroad upon the paths of Nature, +And when all its voices whisper, and its silent things +Are breathing the deep beauty of the world-- +Kneel at its ample altar.-Bryant. + + + +CHAPTER X--THE CAMP FIRE + +HOW TO BUILD A CAMP FIRE +PREVENT SPREAD OF FIRE +FOREST FIRE LAWS +HOW TO LIGHT A FIRE +STORY TELLING +MARSHMALLOW TOASTS AND CORN ROASTS +A STORY, "HOW MEN FOUND THE GREAT SPIRIT" + +There is an impalpable, invisible, softly stepping delight in the camp +fire which escapes analysis. Enumerate all its charms, and still there is +something missing in your catalogue. +--W. C. Gray in "Camp Fire Musings." + +"I cannot conceive of a camp that does not have a big fire! Our city +houses do not have it, not even a fireplace. The fireplace is one of the +greatest schools the imagination has ever had or ever can have. It is +moral, and it always gives a tremendous stimulus to the imagination, and +that is why stories and fire go together. You cannot tell a good story +unless you tell it before a fire. You cannot have a complete fire unless +you have a good story-teller along." [1] Anyone who has witnessed a real +camp fire and participated in its fun, as well as seriousness, will never +forget it. The huge fire shooting up its tongue of flame into the darkness +of the night, the perfect shower of golden rain, the company of happy +boys, and great, dark background of piney woods, the weird light over all, +the singing, the yells, the stories, the fun, then the serious word at the +close, is a happy experience long to be remembered. + +[Footnote 1: Dr. G. Stanley Hall, "Camp Conference Report," p. 40.] + +To Build a Fire + +There are ways and ways of building camp fires. An old Indian saying runs, +"White man heap fool, make um big fire--can't git near! Injun make um +little fire--git close! Uh! good!" Make it a service privilege for a tent +of boys to gather wood and build the fire. This should be done during the +afternoon. Two things are essential in the building of a fire--kindling +and air. A fire must be built systematically. First, get dry, small dead +branches, twigs, fir branches and other inflammable material. Place these +upon the ground. Be sure that air can draw under the pile and up through +it. Next place some heavier branches in tripod form over the kindling, +then good-sized sticks, and so on until you have built the camp fire the +required size. In many camps it is considered an honor to light the fire. + +Kerosene oil may be poured upon the kindling, or old newspapers used in +lighting the fire. + +Caution + +An interesting account of "How to Build a Fire by Rubbing Sticks," by +Ernest Thompson-Seton, will be found in "Boy Scouts of America," page 84. + +Be sure to use every precaution to prevent the spreading of fire. This may +be done by building a circle of stone around the fire, or by digging up +the earth, or by wetting a space around the fire. Always have buckets of +water near at hand. + +Things to remember: + + First, It is criminal to leave a burning fire; + + Second, Always put out the fire with water or earth. + +State Laws + +Be sure to get a copy of the law of your State regarding Forest Fires, and +if a permit is necessary, secure it before building a fire. + +To Light a Match + +Kephart, in his book on "Camping and Woodcraft" (page 88), says, "When +there is nothing dry to strike it on, jerk the head of the match forward +through the teeth. Face the wind. Cup your hands, backs toward wind. +Remove right hand just long enough to strike match on something very close +by, then instantly resume former position. Flame of match will run up the +stick instead of blowing away from it." + +Story-Telling + +The camp fire is a golden opportunity for the telling of stories--good +stories told well. Indian legends, war stories, ghost stories, detective +stories, stories of heroism, the history of fire, a talk about the stars. +Don't drag out the telling of a story. Talk it in boy language. Avoid +technical terms. Make the story live. + +College songs always appeal to boys. Let some leader start up a song in a +natural way, and soon you will have a chorus of unexpected melody and +harmony. As the fire dies down, let the songs be of a more quiet type, +like "My Old Kentucky Home," and ballads of similar nature. + +Roast Delight + +When the embers are glowing is the time for toasting marshmallows. Get a +long stick sharpened to a point, fasten a marshmallow on the end, hold it +over the embers, not in the blaze, until the marshmallow expands. Oh, the +deliciousness of it! Ever tasted one? Before roasting corn on the cob, tie +the end of each husk firmly with string. Soak in water for about an hour. +Then put into the hot embers. The water prevents the corn from burning and +the firmly tied husks enable the corn to be steamed and the real corn +flavor is retained. In about twenty minutes the corn may be taken from the +fire and eaten. Have a bowl of melted butter and salt on hand. Also a +pastry brush to spread the melted butter upon the corn. Try it. + +A Good Story + +For an example of a good story to be told around the camp fire, this +Indian tale by Professor H. M. Burr, of the Springfield Training School, +is given: + +HOW MEN FOUND THE GREAT SPIRIT + +"In the olden time, when woods covered all the earth except the deserts +and the river bottoms, and men lived on the fruits and berries they found +and the wild animals which they could shoot or snare; when they dressed in +skins and lived in caves, there was little time for thought. But as men +grew stronger and more cunning and learned how to live together, they had +more time to think and more mind to think with. + +"Men had learned many things. They had learned that cold weather followed +hot, and spring followed winter, and that the sun got up in the morning +and went to bed at night. They saw that the great water was kindly when +the sun shone, but when the sun hid its face and the wind blew upon it, it +grew black and angry and upset their canoes. They found that knocking +flints together or rubbing dry sticks would light the dry moss and that +the flames, which would bring back summer in the midst of winter and day +in the midst of night, were hungry and must be fed, and when they escaped +devoured the woods and only the water could stop them. + +"These and many other things men learned, but no one knew why it all was +or how it came to be. Men began to wonder--and that was the beginning of +the path which led to the Great Spirit. + +"In the ages when men began to wonder there was born a boy whose name was +'Wo,' which meant in the language of his time 'Whence.' As he lay in his +mother's arms, she loved him and wondered, 'His body is of my body, but +from whence comes the life--the spirit which is like mine and yet not like +it?' And his father, seeing the wonder in the mother's eyes, said: 'Whence +came he from?' And there was no one to answer, and so they called him +'Wo,' to remind them that they knew not from whence he came. + +"As Wo grew up, he was stronger and swifter of foot than any of his tribe. +He became a mighty hunter. He knew the ways of all the wild things, and +could read the signs of the season. As he grew older they made him a chief +and listened while he spoke at the council board, but Wo was not +satisfied. His name was a question, and questioning filled his mind. + +"From whence did he come? Whither was he going? Why did the sun rise and +set? Why did life burst into leaf and flower with the coming of the +spring? Why did the child become a man and the man grow old and die? + +"The mystery grew upon him as he pondered. In the morning he stood on a +mountain top and, stretching out his hands, cried: 'Whence?' At night he +cried to the moon: 'Whither?' He listened to the soughing of the trees and +the song of the brook and tried to learn their language. He peered eagerly +into the eyes of little children, and tried to read the mystery of life. +He listened at the still lips of the dead, waiting for them to tell him +whither they had gone. + +"He went about among his fellows silent and absorbed, always looking for +the unseen and listening for the unspoken. He sat so long silent at the +council board that the elders questioned him. To their questioning he +replied, like one awakening from a dream: + +"'Our fathers since the beginning have trailed the beasts of the woods. +There is none so cunning as the fox, but we can trail him to his lair. +Though we are weaker than the great bear and buffalo, yet by our wisdom we +overcome them. The deer is more swift of foot, but by craft we overtake +him. We cannot fly like a bird, but we snare the winged one with a hair. +We have made ourselves many cunning inventions by which the beasts, the +trees, the wind, the water, and the fire become our servants. + +"'Then we speak great swelling words: How great and wise we are! There is +none like us in the air, in the wood, or in the water! + +"'But the words are false. Our pride is like that of a partridge drumming +on his log in the wood before the fox leaps upon him. Our sight is like +that of the mole burrowing under the ground. Our wisdom is like a drop of +dew upon the grass. Our ignorance is like the great water which no eye can +measure. + +"'Our life is like a bird coming out of the dark, fluttering for a +heart-beat in the tepee and then going forth into the dark again. No one +can tell us whence it comes or whither it goes. I have asked the wise men, +and they cannot answer; I have listened to the voice of the trees and wind +and water, but I do not know their tongue; I have questioned the sun and +the moon and the stars, but they are silent. + +"'But to-day, in the silence before the darkness gives place to light, I +seemed to hear a still small voice within my breast, saying to me: "Wo, +the questioner, rise up like the stag from his lair; away, alone, to the +mountain of the sun. There thou shalt find that which thou seekest." + +"'I go, but if I fall by the trail another will take it up. If I find the +answer I will return.' + +"Waiting for none, Wo left the council of his tribe and went his way +toward the mountain of the sun. For six days he made his way through the +trackless woods, guided by the sun by day and the stars by night. On the +seventh he came to the great mountain--the mountain of the sun--on whose +top, according to the tradition of his tribe, the sun rested each night. +All day long he climbed, saying to himself: 'I will sleep to-night in the +tepee of the sun and he will tell me whence I come and whither I go.' + +"But as he climbed the sun seemed to climb higher and higher. As he neared +the top a cold cloud settled like a night bird on the mountain. Chilled +and faint with hunger and fatigue, Wo struggled on. Just at sunset he +reached the top of the mountain, but it was not the mountain of the sun, +for many days' journey to the west the sun was sinking in the Great Water. + +"A bitter cry broke from Wo's parched lips. His long trail was useless. +There was no answer to his questions. The sun journeyed farther and faster +than men dreamed, and of wood and waste and water there was no end. +Overcome with misery and weakness, he fell upon a bed of moss with his +back toward the sunset and the unknown. + +"And Wo slept, although it was unlike any sleep he had ever known before, +and as he slept he dreamed. He was alone upon the mountain waiting for the +answer. A cloud covered the mountain, but all was silent. A mighty wind +rent the cloud and rushed roaring through the crags, but there was no +voice in the wind. Thunder pealed, lightning flashed, but he whom Wo +sought was not there. + +"In the hush that followed the storm Wo heard a voice low and quiet, but +in it all the sounds of earth and sky seemed to mingle--the song of the +bird, the whispering of the trees, and the murmuring of the brook. + +"'Wo, I am He whom thou seekest; I am the Great Spirit; I am the +All-Father. Ever since I made man of the dust of the earth and so child of +the earth and brother to all living, and breathed into his nostrils the +breath of life, thus making him My son, I have waited for a seeker who +should find Me. In the fullness of time thou hast come, Wo, the +questioner, to the Answerer. + +"'Thy body is of the earth and to earth returns; thy spirit is Mine; it is +given thee for a space to make according to thy will; then it returns to +Me better or worse for thy making. + +"'Thou hast found Me because thy heart was pure and thy search for Me +tireless. Go back to thy tribe and be to them the voice of the Great +Spirit. From henceforth I will speak to thee and the seekers that come +after thee, in a thousand voices and appear in a thousand shapes. I will +speak in the voices of the wood and streams and of those you love. I will +appear to you in the sun by day and the stars by night. When thy people +and Mine are in need and wish for the will of the Great Spirit, then shall +My spirit brood over thine and the words that thou shalt speak shall be My +words.' + +"And Wo awoke, facing the east and the rising sun. His body was warmed by +its rays. A great gladness filled his soul. He had sought and found, and +prayer came to him like the song to the bird: + +"'O Great Spirit, Father of my spirit, the sun is Thy messenger, but Thou +art brighter than the sun. Drive Thou the darkness before me. Be Thou the +light of my spirit.' + +"As Wo went down the mountain and took the journey back to the home of his +people his face shone, and the light never seemed to leave it, so that men +called him 'He of the shining face.' + +"When Wo came back to his tribe, all who saw his face knew that he had +found the answer, and they gathered again about the council fire to hear. +As Wo stood up and looked into the eager faces in the circle of the fire, +he remembered that the Great Spirit had given him no message, and for a +moment he was dumb. Then the words of the Great Spirit came to him again: +'When thy people and Mine shall need to know My will, My spirit shall +brood over thine and the words that thou shalt speak shall be My words.' +Looking into the eager faces of longing and questioning, his spirit moved +within him and he spoke: + +"'I went, I sought, I found the Great Spirit, who dwells in the earth as +your spirits dwell in your bodies. It is from Him the spirit comes. We are +His children. He cares for us more than a mother for the child at her +breast, or the father for the son that is his pride. His love is like the +air we breathe: it is about us; it is within us. + +"'The sun is the sign of His brightness, the sky of His greatness, and +mother-love and father-love, and the love of man and woman are the signs +of His love. We are but children; we cannot enter into the council of the +Great Chief until we have been proved, but this is His will, that we love +one another as He loves us; that we bury forever the hatchet of hate; that +no man shall take what is not his own and the strong shall help the weak.' + +"The chiefs did not wholly understand the words of Wo, but they took a +hatchet and buried it by the fire, saying: 'Thus bury we hate between man +and his brother,' and they took an acorn and put it in the earth, saying: +'Thus plant we the love of the strong for the weak.' And it became the +custom of the tribe that the great council in the spring should bury the +hatchet and plant the acorn. + +"Every morning the tribe gathered to greet the rising sun, and, with right +hands raised and left hands upon their hearts, prayed: 'Great Spirit, hear +us; guide us today; make our wills Thy will, our ways Thy way.' + +"And the tribe grew stronger and greater and wiser than all the other +tribes--but that is another story." +--Association Seminar, December, 1910. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Camp-Fire Musings-William C. Gray. Fleming H. Revell Company, $1.00 net. +A book full of the spirit of the woods and of camp life. + +CAMP-FIRE STORIES. + +In Camp with Boys--G. W. Hinckley. Central Maine Pub. Co., $1.00. + +The Shadowless Man--Adelbert Von Chamisso. Frederick Warne & Co., $1.00 +net. + +Mystery and Detective Stories, six volumes. Review of Reviews Co. + +[Illustration: Pathfinders (hikers)] + + + +CHAPTER XI--TRAMPS, HIKES, AND OVER-NIGHT TRIPS + +AN OLD TRAMPER'S ADVICE +MAP READING +SHOE WISDOM +THE PACK +THE "LEAN-TO" OR SHACK +BED MAKING +A HOT STONE WRINKLE +NIGHT WATCHERS +OBSERVATION PRACTICE +CAMERA SNAP SHOTS +CAMP LAMP +HANDY THINGS TO MAKE. + +Afoot and light-hearted I take to the open road +Healthy, free, the world before me, +The long brown path before me leading wherever I choose. +-Whitman. + +An Old Tramper's Advice + +It is an excellent thing for the boys to get away from the camp routine +for a few days, and walk "the long brown path," stopping overnight, doing +their own cooking, building their "lean-to" or shelter, and roughing it. +Walking is probably one of the best all-round cures for the ills of +civilization. Several things should be remembered when one goes on a hike. +First, avoid long distances. A foot-weary, muscle-tired, and temper-tried, +hungry group of boys surely is not desirable. There are a lot of false +notions about courage, and bravery, and grit, that read well in print but +fail miserably in practice, and long hikes for boys is one of the most +glaring of these notions. Second, have a leader who will set a good, easy +pace, say about three miles an hour, prevent the boys from excessive water +drinking, and assign the duties of pitching camp, etc. Third, observe +these two rules given by an old woodsman: (1) Never walk over anything you +can walk around; (2) Never step on anything that you can step over. Every +time you step on anything you lift the weight of your body. Why lift extra +weight when tramping? Fourth, carry with you only the things absolutely +needed, and roll in blanket and poncho, army style. + +Map Reading + +Before starting on a hike, study carefully the road maps. The best maps +are those of the United States Geological Survey, made on a scale of two +inches to the mile, and costing five cents each. The map is published in +atlas sheets, each sheet representing a small quadrangular district. Send +to the Superintendent of Documents, at Washington, D. C., for a list. + +[Illustration: Universal Map Measure] + +A mountaineer in Tennessee said: "We measure miles with a coonskin, and +throw in the tail for good measure." A better way is to purchase the +Universal Map Measure, costing $1.50 (imported and sold by Dame, Stoddard +Co., 374 Washington Street, Boston, Mass.), which accurately measures the +distance upon the Government Survey Maps. + +Shoe Wisdom + +For tramping the boy needs the right kind of a shoe, or the trip will be a +miserable failure. A light-soled or light-built shoe is not suited for +mountain work, or even for an ordinary hike. The feet will blister and +become "road-weary." They must be neither too big nor too small nor too +heavy, and be amply broad to give the toes plenty of room. The shoe should +be water-tight. A medium weight, high-topped lace shoe is about right. +Bathing the feet at the springs and streams along the road will be +refreshing, if not indulged in too frequently. (See chapter on "Health and +Hygiene" for care of the feet and proper way of walking.) + +It is well to carry a spare shirt hanging down the back with the sleeves +tied round the neck. Change when the shirt you are wearing becomes too wet +with perspiration. + +The Pack + +The most practical and inexpensive pack is the one manufactured for the +Boy Scouts of America. Price, sixty cents. It is about 14 by 20 inches +square, and 6 inches thick, made of water-proof canvas, with shoulder +straps, and will easily hold everything needed for a tramping trip. + +A few simple remedies for bruises, cuts, etc., should be taken along by +the leader (see chapter on "Simple Remedies"). You may not need them, and +some may poke fun at them, but as the old lady said: "You can't always +sometimes tell." Amount and kind of provisions must be determined by the +locality and habitation. + +[Illustration: Hiking Pack] + +The "Lean-to" + +Reach the place where you are going to spend the night in plenty of time +to build your "lean-to," and make your bed for the night. Select your +camping spot, with reference to water, wood, drainage, and material for +your "lean-to." Choose a dry, level place, the ground just sloping enough +to insure the water running away from your "lean-to" in case of rain. In +building your "lean-to," look for a couple of good trees standing from +eight to ten feet apart with branches from six to eight feet above the +ground. By studying the illustration below, you will be able to build a +very serviceable shack, affording protection from the dews and rain. While +two or more boys are building the shack, another should be gathering +firewood, and preparing the meal, while another should be cutting and +bringing in as many soft, thick tips of hemlock or balsam boughs as +possible, for the roof of the shack and the beds. How to thatch the +"lean-to" is shown in this illustration. + +If the camp site is to be used for several days, two "lean-tos" may be +built facing each other, about six feet apart. This will make a very +comfortable camp, as a small fire can be built between the two, thus +giving warmth and light. + +[Illustration: Frame of Lean To] + +[Illustration: Method of Thatching.] + +The Bed + +On the floor of your "lean-to" lay a thick layer of the "fans" or branches +of balsam fir or hemlock, with the convex side up, and the butts of the +stems toward the foot of the bed. Now thatch this over with more "fans" by +thrusting the butt ends through the first layer at a slight angle toward +the head of the bed, so that the soft tips will curve toward the foot of +the bed, and be sure to make the head of your bed away from the opening of +the "lean-to" and the foot toward the opening. Over this bed spread your +rubber blanket with rubber side down, your sleeping blanket on top, and +you will be surprised how soft, springy, and fragrant a bed you have, upon +which to rest your "weary frame," and sing with the poet: + +Then the pine boughs croon me a lullaby, + And trickle the white moonbeams +To my face on the balsam where I lie + While the owl hoots at my dreams. +-J. George Frederick. + +What God puts in the blood is eliminated slowly and we are all impregnated +with a love for the natural life which is irresistible. That was a great +saying of the boy who was taken from the city for the first time on an +all-night outing. Snugly tucked up in his blankets he heard the wind +singing in the pines overhead. As the boy looked up, he asked, "Wasn't God +blowing His breath down at us?"--Dr. Lilburn. + +Hot Stones + +If the night bids fair to be cold, place a number of stones about six or +eight inches in diameter next the fire, so they will get hot. These can +then be placed at the feet, back, etc., as needed, and will be found good +"bed warmers." When a stone loses its heat it is replaced near the fire +and a hot one is taken. If too hot, wrap the stone in a shirt or sweater +or wait for it to cool off. + +Night Watchers + +Boys desire adventure. This desire may be gratified by the establishment +of night watchers, in relays of two boys every two hours. Their +imaginations will be stirred by the resistless attraction of the camp-fire +and the sound of the creatures that creep at night. + +Observation + +Many boys have excellent eyes but see not, and good ears but hear not, all +because they have not been trained to observe or to be quick to hear. A +good method of teaching observation while on a hike or tramp is to have +each boy jot down in a small notebook or diary of the trip the different +kinds of trees, birds, animals, tracks; nature of roads, fences; peculiar +rock formation, smells of plants, etc., and thus be able to tell what he +saw or heard to the boys upon his return to the permanent camp or to his +home. + +Cameras + +One of the party should take a Brownie No. 2 or small folding kodak. +Photos of the trip are always a great pleasure and a memory reviver. A +practical and convenient method of carrying small folding cameras is +described in "Forest and Stream." A strap with a buckle having been +attached to an ordinary leather belt is run through the loops at the back +of the camera-case. The camera may be pushed around the belt to the point +where it will be least in the way. + +Lamps + +A very convenient lamp to use on a hike is the Baldwin Camp Lamp, made by +John Simmons Co., 13 Franklin Street, New York City. (Price, $1.00.) It +weighs only five ounces when fully charged with carbide, and is but 4-3/4 +inches high. It projects a strong light 150 feet through the woods. A +stiff wind will not blow it out. It can be worn comfortably in your hat or +belt. + +The "Rocky Mountain Searchlight," made of a discarded tomato can, a +candle, and a bit of wire for a handle, is a camp product that will be +found to be very useful in an emergency. + +[Illustration: Rocky Mountain Lantern] + +The can is carried lengthwise, with the wire handle run through a hole in +the closed end on through the entire length of the can and out the open +end. Do not wrap the handle wire around the can. It will slip off. Two +cuts, crossing each other, make the candle opening, with the cut edges +bent inward. The candle is pushed upward as it burns down, the flame being +kept in the middle of the can. The cut edges prevent it from falling out +until the last hold is melted away. The "Searchlight" gives good service +when hung in the tent or on a nearby tree, but is especially valuable in +lighting up a rough path on a rainy, windy night. + +Camp Hanger + +The camp hanger shown in the illustration can be hung from the ridgepole +of the tent, and is particularly useful when from two to four persons +occupy the tent. It can be raised and lowered at will by attaching the +hanger to a pulley arrangement. The hanger may be made of wood in any +length. Ordinary coat hooks are fastened to the side with screws. A common +screw-eye is used for the line at the top. A snap hook attached to the +rope facilitates its removal at will. + +A boy of ingenuity can make a number of convenient things. A good drinking +cup may be made from a piece of birch bark cut in parallelogram shape, and +twisted into pyramid form, and fastened with a split stick. (See +illustrations on opposite page.) A flat piece of bark may serve as a +plate. A pot lifter may be made from a green stick about 18 inches long, +allowing a few inches of a stout branch to remain. By reversing the same +kind of stick and driving a small nail near the other end or cutting a +notch, it may be used to suspend kettles over a fire. A novel candlestick +is made by opening the blade of a knife and jabbing it into a tree, and +upon the other upturned blade putting a candle. A green stick having a +split end which will hold a piece of bread or meat makes an excellent +broiler. Don't pierce the bread or meat. Driving a good-sized green stake +into the ground at an angle of 45 degrees and cutting a notch in which may +be suspended a kettle over the fire, will provide a way of boiling water +quickly. + +For suggestions in building a camp-fire and cooking on hikes, see chapter +on "Cooking on Hikes." The bibliography for the whole subject of Hikes, +including cooking, is on page 153. + +[Illustration: Birch bark cup, Camp fire tongs, Camp Broiler, Bark Plate, +A Novel Candlestick, Pot Lifter, Pot Hook, To Boil Water Quickly.] + +[Illustration: Extemporaneous Dining] + + + +CHAPTER XII--COOKING ON HIKES + +BUILDING A COOKING FIRE +FIRE BY SUN GLASS +GRIDDLE CAKES +BROILED BACON +CREAMED SALMON +SALMON ON TOAST +BAKED POTATOES +BAKED FISH +FROGS' LEGS +EGGS +COFFEE +COCOA +SAMPLE MENU +RATION LIST +DISH WASHING + +The Fireplace + +Take two or three stones to build a fireplace; a stick first shaved and +then whittled into shavings; a lighted match, a little blaze, some bark, +dry twigs and a few small sticks added; then with the griddle placed over +the fire, you are ready to cook the most appetizing griddle cakes. After +the cakes are cooked, fry strips of bacon upon the griddle; in the surplus +fat fry slices of bread, then some thinly sliced raw potatoes done to a +delicious brown and you have a breakfast capable of making the mouth of a +camper water. + +Another way of building a fire: Place two green logs side by side, closer +together at one end than the other. Build fire between. On the logs over +the fire you can rest frying pan, kettle, etc. To start fire have some +light, dry wood split up fine. When sticks begin to blaze add a few more +of larger size and continue until you have a good fire. + +Sun Glass + +When the sun shines a fire may be started by means of a small pocket sun +or magnifying glass. Fine scrapings from dry wood or "punk tinder" will +easily ignite by the focusing of the sun dial upon it, and by fanning the +fire and by adding additional fuel, the fire-builder will soon have a +great blaze. + +COOKING RECEIPTS + +Griddle Cakes + +Beat together one egg, tablespoonful of sugar, cup of new milk, or +condensed milk diluted one-half. Mix in enough self-raising flour to make +a thick cream batter. Grease the griddle with rind or slices of bacon for +each batch of cakes. + +Broiled Bacon + +Slice bacon thin. Remove the rind which makes the slices curl up. Or, gash +the rind with a sharp knife if the boys like "cracklings." Fry on griddle +or put on the sharp end of a stick and hold over the hot coals, or, better +yet, remove the griddle and put a clean flat rock in its place. When the +rock is hot lay the slices of bacon on it and broil. Keep turning the +bacon so as to brown it on both sides. Cut into dice. + +Creamed Salmon + +Heat about a pint of salmon in one-half pint milk, season with salt and +pepper and a half teaspoonful of butter. + +Salmon on Toast + +Drop slices of stale bread into smoking-hot lard. They will brown at once. +Drain them. Heat a pint of salmon, picked into flakes, season with salt +and pepper and put into it a tablespoonful of butter. Stir in one egg, +beaten light, with three tablespoonfuls evaporated milk not thinned. Pour +mixture on the fried bread. + +Potatoes + +Wash potatoes and dry well; bury them deep in a good bed of live coals, +cover them with hot coals until well done. They will take about forty +minutes to bake. When you can pass a sharpened hardwood sliver through +them, they are done, and should be raked out at once. Run the sliver +through them from end to end, and let the steam escape and use +immediately, as a roast potato quickly becomes soggy and bitter. + +Baked Fish + +Dig a hole one foot and a half deep. Build a fire in it, heaping up dry +sticks until there is an abundance of fuel. After an hour, take out the +coals, clear the hole of ashes, lay green corn husks on the hot bottom of +the hole. Soak brown paper in water and wrap around the fish. Lay it in +the hole, cover with green corn husks, covered in turn with half an inch +of earth. Build a fire over it and keep burning for an hour. Then remove +and you have something delicious and worth the time taken to prepare. + +Fried Fish + +Clean fish well. Small fish should be fried whole, with the backbone +severed to prevent curling up; large fish should be cut into pieces, and +ribs cut loose from backbone so as to lie flat in pan. Rub the pieces in +corn meal or powdered bread crumbs, thinly and evenly (that browns them). +Fry in plenty of very hot fat to a golden brown, sprinkling lightly with +pepper and salt just as the color turns. If fish has not been wiped dry, +it will absorb too much grease. If the frying fat is not very hot when +fish are put in they will be soggy with it. + +Frogs' Legs + +After skinning frogs, soak them an hour in cold water, to which vinegar +has been added, or put them for two minutes into scalding water that has +vinegar in it. Drain, wipe dry, and cook. To fry: Roll in flour seasoned +with salt and pepper, and fry, not too rapidly, preferably in butter or +oil. Water cress is a good relish with them. To grill: Prepare three +tablespoonfuls melted butter, one-half teaspoonful salt, and a pinch or +two of pepper, into which dip the frog legs, then roll in fresh bread +crumbs and broil for three minutes on each side. + +EGGS + +Boiled + +Raise water to boiling point. Place eggs in carefully. Boil steadily for +three minutes if you prefer them soft. If you want them hard-boiled, put +them in cold water, bring to a boil, and keep it up for twenty minutes. +The yolk will then be mealy and wholesome. + +Fried + +Melt some butter or fat in frying pan, when it hisses drop in eggs +carefully. Fry them three minutes. + +Scrambled + +First stir the eggs up with a little condensed cream and a pinch of salt +and after putting some butter in the frying pan, stir the eggs in it, +being careful not to cook them too long. + +Poached + +First put in the frying pan sufficient diluted condensed milk which has +been thinned with enough water to float the eggs when the milk is hot; +drop in the carefully opened eggs and let them simmer three or four +minutes. Serve the eggs on slices of buttered toast, pouring on enough of +the milk to moisten the toast. + +Coffee + +For every cup of water allow a tablespoonful of ground coffee, and one +extra for the pot. Heat water to boiling point first, add coffee, boil +five minutes, settle with one-fourth cup cold water and serve. Some prefer +to put the coffee in a small muslin bag, tied loose, and boil for five +minutes longer. + +Cocoa + +Allow a teaspoonful of cocoa for every cup of boiling water. Mix the +powdered cocoa with hot water or hot milk to a creamy paste. Add equal +parts of boiling water and boiled milk, and sugar to taste. Boil two or +three minutes. + +SAMPLE MENU FOR AN OVER-NIGHT AND A DAY HIKE OR TRAMP + +Breakfast + +Griddle cakes with Karo Syrup or brown sugar and butter; +Fried bacon and potatoes; +Bread, coffee, preserves. + +Dinner + +Creamed salmon on toast; Baked potatoes; Bread; Pickles; Fruit. + +Supper + +Fried eggs; Creamed or chipped beef; Cheese; Bread; Cocoa + +These recipes have been tried out. Biscuit and bread-making have been +purposely omitted. Take bread and crackers with you from the camp. +"Amateur" biscuits are not conducive to good digestion or happiness. Pack +butter in small jar. Cocoa, sugar and coffee in small cans or heavy paper, +also salt and pepper. Wrap bread in a moist cloth to prevent drying up. +Bacon and dried or chipped beef in wax paper. Pickles can be purchased put +up in small bottles. Use the empty bottle as a candlestick. + +Ration List for six boys, three meals + +2 lbs. bacon (sliced thin), +1 lb. butter, +1 doz. eggs, +1/2 lb. cocoa, +1/2 lb. coffee, +1 lb. sugar, +3 cans salmon, +24 potatoes, +2 cans condensed milk, +1 small package self-raising flour, +Salt and pepper. + +Utensils + +Small griddle or tin "pie plate" (5 cents each), +Small stew pan, +Small coffee pot, +Small cake turner, +Large spoon, +Teaspoons, +Knives and forks, +Plates and cups, +Matches and candles. + +Dish Washing + +First fill the frying pan with water, place over fire and let it boil. +Pour out water and you will find that it has practically cleaned itself. +Clean the griddle with sand and water. Greasy knives and forks may be +cleaned by jabbing a couple of times into the ground. After all grease is +gotten rid of, wash in hot water and dry with cloth. Don't use the cloth +first and get it greasy. + +Be sure to purchase Horace Kephart's excellent book on "Camp Cookery," +$1.00, Outing Publishing Co., or Association Press. It is filled with +practical suggestions. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +"Camp and Trail"--Stewart Edward White. Doubleday, Page & Company, $1.25 +net. Full of common sense and of special value to those contemplating long +tramps and wilderness travel. Several chapters on "Horseback Travel" + +"Out-of-Doors"--M. Ellsworth Olsen, Ph.D. Pacific Press Publishing Co., 60 +cents. A book permeated with a wholesome outdoor spirit. + +The Field and Forest Book--Dan Beard. Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00. +Written in "Beardesque" style, filled with his inimitable illustrations +and crammed with ideas. + +The Way of the Woods-Edward Breck. G. P. Putnam's Sons, $1.75 net. Simple, +terse, free from technical terms, and calculated to give the novice a mass +of information. Written for Northeastern United States and Canada, but of +interest for every camper. + +[Illustration: The Morning Dip] + + + +CHAPTER XIII--HEALTH AND HYGIENE + +PHYSICAL EXAMINATION +HOSPITAL TENT AND EQUIPMENT +PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTS +PULSE RATE +THE TONGUE +TEMPERATURE +PAIN +SURGICAL SUPPLIES +MEDICAL STORES +SIMPLE REMEDIES +FIRST AID TO THE INJURED +DRILLS +HEALTH TALKS +RED CROSS SOCIETY +PREVENTION FROM DROWNING +PERSONAL HYGIENE +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Better to hunt on fields for health unbought +Than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught. +The wise, for cure, on exercise depend; +God never made his work for man to mend. +--Dryden + +Examination + +A boy should be examined by his family physician before going to camp in +order that he may receive the greatest good from the camp life and be +safeguarded from physical excess. An examination blank like that shown on +the next page is used in many of the large camps. When the boy arrives in +camp the physician or physical director examines the boy. Take his height, +weight, lung capacity, condition of heart, lungs, condition of muscles, +whether hard, medium or soft, and state of digestion. For this purpose you +will need a wet spirometer, measuring rod, stethoscope and platform +scales. A second blank with carbon duplicate, is kept of every boy. + +[Illustration: Wisconsin Boys' Camp Physical Examination Record] + +Give dates of first examination on arrival and final examination before +departure from camp. The original is given to the boy to take home and the +carbon copy is retained by the camp, filed in alphabetical order. Most +remarkable gains have been made by boys, particularly in lung capacity, +height, and hardening of muscles. The active life of the camp is not +conducive as a rule to great gain in weight. + +Each tent leader should be given the important facts of the examinations +of the boys in his tent, so that there may be intelligent cooperation +between the physician, or physical director, the tent leader, and the boy +in securing health efficiency. + +AVERAGE PHYSICAL TYPES FOR BOYS OF 5 TO 16 YEARS +(Compiled from the measurements of 5,476 school children.) + + ---Lengths (Inches)--- +Age Weight Height Height Span of Breadth Breadth Breadth + Sitting Arms Head Chest Waist +16 116.38 64.45 33.55 66.25 5.95 9.85 9.15 +15 103.29 62.25 32.15 63.15 5.90 9.30 8.65 +14 87.41 59.45 30.70 60.00 5.85 8.95 8.25 +13 78.32 57.10 29.60 57.50 5.80 8.70 7.95 +12 72.55 55.25 28.95 55.30 5.80 8.50 7.70 +11 64.89 53.10 28.20 53.40 5.75 8.25 7.45 +10 61.28 51.55 27.60 51.20 5.75 8.00 7.20 + 9 55.15 49.55 26.80 49.10 5.70 7.80 7.10 + 8 50.90 47.75 26.00 47.00 5.65 7.65 6.95 + 7 46.85 45.55 25.20 45.00 5.65 7.45 6.75 + 6 42.62 43.55 24.20 42.60 5.60 7.25 6.55 + 5 39.29 41.60 23.30 40.35 5.60 7.15 6.50 + + Girth Strength +Age Chest Girth of Chest Lung Right Left Vitality + Depth Head Expansion Capacity Forearm Forearm Coefficient + (cu in) Strength Strength +16 6.60 21.55 3.45 191.40 73.28 65.22 35.58 +15 6.30 21.45 3.30 161.00 63.47 54.30 26.09 +14 5.95 21.30 3.35 140.12 55.81 50.70 21.97 +13 5.65 21.10 3.25 123.58 49.69 45.07 18.28 +12 5.60 21.00 3.05 111.33 43.29 40.56 15.55 +11 5.45 20.85 2.90 100.74 39.09 36.30 13.33 +10 5.25 20.60 2.75 90.02 32.42 30.94 10.84 + 9 5.20 20.65 2.55 81.03 28.91 25.90 9.34 + 8 5.10 20.55 2.35 70.43 23.38 20.96 7.34 + 7 5.10 20.45 1.80 60.48 20.19 18.78 5.05 + 6 5.05 20.25 1.65 50.89 15.36 12.53 4.02 + 5 4.90 20.15 1.35 40.60 10.76 10.38 2.61 + Copyright by Wm. W. Hastings, Ph.D. + +Hospital Tent + +If a boy is ill (minor aches and pains which are frequently only growing +pains, excepted), isolate him from the camp, so that he may have quiet and +receive careful attention. + +[Illustration: Hospital Tent at Camp Couchiching] + +A tent, with fly and board floor, known as the "Hospital Tent" or "Red +Cross Tent," should be a part of the camp equipment. There may be no +occasion for its use, but it should be ready for any emergency. The +physician may have his office in this tent. Boys should not be "coddled;" +at the same time it must not be forgotten that good, sympathetic attention +and nursing are two-thirds responsible for speedy recovery from most ills. + +Equipment + +A spring cot, mattress, pillow, blankets, a good medicine cabinet, alcohol +stove for boiling water, cooking food, and sterilizing instruments; pans, +white enameled slop jar, pitcher, cup, pail; a table, a folding camp +reclining chair (Gold Medal Camp Furniture Company), and a combination +camp cot and litter (Gold Medal Brand) will make up the equipment of the +tent. + +The information and suggestions given in this chapter are the accumulation +of many years' experience in boys' camps. The technical information is +vouched for by competent physicians who have examined the manuscript.[1] + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: This chapter was written in 1911. Many +observations and suggestions are obsolete, if not dangerous or illegal.] + +Pulse Rate + +Every man in charge of a boys' camp should have a knowledge of certain +physiological facts, so as to be able to make a fair diagnosis of pain and +disease. The pulse, taken at the wrist, is a fair index of the condition +of the body. In taking the pulse-beat, do so with the fingers, and not +with the thumb, as the beating of the artery in the thumb may confuse. +Pulse rate is modified with age, rest, exercise, position, excitements, +and elevation. High elevation produces a more rapid pulse. The normal rate +of boys in their teens is about 80 to 84 beats per minute. An increase not +accounted for by one of the above reasons usually means fever, a rise of 6 +beats in pulse usually being equivalent to a rise of 1 degree. Often more +important than the rate, however, is the quality of the pulse. Roughly, +the feebler the pulse, the more serious the condition of the individual. +Irregularity in the rate may be a serious sign, and when it is noticed a +doctor should be immediately called. Failure to find the artery should not +necessarily cause uneasiness, as by trying on himself, the director may +see that the taking of the pulse is often a difficult undertaking. + +The Tongue + +The tongue is a very misleading guide to the patient's condition, and no +definite rule about its appearance can be laid down. Other signs, such as +temperature, general conditions, localization of pain, etc., are more +accurate, and to the total result of such observations the appearance of +the tongue adds little. + +Thermometer + +The normal temperature of the human body by mouth is about 98.4 degrees. +Variations between 98 degrees and 99 degrees are not necessarily +significant of disease. A reliable clinical thermometer should be used. +Temperature is generally taken in the mouth. Insert the bulb of the +thermometer well under the boy's tongue. Tell him to close his lips, not +his teeth, and to breathe through his nose. Leave it in the mouth about +three or four minutes. Remove, and, after noting temperature, rinse it in +cold water, dry it with a clean, towel, and shake the mercury down to 95 +degrees. It will then be ready for use next time. Never return a +thermometer to its case unwashed. + +Pain + +Pain is an indication that there is something wrong with the body that +should receive attention. Some boys are more sensitive to pain than +others, particularly boys of a highly strung, delicate, nervous nature. +Most people, however, think too much of their pains. Most pains to which +boys fall heir are due to trouble in the stomach or intestines, or to +fevers. Many pains that boys feel mean very little. They are often due to +a sore or strained muscle or nerve. A hot application or massage will +often bring relief. + +Sharply localized pain, except as the result of external injury, is not +common among healthy boys, and, if found, particularly in the well-known +appendix area, and if accompanied by other disquieting signs (temperature, +pulse, etc.), should receive medical attention. + +In a general way, any abdominal pain that does not yield in 24 hours to +rest in bed with application of external heat, should call for the advice +of a physician. Any severe attack of vomiting or diarrhea, accompanied by +temperature, and not immediately traceable to some indiscretion in diet, +is cause for study, and if improvement does not soon show itself, a +physician should be called. + +Pains in the extremities, particularly joints, if not clearly showing +signs of improvement in two or three days, should also be the object of a +physician's visit, as a fracture near a joint, if not correctly treated +early, may result in permanent deformity. + +The camp physician, or director, if he himself assumes the medical +responsibilities, should enforce the rule that all boys who do not have a +daily movement of the bowels see him, and he should always be ready to +receive such cases and give them the necessary treatment. + +The drawings by Albert G. Wegener illustrate in a general way what the +trouble is when one feels a distinct, persistent pain. + +Among healthy boys, in camp, thoracic pains, other than those due to +muscular strain, are uncommon, but when severe, especially if accompanied +by a rise of temperature (over 99.5 degrees) and not readily succumbing to +rest in bed, should be investigated by a physician. + +[Illustration: Sites of Pain.] + +PAIN + +The accompanying diagrams indicate what ailment may be looked for if there +is a persistent pain. (Adapted from Butler; Diagnosis.) + +1. Disease of bone. Tumor or abscess in chest. Weakening of the aorta. +Stomach trouble. + +2. Catarrh [1], or cancer or ulcer of stomach. Disease of spinal column. +Inflammation of pancreas. + +3. Lack of blood. Neuralgia of rib nerves. Pneumonia. Enlarged glands. +Disease of chest wall. Disease of back-bone. Shingles. + +4. Liver disease. Weakness of abdominal aorta. Heart disease. + +5. Disease of diaphragm or large intestines. + +6. Heart disease. Large intestines. Locomotor ataxia [2]. + +7. Pleurisy. Violent vomiting. Coughing. + +8. Colic. Gravel. Movable kidney. Enlarged spleen. Dyspepsia. Lack of +blood. Debility. + +9. Sharp abdominal pains indicate the following: Ulcer or cancer of +stomach Disease of intestines. Lead colic. Arsenic or mercury poisoning. +Floating kidney. Gas in intestines. Clogged intestines. Appendicitis. +Inflammation of bowels. Rheumatism of bowels. Hernia. Locomotor ataxia +[2]. Pneumonia. Diabetes. + +10. Neuralgia. Clogged intestines. Abdominal tumor. Kidney colic. Tumor or +abscess of thigh bone. Appendicitis if pain is in right leg. + +11. Lack of blood. Hysteria. Epilepsy. Disease of bladder. Nervous +breakdown. + +12. Foreign substance in ear. Bad teeth. Eye strain. Disease of Jaw bone. +Ulcer of tongue. + +13. Nervous breakdown. Epilepsy. Tumor or break in brain. Cranial +neuralgia. Disease of neck bones. Adenoids. Ear disease. Eye strain. Bad +teeth. + +14. Spinal trouble. + +15. Disease of stomach. Weakening of aorta. + +16. Hand and arm pains indicate: Heart disease. Enlarged spleen. Clogged +large intestines. + +17. Nervous breakdown. + +18. Eye strain. Disease of nasal cavity. Lack of blood. Dyspepsia. +Constipation. Rheumatism of scalp. Nervous breakdown. + +19. Bad teeth. Ear inflammation. Cancer of upper Jaw. Neuralgia of Jaw +nerve. + +20. Bad teeth. Neuralgia of Jaw nerve. + +21. Clogged large intestines. Ulcer of stomach. + +22. Lumbago. Neuralgia. Debility. Fatigue. Weakness of abdominal aorta. + +23. Girdle sensation indicates disease or injury of spinal cord. + +24. Disease of testicles. Excessive sex abuse. Ulcer or cancer rectum. +Piles. Disease of hip-joint. Neuralgia. Sciatica. + +25. Kidney disease. Neuralgia. + +26. Intestines clogged. Cancer or ulcer of rectum. Locomotor ataxia. +Abscess in back. Sciatica (if in one leg only). + +27. Cramps due to over exercise. Diabetes. Hysteria. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Catarrh: Inflammation of mucous membranes in +nose and throat.] + +[Transcriber's Footnote 2: Ataxia: Loss of coordinated muscular movement.] + +Typhoid Fever + +The epidemic chiefly to be feared in summer camps is typhoid fever, and +boys coming from cities where that disease is prevalent should be +carefully watched. Care in sanitation minimizes the likelihood of such a +disease springing up in the camp. Other infections, such as mumps, +conjunctivitis, etc., should be carefully isolated, and all precautions +taken to prevent their spread. + +A fairly common event may be toward evening to find a boy with a headache +and a temperature perhaps of 102 degrees. This will probably be all right +in the morning after a night's rest and perhaps the administration also of +a cathartic. + +The Dentist + +The importance of a visit to the dentist before coming to camp cannot be +over-estimated. Every one knows the torture of a toothache, and realizes +how unbearable it must be for a boy away from home and among other boys, +sympathetic, of course, but busy having a good time, and with only a few +patent gums to relieve the misery, and the dentist perhaps not available +for two days. Parents cannot have this point too forcibly thrust upon +them, as by even a single visit to a competent dentist all the sufferings +of toothache may usually be prevented. + +Surgical Supplies + +The following list of surgical supplies will be found necessary. The +quantity must be determined by the size of the camp, and the price by the +firm from whom purchased. + +Surgical Supplies + +One-half dozen assorted gauze bandages, sizes one to three +inches, 10 cents each. +Two yards sterilized plain gauze in carton, 20 cents a yard. +One roll three-inch adhesive plaster, $1.00. +One paper medium size safety pins, 10 cents. +One paper medium size common pins, 5 cents. +Four ounces sterilized absorbent cotton in cartons, 20 cents. +One-half dozen assorted egg-eyed surgeon's needles, straight to +full curve, 50 cents. +One card braided silk ligature, assorted in one card (white), about +30 cents. +One hundred ordinary corrosive sublimate tablets, 25 cents. +Small surgical instrument set, comprising (F. H. Thomas Co., +Boston, Mass., $3.50). +2 scalpels +Forceps +Director +Probe +Curette +Scissors + +One Hypodermic Syringe, all metal, in metal case, $1.50. +One Fountain Syringe (for enemata and ears). +One one-minute clinical thermometer in rubber case, $1.25. Get +best registered instrument. +One number nine soft rubber catheter, 25 cents. +Small bottle collodion[1] with brush. +One-quarter pound Boric acid powder, 25 cents. +Four ounces Boric acid ointment, 50 cents. +One-quarter pound Boric acid crystals, 25 cents. Carbolic Acid, +95 cents. +Hypodermic tablets, cocaine hydro-chlorate, 1-1/8 grain, making +in two drachms sterile water or one per cent solution. (To be +used by Physician only.) +Alcohol, 80 per cent. +Sulpho Napthol. +Iodoform gauze. +Chloroform liniment. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: collodion: Flammable, colorless or yellowish +syrupy solution of pyroxylin, ether, and alcohol, used as an adhesive to +close small wounds and hold surgical dressings, in topical medications, +and for making photographic plates.] + +With the above list the ingenious man can perform practically every +surgical operation that he would care to undertake. + +For "First Aid" demonstration work you will need a number of Red Cross +Outfits. 25 cents each. (31 cents postpaid.) + +Medical Store + +(Tablets to be used hypodermically should be used only by a physician.) + +Quinine Sulphate, gr. 5. Useful in malarial regions. Give 15-20 gr. at +time of expected chill. Better stay away from malarial country. No place +for a camp. + +Calomel, gr. 1/4, 200 at 10 cents per C. Take one tablet every 30 minutes +or every hour, for eight doses in all cases where bowels need thorough +cleaning out. + +Phenacetine and Salol, of each gr. 2-1/2, 100 at 50 cents per C. One +tablet every four hours. For headache and intestinal antisepsis. Dangerous +as a depressant to heart. + +Dover's Powders, gr. 5, 100 at 50 cents per C. Two tablets at bedtime, in +hot water or lemonade, in acute colds. One after each meal may be added. + +Dobell's Solution Tablets, 200 at 25 cents per C. One as a gargle in +one-half glass hot water every two to four hours in tonsilitis and +pharyngitis. + +Potassium Bromide, gr. 10, 100 at 25 cents per C. For headache. Best given +in solution after meals. May irritate an empty stomach. + +Aspirin, gr. 5, 100 at $1.25 per C. One or two every four hours for +rheumatism, headache, or general pains and aches. + +Compound cathartic pills, 100 at 21 cents per C. Two at night for +constipation. + +Epsom Salts, four ounces, 5 cents. Two to four teaspoonfuls in hot water +before breakfast. + +Compound tincture of opium (Squibb), 4 ounces, 50 cents. Teaspoonful after +meals for summer diarrhea. + +Baking soda. Teaspoonful after meals for "distress." + +Morphine Sulphate, gr, 1/4; + +Strychnine Sulphate, gr. 1-30; for hypodermics, used by physicians only. + +In addition to the above everyone has a stock of "old-fashioned" home +remedies. Some of these are described under "Simple Remedies." + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +"Backwoods Surgery and Medicine"--Charles Stuart Moody, M. D. Outing +Publishing Co., New York, 75 cents net. A commonsense book written from +experience. It is invaluable to campers. + +"Home Treatment and Care of the Sick "-A. Temple Lovering, M.D. Otis Clapp +& Son, Boston, $1.50. Full of helpful suggestions. + +American Red Cross Abridged Text Book on First Aid (General Edition). +American Red Cross Society, Washington, D. C., 30 cents net. Reliable and +comprehensive. + +Annual Report of the United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps (Free). +Office, World Building, New York City. Contains many hints and +suggestions. + +Boys' Drill Regulations. National First, Aid Association, 6 Beacon Street, +Boston, Mass. 25 cents. A mass of information concerning setting-up +drills, litter drills, swimming drill on land, rescue and resuscitation +drills, etc. + + + +CHAPTER XIV--SIMPLE REMEDIES + +BITES +BLEEDING +BURNS +EARS +EYES +FEET +HEADACHE +SUNSTROKE +STOMACH ACHE +TOOTHACHE + +In a small camp a physician is unnecessary, though one should be within +call. The camp leader should have a knowledge of the ordinary ailments of +growing boys and simple remedies for relief. No camp of fifty or more boys +should be without a physician or some upper class medical student of high +moral character. Don't run risks. When in doubt, call in a physician. The +treatment of local disorders described is largely from nature's medicine +chest, and simple in application. + +Bites and Stings + +Put on salt and water, or make a paste of soda and water, or rub the wound +with aromatic ammonia, camphor, or tar soap. Common salt is excellent. + +Bleeding Nose + +Do not blow the nose. Hold a wet handkerchief at the back of the neck and +wash the face in hot water, or place a wad of paper under the upper lip, +or crowd some fine gauze or cotton into the nostrils and make a plug. + +To Check Bleeding + +Raise the injured part as high as you can above the heart, press very +firmly with sterile pad under thumb or fingers on or into the wound. Blood +from a vein will be dark red or purplish and will flow in a steady stream. +Press upon the vein below the wound. Put on a clean pad and bind it upon +the wound firmly enough to stop bleeding. Blood from an artery will be +bright red and will probably spurt in jets. Press very hard above the +wound. Tie a strong bandage (handkerchief, belt, suspenders, rope, strip +of clothing) around the wounded member, and between the wound and the +heart. Under it and directly over the artery place a smooth pebble, piece +of stick, or other hard lump. Then thrust a stout stick under the bandage +and twist until the wound stops bleeding. A tourniquet should not remain +over twenty-four hours. + +Blisters + +Wash blistered feet in hot water and then in alcohol or in cold water with +a little baking powder or soda added. Wipe them dry and then rub them with +a tallow candle or some fat. + +Bruises + +Apply compresses of hot or cold water to keep down swelling and +discoloration. Also apply witch hazel. + +Burns + +Use vaseline, baking soda, bread, the white of an egg, flour and water, +butter, grease, or fat; or mix flour and soda with fat, or soap with sugar +and make into a paste, or put a teaspoonful of baking powder into a pint +of warm water and pour it on a piece of gauze and put this on the burn or +scald, covering it with cotton and a bandage. Never let a burn be exposed +to the air, but cover it at once if the pain is intense. + +Chills + +Mix a good dash of pepper with a little ginger in sweetened hot water and +drink it. Get into bed at once. Cover with blankets and put hot water +bottle at feet. + +Choking + +Force yourself to swallow pieces of dry bread or drink some water. Let +some one slap the back. + +Colds + +Pour boiling water over two heads of elder blossoms, brew for twenty +minutes, and drink a small cup hot on going to bed. Or drink hot lemonade +or hot ginger tea. In any case, keep warm and out of a draft. + +Constipation + +Use cathartic pills, or castor oil. Eat plenty of prunes or fruit. Drink +plenty of water. + +Cuts + +Always clean thoroughly all open wounds to prevent infection, and +accelerate healing. Carbolic, left on a wound for any time at all may +result in carbolic poisoning or in gangrene. Use pure alcohol (not wood or +denatured, as both are poisonous), or a teaspoonful of sulphur-naphthol to +a basin of water, or 1:1000 corrosive sublimate solution (wad with +flexible collodion). Do not use vaseline or any other substance on a +freshly abrased surface. After a scab has formed, vaseline may be applied +to keep this scab soft. Never close a wound with court plaster[1]. The +only legitimate uses for sticking or adhesive plaster are to hold +dressings in place where bandaging is difficult, or in case of a cut to +keep edges closed without sewing the skin. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Cloth coated with adhesive substance to cover +cuts or scratches on the skin.] + +Earache + +Take the heart of an onion, heat it in an oven, and put it in the ear when +hot, but not so hot as to burn the ear. This not only relieves the +earache, but helps to send the sufferer to sleep. Hold hot water bag to +ear. + +Inflamed Eye + +Wring a towel in water hot as the hands will bear; lay on the eyes and +change frequently. Bathe with saturated solution of boric acid crystals. + +Great relief is felt by opening the eyes in tepid or very warm boracic +solution. Even if it is strong enough to smart, no harm will result. + +If inflammation is caused by a foreign substance, rub the other eye, in +order to make both eyes water. If the speck can be seen, it can generally +be taken out by twisting a small piece of gauze or cloth around a +toothpick and drawing it over the speck, or by twisting up a piece of +paper like a lamp lighter and, after wetting the tip of it, wiping it +against the speck. If it is under the upper lid, pull the lid away from +the eyeball, and push the under lid up underneath the upper one. In this +way the eyelashes of the lower lid will generally clean the inside of the +upper one. An eye-tweezers for removing a piece of grit from the eye is +made by folding a piece of paper in two. With a sharp knife cut it to a +point at an angle of 30 degrees and slightly moisten the point in clean +water. + +Feet + +It is a good thing to dry-soap your feet and the inside of your socks +before putting them on for a hike or tramp. This is an old army trick. If +your feet perspire freely, powder them with boric acid powder, starch, and +oxide of zinc in equal parts. Wash the feet every day, best on turning in +at night. + +To prevent the nail growing into the toe, take a bit of broken glass and +scrape down the top of the nail until it is quite thin, and in time the +corners begin to grow out, and no longer hurt the toe. Toenails should be +cut square and not encouraged to grow in by side trimming. A good plan is +to make a "V" shape notch on the middle of the top of each toenail, which +will close up naturally, and, in so doing, draw the sides up and inward. + +Headache + +Headache comes from indigestion or from the sun. A boy will overeat and +then play under the hot sun--result, headache. Have the boy lie down and +sleep, if possible, using cloths dipped in cold water to drive the blood +away from the head. A remedy recommended by the great John Wesley is to +lay very thin slices of lemon rind on either temple. + +Hiccough + +Take a deep breath and hold it as long as possible, or make yourself +sneeze. + +Ivy Poisoning + +Mix some baking powder with water, or rub on wood ashes. Wash with +alcohol. Be careful not to spread by scratching. + +Rusty Nail + +Better call a physician. Puncture with nails and such things, especially +if rusty, should be squeezed and washed with sulphur-naphthol or hot water +poured into the hole. If too small, this may be slightly enlarged. +Cauterize with carbolic acid, then with pure alcohol. Keep the wound open +for a few days. Run no risk with a rusty nail wound. Attend to it +immediately. + +Sprains + +Bathe a sprain in as hot water as you can bear, to which has been added a +small quantity of vinegar and salt. Slight sprains (as of finger) may be +painted with iodine. + +Sunstroke + +The first symptom is a headache followed by a heavy feeling in the pit of +the stomach, dimmed eyesight, difficulty in breathing, and a fever. If +insensibility follows, lay the person on his back in a cool, shady place, +with his head slightly raised. Loosen his clothing, keep his head cold +with wet cloths, and pour cold water on his face and chest, until the +temperature of his body is lowered and the face becomes pale. + +Sunburn + +Get used to sun gradually. Use powdered boric acid or ointment. Cocoa +butter is also a good preventive. + +Sore Throat + +Gargle the throat with warm water and some salt added, and then bind a +woolen sock around it. Keep the sock on until the soreness is gone. Put +teaspoonful of chlorate of potash in a cup of water and gargle. Diluted +alkalol [sic] is also good for a gargle, or tincture of iron diluted. Fat +bacon or pork may be tied around the neck with a dry sock. Swab the +throat. + +Stomachache + +Caused by undigested food in the intestines. Put the boy on a diet, also +give him plenty of warm water to drink, or a cup of hot ginger tea. + +Toothache + +Heat will always help to soothe the sufferer. A seeded raisin, toasted +before the fire, makes a useful poultice for an aching tooth, pressed into +the hollow. A bag of hot salt, pressed on the face, relieves pain. + +[Illustration: Drill in First Aid] + + + +CHAPTER XV--FIRST AID TO THE INJURED + +First aid should teach every boy how to render temporary assistance by +improvised means for the relief of the injured one, and the methods by +which he can be removed to a place of safety. With this in view, the +information given in this chapter incorporates what every camper should +know. Before going to camp, boys should be taught the use of the +Triangular Bandage. This bandage is used by the United States Government, +and is well suited for an emergency bandage. It can be easily made from a +handkerchief or a piece of linen. The American Red Cross First Aid Outfit +contains a triangular bandage, with methods of application printed +thereon. The gauze or roller bandage is more difficult to handle. This, +however, is the bandage to control bleeding, etc. Any reliable book on +First Aid gives information as to its manipulation. + +Dislocation + +A dislocation of the finger or toe can generally be reduced by pulling +strongly and at the same time pressing where the dislocation is. If the +hip, shoulder, or elbow is dislocated, do not meddle with the joint, but +make the boy as comfortable as possible by surrounding the joint with +flannel cloths wrung out in hot water; support with soft pads, and send +for a doctor at once. If the spine is dislocated, lay the boy on his back. +Never put him on his side or face, it may be fatal. If he is cold, apply +hot blankets to his body, hot water bottle or hot salt bag to the seat of +pain. + +[Illustration: Triangular Bandage; Method of Folding Triangular Bandage +for Use; Bandage should always be secured by means of a reef knot.] + +Broken Bones + +Do not try to reduce the fracture if a physician can be secured, for +unskilled handling will do more harm than good. The thing to do is to make +the boy comfortable by placing him in a comfortable position with the +injured part resting on a pad, keeping him perfectly quiet. If there is an +open wound, cover it with cheesecloth or gauze which has been dipped in +boiling water, to which baking soda has been added. Then wrap absorbent +cotton around it. If the boy has a fever, put wet cloths on his head, +swinging them in the air to cool for changing. + +THE FOLLOWING PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS ARE GIVEN IN "CAMP KITS AND CAMP +LIFE," BY CHARLES STEDMAN HANKS. + +Nose + +If the nose is broken, plug with gauze to stop bleeding. + +Jaw + +If the jaw is broken, push the bone gently into place, and if there is an +open wound, cover it with gauze or cotton, made antiseptically, and then +put a bandage around the jaw. + +Collar Bone + +If the collar bone is broken, it will be known by the pain in the shoulder +and the shoulder dropping. Holding the elbow up will relieve the weight +from the collar bone. Lay the boy on his back. Put a cotton wad in his +armpit and bandage the arm to the side of the body and put the arm in a +sling. + +Shoulder Blade + +If the shoulder blade is broken, put the forearm across the chest with the +fingers on the shoulder and then bandage the arm to the body. + +Rib + +If a rib is broken it will pain the patient when he takes a long breath. +Put him on his back, resting a little on the uninjured side, so that he +will breathe easily. If it is necessary to move him, bandage strips of +adhesive plaster around the body, beginning at the lowest rib and working +upward, having each strip lap over the one below it. If you have no +adhesive plaster, use a wide strip of cotton cloth. After you have put his +coat on, pin it as tightly as you can in the back. + +Leg Above Knee + +If the leg is broken above the knee, lay shoulders slightly back, with the +head and shoulders slightly raised. Draw the leg out straight, and, after +padding it with cotton or towels, cut a small sapling long enough to reach +from the foot to the armpit, and fasten it at the ankle, knee, and waist. +If it is necessary to move the boy, bind both legs firmly together. + +Leg Below Knee + +If the leg is broken below the knee, lay the boy on his back and put a +pillow or a bag stuffed with grass lengthwise under it. Then put a board +or a hewed sapling on the under side of the pillow to stiffen it, and +bandage the pillow and the board or sapling firmly to the leg. If the boy +has to be moved, bind both legs together. + +Knee Pan + +If the knee pan is broken, put the boy on his back and straighten out the +leg on a padded splint which reaches from the heel to the hip, putting +some cotton or a folded towel under the knee and the heel. Then bandage +the splint on at the ankle, at the upper part of the leg, and above and +below the knee pan. + +Foot + +If the foot is broken, make a splint of two pieces of wood held together +at right angles, and, after padding the foot with cotton, bind the splint +to the side of the foot and the leg. + +[Illustration: Large arm sling as a support for the forearm.] + +[Illustration: Large arm sling as a support for the elbow.] + + +Upper Arm + +If the upper arm is broken, make three splints, one long enough to reach +from the shoulder to the elbow to go on the outside of the arm, one to go +on the inner side of the arm, and one on the back of the arm. Pad the arm +from the armpit to the elbow with cotton, towels, or newspapers wrapped in +cloth, and, after bandaging on the splints, put the forearm in a sling and +bind the arm to the body. + +Forearm + +If the forearm is broken, make a cotton pad long enough to reach from the +fingers well up to the forearm, and rest the palm of the hand on it. Put a +similar pad on the back of the hand, and, after bandaging in a splint, put +the arm in a sling. + +Hand + +If the hand is broken, put a cotton pad on the palm and over it a thin +splint long enough to reach from the tips of the fingers to the forearm. +After binding the splint in place, put the arm in a sling with the hand +higher than the elbow. + +Finger + +If a finger is broken, make a splint of cardboard or a thin piece of wood +long enough to reach from the tip of the finger to the wrist. Cover the +finger with gauze or cotton, and, after binding on the splint, support the +hand in a sling. + +Fainting + +Fainting comes from too little blood in the head. Lay the boy on his back +with feet higher than his head. Loosen tight clothing and let him have +plenty of fresh air. Sprinkle his face with cold water and rub his arms +with it. For an attack of dizziness, bend the head down firmly between the +knees. If his face is flushed, raise the head. + +Stunned + +Lay the boy on his back with head somewhat raised. Apply heat, such as +bottles of hot water, hot plates or stones wrapped in towels to the +extremities and over the stomach, but keep the head cool with wet cloths. +Do not give any stimulant; it would drive blood to the brain. + +Stretcher + +A stretcher may be improvised in one of the following ways: (a) A shutter, +door, or gate covered well with straw, hay, clothing, or burlap bagging. + +(b) A piece of carpet, blanket, sacking, tarlatan, spread out, and two +stout poles rolled up in the sides. Put clothes for a pillow. + +(c) A coat with the two sleeves turned inside out; pass two poles through +the sleeves, button the coat over them. (See illustration.) Patient sits +on coat and rests against the back of the first bearer. + +(d) Two poles passed through a couple of bags, through holes at bottom +corners of each. + +[Illustration: Coat Stretcher] + +Carry a patient by walking out of step, and take short paces, about 18 +inches apart. Usually carry the patient feet first, but in going up hill +the position is reversed, and the patient is carried head first. + +[Illustration: Life Saving Patrol] + +The following illustrations explain the process of carrying a patient +without a stretcher: + +[Illustration: Three and four handed carry.] + +PREVENTION FROM DROWNING + +Learn to Swim + +Every summer records its hundreds of drowning accidents, many of which +might have been prevented if methods of rescue had been generally taught. +No boy should be permitted to enter a boat, particularly a canoe, until he +has learned to swim. The movement to teach swimming to every boy and young +man in North America who does not know how to swim is both commendable and +practical. The text-book used largely is "At Home in the Water," by George +H. Corsan, issued by the publishers of this book. + +Button Awards + +Summer camps provide a special opportunity for giving such instruction. To +each individual who is actually taught to swim in camp a silver-oxidized +button is given by the Association's International Committee, 124 East +28th St., New York, provided the test is made under the supervision of a +committee of three men. Those who teach others to swim receive a gold +oxidized leader's button. Write to the Physical Department at the above +address for information. + +[Illustration: Award Button] + +U. S. V. Life Saving Corps + +An Auxiliary Division of the U. S. Volunteer Life Saving Corps should be +established to patrol the water during swimming periods. Any camper may +qualify for membership by taking the following examinations: the boy to +receive not less than 6 points in 10 point subjects, and not less than 3 +points on 5 point subjects, with a total of 75 points. Those receiving +less than 75 points may become members of auxiliary crews. + +[Illustration: Award Button] + +HOW TO QUALIFY. + 1 Swimming not less than 100 yards and 25 yards on back. 10 points + 2 Diving, plunging, floating, fetching. 10 points + 3 Rescue drill on land and water. 10 points + 4 Release drill on land and in water. 10 points + 5 Resuscitation. 10 points + 6 Names of parts of a row boat. 5 points + 7 Rowing and boat handling. 10 points + 8 Use of life saving appliances. 10 points + 9 First aid work and remedies. 10 points +10 Written examination on work in water. 5 points +11 Written examination on work in boats. 5 points +12 Written examination on work on land. 5 points + +Organization + +To organize at camps, officials will proceed by conducting the +above-mentioned examinations. Should there be five or more successful +competitors, crews can be organized as follows, the regular form of +enrollment being employed and no enlistments required: + +Five men constitute a crew entitling one of the five to the rank of acting +third lieutenant. + +Ten men constitute two crews with acting second and third lieutenants. + +Fifteen men constitute three crews with acting first, second, and third +lieutenants. + +Twenty men constitute four crews (or a division) with acting captain, +first, second, and third lieutenants, lieutenant surgeon, quartermaster, +boatswain, and one coxswain for each crew or three coxswains. + +Auxiliary members over eighteen years of age may become active members +after leaving camps and receive active membership commissions, provided +they affiliate with some active permanent crew in their home district. + +Auxiliary members holding our certificates shall be entitled to auxiliary +membership buttons, but active members only are entitled to wear the +official badge of membership of the corps. + +Summer camps will be equipped, at the discretion of headquarters, on the +following conditions: + +That they shall pay all express on supplies to and from camps. + +That they shall report at the end of each season the exact condition of +the supplies and make provision for the safekeeping of same for future +seasons, or return same. + +Medicine chests must be returned. + +Instructors will be sent to the various camps, at the discretion of +headquarters, whenever possible. All expenses, traveling, board, etc., but +not services, must be covered by the camps. + +Examination questions will be found in our book, "Instruction on Subjects +for Examination for Membership." If desired, camp officials can make +examinations more rigid than outlined by us. + +Examination papers furnished on request. + +The above information was furnished by K. F. Mehrtens, Assistant +Secretary, United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps, 63-65 Park Row, New +York City. + +Training Course + +Efficient life saving comes from thorough experience and training, not +from a theory. These subjects for instruction may be taught preparatory to +the summer camp, as well as during the camping season. + +Swimming to include straight-away, swimming with clothes on, floating, +diving, fetching: strokes--perfect breast stroke, side stroke, overhead +stroke, crawl stroke. + +Rescue Methods to include rescuing a supposedly drowning person. Use of +life saving apparatus. + +Methods of Release to include grasping by the wrist, clutch around the +neck and grasp around the body. + +Resuscitation of the apparently drowned, including the Sylvester method +described on page 194, and the simple "first aid" rules. + +Boat Handling to include rowing a boat, taking a person into a boat from +the water, clinging to a boat without capsizing it, etc. + +Knot Tying to include all kinds of knots and their value in connection +with life-saving work, and the use of them on life-saving appliances. + +Wig-wagging to include the committing to memory of the U. S. Naval Wig-Wag +Signal Code. The following is used at Camp Wawayanda, New Jersey Boys. + +WIG-WAG CODE + +Signalling by wig-wag is carried on by waving a flag in certain ways, +represented by the figures 1, 2 and 3, and thus letters are made and words +spelled. + +Two wig-wag flags are used, one a square white flag with a red square in +the center, and the other a square red flag with white square in the +center. + +Only one flag is used in signalling, and that one is selected which can +best be seen against the boy's background. + +[Illustration: Interval; Signal 1; Signal 2; Signal 3] + +U. S. NAVAL WIG-WAG SIGNAL CODE. + +ALPHABET. +A 22 +B 2112 +C 121 +D 222 +F 2221 +G 2211 +H 122 +I 1 +J 1122 +K 2121 +L 221 +M 1221 +N 11 +O 21 +P 121 +Q 1211 +R 211 +S 212 +T 2 +U 112 +V 1222 +W 1121 +X 2122 +Y 111 +Z 2222 +Tion 1112 + +ALPHABET CLASSIFIED. +I 1 +N 11 +Y 111 + +E 12 +H 122 +V 1222 +U 112 +J 1122 + +C 121 +Q 1211 +M 1221 +P 1212 +W 1121 + +T 2 +A 22 +D 222 +Z 2222 + +O 21 +R 211 +L 221 +G 2211 +F 2221 + +S 212 +X 2122 +B 2112 +K 2121 + +Numerals +1 1111 +2 2222 +3 1112 +4 2221 +5 1122 +6 2211 +7 1222 +8 2111 +9 1221 +0 2112 + +Conventional signals + +End of word, 3 +End of sentence, 33 +End of message, 333 +I understand, A.A. 3 +Cease signalling, A.A.A. 333 +Repeat last word, C.C. 3 +Repeat last message, C.C.C. 3 +I have made an error, E.E. 3 + +WIG-WAG RULES + +1. The boy should face the person to whom he is signalling, and should +hold the flag-staff vertically in front of the centre of his body, with +the butt at the height of his waist. + +2. The motion represented by the Figure 1 is made by waving the flag down +to the right; 2, by waving it down to the left; and 3, by waving it down +in front of the sender. (Page 188) + +3. Each motion should embrace an arc of ninety degrees, starting from and +returning to the vertical without a pause. + +4. When two or more motions are required to make a letter, there should be +no pause between the motions. + +5. At the end of each letter there should be a slight pause at the +vertical. + +6. At the end of each word, one front motion (3) should be made; at the +end of a sentence, two fronts (33); and at the end of a message, three +fronts (333). + +7. To call a boat, signal the initial letter of her name until answered. +To answer a call, signal A.A. 3 (I understand). + +8. If the sender makes an error he should immediately signal E.E. 3 (I +have made an error), and resume the message, beginning with the last word +sent correctly. + +9. If the receiver does not understand a signal he should signal C.C. 3 +(Repeat last word); the sender should then repeat the last word and +proceed with the message. + +EXAMINATIONS USED BY THE U. S. V. L. S. C., CAMP BECKET Y. Y. C. A. +AUXILIARY CORPS, AUGUST 24, 1910 + +A-Boat Work--10 Points +1. With what knot should you tie a boat? +2. Define amidships, thole-pin[1], painter[2]. +3. Define port, starboard, aft. +4. Explain briefly a rescue from the bow. +5. Explain briefly a rescue from the stern. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: thole-pin: Pairs of wooden pegs set in the +gunwales as an oarlock.] + +[Transcriber's Footnote 2: painter: Rope attached to the bow for tying up +when docking or towing.] + +B-Water Work--10 Points +1. Describe breakaway Number 3. +2. "Before jumping into water for rescue, be sure to do-" what? +3. Give two ways to locate a body. +4. If you are seized and cannot break away, what should you do? +5. "If in a strong outsetting tide, it is advisable when rescuing +to-" do what? + +C--General First Aid--10 Points +1. How and where do you apply a tourniquet? +2. Give the treatment for fainting. +3. Give the treatment for sun-stroke. +4. Give the treatment for wounds. +5. Give the treatment for and symptoms of shock. + +D-Wig-Wag--10 points +Translate into code "Go send them help quick." +Translate into English + "1121-12-3-1121-22-11-2-3-22-3-2112-21-22-2-333." + + +E-Write an essay on general methods, precautions, etc., for rescuing. +-- 20 Points + +F-Write an essay on how you would restore an apparently drowned man to +consciousness.--20 Points + +G-Practical First Aid (Make appointment with the doctor.) + +GENERAL HINTS + +Kick! + +If you work your hands like paddles and kick your feet, you can stay above +water for several hours, even with your clothes on. It requires a little +courage and enough strength of mind not to lose your head. + +Cramps + +Many boy swimmers make the mistake of going into the water too soon after +eating. The stomach and digestive organs are busy preparing the food for +the blood and body. Suddenly they are called upon to care for the work of +the swimmer. The change is too quick for the organs, the process of +digestion stops. Congestion is apt to follow, and then the paralyzing +cramps. + +Indian Method + +The Indians have a method of protecting themselves from cramps. Coming to +a bathing pool, an Indian swimmer, after stripping off and before entering +the water, vigorously rubs the pit of his stomach with the dry palms of +his hands. This rubbing probably takes a minute; then he dashes cold water +all over his stomach and continues the rubbing for another minute, and +after that he is ready for his plunge. If the water in which you are going +to swim is cold, try this Indian method of getting ready before plunging +into the water. + +Rule + +The rule for entering the water, in most camps, is as follows: "No one of +the party shall enter the water for swimming or bathing except at time and +place designated." Laxity in the observance of this rule will result +disastrously. + +RESCUE FROM DROWNING + +[Illustration: FIG. 1] + +Rescue + +To rescue a drowning person from the water, always try to pull him out +with an oar, a rope, a coat (holding the end of one sleeve and throwing +him the other), or some other convenient object. If you are obliged to +jump in after him, approach him with great caution, throw your left arm +around his neck with his back to your side (Figure 1), in which position +he can't grapple you, and swim with your legs and right arm. If he should +succeed in grasping you, take a long breath, sink with him, place your +feet or knees against his body, and push yourself free. + +[Illustration: Fig. 2] + +Although life may seem extinct, make every effort at resuscitation. +Various procedures are advocated. The Sylvester method is one of the best. + +Hold the boy for it few seconds as in Figure 2, to get rid of water which +may have been taken in. Do this several times. Tear off clothing. Rub +briskly the legs and arms toward the body. Draw the tongue forward every +three seconds for a minute. If these methods fail to restore breathing, +then perform artificial respiration, first sending for a physician. + +[Illustration: Respiration] + +Lay the boy on his back with a folded coat or sweater under his shoulders, +and grasp his wrists or his arms straight up over his head as in Figure 3. + +[Illustration: FIG. 3. RESPIRATION] + +[Illustration: FIG. 4. EXPIRATION] + +Pull steadily and firmly in that position while you count 1, 2, 3. This +causes air to enter the lungs. Then quickly bring his arms down on his +chest and press them firmly on his ribs (Figure 4) while you again count +1, 2, 3. This forces the air out of the lungs. Then quickly carry his arms +over his head and down again, and repeat the same routine fast enough to +make him breathe from twelve to sixteen times a minute. The tendency is to +work too fast. If the work is done properly the air can be heard +distinctly as it passes in and out of the air passages. Sometimes the +tongue drops back in the throat, stopping it up so no air can enter. If +you suspect this, have an assistant grasp the tongue with a handkerchief +and keep it pulled forward. + +[Illustration: FIG. 5. Expiration.] + +Cuts used by courtesy of Health-Education League. + +Don't Give Up + +It will make it much easier if you have another person push on the ribs +for you when you relax the arms, as shown in Figure 5. Have him place the +hands as shown in the figure with the thumbs toward the medium line in +front, the fingers farther away, the palms just below the breasts; this +will make the boy's nipples come just midway between the ends of the +thumbs and the middle joint of the forefinger. Press firmly downward and +inward toward the backbone. + +Continue these motions about fifteen times per minute. Keep this up until +the boy begins to breathe, himself. When done properly, the work is hard +for the operator, and he should be relieved by some one else as soon as he +gets tired. + +Warmth and Quiet + +As soon as the boy begins to breathe himself--but not before--his limbs +should be well rubbed toward the heart. This will help to restore the +circulation. He should afterward be put to bed, well covered with warm +blankets, hot stones being placed at his feet, and warm drinks +administered. Fresh air and quiet will do the rest. + +Books + +"Boys' Drill Regulation," published by the National First Aid Association +of America, and "Boys' Life Brigade Manual of Drill," published by the +Boys' Life Brigade, London, England, are two small books containing a +number of practical drills which may be used in training the boys in camp +for emergency work. + +Instruction + +Every camp for boys, no matter how small or how large, should plan for +instruction in First Aid. This may be done by the camp physician, the +director, the physical director, or some physician invited to spend +several days in the camp. + +Drills + +The illustration on page 174 shows how one hundred boys were trained in +Camp Couchiching. The "litter" drill was especially attractive to the boys +of Camp Becket. The boys were sent out in the woods in brigades of five +each, one of whom was the leader. Only a small hatchet was taken by each +squad. One of the boys was supposed to have broken his leg. An improvised +"litter," or, stretcher, was made of saplings or boughs, strapped together +with handkerchiefs and belts, so that in ten minutes after they left the +camp the first squad returned with the boy on the litter and in a fairly +comfortable condition. + +[Illustration: Litter Drill] + +Health Talks + +A course of health talks given in popular form by those who are well +versed upon the subject, cannot help but be instructive and productive of +a greater ambition on the part of the boy to take good care of his body. +The following list of subjects is suggestive: + +The Human Body and How to Keep It in Health +1 The Skeleton. +2 The Muscular System. +3 The Vascular System. +4 The Nervous System. +5 The Digestive System. +6 The Lungs, Skin and Kidneys. + +Personal Hygiene +1 The Eye, its use and abuse. +2 How to care for the Teeth. +3 Breathing and pure air. +4 Microbes and keeping clean. +7 The health of the Skin. +8 Some facts about the Nose. +9 Our Lungs. +10 Eating. +11 Alcohol. +12 Tobacco and the Human Body. +13 The Use and Care of Finger Nails. +14 Cause of Colds. + + +The American Red Cross Society, 715 Union Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C., +issues a series of five handsomely lithographed wall charts mounted on +linen and heavy rollers. These charts are numbered as follows and may be +purchased for $2.50 for the set. + +Chart I. The Skeleton; +Chart II. The Muscles; +Chart III. Scheme of Systematic Circulation; +Chart IV. Fracture and Dislocation; +Chart V. Arteries and Points' of Pressure for Controlling Hemorrhage. + +These charts will make the talks doubly attractive. Honor points are given +boys for essays written upon the Health Talks. Some camps found that boys +were desirous of taking examinations in First Aid. In one camp +twenty-three boys won the Certificates of the American Red Cross Society. +For information write to the Educational Department of the International +Committee, Young Men's Christian Association, 124 East 28th Street, New +York, or the American Red Cross Society. (See address above) + + + +CHAPTER XVI--PERSONAL HYGIENE + +EATING +TEETH +HANDS +EYES +EARS +NOSE +HAIR +FEET +INTERNAL ORGANS +BATHING +SLEEP +CLOTHING + +Eating + +Very little thought is given by the boy to what he eats, as long as it +suits his taste, and there is an ample supply. The causes of most skin +diseases are largely traceable to diet. Chew the food slowly. Don't "bolt" +food. Your stomach is not like that of a dog. Food must be thoroughly +masticated and moistened with saliva. Hasty chewing and swallowing of food +makes masses which tend to sour and become poison. This often accounts for +the belching of gas, sense of burning and pain, and other forms of +distress after eating. Drink before or after meals. Don't overeat. +Conversation aids digestion. Eating between meals is detrimental to good +digestion. Regular meal hours should prevail. After dinner is the best +time to eat candy or sweets. + +[Illustration: Camp Tooth Brush] + +The Teeth + +If the tooth brush gets lost make one out of a dry stick, about six inches +long, which can be frayed out at the ends like the illustration. A clean +mouth is as important as a clean body. The teeth should be cleaned twice a +day, morning and evening. Insist upon the bringing of a tooth brush to +camp. Impress upon the boys that time spent upon teeth cleansing will +prevent hours of agony upon a dentist chair. Cleansing the teeth of sticky +deposits by running fine threads between them, in addition to the use of a +brush and a simple powder, prevents deposits from becoming the starting +point of decay. + +The Hands + +Care of hands and nails is much neglected in camp, Nails should be +properly trimmed and the "mourning" removed from underneath the nails. The +habit of biting the finger nails is dangerous. Finger nails should be cut +once a week with sharp scissors or "clip." If the nails be neglected and a +scratch received from the infected fingers the system may be inoculated +with disease. The cleansing of the hands after using the lavatory needs +special emphasis, for in no place do more germs collect and spread. Boys +should not be permitted to use each other's towels, combs, brushes, or +soap. A towel may carry germs from one boy to another. + +The Eyes + +Never strain the eyes. When reading, always let the light come over the +shoulder and upon the page, the eyes being in the shadow. Do not read with +the sunlight streaming across the page. When writing have the light come +from the left side. Do not rub the eyes with the hands. Headaches and +nervousness are due largely to defective vision. "Work, play, rest and +sleep, muscular exercise, wise feeding, and regular removal of the +waste--these and all other hygienic habits help to keep the eyes sound and +strong."--Sedgewick. + +The Ear + +It is dangerous to put a pointed pencil or anything sharpened into the +ear. "Boxing" the ear, shouting in the ear, exploding a paper bag, may +split the drum and cause deafness. The best way to remove excess wax from +the ear is to use a soft, damp cloth over the end of the finger. Ear-wax +is a protection against insects getting in from the outside. + +The Nose + +Keep the nose free from obstructions, and avoid the use of dirty +handkerchiefs. Always breathe through the nose and not through the mouth. +Boys who observe this rule will not get thirsty while on a hike or get out +of breath so easily. They don't breathe in all sorts of microbes or seeds +of disease, and they don't snore at night. + +The Hair + +In washing the hair avoid using soap more than once a week, as it removes +the natural oil of the hair. Frequent combing and brushing adds to the +lustre, and the head gets a beneficial form of massage. Wear no hat at +camp, except to protect from sun rays or rain. + +The Feet + +Footwear is a matter of importance. Shoes should never be worn too tight. +They not only hinder free movements, but also hinder the blood +circulation, and cause coldness and numbness of the extremities. Sore +feet, because of ill-fitting shoes, are a detriment to happy camp life. +Have good, well-fitting, roomy shoes, and fairly stout ones. Keep the feet +dry. If they are allowed to get wet, the skin is softened and very soon +gets blistered and rubbed raw. + +[Illustration: Figure 1. Figure 2.] + +Figure 1 shows a perfectly shaped foot. This is the natural shape, and if +the boy is allowed to go barefooted or wear sandals, his foot will assume +this shape. Figure 2 shows the distorted shape brought about by cramped +shoes. The best thing to wear is thick moccasins of moose hide. + +Internal Organs + +Constipation is a frequent camp complaint, and is usually the result of +change in diet and drinking water. The habit of having a daily movement of +the bowels is of great importance to a boy's health. The retention of +these waste products within the body for a longer period tends to produce +poisonous impurities of the blood, a muddy-looking skin, headaches, piles, +and many other evils. Eat plenty of fruit, prunes, and graham bread. Drink +plenty of water. Take plenty of exercise. + +Bathing + +One bath a day in fresh water is all that is necessary. Boys go into the +water too often and remain too long. This accounts for the rundown +appearance of some boys. The body gives off heat every minute it is in +cool water, and also when exposed wet to the breezes, and heat is life. +All boys should be encouraged to take a dip before breakfast with a rapid +rubdown. Then a good swim in the warm part of the day. Usually about 11:30 +A.M. is a good time for the swim. If a swim is taken after supper, be +careful to dress warm afterward. + +Sleep + +Normal boys need nine or ten hours sleep. Sleep is a time for physical +growth. Have the tent open back and front at night to insure plenty of +fresh air. There must be a complete change of clothing on retiring. +Flannel clothing should be worn at night. Sleep alone. Nine o'clock or +nine-thirty, at latest, should find every boy in bed. + +Clothing + +Wear clean clothing, particularly underwear. Frequently a rash appearing +on the body is a result of wearing dirty-shirts. The wearing of belts +tends to constrict the abdomen, thus hindering the natural action of the +intestines, which is essential to good digestion. Hernia (ruptures) may +result from wearing tightly drawn belts. To dress the body too warm +lessens the power to resist cold when there happens to be a change in the +atmosphere. Put on extra clothing at sundown, without waiting to begin to +feel cold. During eating of meals it is well to have the legs and arms +covered when it is at all cool. The cooling of large surfaces of the body +while eating, even if it is not noticed, retards digestion, and taxes the +vitality. Many a boy gets a cold by neglecting to take this precaution. + +GENERAL HINTS + +Two flannel shirts are better than two overcoats. + +Don't wring out flannels or woolens. Wash in cold water, very soapy, and +then hang them up dripping wet, and they will not shrink. + +If you keep your head from getting hot, and keep your feet dry, there will +be little danger of sickness. + +If your head gets too hot, put green leaves inside your hat. + +If your throat is parched and you can get no water, put a pebble in your +mouth. This will start the saliva and quench the thirst. + +HEALTH MAXIMS AND QUOTATIONS + +"Keep thyself pure." + +"Health is wealth." + +"A sound mind in a sound body." + +"Fresh air and sunshine are necessary to good health." + +"Cleanliness is the best guard against disease." + +"A clean mouth is as important as a clean body." + +"Virtue never dwelt long with filth." + +"Temperance, exercise, and repose +Slam the door on the doctor's nose." +--Longfellow. + +"Cleanliness is next to Godliness." +"Health and cheerfulness naturally beget each other." +--Addison. + +"Nor love, nor honor, wealth nor power, +Can give the heart a cheerful hour, +When health is lost. Be truly wise. +With health, all taste of pleasure flies." +--Gay. + +"Health is a second blessing that we mortals are capable of: +a blessing that money cannot buy." +--Walton. + +"There are three wicks, you know, to the lamp of a man's life: brain, +blood, and breath. Press the brain a little, its light goes out, followed +by both the others. Stop the heart a minute, and out go all three of the +wicks. Choke the air out of the lungs, and presently the fluid ceases to +supply the other centres of flame, and all is soon stagnation, cold, and +darkness." +--O. W. Holmes. + +[Illustration: Bending the Bow--Camp Kineo] + + + +CHAPTER XVII--ATHLETICS, CAMPUS GAMES, AQUATICS AND WATER SPORTS + +PURPOSE OF GAMES +BASEBALL LEAGUE +GROUP CLASSIFICATION +WHAT TO AVOID +ATHLETIC EVENTS +AWARDS +MAKING ATHLETIC APPARATUS +CAMPUS GAMES +CIRCLE JUMPING +WOLF +ROVER ALL COME OVER +INDIAN AND WHITE MAN +GERMAN BOWLING +TETHER BALL +VOLLEY BALL +AQUATIC SPORTS +WATER GAMES +WATER BASKET BALL +WATER BASEBALL +OLD CLOTHES RACE +TILTING +CANOE TAG +WHALE HUNT +MAKING A "SHOOT-THE-CHUTE" +ARCHERY +THE TARGET +THE BOW +MAKING A BOW +MAKING ARROWS +ESSENTIAL POINTS IN +ARCHERY +BIBLIOGRAPHY + + +If I can teach these boys to study and play together, freely and with +fairness to one another, I shall make them fit to live and work together +in society.--Henry van Dyke. + +Purpose of Games + +The spirit of camping is too frequently destroyed by over-emphasis upon +competitive games. Play is necessary for the growing boy and play that +engages many participants has the most value. America today is suffering +from highly specialized, semi-professional athletics and games. "When +athletics degenerate into a mere spectacle, then is the stability of the +nation weakened. Greece led the world, while the youth of that great +country deemed it an honor to struggle for the laurel leaf, and gymnasiums +were everywhere and universally used and the people saw little good in an +education that neglected the body. It is a significant fact that the +degeneracy of Greece was synchronous with the degrading of athletics into +mere professional contests. What had been the athletics of the people +became a spectacle for the people." [1] + +[Footnote 1: Emmett D. Angell in "Play," p. 19.] + +Baseball League + +Do not allow the athletics and games of the camp to become a mere +spectacle for the campers. Something should be planned for every boy and +every boy encouraged to participate in the program. Nothing has yet taken +the place of the good old American game of baseball. Divide the camp boys +into teams. Have a league playing a series of games. The teams may be +named after the different colleges or prominent cities or as one camp +named the league, the "Food League" after popular camp dishes, such as: +"Prunes," "Beans," "Soup," "Hash," "Mush," "Chipped Beef." It is needless +to state that the boys in the league not only had a lot of fun, but the +camp paper contained very amusing accounts of the games played. + +Arrange a schedule of games and keep accurate records of all games played +either in the "Camp Log" or camp paper. A dinner given to the winning team +adds to the excitement of the league's existence. Do not neglect the +younger boys; have two "Midget" teams engage in a series for best two out +of three games. Occasionally a game between the leaders and older boys is +the exciting game of the season, especially if the leaders are defeated. + +The same rule of participation should govern the athletics of the camp. +Inter-tent games help to develop group loyalty, cooperation, fair play, +and courtesy to opponents so desirable. + +Groups + +In some camps the boys are divided into two groups, those under five feet +in height and those over five feet. Events are planned for these two +groups. The system of grouping suggested by the School Athletic League, is +that of grouping the boys according to physiological rather than +chronological age, as follows: + Pre-pubescent boys under 90 pounds. + Pubescent boys or juniors, 90 to 110 pounds. + Post-pubescent or intermediates, 110 to 130 pounds. + Seniors, above 130 pounds. + +The boys are weighed in competing costume. This system is looked upon as +being fair and practical. + +What to Avoid + +The following should be avoided--Marathon runs, sustained effort in and +under water and competitive long-distance running. The longest sprint race +should be, for boys, 50 yards, for juniors, 75 yards. No adolescent who is +not past the pubescent stage should run sprint races longer than 100 +yards. Cross-country running is beneficial when taken at a slow pace and +without competition. Every boy should be examined for heart weakness +before entering the strenuous games. + +The above is the opinion of physical directors from twenty-one different +States and may be considered authoritative. This same opinion prevails +among most of the experienced camp leaders and workers among boys. + +Events + +The athletics usually planned for camp are: 50 yard dash for boys; 75-yard +dash for juniors; 100 yard dash for seniors; running high jump; running +broad jump; pole vault; 8 and 12-pound shot-put; baseball throw and relay +race. + +Awards + +Ribbon awards presented to the winners at a special meeting of the campers +aid considerably in fostering the true spirit of clean athletics and +wholesome sport and are appreciated by the winners as souvenirs of the +good-natured contest. + +Camps possessing a stereopticon[1] should secure the set of slides and +lecture accompanying from the Moral Education League of Baltimore, Md., +entitled "The True Sportsman." Rental terms are five dollars a week and +expressage. + +[Transcribers Footnote 1: stereopticon: A magic lantern, with two +projectors arranged to produce dissolving views.] + +A perpetual cup for all-round proficiency, upon which is engraved the name +of each year's winner, is a good way of recording the annual athletic +meet. + +A shield with the names of the winners of the season's events painted or +burned upon it and hung up in the camp lodge helps to retain the interest +of the winner in the camp after he has become a "grown-up" or alumnus. + +[Illustration: Take-off; Cross-section of Take-off; Jumping Standards;] + +Apparatus + +Boys who like to make things may be put to work making various pieces of +athletic apparatus. A Take-Off may be made of a plank or board, 8 inches +wide and 36 inches long, sunk flush with the earth. The outer edge of this +plank is considered the scratch line. Remove the earth to a depth of three +inches and width of twelve inches. + +To make a pair of jumping standards, first saw out the bottom blocks, each +being 10 x 10 inches and 2 inches thick. In the center of each block +chisel out a hole 2 x 2 inches and about 1 inch in depth. Into these holes +fit the ends of the upright pieces, which should be 5 feet long and 2 +inches square. Before securing the upright pieces, bore holes an inch +apart, into which may be inserted a piece of heavy wire or large wire nail +to hold up the cross piece or jumping stick. Be sure to space the holes +alike on both uprights, so the crosspiece will set level when the standard +is in use. Four 5-inch braces are fastened in at the lower part of the +upright. Study the diagram and you will succeed in making a pretty good +pair of standards. + +Campus Games + +After supper is usually a period in the camp life rather difficult of +occupation. "Campus Games" appeal to most boys. These games are designed +especially for the after-supper hour, although they may be played at any +time. + +Circle Jumping + +Stand the boys in a circle with all hands clasped. One of the crowd lies +down in the center with a rope as long as one-half the diameter of the +circle. To the end of the rope is tied a small weight like a sand bag. He +whirls the weight around with the full length of rope revolving with +increasing rapidity. As it approaches the players, they hop up and let it +pass under their feet. The one whose foot is touched is out of the game +and the boy who keeps out of the way of the rope the longest is the +winner. + +Wolf + +Here is a Japanese game full of fun and action. Place a dozen or more boys +in line, and have each fellow place his hands firmly on the shoulders of +the boy in front of him. Choose one of the fellows for the "Wolf." The +first boy at the head of the line is called the "Head" of the Serpent, and +the last fellow is the "Tail." The "Wolf" stands near the head of the +Serpent until a signal is given. Then he tries to catch the "Tail" without +touching any other part of the snake. The boys who form the body of the +Serpent protect the "Tail" by wreathing about in all sorts of twists to +prevent the "Wolf" from catching the "Tail." This must be done without +breaking the line. When the "Tail" is caught, the "Wolf" becomes the +"Head," and the "Tail" becomes the "Wolf." The last boy in line is the +"Tail." The game can be continued until every boy has been the "Wolf." + +Rover, All Come Over + +A line is marked dividing the campus. All the boys gather on one side. One +boy in the center endeavors to have them step over the line by calling +out, "Rover, Rover, all come over!" At the word "over" everybody is +expected to run and cross the line, while the center man endeavors to +catch one. The one caught must help him catch the others. If any one runs +over before the center man calls "over," he has to go to the aid of the +catcher. When all are caught the game begins again. + +[Illustration: German Nine Pins--Camp Becket] + +Indian and White Man + +The game of "Indian and White Man" is interesting. A circle is drawn on +the campus. It is supposed that the white people are travelling over the +prairie, and at night time they prepare to camp. The circle represents +their camp. The Whites lie down to sleep and sentries are posted. The +Indians discover the camp and endeavor to capture the Whites. Then comes +the battle royal. Every Indian captured in the white man's circle counts +one, and every white man captured by the Indians outside the circle counts +one for their side. The game continues until all of either side are +captured. The players are divided into two groups. The Indians are +concealed in the bushes or some place unseen by the Whites and they make +the attack. + +Such games as "Three Deep," "Bull in the Ring," "Tag Game," "Leap Frog," +will be found to interest the boys during the after-supper period. + +The following are campus games requiring apparatus: + +German Bowling + +Plant in the ground two posts, leaving at least 15 feet above ground. +Spike a 10-foot piece across the top (see page 218). An ordinary ball used +in bowling is used by plugging shut the holes and inserting a screw eye in +one of the plugged holes. Tie tightly to this screw eye a strong piece of +rope. A good-sized screw eye is fastened in the cross piece of the frame, +and to this tie the ball. Nine bowling pins are used. The score is the +same as bowling. The pins are knocked off by the return of the ball, as +shown in the diagram. + +[Illustration: German Bowling] + +Tether Ball + +The upright pole should be standing ten feet out of the ground and firmly +imbedded in the earth so as not to vibrate. + +[Illustration: Tether Ball] + +The pole should be 7-1/2 inches in circumference at the ground and +tapering toward the upper end. Paint a black or white 2-inch band around +the pole 6 feet above the ground. Draw a circle about the pole on the +ground having a 3-foot radius. A 20-foot line must bisect the circle. Use +a tennis ball having a netted or tightly fitting linen cover. The ball is +fastened to a string with a ring and suspended from the top of the pole by +a piece of heavy braided fish line. The cord should allow the ball to hang +7-1/2 feet. Tennis racquets are used. The two players stand at point +marked with an X in the diagram. In the toss-up for courts the loser is +the server. The ball may be struck in any manner with the racquet, the +endeavor being to wind the string upon the pole above the painted band. + +Volley Ball + +Stretch a tennis net across the campus and mark a court fifty feet long, +to be divided equally by the net. The play consists in keeping in motion +the ball over the net from one side to the other, until one fails to +return it, which counts as an out. The ball used is similar to a football, +only smaller. The game consists of twenty-one points. + +Many of the camps have tennis courts and hold tournaments. This game is so +universal and familiar that no description will be made. + +AQUATIC SPORTS AND WATER GAMES + +Aquatic sports may be arranged so that active interest will be taken by +all the boys, or they may be simply an exhibition of the swimming +abilities of several boys. The former is decidedly preferable. Events +should be arranged for the small as well as the large boys. + +[Illustration: The Human Frog at Camp Kineo] + + ATHLETICS AND WATER SPORTS 221 + +The program of events should include a short dash, swimming under water, +diving for form, fancy swimming and special stunts, ribbon awards or +inexpensive cups to be given the winners. The Life Saving Corps will have +an opportunity to give an exhibition of their skill and alertness, as well +as patrol the swimming beach. Good reliable fellows should be appointed to +watch each swimmer when in the water. Run no chances at any time that boys +are in the water. The following water games have been suggested by A. B. +Wegener. + +1. Three-legged swimming. +2. Tug of War. +3. Bobbing for Corks. +4. Plunging through hoops for height or distance. +5. Diving for objects. +6. Egg Race; holding the egg in a spoon either in the mouth or hand. +7. Tag games. +8. Potato race; using corks instead of potatoes. +9. Candle race; candles are lighted and must be kept lighted. +10. Various land games may be adapted for water use, such as ball +passing (using a water polo ball), relay race, etc. + +Water Basket Ball + +Two peach baskets, or rope baskets, or two iron rings are hung upon +poles five feet above the water and forty feet apart. The game is +played similarly to basket ball, except that the players are allowed +to advance with the ball. Tackling and ducking are fouls and penalized +by allowing a free throw for goal from a point fifteen feet away. +There is no out of bounds, and a basket may be thrown from any place +in the water. A field goal counts two points, and a goal from a foul +one point. + +Water Baseball + +The outfit required is a tennis ball, a broom stick and four rafts-- +one large and three small. The batsman and catcher stand on the big +raft. On a small raft, ten yards away, stands the pitcher and the +other two rafts are placed at easy swimming distance for bases. In +striking, everything counts--bunt, swat or foul tip. The moment bat +and ball come in contact the batsman starts for first base. There are +five men on a side. Lots of fun. Avoid remaining in fresh water too +long as it has a tendency to weaken vitality. + +Old Clothes Race + +The contestants are dressed in a full suit of old clothes. At the word +"go" they dive into the water and swim to a float placed at a certain +distance away, undress and return. This is a very funny race. + +Tilting + +Two boats manned by four boys each. One boy is the spearman and is +armed with a light pole about eight or ten feet long, having a soft +pad of rags, or better yet, of water-proof canvas duck to keep it from +getting wet and soggy. If a flat-bottom boat is used, the spearman +stands on one of the end seats. A quarter-deck or raised platform +should be built on an ordinary boat or canoe. The battle is fought in +rounds and by points. If you put your opponent back into the boat with +one foot it counts you 5; two feet, 10. If he loses his spear you +count 5 (except when he is put overboard). If you put him down on one +knee on the "fighting deck," you count 5; two knees, 10. If you put +him overboard it counts 25. One hundred points is a round. A battle is +for one or more rounds as agreed upon. It is forbidden to strike below +the belt. The umpire may dock for fouls. + +Canoe Tag + +Any number of canoes or boats may engage in this water game. A rubber +football is used. The game is to tag the other canoe or boat by +throwing this into it. The rules are as in ordinary cross tag. + +Whale Hunt + +The "whale" is made of a big log of wood with a rough-shaped head and +tail to represent a whale. Two boats are used, each manned by the boys +of one tent--the leader acting as captain, a boy as bowman or +harpooner, the others as oarsmen. Each boat belongs to a different +harbor, the two harbors being some distance apart. The umpire takes +the "whale" and lets it loose about half-way between the two harbors +and on a signal the two boats race out to see who can get to the +"whale" first. The harpooner who first arrives within range of the +"whale" drives his harpoon into it and the boat promptly turns around +and tows the "whale" to its harbor. The second boat pursues and when +it overtakes the other, also harpoons the "whale," turns around and +endeavors to tow the "whale" to its harbor. In this way the two boats +have a tug-of-war and eventually the better boat tows the "whale" and +possibly the opposing boat into its harbor. + + +Shoot-the-Chute + +[Illustration: Diagram For "Chute"] + +A "Shoot-the-Chute" is great fun and one should be built in every +permanent camp and "Swimming Hole." The one described is by A. D. Murray +and has stood the test of several years in a number of camps. + +The plan drawn is for a chute 40 feet long, 3 feet wide and 18 feet high. +These dimensions can be changed in length and height, but not in width. +The chute is built of 7/8-inch matched pine boards, to the same width as +sheet zinc, usually 3 feet; the boards being firmly cleated together on +the under side by 2 x 6-inch cleats 5 feet apart, throughout the length of +the chute. Boards should be screwed to the cleats from the face of the +chute with 1-1/2-inch screws, the heads being counter sunk. The several +lengths of zinc are soldered into one piece, the joints being on the under +side (as shingles on a roof) fastened to the boards with 8-oz. tacks; set +in from the edge about 1 inch and about 6 inches apart. The side strips of +maple (soft wood will not do on account of the danger of splintering) 2 +inches wide and 3 inches high, rounded slightly on upper edge, are placed +directly over the edge of the zinc and covering the tacks. Screw the +strips firmly to the chute with 2-inch screws from the under side. These +ought to be placed not more than 2 feet apart. Probably each will have two +or more strips in making a piece of sufficient length. If so, care should +be taken to have the pieces joined on a bevel with a slant from outer edge +toward bottom of chute so as to leave no edge. The utmost care should be +used to have a perfectly smooth surface on the inside of the chute. A pump +or bucket is needed at the top of the chute to wet the surface before the +swimmer starts his slide. The supports A, B, C, should be firmly braced +with 2 x 4-inch timber, D, and lower end of chute should extend over the +pier at least 1 foot and not nearer the surface of the water than 3 feet +perpendicularly, allowing the swimmer to enter the water as in a dive. The +chute can be fastened to the supporting braces through timbers E, F, into +maple side strips with a good heavy log screw. A platform 3 feet wide and +4 feet long near the top of chute, and set just waist deep from the top of +chute will make starting easy. + +Archery + +Richard the Lion-hearted, of England, said the five essential points of +archery--standing, nocking[1], drawing, holding, and loosing--"honestly +represented all the principles of life." + +Archery develops the muscles in all-round fashion, particularly those of +the shoulder, arm and wrist. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: A nock is the groove at either end of a bow for +holding the bowstring or the notch in the end of an arrow that fits on the +bowstring.] + +The Target + +A target can be made of a burlap sack, or oil cloth, about five feet +square. Stuff this with hay or straw. It may be flattened by a few +quilting stitches put right through with a long packing needle. On this +the target is painted. In scoring, the centre is 9, the next circle 7, the +next 5, the next 3 and the last circle 1. The shortest match range for the +target is forty yards. + +The Bow + +The bow may be made from any of the following woods--mulberry, sassafras, +southern cedar, black locust, black walnut, apple, slippery elm or +hickory. In making a bow, select wood with straight grain. The length of +the bow should be about the height of the boy using it, or if the boy is +between ten and fifteen years of age, his bow should not be less than four +feet in length and not more than five feet. When buying a bow get one of +lancewood backed with hickory. + +Making A Bow + +The making of the bow and arrow is described by A. Neeley Hall, as +follows: "Cut your piece of wood five feet long, and, after placing it in +a bench vise to hold it in position, shape it down with a drawknife or +plane until it is one inch wide by one-half inch thick at the handle, and +three quarters inch wide by one-quarter inch thick at the ends. The bow +can be made round or flat on the face toward the archer. Cut a notch in +the bow two inches from each end, as shown in the illustration, from which +to attach the bow-string. A cord with as little elasticity as possible +should be used for this. A good string can be purchased for twenty-five +cents. + +[Illustration: Notch for Bowstrings; Length of Bow 5 feet. Wire nail with +head cut off (arrow head) Old Canvas Stuffed (target); Loop (in +bowstring); slip knot.] + +With a home-made bow-string, a loop should be made in one end and bound +with thread, as shown in illustration, p. 227. Slip the loop over the +upper notch, bend the bow until the center of the string is about five +inches away from the handle, and attach the loose end to the lower notch +by means of a slip-knot similar to that shown in the drawing. The bow +should then be sandpapered until smooth, and thoroughly oiled with linseed +oil. Glue a piece of velvet about three inches wide around the center for +a handle." + +Making Arrows + +Arrows are divided into three parts: the head, sometimes called the pile, +the shaft and the feathers. The shaft is generally made of hickory, ash, +elm or pine, and its length is dependent upon that of the bow. For a +five-foot bow, make the length two feet and the width and thickness about +one-half inch. For target practice a wire nail driven into the end of the +pile, as shown on page 227, with the head of the nail filed off and +pointed, makes an excellent head. Feathering is the next operation. Turkey +and goose feathers are generally used. Strip off the broader side of the +vane of three feathers and glue them to the shaft one inch and a quarter +from the notch, spacing them equally from each other. One feather should +be placed at right angles to the notch. This is known as the cock feather +and should always point away from the bow when the arrow is shot. + +Archery + +The rules for the five essential points are these: + +Standing: In taking position to draw the bow, the heels must be seven to +eight inches apart, feet firm on the ground, yet easy and springy, not +rigid. + +Nocking: This is manipulating the bow string. Hold the string with two +fingers and the arrow between the first and second fingers. Grip firmly, +but not so as to give awkwardness to any finger. + +Drawing: In drawing stand with the left shoulder toward the target, +turning the head only from the neck and looking over the left shoulder. +Then raise the bow with the left hand, keeping the upper end inclined one +or two degrees from the body. With the right hand draw the arrow to +chin-level and below the ear. + +Holding: Steady the aim a moment and keep the point of aim directly in +view, looking along the whole length of the arrow. + +Loosing: In letting the arrow go, do not jerk, but loose smoothly, and be +certain your bow arm does not move when loosing. To get a clean, sharp +loose is more than half way to hitting the target. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Indoor and Outdoor Game.(188)--A. M. Chesley. American Sports Publishing +Co. + +An Athletic Primer, Group XII., No. 87--J. E. Sullivan. American Sports +Publishing Co. + +Official Handbook Y. M. C. A. Athletic League, Group XII., No. +302.--American Sports Publishing Co. Tether Tennis, Volley Ball, Etc., No. +188.--American Sports Publishing Co. + +The above booklets are published at 10 cents each, and should be in the +hands of every camp leader, also the latest guides in Baseball and Tennis. + +At Home in the Water--George H. Corsan. Association Press, 75 cents. +Twenty pages of this excellent book are devoted to water sports, and it +also contains complete rules for Water Polo, a splendid game for adults, +but unwise to play in a boys' camp. + +The Birch Bark Roll--Ernest Thompson-Seton. Doubleday, Page & Co., 25 +cents. + +Two Little Savages--Ernest Thompson-Seton. Doubleday, Page & Co., $1.75. + +These books give valuable hints on Archery, which is peculiarly adapted +for camp life and sport. + +The Witchery of Archery--Maurice Thompson. Charles Scribner's Sons, $1.50. +Fascinating and entertaining. + +[Illustration: A Lesson in Nature's Classroom] + + + +CHAPTER XVIII--NATURE STUDY + +THE OUT-DOOR INSTINCT +ANTIQUITY OF NATURE STUDY +THE MODERN IDEA +BOY COLLECTORS +AROUSING INTEREST +HERBARIUMS +HOMEMADE PRESS +EQUIPMENT +NEW KIND OF HUNTING +WALKS AFIELD +NIGHT SOUNDS +"FISHOLOGY" +PURPOSEFUL TRIPS +OUTDOOR TALKS ON NATURE +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +If nature is to be a resource in a man's life, one's relation to her must +not be too exact and formal, but more that of a lover and friend.--John +Burroughs. + +Outdoor Instinct + +"The boy is always nearer to the heart of nature than the grown man. He +has a passionate love of the open air and of the fields and woods; he is +never really happy indoors. Nature has planted this outdoor instinct in +the boy's heart for the good of the race." Day and night teach him their +lessons. The boy will absorb much that is interesting and also much that +will be of real value in giving him a broader outlook upon life. Camping +gives abundant opportunity for the study of nature. + +Nature study is not a fad of modern times. Nearly three hundred and fifty +years before Christ, Alexander the Great placed at the disposal of his +tutor, Aristotle, the services of one thousand men throughout Asia and +Greece with instructions to collect and report details concerning the +life, conditions and habits of fishes, birds, beasts and insects. To this +magnificent equipment of assistants, Alexander added fifteen thousand +dollars in gold for books and laboratory supplies. + +Prof. L. H. Bailey says, "The modern idea of Nature Study is, to put the +boy in a sympathetic attitude toward nature for the purpose of increasing +the joy of living. Nature study is not science. It is not knowledge. It is +spirit. It is concerned with the boy's outlook on the world.... This +Nature spirit is growing, and there are many ways of knowing the fields +and woods. A new literature has been born. It is the literature of the +out-of-doors." + +Collectors + +Boys are natural born collectors. They are interrogation points, full of +curiosity, like the "man from Missouri," they want to know. The wise +leader will say, "Let us find out some thing about this tree, or plant, or +bird, or whatever it may be, and together we will be learners." The +textbook method will not work in a boys' camp. "Go find me a flower" is +the true method, and let us see what it is. Nature study books and +leaflets should be used merely as guides, not as texts. + +Arousing Interest + +Arouse interest by encouraging the boys to make collections of leaves, +flowers, etc., found in the vicinity of the camp. Leaves and flowers may +be pressed in a home-made press and mounted upon heavy paper or cardboard. +The following suggestions are given by Dan Beard and quoted by permission +of Charles Scribner's Sons from his Book, "The Field and Forest Handy +Book." + +[Illustration: The Vreeland Press] + +Herbarium + +"The illustration shows how the press is made. In using the press, first +place the plants or leaves, enclosed in their wrappers and dryers of +newspapers, on the bottom board, put the top board over them, bring the +hinged lever down and bind the whole together with a stout strap put +around the end of the lever and the handle of the bottom board. As this +strap is drawn tight the lever bends, and so keeps a constant pressure on +the plants and leaves even when they shrink in drying. Dryers should be +changed at least every day. Mount specimens on separate herbarium sheets +of standard size (1-1/2 X 16-1/2). Each specimen should be mounted with +name (common and botanical), where found, date and any other facts of +interest. This label is usually pasted in the lower right hand corner of +the herbarium sheet." + +Equipment + +If the camp has a permanent building, these specimens make a most +attractive decoration as well as help to recall the happy days of "the +hunt." The material equipment for nature study should consist of a good +loose leaf note-book, something that will stand the out-door wear. Get +quadrille ruled sheets. They will simplify sketching in the matter of +proportion and scale. A pocket magnifying glass will serve for +identification of the specimens. An inexpensive combination tweezer and +magnifying glass is made by Asher Kleinman, 250 Eighth Avenue, New York +(50 cents). Best of all is a high-power microscope, especially where the +camp has a permanent building with suitable room, having a good light and +table facilities. A camera will help in securing permanent records of +trees, ferns, flowers, birds, freaks of nature and scenes other than the +usual camp groups. A few reliable books on nature study are needed to +complete the outfit. + +Hunting + +A "bird hunt" was a popular sport in one of my camps. We started off early +one morning, a group of boys, each "loaded" with a big lunchbox crammed +with good things, a note-book, a book on bird-life, and a "gun." The "gun" +we used was a powerful pair of field glasses. On the way we counted the +number of bird-homes we saw. Just as we were thinking about stopping and +having breakfast we heard a most ecstatic song. Creeping close to the +place where the sound came from, we discovered the songster to be a +song-sparrow. Focussing our "gun" upon the bird we made note of its +coloring and marking, making sure that if we heard or saw another we would +recognize it at once. While we were eating our breakfast, there was a dash +of white, yellow, and grayish-brown, a whirring sound and, as the bird +lighted upon the low bushes nearby, a clear, piercing whistle came from +its throat. Our "gun" revealed to us a meadow lark. By this time the boys +were as much excited over the bird hunt as over a game of ball. + +Walks Afield + +A "flower walk," observing the wild flowers; a "fern walk," discerning the +delicate tracery of the fern in its cool haunts; a "tree walk", noting the +different trees--all are natural ways of interesting boys in nature study. + +Night Sounds + +G. B. Affleck in the April, 1910, number of Physical Training tells his +experience in studying nature with several groups of boys. + +"The night sounds surrounding a camp in northern Minnesota were a puzzle +to boys and to the counsellor of the tent at the end of the row. This +problem continued unsolved for more than a week, despite all attempts both +by day and night. Finally, one moist, warm night, Ned, after stealthily +approaching the sound, satisfied himself of its location in a certain tree +and in the morning was rewarded by the discovery of the 'toad' camped on a +branch near the source whence the sound had issued. Replacing the frog so +that the coarse tubercles of its back corresponded to the bark, Ned +enjoyed a merited reward at the expense of his tent mates who, though +often 'hot,' required some minutes to find the hidden treasure. Then came +the wonder of the stick toes and fingers, the feeding with flies, and the +result was--a new pet for the tent. In the next letters written to the +folks this find was the central theme. How much better this discovery and +the examination of the peculiar colors and structures, also the +conclusions, based upon observed structure, as to the life and habits of +the tree frog than would have been a scientifically learned discussion of +the family Hylidae! + +"In a camp of fifty boys the writer remembers three who had special +delight in collecting pebbles, and they made several all-day trips to +distant brooks and beaches in the search for new specimens. Another group +became so fascinated with the study of the food of fish that they begged +the 'privilege' of cleaning the catch of each returning party. Proud was +that lad who incidentally located the heart of a pickerel, and because of +his school knowledge of physiology he could not be convinced that the fish +breathed without lungs till he had spent many hours in the vain endeavor +to locate said organs. Then he knew that his former idea had been +inadequate. + +Fishology + +"Fortunately, nature is so interrelated in her various phases that an +attempt at exploration in one direction soon opens other fields, until +with the growth of experience there comes a corresponding expansion of +interest. Thus the lads, searching for pebbles, were perforce attracted by +the plant and insect life of the brook, and the one delving into the +mystery of breathing oxygen without lungs developed a new interest in the +physics of fluids, while those who located the tree frog enlarged their +sphere by the knowledge that their pet rejected some of the 'bugs' offered +it. + +"The leader, commencing thus with the limited or special interest of each +group, may evolve in his own mind the plan which most naturally will lead +the boys not only into a wider field of concrete facts, but also into the +habit of seeing relationships, of drawing conclusions and of raising +questions for further investigation. + +"A group of boys interested in a study of fish may well be organized for +an all-day trip to the root of the rapids or the bay of springs; others +with geological preferences may spend a night on the top of the distant +hill which offers outcroppings of interest; the embryo botanists cannot do +better than to take a bog trot for the rare orchid, anomalous pitcher +plant, or glistening sun dew; lovers of the deep shade may paddle to the +inlet of the creek and there enjoy a side trip on the fragrant carpet of +hemlock and pine needles; thus it will be found that by anticipating the +probable findings in which the particular group is interested the leader +gives a point and purpose, adding not only to the enjoyment of the outing, +but imparting, in addition, some satisfactory knowledge of the vicinity." + +Longfellow said that a "strong evidence of goodly character was the +thoughtfulness one displayed in caring for a tree." One of the best things +at Camp Becket was a series of out-door talks on nature given by Silas H. +Berry. Seated on a huge rock, he told the boys about the shaping and +clothing of the earth, foundation stones, mountains and hills, lakes, +ponds, and rivers, the beginning of vegetable life, the variation and +place of the freak, the forest and its place in the world's progress, the +alternation of the forest crop, man and his neighbors. Another afternoon +the boys went into the woods and while they squatted on Nature's mattress +of fragrant pine needles (see illustration, page 230), he told about +leaves and their work, cells and their place, roots and their arrangement, +tendrils and their mechanism, flowers and their devices, seeds and their +travels. The third talk was upon the evolution of plant life, law and +logic of creation, perpetuation of life in the lower forms, edible and +poisonous mushrooms, and the perpetuation of life in the higher forms. The +boys had a different conception of life thereafter and they possessed that +nature-love which always tends toward naturalness and simplicity of +living. They could sing with feeling. + +I love thy rocks and rills, +Thy woods and templed hills. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +How Nature Study Should be Taught--Edward F. Bigelow, Ph.D. Hinds, Noble +and Eldridge, $1.00. A book of inspiration. Many practical suggestions are +given for arousing interest among boys in Nature Study. + +The Nature Study Idea--Liberty H. Bailey. Macmillan Co., $1.25 net. An +interpretation of the new movement to put the boy in sympathy with Nature. + +Field and Forest Handy Book--Dan Beard. Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00. +Nothing better published for the benefit of those having permanent camps. +It should be placed in the hands of every boy. + +Outdoors, Indoors, and Up the Chimney--Charles McIlvaine. Sunday School +Times Co., 75 cents net. A series of interesting stories about commonplace +things. Just the kind of information to give a boy on rainy days. + +Dan Beard's Animal Book. Moffat, Yard & Company, $1.75 net. Filled with +the kind of incidents about animals that boys delight to hear, including +the famous bear stories. Also tells about the Campfire Club of Animals. + +How to Study Birds--Herbert K. Job. Outing Publishing Co., $1.50 net. +Takes up the practical side of bird study. Describes the outfit necessary +for studying the birds in the open. A valuable book. + +Manual of Common American Insects--William Beautenmuller. 25 cents. + +Manual of Common Butterflies and Moths--William Beautenmuller. Funk & +Wagnalls Co., 25 cents. Two pocket manuals in which the insects, +butterflies and moths are reproduced in natural colors with their common +and scientific names. + +Wilderness Pets at Camp Buckshaw--Edward Breck. Houghton, Mifflin Company, +$1.50 net. True tales of wilderness pets written by an experienced +woodsman. Intensely interesting. + +Young Folks' Nature Field Book--J. Alden Loring. Dana, Estes & Co., $1.00. +Contains a seasonable hint for every day in the year. The alternate pages +are left blank for notes or record of things seen. + +"How to Know the Wild Flowers"--F. T. Parsons. Charles Scribner's Sons, +$2.00 net. + +"How to Know the Ferns "--F. T. Parsons. Charles Scribner's Sons, $1.50 +net. + +"Familiar Trees and Their Leaves"--F. D. Matthews. Appleton and Company, +$1.75 net. Three reliable handbooks written in popular style. + +An Out-of-Door Diary--Marion Miller. Sturgis and Walton Co., $1.25 net. +Suitable for very young boys. + +[Illustration: Making a Walk to the Beach-Camp Wawayanda] + + + +CHAPTER XIX--FORECASTING THE WEATHER + +WEATHER TABLE +CLOUDS +RAIN +CLEAR WEATHER WINDS +HOW TO TELL DIRECTION OF WIND +SIGNALS LOST ON A CLOUDY DAY +POINTS OF COMPASS +HOME-MADE WEATHER PROPHET +PLANT BAROMETER +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Sunshine is delicious. +Rain is refreshing. +Wind braces up. +Snow is exhilarating. +There is really no such thing as bad weather, +only different kinds of good weather. +--Ruskin. + +It is said that this weather table by Buzzacott is so near the truth as +seldom or never to be found to fail. + +FORECASTING THE WEATHER +If the New Moon, First Quarter, Full Moon, or Last Quarter, + comes between In Summer In Winter + 12 and 2 AM Fair Frost, unless wind S.W. + 2 and 4 AM Cold and showers Snow and stormy + 4 and 6 AM Rain Rain + 6 and 8 AM Wind and rain Stormy + 8 and 10 AM Changeable Cold rain if wind W. + Snow if E. + 10 and 12 PM Frequent showers Cold and high wind + 12 and 2 PM Very rainy Snow or rain + 2 and 4 PM Changeable Fair and mild + 4 and 6 PM Fair Fair + 6 and 8 PM Fair if wind N.W. Fair and frosty if + wind N. or N.E. + 8 and 10 PM Rainy if S. or S.W. Rain or snow if + S. or S.W. + 10 and 12 AM Fair Fair and frosty + +Clouds + +Every cloud is a weather sign. +Low clouds swiftly moving indicate coolness and rain. +Soft clouds, moderate winds, fine weather. +Hard-edged clouds, wind. +Rolled or ragged clouds, strong wind. +"Mackerel" sky, twelve hours dry. + +Rain + +Look out for rain when +The tree frog cries. +Fish swim near the surface. +Walls are unusually damp. +Flies are troublesome and sting sharply. +A slack rope tightens. +Smoke beats downward. +Sun is red in the morning. +There is a pale yellow sunset. + +Rain with East wind is lengthy. +A sudden shower is soon over. +A slow rain lasts long. +Rain before seven, clear before eleven. +Sun drawing water, sure sign of rain. +A circle round the moon means "storm." + +"When the grass is dry at night +Look for rain before the light; +When the grass is dry at morning light +Look for rain before the night." + +"When the dew is on the grass +Rain will never come to pass." + +Fog in the morning, bright sunny day. +Swallow flying high means clearing weather. +If the sun goes down cloudy Friday, sure of a clear Sunday. +Busy spiders mean fine weather. + +THE WINDS + +East wind brings rain. +West wind brings clear, bright, cool weather. +North wind brings cold. +South wind brings heat. +Birds fly high when the barometer is high, and low when the barometer is +low. + +Direction of Wind + +The way to find which way the wind is blowing, if there is only very light +breeze, is to throw up little bits of dry grass; or to hold up a handful +of light dust and let it fall, or to suck your thumb and wet it all round +and let the wind blow over it, and the cold side of it will then tell you +which way the wind is blowing. + +Weather Bureau + +The U. S. Department of Agriculture Weather Bureau publishes a +"Classification of clouds," in colors which may be had for the asking. If +you are near one of the weather signal stations daily bulletins will be +sent to camp upon request, also the weather map. + +A set of flag signals run up each day will create interest. The flags are +easily made, or may be purchased. + +Keep a daily record of temperature. A boy in charge of the "Weather +Bureau" will find it to be full of interest, as well as to offer an +opportunity to render the camp a real service. He will make a weather +vane, post a daily bulletin board, keep a record of temperature, measure +velocity of wind and rainfall. + +If you have lost your bearings and it is a cloudy day, put the point of +your knife blade on your thumb nail, and turn the blade around until the +full shadow of the blade is on the nail. This will tell you where the sun +is, and decide in which direction the camp is. + +Points of Compass + +Face the sun in the morning, spread out your arms straight from body. +Before you is the east; behind you is the west; to your right hand is the +south; to the left hand is the north. + +A Home-made Weather Prophet + +For a home-made barometer you need a clean, clear glass bottle. Take one +drachm[1] each of camphor gum, saltpetre and ammonia salts, and dissolve +them in thirteen drachms of pure alcohol. Shake till dissolved. Then pour +in bottle and cork tightly. Hang the bottle of mixture against the wall +facing north, and it will prove a perfect weather prophet. When the liquid +is clear it promises fair weather. When it is muddy or cloudy it is a sign +of rain. When little white flakes settle in the bottom it means that the +weather is growing colder, and the thicker the deposit the colder it +becomes. Fine, starry flakes foretell a storm, and large flakes are signs +of snow. When the liquid seems full of little, threadlike forms that +gradually rise to the top, it means wind and sudden storm. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Dram, drachma; drachm; U.S. Customary System +equal to 1/16 of an ounce or 27.34 grains (1.77 grams). Apothecary weight +equal to 1/8 of an ounce or 60 grains (3.89 grams).] + +U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WEATHER BUREAU. EXPLANATION OF FLAG +SIGNALS, + +[Illustration: Flags] + +No. 1, alone, indicates fair weather, stationary temperature. +No. 2, alone. Indicates rain or snow, stationary temperature. +No. 3, alone, indicates local rain, stationary temperature. +No. 1, with No. 4 above it, indicates fair weather, warmer +No. 1, with No. 4 below it, indicates fair weather, colder. +No. 2, with No. 4 above it, indicates warmer weather, rain or snow. +No. 2, with No. 4 below it, indicates colder weather, rain or snow. +No. 8, with No. 4 above it, indicates warmer weather with local rains. +No. 3, with No. 4 below it, indicates colder weather with local rains. +No. 1, with No. 5 above it, indicates fair weather, cold wave. +No. 2, with No. 5 above it, indicates wet weather, cold wave. + +Forecasts made at 10 A.M., and displayed between 12 and 1 P.M., forecast +the weather for the following day until 8 P.M. + + + FORECASTING THE WEATHER 245 + +Plant Barometers + +The dandelion is an excellent barometer, one of the commonest and most +reliable. It is when the blooms have seeded and are in the fluffy, +feathery condition that its weather prophet facilities come to the fore. +In fine weather the ball extends to the full, but when rain approaches, it +shuts like an umbrella. If the weather is inclined to be showery it keeps +shut all the time, only opening when the danger from the wet is past. + +The ordinary clover and all its varieties, including the trefoil and the +shamrock, are barometers. When rain is coming, the leaves shut together +like the shells of an oyster and do not open again until fine weather is +assured. For a day or two before rain comes their stems swell to an +appreciable extent and stiffen so that the leaves are borne more upright +than usual. This stem swelling when rain is expected is a feature of many +towering grasses. + +The fingers of which the leaves of the horse chestnut are made up keep +flat and fanlike so long as fine weather is likely to continue. With the +coming of rain, however, they droop, as if to offer less resistance to the +weather. The scarlet pimpernel, nicknamed the "poor man's weather glass," +or wind cope, opens its flowers only to fine weather. As soon as rain is +in the air it shuts up and remains closed until the shower or storm is +over. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY. + +Talk About the Weather--Charles Barnard. Funk & Wagnalls Co., 75 cents. A +little book of valuable hints and suggestions about the weather and the +philosophy of temperature and rainfall in their relation to living things. + +Woodcraft--Jones and Woodward. C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd., 35 cents. Contains +an excellent chapter on weather lore in addition to a mass of valuable +information on woodcraft. + +Bulletin of the U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C, + +[Illustration: The Library, 1,200 Volumes Given by the Boys.--Camp Becket] + + + +CHAPTER XX--RAINY DAY GAMES AND SUGGESTIONS + +DELIGHTS OF A RAINY DAY +ACCUMULATED ENERGY +HANDKERCHIEF TUSSLE +POTATO JOUST +TERRIER FIGHT +CIRCLE BALL +LEG WRESTLE +HAND WRESTLING +ROOSTER FIGHT +SHOE AND SWEATER RACE +PEANUT RELAY RACE +INTERESTING TESTS +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +We knew it would rain for the poplars showed +The white of their leaves, and amber grain +Shrunk in the wind and the lightning now +Is tangled in tremulous skeins of rain. +--Aldrich. + +Rainy days break the monotony of continuous sunshiny days. There is +nothing that is so fascinating to a boy in camp as listening to the patter +of the rain drops upon the roof of his canvas house, especially at night, +if he is snug and warm in his blankets and the tent is waterproof. A rainy +day is the kind of a day when the chess and checker enthusiasts get +together. Games are rescued from the bottom of the trunk or box. Ponchos +and rubber boots are now in popular favor. Thunder and lightning but add +to the boys' enjoyment. What indescribable excitement there is in the +shivers and shudders caused by an extra flash of lightning or a double +fortissimo roll of thunder! There is also the delight, of playing in the +puddles of water and wearing a bathing suit and enjoying a real shower +bath. + +To some boys it is repair day, rips are sewed up, buttons sewed on +clothing, and for the initiated, the darning of socks. In camps with +permanent buildings a big log fire roars in the fireplace, the boys sprawl +on the floor with their faces toward the fire, and while the rain plays a +tattoo[1] upon the roof some one reads aloud an interesting story, such as +"Treasure Island," "The Shadowless Man," "The Bishop's Shadow," or the +chapters on "The Beneficent Rain" and "When the Dew Falls," from Jean M. +Thompson's book, "Water Wonders." It all depends upon one's viewpoint +whether rainy days are delightful or disagreeable. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Signal on a drum or bugle to summon soldiers to +their quarters at night. Continuous, even drumming or rapping.] + +Surplus Energy + +Boys are barometers. Restlessness is usually a sign of an approaching +storm. The wise leader senses the situation and begins preparing his +plans. If the rain is from the east and comes drizzling down, better plan +a several day program, for after the excitement of the first few hours' +rain, the boys begin to loll around, lie on the cots, or hang around the +kitchen and develop a disease known as "Grouchitis." During the first +stages of the disease the boys are inactive and accumulate an over-supply +of energy, which must find an outlet. Here is where the leader plays an +important part in handling the case; he provides an outlet for the +expenditure of this surplus energy by planning games demanding use of +muscle and the expenditure of energy and noise. The big mess tent, or +dining hall, is cleared and romping games are organized. + +The games suggested are adapted for rainy days and selected from a +catalogue of several hundred games. + +RAINY DAY GAMES + +Few sports are better calculated than a potato joust to amuse boys on +rainy days. It has all the joys of a combat, and yet, try as he will, +there is no possibility for any boy to become rough. + +Potato Joust + +In the potato joust each warrior is armed with a fork, on the end of which +is a potato. The combatants take their position in the center of the +playroom, facing each other. They should be separated by not less than +three feet. Each must lift a leg from the floor (see illustration, next +page). The fighters may use their own discretion as to which leg shall be +lifted from the floor and may hold it up with either hand they prefer. A +small cushion placed under the knee will add materially to the comfort of +the contestants. + +The battle is decided by one of the warriors knocking the potato from his +opponent's fork. Toppling over three times is also counted as defeat. If +one of the knights is obliged to let go of his foot in order to keep his +balance it is counted as a fall. Every time the battle is interrupted in +this way, either of the contestants is at liberty to change the foot he is +resting upon. If one of the warriors falls against the other and upsets +him, it is counted against the one who is responsible for the tumble. + +You are not likely to realize on your first introduction to a potato joust +the amount of skill and practice required to really become expert in +handling the fork. A slight turn of the wrist, a quick push and the +practised knight will defeat the novice so deftly, so easily that you are +amazed. + +Move your fork as little as possible; long sweeping strokes are more +likely to throw off your own potato than to interfere with that of your +opponent. + +The most dangerous stroke is one from underneath; always maneuver to keep +your potato below that of your antagonist. + +[Illustration: Handkerchief Tussle; Potato Joust] + +Handkerchief Tussle + +Study the illustration and see if you can discover a way for the boys to +get apart. To make it really exciting, a number of couples should be set +going at once, and a "second" on ice cream offered to the pair who get +apart first. To separate, the boys have only to push the center of one of +the handkerchiefs under the loop made by the other handkerchief when it +was tied about the wrist, and then carry the loop over the hand. + +Rough-house is the expression used by the boy of today when he is +describing a general scuffle, and he always smacks his lips over the word. +But rough-house has its disadvantages, as many sprains and bruises can +testify, and if the same amount of fun may be had from less trying +amusement, an amusement, say, which is quite as energetic and quite as +exciting, the boy of today will certainly adopt it in preference to +rough-house. + +[Illustration: A Terrier Fight] + +Terrier Figh + +A terrier fight is exciting, and it is funny--it is also energetic--and +victory depends quite as much upon the skill of the fighter as upon his +strength. Furthermore a terrier fight is not brutal. No boy will hurt +himself while engaged in this sport. Two boys are placed facing each other +in the center of the room, hands clasped beneath the knees and a stick +just under the elbows, as shown. Each contestant endeavors to push the +other over; but as it requires considerable attention to keep the balance +at all when in this position, the attack is no easy matter. + +To give way suddenly is a maneuver almost sure to upset your adversary, +but unfortunately it is very apt to upset you at the same time and only +after considerable practice will you be able to overcome a man in this +way. The pivot, a sudden swing to the right or left is safer, though not +quite as effective. Always remember that the best terrier fighter +invariably makes his opponent throw himself. Give way at some unexpected +point, and unless he is a skilful man, he is sure to go over. Never try a +hard push except in the last extremity when everything else has failed. + +A terrier fight consists of three one-minute rounds, with thirty seconds' +rest between each round. The one scoring the largest number of falls +during the time set is accounted the winner. + +Circle Ball + +A large circle of players throw a lawn tennis ball at one in the center. +The object of the player in the center is to remain "in" as long as +possible without being hit. If he catches the ball in his hands it does +not count as a hit. Whoever hits him with the ball takes his place. The +player who remains "in" longest wins. + +Leg Wrestle + +Lie down on the back, side by side, by twos, the feet of each boy of a two +being beside the other boy's head. At the word "Go!" each brings the leg +nearest his opponent at right angles with his body and then lowers it. +This may be done twice or three times, but the last time the leg is raised +he should catch his opponent's and endeavor to roll him over, which is a +defeat. + +Hand Wrestling + +Take hold of each other's right or left hand and spread the feet so as to +get a good base. At the word "Go!" each one endeavors to force his +opponent to lose his balance, so as to move one of his feet. This +constitutes a throw. The opponent's arm is forced quickly down or +backward and then drawn out to the side directly away from him, thus +making him lose his balance. The one moving his foot or touching his hand +or any part of his body to the floor, so as to get a better base, is +thrown. The throw must be made with the hand. It is thus not rulable to +push with the head, shoulder or elbow. + +Rooster Fight + +The combatants are arranged facing each other in two front, open ranks. +The first two "opposites" at either or both ends, or if the floor is large +enough all the opposites, may combat at the same time. The boys should +fold their arms forward, and hop toward each other on one leg. The butting +is done with the shoulder and upper arm, and never with the elbow, and the +arm must remain folded throughout the combat. When the two adversaries +meet, each attempts to push the other over, or make him touch to the floor +the foot that is raised. When all have fought, the winners arrange +themselves in two opposing ranks and renew the combat. This is done, until +but one remains, and he is declared the victor. + +Shoe and Sweater Race + +The sweaters are placed at the opposite ends of the room. The boys start +with their shoes (or sneakers) on (laces out). A line is drawn in the +middle of the room; here the contestants sit down and pull off their shoes +(or sneakers), run to the sweaters and put them on. On the return trip +they put their shoes on and finish with both shoes and sweaters on. + +Peanut Relay Race + +Boys are lined up in two columns, as in ordinary relay races. For each +column two chairs are placed a convenient distance apart, facing one +another, with a knife and a bowl half full of peanuts on one, and an empty +bowl on the other. At the proper word of command the first boy on each +side takes the knife, picks up a peanut with it, and carries the peanut on +the knife to the farther bowl; upon his return the second boy does the +same and so on. The second boy cannot leave until the first has deposited +his peanut in the empty bowl, and has returned with the knife. Peanuts +dropped must be picked up with the knife. Fingers must not be used either +in putting the peanut on the knife or holding it there. The side, every +member of which first makes the round, wins. + +A FEW INTERESTING TESTS + +You can't stand for five minutes without moving, if you are blindfolded. + +You can't stand at the side of a room with both of your feet touching the +wainscoting lengthwise. + +You can't get out of a chair without bending your body forward or putting +your feet under it, that is, if you are sitting squarely on the chair and +not on the edge of it. + +You can't crush an egg when placed lengthwise between your hands, that is, +if the egg is sound and has the ordinary shell of a hen's egg. + +You can't break a match if the match is laid across the nail of the middle +finger of either hand and pressed upon by the first and third fingers of +that hand, despite its seeming so easy at first sight. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Social Activities for Men and Boys--A. M. Chesley. Association Press, +$1.00. 295 ideas, games, socials and helpful suggestions. A gold mine for +one dollar. + +Games for Everybody--May C. Hofman. Dodge Publishing Co., 50 cents. 200 +pages of rare fun. + +Education by Play and Games--G. E. Johnson. Ginn and Company, 90 cents. A +discussion of the meaning of play. Contains also a number of good games, +graded according to ages or periods of child life. + +Play--Emmett D. Angell. Little, Brown and Company, $1.50 net. A very +practical book, containing instruction for planning more than one hundred +games, including eight games in the water. + +[Illustration: "Hiawatha," Presented by the Boys--Camp Becket] + + + +CHAPTER XXI--EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES + +RECREATIVE AND CONSTRUCTIVE EDUCATION +WHITTLERS' CLUB +PYROGRAPHY +BOAT BUILDING +PLAYS +LANTERN TALKS +LIBRARY +TUTORING +PHOTOGRAPHY +AGRICULTURE +FORESTRY +SCOUTCRAFT +CAMP PAPER +RECORD OF PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT +KITE MAKING AND FLYING +MODEL AEROPLANE +PARACHUTE IDEA +BOX FURNITURE +CAMP CLOCK +HOW TO MAKE A MOCCASIN +HOW TO MAKE A "ROUGH AND READY" HAMMOCK +A HOME-MADE TOBOGGAN +HANDY FUNNEL +INK FOR SCOUTING GAMES +BIBLIOGRAPHY. + +'Tis education forms the common mind; +Just as the twig is bent the tree's inclined. +--Pope. + +A boy is better unborn than untaught.--Gascoigne + + +Camping should not be merely a time of loafing or "having fun." The boy +who has returned from a camp, having learned some definite thing, whether +it be different from the school curriculum or supplementary to his school +work, has accomplished something and his outing has been of use to him. +All play and no work makes Jack a dull boy, as well as "all work and no +play." Recreative and constructive education forms a combination which +appeals strongly to a boy. He would call it, "doing things," and in the +doing would have fun galore. + +In addition to nature study, woodcraft, first-aid instruction and similar +types of educational activities in vogue in boy's camps, there are many +other forms of educational activities which boys can engage in during the +camping season. + +Whittlers' Club + +A "Whittlers' Club," organized to meet one hour several mornings a week, +proved attractive to a group of boys in one camp. Under the leadership of +a man who understood "Sloyd" [1] work the boys were taught how to handle a +knife, and it is surprising how few boys really know how to handle this +useful article found in every boy's pocket. They were also taught to know +the different kinds of wood, bark, grain, and method of cutting and sawing +wood for building and furniture purposes, etc. A popular model was a paper +knife made of wild cherry. The bark was permitted to remain on the handle, +while the other end was whittled evenly and smoothly for cutting leaves of +books or magazines. With the aid of a pyrography set the name of the camp +and that of the owner of the knife was burned on the handle. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Manual training developed in Sweden, using +woodworking tools.] + +Pyrography + +Carved paddles, war clubs, hiking sticks, etc., were used to display the +artistic ability of the boys who brought to camp pyrography sets. The camp +name, date of hikes, miles travelled, and other interesting information +was burned on these souvenirs. Shields containing the athletic records and +names of honor boys were made and hung upon the walls of the permanent +building. + +Boat Building + +[Illustration: Boat Building at Camp Durrell] + +In one large camp an experienced boatman was engaged, and under his +direction three large dories were built by the boys. Plans were carefully +worked out, lumber purchased, and details of boat construction explicitly +explained. It took three weeks to build the boats, but no boats of the +fleet were used and appreciated as much by the boys as these which +represented so much of their own labor and time. (See illustration.) +Working plans and "knocked down" material for building boats may be +purchased from a number of firms. Building a boat during the winter by +boys who are contemplating going camping, aids to the anticipation of the +delightful summer time. + +[Illustration: "Pyramus and Thisbe," Players Scene from Midsummer Night's +Dream; Camp Becket] + +Plays + +"The Player's Scene," from "Midsummer Night's Dream," has been given +several times outdoors with great success in the camps conducted by the +writer. The boys were coached by a graduate of a School of Oratory, +costumes were made by the boys out of all sorts of material, make-up was +bought from a theatrical supply house and the scenery supplied by nature. +Footlights were lanterns set in front of reflectors made from old tomato +cans. The path leading to the natural amphitheatre was lighted by Japanese +lanterns and the guests were seated on the ground. In the words of Hamlet, +"The Play's the Thing," and boys and visitors are always enthusiastic over +the presentation, while the players get a new conception of Shakespeare's +plays and writings. "Hiawatha" was given with equal enthusiasm and +success. + +Lantern Talks + +Since the invention of the inexpensive Reflectoscope, illustrated talks in +camp are now possible. Travel talks, using postal cards from different +parts of the world, postals telling the "Story of the Flag," "State Seals +and their Mottoes," etc., are now published in series, and will be found +to be very interesting and instructive. A number of the large camps have +stereopticons. Lantern slides with accompanying lecture may be rented at +reasonable rates, such as "The True Sportsman," and "Personal and National +Thrift," sent out by the Moral Education League, Baltimore, Md., for the +East. Any first-class firm dealing in lantern slides can furnish a number +of valuable lectures with slides. A sheet hung between two trees on a dark +night makes an excellent screen on which to show pictures. + +Library + +Every camp should have a library or at least a small collection of good +books. In most cases arrangements can be made with a near-by library or +with the State Library for the loan of books for a certain period of time. +Camps having permanent buildings should "grow" a library. The excellent +library of 1,200 books in the camp of the writer was given by the boys +(see illustration). + +[Illustration: Book Identification] + +Gummed book labels were sent to each boy with the suggestion that he paste +them in books which he could bring to camp to present to the library. Some +boys would bring as many as ten books from the home library, all good, +readable books. The books are catalogued and a loan system established, +under the "Department of Education," and the following rules govern the +library and use of books: + +1. Library open for one-half hour after dinner daily except on Sunday, +when it will be open for one-half hour after breakfast. + +2. Books can be kept out three days. If kept overtime a charge of two (2) +cents per day is made. Books may be renewed if returned on day due, +otherwise the usual charge will be made. + +3. From 9 o'clock A. M. to 12 o'clock M., and from 2 o'clock P. M., books +may be taken away to read in the room, but must not be taken outside the +building under any condition. Violation of this rule will deprive the +violator of the use of the books for three days. + +4. Please bring small change to pay fines. + +Tutoring + +The following announcement is sent by the writer to parents and boys +concerning tutoring in camp: + +SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT OF TUTORING. + +Provides Opportunity For + +(1) Those who, on account of illness or other unavoidable circumstances, +have fallen behind their grade and wish to catch up by summer study. + +(2) Those who, on account of poor work or failure in examination, cannot +be promoted unless they do special work during the vacation time. + +(3) Those who have not fully mastered a given subject and desire to review +and strengthen themselves in the subject. + +(4) Those who wish to use their summer in order to earn an extra +promotion. + +Instruction + +Many of our camp leaders are college men and have the requisite +scholarship to conduct the academic feature of the camp. The instruction +is very largely individual and is given in the morning and does not +interfere with the recreation life. The combination of study and +recreation makes tutoring attractive and stimulating. + +Subjects + +Any subject in the grammar or high school curriculum. + +Time + +Two or three periods per week will be given to each subject. + +Cost + +One dollar per week will be charged for each subject. + +An accurate record is kept of every boy being tutored, on a card (see +illustration), and a duplicate sent to his parent at the close of the +season. + +[Illustration: Report Cards] + +Photography + +To stimulate interest in photography, a contest is held during the latter +part of the camping season for a cup, to be awarded to the boy securing +the best collection of photographs of camp life. The award is determined +upon: first, selection of subjects, and, second, execution of detail. +Ribbon awards are given for the best individual photograph in these three +classes: (a) portraits, (b) groups, (c) landscapes. The regulations +governing the contest are: + +1. Exposure, developing, and printing must be the work of the exhibitor. + +2. Mounted or unmounted photographs may be submitted. + +3. All photographs must be handed in before 12 o'clock noon (date +inserted). + +For camps having good dark rooms, the following rules may be suggestive: + +1. Key to the dark room must be returned to the office immediately after +using room and locking same. + +2. If films are drying, inform the office of same, so that the next user +may be notified and care taken not to disturb the films. + +3. Room must be kept clean: +(a) Do not wipe shelves with the hand towels. +(b) Hang hand towels on nail provided. +(c) Leave buckets and trays in clean condition. +(d) Put paper, empty tubes, etc., in box provided for same and not +upon the floor. + +4. Use only the buckets provided, and not those used for kitchen or camp +purposes. + +5. Use only your own property and that provided by the camp, and never +touch the property or films or plates of others. + +Camp Paper + +Every large camp has its official organ or camp paper. An editorial board +is appointed, and the doings of the camp recorded in a permanent manner +through the weekly issue or reading of the paper. Various names are given +the paper, such as "The Camp Log," "Dudley Doings," "Seen and Heard," +"Wawayanda Whirlwind," "The Maskwa," "The Wyanoka Log," "Kinoe Kamper." +Some of these papers are printed and others are mimeographed and sold to +the campers at five cents a copy. Most of them, however, are written in a +book and read at the camp fire. + +Agriculture + +Where a camp is located so as to be near a farm, opportunity should be +given city boys to study soil, rotation of crops, gardening, etc. In +cooperation with the Department of Agriculture and under the leadership of +a student of an Agricultural College, an experiment in raising vegetables +may be tried in long-term camps. A plot of ground may be plowed and +harrowed, and sub-divided into as many plots as there are tents, each tent +to be given a plot and each boy in the tent his "own row to hoe," the boy +to make his own choice of seed, keep a diary of temperature, sunshine, +rainfall, when the first blade appeared; make an elementary analysis of +soil, use of fertilizer and other interesting data. Prepare for an exhibit +of vegetables. Whatever the boys raise may be cooked and eaten at their +table. Free agricultural bulletins will be sent upon application to the +United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Farmers' +Bulletin 385 tells about Boys' Agricultural Clubs. + +Forestry + +The subject of forestry is akin to camping. Much valuable instruction may +be given boys regarding the forests of the locality in which the camp is +located, kind of land, character and use of woods, how +utilized--conservatively or destructively--for saw timber, or other +purposes, protection of forests, forest fires, etc. Send to United States +Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., for Forest Service Circular +130, "Forestry in the Public Schools;" Farmers' Bulletin 173, "A Primer of +Forestry," Part I; Farmers' Bulletin 358, "A Primer of Forestry," Part II. + +Scoutcraft + +The Handbook of the Boy Scouts of America is full of information regarding +knot tying, signalling, tracking, use of compass, direction and time +calculator, etc., which every boy should know. Scoutcraft would furnish +recreational education for scores of boys. + +Record Books + +Boys like to carry home some permanent record of personal achievements +while at camp, autographs of fellow campers, etc. A rather unique record +is used by the boys at Camp Wawayanda. The illustration shows the card +which was used. "A Vacation Diary," in the form of vest pocket memorandum +book, bound in linen, is published by Charles R. Scott, State Y. M. C. A. +Committee, Newark, N. J. Price, 10 cents. + +Kites + +Scientific kite flying is one of the best things a boy can indulge in. +Hiye-Sho-To, a Japanese, gives this interesting information about kites. +"To all Japanese the kite is symbolic of worthy, soaring ambitions, such +as the work upward to success in school, or in trade, and so on. When a +child is born, little kites are sent up by modest households to announce +the arrival. Kites are also flown to celebrate birthdays. To lose a kite +is considered an omen of ill-luck." + +"For the control of a box kite, I prefer the lightest steel wire to a +cord. This wire is about the thickness of an ordinary pin, with a tensile +strength at the point of breaking of quite three hundred pounds. In +handling a kite with such a wire-ground connection, a boy should always +have rough gloves on his hands, that the wire may not cut them. + +"Having a kite of this kind, or even two and three, so that on a single +wire he can keep sending them higher and higher into the atmosphere, a boy +can begin what we were wont to call in Yeddo our 'kite education.' First, +he can make himself his own weather prophet. Self-registering thermometers +are no longer very expensive. He can wire one of these to his kite, and, +by knowing the length of wire he has in hand and the amount he pays out +while the kite is up, ascertain just what the air temperature is 200 feet, +500 feet, 1,000 feet, 3,000 feet above him. + +[Illustration: Box Kites] + +"There are wind gauges of cheap construction, moisture gauges which will +note the coming of rain, small cameras that will automatically take +pictures while the kite is in the air, that may be attached to these +kites, and from the work of which valuable information may be obtained." + +The following instruction for making a box kite was given in "The American +Boy," April, 1909. + +"Any boy can make a box kite. The material used may be any tough, light +wood, such as spruce, cypress, bass-wood, or cedar. Cut four pieces 42 +inches in length, and sixteen pieces 18 inches in length. The cuts show +clearly how they are to be put together. Use glue and small brads at every +point. The bridle cord is fastened 6 inches from each end of the box. This +is best done before the cloth is put on the kite. Light cheese cloth may +be used, and should be secured with glue and small brads at the last lap. +When the cloth is in place paint it with thin varnish or glue to fill up +the meshes and stretch it. + +"The reason why box kites made by boys have a tendency to lie down flat on +the ground is that they are not proportioned correctly. The proportions +given here are correct. The painting, decorating, and tinting are matters +of personal taste and skill." + +The principle of kite flying is simple. Air is a fluid like water, but on +account of the many changes of temperature, to which it is subjected, it +constantly changes its density and is found to consist of layers or +strata. These layers are not all flat and parallel, but take every variety +of shape as the clouds do. In flying a kite you simply pull it up one of +those layers just as you would pull a sled or wagon up a hill. Always run +facing the wind. + +Aeroplanes + +Aeroplane season is now a calendar event in the boy's life. Many boys are +engaged in building these fascinating little ships of the air. "The Boy's +Book of Model Aeroplanes," by Francis A. Collins, Century Co. ($1.20 net), +gives complete directions how to build these marvellous new toys. Form a +club and conduct an "Aviation" meet during the season. Spon and +Chamberlain, 123 North Liberty Street, New York City, sell a complete +full-sized set of drawings for building three model aeroplanes. Price, 50 +cents. + +Parachutes + +[Illustration: A Parachute Idea] + +The parachute, in its various forms, has always been a favorite with boys. +The idea is to make an umbrella-shaped contraption out of tissue paper and +a stick, so that when it descends from any considerable height it will +open out and float slowly to the ground. This part is easy enough. The +trouble has always been to get it up in the air high enough to repay one +for his efforts in making it. The idea that a common sling shot had +propelling power sufficient for this purpose led to experiments which +proved that the idea was a happy one. The combination of sling shot and +parachute makes a very fascinating outdoor amusement device. Every time +you shoot it into the air you try to make it go higher than last time. + +To make the parachute, get a tough stick about two feet long and whittle +it to a shape similar to Fig. 2. The bottom must be heavy enough to fall +first so that the parachute will fall in the right direction to be opened +out. You can weight the end by tying a piece of lead or a spool on it. Cut +your tissue paper to a shape shown in Fig. 2 and place a thread through +every scallop. If the paper tears right through, a good plan is to +reinforce the edges of the circle by pasting a strip of tough paper or +muslin all around. A parachute made of silk or any fine mesh cloth will be +much more lasting, but not quite so buoyant. + +The sling shot is made with a rubber band, some string, and a forked +stick. The greater its propelling power, the more successful will the toy +be. + +Box Furniture + +Instead of using for firewood the boxes in which groceries, etc., are +shipped to camp, have the boys make useful camp furniture from them. Get +the book, "Box Furniture," by Louise Brigham: The Century Co.; price, +$1.50. It tells what to do with boxes, and how to make all sorts of +convenient furniture. + +Camp Clock + +Mark the ground around the camp flag pole with white stones or stones +whitewashed, like a sun dial. The sun's rays will cast the shadow of the +pole so that the time of day may be accurately ascertained. (See +illustration.) In the handbook of the Boy Scouts of America is the +following description for making a Sun dial or Hunter's Clock: "To make a +sun dial prepare a smooth board about 15 inches across, with a circle +divided into 24 equal parts, and a temporarily hinged pointer, whose upper +edge is in the middle of the dial. Place on some dead level solid post or +stump in the open. At night fix the dial so that the 12-o'clock line +points exactly to North, as determined by the North or Pole Star. Then, +using two temporary sighting sticks of exactly the same height (so as to +permit sighting clear above the edge of the board), set the pointer +exactly pointing to the Pole Star, that is, the same angle as the latitude +of the place, and fix it there immovably. Then remove the two sighting +sticks." + +[Illustration: Camp Clock] + + +SUN DIAL OR HUNTER'S CLOCK +Some Quotations to Burn or Paint on the Sun Dial. + +"My face marks the sunny hours, +What can you say of yours." + +"Grow old along with me, +The best is yet to be." + +Translation of motto on Cathedral Sun dial, St. Augustine. +"The hours pass and we are held accountable." + +The illustration shows how to locate the North or Pole Star. + +F. O. Van Ness gives the following directions for making a pair of +moccasins: + +[Illustration: Sioux Moccasin] + +Fig. 1. Place foot on leather or canvas and draw outline of foot. Turn +same and make pattern for other foot. + +Fig. 2. Distance GB equals length of foot plus one inch; distance AC +equals width across instep plus one-half inch; cut DF halfway between B +and G; cut EG halfway between A and C. Cut piece reverse of this for other +moccasin. Place B of Fig. 2 to B of Fig. 1, and sew overhand with wax cord +the edges from B to A and B to C, bringing A and C of Fig. 2 together at A +of Fig. 1. Sew AG to CG. + +Fig. 3 is the tongue and DF of Fig. 3 is sewed to DF of Fig. 2. Cut pairs +of half-inch slits a, b, c, d in Fig. 2, and run lace through. + +Hammock-Making + +For the afternoon "siesta" make a "rough-and-ready" hammock, by taking +apart a flour barrel or sugar barrel, and in the end of each stave bore a +three-quarter inch hole with a heated poker, or bit and auger. Then lace +thin rope (clothes line is good) through the holes. This can be +accomplished easily by noting method of lacing in figure "A." The +stay-blocks "B" should be 12 inches long. Figure "C" shows hammock ready +for use. + +[Illustration: Rough and Ready Hammock] + +A Toboggan + +Get a cheese box. Knock in the end very carefully, so as not to split it, +pull out all the nails and lay it flat, and you have a piece of very thin +board about 4-1/2 feet long and 11 inches wide. Next take a piece of inch +plank of same width as the cheese box, and three feet in length, and to +this fasten the unrolled cheese box by using small lath nails, letting one +end curl up over the plank. To the edge of this protruding piece of cheese +box tack a narrow strip of wood. Tie a heavy cord to its ends, run the +cord through the two hooks screwed into the planks and draw down the end +until it is curved just right. The illustration shows how it is made. + +[Illustration: Home Made Toboggan.] + +Handy Funnel + +[Illustration: A Handy Funnel] + +A funnel may be made by taking an ordinary envelope and cutting off the +part shown in dotted lines as in the illustration. Then clip a little off +the point, open out, and you have an excellent funnel. + +Onion Ink + +Dip a pen in an onion and press until the juice comes; then, with plenty +of juice on the pen, write your message. To read it warm it over the fire, +when the writing will stand out clearly. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +LIST OF BOOKS ON HANDCRAFT AND CONSTRUCTION: + +Field and Forest Handy Book--D. C. Beard. Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00. + +Jack of All Trades--D. C. Beard. Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00. + +The Boy Pioneers--D. C. Beard. Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00 net. + +The Boy Craftsman--A. Neely Hall. Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co., $2.00. + +Woodworking for Beginners--C. G. Wheeler. Putnam and Company, $2.50. + +Amateur Mechanics, Nos. 1 and 2. Popular Mechanics. 25 cents each. How to +Build a Biplane Glider--A. P. Morgan. Spon & Chamberlain, 50 cents net. + +Problems in Furniture Making--Fred D. Crawshaw. Manual Arts Press, $1.20. + +Box Furniture--Louise Brigham. Century Co., $1.60 net. + +The Boys' Book of Model Aeroplanes--Francis A. Collins. Century Co., $1.20 +net. Postage extra. + + + +CHAPTER XXII--HONOR EMBLEMS AND AWARDS + +NON-COMPETITIVE AWARDS +DUDLEY PLAN +"THE ORDER OF THE ADIRONDACK CAMP EAGLE" +"ORDER OF THE PHANTOM SQUARE" +FLAG OF HONOR +"GREEN RAG" SOCIETY +DURRELL AND BECKET PLAN +PROFICIENCY CUP +HALL OF FAME + +Honour is purchased by the deeds we do; +* * * honour is not won, +Until some honourable deed be done. +--Marlowe. + +[Illustration: Camp Dudley Arard] + +Non-Competitive Awards + +Achievement and cooperation based upon altruism, should be the underlying +principles in determining the giving of emblems and awards. To give every +boy an opportunity to do his best to measure up to the camp standard, is +the thing desired in the awarding of emblems. Non-competitive tests are +being recognized as the best lever of uplift and the most effective spur +in arousing the latent ability of boys. The desire to down the other +fellow is the reason for much of the prevailing demoralization of +athletics and competitive games. Prizes should not be confused with +"honors." An honor emblem should be representative of the best gift the +camp can bestow and the recipient should be made to feel its worth. The +emblem cannot be bought, it must be won. + +Dudley Plan + +Camp Dudley has the distinction of introducing the honor system in boys' +camps. Boys pass tests which include rowing, swimming, athletics, mountain +climbing, nature study, carpenter work, manual labor, participation in +entertainments, "unknown" point (unknown to the camp, given secretly to +the boy) and securing the approval of the leaders, in order to win the "C +D." After winning this emblem, the boys try to win the camp pennant, the +tests for which are graded higher. + +Camp Eagle + +"The Order of the Adirondack Camp Eagle" is established at Camp Adirondack +for boys who qualify in the following tests: "Obedience is required to the +few camp rules; promptness is required at the regular bugle +calls--reveille, assembly for exercise, mess call, and tattoo and +taps--and erect posture is required at meals. In addition to this there is +a 'general personal' standard (embracing neatness at meals and courtesy, +etc.). Boys coming up to the standard are initiated into the order and +receive the emblem--the bronze eagle button. Boys who reach an especially +high standard receive the silver eagle. Boys reaching this higher degree +may compete for the golden eagle, the highest camp honor. To obtain this +it is necessary for a boy to swim a hundred yards, do the high dive (about +12 feet), be able to row well and paddle a canoe skillfully, recognize and +name twenty-five trees, and pass a practical examination in other nature +work and in practical camping and woodcraft, and answer questions in +physical training and care of the body along lines covered in camp-fire +talks." + + HONOR EMBLEMS AND AWARDS 281 + +"The Order of the Phantom Square" was organized at the Wisconsin State +Boys' Camp for boys who succeed in qualifying in the tests named below: + +[Illustration: Order of the Phantom Square.] +[Illustration: Phantom Square; Honor Emblem] + +Bronze, Silver and Gold Pins are awarded as follows: +Bronze--60 points, 15 in each division. +Silver--80 points, 20 in each division. +Gold .--100 points, 25 in each division. + +PHYSICAL. 30 POINTS POSSIBLE + +Event A (16-17) B (14-15) C (12-13) Points +*1. Run 100 yd 12 sec. 13 sec. 7.2 sec. (50 yd.) 1 +*2. Run 440 yd 1:13 1:25 1:34 1 +*3. Running Broad Jump 14 ft. 13 ft. 11 ft. 1 +*4. Running High Jump 4 ft. 3 ft. 10 in. 3 ft 6 in. 1 +*5. Shot put 8 lb. 30 ft. 25 ft. 20 ft. 1 +*6. Swim 25 yd 19 sec. 22 sec. 25 sec 1 +*7. Swim on back 25 yd --- --- --- 1 +*8. Swim 100 yd --- --- --- 1 +*9. Dive in acceptable form --- --- --- 1 +*10. Row one mile 4:20 4:25 5:10 1 +*11. Life Saving Test + 70-79; 80-89; 90-100 3-5 ++12. Calisthenic Drill + 8, 11, 14 times 1-3 ++13. Early Plunge in Lake + 8, 11, 14 times 1-3 +*14. Walk 10 miles 2 ++15. Cleanliness 1-5 + + +Social Activity Points +*16. Teach other boys in aquatics, athletics, or mental tests 1-5 +*17. Perform other good turns to individuals 1-5 ++18. Congeniality with camp mates 1-4 ++19. Neatness in care of personal property, tent and table 1-5 ++20. Promptness in responding to bugle calls, signals and camp duties 1-3 +*21. Participating acceptably in evening entertainments 1-5 +*22. Participating acceptably in camp orchestra or glee club 3 + +Mental Test Points +*23. Pass written test in life-saving examination with grade of +70-79, 80-89, or 90-100 3-5 +*24. Name and describe different kinds of trees and birds 1-5 +*25. Name and point out star groups 1-3 +*26. Answer questions on camp-fire talks 1-4 +*27. Read and orally answer questions on "Youth to Manhood" 1-5 +*28. Read and tell story of other acceptable books 1-3 +*29. Compose an acceptable song or yell for camp 5 + +Moral Activity Points +*30. Daily Bible reading with written answers to questions 1-5 ++31. Reverence at Religious exercises 1-3 ++32. Attendance at Church on Sundays during camp 3 ++33. Cheerful and faithful performance of camp duties 1-5 ++34. Extra volunteer service at camp 1-5 ++35. Self-control 1-4 ++36. General conduct and disposition 1-5 + +Tests marked thus (*) are judged by certain leaders delegated for the +purpose. Tests marked thus (+) are judged by all tent leaders for boys in +their tents. + +After a candidate has won the requisite number of points for the first +degree, a unanimous vote of all leaders in council assembled, is +necessary, after which, a solemn ceremony of initiation is conducted. + +The Honor Emblem is given to all who win a total of at least thirty points +covering all the tests. + +Flag of Honor + +Camp Couchiching spirit is developed through the "Flag of Honor," which is +awarded each day to the tent scoring the highest number of points, as +follows: Every boy up and in line at 3 minutes after 7, scores 5 points +for his tent; the morning dip, 5 points; tent inspection, 100 points for +perfect; winning in athletic and aquatic meet, 25 points; second, 20; +third, 15; fourth, 10; and fifth, 5. On a winning baseball team, 5 points +and amateur stunt, 10 points. + +Green Rag Society + +Camp Eberhart has the following elaborate plan: The camp emblem itself +represents the first degree and the camper must be in camp for one full +week before he can wear it. The emblem is a brown triangle with a large E +placed upon it with a green background. A green bar is added for each year +spent in camp. The second, third and fourth degrees are indicated by a +small green star, to be placed at the points of the triangle, beginning at +the lowest point, then the upper left, then the upper right. The second +degree will be awarded by the first star, the third degree by the second +star, also entitling the winner to membership in the "Brown Rag" Society. +The fourth degree will be awarded by the third star and the winner be +entitled to membership in the "Green Rag" Society. + +Membership in the "Green Rag" Society is the highest honor the camp can +bestow. The following are the requirements for the higher degrees. + +REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SECOND DEGREE. +1. To catch a one-pound fish from Corey Lake. +2. To catch a one-pound fish from any other lake while at camp. +3. To row a boat (passing the rowing test). +4. To be able to swim 50 yards. +5. To be able to walk one mile in 11 minutes. +6. To be able to run 100 yards in 14 seconds. +7. To be able to start three consecutive fires with three consecutive +matches in the woods, with fuel found in the woods; one of the fires to be +built in a damp place. If one fire fails, the entire test must be +repeated. +8. To bring in mounted five different butterflies. +9. To bring in mounted five different moths. +10. To bring in mounted five different beetles. +11. To collect and press 25 different wild flowers. +12. To jump 6 feet in standing broad jump. + +REQUIREMENTS FOR THE THIRD DEGREE. +1. To be able to start a fire with a fire drill, the fuel and material + used to be found in the woods. +2. To be able to tell the correct time by the sun at least twice a day. +3. To be able to swim 200 yards. +4. To be able to row a boat one mile in ten minutes. +5. To measure the correct height of a tree without climbing it. +6. To be able to tie and untie eight different standard knots. +7. To catch a two-pound fish. +8. To be able to know and name fifteen different trees in the woods. +9. To be able to perform on a stunt night acceptably. +10. To be able to know and name 25 different birds as seen around the camp. +11. To lead in the Evening Devotions at least twice. +12. To run 100 yards in 13 seconds. + +REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FOURTH DEGREE, +1. To catch a three-pound fish. +2. To be able to run 100 yards in 11 seconds. +3. To be able to run 100 yards in 12 seconds. +4. To conduct Evening Devotions. +5. To teach one boy how to swim (test one hundred feet). +6. To influence one boy into the Christian life. +7. To know and to name 25 different trees as found in the woods. +8. To be able to make twelve standard knots in a rope. +9. To conquer one bad habits while at camp. +10. To accomplish at least one definite piece of service as prescribed + by the camp. +11. To become a member of the camp council. +12. To be able to jump 16 feet in the running broad Jump. + +The tests in Camps Durrell and Becket are based upon Baden-Powell's book, +"Scouting for Boys," and have proven very successful. They are as follows: + + HONOR EMBLEMS AND A WARDS 285 + +HONOR PLAN +DISCIPLINE. +1. Doing camp duty promptly, efficiently and cheerfully. (5 points) +2. Participating promptly in preparing tents, baggage and beds for + Inspection. (4 points.) +3. Loyalty to captain in all games. (5 points.) + +OBSERVATION. +1. Observe the ways of birds, animals and people and jot down a sketch + of them in a notebook. +(3 points.) +2. Take a walk and upon return to the camp write upon the following + six subjects. +(a) Nature of by-ways of paths. +(b) Different kinds of trees you noticed. +(c) People you met. +(d) Peculiar smells of plants. +(e) Kind of fences you saw. +(f) Sounds you heard. (3 points.) +3. Observe sanitary and hygienic disorder and correct the same. + (5 points.) +4. After the reading aloud of a story write an account of it. (3 points.) + +WOODCRAFT. +1. Observe the tracks of birds and animals and distinguish them. + (2 points.) +2. Identify fifteen birds, or fifteen trees, or fifteen flowers, or + fifteen minerals. (2 points.) +3. Tie a square knot, a weaver's knot, a slip knot, a flemish coop, a + bowline, a half, timber clove, boom hitches, stevedore and wall end + knots, blackwall and catspaw turn and hitch hook hitches. (2 points.) +4. Make a "star" fire and cook a meal upon it for the boys of your tent. + (3 points.) +5. Find the south at any time of day by the sun with the aid of a watch. + (1 point.) +6. Estimate the distance across water. (1 point.) +7. Judge the time of day by the sun. (1 point.) +8. Read the signs of the weather by the sun, wind and clouds. (2 points.) +9. Make something useful for the camp. (5 points.) + +HEALTH. +1. Promptness, erect carriage and earnestness in setting up drill. + (3 points.) +2. Gain made in physical development during the time in camp. (2 points.) +3. Essay upon the camp-fire talks on "Personal Hygiene." (3 points.) +4. Care of tent, clothing and baggage, in dry and wet weather. (3 points.) +5. Cleanliness of person. (3 points). +6. Proper eating at meals. (5 points.) +7. Win first place in the athletic or aquatic events. (2 points.) + +CHIVALRY. (Among the laws of the Knights was this: "Chivalry requireth +that youth should be trained to perform the most laborious and humble +offices with cheerfulness and grace: and to do good unto others.") +1. Do a good turn to somebody every day. (3 points.) +2. Control tongue and temper. (5 points.) +3. Participate in some entertainment. (2 points.) +4. Secure the approval of the leaders. (2 points.) +5. Promptness in attending Chapel services. (2 points.) + +SAVING LIFE. +1. Be able to swim fifty yards and return without stopping. (1 point.) +2. Pass the examinations in Life Saving and First Aid Work by written + and demonstration work. (5 points.) +3. Row from wharf to a given point and back in a given time. (1 point.) + +PATRIOTISM. +1. Respect for the United States flag at raising and colors. (5 points.) +2. Memorize "America" and "Star Spangled Banner," (1 point.) +3. Write an essay explaining the plan of governing your own town and city. + (2 points.) +4. Write in your own words what you think citizenship means. (2 points.) +5. Describe upon paper some historic spot or building near your home + and its connection with the making of America. (1 point.) + +NOTE.--Each boy must win 90 points out of a possible 100 to secure the +honor emblem. Leaders will be appointed to take charge of the different +tests, to whom the boys will report when they qualify in the tests and +receive their points. The final decision in the giving of the honor emblem +is made at a full meeting of the Camp Council. + +The honor emblem consists of a white "swastika" [1] cross with garnet felt +D for Durrell and B for Becket. Boys who fail to secure the emblem in one +season are credited with points which hold good the next season. The Honor +Pennant is awarded only to those who render special service to the camp. + +[Illustration: Honor Camp Leader] + +The camp emblem is a garnet solid triangle with the initial of the camp in +white felt upon it. A white bar placed above the triangle represents the +attendance, one bar is given for each year. The Senior leader's emblem is +a white felt disc with a garnet felt triangle, and the Junior leader's +emblem, a garnet felt disc with a white felt triangle. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: The swastika is an ancient religious symbol, a +Greek cross with the ends of the arms bent at right angles. It was adopted +by the Nazi party under Adolf Hitler in 1935. This book was written 22 +years earlier.] + +Campers will find enough suggestions in these outlines to develop systems +of their own which will help in the all-round development of the boy. + +Camp Kineo Cup + +Some camps prefer the awarding of what may be called "proficiency cups." +At Camp Kineo a silver cup is awarded to the boy in each division who is +the best all-round fellow, considering manly qualities, loyalty to camp, +deportment, behavior under all conditions, skill in athletics, aquatics, +tennis, baseball, and all other sports, self-control, temperament, +popularity with boys and good standing with councilors. The judges are the +Director and Camp Council, whose decision counts for 60 per cent toward +the final award, the boys not competing deciding the other 40 per cent +toward the final award. + +Hall of Fame + +At Camp Wildmere there is a "Hall of Fame." Votes are taken for the most +respected leader and the most respected boy, the most popular leader and +boy; the boy who has done the most for the camp and the boys; the most +courteous boy, neatest boy, best-built boy, brightest boy, favorite in +games; neatest in tent; best all-round camper; boy who talks least about +himself; the one with the best table manners; the quietest boy, most +generous boy, handsomest boy, best-natured boy and the camp humorist. + +[Illustration: Striking the Colors] + + + +CHAPTER XXIII--PACKING UP + +THE LAST NIGHT +PACKING UP +INSTRUCTIONS TO LEADERS +THE LAST WORD + +Farewell, wild hearth where many logs have burned; + Among your stones the fireweed may grow. +The brant[1] are flown, the maple-leaves have turned, + The goldenrod is brown--and we must go. +-Arthur Guiterman. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: brant: Dark wild goose of the Arctic having +a black neck and head.] + +The Last Night + +The last night in a boys' camp should be the best of all the nights. It is +usually a night of reminiscence. Around the camp fire or log fire in the +"Lodge," all the campers gather and rehearse the good times of the days +that have passed all too quickly--those days of close intimacy of tent +life, where boys of different tastes, temperaments and dispositions were +thrown together, where life's great lessons of give and take were learned +and where character was put to the test! Friendships have been formed +which will last through life. The same group of fellows will never come +together again. The director, perhaps as no other person, realizes the +importance of making this night one of permanent impression, and his +"good-by" talk to the fellows will reiterate the "why" of camping and +emphasize the taking home of the spirit of good which has prevailed and +the making it count for the best things in home, school, factory and +church life of those boys who enjoyed the benefits of the camp. + +All the favorite songs of the camp are sung, the leaders make "speeches," +and the boys have an opportunity of telling what camp life has done for +them. As the fire dies down the bugler off in the distance plays "God Be +With You Till We Meet Again"; silence--and then "taps." + +Packing Up + +There is just as much need of system and care in breaking camp and packing +up, as in opening camp. Chas. R. Scott at Camp Wawayanda issues to each +leader the following letter of instructions, which may be of help to those +in charge of large camps. + +LETTER OF INSTRUCTION TO LEADERS + +DEAR FRIEND--Will you kindly help me break camp by carrying out the +following instructions: + +1. Have all your boys return all books to the librarian not later than +Thursday morning, and tools to the shop by the same time. + +2. Encourage your helpers to loosen the side walls of tent early Friday +morning, if clear, and fasten guy ropes so that canvas will dry if damp. + +3. Take out all the pegs which fasten the side walls, clean off dirt and +place in boxes at boat house. + +4. Take down the board in your tent, take out all nails; straighten them +and place in proper boxes in shop. Then take board to the boat house. +Leave the rope over the ridge pole untied. + +5. Take out all nails and screws in the upright poles of your tent and +bunks, and place in boxes in shop. + +6. Empty the oil and clean lantern and return to the boat house. Take +bunks to the lodge and let us know the condition of each. + +7. See that all paper and old things in and around the tent are picked up +and placed on the fire for that purpose. + +8. After Bible study we will take down all tents. We should like you to +delegate one fellow to each upright pole, one to each of the four corner +guy ropes, and then follow instructions as the bugle blows. + +9. Take all rope on the trees to headquarters. + +10. Kindly answer the following questions regarding your tent: + a. Are all the poles properly marked with tent number? + b. Does tent leak? If so, where? + c. Is the ridge pole in good condition? + d. Does front and rear of tent close securely? + e. Does it need new fasteners for tying up? + +Anything else you have noticed during the time you have been in the tent; +please make a memorandum of same on back of this sheet. + +11. Return camp keys, if you have them, to headquarters before leaving. + +We would be pleased to have you write on the back of this sheet any +suggestions you have for the improvement of camp for next season. Thanking +you personally for your help and trusting to have your cooperation and +that of your boys until the close of camp, I remain, Sincerely yours, + +Last Words + +The day before camp breaks, each boy should pack his trunk or box neatly, +leaving at the top the things needed to make the homeward journey, with +room for his blankets. If the packing is left until the last day, +confusion will result and temper be sorely tried. + +Permanent buildings should be securely safeguarded against the severity of +the winter and the breaking in of thieves. All kitchen utensils should be +thoroughly cleaned and dried. If they are put away moist rust will eat +holes. Give the stove a good coat of old grease and cover with burlap or +old canvas. Hang the tents in bags where the squirrels and rats cannot get +at them. When camp is closed it should be in such condition that it would +require but a few hours to reopen and make ready for the next outing. + + +Index. + +Advance Party. +Aeroplanes. +Agriculture. +Aquatic Sports. +Archery. +Athletic Events and Awards. +Athletic Grouping. + +Bacon. +Bandages. +Bank. +Barometer, Homemade. +Barometers, Plant. +Baseball League. +Baseball, Water. +Basket Ball, Water. +Beds. +Bible Study. +Bites and Stings. +Blanket Roll. +Bleeding. +Boats and Boat Building. +Books, Rainy Day. +Bow and Arrows. +Box Furniture. +Box Trunk. +Broken Bone. +Bruises and Burns. +Buildings. + +Camp, Plan of. +Cleaning. +Location of. +Camp Fire. +Camping, Arguments for. +Canoe Tag. +Chapel. +Character Building. +Check List. +Chills. +Choking. +Circle Jumping. +Clothing. +Clouds. +Cocoa. +Coffee. +Colds. +Commissary Blank. +Cooks. +Council. +Cramps. +Cups, Drinking. +Cuts. + +Departments. +Digestion, Time of. +Director. +Dirt. +Discipline. +Dish Washing. +Dislocation. +Drains. +Dramas, Outdoor. +Drowning, Rescue from. + +Eggs. +Egg Test. +Earache. +Evening Program. +Eyes. +Fainting. +Fee. + +Field Glasses. +Fireplace. +First Aid. +Fish (Receipts). +Fish, Study of. +Flag Raising and Striking. +Food Charts. +Food, How to Buy. +Forestry. +Frog's Legs. +Funnel. + +Games and Stunts, Indoor. +Games, Outdoor. +Games, Their Purpose. +Garbage. +German Bowling. +Grace at Meals. +Green Rag Society. +Griddle Cakes. +Grocery List. + +Hall of Fame. +Hammocks. +Hands. +Hand Wrestling. +Handy Devices. +Hanger. +Headache. +Health Board. +Health Charts. +Health Maxims. +Health Talks. +Herbarium. +Hiccough. +Honor Awards. +Honor Cup. +Honor Flag. +Honor Plan. +Hospital Tent. +"How Men Found the Great Spirit". + +Indian and White Man. +Ink, Onion. +Inspection. +Internal Organs. + +Jumping Standards. + +Kites. + +Lamps. +Lantern Talks. + +Leaders or Counsellor. + Blanks for. + Letter to. + Opportunities of. + Pay of. + Suggestions to. + +Lean-to. +Library. +Life Saving. + +Map Reading. +Matches, Lighting. +Measuring Device. +Medical Stores. +Mending Pots. +Menu (for hike). +Menus. +Moccasins. +Moral. +Morning Hymn. +Mottoes. +Music. + +Nature Study. +Nature Study Equipment. +Nature Study Walks. +Nature Talks. +Nose. +Novel Bonfire. + +Old Clothes Race. +Order of Day. +Organization Chart. + +Packing Up. +Packs. +Pain and Pain Chart. +Paper (Camp Journal). +Parachute. +Peanut Relay Race. +Phantom Square. +Photography. +Physical Record Blanks. +Physical Types, Average. +Poison Ivy. +Potatoes. +Pulse. +Pyrography. + +Ration List. +Records. +Religious Life. +Resuscitation. +Roast Corn. +Rooster Fight. +Rough-house. +Rover, All Come over. +Rusty Nail. + +Scoutcraft. +Scout Law. +Self Government. +Serving. +Shipping. +Shoes. +Shoot the Chutes. +Sleep. +Sore Throat. +Soup. +Stories. +Story, A Good Example of. +Stretcher. +Stunned. +Steward. +Stomachache. +Sun Dial and Camp Clock. +Sun Glass. +Sunday. +Sunday Talks. +Sunstroke. +Surgical Supplies. +Surveying. +Swamps. +Swimming and Bathing. + +Table and Kitchen Ware. +Table Etiquette. +Tables and Seats. +Take-off. +Talks, to Individuals. +To groups, evening. +To groups, Sunday. +Taps. +Tattoo. +Teeth. +Tents, Arrangement of. +Tents and Teepees. +Tether Ball. +Thatching. +Thermometer, Clinical. +Tilting. +Toboggans. +Toilets. +Tongue. +Tutoring. +Tramper's Advice. +Typhoid. + +Volley Ball. + +Vreeland Press. + +Waste Barrels. +Water Supply. +Weather Bureau. +Weather Forecast. +Weather Signals, U. S. Bureau. +Weights and Measures, Table. +Whale Hunt. +Whistle Signal. +Whittier's Club. +Wigwag Code and Rules. +Winds. +Wolf. +Work, Assignment of. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Camping For Boys, by H.W. Gibson + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14759 *** diff --git a/14759-doc.doc b/14759-doc.doc Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cde4221 --- /dev/null +++ b/14759-doc.doc diff --git a/14759-doc.zip b/14759-doc.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd9080b --- /dev/null +++ b/14759-doc.zip diff --git a/14759-pdf.pdf b/14759-pdf.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e5b0ea7 --- /dev/null +++ b/14759-pdf.pdf diff --git a/14759-pdf.zip b/14759-pdf.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c68fa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/14759-pdf.zip diff --git a/14759.txt b/14759.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c3e6cf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/14759.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8813 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Camping For Boys, by H.W. Gibson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Camping For Boys + +Author: H.W. Gibson + +Release Date: January 22, 2005 [EBook #14759] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAMPING FOR BOYS *** + + + + +Produced by Don Kostuch + + + + + +Transcriber's Notes. + +This book shows a world where character and morality are prized. The goal +of camp is not just to get the boys out the parents' hair, but to +encourage good character and citizenship. Camp leaders are enticed by the +contribution they can make to the boys' futures and are selected (or +rejected) based on their own moral virtues. + +There are many practical suggestions for safety and comfort aside from the +absence of modern materials and conveniences, like nylon and gas stoves. + +Medical advice given in the book is from 1913 and may be unhelpful, often +contradicts current practice and involves unsafe or now illegal +substances. + +The approximate conversion for prices is 20 to 1, $1 in 1913 is about $20 +in 2004. + +[Illustration: Photograph by Joseph Legg] + +The Heart of the Camp + +Have you smelled wood smoke at twilight? +Have you heard the birch log burning? +Are you quick to read the noises of the night? +You must follow with the others for the young men's feet are turning +To the camps of proved desire and known delight. + +From Kipling's "Feet of the Young Men." + + +CAMPING FOR BOYS +H. W. GIBSON + + +ASSOCIATION PRESS +NEW YORK +1913 + + +Copyright, 1911, by the +INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS + + +TO +THE THOUSAND AND MORE BOYS WHO HAVE BEEN MY CAMP MATES IN CAMPS SHAND, +DURRELL AND BECKET + +CONTENTS + +Foreword +General Bibliography +I. The Purpose of Camping +II. Leadership; Bibliography (See General Bibliography) +III. Location and Sanitation; Bibliography +IV. Camp Equipment +V. Personal Check List or Inventory +VI. Organization, Administration and Discipline +VII. The Day's Program; Bibliography +VIII. Moral and Religious Life; Bibliography +IX. Food +X. The Camp Fire; Bibliography +XI. Tramps, Hikes and Overnight Trips +XII. Cooking on Hikes; Bibliography +XIII. Health and Hygiene; Bibliography +XIV. Simple Remedies +XV. First Aid +XVI. Personal Hygiene +XVII. Athletics, Campus Games, Aquatics, Water Sports; Bibliography +XVIII. Nature Study; Bibliography +XIX. Forecasting the Weather; Bibliography +XX. Rainy Day Games; Bibliography +XXI. Educational Activities; Bibliography +XXII. Honor, Emblems and Awards +XXIII. Packing Up +Index. + + +FOREWORD + +The author has conducted boys' camps for twenty-three years, so that he is +not without experience in the subject. To share with others this +experience has been his aim in writing the book. The various chapters have +been worked out from a practical viewpoint, the desire being to make a +handbook of suggestions for those in charge of camps for boys and for boys +who go camping, rather than a theoretical treatise upon the general +subject. + +Thanks are due to E. M. Robinson, Dr. Elias G. Brown, Charles R. Scott, +Irving G. MacColl, J. A. Van Dis, Taylor Statten, W. H. Wones, H. C. +Beckman, W. H. Burger, H. M. Burr, A. B. Wegener, A. D. Murray, and H. M. +Allen, for valuable suggestions and ideas incorporated in many chapters. + +Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following publishers for permission +to quote from the books mentioned in the bibliography--Charles Scribner's +Sons, Harper Brothers, Outing Publishing Company, Baker & Taylor Company, +Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company, Penn Publishing Company, Doubleday, Page & +Company, Hinds, Noble & Eldredge, Ginn & Company, Sunday School Times +Company, G. P. Putnam's Sons, Little, Brown & Company, Moffat, Yard & +Company, Houghton, Mifflin Company, Sturgis & Walton, Funk & Wagnall's +Company, The Manual Arts Press, Frederick Warne & Company, Review and +Herald Publishing Company, Health-Education League, Pacific Press +Publishing Company. + +Every leader, before going to camp, should read some book upon boy life, +in order, not only that he may refresh his memory regarding his own +boyhood days, but that he may also the more intelligently fit himself for +the responsibility of leadership. The following books, or similar ones, +may be found in any well-equipped library. + +If this book will help some man to be of greater service to boys, as well +as to inspire boys to live the noble life which God's great out-of-doors +teaches, the author will feel amply repaid for his labor. Boston, Mass., +April, 1911. + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY. + +Boy-Life and Self Government--Fiske. Association Press, $1.00. +Boy-Training--Symposium. Association Press, $1.00. +Youth--Hall. Appleton and Company, $1.50. +Winning the Boy--Merrill. Revell and Company, $0.75. +The Boy Problem--Forbush. Pilgrim Press, $1.00. +Up Though Childhood--Hubbell. Putnam and Company, $1.25. +Growth and Education--Tyler. Houghton, Mifflin Company, $1.50. + + +SUGGESTIVE ARTICLES ON "CAMPING" IN "ASSOCIATION BOYS"; + +A Course in Camping--Edgar M. Robinson. Feb., 1902. +The Sanitary Care of a Boys' Camp--Elias G. Brown, M.D. + April and June, 1902. +Seventeen Seasons in One Boys' Camp--G. G. Peck. April. 1902. +Association Boys' Camps--Edgar M. Robinson. June, 1902. +Following Up Camp--Editorial. October, 1902. +What Men Think of Camp--Edgar M. Robinson. June, 1903. +Fun Making at Camp--C.B. Harton. June. 1903. +Educational Possibilities at Camp--F. P. Speare. June, 1903. +Bible Study at Camp--Raymond P. Kaighn. June, 1903. +Simple Remedies at Camp--Elias G. Brown, M.D. June, 1903. +Tuxis System--H.L. Smith. April, 1904. +Life at Camp Dudley--Raymond P. Kaighn. June, 1905. +Life-Saving Crew--F.H.T. Ritchie. June. 1905. +Summer Camps--Frank Streightoff. June, 1905. +Wawayanda Camp--Chas. R. Scott. June. 1907. +Objectives in Camps for Boys--Walter M. Wood. June, 1907. + + + +CHAPTER I THE PURPOSE OF CAMPING + +VACATION TIME +NEED OF OUTDOOR LIFE +PURPOSE OF CAMPING +"TOO MUCH HOUSE" +A QUERY +APOSTLES OF OUTDOOR LIFE +HEEDING NATURE'S CALL +CHARACTER BUILDING +CAMP MOTTOES +"ROUGH-HOUSE" +CAMPS +BOY SCOUTS +INFLUENCE OF CAMP LIFE + +It is great fun to live in the glorious open air, fragrant with the smell +of the woods and flowers; it is fun to swim and fish and hike it over the +hills; it is fun to sit about the open fire and spin yarns, or watch in +silence the glowing embers; but the greatest fun of all is to win the love +and confidence of some boy who has been a trouble to himself and everybody +else, and help him to become a man.--H. M. Burr. + +The summer time is a period of moral deterioration with most boys. Free +from restraint of school and many times of home, boys wander during the +vacation time into paths of wrongdoing largely because of a lack of +directed play life and a natural outlet for the expenditure of their +surplus energy. The vacation problem therefore becomes a serious one for +both the boy and his parent. Camping offers a solution. + +The Need + +"A boy in the process of growing needs the outdoors. He needs room and +range. He needs the tonic of the hills, the woods and streams. He needs to +walk under the great sky, and commune with the stars. He needs to place +himself where nature can speak to him. He ought to get close to the soil. +He ought to be toughened by sun and wind, rain and cold. Nothing can take +the place, for the boy, of stout physique, robust health, good blood, firm +muscles, sound nerves, for these are the conditions of character and +efficiency. The early teens are the most important years for the boy +physically... Through the ages of thirteen and fifteen the more he can be +in the open, free from social engagements and from continuous labor or +study, the better. He should fish, swim, row and sail, roam the woods and +the waters, get plenty of vigorous action, have interesting, healthful +things to think about."--Prof. C. W. Votaw. + +The Purpose + +This is the real purpose of camping--"something to do, something to think +about, something to enjoy in the woods, with a view always to +character-building"--this is the way Ernest Thompson-Seton, that master +wood-craftsman, puts it. Character building! What a great objective! It +challenges the best that is in a man or boy. Camping is an experience, not +an institution. It is an experience which every live, full-blooded, +growing boy longs for, and happy the day of his realization. At the first +sign of spring, back yards blossom forth with tents of endless variety. To +sleep out, to cook food, to search for nature's fascinating secrets, to +make things--all are but the expression of that instinct for freedom of +living in the great out-of-doors which God created within him. + +Too Much House + +"Too much house," says Jacob Riis; "Civilization has been making of the +world a hothouse. Man's instinct of self-preservation rebels; hence the +appeal for the return to the simple life that is growing loud." Boys need +to get away from the schoolroom and books, and may I say the martyrdom of +examinations, high marks, promotions and exhibitions! Medical examinations +of school children reveal some startling facts. Why should boys suffer +from nerves? Are we sacrificing bodily vigor for abnormal intellectual +growth? Have we been fighting against instead of cooperating with nature? + +The tide is turning, however, and the people are living more and more in +the open. Apostles of outdoor life like Henry D. Thoreau, John Burroughs, +William Hamilton Gibson, Howard Henderson, Ernest Thompson-Seton, Frank +Beard, Horace Kephart, Edward Breck, Charles Stedman Hanks, Stewart Edward +White, "Nessmuck," W. C. Gray, and a host of others, have, through their +writings, arrested the thought of busy people long enough to have them see +the error of their ways and are bringing them to repentance. + +Camps for boys are springing up like mushrooms. Literally thousands of +boys who have heretofore wasted the glorious summer time loafing on the +city streets, or as disastrously at summer hotels or amusement places, are +now living during the vacation time under nature's canopy of blue with +only enough covering for protection from rain and wind, and absorbing +through the pores of their body that vitality which only pure air, +sunshine, long hours of sleep, wholesome food, and reasonable discipline +can supply. + +Character Building + +In reading over scores of booklets and prospectuses of camps for boys, one +is impressed with their unanimity of purpose--that of character building. +These are a few quotations taken from a variety of camp booklets: + +"The object of the camp is healthful recreation without temptation." + +"A camp where boys live close to nature, give themselves up to play, +acquire skill in sports, eat plenty of wholesome food, and sleep long +hours ... and are taught high ideals for their own lives." + +"To give boys a delightful summer outing under favorable conditions, and +to give them every opportunity to become familiar with camp life in all +its phases. We believe this contributes much to the upbuilding of a boy's +character and enables him to get out of life much enjoyment that would not +otherwise be possible." + +"A place where older boys, boys of the restless age, may live a happy, +carefree, outdoor life, free from the artificialities and pernicious +influences of the larger cities"; a place where "all the cravings of a +real boy are satisfied"; a place "where constant association with +agreeable companions and the influence of well-bred college men in a clean +and healthy moral atmosphere make for noble manhood; a place where +athletic sports harden the muscles, tan the skin, broaden the shoulders, +brighten the eye, and send each lad back to his school work in the fall as +brown as a berry and as hard as nails." + +"A camp of ideals, not a summer hotel nor a supplanter of the home. The +principal reason for its existence is the providing of a safe place for +parents to send their boys during the summer vacation, where, under the +leadership of Christian men, they may be developed physically, mentally, +socially, and morally." + +Whether the camp is conducted under church, settlement, Young Men's +Christian Association, or private auspices, the prime purpose of its +existence should be that of character building. + +"Because of natural, physical, social, educational, moral, and religious +conditions, the boy is taught those underlying principles which determine +character. The harder things a boy does or endures, the stronger man he +will become; the more unselfish and noble things he does, the better man +he will become." + +No Rough-house + +The day of the extreme "rough-house" camp has passed. Boys have discovered +that real fun does not mean hurting or discomforting others, but consists +in making others happy. The boy who gets the most out of camp is the boy +who puts the most into camp. + +Mottoes + +Many camps build their program of camp activities around a motto +such as +"Each for All, and All for Each," +"Help the Other Fellow," +"Do Your Best," +"Nothing Without Labor," +"A Gentleman Always," and +"I Can and I Will." + +Scout Law + +Endurance, self-control, self-reliance, and unselfishness are taught the +"Boy Scouts" through what is called the "Scout Law." + +(1) A Scout's honor is to be trusted; +(2) Be loyal; +(3) Do a good turn to somebody every day; +(4) Be a friend to all; +(5) Be courteous; +(6) Be a friend to animals; +(7) Be obedient; +(8) Be cheerful; +(9) Be thrifty. + +All these are valuable, because they contribute to the making of +character. + +In the conduct of a boys' camp there must be a definite clear-cut purpose +if satisfactory results are to be obtained. A go-as-you-please or +do-as-you please camp will soon become a place of harm and moral +deterioration. + +Results + +Camping should give to the boy that self-reliance which is so essential in +the making of a life, that faith in others which is the foundation of +society, that spirit of altruism which will make him want to be of service +in helping other fellows, that consciousness of God as evidenced in His +handiwork which will give him a basis of morality, enduring and +reasonable, and a spirit of reverence for things sacred and eternal. He +ought to have a better appreciation of his home after a season away from +what should be to him the sweetest place on earth. + + + +CHAPTER II--LEADERSHIP + +THE DIRECTOR +ASSISTANT LEADERS +THE TERM LEADER +HOW TO GET LEADERS +VARIETY OF TALENT +SUGGESTIONS TO LEADERS +OPPORTUNITY OF LEADERSHIP + +The success or failure of a boys' camp depends upon leadership rather than +upon equipment. Boys are influenced by example rather than by precept. A +boys' camp is largely built around a strong personality. Solve the problem +of leadership, and you solve the greatest problem of camping. + +The Director + +No matter how large or how small the camp, there must be one who is in +absolute control. He may be known as the director, superintendent, or +leader. His word is final. He should be a man of executive ability and +good common sense. He should have a keen appreciation of justice. A desire +to be the friend and counsellor of every boy must always govern his +action. He will always have the interest and welfare of every individual +boy at heart, realizing that parents have literally turned over to his +care and keeping, for the time being, the bodies and souls of their boys. +To be respected should be his aim. Too often the desire to be popular +leads to failure. + +Leaders + +Aim to secure as assistant leaders or counsellors young men of +unquestioned character and moral leadership, college men if possible, men +of culture and refinement, who are good athletes, and who understand boy +life. + +"They should be strong and sympathetic, companionable men. Too much care +cannot be exercised in choosing assistants. Beware of effeminate men, men +who are morbid in sex matters. An alert leader can spot a 'crooked' man by +his actions, his glances, and by his choice of favorites. Deal with a man +of this type firmly, promptly, and quietly. Let him suddenly be 'called +home by circumstances which he could not control.'" The leader must have +the loyalty of his assistants. They should receive their rank from the +leader, and this rank should be recognized by the entire camp. The highest +ranking leader present at any time should have authority over the party. + +In a boys' camp I prefer the term "leader" to that of "counsellor." It is +more natural for a boy to follow a leader than to listen to wise +counsellors. "Come on, fellows, let's--" meets with hearty response. +"Boys, do this," is an entirely different thing. Leaders should hold +frequent councils regarding the life of the camp and share in determining +its policy. + +The most fruitful source of supply of leaders should be the colleges and +preparatory schools. No vacation can be so profitably spent as that given +over to the leadership of boy life. Here is a form of altruistic service +which should appeal to purposeful college men. Older high school boys who +have been campers make excellent leaders of younger boys. A leader should +always receive some remuneration for his services, either carfare and +board or a fixed sum of money definitely agreed upon beforehand. The pay +should never be so large that he will look upon his position as a "job." +Never cover service with the blinding attractiveness of money. The chief +purpose of pay should be to help deepen the sense of responsibility, and +prevent laxness and indifference, as well as to gain the services of those +who must earn something. + +Do not take a man as leader simply because he has certificates of +recommendation. Know him personally. Find out what he is capable of doing. +The following blank I use in securing information: + +Leader's Information Blank, Camps Durrell and Becket +Name +Address +College or school +Class of +Do you sing? What part (tenor or bass)? +Do you swim? +Do you play baseball? What position? +Do you play an instrument? What? +Will you bring it (unless piano) and music to camp? +Have you won any athletic or aquatic events? What? +Will you bring your school or college pennant with you? +Have you ever taken part in minstrel show, dramatics, or any kind +of entertainment; if so, what? +What is your hobby? (If tennis, baseball, swimming, nature study, +hiking, photography, athletics, etc., whatever it is, kindly tell +about it in order to help in planning the camp activities.) + +[Illustration: A Leader's Pulpit--Sunday Morning in the +"Chapel-by-the-Lake"--Camp Becket.] + +Leaders should not be chosen in order to secure a baseball team, or an +athletic team. Select men of diverse gifts. One should know something +about nature study, another about manual training, another a good +story-teller, another a good athlete or baseball player, another a good +swimmer, another a musician, etc. Always remember, however, that the chief +qualification should be moral worth. + +Before camp opens it is a wise plan to send each leader a letter +explaining in detail the purpose and program of the camp. A letter like +the following is sent to the leaders of Camps Durrell and Becket. + +SUGGESTIONS TO CAMP LEADERS. +READ AND RE-READ. + +The success of a boys' camp depends upon the hearty cooperation of each +leader with the superintendent. The boys will imitate you. A smile is +always better than a frown. "Kicking" in the presence of boys breeds +discontent. Loyalty to the camp and its management is absolutely necessary +if there is to be harmony in the camp life. + +Personal + +Your personal life will either be a blessing or a hindrance to the boys in +your tent. Study each boy in your tent. Win his confidence. Determine to +do your best in being a genuine friend of each boy. Remember in prayer +daily each boy and your fellow leaders. Emphasize the camp motto, "Each +for all, and all for each." Study the "tests" on pages 8 and 9 of the +booklets, and be helpful to the boys in your tent who are ambitious to +improve and win the honor emblems. + +Tents + +Neatness and cleanliness must be the watchword of each tent. Sweets draw +ants. Decayed material breeds disease. Insist upon the observance of +sanitary rules. + +It is unwise to have all the boys from one town or city in one tent. The +tendency is to form clans, which destroy camp spirit. Get the fellows +together the first thing and choose a tent name and tent yells. + +Appoint a boy who will be responsible for the boys and the tent when you +are not present. + +Too much attention cannot be given to the matter of ventilation. When it +rains, use a forked stick to hold the flaps open in the form of a diamond. +In clear weather, tie one flap back at each end (flap toward the feet), +allowing a free draft of air at all times. On rainy days encourage the +boys to spend their time in the pavillion. Whenever possible, insist upon +tent and blankets being thoroughly aired each morning. + +Three inspectors will be appointed for each day; fifteen minutes' notice +will be given and boys will not be allowed in or around their tents during +the period of inspection. Leaders may suggest but not participate in +arranging the tent. + +The Honor Banner is to be given to the tent showing the best condition and +held as long as marks are highest. + +Swimming + +The U. S. V. L. S. C.[1] crews' in boats will patrol whenever the boys are +in swimming, and the leader of swimming must give the signal before boys +go into the water. Boys who cannot swim should be encouraged to learn. The +morning dip must be a dip and not a swim. + +[Transcriber's Note 1: United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps.] + +Boats + +No boats are to be taken unless an order has been issued by the tent +leader (or by the superintendent). The man at the wharf always has power +to veto orders at his discretion. + +Order of Day + +It is the leader's part to see that the order of the day is carried out +and on time, including the setting up drill. (See Camp Booklet.) "Follow +the leader" is an old game which is still influencing boys. + +Work + +Three tents and their leaders are responsible for the work at camp, and +will be expected to report to the assistant superintendent after breakfast +for assignment of work. These tents are changed each day, so that the boys +and leaders come on duty only one day in seven. + +Each tent is under its respective leader in doing the following work: + +Tent 1. Sanitary work, such as policing the campus, emptying garbage cans, +sweeping the pavillion, disinfecting, etc. + +Tent 2. Preparing vegetables for the cook, drying dishes, pots, pans, +cleaning up the kitchen, piazza, etc. + +Tent 3. Cleaning the boats, supplying wood for the kitchen, putting ice in +the refrigerator, etc. + +The next day tents 4, 5 and 6 will come on duty, and so on until each tent +has been on duty during the week. + +Leaders for the day will call the squad together after breakfast and +explain the day's plans. Encourage the boys to do this work cheerfully. +Lead, do not drive the boys when working. Not more than three hours should +be consumed in camp work. + +Sports and Pastimes + +Bring rule books on athletics. Study up group games. Bring any old clothes +for costumes; tambourines and bones for minstrel show, grease paint, and +burnt cork--in fact, anything that you think will add to the fun of the +camp. Good stories and jokes are always in demand. Bring something +interesting to read to your boys on rainy days. Think out some stunt to do +at the social gatherings. If you play an instrument, be sure to bring it +along with you. + +Bank + +Encourage the boys to turn their money and railroad tickets over to the +camp banker instead of depositing them with you. + +Camp Council + +Meetings of the leaders will be held at the call of the superintendent. +Matters talked over at the council meeting should not be talked over with +the boys. All matters of discipline or anything that deals with the +welfare of the camp should be brought up at this meeting. Printed report +blanks will be given to each leader to be filled out and handed to the +assistant superintendent each Thursday morning. Do not show these reports +to the boys. + +Bible Study + +Each leader will be expected to read to the boys in his tent a chapter +from the Bible and have prayers before "taps" each night, also to take his +turn in leading the morning devotions at breakfast table. Groups of boys +will meet for occasional Bible study at sunset under various leaders. Each +session will continue twenty minutes--no longer. Sunday morning service +will be somewhat formal in character, with an address. The sunset vesper +service will be informal. + +Praying that the camp may prove a place where leaders and boys may grow in +the best things of life and anticipating an outing of pleasure and profit +to you, I am Your friend, (signature) + +Opportunities + +In securing men for leadership, impress upon them the many opportunities +for the investment of their lives in the kind of work that builds +character. In reading over a small folder, written by George H. Hogeman of +Orange, N .J., I was so impressed with his excellent presentation of this +theme of opportunities of leadership that the following is quoted in +preference to anything I could write upon the subject: + +"The opportunity of the boys' camp leader is, first, to engage in the +service that counts most largely in securing the future welfare of those +who will soon be called upon to carry on the work that we are now engaged +in. Most people are so busy with their own present enjoyment and future +success that they pay little heed to the future of others. They may give +some thought to the present need of those around them because it more or +less directly affects themselves, but the work of character building in +boys' camps is one that shows its best results in the years to come rather +than in the immediate present. + +"In the second place, the opportunity comes to the camp leader to know +boys as few other people know them, sometimes even better than their own +parents know them. When you live, eat, sleep with a boy in the open, free +life of camp for a month or so, you come in contact with him at vastly +more points than you do in the more restrained home life, and you see +sides of his nature that are seldom seen at other times. + +"Finally, the opportunity is given to the man who spends his vacation in +camp to make the time really count for something in his own life and in +the lives of others. To how many does vacation really mean a relaxation, a +letting down of effort along one line, without the substitution of +anything definite in its place! But he must be a dull soul, indeed, who +can come to the right kind of boys' camp and not go away with his muscles +harder, his eye brighter, his digestion better, and his spirit more awake +to the things that pertain to the Kingdom of God. + +"Then again the camp leader must have the ability to forget himself in +others. Nowhere can the real play spirit be entered into more completely +than in camp life. A watchman is the last thing he must be. That spirit of +unselfishness which forgets its own personal pleasure in doing the most +for the general good, is the ideal camp spirit. As Lowell puts it in the +Vision of Sir Launfal, it is: + +Not what we give, but what we share, +For the gift without the giver is bare. + +"The results of all these points which I have mentioned are some very +positive things. One is the very best kind of a vacation that it is +possible to have. How frequently we hear in response to the question about +enjoying a vacation, 'Oh, yes, I had a good enough time, but I'll never go +back there again.' To my mind that indicates either that the person does +not know what a really good time is, or that his surroundings made a good +time impossible. + +"Another result of camp is the real friendships that last long after +camping days are over. Of these I need not speak. You and I know of many +such and what they mean in the development of Christian character in the +lives of our men and boys. And, after all, there is the greatest result of +all, the sense of confidence in the ultimate outcome that comes with +having a share in the work of bringing others to the measure of the +stature of the fullness of Christ." + +"The ideal life for a boy is not in the city. He should know of animals, +rivers, plants, and that great out-of-door life that lays for him the +foundation of his later years." +--G. Stanley. + +[Illustration: Camp Becket] + + + +CHAPTER III--LOCATION AND SANITATION + +DIRTY DIRT VS. CLEAN DIRT +AVOID SWAMPS +SELECTING A SITE +LAYING OUT THE CAMP GROUND +THE LATRINES +GARBAGE +DISH WATER +WASTE BARRELS +WATER SUPPLY +AN INDIAN METHOD +INDIVIDUAL DRINKING CUPBOARD OF HEALTH +MAXIMS + +Dirt + +Clean camps are most easily kept by not allowing them to become dirty. + +"Cleanliness is next to Godliness. Godliness means a right relation to +things spiritual, cleanliness a right relation to things material. An old +definition says that 'Dirt is merely misplaced matter.' Of all the +vehicles of disease, the most important perhaps is dirt. The word dirt in +its strict sense comes from the Anglo-Saxon 'drit,' or excrement. 'Dirt,' +then, is not earth or clean sand--not clean dirt, but dirty dirt, that is, +matter soiled by some of the excreta of the human or animal body. +Cleanliness must be insisted upon in a boys' Camp--not the cleanliness +that makes a boy squeamish about working with his hands upon some +necessary job, but cleanliness that makes him afraid of sharing his tooth +brush or table utensils or his clothes. + +Cleanliness is not the shunning of good, clean dirt, but a recognition of +the fact that to pass anything from one mouth to another is a possible +source of death and destruction." [1] "Death to dirt" should be the +watchword of the camp. The camp should be a model of cleanliness. Every +boy should be taught the value of good sanitation and encouraged to +cooperate in making proper sanitation effective. + +[Footnote 1: Dr. Chas. E. A. Winslow--"Camp Conference," p. 58.] + +Avoid Swamps + +The location chosen for a camp should be away from swamps. Avoid swampy +and low places as you would a plague. Damp places where there are +mosquitoes, should be well drained, and open to an abundance of sunshine. +Mosquitoes breed only in water, but a very little water is sufficient if +it is dirty and stagnant. Two inches of water standing in an old tin can +will breed an innumerable horde. These "diminutive musicians" are not only +a nuisance, but dangerous, as malaria and typhoid spreaders by their +poisonous stings. + +The Site + +In selecting a camp site bear in mind these things: (1) A sandy sub-soil, +with good drainage. Avoid very sandy soil; sand provides but little hold +for tent pegs, and there is grave risk of damage should there come a gale. +(2) An open campus surrounded by hills or sheltering trees, and facing the +water. (3) Plenty of good drinking water and water for swimming. (4) Base +from which supplies and provisions are to be drawn should be within +convenient distance, not more than four miles away. (5) Camp should be +away from civilization, far enough to be free from visitors and the +temptation to "go to town" on the part of the boys. Nothing demoralizes a +boys' camp so quickly as proximity to a summer resort. + +Arrangement + +Before opening the camp much thought and care should be given to its +sanitary arrangement. First of all, the dryest section of the camp ground +should be selected for the erection of the sleeping tents. Locate them +where they will have the full benefit of the sunshine. Tents erected under +trees are liable to mildew, for the want of sunshine, and the contents of +the tent will soon get musty. Next in importance to the location of +"quarters" is the location of the kitchen. This should be near the dining +tent, so that the serving of food may be quick, and yet far enough away to +insure that disagreeable odors will not destroy the pleasure of eating. If +it is very near the sleeping tents the campers will be awakened too early +by the chopping of wood and the necessary noises made in preparation of +the morning meal. It should be near water. This is very essential for +cooking and cleaning. In some of the large camps water is carried to the +kitchen in pipes from near-by springs or pumped from wells of pure water. +The dining quarters naturally should be located near the kitchen so that +food may be served warm. Provision should be made for the protection of +the boys from cold, wind, rain, and dampness while eating. The toilet +should be located rather far away from the camp, and not in the direction +from which the prevailing wind comes toward the camp. Make sure that it is +on the line of opposite drainage from the water used by the camp. The +details of laying out a camp, erection of tents, etc., are given in +another chapter. + +Latrines + +Particular precaution should be exercised in location and care of the +toilets or latrines, even in a one-night camp. Neglect of this will mean +disease. When on a one-night camp, dig a small pit which can be filled in +again after use. If the camp is to be continued for a week or longer, dig +a pit or trench about two or three feet deep and about eighteen inches +wide, plant posts on each side of the trench, and eighteen inches above +the ground level. Nail shaped seating on these posts. The number of seats +will be determined by the size of the camping party. It is desirable to +erect a six-foot canvas screen with an opening around the toilet. Dry +earth should be sprinkled freely in the trench each time it is used. Also +each morning sprinkle plenty of chloride of lime or some good, reliable +disinfectant in the trench. Do not permit the throwing of paper about the +toilet. Have a box in which paper is to be kept. Flies should be excluded +by boxing up the sides of the seats and fastening a hinged lid upon the +seats (see illustration). It is an advantage to admit the direct sunlight +about the middle of the day because of its bactericidal action on disease +germs. In a permanent camp regular wooden closets should be built, with +covered roof for protection from rain and wind. The back of the closet +should be arranged either by a hinged door or some other method so that +the contents may be removed as often as once a week. A wooden box on +rollers placed beneath the seats will facilitate removal. The seats should +be scrubbed with hot water, sulpho-naphthol, or soap, daily. "Springfield +Oval" type of toilet paper prevents unnecessary waste. In one camp the +water from a near-by brook is dammed and thus by gravity made to flow by a +system of modern plumbing through the urinals and flush closets. This is +ideal. Insist upon cleanliness. The cutting of initials and names upon the +seats and woodwork should be considered a disgrace as well as a +misdemeanor. + +[Illustration: Pit Toilet; seat, hinged cover, hinged door at back.] + +Taboo the taking of books and papers to the toilet to read. It should be +an imperative rule that no other place be used. A little carelessness will +cause disagreeable as well as dangerous results. By way of reiteration: +First, rigid prohibition of the pollution of the surface of the ground by +the strictest rules, diligently enforced. Second, the provision of toilets +or latrines of adequate size with proper precaution to prevent the +dispersal of excreta by wind, flies, or other agencies. The latrines +should be located a distance from camp but not so far as to offer +temptation to pollution of the ground. Third, boys should be educated when +on hikes or tramps in the old Mosaic Rule laid down in Deuteronomy 23: +12-14. [1] + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: "Thou shalt have a place also without the camp, +whither thou shalt go forth abroad: And thou shalt have a paddle upon thy +weapon; and it shall be, when thou wilt ease thyself abroad, thou shalt +dig therewith, and shalt turn back and cover that which cometh from thee: +For the LORD thy God walketh in the midst of thy camp, to deliver thee, +and to give up thine enemies before thee; therefore shall thy camp be +holy: that he see no unclean thing in thee, and turn away from thee."] + +Garbage + +Garbage, consisting chiefly of trimmings of meat and vegetables and the +waste from the table, if stored in open buckets soon becomes offensive and +is an ideal breeding place in warm weather for flies "that drink of +cesspools, dine at privy vaults, eat sputum and are likely to be the most +familiar guests at the dinner table, sampling every article of food upon +which they walk, leaving in their tracks disease-producing germs which +have adhered to their sticky feet where they have previously dined." +Declare war upon the "fly who won't wipe his feet" by keeping the garbage +in a covered galvanized-iron pail and dispose of it before decomposition +takes place. Wash and dry the pail after emptying. If the camp is located +near a farm, give the garbage to the farmer. It is the natural food of +swine or poultry. Where this is not possible, the garbage should be buried +every day in the earth and covered with three or four inches of dirt. +Another and better plan, especially in a large camp, is the burning of the +garbage and human excreta in an incinerator, such as the McCall. This is +the method of the United States Army. + +Exercise caution in throwing aside tin cans. The vegetable matter +remaining in the cans soon decays and attracts flies. Have a place where +these cans may be buried or burned with other refuse each day. Keep the +ground surrounding the kitchen free from all kinds of garbage or refuse. + +Do not throw dirty dish water promiscuously upon the ground. Dig a trench +and put the water in this trench. Sprinkle chloride of lime or a +disinfectant upon it each day. In a permanent camp a waste water well +should be dug and lined with stone. The drain pipe should be laid from the +kitchen to the well. This water soon disappears in the soil and does not +become a nuisance. Make sure that the well is not in line with the water +supply of the camp. A little potash or some washing soda dissolved in the +sink will help to keep the drain clean. + +Place barrels in different parts of the camp for refuse and scraps. A coat +of whitewash or white paint will make them conspicuous. In one camp the +following suggestive bit of verse was painted on the waste barrels: + +Ravenous Barrel + +I am all mouth and vacuum + I never get enough, +So cram me full of fruit peels, + Old papers, trash and stuff. + +Epicurean Barrel + +O, how sorry I feel for a boy + Who litters clean places with trash, +Who throws away papers and fruit peels + Which form my favorite hash. + +Waste Barrels + +These barrels should be set upon two strips of wood placed parallel. This +permits the air to pass beneath the barrel and keeps its bottom from +decaying by contact with the ground. The barrels should be emptied daily +and the trash burned. + +A dirty, carelessly kept, untidy camp will make discipline and order very +difficult to attain and the influence will soon be noticed in the careless +personal habits of the boys. There is an educational and moral value in +cleanliness which is second only to that of good health. + +Water Supply + +Dr. Charles E. A. Winslow, the noted biologist, is authority for the +following statement; [Camp Conference, p.61] "The source of danger in +water is always human or animal pollution. Occasionally we find water +which is bad to drink on account of minerals dissolved on its way through +the ground or on account of passage through lead pipes, but the danger is +never from ordinary decomposing vegetable matter. If you have to choose +between a bright, clear stream which may be polluted at some point above, +and a pond full of dead leaves and peaty matter, but which you can inspect +all around and find free from contamination, choose the pond. Even in the +woods it is not easy to find surface waters that are surely protected, and +streams particularly are dangerous sources of water supply. We have now +got rid of the idea that running water purifies itself. It is standing +water which purifies itself, if anything, for in stagnation there is much +more chance for the disease germs to die out. Better than either a pond or +stream, unless you can carry out a rather careful exploration of their +surroundings, is ground water from a well or spring; though that again is +not necessarily safe. If the well is in good sandy soil with no cracks or +fissures, even water that has been polluted may be well purified and made +safe to drink. In a clayey or rocky region, on the other hand, +contaminating material may travel for considerable distance under ground. +Even if your well is protected below, a very important point to look after +is the pollution from the surface. I believe more cases of typhoid fever +from wells are due to surface pollution than to the character of the water +itself. This is a danger which can, of course, be done away with by +protection of the well from surface drainage, by seeing that the surface +wash is not allowed to drain toward it and that it is protected by a tight +covering from the entrance of its own waste water. If good water cannot be +secured in any of these ways, the water must be purified. It has been said +that what we desire in water supply is innocence and not repentance; but +if you cannot get pristine innocence, you can, at least, secure works meet +for repentance and make the water safe, by filtering through either a +Pasteur or a Berkefeld filter--either of those filters will take out +bacteria, while no other filters that I know of will or by various +chemical disinfectants, not any of them very satisfactory--or, best of +all, by boiling, which will surely destroy all disease germs." + +Indians had a way of purifying water from a pond or swamp by digging a +hole about one foot across and down about six inches below the water +level, a few feet from the pond. After it had filled with water, they +bailed it out quickly, repeating the bailing process about three times. +After the third bailing the hole would fill with filtered water. Try it. + +Drinking Cups + +Insist upon the boys bringing to camp a supply of inexpensive paper cups +or collapsible pocket drinking cups. Filthy and dangerous diseases are not +infrequently transmitted by the use of a common drinking cup. + +Paper Drinking Cup. + +Take a piece of clean paper about 6 inches square and fold it on the +dotted lines, as shown in Figure 1, so as to make a triangle. Do not use +paper having anything printed on it, as there is danger of poison from the +ink. The other folds are made in the dotted lines, as shown in Figure 2. +Each pointed end of the triangle is turned over on one side, as shown in +Figure 3, then the sheets of the remaining points are separated and each +one folded down on its respective side. This practical idea is furnished +by R. H. Lufkin in Popular Mechanics for February, 1911. + +Board of Health + +Boys should be encouraged to cooperate in keeping the camp clean. A Board +of Health may be organized, to be composed of an equal number of boys and +camp leaders with the camp physician, or director of the camp as chairman. + +[Illustration: A Paper Drinking Cup] + +The duties of the board will be to inspect daily the toilets, sinks, and +drains, the water supply, the garbage disposal and waste barrels; condemn +everything that is unsanitary, and correct all sanitary disorders. The +board will also arrange for a series of talks upon "Sanitation and +Health," such as: + +Sunshine and Health +Johnnie and the Microbes +Dirt and Cleanliness +Fresh Air +Flies and Filth +Health--Its Value and Its Cost. + +Have the boys write essays upon these subjects and give credits or points +for original interpretation, accuracy of report of talk given, and +observance and correction of sanitary disorders. + +Maxims + +Clean up as you go. Sunshine and dryness are great microbe killers. It is +better to keep clean, than to get clean. Dirt, dampness and disease can +often be avoided by decency, dryness and determination. Uncleanness is at +the root of many of the evils which cause suffering and ill health. Fire +is the best disinfectant. Typhoid fever and cholera are carried by dirty +habits, by dirty water and dirty milk. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY. + +Camp Sanitation-Review and Herald Pub. Assn., Washington, D. C. 6 cents. A +twelve-page folder of useful hints on what to do and what not to do. + +Wastes and Their Disposal--Henry J. Barnes, M.D. Health-Education League, +Boston, Mass., 4 cents. An authoritative booklet written by the Professor +of Hygiene, Tufts Medical School. This League publishes a number of very +valuable and comprehensive booklets on health subjects. + +Good Health--Francis Gulick Jewett. Ginn and Co., 40 cents. Gives detail +instruction in matters of health and hygiene. Prepared especially for +younger people. + +Health--B. Franklin Richards. Pacific Press Pub. Co., $1.00. Written in +language easily understood and filled with sensible suggestions. + +[Illustration: "The Sardines"--Eight Boys in a 12X14 Tent--Camp Becket] + + + +CHAPTER IV--CAMP EQUIPMENT + +ADVANCE PARTY +PLAN OF CAMP GROUNDS +A MEASURING DEVICE +SETTING UP A WALL TENT +GUYING THE TENT +TRENCHING +PEG WISDOM +INTERIOR TENT CONVENIENCES +HOW TO MAKE A TEPEE +TENT WISDOM +SLEEPING ON THE GROUND +A "HIP HOLE" +HOW TO KEEP WARM +MAKING A BED +DOUBLE-DECK BUNKS +BLANKETS +PILLOWS +KITCHEN WARE +TABLE WARE +TABLE TOPS +A "HORSE" IDEA +PERMANENT BUILDINGS +SURVEYING +HOME-MADE INSTRUMENTS +CAMP SURVEY + + +The greatest help after all is to take the children back to the garden +that the Lord God planted. A boy must learn to sleep under the open sky +and to tramp ten miles through the rain if he wants to be strong. He must +learn what sort of men it was who made America, and he must not get into +this fuss and flurry of our American civilization and think that patent +leather shoes and white kid gloves are necessary for the salvation of his +life.--Edward Everett Hale. + +Selecting a camp site and general directions for the laying out of the +camp grounds is treated very fully in the chapter on Camp Sanitation, so +that this chapter will be devoted to methods that to the experienced +camper may seem trite, but which the novice will appreciate. + +[Illustration: Laying Out a Camp] + +Advance Party + +If the camp is a large one it is usually customary to send an advance +party several days ahead to erect the tents and get the camp in readiness +for the larger party. The successful management of a camp depends very +much upon placing the tents in such a position as to give plenty of room +and yet be compact. When tents are scattered the difficulty of control is +increased. The above diagram is a suggestion for the laying out of a camp +which provides for room and control. + +Plan of Grounds + +The following hints will help the advance party to layout the camp in a +systematic and scientific manner. To find the right angle of the camp +square, drive a peg at A, another 3 feet distant at B; attach a 5-foot +cord from the peg at B, and a 4 foot cord from the peg at A. The point at +which the two cords meet at C, where another peg may be driven in, will be +the line at right angles to B-A. + +[Illustration: Right Angle of Camp Square] + +Measuring Device + +The illustrations opposite show a device by which a camp, baseball +grounds, running track, tennis court or any distance may be quickly and +accurately measured. The first thing to do is to get an inch board and cut +a round disc (a) about 12 inches in diameter. Cut two of them and tack +them together. The diagram "b" is easier to cut out and will serve the +purpose just as well. When the two are temporarily tacked together, bore a +hole through the centre for the axle. The eight spokes should be of light +material and not too pointed or they will sink in the ground and prevent +accuracy. The spokes are tacked on one disc as shown in "c" and then the +other disc is nailed on the outside. + +[Illustration: A Measuring Device] + +Paint the end of one spoke red, so that you can count it every time it +comes around. By having the points that touch the ground exactly 9 inches +apart, one revolution of the wheel will measure six feet. For an axle use +a small piece of broom handle, and for a handle use a long light pole. By +varying the length of the spokes you can make the wheel measure any +desired distance. + +Wall Tent + +The line of the camp having been laid out, the next thing is the erection +of the tents. The best way of setting up a wall tent (either the 12 x 14 +or 14 x 16 size), the type used in most of the boys' camps, is the method +used by the army and described in Kephart's "Book of Camping and +Woodcraft." Four boys or men proceed as follows: Nos. 1 and 2 procure +canvas, and Nos. 3 and 4 the poles. + +Nos. 3 and 4 lay the ridge pole on the ground, in the direction that the +tent is to stand; then lay the uprights at each end of ridge-pole and at +right angles to it, on the side opposite that from which the wind blows. +Then drop the tent pins and hammers at their respective ends of the tent; +then drive a pin at each end of the ridge to mark front and rear. +Meanwhile Nos. 1 and 2 unroll the tent and spread it out over the +ridge-pole and on both sides of it. + +Nos. 1 and 3 now go to the rear, and Nos. 2 and 4 to the front, and slip +the pins of the uprights through the ridge-pole and tent. If a fly is +used, it is placed in position over the tent, and the loops of the long +guys over the front and rear pole pins. No. 4 secures center (door) loops +over center pin in front, and No. 1 in rear. Each goes to his corner, No. +1 right rear, No. 2 right front, No. 3 left rear, No. 4 left front. + +All draw bottom of tent taut and square, the front and rear at right +angles to the ridge, and fasten it with pins through the corner loops, +then stepping outward two paces from the corner, and a pace to the front +(Nos. 2 and 4) or rear (Nos. 1 and 3) each securely sets a long pin, over +which is passed the extended corner guy rope. Care must be taken that the +tent is properly squared and pinned to the ground at the door and four +corners before raising it. + +[Illustration: Shelter Tents, Seton Tepee, Tent Made Of A "Fly", Wall +Tent] + +Nos. 1 and 3 now go to the rear, and Nos. 2 and 4 to the front pole, and +raise the tent to a convenient height from the ground, when Nos. 2 and 3 +enter and seize their respective poles, and all together raise the tent +until the upright poles are vertical. While Nos. 2 and 3 support the +poles, Nos. 1 and 4 tighten the corner guys, beginning on the windward +side. The tent being thus temporarily secured, all set the guy pins and +fasten the guy ropes, Nos. 1 and 2 to the right, Nos. 3 and 4 left, and +then set the wall pins. + +To prevent the upright poles from sinking in the ground under the pressure +of the canvas, place a flat stone or piece of wood under the pole. + +Guying the Tent + +One of the troubles with tents is their remarkable proclivity for +tightening and slackening with the varying conditions of the weather. This +means a constant loosening or tightening of the guy ropes, and the longer +the guy ropes the more they will shrink or stretch according as they are +wet or dry. This may be overcome to some extent by using very heavy corner +posts securely driven into the ground and spiking a pole across them, and +very short guy ropes fastening to this pole. (See page 47.) A shower, or +even ordinary dew, will cause the canvas to shrink, therefore be sure to +slacken the guys, or you may have a torn tent or broken ridge pole. + +Trenching + +Dig a trench around the tent and do it before you have to. If you have +ever gotten out in the middle of the night when the rain was coming down +in torrents, to dig a ditch or trench, you will appreciate this bit of +advice. + +Warn the boys not to touch the roof of the tent on the inside when it is +raining, for it will surely leak wherever it is touched. + +There is a right and a wrong way of driving stakes into the ground. Study +illustrations, p. 47. + +Peg Wisdom + +In taking down the tent, don't pound loose the tent pins or pegs, but with +a looped rope and a pull in the direction from which they are driven they +can easily be removed. + +Conveniences + +After pitching your tent, put everything in order. Run a stout line, +either of rope or rustless wire, between the two upright poles, about a +foot below the ridge pole. A very convenient thing to throw clothes over. +In some camps they have a shelf suspended from the ridge pole, divided +into compartments, one for each boy in the tent. Nails driven in the +upright poles afford convenient pegs to hang things on. Be sure the nails +are removed before taking down the tent or a rip in the canvas will be the +result. + +A bundle of elder leaves in a tent will keep away flies. If ants show a +desire to creep into your tent, dust cayenne pepper into their holes and +they will no longer trouble you. + +When there is no wooden floor in the tent, strew small hemlock twigs. They +make a fine carpet and the odor is both pleasant and healthful. + +In addition to the different styles of tents shown in the illustrations on +page 43, the following description of how to make a ten-foot teepee is +given by Charles R. Scott in his Vacation Diary: + +Making a Teepee + +Sew canvas together making oblong ABCD 20 by 10 feet; with E as centre and +EA as a radius, draw half-circle AFD. From remaining canvas cut smoke +flaps LKCM and ONBP. Sew piece of canvas at C and B making pocket for ends +of smoke poles. Sew ML to HI and PO to GJ on one large piece of canvas. +Sew lash to E to tie teepee to pole. Sew 6 or 7-foot lash to K and N to +set smoke flaps with. Make holes in pairs from L to D and O to A for +lacing pins. Ten poles 12 feet long are needed. Make tripod of nine of +these and tie teepee at E to pole two feet from top and place over tripod. + +In "Recreation," April, 1911, in an article on "Tent Making Made Easy," H. +J. Holden tells how to make ten different tents with but one piece of +canvas. + +[Illustration: The Ten Foot Teepee] + +Tent Wisdom + +The best type of tent to use in a permanent camp is a wall tent, either 12 +x 14 or 14 x 16, which will accommodate from four to six fellows. An eight +ounce, mildew-proofed duck, with a ten or twelve ounce duck fly will give +excellent wear. Have a door at each end of the tent and the door ties made +of cotton cord instead of tape. Double pieces of canvas should be sewed in +all the corners and places where there is unusual strain. Manilla rope is +best for guys, and metal slides are preferable to wood. If the tents are +made to order, have a cotton cord about two feet long sewed in each seam +just under the eaves, so that one end shall hang down inside the tent and +the other outside. The walls of the tent can then be rolled up and tied so +that the tent will be thoroughly aired. Make sure that the end of the +ridge pole and of the upright poles have iron bands to prevent splitting +of the poles. + +Bed on Ground + +For a short-term camp, pine boughs make the best kind of a bed (see +chapter on Tramps and Hikes for description of bed). Sometimes a rubber +blanket is spread upon the ground and the boys roll themselves up in their +blankets. An old camper gives the following suggestion to those who desire +to sleep in this fashion: + +The bed should be made in the afternoon while the sun is shining. To make +the bed, clear the ground of twigs and stones. The space should be about 6 +x 3 feet. + +A "Hip Hole" + +A shovelful of dirt is removed, making a shallow, transverse trench, about +midway of the bed. This trench is the "hip hole" and the making of it +properly is what renders the bed comfortable. In making the bed the +following order should be observed: + +(1) spread the rubber blanket; + +(2) the blanket spread so that one-half only covers the prepared couch; + +(3) then spread the woolen blankets so that the "hip hole" is in the right +place; + +(4) add the pillow; + +(5) fold the blankets over you and pin them with big safety pins across +the bottom and along the side. + +To Keep Warm + +Stewart Edward White in "Camp and Trail" tells how to keep warm when +sleeping on the ground: "Lie flat on your back. Spread the blanket over +you. Now raise your legs rigid from the hip, the blanket, of course, +draping over them. In two swift motions tuck first one edge under your +legs from right to left, then the second edge under from left to right, +and over the first edge. Lower your legs, wrap up your shoulders and go to +sleep. If you roll over, one edge will unwind but the other will tighten." + +A bed tick[1] 6-1/2 feet long and 2-1/2 feet wide, to be filled with +grass, leaves, straw or any available stuff makes a comfortable bed. + +[Transcribers Footnote 1: Cloth case for a mattress or pillow or a light +mattress without springs.] + +To Make a Bed + +A comfortable bed used at Camp Durrell, is made by driving four posts in +the ground and nailing a frame work of saplings on these posts. Rope is +then interwoven from side to side in somewhat the fashion of the old-time +cord bed. Pine boughs are then placed "shingle" fashion in the cording, +making a very comfortable bed. + +Double-Deck Bunks + +Many of the long-term camps, however, have cots or bunks with canvas +bottoms. This is the best way to sleep for boys who are going to be in +camp the entire summer. The following type of double-deck bunk is in use +at Camps Adirondack, Becket, Wawayanda and Dudley. The illustrations give +a clear idea of its construction. Use wood as free from knots as possible. +Spruce seems to be the best kind as it is both light in weight and very +durable. The top section upon which the canvas beds are tacked is bolted +to the uprights which makes a bunk easily taken apart. Three of these +uprights, one at each end and one in the middle, will make a bed section +accommodating four boys, two on the "first floor" and two on the "second +floor." In this manner eight boys may be comfortably housed in a 12 x 14 +or 14 x 16 foot tent, with room for baggage in the center, as shown in the +illustration on page 37. + +Blankets + +Always remember that to keep warm while sleeping in a cot or bunk, you +must have as much thickness of blanket under you as above you. Usually +boys will pile blankets on top of them and have only one blanket under +them and then wonder why they are cold. + +Pillows + +A pillow may be made out of a bag of muslin or dark denim and stuffed with +a sweater or extra clothing. Much better--take a small pillow with you +with removable and washable "case" made of dark green or brown denim. + +[Illustration: Bunk Diagram] + +Kitchen Ware + +In purchasing kitchen ware, a mistake is frequently made by getting a +cheap kind of ware unfitted for the hard usage of camp life. The kind +manufactured for hotels and restaurants and of sufficient capacity, is +more expensive, but will outwear two outfits of the cheaper type and is +really more economical in the long run. In the buying do not omit that +most adaptable and convenient of all cooking utensils for camp--a wash +boiler. Get one that is copper-lined and made of the heaviest tin. + +Table Ware + +Campers prefer the white enamel ware on account of its appearance and +wear. If the imported kind is purchased it will last for at least three +long-term seasons. Avoid tin and the cheap gray enamel ware. Each boy +should be provided with a large plate of the deep soup pattern, cereal +bowl not too large, a saucer for sauce and dessert, a cup, knife, fork, +table spoon and tea spoon. In a small camp the boy usually brings his own +"eating utensils." When the table is set with white oil cloth, white +enamelled dishes, both serving and individual, with decorations of ferns, +wild flowers or blossoms, the food always seems to taste better and the +meal proceeds with that keen enjoyment, which is not only conducive to +good digestion but promotive of good fellowship. A dirty table and dishes +and rough-house table manners are a disgrace to a camp even as small as +six boys. Cleanliness, courtesy and cheerful conversation contribute to +the making of character while at meals. + +Table Tops + +Table tops should be made of matched boards and battened. Screw the +battens[1] to the boards. The tables should be thirty-six inches in width. +The length must be determined by the number of persons to be seated. The +seating of boys in tent groups is considered the best plan. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Narrow strip of wood for flooring.] + +A "Horse" Idea + +A wooden horse made after the following sketch will support the table top +and seats. The seat may be a plank about twelve inches wide and one and +one-eighth inches thick. + +[Illustration: Wooden Horse Table and Seat Support] + +Buildings + +Permanent buildings are largely planned according to the ideas of the +director or organization operating the camp and this, therefore, is a +matter which cannot be fully treated in a book of this character. +Convenience, harmony with natural surroundings, and adaptability are the +three things which govern the planning and erection of permanent camp +buildings. "Wilderness Homes," by Oliver Kemp, contains many suggestions +for camps of this character. In "Recreation" for April, 1911, is an +excellent article by William D. Brinckle on "Log Cabins." + +Surveying + +The following practical suggestions on surveying in a boys' camp have been +especially prepared by H. M. Allen. Surveying is an important subject for +study and practice, as it is both interesting and useful and may serve as +a stepping-stone in the later education of the boy. + +The surveying may be roughly divided into two parts, simple and advanced. +The simple work includes that which can be carried on with a few cheap +instruments easily secured or made by the boys. The advanced work requires +better instruments and is adapted to high school boys. Only the simple +work will be described. + +Home-made + +The instruments needed in simple surveying are, compass, measuring tape, +draughtsman's scale, protractor, drawing materials and a small home-made +transit. The leader should, if possible, become familiar with some good +textbook on surveying, such as Wentworth's Plane Trigonometry and +Surveying. He should also get some civil engineer to give him a little +instruction in the rudiments. It is well also to get some practice before +going to camp. Any vacant lot or gymnasium floor will be suitable. If the +leader is near a small lake that will be especially desirable. + +The transit is easily made. A flat board should be selected, about twelve +inches in diameter, which will not warp. Upon this a circle is marked +about ten inches in diameter. For this purpose use a pair of drawing +compasses. Then with a protractor lay off the degrees of the circle. A +small brass protractor can be bought for 15 cents, a good one, large size, +costs 80 cents. A good plan is to mark the circle on bristol board [1] +which can be tacked in the board. Then a pointed piece of wood ten inches +long should be fastened with a nail in the center of the circle. At the +ends of the pointer pins should be placed vertically so that they are in +line with the pivot nail. This will form a sight for measuring the angles. +The board is then mounted upon a pointed stick or tripod. You will need a +hatchet and a half dozen sharpened sticks for markers and a boy for rod +man. You are now ready for the survey. + +[Transcribers Footnote 1: Smooth, heavy pasteboard.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 1. Top View of Transit, Protractor, Sighting Pins, +Board for Circle, Support] + +Camp Survey + +To make a map of the location of the camp, the first thing is to locate a +base line on a level piece of ground. At the two ends A and B stakes are +placed and the length carefully measured with the tape. Then from one end +of the line stretch a string about ten feet long, toward the other stake. +Under this string place the compass. In this way the direction of the line +may be learned. + +In figure 1, the base line runs about 10 degrees west of north. Drive a +stake where the tent is to be located. This place will be called C. Then +place the transit at A and measure the angle formed by the imaginary lines +AC and AB. In the example the angle is about 45 degrees. Then place the +transit at B and measure the angle there, formed by the lines AB and BC. +Then the angle at C should be measured and the sum of the angles thus +measured will be 180 degrees, if the work is correct. + +[Illustration: Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4] + +Now make a drawing of the survey. Draw on paper a line corresponding to +the line AB, making a certain scale, say 100 feet to the inch. If the real +line is 200 feet long, the line on the paper will be 2 inches. With the +protractor the angles at B and A may be drawn or plotted. This will give +the location of the point C. With the scale determine on the plan the +length of the other sides of the triangle ABC. The actual distances should +next be measured with the tape to test the accuracy of the survey. + +Next place a stake along the side of the lake at a point D. Then in a +similar manner measure the triangle with the transit. With the protractor +the lines AD and BD can be plotted on the plan. With the scale the length +of the lines AD and BD can be estimated from the map. The rest of the lake +is surveyed in the same manner. It is only necessary to take other points +on the lake and survey the resulting triangles. It is a good idea to use +four-foot stakes with flags placed so as to be easy to sight to them. + +Finally a tracing may be made with carbon paper giving only the shore line +and leaving out the lines of the triangles and the map is finished. The +boys in one camp surveyed a lake a mile long with home-made instruments +with excellent results. + +Boys should be taught how to use the compass and a map in tracing their +way through an unknown country. Also to travel by the stars or by the moss +on the trees. + + + +CHAPTER V--PERSONAL CHECK LIST OR INVENTORY + +CHECK LIST +MARKING +LOST AND FOUND +MEMORY +HOW TO PACK +SHIPPING +LABELS +NEATNESS +GENERAL HINTS + +Experience only can determine what should be taken to camp. Usually the +first camping trip decides what to take on the second trip, and also +reveals how few things, providing they are right things, one really needs +to be comfortable in camp. A boy's mother, who is generally the official +trunk packer of the family, makes a mistake in stowing away in the trunk a +lot of things not serviceable or suitable for camping. Cotton goods, +except towels, handkerchiefs, and hose, are of no use. Gray woolen shirts, +gray, brown, or green sweaters (a boon to campers--avoid white, red, or +striped colors), khaki suit, outing flannel pajamas (tan color preferred) +are in the class of real camp necessities so far as clothing is concerned. +The hat should be drab or khaki color, of campaign style, something that +will shed water and sun. The hat used by the Boy Scouts of America is +admirably adapted for campers. + +The outfit may be divided into four classes: things necessary, things +desirable, things convenient, and luxuries. Boys who go camping for two +weeks or less should take articles in the following list marked (1); those +who go for four weeks or less should take articles marked (2) in addition +to those marked (1); and those who go for what may be called the season, +six or more weeks, should take those marked (3), in addition to all of (1) +and (2). + +Necessary + +Woolen sweater (coat style) (1) +Note book or diary (1) +Twine and rope (2) +Two flannel shirts (gray) (1) +Lead pencil (1) +Change of underwear (1) +Pens and ink (2) +Two pairs stockings (1) +Stamps, stamped envelopes (1) +Jersey (2) +Outing flannel pajamas (1) +Paper, postals and envelopes(2) +Running pants (1) +Handkerchiefs (1) +Needles and thread (1) +Two pairs woolen blankets (1) +Matches in metal box (1) +Poncho (1) +Folding drinking cup (1) +Turkish towels (1) +Strong pocket knife on chain(1) +Extra pair heavy shoes (2) +Toilet soap (in aluminum or +celluloid box) (1) +Echo whistle (2) +Fishing tackle (2) +Comb and brush (1) +Camera (2) +Tooth brush and tooth paste(1) +Small-sized Bible (1) +Money (1) +Pins and safety pins (safeties one-inch and four-inch) (1) +Good disposition (1) +Leggings-tan, army style (1) + +Desirable + +Extra suit of clothes (2) +Rubber-soled shoes (sneakers) (1) +Soft laundered shirt (2) +Bathing suit or tights (2) +Small compass (2) +Small mirror (1) +Baseball, bats, gloves (2) +Whisk broom (2) +Tennis racquets and balls (3) +Dish towels (2) +Ping Pong racquets, balls (3) +Cheap watch (1) +Rubber boots or overshoes (2) +Map of vicinity (2) +Clothes pins (2) +Musical instruments (2) +Flash lamp (2) +Scissors (2) +Repair outfit (2) + +Convenient + +Games (3) +Can opener (2) +Books (3) +Small hand washboard (3) +Small pillow (2) +Thick strong gloves (3) +Mosquito netting (2) +Heavy woolen stockings (3) +Candles (3) +Elk hide moccasins (3) + +Luxuries + +Bath robe (3) +Blacking and brush (3) +Shaving outfit (3) +Laundry bag (2) +Face rag (3) + +It is understood that cooking utensils; tools, tents, cots and the general +camp equipment is supplied by the camp management. The above list is for +the individual campers. + +Mark Everything + +Mark everything with your initials, or, if in a large camp, your camp +number. This may be done with indelible ink upon white tape, and the tape +sewed upon the garments, or you may order through the large department +stores your full name embroidered on tape in sufficient quantity to sew +upon your belongings. Marking your "goods and chattels" helps identify +ownership, for things somehow get fearfully mixed up in a boys' camp. + +A clever scheme for locating lost articles was adopted by one large camp. +A "Lost and Found" shop was opened. Articles found were brought to the +shop. Hours for identification and reclaiming were announced, the owner +paying two cents for each article claimed. This method had the effect of +making the boys more systematic and less careless in throwing things +around, or leaving them upon the ground after a ball game or play. After a +certain length of time, an auction was held of all unclaimed articles. The +money received was put into books for the camp library. + +Write it Down + +Make your "check list" during the winter. Have an old box handy in which +to put things you think you will want to take to camp. Boys usually talk +over the experiences of the last camp until about January 1st, then they +begin to talk and plan about the next camp. As you think of things jot +them down in a little memorandum book marked "Camp Ideas." Leaders will +find this plan especially helpful. In making up the list, put down each +article on a separate line. Don't jumble things together. Leave nothing to +memory which, alas, too frequently is a splendid "forgetter." Write it +down on paper. Examine your list very carefully, and strike out everything +you can do without. Simplicity coupled with comfort should be the guide in +making up the list or inventory. Tack the list on the inside of your trunk +or camp box. Often the little trifles prove the most valuable things on a +camping trip. For instance, a supply of giant safety pins is invaluable +for pinning blankets together in sleeping-bag fashion. Ever roll out of +your blankets or toss them off on a cool night? If so, you know the value +of a giant safety pin. + +What to pack the outfit in and how to pack it is a problem which each must +solve for himself. A cracker box, with hinged cover, padlock, and rope +handles, is good for a short-time camping trip. It should be of the +following dimensions: 30 x 18 x 15 inches. + +[Illustration: Camp Box] + +A good strong steamer trunk is about the best thing. It is convenient, +easy to handle, and takes up very little space. + +The boys who are mechanically inclined, will want to have the fun of +making a camp box. The illustration is a suggestion successfully worked +out by a number of boys. The dimensions may be determined by the maker. +Don't make it too big, or it will be a burden and also occupy too much +room in the tent. It stands upright and serves as a dresser. Boys who +spend a summer in camp should have either a steamer trunk or this dresser. + +If the trunk or box is too small to carry blankets, a good plan is to roll +blankets, bedding and such articles in a roll or canvas, the ends and +sides of which are doubled inward, so as to prevent articles from dropping +out or getting wet. Strap with a good shawl or strong rope. (See +illustration.) + +[Illustration: Blanket Roll.] + +A dunnage[1], duffle, or carry-all bag is sometimes used for packing, but +there is a possibility of a "mess" as well as a loss of your good +disposition and patience in trying to locate some desired article. + +Carry your poncho to be used in case of rain en route. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Personal baggage.] + +Shipping + +Have your expressman deliver your baggage at the station at least one hour +before the train starts. If the baggage is delayed, much annoyance and +loss of temper is the result. If the camp is a large one, some one should +be designated to look after the baggage arrangements. After checking the +baggage, this person should receive checks and attend to claiming baggage +at destination. + +Many of the large camps provide mucilaged labels or "stickers" to paste on +the end of the trunk or box making identification easy at railroad baggage +room. Initials and camp number should be painted on outside of trunk or +box. + +Neatness + +"A place for everything and everything in place" should be the real key to +find things in your trunk. Neatness is good discipline for the mind, and +should characterize every real camper. The trunks of some boys in camp +look as if a cyclone had struck them. "Full, pressed down, and running +over." Every old thing in any old way is both slovenly and unhygienic. + +About once a week everything should be taken from the trunk or box, and +exposed to the sun. Let the sun also get into the trunk or box. Then +repack neatly. This will prevent mould and dampness, and be the means of +discovering lost articles. Finally be sure to go over with care your +"check list" or inventory the day before camp breaks. This will prevent +rushing around excitedly at the eleventh hour, hunting lost articles. + +GENERAL HINTS + +Gray and khaki are the most inconspicuous colors for camping. + +Shirts should be provided with breast pockets. + +Each lock should have a duplicate key to be given to the tent leader, or +in a large camp, to the camp banker. + +Have an old laundry bag in which to put soiled clothes. "Wash day" is a +popular day in many camps. No camper need be dirty when there is abundance +of water. + +There is a luxuriance in a piece of soap and a clean towel that only +experienced campers can understand and appreciate. + +Wet towels, swimming suits or tights should not be placed in the trunk or +box, but hung upon a rope, or non-rust wire outside of the tent. + +The poncho is the camper's friend. It makes a good rubber blanket, a wrap, +a cushion, a bag, a sail or a tent. + +Be sure to take enough bed clothes. You will need them on cold nights. + +Stamps wiped over the hair of your head will not stick together--the oil +of the hair does the trick. Take a self-filler fountain pen--no glass +filler to break. + +A small Williams or Colgate shaving stick box, with screw or hinged cover, +makes a good match box. A better one is a water-tight hard rubber box, +with screw top. If dropped into a lake or stream it will float, whereas a +metal box will sink. + +Some one has said that "Good temper is as necessary for camping as water +is for swimming." Be sure it is on your "check list." + +[Illustration: Personal Labels] + + + +CHAPTER VI--ORGANIZATION, ADMINISTRATION AND DISCIPLINE + +A RECOGNIZED LAW +COOPERATIVE SELF-GOVERNMENT +COUNCIL MEETINGS +DEPARTMENT ADMINISTRATION +RULES +DISCIPLINE BY WHISTLE +DISCIPLINE BY CONSCIENCE +SELF IMPOSED DISCIPLINE +SEVEN THINGS WHICH GOD HATES +LIARS AND SNEAKS +A "MEDITATION LOG" AND OTHER METHODS +PRIVATE TALKS +PERFECT FREEDOM + +The heavens themselves, the planets and this centre +Observe degree, priority and place, +Insisture, course, proportion, season, form, +Office and custom, in all lines of order. +-Troilus and Cressida. Act 1, Scene 3. + +Order + +It matters very little if the camp be a large or small one, all will agree +that system and organization must prevail if the camp is to be a "place of +known delight and proved desire." Order is said to be Heaven's first law, +and a boys' camp should not be operated contrary to this recognized law. +What is everybody's business usually becomes nobody's business. Much soup +has been spoiled by the stirring of too many cooks. A boys' camp becomes +a place of discord when everybody takes a hand in "running it." There must +be one whose word is absolute and final, and who is recognized as the +leader or director of the camp; at the same time the campers should have a +voice in the government and share in planning and participating in its +activities. (See chapter on Leadership.) + +The following charting of organization will explain the "degree, priority +and place" of those who are to be responsible for the administration and +welfare of the camp. + +Cooperative Self-Government + +This form of organization recognizes maturity, experience, ability, +cooperation, justice and altruistic service. Self-government wholly by the +boys is unwise. There must always be a paternal guidance of hot, impulsive +and indiscriminate youth. Boys desire adult leadership and where a wise +combination is formed of man and boy working together, there will be found +the highest type of efficient, wholesome, happy and purposeful camp life. + +Council Meetings + +Frequent council meetings should be held. When the senior council, +composed of the leaders and director, meet for planning and to discuss the +work, it should be understood that whatever is said or discussed at the +meeting, must not be talked over in the presence of the boys, particularly +matters of discipline, awarding of honors and camp policy. Joint meetings +of the junior and senior councils should be held weekly. Each "tent" is +represented on the junior council by electing one of their tent-mates, who +shall present the views of his constituents at council meetings. + +[Illustration: Camp Organization Chart] + +Departments + +The director should have the power of appointing the chairmen or heads of +departments, and the chairmen the privilege of selecting associates from +the two councils. The policy of each department must be ratified by a +joint meeting of the councils before it becomes operative. Prevent +bickering over minor parliamentary details. Keep in mind first, last and +always, the highest welfare of the camp. Let the "voice of the people" be +heard, yet see that the legislation introduced is in the interest of the +highest good of the campers. The chart suggests the work of the various +departments. + +RULES + +In all well-organized and purposeful camps for boys, three rules are +considered absolutely essential for the safety and welfare of the campers. +These rules are: + +1. No fire-arms, air-rifles or explosives of any kind allowed. + +2. No one of the party shall enter the water for swimming or bathing, +except during the designated period. + +3. No tobacco used in any form. + +Every boy going to camp agrees, in signing his application, to observe +whatever rules are decided upon as best for the welfare of all. Boys +should be trusted and expected to do as the majority think best. There +should be a happy understanding and mutual confidence existing which +should make a long list of rules unnecessary. When the boys arrive in +camp, the director should outline and explain the purpose and policy of +the camp in kind, but unmistakable terms. + +A camp of a dozen boys and their school teacher, in the White Mountains, +was operated for three delightful weeks, upon the following "agreement," +which all the boys and their leader signed. + +We, the members of Camp Bejoyful, do hereby subscribe cheerfully to the +following rules and regulations and will be governed by them while we are +members of this camp. + +We further agree to pay any penalty the other members of the camp may +think fit to impose upon us for breaking these rules or resolutions. + +We will not lose our tempers. + +We will not use any language we would not use in the presence of ladies. + +We will not tell stories we would not tell or want told to our sisters. + +We will perform cheerfully any duties our Camp Master asks us to perform. + +We will at all times respect the rights and feelings of others. + +We will remember that the command to "Remember the Sabbath day and keep it +holy," is obligatory at all times and in all places. + +The motto of this camp shall be "Noblesse oblige." + +The Whistle + +Unless the camp is conducted under the auspices of the Boys' Brigade or +some military organization, where boys prefer the military discipline, it +is unwise to introduce it in a camp for boys. The type of discipline to be +used will depend upon the type of leader. Some camps are controlled by the +use of a whistle. When the attention of the boys is desired, the leader +blows a shrill blast of the whistle and the boys immediately respond by +absolute silence and await the announcement or whatever the leader or +director desires to say to them. Never blow the whistle unless necessary. +Secure first the attention of the boys if you want their interest. Camp +boys become accustomed to continuous blowing of the whistle in the same +manner that city boys become used to the noise of the street-car gong. +Blow your whistle and wait. Cause for a second blast should be considered +serious. + +Conscience + +"In a camp where through the thoughtlessness of a boy a misdemeanor had +been committed, the leader explained at the camp fire how mean the action +was and said that he did not believe there was a boy in camp who, if he +had realized its contemptible nature, would for one moment have thought of +doing such a thing. He concluded his remarks by saying, 'If there is any +boy here who knows who did this thing, I earnestly request that he will +keep it to himself and not breathe the name of the offender to anyone in +camp.' Especially did he request that on no account should the offender's +name be told to him. There were a few rather red faces about the camp +fire, but the name of the offender was never known and no similar +misdemeanor occurred while the camp was open. + +Self-Imposed Discipline + +"In another camp two boys had thoughtlessly violated the understanding +regarding swimming and they spent an hour on the hillside with the leader +discussing the situation. After the leader had explained to them his +responsibility to the parents of each boy in camp and how insecure parents +would feel if they thought their boys were not being properly taken care +of, he asked them: 'Now, if you were in my place, what would you do with +two such fellows?' And they both replied that they thought the two boys +should be sent home as an example to the rest of the camp. The leader +agreed with them and the two boys, who had pronounced their own sentence, +left the next morning for home. That leader has today no better friends +among boys than those two particular fellows." [1] + +[Footnote 1: E. M. Robinson, Association Boys, June, 1902. ] + +Seven Things Which God Hates + +Solomon in his book of Proverbs says, "These six things does the Lord +hate: yea, seven are an abomination unto him. A proud look, a lying +tongue, and hands that shed innocent blood, a heart that deviseth wicked +imaginations, feet that be swift in running to mischief, a false witness +that speaketh lies, and he that soweth discord among brethren." (Proverbs; +16:19.) + +Liars and Sneaks + +Punish the liar heavily. Help the boy to see that to make a mistake and +own up to it, is regarded in a much more favorable light than to sneak and +lie out of it. Have him understand that the lie is the worst part of the +offence. It is awful to have the reputation of being a liar, for even when +a boy does tell the truth nobody believes him because of his past +reputation. Never indulge suspicion. Above all discountenance sneaking; +nothing is more harmful than to maintain a feeble discipline through the +medium of tale-bearing. + +Never keep a boy in camp who is out of tune with the camp life or its +standards, and whose presence only serves to militate against the real +purpose of the camp. "Grouchitis" is a catching disease. + +Meditation Log + +The methods of punishment are as varied as the colors of the rainbow. In +one camp, a "Meditation Log," upon which the boy sits and thinks, and +thinks, and thinks, and--. No doubt he is a sadder and wiser boy for his +period of meditation. A "wood pile" where boys saw from one to five or +more sticks of cord wood into stove lengths, is an economic mode of +punishment, for it not only provides wood for the kitchen stove, but +hardens the boys' muscle as well as helps him to remember his mistakes and +to avoid repetition. Walking around the campus for a certain length of +time carrying an oar over the shoulder, is another method. Curtailing a +boy's privileges, such as swimming, boating, taking away his dessert, are +other methods in vogue in boys' camps. When a boy swears, if he is a +"scout," the other "scouts" pour a cup of cold water down the offender's +sleeve or back, for each offence. Some boys have been cured of swearing by +having their mouths washed out with "Welcome Soap," publicly, along the +shore of the lake or stream, with camp-mates as silent spectators. Make +the "punishment fit the crime," but always the kind of punishment which +the boy will acknowledge is deserved and just. Never punish in anger. + +Private Talks + +A "heart-to-heart" talk with the boy during a walk in the woods, or in +some quiet place of the camp, will do more good to get him to see and +realize his need of adjustment to camp life and enlist his willingness to +try again and to "do his best" than any form of physical punishment. + +When it becomes necessary to send a boy home, always telegraph or write +his parents, telling them on what train or boat they may expect him and +the reason for sending him home. + +[Illustration: Raising the Flag--Camp Kineo.] + + + +CHAPTER VII--THE DAY'S PROGRAM + +A MORNING PRAYER +REQUISITES OF A CAMPER +7.00, "REVEILLE" +7.15, THE DIP +7.30, BREAKFAST +8.30, CAMP DUTIES +9.30 TO 11, EDUCATIONAL RECREATION +11, "BLANKETS IN" +11.30, SWIMMING TIME +12, NOON INSPECTION +12.30, DINNER +12.45 TO 2, "SIESTA" +2 TO 4.30, SPORTS +4.30, PREPARATION FOR THE NIGHT +5, GENERAL INSPECTION +5.45, "COLORS" +6, SUPPER +6.45, MEDITATION AND STUDY +7.15, CAMPUS GAMES +8, CAMP FIRE AND ENTERTAINMENT +8.45, "TATTOO" AND HYMN +9, "TAPS" AND "GOOD NIGHT" + +A Morning Prayer + +The day returns and brings in the petty round of irritating concerns and +duties. Help us to play the man, help us to perform them with laughter and +kind faces. Let cheerfulness abound with industry. Give us to go blithely +on our business all the day. Bring us to our resting beds weary and +content and undishonored, and grant us in the end the gift of sleep. +--Robert Louis Stevenson. + +Requisites + +All the major habits of life are formed during the teen period of life. If +camping teaches a boy anything it teaches him the habit of being +systematic. The day's program should be built upon a platform calculated +not only to keep the camp running smoothly, but to develop within the boy +and man those qualities requisite for a good camper, viz., truth, +sincerity, self-control, courage, energy, skill, mental capacity, justice, +patriotism, stamina, efficiency, executive power, consideration, +kindliness, cheerfulness, self-reliance, good temper, good manners, tact, +promptness, obedience, helpfulness, and cooperation. Camping has as good +an effect on a boy's character as it has upon his health. It teaches him +to be self-reliant, to look after his own wants, and not to be abnormally +self-centered. It is marvellous how much more tidy and considerate a boy +becomes after he has had a season in camp, looking after himself and his +own belongings, as well as sharing in keeping his tent neat and clean, and +having his part in the day's work. From "reveille" at 7 A.M. to "taps" at +9 P.M. the day's program should be definitely planned. In order to make +this chapter of practical value the different periods of the day and its +activities will be described very fully and enough suggestions given to +make the day purposeful, educational, recreational and attractive in +either a large or small camp. + +Seven o'clock is usually the hour of beginning the day, although some +camps make the rising hour six-thirty o'clock. The first morning in camp +boys want to get up around four o'clock, thinking it about three hours +later, on account of the sun streaming into their tent. After the first +morning boys who wake early should be expected to keep silent and remain +in their tent until "reveille" sounds. Consideration should be shown +toward those who desire to sleep. + +7.00 + +When the bugle sounds "reveille" everybody turns out in pajamas or +swimming tights and indulges in a brisk ten-minute setting-up exercise. +This should be made snappy, giving particular attention to correcting +stooping shoulders and breathing. Boys should not be excused from this +exercise unless ill. At the end of the exercise the flag is raised and the +campers salute the stars and stripes as they are flung to the morning +breeze. A small cannon is fired in some camps when the flag is raised. The +honor of raising the flag may be given to the boys of the tent having won +the honor tent pennant of the preceding day or to boys specially assigned. +The spirit of patriotism is fostered by respect to the flag. + +7.15 + +Flag-raising is followed by a dip in the lake. It should be understood +that this is to be a dip or plunge and not a swim. Five minutes is +sufficient time to be in the water. Place some responsible person in +charge of the dip. A safe rule is never to permit boys in the water unless +supervised. The boys should take soap, towels and tooth brushes with them +when they go for the dip. A good morning scrub of the teeth with a brush +saves many hours of pain. Boys are woefully negligent (because ignorant) +of the care of their teeth. Saturday is "scrub" day in many of the large +camps when all are required to take a "soap scrub." Marvellous how the +"tan" disappears after this scrubbing period! + +7.30 + +By this time every fellow is hungry enough to devour whatever food is set +before him, whether he is fond of it or not, and there is an alacrity of +response to the Mess Call of the bugle which only a camper understands and +appreciates. When the campers are seated there is either silent or audible +grace before the meal is eaten. Take plenty of time for the eating of the +meal. Forty-five minutes is not too long. Encourage wholesome conversation +and good natural pleasantry, but discountenance "rough house" and +ungentlemanliness. The announcements for the day are usually given at the +breakfast table followed by the reading of a chapter from the Bible and a +short prayer. + +8.30 + +A boy should be taught that all labor is noble, that "no one can rise that +slights his work" and the "grand business in life is not to see what lies +dimly at a distance, but to do what lies clearly at hand." With this kind +of a spirit, blankets are taken out of the tent to be aired and the sides +of the tent tied up, the camp is cleaned and put in a sanitary condition, +the tents are put in order, and kitchen work, if part of the boys' duties, +is attended to. All work should be finished by 9.30. No matter whether the +boy pays twenty dollars a week or three dollars a week for the outing, +labor of some sort should be a part of his daily life while at camp, for +when one gets to love work, his life becomes a happy one. The world +despises a shirker but honors a worker. + +The work of the day is sometimes done by tent groups or by boys grouped in +alphabetical order, each group being under a leader whose part is assigned +daily by the Camp Director (see chapter on Organization). In the writer's +camp, work is considered a great privilege. For instance, if three bushels +of peas must be picked from the camp garden for dinner, a call is made for +volunteers. From forty to fifty hands will go up and after careful +choosing, six boys are selected to do this coveted work, much to the +disappointment of the others. It is all in the way work is presented to +the boys, whether they will look upon it as a privilege or an irksome +task. + +9.30 to 11.00 + +If tutoring is a part of the camp's plan, the morning will be found a +desirable time for tutor and boy to spend an hour together. Manual +training, instruction in woodcraft, field and track athletics, boating, +life-saving drills, rehearsal for minstrel shows or entertainments, +photography, tennis, baseball, are some of the many activities to be +engaged in during this period. One day a week, each box or trunk should be +aired, and its contents gone over carefully. A sort of "clean up" day. + +11.00 + +About this time the Life Saving Crew will be getting ready for their drill +and patrolling of the swim. The other campers will be taking in their +blankets and after shaking them well and folding, will place them on their +beds for the inspection, which usually comes at noon. At 11.20 boys who +cannot swim should be given instruction by those who can swim. If this is +done before the regular swim there is less danger and greater progress is +made. + +11.30 + +This seems to be the popular hour for swimming in nearly all the camps. It +follows the ball game, the tennis match, the camp work, and usually the +temperature of air and water is just right for a swim. Allow no swimmer to +go beyond the line of patrol boats. Have some one on shore who is keen to +observe any boy who may be in need of assistance. + +Twenty minutes is sufficient length of time to be in fresh water. When the +boys come out of the water, have a towel drill, teaching the boy how to +use the towel so that his back may be dried as well as every other part of +his body. This rubbing down induces circulation of the blood and gives +that finish to a swim which makes the boy feel like a new being. It is +unwise to permit boys to lie around undressed after a swim, for +physiological as well as moral reasons. Swimming tights should be wrung +out dry, either by hand or by a wringer kept near the swimming place, and +hung out on a rope or rustless wire, stretched back of the tent. Do not +permit wet clothes to be hung in the tent, on the canvas or tent ropes. + +12.00 + +Beds or bunks should be made up for inspection. Three men or boys may be +appointed as inspectors. Considerable interest and pride is taken by the +boys in having their canvas home look neat. This training in neatness, +order and cleanliness is invaluable. (See chapter on Awards.) The +inspection should not take over twenty minutes. While this is going on +those who have kitchen or table duty will be busily engaged getting tables +in readiness for dinner. + +12.30 + +Mess call for dinner. This meal should be the heartiest meal of the day, +and plenty of time given to the eating of the food. Mail is usually given +out at this meal in camps where there is but one delivery a day. + +1.15, "Siesta." + +"Siesta," or rest hour, follows dinner. In the early days of boys' camps +this suggestion would have been laughed at, but today it is looked upon as +highly hygienic and considered one of the best things of camp and strongly +to be commended. The boy is advised to lie down flat on his back, in his +tent or under the shade of a friendly tree, and be quiet. He may talk if +he wishes, but usually some one reads aloud to his fellows. This gives the +food a chance to digest, and the whole body a nerve and muscle rest before +the active work of the afternoon. + +2.00 to 4.30 + +These hours will be spent in various ways. Usually it is the time for +athletic sports, baseball games, quoit[1] tournaments, tennis tournaments, +excursions afield, boat regatta, archery, water sports, scouting games and +other activities in which most of the campers can engage. The big outdoor +events should occupy this time of the day. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Flat rings of iron or rope are pitched at a +stake with points for encircling it. A ring used in this game.] + +4.30 + +Where daily inspection is a part of the camp plan the boys will begin +getting everything in readiness for that important event. A general bustle +of activity will be in evidence and every boy on the qui vive[2] to have +his tent win the coveted honor pennant, usually given for the neatest +tent, + +[Transcriber's Footnote 2: Sentinel's challenge. On the alert; vigilant.] + +5.00 + +Inspection is conducted during the absence of the boys. While the +inspectors are making the round of tents, the boys should assemble either +in the permanent building of the camp or under some big tree, to listen to +a practical talk by the camp physician, a demonstration in first aid work, +the reading of a story, or to something equally educational in character. +This is a valuable hour when occupied in this manner. (See chapter on +inspection, awards, etc.) + +5.45 + +Rather than depend upon "sunset" as the time to lower the flag, it is much +better to set an hour for "colors." Promptly at this hour the bugler blows +"colors." No matter where a camper may be he should stand erect, uncover +and remain attentive until after the playing of the "Star Spangled Banner" +and firing of the cannon. The flag is lowered very slowly during the +playing of the "Star Spangled Banner" and camp should be a place of silent +patriotism. Those who have witnessed this ceremony in a boys' camp will +never forget its impressiveness. The flag should never be permitted to +touch the ground, and should be carefully folded and in readiness for +hoisting the next morning. + +6.00 + +Supper hour cannot come too promptly for active boys. The announcement of +the day's inspection should be made at the meal and the honor pennant or +flag presented to the successful tent, and accepted by one of the boys. +This occasion is usually a time of rejoicing, also a time of +resolve-making on the part of tent groups to "do better tomorrow." The +record of each tent is read by one of the inspectors, and at the end of +the week the tent having the best record gets a special supper or +"seconds" on ice cream day. + +6.45 + +About this time, with the going down of the sun, nature seems to quiet +down, and it is the psychological time for serious thought. Many camps +devote twenty minutes to Bible study (for suggested lessons, see chapter +on Religion and Moral Life). Tent groups under their leader study +thoughtfully the meaning of life and the great lessons taught by God +through nature. Night after night the boys consciously or unconsciously +acquire through this study the requisites of a good camper mentioned in +the first part of this chapter. + +7.15 + +Campus games, boating, preparation for the bonfire, etc., will occupy the +time until dark. Every boy should be engaged in some recreative play, +working off whatever surplus energy he may have at hand so that when the +time for "turning in" comes, he will be physically tired and ready for +bed. + +8.00 + +The evening program varies. Some nights there will be a minstrel show, +other nights a camp fire, or mock trial, an illustrated talk, or "village +school entertainment," or a play, or a musical evening or "vo-de-ville." +Leave about two nights a week open. The boys prefer to have occasional +open evenings when they are free to loaf around, and go to bed early. Plan +the evening "stunts" very carefully. + +8.45 + +The bugler blows "tattoo"[1] which means "all in tents." After the boys +have undressed and are ready for bed, the leader reads a chapter from the +Bible, and in many camps the boys lead in volunteer prayer, remembering +especially the folks at home. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Signal on a drum or bugle to summon +soldiers to their quarters at night. Continuous, even drumming or +rapping.] + +From a hill near camp, or from a boat on the lake come the notes of a +familiar hymn such as "Abide With Me," "Lead, Kindly Light," "The Day is +Past and Over," "Sun of My Soul," or "Nearer, My God to Thee," played by +the bugler. Every boy listens and the ear records a suggestion which helps +to make the night's sleep pure and restful. Try it. Taps played slowly, +follows the hymn. As the last notes are being echoed upon the still night +air the lights are being extinguished in the tents, so that when the final +prolonged note ends the camp is in darkness and quiet, and all have +entered into a nine-hour period of restoration of body and mind. Who +knows, but God himself, how many of the boys, and even leaders, while +wrapped warmly in their blankets have silently breathed out that old, old +prayer so full of faith, which has been handed down from generation to +generation: + + Now I lay me down to sleep + I pray Thee Lord my soul to keep. + +A prayer echoed by the camp director, for now is the only time of the +day's program when he begins to breathe freely, and is partially able to +lay aside his mantle of responsibility. A cough, a sigh, and even the +moaning of the wind disturbs this ever vigilant leader and he thinks of +his charges, until finally, weariness conquers and sleep comes. + + +THE WELL-ORDERED DAY + +How shall the day be ordered? To the sage +The young man spoke. And this was his reply: + +A morning prayer. +A moment with thy God who sends thee dawn +Up from the east; to thank heaven for the care +That kept thee through the night; to give thy soul, +With faith serene, to his complete control; +To ask his guidance still along the way. + So starts the day. + +A busy day. +Do with a will the task that lies before. +So much there is for every man to do, +And soon the night when man can work no more. +And none but he to life's behest is true +Who works with zeal and pauses only when +He stretches forth his hand to help the men +Who fail or fall beside him on the way. + So runs the day. + +A merry evening. +When toil is done, then banished be the care +That frets the soul. With loved ones by the hearth +The evening hour belongs to joy and mirth; +To lighter things that make life fresh and fair. +For honest work has earned its hour of play. + So ends the day. +--John Clair Minot in the "Independent" + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Association Boys' Camps--Edgar M. Robinson. Association Boys, Vol. I., +No.3, 1902. + +The Day's Program--C. Hanford Henderson. "How to Help Boys," Vol. +III., No.3, 1903. + +The Camp Conference--Secretary's Report, 1905-06 (out of print). + +The Camp Conference--"How to Help Boys," July, 1903. + +[Illustration; The Story Hour--Sunday Afternoon--Camp Wawayanda] + + + +CHAPTER VIII--MORAL AND RELIGIOUS LIFE + +THE RELIGIOUS INSTINCT +NATURE'S TEACHINGS +SUNDAY IN CAMP +BIBLE STUDY +HOW AND WHEN TO TEACH THE BIBLE +COURSE OF CAMP BIBLE STUDY +BIBLE STUDY COURSE FOR BOY SCOUTS +DEVOTIONS IN TENT +DAILY BIBLE READINGS +A "NOVEL" BON-FIRE +READING OF STORIES ON SUNDAY +PURPOSEFUL READING +CHAPEL SERVICES +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +The aspect of nature is devout. Like the figure of Jesus, she stands with +bended head and hands folded upon her breast.--Emerson. + +Camp life should help boys to grow not only physically and mentally, but +morally. Religion is the basis of morality. The highest instinct in man is +the religious. Man made the city with all its artificiality, but, as some +one has said, "God made the country." Everything that the city boy comes +in contact with is man-made. "Even the ground is covered with buildings +and paving blocks; the trees are set in rows like telegraph poles; the +sunlight is diluted with smoke from the factory chimneys, the moon and +stars are blotted out by the glare of the electric light; and even the +so-called lake in the park is a scooped-out basin filled by pumps. Little +wonder that a boy who grows up under these conditions has little reverence +for a God whose handiwork he has not seen."[1] + +[Footnote 1: Walter M. Wood in Association Boys, June. 1907.] + +Nature's Teachings + +When a boy's soul is open to the influence of nature he feels the presence +of the divine in the forest. There is an uplift, an inspiration, a joy +that he never experiences in the city. He does not know how to express +himself, but somehow he feels the spiritual atmosphere pervading the woods +which his soul breathes in as really as his nostrils do the pure air, and +he is ready to Go forth, under the open sky and list to Nature's +teachings. +-Bryant. + +For as Martin Luther said, "God writes the Gospel not in the Bible alone, +but in trees and flowers and clouds and stars." + +Sunday + +Sunday in a boys' camp should be observed by the holding of a service in +the morning, with song, scripture reading, prayer and a short talk. The +afternoon is usually occupied by letter writing, Bible study, or reading, +the day closing with a vesper service in the evening just as the sun is +setting. Boisterousness should not be encouraged. Unnatural restraint, +however, is contrary to the spirit of the day. The day should be different +from other days. Many camp boys date their first real awakening to the +best and highest things in life from a Sunday spent in camp. + +Every real camper has experienced a Sunday similar to this one described +by Howard Henderson. "A quiet Sunday in the deep woods is a golden day to +be remembered for many a year. All nature combines to assist the camper in +directing his thoughts to the great Author of all the beauty that he +beholds. 'The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth +his handiwork.' The trees under which one reclines rear their heads +heavenward, pointing their spire-like minarets far up toward the +blue-vaulted roof. It inspires the very soul to worship in these unbuilt +cathedrals with wilderness of aisle and pillars, which for elegance and +beauty have never been equalled by the architects of any age. And the +music of the trees combined with the notes of the bird songsters, give a +joy which is unknown in listening to a city choir." + +Bible Study + +The Bible becomes a new book to boys when studied under such an +environment. As one boy wrote home to his father after a Sunday spent in a +camp where Sunday was observed in this manner, "Dad, it is so different +here, from a Sunday at home; I understood the talk and the Bible study was +great; it was a bully day!" + +The following Bible course was worked out by the author and has been used +in scores of boys' camps. These lessons were taught to groups of boys at +eventide when nature seemed to quiet down and the boys were most +responsive to good, sensible suggestion. The camp was divided into tent +groups, each group being taught by their leader or an exchange leader, one +group occupying a big rock, another the "Crow's Nest," or "Tree House," +another getting together under a big tree, another in their tent. No +leader was permitted to take more than twenty minutes for the lesson. It +is unwise to take twenty minutes for what could be said in ten minutes. +The boys all had a chance to take part in the discussion. Each lesson was +opened and closed with prayer, many of the boys participating in volunteer +prayer. In teaching a lesson don't spend too much time in description +unless you have the rare gift of being able to make your scene live before +your hearers. Talk plainly and to the point. Naturalness should +characterize each lesson. Boys hate cant[1] and apologies and lack of +definiteness. Your best illustrations will be drawn from the life of the +camp and from nature. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Monotonous talk filled with platitudes. +Hypocritically pious language.] + +In some camps these lessons were taught in the morning directly after +breakfast, while the boys were seated at the tables. + +There are "Sermons in stones, and good in every thing," therefore the +purpose of these lessons should be to help boys hear these sermons and +learn nature's lessons of purity, strength and character. + +A COURSE IN BIBLE STUDY + +LESSON 1. THE HILLS-PRAYER + +Psalm 121. +Christ going into the mountains to pray. +Matt. 14:23; Mark 6:46; Luke 6:12; Mark 1:35; Matt. 6:6-15. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Unnatural not to pray. Even Pagans pray, but they pray through fear. + +More things are wrought through prayer than this world dreams of. +--Tennyson. +Pray to Christ as friend to friend. The Lord's Prayer. + +He prayeth well who loveth well +Both man and bird and beast. +He prayeth best who loveth best +All things both great and small, +For the dear God who loveth us +He made and loveth all. +--Coleridge's "Ancient Mariner." + +Strength received through prayer. A time and place for prayer. + +LESSON 2. THE BIRDS--DEPENDENCE UPON GOD + +Matt. 6:26; Psa.147:9; Luke 12:24; Matt. 10:29-31. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +God feeding the birds. How much more does God care for you. Not one +forgotten, the most worthless, the most restless. + +God loves the birds. He loves you. Show your love to Him by caring for the +birds. + +Isa. 40: 28-31. + +Abraham Lincoln and the bird fallen from the nest.--"Gentlemen, I could +not have slept tonight if I had not helped that little bird in its +trouble, and put it back safe in the nest with its mother." + +LESSON 3. FLOWERS-PURITY + +Matt. 6:28-30. Beauty of flowers. +Isa. 55:10-13. Provision for summer growth and beauty. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +(Bring wild flowers to the class.) +Flowers come up out of the dirt yet unsoiled. +Possible for boys to keep clean and pure, surrounded by evil. +Evil thoughts determine evil deeds. + +"My strength is as the strength of ten +Because my heart is pure."-Sir Galahad. + +Purity of character, the lily. +Know thyself. Keep thyself pure. 1 Cor. 3:16,17. +White Cross Pledge. +Virtue never dwelt long with filth and nastiness.--Count Rumford. + +LESSON 4. TREES--GROWTH + +Psalm 1. (Hold the session under the biggest and best proportioned +tree.) + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Cedars of Lebanon--Strong in the Lord. +The oaks--From acorns grew. +The fruit tree--Living for others. +By their fruits ye shall know them. +Stunted trees. Crooked trees. +Scarred trees. Grafted trees. +Matt. 1:16-20; Jer. 11:7, 8. +Things that interfere with a boy's growth. + +LESSON 5. WATER-LIFE + +(Hold the session along the shore.) +Psa. 65:9-13. God's liberality. +Isa. 55: 1. Freeness of the gospel. +John 4:14. Woman at the well. +Rev. 22:11. The last invitation in the Bible. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +The joy of living. The fun at camp. +Friendship. +Temporal life vs. eternal life. +Water will only satisfy thirst temporarily. +Water revives--Christ satisfies. +Eternal life for the asking. + +LESSON 6. ROCKS--CHARACTER + +(Hold the session on or near some big boulder or rock.) +Matt. 7:24-27. A good foundation. +1 Cor. 3:9-14. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS +All boys are building character day by day. +All builders have a choice of foundation. +All foundations will be tried. +Only one foundation will stand. +Jesus Christ is the Rock of Ages. + +"Every thought that we've ever had + Its own little place has filled. +Every deed we have done, good or bad + Is a stone in the temple we build."-Sargant. + +Character, not reputation, will alone stand the final test. + +LESSON 7. STORMS--TROUBLE +Matt. 8:23-27. Need of help. +Phil. 4:6. A strong deliverer. +Psa. 107:28-30. A safe place. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS +Boys have real troubles, real temptations, real shipwrecks. +Difficulties in school life, at home, in camp. +Almost ready to give up. +Have faith in Christ as a Saviour. + +"The inner side of every cloud +Is bright and shining, +I therefore turn my clouds about, +And always wear them inside out +To show the lining." + +"Look ever to Jesus. He'll carry you through." + +LESSON 8. SPORTS--MASTERY +(Teach this lesson after a field day.) +1 Cor. 9:24-27. The race of life. Mastery of self. +Heb. 12:1, 2. Run with patience. +1 Tim. 6:12. A good fight. +Rev. 2:10. Faithfulness. +Ecele. 9:11. Not always to the swift. +Eccle. 9:10. Wholeheartedness. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS +"Each victory of self will help you some other to win." +Self-control. +Value of training. You are either master or slave. +The Bible, the book of instruction. +Solomon's rule of self-defence. Prov. 15: 1. + +LESSON 9. NIGHT--SIN +Psa. 19. Night unto night. +John 3:19-20. Evil deeds. +Rom. 13:11-14. Awake out of sin. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Bad thoughts come to us in the dark. +Dark places productive of crime. +Mischief at camp during the night. +Darkness cannot hide us from God. +"Thou God seest me." +North star a guide for sailors--Jesus Christ a safe guide. +"Character is what a man is in the dark." +-D. L. Moody. + +LESSON 10. CHUMS--FRIENDSHIP +1 Sam. 18:1-4. True friendship. +1 John 4:11. Love one another. +1 Cor. 13:4-7. To the end. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Chum means "to abide with," to share the same tent. Camp chums. David +and Jonathan. The genuine article. Helping each other. +The Friend--Jesus Christ. + +LESSON 11. CAMP FIRES + +Build a camp fire along the shore. Read alternately the twenty-first +chapter of the gospel of St. John. The fire on the beach. John 21:9. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Jesus was there--Jesus is here. +Peter confessed Him there. John 21:15-17. +Who will confess Him here? +Peter denied Him by another fire. Luke 22:54-62. +Will you deny Him here? +P. S. Make this a decision meeting. + +LESSON 12. FISHING--PERSONAL WORK + +Luke 5:1-11. Fishers of men. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Sometimes fish are caught and used as bait to catch others. When a boy +becomes a Christian he should bring to others the same blessing. + +Patience is essential in fishing--same in winning boys to Christ. Every +fisherman expects to catch fish. To lead others to Christ is the noblest +work in the world. Dan. 12: 3. + +Tent Devotions + +In some camps a bit of Scripture is read each night in the tent just +before retiring. The following readings having been prepared by W. H. +Wones, C. C. Robinson, Arthur Wilson and Charles R. Scott for use at Camp +Wawayanda. Just before taps, if you have a good cornetist, have him go a +short distance from the camp and play a well known hymn, like "Abide With +Me," "Nearer, My God, to Thee," "Lead, Kindly Light," then play "taps." +The effect is wonderful, and prevents all inclination toward noise or +"rough house." + +JULY + +TOPIC: VACATION + +1. Personal Work on a Journey. John 4:5-15. +2. Its Results. John 4:27-30, 39, 42. +3. The Disciples' Trip for Service. Mark 6:7-13. +4. Their Interrupted Vacation. Mark 6: 30-42. +5. A Night on the Lake. Mark 6:45-56. +6. A Foolish Journey. Luke 15:11-17. +7. A Wise Return. Luke 15:18-24. +8. The Welcome Guest. John 12:1-9. +9. A Fishing Experience. John 21:1-14. +10. Spending a Night on a Mountain. Luke 9:28-36. +11. Vacation Suggestion: "Keep Sweet." Psalm 34:8-15. +12. Vacation Suggestion: "Stick to Principle." Psalm 119:25-32. +13. Vacation Suggestion: "Confess Christ. "; Matthew 10:24-33. +14. Vacation Suggestion: "Keep up Bible Study."; Psalm 119:1-8. +15. Vacation Suggestion: "Write Good Letters." 1 Corinthians 16:3-13. +16. Speaking for Christ While Traveling; Acts 8:26-39. +17. A Queen's Visit. 1 Kings 10:1-10. +18. An Adventurous Voyage. Acts 27:1-13. +19. Shipwreck. Acts 27:14-26. +20. All Saved. Acts 27:27-44. +21. Praying for a Prosperous Journey. Romans 1:8-16. +22. A Traveler's Adventures. 2 Corinthians 11:23-33. +23. A Merry Heart Desirable. Proverbs 15:13-17. +24. Keeping from Sin. Romans 6:16-23. +25. Meeting a Stranger. Luke 24:13-27. +26. A Delightful Surprise. Luke 24:28-35. +27. Jacob's Bivouac. Genesis 28:10-22. +28. David's Prayer in the Cave. Psalm 142:1-7. +29. Avoiding Sinful Pleasure. Hebrews 11:23-27. +30. Peter's Counsel. 1 Peter 4:1-10. +31. The Greatest Pleasure. Psalm 16: 1-11. + +AUGUST + +TOPIC: NATURE + +1. The Story of Nature's Creation. Genesis 1:11-22. +2. The First Garden. Genesis 2:8-17. +3. God's Care for His Creation. Matthew 6:25-34. +4. The Symbol of Peace. Genesis 8:1-11. +5. The Sign of God's Promise. Genesis 9:8-17. +6. The Burning Bush. Exodus 3:1-6. +7. The Accompaniment of God's Presence. Exodus 19:16-25. +8. Nature Halts to Accomplish God's Purpose. Joshua 10:5-14. +9. Nature's Tribute to God's Glory. Psalm 97:1-12. +10. The Midnight Hymn. Psalm 8:1-9. +11. The Sunrise Hymn. Psalm 19:1-14. +12. The Thunder-storm Hymn. Psalm 29:1-11. +13. The God of Storm. Matthew 8:23-33. +14. Nature has no perils for the God-fearing Man. Job 5:8-27. +15. The Full Ear. Matthew 13:1-9,18,23. +16. Harmful Weeds. Matthew 13: 24-30, 36-43. +17. The God of Nature Protects Us. Psalm 121:1-8. +18. He Cares for Us. Psalm 147:1-20. +19. God's Voice After the Storm. 1 Kings 19:5-13. +20. The Tree of Life. Proverbs 3:13-21. +21. The Trees Desire a King. Judges 9:8-15; Joshua 24:15. +22. The Root Out of Dry Ground. Isaiah 53:1-12. +23. Water Without Price. Isaiah 55:1-13. +24. The Perfect Vine. John 15:1-14. +25. The Light Brighter than the Sun. Acts 9:1-20. +26. A Wonderful Star. Matthew 2:1-11. +27. Sand or Rock? Matthew 7:24-27. +28. Broken Branches. Matthew 21:1-11. +29. The Unprofitable Tree. Matthew 7:15-21. +30. The Profitable Tree. Psalm 1:1-6. +31. Do Good in all Seasons. Ecclesiastes 3:1-12. + +BOY SCOUT COURSE + +For a Boy Scout Camp, the following course, "Boy's Scout Guide +Book Study," was prepared by W. S. Dillon: + +THE SCOUT'S OATH +Lesson 1. To Do My Duty to God and My Country. +Daniel 1:8; 6:4-10. +Lesson 2. To Help Other People at All Times. Exodus 3:1-11. +Lesson 3. To Obey the Scout Law. Exodus 20:3-17; Luke 10:26, 27; +Matthew 7:12. + +THE SCOUT SALUTE AND SIGN +Lesson 4. Judges 12:6; Acts 4:12; Galatians 6:14. + +THREE CLASSES OF SCOUTS THE TENDERFOOT +Lesson 5. Luke 5:1-11. + +THE SECOND CLASS SCOUT +Lesson 6. Have at Least One Month's Service as a Tenderfoot. +2 Samuel 15:1-6. +Lesson 7. Signalling. 1 Samuel 20:20-22; 35-39. +Lesson 8. Lay and Light a Fire. Fire Lighting Contest. +1 Kings 18: 22-24. + +FIRST CLASS SCOUT +Lesson 8. Signalling. Daniel 5: 1-31. +Lesson 9. Go on Foot to a Given Point and Return and Give a Report +of the Trip. Numbers 13:1-3; 17-21; 23-33. +Lesson 10. Produce an Article of Carpentry, Joinery or Metal Work. 2 +Chronicles 2:11-16. +Lesson 11. Bring a Tenderfoot Trained in the Points Required for a +Tenderfoot. John 1: 40-42. + +THE SCOUT LAW +Lesson 12. A Scout's Honor is to be Trusted. Genesis 39:7-10. +Lesson 13. Loyalty. Esther 4:8-16. +Lesson 14. A Scout is a Friend to All, and Must NEVER BE A SNOB. +Luke +9:46-48. +Lesson 15. A Friend to Animals. 1 Samuel 17:12-16. +Lesson 16. Obey Orders. Jonah 1:1-3. +Lesson 17. Cheerfulness and Willingness. +Acts 16 :25; Phillippians 4:11-13. +Lesson 18. Thrift. Matthew 6:19-21. + +THE GREAT SCOUT MASTER +Lesson 19. Matthew 23:10. + +Novel Bonfire + +The author experienced something very unusual one Sunday afternoon in a +camp where he was invited to speak. The talk was on "Trees or Growth," one +of the studies of the course described. During the talk a number of things +were referred to that enter into the growth of a tree which either mar or +hinder it from becoming a symmetrical, beautiful tree and a similar +comparison was made regarding a boy's growth. The question was asked of +the boys, "What are some of the things which interfere with a boy's growth +physically, mentally and morally?" A number of things, such as smoking, +swearing, impurity, etc., were given, and finally one of the small boys +piped up "reading dime novels." His answer was received with howls of +derision, especially from the older boys. "Hold on," I said, "let's +discuss the matter; if dime novels are good for a boy's growth mentally, +we want to know about it, but if they are detrimental to this particular +kind of desired growth, of course, we want to cut it out." The discussion +brought out the fact that a number of the boys had smuggled a lot of this +kind of literature into camp and were just loafing through their time in +the woods, gloating over the wonderful and daring escapades of Wild West +heroes. The boys finally decided that their mental growth was retarded by +such reading. Then came the question, "What are you going to do about it?" +"We don't usually have a bonfire on Sunday," I said. "I am inclined, +however, to ask your leader for a special dispensation and we will have +one. + +You are to furnish the fuel, your leader the kerosene oil and I will +provide the match. The fuel is to consist of all the dime novels in the +camp." "Whew!" "I know it will take grit to do this, but it is a test of +your sincerity and determination to progress along right lines." "We're +game?" yelled the boys, "and we mean business." + +The start was made for the place where the bonfires were usually held. By +the time I reached the spot, the boys were coming from their tents with +bundles of novels. Every boy was requested to tear each novel in half and +throw it upon the heap. When everything was ready, the boys uncovered and +in the silence that came upon the group, the match was struck and the +flames began to leap upward, until finally, all that remained was the +small piles of ashes. For the majority of the boys it meant the burning up +of the dross and the beginning of better and nobler thinking. I shall +always remember this novel bonfire. This is what I mean by making Bible +study and camp talks effective. + +Reading + +Sunday afternoon is the time for reading good, wholesome stories. Take the +boys out into the woods where they can squat under a big tree, or if the +day is warm seek the cool shelter of the tent and while the boys are lying +down read a short story or several chapters of a story like "Dr. +Grenfell's Parish," by Norman Duncan, "Just Boys," by Mary Buell Wood, +"Some Boys I Know," "Chapel Talks," or "The Story of Good Will Farm," by +George W. Hinckley. If the group is made up of older boys who like to +discuss life problems, read a chapter or two from Robert Speer's excellent +books, "A Young Man's Questions" and "Young Men Who Overcame." Make sure +that whatever you read has the uplift note. The real purpose of the +afternoon's reading should be that of instilling in the boys' minds some +of the cardinal virtues of Christian character. + +Don't moralize; let the story do its own moralizing. Boys are hero +worshippers. If the hero or the heroic appeal of the story is of a sane +type and not abnormal there will be created naturally within the boy a +desire to emulate the good deeds of the hero in the everyday life of the +camp, which is much better than the parrot-like vocalization unfortunately +many times encouraged by well-meaning men. + +Chapel + +A pile of stones made to serve as an altar or pulpit, a chapel having the +branches of a friendly pine as its roof and under which are built a +reading desk and seats of white birch, a cathedral with towering columns +of pine and cushions of pine needles, a rocky shore along the ocean--all +are places where boys have heard the appeal for right living and responded +with an earnest decision that marked an advance step in their moral and +religious growth. + +Make much of the music at these outdoor services on Sunday. A choir of men +and boys responding in the distance to the hymns of the camp boys, in +antiphonal manner, a cornetist playing a hymn in the distance, make an +impression never to be forgotten. + +The great test of camp life is not the fun the boy had, or his gain in +weight, height or lung capacity, or the friendships formed, or his +increased knowledge in woodcraft, but his advancement in character-making +and gain in spiritual vigor. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +BOOKS HELPFUL IN THE PREPARATION OF BIBLE STUDY LESSONS: + +Lessons from Life (Animal and Human)--Thomas Whittaker. Macmillan, +$2.50. + +Sermons in Stones--Amos R. Wells. Doubleday, Page & Company, $1.00. + +Parables from Nature--Mrs. Gatty. Colportage Library, 15 cents. + +A Good Bible Dictionary and Concordance. + +BOOKS UPON THE RELIGIOUS LIFE OF Boys: + +The Boy and the Church--Eugene C. Foster. The Sunday School Times Co., +75 cents net. + +Starting to Teach--Eugene C. Foster. Association Pres., 40 cents. + +The Child and His Religion--George E. Dawson. University of Chicago, +75 cents net. + +Religion in Boyhood--Ernest B. Layard. E. P. Dutton and Company, 75 +cents net. + + + +CHAPTER IX--FOOD--ITS FUNCTION, PURCHASE, PREPARATION, COOKING, SERVING + +GOOD COOKING +FOOD CHARTS +DIGESTION CHARTS +TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES +PURCHASE OF FOOD +GROCERY LIST +THE STEWARD +COMMISSARY DEPARTMENT +THE COOK +LIST OF FOODS +WEEK OF MENUS +A FEW HINTS +TABLE ETIQUETTE +GRACE AT MEALS +SERVING +DISH WASHING + +We may live without friends, we may live without books, +But civilized man cannot live without cooks. + +Good Cooking + +The normal boy sums up life in two words of three letters each: "F-u-n" +and "E-a-t." As long as there is plenty of fun and plenty to eat, he +thinks life is worth living, and he is not so far from the truth, for it +is only when the fun of living dies within us, and our digestive apparatus +refuses to do its function that we "become of all men most miserable." A +boy will put up with all sorts of inconvenience but rebels at once at poor +food and bad cooking. The good nature, congenial atmosphere, and +contentedness of camp life is largely due to good cooking. Economize in +every other way, but think twice before cheap cooks are employed or a +cheap grade of food purchased. + +[Illustration: Where They Eat to Live] + +A good cook will economize, he knows what to do with left-overs and how to +prepare menus of variety. The quantity of swill soon reveals the worth of +the cook. In a large camp a hundred dollars may easily find its way into +the garbage can because of cheap cooks and poor food. A growing boy +demands relatively more of the tissue-building kind of food than a grown +person, because the body is being built up. When the full stature is +reached the tissue-building part of the food is only required to take the +place of that worn out each day. Professor Atwater has told us that the +boy of fifteen or sixteen requires ninety per cent of the food ration of +the adult man engaged in moderate muscular work. Boys at twelve require +seventy per cent. + +Vegetables, fruits, cereals, bread, nuts and meats furnish the essentials. +Sugar and fat have only part of them. Coffee and tea have no food values +except for the milk and sugar added. They tend to check certain normal +secretion in the body and should not be used during growth. + +Food Charts + +The United States Department of Agriculture publishes a series of fifteen +food charts of exceptional value. Leaders and cooks will find them helpful +in providing and planning the food for the boys. Boys will be interested +in the information given and the attractive form of presentation. The set +costs $1.00. Send to Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. The +following table is a condensation of the facts given on the charts, and +will help in planning menus: + +Prepared by C. F. LANGWORTHY. +Expert in charge of Nutrition Investigation. + + Carbohy- Calories +Chart 1 Protein Fat drates Ash Water per + Whole milk 3.3 4.0 5.0 0.7 87.0 310 + Skim milk 3.4 0.3 5.1 0.7 90.5 165 + Buttermilk 3.0 0.5 4.8 0.7 91.0 160 + Cream 2.5 18.5 4.5 2.5 74.0 865 + +Chart 2 + Whole egg 14.8 10.5 --- 1.0 73.7 700 + Egg white 13.0 0.2 --- 0.6 86.2 265 + Egg yolk 16.1 33.3 --- 1.1 49.5 1608 + Cream cheese 25.9 33.7 2.4 3.8 34.2 1950 + Cottage cheese 20.9 1.0 4.3 1.8 72.0 510 + +Chart 3 +(edible portion of) + Lamb chop 17.6 28.3 --- 1.0 53.1 1540 + Pork 16.9 30.1 --- 1.0 52.0 1580 + Smoked ham 16.1 38.8 --- 4.8 40.3 1940 + Beefsteak 18.6 18.5 --- 1.0 61.9 1130 + Dried beef 30.0 6.6 --- 9.1 54.3 840 + +Chart 4 + Cod, lean fish 15.8 0.4 --- 1.2 82.6 325 + Cod, Salt 21.5 0.3 --- 24.7 53.5 410 + Oyster 6.2 1.2 3.7 2.0 86.9 235 + Smoked herring 36.4 15.8 --- 13.2 34.6 1355 + Mackerel, fat 18.3 7.1 --- 1.2 73.4 645 + +Chart 5 + Olive Oil --- 100.0 --- --- ---- 4080 + Bacon 9.4 67.4 --- 4.4 18.8 3030 + Beef suet 4.7 81.8 --- 0.3 13.2 3510 + Butter 1.0 85.0 --- 3.0 11.0 3410 + Lard --- 100.0 --- --- ---- 4080 + +Chart 6 + Corn 10.0 4.3 73.4 1.5 10.8 1800 + Wheat 12.2 1.7 73.7 1.8 10.6 1750 + Buckwheat 10.0 2.2 73.2 2.0 12.6 1600 + Oat 11.8 5.0 69.2 3.0 11.0 1720 + Rice 8.0 2.0 77.0 1.0 12.0 1720 + Rye 12.2 1.5 73.9 1.9 10.5 1750 + +Chart 7 + White bread 9.2 1.3 53.1 1.1 35.3 1215 + Whole wh bread 9.7 0.9 49.7 1.3 38.4 1140 + Oat breakfast + food (cooked) 2.8 0.5 11.5 0.7 84.5 285 + Toasted bread 11.5 1.6 61.2 1.7 24.0 1420 + Cornbread 7.9 4.7 46.3 2.2 38.9 1205 + Macaroni 3.0 1.5 15.8 1.3 78.4 415 + +Chart 8 + Sugar, granulated --- 100.0 --- ---- 1860 + Molasses 2.4 --- 69.3 3.2 25.1 1290 + Stick candy --- --- 96.5 0.5 3.0 1785 + Maple sugar --- --- 82.8 0.9 16.3 1540 + Honey 0.4 --- 81.2 0.2 18.2 1520 + +Chart 9 + Parsnip 1.6 0.5 13.5 1.4 83.0 230 + Onion 1.6 0.3 9.9 0.6 87.6 225 + Potato 2.2 0.1 18.4 1.0 78.3 385 + Celery 1.1 --- 3.4 1.0 94.5 8 + + + Carbohy- Fuel Value + Chart 10 Protein Fat drates Ash Water Calories per + Shelled beans. fresh 9.4 0.6 29.1 2.0 58.9 740 + Navy beans, dry 22.5 1.8 59.6 3.5 12.6 1600 + String beans, green 2.3 0.3 7.4 0.8 89.2 195 + Corn, green 3.1 1.1 19.7 0.7 75.4 500 + +Chart 11 + Apple(edible portion) 0.4 0.5 14.2 0.3 84.6 290 + Fried fig 4.3 0.3 74.2 2.4 18.8 1475 + Strawberry 1.0 0.6 7.4 0.6 90.4 180 + Banana 1.3 0.6 22.0 0.8 75.3 460 + +Chart 12 + Grapes(edible portion)1.3 1.6 19.2 0.5 77.4 450 + Raisins 2.6 3.3 76.1 3.4 14.6 1605 + Canned fruit 1.1 0.1 21.1 0.5 77.2 415 + Fruit jelly --- --- 78.3 0.7 21.0 1455 + Grape juice 0.2 --- 7.4 0.2 92.2 150 + +Chart 13 + Walnut 16.6 63.4 16.1 1.4 2.5 3285 + Chestnut 10.7 7.0 74.2 2.2 5.9 1875 + Peanut 25.8 38.6 22.4 2.0 9.2 2500 + Peanut butter 29.3 46.5 17.1 5.0 2.1 2825 + Coconut, desiccated 6.3 57.4 31.5 1.3 3.5 3121 + +[Illustration: Chart 14 Functions and Uses of Food; Constituent of Food] + +Chart 15 +DIETARY STANDARD FOR MAN IN FULL VIGOR AT MODERATE MUSCULAR WORK + Protein Energy +Condition Considered Grams Calories + Food as purchased 115 3,800 + Food eaten 100 3,500 + Food digested 95 3,200 + +ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF MINERAL MATTER REQUIRED PER MAN PER DAY + Grams +Phosphoric acid (P2O5) 3 to 4 +Calcium oxid 0.7 to 1.0 +Sulphuric acid (SO3) 2 to 3.5 +Magnesium oxid 0.3 to 0.5 +Potassium oxid 2 to 3 +Iron 0.006 to 0.012 +Sodium oxid 4 to 6 +Clorin 6 to 8 + +Time required for Digestion of various Foods: + Hrs. Min. +Apples, sweet 1 30 +Apples, sour 2 +Beans, pod, boiled 2 30 +Beef, fresh, rare roasted 3 +Beef, dried 3 30 +Beets, boiled 3 45 +Bread, wheat, fresh 3 40 +Bread corn 3 15 +Butter (melted) 3 30 +Cabbage, raw, with vinegar 2 +Cabbage, boiled 4 30 +Cheese 3 30 +Codfish 2 +Custard, baked 2 45 +Ducks, wild, roasted 4 30 +Eggs, fresh, soft boiled 3 +Eggs, fresh, hard boiled 3 30 +Eggs, fresh, fried 3 30 +Lamb, fresh, boiled 2 30 +Milk, raw 2 15 +Milk, boiled 2 +Parsnips, boiled 2 30 +Mutton, roast 3 15 +Mutton, boiled 3 +Mutton, broiled 3 +Pork, roast 5 15 +Potato, boiled 3 30 +Potato, baked 2 30 +Rice, boiled 1 +Sago, boiled 1 45 +Salmon, boiled 4 +Soup, beef, vegetable 4 +Soup, chicken 3 +Tapioca, boiled 2 +Trout, boiled or fried 1 30 +Turnips, boiled 3 30 +Veal, fresh, boiled 4 + +Food naturally falls into four classes. Potatoes and grains furnish +starches. The starchy foods are heat and force producers. Eggs, meats, +nuts, milk, dried beans, peas and lentils furnish nitrogen, and are flesh +and muscle producers. Butter, oil, lard, and fatty meats supply fats. +Sugar, molasses, honey, fruit, etc., furnish sugar. + +Starchy foods should be cooked at a high temperature and either boiled or +baked; nitrogenous and fatty foods at lower temperature, prolonging the +time. Meats are much better broiled, roasted, or stewed than fried. +Vegetables should be steamed or baked so that the juices may not be +wasted. Veal and pork (except ham and bacon) should have no place in the +menu of a boys' summer camp. Both require from four to five hours and +fifteen minutes to digest. Study carefully the above tables and then plan +your meals intelligently. + +Table of Approximate Weights and Measures +Three teaspoonfuls = one tablespoon. +Four tablespoonfuls = one wine glass. +Two wine glasses = one gill. +Two gills = one tumbler or cup. +Two cupfuls = one pint. +One quart sifted flour = one pound. +One quart granulated sugar = one pound, nine ounces. +One pint closely packed butter = one pound. +Three cupfuls sugar = one pound. +Five cupfuls sifted flour = one pound. +One tablespoonful salt = one ounce. +Seven tablespoonfuls granulated sugar = one half pint. + Twelve tablespoonfuls +flour = one pint. +Three coffee cupfuls = one quart. +Ten eggs = one pound. + +Buying Food + +The purchase of food is an important item of expense in operating a boys' +camp, large or small. If the camp is a large one, one hundred or more +boys, and you have a good-sized refrigerator and storehouse, always +purchase in bulk form from a wholesale firm. Canned goods, such as peas, +tomatoes, corn, and apples, buy in gallon cans in case lots and save cost +of extra tin and labels. Cocoa may be purchased in five-pound cans. +Condensed milk (unsweetened) in 20-ounce cans. Flour and sugar by the +barrel. Beans by the bushel. Butter by the firkin[1]. For instance, a +good heavy 200-pound hind quarter of beef will furnish a roast beef +dinner, a steak breakfast, a meat stew supper, a meat hash breakfast, and +a good thick soup full of nourishment from the bones. The suet may be +rendered into lard. There will be no waste, and you get the very best of +meat. Buy lamb whole and fowl cleaned, and eggs by the crate. Keep an +accurate inventory, also the cost of foods. It will be found interesting +to make a resume of food at the end of each season, listing quantities, +costs, and amounts used each day and ascertain the actual cost per day for +each boy. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: About 1/4 of a barrel or 9 gallons (34 +liters).] + +The following "Grocery List" is for a large camp, but it will serve also +to form the basis of providing for small camps: + +Cocoa +Coffee +Sugar (granulated) +Beans, yellow +Beans, red kidney +Tapioca +Rice +Oatmeal (in bulk) +Cornmeal +Toasted Corn Flakes +Cream of Wheat +Shredded Wheat +Salt (table) +Salt (rock) +Pepper, black +Ginger +Cloves +Soda +Cinnamon +Baking Powder +Cream of Tartar +Magic yeast +Raisins (seeded) +Currants +Flour +Graham flour +Corn starch +Gelatin +Figs +Prunes +Evaporated fruits +Codfish cakes +Macaroni +Crackers +Ginger Snaps +Pilot Biscuits +Extracts: + Vanilla, + Lemon +Kitchen Boquet (for gravy) +Chocolate cake +Lemons +Olive Oil +Vinegar +Lard +Butter +Eggs +Onions +Potatoes +Sapolio [soap] +Gold Dust +Laundry soap +Mustard (dry) +Mustard (prepared in mugs); +Chow Chow +Pickles +Piccalilli; +Chili Sauce +Bacon +Ham +Dried beef +Salt pork +Cheese +Matches +Candles +Kerosene oil +Lantern wicks +Chloride of Lime. + +CANNED GOODS + +Corn; Sliced peaches; Tomatoes; Shredded pineapple; +Peas; Strawberries; Lima beans; Clams (for chowder); +Beets; Condensed milk (unsweetened); Apples; Salmon; +Plums; + +The Steward + +A reliable person should be in charge of the food supplies. In some camps +he is called the Steward. He will see that the supply is sufficient, +arrange the menus in consultation with the Chef, keep his storeroom neat +and scrupulously clean. As a matter of record and for the purpose of +ascertaining cost of feeding the boys, a number of camps keep a daily +record like the illustrated form. + +The Cook + +The cook is the keynote of happiness or unhappiness. Get a good cook, +professionally and morally, one who understands that he is not in camp for +a vacation. A capable cook will take care of fifty boys without any +assistance, except what help the boys may render in the preparation of +vegetables. For years two cooks have looked after the meals of 175 to 200 +boys in the camps conducted each season by the writer. The wages of the +head cook or chef range from two to three dollars and fifty cents a day. +Some camps secure cooks from the hotels and restaurants, others from the +lumber camps. No matter where he is secured, be sure that he is clean, in +person, in habits, and in speech. Do not permit boys to loaf about the +kitchen. In the planning of menus, food value and variety must be +considered. The following represents the staple articles of food for a +boys' camp. + +[Illustration: COMMISSARY DEPARTMENT CAMP BECKET] + +SUGGESTED LIST OF DISHES FOR BOYS' CAMPS +Breakfast + + Fruit: Bananas, raspberries, blueberries, cantaloupes, apples, + stewed prunes, applesauce, baked apples, stewed apples, stewed + apricots, stewed figs. + + Cereals: Oatmeal, Shredded Wheat, Cream of Wheat, Toasted + + Corn Flakes; corn meal mush and milk, Hominy Grits, Puffed Rice, + Wheatlets. + + Eggs: Fried, boiled, scrambled, omelette, poached on toast. + + Meats and Fish: Bacon, meat hash, meat stew, chopped meat on + toast, codfish cakes, creamed codfish, fried fresh fish, + creamed dried beef, fresh sausage. + + Vegetables: Potatoes-Baked, creamed, mashed, browned, German + fried; baked beans. + + Drinks: Cocoa, milk, coffee (only occasionally), pure water. + + Bread: Toasted bread, corn bread, muffins, biscuits, hot cakes. + +Dinner + + Soups: Old-fashioned vegetable soup, bean soup, clam or fish + chowder, corn chowder. Thick soups are preferable for camps. + + Meats: Roasts--beef, lamb, chicken. Stews---beef, lamb, Steak, + Fricassee of chicken, fricassee of lamb, haricot of lamb, + pot roast of beef, Hamburg steak, corned beef, boiled ham, meat pie. + + Fish: Baked, fried, boiled; escalloped salmon, salmon croquettes. + + Vegetables: Potatoes--mashed, boiled, French fried, browned. + Cabbage. Corn--stewed, escalloped, corn pie, corn on cob. Peas-- + creamed with carrots. Lima beans. Summer squash. Tomatoes-- + stewed, escalloped, au gratin with tomatoes. Apple sauce, creamed + onions; cabbage slaw. Greens-spinach, beet tops. + + Desserts: Ice Cream-vanilla, chocolate, strawberry (preserved), + raspberry, lemon, coffee, caramel, peach, pineapple (shredded), + orange, lemon. Sherbet--lemon, orange, pineapple, raspberry. Rice + pudding, plain with fruit sauce, rice with raisins. Tapioca pudding + with apples or fruit. Bread pudding. Cottage pudding, lemon sauce or + fruit sauce. Banana pudding. Sliced peaches with cream. Pie-apple, + blueberry, blackberry. Cornstarch pudding. + +Supper + + Cereals: Cream of Wheat, mush and milk, Shredded Wheat. + + Cold Dishes: Sliced beef, ham, corned beef, potato salad, Cabbage + slaw, pressed meats. + + Hot Dishes: Irish stew, meat croquettes, frankfurters, potato cakes, + baked beans, thick soups, stewed kidney beans. Potatoes--baked, + fried, creamed. Creamed salmon with peas; codfish; macaroni and + cheese; potato hash. + + Desserts: Prunes, stewed apples, stewed apricots, fresh fruits, + stewed pears, stewed figs. + + Cakes: Gingerbread, sweetbread, cookies. + + Relishes: Pickles beets, chow chow, piccalilli, watermelon spiced. + + Drinks: Lemonade, iced tea, cocoa, hot milk. + +Local geographical conditions will suggest a variety of dishes. There +should be plenty of milk to drink, and good bread and butter. Cake and +fancy dishes are not necessary. The bill of fare should be an elastic one. +When the day is cold and dreary, hot chowders, soups, cocoa, etc., should +be served. + +On a warm day, lemonade and cold dishes are desirable. Every camp should, +if possible, have its own ice-cream freezer, as ice-creams, sherbets, and +water ices are not only healthy but inexpensive. An occasional delicacy is +desirable. Canned shredded pineapple, strawberries and sliced peaches make +excellent sherbets and ice cream. In one camp chicken and ice cream are +served every Sunday dinner. + +A Sample Week of Menus + +MONDAY + +BREAKFAST +Oatmeal +Fried potatoes +Cocoa +Cream of tartar +biscuits. + +DINNER +Irish stew +Boiled potatoes +Green corn on cob +Apple tapioca +Bread and butter. + +SUPPER +Fried eggs +Prunes +Sweet cake +Bread and butter +Cocoa. + + +TUESDAY + +BREAKFAST +Toasted Cornflakes +Fish cakes +Corn bread +Cocoa. + +DINNER +Beef steak +Mashed potatoes +Peas +Corn starch +pudding +Bread and butter. + +SUPPER +Vegetable soup +Stewed figs +Gingerbread +Bread and butter. + + +WEDNESDAY + +BREAKFAST +Cream of Wheat +Meat hash +Cocoa +Bread and butter. + +DINNER +Roast lamb +Tomato sauce +Boiled potatoes +Lemon sherbet +Bread and butter. + +SUPPER +Creamed fish +Apple sauce +Sweet cake +Bread and butter. + + +THURSDAY + +BREAKFAST +Shredded Wheat +Baked potatoes +Creamed codfish +Bread and butter +Cocoa. + +DINNER +Boiled beef +Mashed potatoes +Corn starch +Pudding with +Strawberry sauce. + +SUPPER +Creamed dried beef +Apple sauce +Gingerbread +Bread and Butter. + + +FRIDAY + +BREAKFAST +Oatmeal +Codfish cakes +Bread and butter +Cocoa. + +DINNER +Fried weak fish +Stewed tomatoes +Boiled potatoes +Vanilla ice cream. + +SUPPER +Vegetable soup +Bread and butter +Sweet cake. + + +SATURDAY + +BREAKFAST +Puffed Rice +Fried eggs +Bread and butter +Cocoa. + +DINNER +Escalloped salmon +Rice +Boiled Tomatoes +Cucumbers +Bread and butter. + +SUPPER +Boston baked beans +Tomato catsup +Sweetbread. + + +SUNDAY + +BREAKFAST +Cream of Wheat +Bananas +Fried mush and maple syrup +Coffee. + +DINNER +Roast chicken +Creamed onions +Mashed potatoes +Pineapple sherbet +Bread and butter. + +SUPPER +Cold beef +Apple sauce +Sweet cake +Bread and butter. + + +Serving + +Each table is provided with meat platter, vegetable dishes, bread plate, +butter dish, sugar bowl, milk pitcher, water pitcher, salt and pepper +shakers, etc. The only need of a waiter is to bring the food to the tables +and replenish the dishes. Each boy takes his turn at waiting. If there are +seven boys in a tent, a boy serves one day in seven. He usually sits at +the right side of the leader and eats his meal with the others. This does +away with a second or "waiter" table. By this system you avoid the +tendency to smartness and roughness. Each leader is careful to see that +food is not wasted at his table, that decency and order is preserved, and +wholesome conversation and pleasantries indulged in during the meal, as an +aid to good digestion. + +Dishwashing + +Some camps pay for all work done and give boys more freedom, but +experience has clearly proven that the successful camp is the one where +boys all have responsibility and definite duties to perform. Dishwashing +is never attractive. It may be made less irksome by carefully +systematizing the work. There are several ways. One way is that of having +each boy wash his own dishes, working a tent at a time. A number of tubs +of hot, soapy water are provided for washing, and several extra tubs +filled with very hot water for rinsing. At a signal from the Camp Director +or person in charge, each table of boys by rotation passes from the dining +room with the dishes to these tubs and each boy proceeds to do his own +dishwashing and rinsing and drying. Another way is to provide two +good-sized dish-pans for each table, and assign two boys to do the +dish-washing for the day. The dishes are washed at the tables and stowed +away in a closet, each table having its own closet. Another way is to +purchase a good dish-washing machine, like that made by the Fearless +Dishwashing Co., Rochester, N. Y. (Cost, $100), and install it in the +kitchen. This plan is in operation at Camp Dudley and Camp Hayo-Went-Ha. + +[Illustration: Camp Hayo-Went-Ha dishwashing] + +Cleanliness must be insisted upon. Never leave anything unwashed until it +is used again. The eating from dirty and greasy plates, forks, knives, and +spoons will result in disease. No matter what system you use, do not let +down on dirty dishes. + +A FEW HINTS + +Soup + +"Soup makes the soldier," said Napoleon I. Bones should never be thrown +away, but cracked and placed in stock pot, covered with water and let +simmer. This makes "stock" which is the foundation of all soup. + +All green vegetables should be washed well in cold water and put in +boiling salted water, and boiled slowly until tender. All white and +underground vegetables should be cooked in boiling unsalted water, the +salt being added at the last moment. + +Potatoes take from twenty to thirty minutes to boil. In boiling and +roasting allow about a quarter of an hour for every pound of meat. The +fire should be medium hot. Boiled fish should be cooked ten minutes to +each pound. + +Water + +Water is the only true beverage. Forming as it does three-quarters of the +weight of the human body, it is of next importance to the air we breathe. +Milk is a food and not a beverage. + +Onions + +Peel or slice onions in water and you will not shed tears. + +Egg Test + +To test the freshness of an egg, drop into cold water. If the egg sinks +quickly it is fresh, if it stands on end it is doubtful, and quite bad if +it floats. The shell of a fresh egg looks dull; a stale one is glossy. + +Mending Pots + +A pot may be mended by making a paste of flour, salt and fine wood ashes. +Plaster it on where the leak is and let it dry before using. + +Table Etiquette + +A mother complained that her boy, after being in camp for two weeks, +returned home speaking a new language, particularly at the dining table. +If he wanted milk, he called for "cow," butter was "goat," biscuits were +"sinkers," meat was "corpse," and there were several other terms and +phrases peculiar to camp life. He had to learn all over the ways of +decency and reasonable table refinement. There is no plausible reason why +this should be so in a boys' camp. Grabbing of food, yelling for food, +upsetting of liquids, and table "rough-house" will be largely prevented by +the system of seating and of serving. The most satisfactory way is to seat +by tent groups. Have as many tables as you have tents. Let each tent +leader preside at the head of his table, and serve the food in family +style. The leader serves the food, and sees that the boys observe the same +delightful table life in camp as at home. + +Grace at Meals + +Grace should be said before each meal, either silently or audibly. In the +morning the hymn on the following page is sung by the boys at Camp Becket, +followed with bowed heads in silent prayer: + +MORNING PRAYER HYMN FOR BOYS' CAMPS + +To be sung at morning meal +Words and Music by H. W. Gibbon. + +[Illustration: Music] + +Morning +Gracious Giver of all good, + Thee we thank for rest and food. +Grant that all we do or say + In Thy service be this day. + +Noon +Father for this noonday meal + We would speak the praise we feel, +Health and strength we have from Thee, + Help us, Lord, to faithful be. + +Night +Tireless guardian of our way, + Thou hast kept us well this day. +While we thank Thee, we request + Care continued, pardon, rest. +-Camp Wawayanda. + +[Illustration: Forest scene] + +Go abroad upon the paths of Nature, +And when all its voices whisper, and its silent things +Are breathing the deep beauty of the world-- +Kneel at its ample altar.-Bryant. + + + +CHAPTER X--THE CAMP FIRE + +HOW TO BUILD A CAMP FIRE +PREVENT SPREAD OF FIRE +FOREST FIRE LAWS +HOW TO LIGHT A FIRE +STORY TELLING +MARSHMALLOW TOASTS AND CORN ROASTS +A STORY, "HOW MEN FOUND THE GREAT SPIRIT" + +There is an impalpable, invisible, softly stepping delight in the camp +fire which escapes analysis. Enumerate all its charms, and still there is +something missing in your catalogue. +--W. C. Gray in "Camp Fire Musings." + +"I cannot conceive of a camp that does not have a big fire! Our city +houses do not have it, not even a fireplace. The fireplace is one of the +greatest schools the imagination has ever had or ever can have. It is +moral, and it always gives a tremendous stimulus to the imagination, and +that is why stories and fire go together. You cannot tell a good story +unless you tell it before a fire. You cannot have a complete fire unless +you have a good story-teller along." [1] Anyone who has witnessed a real +camp fire and participated in its fun, as well as seriousness, will never +forget it. The huge fire shooting up its tongue of flame into the darkness +of the night, the perfect shower of golden rain, the company of happy +boys, and great, dark background of piney woods, the weird light over all, +the singing, the yells, the stories, the fun, then the serious word at the +close, is a happy experience long to be remembered. + +[Footnote 1: Dr. G. Stanley Hall, "Camp Conference Report," p. 40.] + +To Build a Fire + +There are ways and ways of building camp fires. An old Indian saying runs, +"White man heap fool, make um big fire--can't git near! Injun make um +little fire--git close! Uh! good!" Make it a service privilege for a tent +of boys to gather wood and build the fire. This should be done during the +afternoon. Two things are essential in the building of a fire--kindling +and air. A fire must be built systematically. First, get dry, small dead +branches, twigs, fir branches and other inflammable material. Place these +upon the ground. Be sure that air can draw under the pile and up through +it. Next place some heavier branches in tripod form over the kindling, +then good-sized sticks, and so on until you have built the camp fire the +required size. In many camps it is considered an honor to light the fire. + +Kerosene oil may be poured upon the kindling, or old newspapers used in +lighting the fire. + +Caution + +An interesting account of "How to Build a Fire by Rubbing Sticks," by +Ernest Thompson-Seton, will be found in "Boy Scouts of America," page 84. + +Be sure to use every precaution to prevent the spreading of fire. This may +be done by building a circle of stone around the fire, or by digging up +the earth, or by wetting a space around the fire. Always have buckets of +water near at hand. + +Things to remember: + + First, It is criminal to leave a burning fire; + + Second, Always put out the fire with water or earth. + +State Laws + +Be sure to get a copy of the law of your State regarding Forest Fires, and +if a permit is necessary, secure it before building a fire. + +To Light a Match + +Kephart, in his book on "Camping and Woodcraft" (page 88), says, "When +there is nothing dry to strike it on, jerk the head of the match forward +through the teeth. Face the wind. Cup your hands, backs toward wind. +Remove right hand just long enough to strike match on something very close +by, then instantly resume former position. Flame of match will run up the +stick instead of blowing away from it." + +Story-Telling + +The camp fire is a golden opportunity for the telling of stories--good +stories told well. Indian legends, war stories, ghost stories, detective +stories, stories of heroism, the history of fire, a talk about the stars. +Don't drag out the telling of a story. Talk it in boy language. Avoid +technical terms. Make the story live. + +College songs always appeal to boys. Let some leader start up a song in a +natural way, and soon you will have a chorus of unexpected melody and +harmony. As the fire dies down, let the songs be of a more quiet type, +like "My Old Kentucky Home," and ballads of similar nature. + +Roast Delight + +When the embers are glowing is the time for toasting marshmallows. Get a +long stick sharpened to a point, fasten a marshmallow on the end, hold it +over the embers, not in the blaze, until the marshmallow expands. Oh, the +deliciousness of it! Ever tasted one? Before roasting corn on the cob, tie +the end of each husk firmly with string. Soak in water for about an hour. +Then put into the hot embers. The water prevents the corn from burning and +the firmly tied husks enable the corn to be steamed and the real corn +flavor is retained. In about twenty minutes the corn may be taken from the +fire and eaten. Have a bowl of melted butter and salt on hand. Also a +pastry brush to spread the melted butter upon the corn. Try it. + +A Good Story + +For an example of a good story to be told around the camp fire, this +Indian tale by Professor H. M. Burr, of the Springfield Training School, +is given: + +HOW MEN FOUND THE GREAT SPIRIT + +"In the olden time, when woods covered all the earth except the deserts +and the river bottoms, and men lived on the fruits and berries they found +and the wild animals which they could shoot or snare; when they dressed in +skins and lived in caves, there was little time for thought. But as men +grew stronger and more cunning and learned how to live together, they had +more time to think and more mind to think with. + +"Men had learned many things. They had learned that cold weather followed +hot, and spring followed winter, and that the sun got up in the morning +and went to bed at night. They saw that the great water was kindly when +the sun shone, but when the sun hid its face and the wind blew upon it, it +grew black and angry and upset their canoes. They found that knocking +flints together or rubbing dry sticks would light the dry moss and that +the flames, which would bring back summer in the midst of winter and day +in the midst of night, were hungry and must be fed, and when they escaped +devoured the woods and only the water could stop them. + +"These and many other things men learned, but no one knew why it all was +or how it came to be. Men began to wonder--and that was the beginning of +the path which led to the Great Spirit. + +"In the ages when men began to wonder there was born a boy whose name was +'Wo,' which meant in the language of his time 'Whence.' As he lay in his +mother's arms, she loved him and wondered, 'His body is of my body, but +from whence comes the life--the spirit which is like mine and yet not like +it?' And his father, seeing the wonder in the mother's eyes, said: 'Whence +came he from?' And there was no one to answer, and so they called him +'Wo,' to remind them that they knew not from whence he came. + +"As Wo grew up, he was stronger and swifter of foot than any of his tribe. +He became a mighty hunter. He knew the ways of all the wild things, and +could read the signs of the season. As he grew older they made him a chief +and listened while he spoke at the council board, but Wo was not +satisfied. His name was a question, and questioning filled his mind. + +"From whence did he come? Whither was he going? Why did the sun rise and +set? Why did life burst into leaf and flower with the coming of the +spring? Why did the child become a man and the man grow old and die? + +"The mystery grew upon him as he pondered. In the morning he stood on a +mountain top and, stretching out his hands, cried: 'Whence?' At night he +cried to the moon: 'Whither?' He listened to the soughing of the trees and +the song of the brook and tried to learn their language. He peered eagerly +into the eyes of little children, and tried to read the mystery of life. +He listened at the still lips of the dead, waiting for them to tell him +whither they had gone. + +"He went about among his fellows silent and absorbed, always looking for +the unseen and listening for the unspoken. He sat so long silent at the +council board that the elders questioned him. To their questioning he +replied, like one awakening from a dream: + +"'Our fathers since the beginning have trailed the beasts of the woods. +There is none so cunning as the fox, but we can trail him to his lair. +Though we are weaker than the great bear and buffalo, yet by our wisdom we +overcome them. The deer is more swift of foot, but by craft we overtake +him. We cannot fly like a bird, but we snare the winged one with a hair. +We have made ourselves many cunning inventions by which the beasts, the +trees, the wind, the water, and the fire become our servants. + +"'Then we speak great swelling words: How great and wise we are! There is +none like us in the air, in the wood, or in the water! + +"'But the words are false. Our pride is like that of a partridge drumming +on his log in the wood before the fox leaps upon him. Our sight is like +that of the mole burrowing under the ground. Our wisdom is like a drop of +dew upon the grass. Our ignorance is like the great water which no eye can +measure. + +"'Our life is like a bird coming out of the dark, fluttering for a +heart-beat in the tepee and then going forth into the dark again. No one +can tell us whence it comes or whither it goes. I have asked the wise men, +and they cannot answer; I have listened to the voice of the trees and wind +and water, but I do not know their tongue; I have questioned the sun and +the moon and the stars, but they are silent. + +"'But to-day, in the silence before the darkness gives place to light, I +seemed to hear a still small voice within my breast, saying to me: "Wo, +the questioner, rise up like the stag from his lair; away, alone, to the +mountain of the sun. There thou shalt find that which thou seekest." + +"'I go, but if I fall by the trail another will take it up. If I find the +answer I will return.' + +"Waiting for none, Wo left the council of his tribe and went his way +toward the mountain of the sun. For six days he made his way through the +trackless woods, guided by the sun by day and the stars by night. On the +seventh he came to the great mountain--the mountain of the sun--on whose +top, according to the tradition of his tribe, the sun rested each night. +All day long he climbed, saying to himself: 'I will sleep to-night in the +tepee of the sun and he will tell me whence I come and whither I go.' + +"But as he climbed the sun seemed to climb higher and higher. As he neared +the top a cold cloud settled like a night bird on the mountain. Chilled +and faint with hunger and fatigue, Wo struggled on. Just at sunset he +reached the top of the mountain, but it was not the mountain of the sun, +for many days' journey to the west the sun was sinking in the Great Water. + +"A bitter cry broke from Wo's parched lips. His long trail was useless. +There was no answer to his questions. The sun journeyed farther and faster +than men dreamed, and of wood and waste and water there was no end. +Overcome with misery and weakness, he fell upon a bed of moss with his +back toward the sunset and the unknown. + +"And Wo slept, although it was unlike any sleep he had ever known before, +and as he slept he dreamed. He was alone upon the mountain waiting for the +answer. A cloud covered the mountain, but all was silent. A mighty wind +rent the cloud and rushed roaring through the crags, but there was no +voice in the wind. Thunder pealed, lightning flashed, but he whom Wo +sought was not there. + +"In the hush that followed the storm Wo heard a voice low and quiet, but +in it all the sounds of earth and sky seemed to mingle--the song of the +bird, the whispering of the trees, and the murmuring of the brook. + +"'Wo, I am He whom thou seekest; I am the Great Spirit; I am the +All-Father. Ever since I made man of the dust of the earth and so child of +the earth and brother to all living, and breathed into his nostrils the +breath of life, thus making him My son, I have waited for a seeker who +should find Me. In the fullness of time thou hast come, Wo, the +questioner, to the Answerer. + +"'Thy body is of the earth and to earth returns; thy spirit is Mine; it is +given thee for a space to make according to thy will; then it returns to +Me better or worse for thy making. + +"'Thou hast found Me because thy heart was pure and thy search for Me +tireless. Go back to thy tribe and be to them the voice of the Great +Spirit. From henceforth I will speak to thee and the seekers that come +after thee, in a thousand voices and appear in a thousand shapes. I will +speak in the voices of the wood and streams and of those you love. I will +appear to you in the sun by day and the stars by night. When thy people +and Mine are in need and wish for the will of the Great Spirit, then shall +My spirit brood over thine and the words that thou shalt speak shall be My +words.' + +"And Wo awoke, facing the east and the rising sun. His body was warmed by +its rays. A great gladness filled his soul. He had sought and found, and +prayer came to him like the song to the bird: + +"'O Great Spirit, Father of my spirit, the sun is Thy messenger, but Thou +art brighter than the sun. Drive Thou the darkness before me. Be Thou the +light of my spirit.' + +"As Wo went down the mountain and took the journey back to the home of his +people his face shone, and the light never seemed to leave it, so that men +called him 'He of the shining face.' + +"When Wo came back to his tribe, all who saw his face knew that he had +found the answer, and they gathered again about the council fire to hear. +As Wo stood up and looked into the eager faces in the circle of the fire, +he remembered that the Great Spirit had given him no message, and for a +moment he was dumb. Then the words of the Great Spirit came to him again: +'When thy people and Mine shall need to know My will, My spirit shall +brood over thine and the words that thou shalt speak shall be My words.' +Looking into the eager faces of longing and questioning, his spirit moved +within him and he spoke: + +"'I went, I sought, I found the Great Spirit, who dwells in the earth as +your spirits dwell in your bodies. It is from Him the spirit comes. We are +His children. He cares for us more than a mother for the child at her +breast, or the father for the son that is his pride. His love is like the +air we breathe: it is about us; it is within us. + +"'The sun is the sign of His brightness, the sky of His greatness, and +mother-love and father-love, and the love of man and woman are the signs +of His love. We are but children; we cannot enter into the council of the +Great Chief until we have been proved, but this is His will, that we love +one another as He loves us; that we bury forever the hatchet of hate; that +no man shall take what is not his own and the strong shall help the weak.' + +"The chiefs did not wholly understand the words of Wo, but they took a +hatchet and buried it by the fire, saying: 'Thus bury we hate between man +and his brother,' and they took an acorn and put it in the earth, saying: +'Thus plant we the love of the strong for the weak.' And it became the +custom of the tribe that the great council in the spring should bury the +hatchet and plant the acorn. + +"Every morning the tribe gathered to greet the rising sun, and, with right +hands raised and left hands upon their hearts, prayed: 'Great Spirit, hear +us; guide us today; make our wills Thy will, our ways Thy way.' + +"And the tribe grew stronger and greater and wiser than all the other +tribes--but that is another story." +--Association Seminar, December, 1910. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Camp-Fire Musings-William C. Gray. Fleming H. Revell Company, $1.00 net. +A book full of the spirit of the woods and of camp life. + +CAMP-FIRE STORIES. + +In Camp with Boys--G. W. Hinckley. Central Maine Pub. Co., $1.00. + +The Shadowless Man--Adelbert Von Chamisso. Frederick Warne & Co., $1.00 +net. + +Mystery and Detective Stories, six volumes. Review of Reviews Co. + +[Illustration: Pathfinders (hikers)] + + + +CHAPTER XI--TRAMPS, HIKES, AND OVER-NIGHT TRIPS + +AN OLD TRAMPER'S ADVICE +MAP READING +SHOE WISDOM +THE PACK +THE "LEAN-TO" OR SHACK +BED MAKING +A HOT STONE WRINKLE +NIGHT WATCHERS +OBSERVATION PRACTICE +CAMERA SNAP SHOTS +CAMP LAMP +HANDY THINGS TO MAKE. + +Afoot and light-hearted I take to the open road +Healthy, free, the world before me, +The long brown path before me leading wherever I choose. +-Whitman. + +An Old Tramper's Advice + +It is an excellent thing for the boys to get away from the camp routine +for a few days, and walk "the long brown path," stopping overnight, doing +their own cooking, building their "lean-to" or shelter, and roughing it. +Walking is probably one of the best all-round cures for the ills of +civilization. Several things should be remembered when one goes on a hike. +First, avoid long distances. A foot-weary, muscle-tired, and temper-tried, +hungry group of boys surely is not desirable. There are a lot of false +notions about courage, and bravery, and grit, that read well in print but +fail miserably in practice, and long hikes for boys is one of the most +glaring of these notions. Second, have a leader who will set a good, easy +pace, say about three miles an hour, prevent the boys from excessive water +drinking, and assign the duties of pitching camp, etc. Third, observe +these two rules given by an old woodsman: (1) Never walk over anything you +can walk around; (2) Never step on anything that you can step over. Every +time you step on anything you lift the weight of your body. Why lift extra +weight when tramping? Fourth, carry with you only the things absolutely +needed, and roll in blanket and poncho, army style. + +Map Reading + +Before starting on a hike, study carefully the road maps. The best maps +are those of the United States Geological Survey, made on a scale of two +inches to the mile, and costing five cents each. The map is published in +atlas sheets, each sheet representing a small quadrangular district. Send +to the Superintendent of Documents, at Washington, D. C., for a list. + +[Illustration: Universal Map Measure] + +A mountaineer in Tennessee said: "We measure miles with a coonskin, and +throw in the tail for good measure." A better way is to purchase the +Universal Map Measure, costing $1.50 (imported and sold by Dame, Stoddard +Co., 374 Washington Street, Boston, Mass.), which accurately measures the +distance upon the Government Survey Maps. + +Shoe Wisdom + +For tramping the boy needs the right kind of a shoe, or the trip will be a +miserable failure. A light-soled or light-built shoe is not suited for +mountain work, or even for an ordinary hike. The feet will blister and +become "road-weary." They must be neither too big nor too small nor too +heavy, and be amply broad to give the toes plenty of room. The shoe should +be water-tight. A medium weight, high-topped lace shoe is about right. +Bathing the feet at the springs and streams along the road will be +refreshing, if not indulged in too frequently. (See chapter on "Health and +Hygiene" for care of the feet and proper way of walking.) + +It is well to carry a spare shirt hanging down the back with the sleeves +tied round the neck. Change when the shirt you are wearing becomes too wet +with perspiration. + +The Pack + +The most practical and inexpensive pack is the one manufactured for the +Boy Scouts of America. Price, sixty cents. It is about 14 by 20 inches +square, and 6 inches thick, made of water-proof canvas, with shoulder +straps, and will easily hold everything needed for a tramping trip. + +A few simple remedies for bruises, cuts, etc., should be taken along by +the leader (see chapter on "Simple Remedies"). You may not need them, and +some may poke fun at them, but as the old lady said: "You can't always +sometimes tell." Amount and kind of provisions must be determined by the +locality and habitation. + +[Illustration: Hiking Pack] + +The "Lean-to" + +Reach the place where you are going to spend the night in plenty of time +to build your "lean-to," and make your bed for the night. Select your +camping spot, with reference to water, wood, drainage, and material for +your "lean-to." Choose a dry, level place, the ground just sloping enough +to insure the water running away from your "lean-to" in case of rain. In +building your "lean-to," look for a couple of good trees standing from +eight to ten feet apart with branches from six to eight feet above the +ground. By studying the illustration below, you will be able to build a +very serviceable shack, affording protection from the dews and rain. While +two or more boys are building the shack, another should be gathering +firewood, and preparing the meal, while another should be cutting and +bringing in as many soft, thick tips of hemlock or balsam boughs as +possible, for the roof of the shack and the beds. How to thatch the +"lean-to" is shown in this illustration. + +If the camp site is to be used for several days, two "lean-tos" may be +built facing each other, about six feet apart. This will make a very +comfortable camp, as a small fire can be built between the two, thus +giving warmth and light. + +[Illustration: Frame of Lean To] + +[Illustration: Method of Thatching.] + +The Bed + +On the floor of your "lean-to" lay a thick layer of the "fans" or branches +of balsam fir or hemlock, with the convex side up, and the butts of the +stems toward the foot of the bed. Now thatch this over with more "fans" by +thrusting the butt ends through the first layer at a slight angle toward +the head of the bed, so that the soft tips will curve toward the foot of +the bed, and be sure to make the head of your bed away from the opening of +the "lean-to" and the foot toward the opening. Over this bed spread your +rubber blanket with rubber side down, your sleeping blanket on top, and +you will be surprised how soft, springy, and fragrant a bed you have, upon +which to rest your "weary frame," and sing with the poet: + +Then the pine boughs croon me a lullaby, + And trickle the white moonbeams +To my face on the balsam where I lie + While the owl hoots at my dreams. +-J. George Frederick. + +What God puts in the blood is eliminated slowly and we are all impregnated +with a love for the natural life which is irresistible. That was a great +saying of the boy who was taken from the city for the first time on an +all-night outing. Snugly tucked up in his blankets he heard the wind +singing in the pines overhead. As the boy looked up, he asked, "Wasn't God +blowing His breath down at us?"--Dr. Lilburn. + +Hot Stones + +If the night bids fair to be cold, place a number of stones about six or +eight inches in diameter next the fire, so they will get hot. These can +then be placed at the feet, back, etc., as needed, and will be found good +"bed warmers." When a stone loses its heat it is replaced near the fire +and a hot one is taken. If too hot, wrap the stone in a shirt or sweater +or wait for it to cool off. + +Night Watchers + +Boys desire adventure. This desire may be gratified by the establishment +of night watchers, in relays of two boys every two hours. Their +imaginations will be stirred by the resistless attraction of the camp-fire +and the sound of the creatures that creep at night. + +Observation + +Many boys have excellent eyes but see not, and good ears but hear not, all +because they have not been trained to observe or to be quick to hear. A +good method of teaching observation while on a hike or tramp is to have +each boy jot down in a small notebook or diary of the trip the different +kinds of trees, birds, animals, tracks; nature of roads, fences; peculiar +rock formation, smells of plants, etc., and thus be able to tell what he +saw or heard to the boys upon his return to the permanent camp or to his +home. + +Cameras + +One of the party should take a Brownie No. 2 or small folding kodak. +Photos of the trip are always a great pleasure and a memory reviver. A +practical and convenient method of carrying small folding cameras is +described in "Forest and Stream." A strap with a buckle having been +attached to an ordinary leather belt is run through the loops at the back +of the camera-case. The camera may be pushed around the belt to the point +where it will be least in the way. + +Lamps + +A very convenient lamp to use on a hike is the Baldwin Camp Lamp, made by +John Simmons Co., 13 Franklin Street, New York City. (Price, $1.00.) It +weighs only five ounces when fully charged with carbide, and is but 4-3/4 +inches high. It projects a strong light 150 feet through the woods. A +stiff wind will not blow it out. It can be worn comfortably in your hat or +belt. + +The "Rocky Mountain Searchlight," made of a discarded tomato can, a +candle, and a bit of wire for a handle, is a camp product that will be +found to be very useful in an emergency. + +[Illustration: Rocky Mountain Lantern] + +The can is carried lengthwise, with the wire handle run through a hole in +the closed end on through the entire length of the can and out the open +end. Do not wrap the handle wire around the can. It will slip off. Two +cuts, crossing each other, make the candle opening, with the cut edges +bent inward. The candle is pushed upward as it burns down, the flame being +kept in the middle of the can. The cut edges prevent it from falling out +until the last hold is melted away. The "Searchlight" gives good service +when hung in the tent or on a nearby tree, but is especially valuable in +lighting up a rough path on a rainy, windy night. + +Camp Hanger + +The camp hanger shown in the illustration can be hung from the ridgepole +of the tent, and is particularly useful when from two to four persons +occupy the tent. It can be raised and lowered at will by attaching the +hanger to a pulley arrangement. The hanger may be made of wood in any +length. Ordinary coat hooks are fastened to the side with screws. A common +screw-eye is used for the line at the top. A snap hook attached to the +rope facilitates its removal at will. + +A boy of ingenuity can make a number of convenient things. A good drinking +cup may be made from a piece of birch bark cut in parallelogram shape, and +twisted into pyramid form, and fastened with a split stick. (See +illustrations on opposite page.) A flat piece of bark may serve as a +plate. A pot lifter may be made from a green stick about 18 inches long, +allowing a few inches of a stout branch to remain. By reversing the same +kind of stick and driving a small nail near the other end or cutting a +notch, it may be used to suspend kettles over a fire. A novel candlestick +is made by opening the blade of a knife and jabbing it into a tree, and +upon the other upturned blade putting a candle. A green stick having a +split end which will hold a piece of bread or meat makes an excellent +broiler. Don't pierce the bread or meat. Driving a good-sized green stake +into the ground at an angle of 45 degrees and cutting a notch in which may +be suspended a kettle over the fire, will provide a way of boiling water +quickly. + +For suggestions in building a camp-fire and cooking on hikes, see chapter +on "Cooking on Hikes." The bibliography for the whole subject of Hikes, +including cooking, is on page 153. + +[Illustration: Birch bark cup, Camp fire tongs, Camp Broiler, Bark Plate, +A Novel Candlestick, Pot Lifter, Pot Hook, To Boil Water Quickly.] + +[Illustration: Extemporaneous Dining] + + + +CHAPTER XII--COOKING ON HIKES + +BUILDING A COOKING FIRE +FIRE BY SUN GLASS +GRIDDLE CAKES +BROILED BACON +CREAMED SALMON +SALMON ON TOAST +BAKED POTATOES +BAKED FISH +FROGS' LEGS +EGGS +COFFEE +COCOA +SAMPLE MENU +RATION LIST +DISH WASHING + +The Fireplace + +Take two or three stones to build a fireplace; a stick first shaved and +then whittled into shavings; a lighted match, a little blaze, some bark, +dry twigs and a few small sticks added; then with the griddle placed over +the fire, you are ready to cook the most appetizing griddle cakes. After +the cakes are cooked, fry strips of bacon upon the griddle; in the surplus +fat fry slices of bread, then some thinly sliced raw potatoes done to a +delicious brown and you have a breakfast capable of making the mouth of a +camper water. + +Another way of building a fire: Place two green logs side by side, closer +together at one end than the other. Build fire between. On the logs over +the fire you can rest frying pan, kettle, etc. To start fire have some +light, dry wood split up fine. When sticks begin to blaze add a few more +of larger size and continue until you have a good fire. + +Sun Glass + +When the sun shines a fire may be started by means of a small pocket sun +or magnifying glass. Fine scrapings from dry wood or "punk tinder" will +easily ignite by the focusing of the sun dial upon it, and by fanning the +fire and by adding additional fuel, the fire-builder will soon have a +great blaze. + +COOKING RECEIPTS + +Griddle Cakes + +Beat together one egg, tablespoonful of sugar, cup of new milk, or +condensed milk diluted one-half. Mix in enough self-raising flour to make +a thick cream batter. Grease the griddle with rind or slices of bacon for +each batch of cakes. + +Broiled Bacon + +Slice bacon thin. Remove the rind which makes the slices curl up. Or, gash +the rind with a sharp knife if the boys like "cracklings." Fry on griddle +or put on the sharp end of a stick and hold over the hot coals, or, better +yet, remove the griddle and put a clean flat rock in its place. When the +rock is hot lay the slices of bacon on it and broil. Keep turning the +bacon so as to brown it on both sides. Cut into dice. + +Creamed Salmon + +Heat about a pint of salmon in one-half pint milk, season with salt and +pepper and a half teaspoonful of butter. + +Salmon on Toast + +Drop slices of stale bread into smoking-hot lard. They will brown at once. +Drain them. Heat a pint of salmon, picked into flakes, season with salt +and pepper and put into it a tablespoonful of butter. Stir in one egg, +beaten light, with three tablespoonfuls evaporated milk not thinned. Pour +mixture on the fried bread. + +Potatoes + +Wash potatoes and dry well; bury them deep in a good bed of live coals, +cover them with hot coals until well done. They will take about forty +minutes to bake. When you can pass a sharpened hardwood sliver through +them, they are done, and should be raked out at once. Run the sliver +through them from end to end, and let the steam escape and use +immediately, as a roast potato quickly becomes soggy and bitter. + +Baked Fish + +Dig a hole one foot and a half deep. Build a fire in it, heaping up dry +sticks until there is an abundance of fuel. After an hour, take out the +coals, clear the hole of ashes, lay green corn husks on the hot bottom of +the hole. Soak brown paper in water and wrap around the fish. Lay it in +the hole, cover with green corn husks, covered in turn with half an inch +of earth. Build a fire over it and keep burning for an hour. Then remove +and you have something delicious and worth the time taken to prepare. + +Fried Fish + +Clean fish well. Small fish should be fried whole, with the backbone +severed to prevent curling up; large fish should be cut into pieces, and +ribs cut loose from backbone so as to lie flat in pan. Rub the pieces in +corn meal or powdered bread crumbs, thinly and evenly (that browns them). +Fry in plenty of very hot fat to a golden brown, sprinkling lightly with +pepper and salt just as the color turns. If fish has not been wiped dry, +it will absorb too much grease. If the frying fat is not very hot when +fish are put in they will be soggy with it. + +Frogs' Legs + +After skinning frogs, soak them an hour in cold water, to which vinegar +has been added, or put them for two minutes into scalding water that has +vinegar in it. Drain, wipe dry, and cook. To fry: Roll in flour seasoned +with salt and pepper, and fry, not too rapidly, preferably in butter or +oil. Water cress is a good relish with them. To grill: Prepare three +tablespoonfuls melted butter, one-half teaspoonful salt, and a pinch or +two of pepper, into which dip the frog legs, then roll in fresh bread +crumbs and broil for three minutes on each side. + +EGGS + +Boiled + +Raise water to boiling point. Place eggs in carefully. Boil steadily for +three minutes if you prefer them soft. If you want them hard-boiled, put +them in cold water, bring to a boil, and keep it up for twenty minutes. +The yolk will then be mealy and wholesome. + +Fried + +Melt some butter or fat in frying pan, when it hisses drop in eggs +carefully. Fry them three minutes. + +Scrambled + +First stir the eggs up with a little condensed cream and a pinch of salt +and after putting some butter in the frying pan, stir the eggs in it, +being careful not to cook them too long. + +Poached + +First put in the frying pan sufficient diluted condensed milk which has +been thinned with enough water to float the eggs when the milk is hot; +drop in the carefully opened eggs and let them simmer three or four +minutes. Serve the eggs on slices of buttered toast, pouring on enough of +the milk to moisten the toast. + +Coffee + +For every cup of water allow a tablespoonful of ground coffee, and one +extra for the pot. Heat water to boiling point first, add coffee, boil +five minutes, settle with one-fourth cup cold water and serve. Some prefer +to put the coffee in a small muslin bag, tied loose, and boil for five +minutes longer. + +Cocoa + +Allow a teaspoonful of cocoa for every cup of boiling water. Mix the +powdered cocoa with hot water or hot milk to a creamy paste. Add equal +parts of boiling water and boiled milk, and sugar to taste. Boil two or +three minutes. + +SAMPLE MENU FOR AN OVER-NIGHT AND A DAY HIKE OR TRAMP + +Breakfast + +Griddle cakes with Karo Syrup or brown sugar and butter; +Fried bacon and potatoes; +Bread, coffee, preserves. + +Dinner + +Creamed salmon on toast; Baked potatoes; Bread; Pickles; Fruit. + +Supper + +Fried eggs; Creamed or chipped beef; Cheese; Bread; Cocoa + +These recipes have been tried out. Biscuit and bread-making have been +purposely omitted. Take bread and crackers with you from the camp. +"Amateur" biscuits are not conducive to good digestion or happiness. Pack +butter in small jar. Cocoa, sugar and coffee in small cans or heavy paper, +also salt and pepper. Wrap bread in a moist cloth to prevent drying up. +Bacon and dried or chipped beef in wax paper. Pickles can be purchased put +up in small bottles. Use the empty bottle as a candlestick. + +Ration List for six boys, three meals + +2 lbs. bacon (sliced thin), +1 lb. butter, +1 doz. eggs, +1/2 lb. cocoa, +1/2 lb. coffee, +1 lb. sugar, +3 cans salmon, +24 potatoes, +2 cans condensed milk, +1 small package self-raising flour, +Salt and pepper. + +Utensils + +Small griddle or tin "pie plate" (5 cents each), +Small stew pan, +Small coffee pot, +Small cake turner, +Large spoon, +Teaspoons, +Knives and forks, +Plates and cups, +Matches and candles. + +Dish Washing + +First fill the frying pan with water, place over fire and let it boil. +Pour out water and you will find that it has practically cleaned itself. +Clean the griddle with sand and water. Greasy knives and forks may be +cleaned by jabbing a couple of times into the ground. After all grease is +gotten rid of, wash in hot water and dry with cloth. Don't use the cloth +first and get it greasy. + +Be sure to purchase Horace Kephart's excellent book on "Camp Cookery," +$1.00, Outing Publishing Co., or Association Press. It is filled with +practical suggestions. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +"Camp and Trail"--Stewart Edward White. Doubleday, Page & Company, $1.25 +net. Full of common sense and of special value to those contemplating long +tramps and wilderness travel. Several chapters on "Horseback Travel" + +"Out-of-Doors"--M. Ellsworth Olsen, Ph.D. Pacific Press Publishing Co., 60 +cents. A book permeated with a wholesome outdoor spirit. + +The Field and Forest Book--Dan Beard. Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00. +Written in "Beardesque" style, filled with his inimitable illustrations +and crammed with ideas. + +The Way of the Woods-Edward Breck. G. P. Putnam's Sons, $1.75 net. Simple, +terse, free from technical terms, and calculated to give the novice a mass +of information. Written for Northeastern United States and Canada, but of +interest for every camper. + +[Illustration: The Morning Dip] + + + +CHAPTER XIII--HEALTH AND HYGIENE + +PHYSICAL EXAMINATION +HOSPITAL TENT AND EQUIPMENT +PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTS +PULSE RATE +THE TONGUE +TEMPERATURE +PAIN +SURGICAL SUPPLIES +MEDICAL STORES +SIMPLE REMEDIES +FIRST AID TO THE INJURED +DRILLS +HEALTH TALKS +RED CROSS SOCIETY +PREVENTION FROM DROWNING +PERSONAL HYGIENE +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Better to hunt on fields for health unbought +Than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught. +The wise, for cure, on exercise depend; +God never made his work for man to mend. +--Dryden + +Examination + +A boy should be examined by his family physician before going to camp in +order that he may receive the greatest good from the camp life and be +safeguarded from physical excess. An examination blank like that shown on +the next page is used in many of the large camps. When the boy arrives in +camp the physician or physical director examines the boy. Take his height, +weight, lung capacity, condition of heart, lungs, condition of muscles, +whether hard, medium or soft, and state of digestion. For this purpose you +will need a wet spirometer, measuring rod, stethoscope and platform +scales. A second blank with carbon duplicate, is kept of every boy. + +[Illustration: Wisconsin Boys' Camp Physical Examination Record] + +Give dates of first examination on arrival and final examination before +departure from camp. The original is given to the boy to take home and the +carbon copy is retained by the camp, filed in alphabetical order. Most +remarkable gains have been made by boys, particularly in lung capacity, +height, and hardening of muscles. The active life of the camp is not +conducive as a rule to great gain in weight. + +Each tent leader should be given the important facts of the examinations +of the boys in his tent, so that there may be intelligent cooperation +between the physician, or physical director, the tent leader, and the boy +in securing health efficiency. + +AVERAGE PHYSICAL TYPES FOR BOYS OF 5 TO 16 YEARS +(Compiled from the measurements of 5,476 school children.) + + ---Lengths (Inches)--- +Age Weight Height Height Span of Breadth Breadth Breadth + Sitting Arms Head Chest Waist +16 116.38 64.45 33.55 66.25 5.95 9.85 9.15 +15 103.29 62.25 32.15 63.15 5.90 9.30 8.65 +14 87.41 59.45 30.70 60.00 5.85 8.95 8.25 +13 78.32 57.10 29.60 57.50 5.80 8.70 7.95 +12 72.55 55.25 28.95 55.30 5.80 8.50 7.70 +11 64.89 53.10 28.20 53.40 5.75 8.25 7.45 +10 61.28 51.55 27.60 51.20 5.75 8.00 7.20 + 9 55.15 49.55 26.80 49.10 5.70 7.80 7.10 + 8 50.90 47.75 26.00 47.00 5.65 7.65 6.95 + 7 46.85 45.55 25.20 45.00 5.65 7.45 6.75 + 6 42.62 43.55 24.20 42.60 5.60 7.25 6.55 + 5 39.29 41.60 23.30 40.35 5.60 7.15 6.50 + + Girth Strength +Age Chest Girth of Chest Lung Right Left Vitality + Depth Head Expansion Capacity Forearm Forearm Coefficient + (cu in) Strength Strength +16 6.60 21.55 3.45 191.40 73.28 65.22 35.58 +15 6.30 21.45 3.30 161.00 63.47 54.30 26.09 +14 5.95 21.30 3.35 140.12 55.81 50.70 21.97 +13 5.65 21.10 3.25 123.58 49.69 45.07 18.28 +12 5.60 21.00 3.05 111.33 43.29 40.56 15.55 +11 5.45 20.85 2.90 100.74 39.09 36.30 13.33 +10 5.25 20.60 2.75 90.02 32.42 30.94 10.84 + 9 5.20 20.65 2.55 81.03 28.91 25.90 9.34 + 8 5.10 20.55 2.35 70.43 23.38 20.96 7.34 + 7 5.10 20.45 1.80 60.48 20.19 18.78 5.05 + 6 5.05 20.25 1.65 50.89 15.36 12.53 4.02 + 5 4.90 20.15 1.35 40.60 10.76 10.38 2.61 + Copyright by Wm. W. Hastings, Ph.D. + +Hospital Tent + +If a boy is ill (minor aches and pains which are frequently only growing +pains, excepted), isolate him from the camp, so that he may have quiet and +receive careful attention. + +[Illustration: Hospital Tent at Camp Couchiching] + +A tent, with fly and board floor, known as the "Hospital Tent" or "Red +Cross Tent," should be a part of the camp equipment. There may be no +occasion for its use, but it should be ready for any emergency. The +physician may have his office in this tent. Boys should not be "coddled;" +at the same time it must not be forgotten that good, sympathetic attention +and nursing are two-thirds responsible for speedy recovery from most ills. + +Equipment + +A spring cot, mattress, pillow, blankets, a good medicine cabinet, alcohol +stove for boiling water, cooking food, and sterilizing instruments; pans, +white enameled slop jar, pitcher, cup, pail; a table, a folding camp +reclining chair (Gold Medal Camp Furniture Company), and a combination +camp cot and litter (Gold Medal Brand) will make up the equipment of the +tent. + +The information and suggestions given in this chapter are the accumulation +of many years' experience in boys' camps. The technical information is +vouched for by competent physicians who have examined the manuscript.[1] + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: This chapter was written in 1911. Many +observations and suggestions are obsolete, if not dangerous or illegal.] + +Pulse Rate + +Every man in charge of a boys' camp should have a knowledge of certain +physiological facts, so as to be able to make a fair diagnosis of pain and +disease. The pulse, taken at the wrist, is a fair index of the condition +of the body. In taking the pulse-beat, do so with the fingers, and not +with the thumb, as the beating of the artery in the thumb may confuse. +Pulse rate is modified with age, rest, exercise, position, excitements, +and elevation. High elevation produces a more rapid pulse. The normal rate +of boys in their teens is about 80 to 84 beats per minute. An increase not +accounted for by one of the above reasons usually means fever, a rise of 6 +beats in pulse usually being equivalent to a rise of 1 degree. Often more +important than the rate, however, is the quality of the pulse. Roughly, +the feebler the pulse, the more serious the condition of the individual. +Irregularity in the rate may be a serious sign, and when it is noticed a +doctor should be immediately called. Failure to find the artery should not +necessarily cause uneasiness, as by trying on himself, the director may +see that the taking of the pulse is often a difficult undertaking. + +The Tongue + +The tongue is a very misleading guide to the patient's condition, and no +definite rule about its appearance can be laid down. Other signs, such as +temperature, general conditions, localization of pain, etc., are more +accurate, and to the total result of such observations the appearance of +the tongue adds little. + +Thermometer + +The normal temperature of the human body by mouth is about 98.4 degrees. +Variations between 98 degrees and 99 degrees are not necessarily +significant of disease. A reliable clinical thermometer should be used. +Temperature is generally taken in the mouth. Insert the bulb of the +thermometer well under the boy's tongue. Tell him to close his lips, not +his teeth, and to breathe through his nose. Leave it in the mouth about +three or four minutes. Remove, and, after noting temperature, rinse it in +cold water, dry it with a clean, towel, and shake the mercury down to 95 +degrees. It will then be ready for use next time. Never return a +thermometer to its case unwashed. + +Pain + +Pain is an indication that there is something wrong with the body that +should receive attention. Some boys are more sensitive to pain than +others, particularly boys of a highly strung, delicate, nervous nature. +Most people, however, think too much of their pains. Most pains to which +boys fall heir are due to trouble in the stomach or intestines, or to +fevers. Many pains that boys feel mean very little. They are often due to +a sore or strained muscle or nerve. A hot application or massage will +often bring relief. + +Sharply localized pain, except as the result of external injury, is not +common among healthy boys, and, if found, particularly in the well-known +appendix area, and if accompanied by other disquieting signs (temperature, +pulse, etc.), should receive medical attention. + +In a general way, any abdominal pain that does not yield in 24 hours to +rest in bed with application of external heat, should call for the advice +of a physician. Any severe attack of vomiting or diarrhea, accompanied by +temperature, and not immediately traceable to some indiscretion in diet, +is cause for study, and if improvement does not soon show itself, a +physician should be called. + +Pains in the extremities, particularly joints, if not clearly showing +signs of improvement in two or three days, should also be the object of a +physician's visit, as a fracture near a joint, if not correctly treated +early, may result in permanent deformity. + +The camp physician, or director, if he himself assumes the medical +responsibilities, should enforce the rule that all boys who do not have a +daily movement of the bowels see him, and he should always be ready to +receive such cases and give them the necessary treatment. + +The drawings by Albert G. Wegener illustrate in a general way what the +trouble is when one feels a distinct, persistent pain. + +Among healthy boys, in camp, thoracic pains, other than those due to +muscular strain, are uncommon, but when severe, especially if accompanied +by a rise of temperature (over 99.5 degrees) and not readily succumbing to +rest in bed, should be investigated by a physician. + +[Illustration: Sites of Pain.] + +PAIN + +The accompanying diagrams indicate what ailment may be looked for if there +is a persistent pain. (Adapted from Butler; Diagnosis.) + +1. Disease of bone. Tumor or abscess in chest. Weakening of the aorta. +Stomach trouble. + +2. Catarrh [1], or cancer or ulcer of stomach. Disease of spinal column. +Inflammation of pancreas. + +3. Lack of blood. Neuralgia of rib nerves. Pneumonia. Enlarged glands. +Disease of chest wall. Disease of back-bone. Shingles. + +4. Liver disease. Weakness of abdominal aorta. Heart disease. + +5. Disease of diaphragm or large intestines. + +6. Heart disease. Large intestines. Locomotor ataxia [2]. + +7. Pleurisy. Violent vomiting. Coughing. + +8. Colic. Gravel. Movable kidney. Enlarged spleen. Dyspepsia. Lack of +blood. Debility. + +9. Sharp abdominal pains indicate the following: Ulcer or cancer of +stomach Disease of intestines. Lead colic. Arsenic or mercury poisoning. +Floating kidney. Gas in intestines. Clogged intestines. Appendicitis. +Inflammation of bowels. Rheumatism of bowels. Hernia. Locomotor ataxia +[2]. Pneumonia. Diabetes. + +10. Neuralgia. Clogged intestines. Abdominal tumor. Kidney colic. Tumor or +abscess of thigh bone. Appendicitis if pain is in right leg. + +11. Lack of blood. Hysteria. Epilepsy. Disease of bladder. Nervous +breakdown. + +12. Foreign substance in ear. Bad teeth. Eye strain. Disease of Jaw bone. +Ulcer of tongue. + +13. Nervous breakdown. Epilepsy. Tumor or break in brain. Cranial +neuralgia. Disease of neck bones. Adenoids. Ear disease. Eye strain. Bad +teeth. + +14. Spinal trouble. + +15. Disease of stomach. Weakening of aorta. + +16. Hand and arm pains indicate: Heart disease. Enlarged spleen. Clogged +large intestines. + +17. Nervous breakdown. + +18. Eye strain. Disease of nasal cavity. Lack of blood. Dyspepsia. +Constipation. Rheumatism of scalp. Nervous breakdown. + +19. Bad teeth. Ear inflammation. Cancer of upper Jaw. Neuralgia of Jaw +nerve. + +20. Bad teeth. Neuralgia of Jaw nerve. + +21. Clogged large intestines. Ulcer of stomach. + +22. Lumbago. Neuralgia. Debility. Fatigue. Weakness of abdominal aorta. + +23. Girdle sensation indicates disease or injury of spinal cord. + +24. Disease of testicles. Excessive sex abuse. Ulcer or cancer rectum. +Piles. Disease of hip-joint. Neuralgia. Sciatica. + +25. Kidney disease. Neuralgia. + +26. Intestines clogged. Cancer or ulcer of rectum. Locomotor ataxia. +Abscess in back. Sciatica (if in one leg only). + +27. Cramps due to over exercise. Diabetes. Hysteria. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Catarrh: Inflammation of mucous membranes in +nose and throat.] + +[Transcriber's Footnote 2: Ataxia: Loss of coordinated muscular movement.] + +Typhoid Fever + +The epidemic chiefly to be feared in summer camps is typhoid fever, and +boys coming from cities where that disease is prevalent should be +carefully watched. Care in sanitation minimizes the likelihood of such a +disease springing up in the camp. Other infections, such as mumps, +conjunctivitis, etc., should be carefully isolated, and all precautions +taken to prevent their spread. + +A fairly common event may be toward evening to find a boy with a headache +and a temperature perhaps of 102 degrees. This will probably be all right +in the morning after a night's rest and perhaps the administration also of +a cathartic. + +The Dentist + +The importance of a visit to the dentist before coming to camp cannot be +over-estimated. Every one knows the torture of a toothache, and realizes +how unbearable it must be for a boy away from home and among other boys, +sympathetic, of course, but busy having a good time, and with only a few +patent gums to relieve the misery, and the dentist perhaps not available +for two days. Parents cannot have this point too forcibly thrust upon +them, as by even a single visit to a competent dentist all the sufferings +of toothache may usually be prevented. + +Surgical Supplies + +The following list of surgical supplies will be found necessary. The +quantity must be determined by the size of the camp, and the price by the +firm from whom purchased. + +Surgical Supplies + +One-half dozen assorted gauze bandages, sizes one to three +inches, 10 cents each. +Two yards sterilized plain gauze in carton, 20 cents a yard. +One roll three-inch adhesive plaster, $1.00. +One paper medium size safety pins, 10 cents. +One paper medium size common pins, 5 cents. +Four ounces sterilized absorbent cotton in cartons, 20 cents. +One-half dozen assorted egg-eyed surgeon's needles, straight to +full curve, 50 cents. +One card braided silk ligature, assorted in one card (white), about +30 cents. +One hundred ordinary corrosive sublimate tablets, 25 cents. +Small surgical instrument set, comprising (F. H. Thomas Co., +Boston, Mass., $3.50). +2 scalpels +Forceps +Director +Probe +Curette +Scissors + +One Hypodermic Syringe, all metal, in metal case, $1.50. +One Fountain Syringe (for enemata and ears). +One one-minute clinical thermometer in rubber case, $1.25. Get +best registered instrument. +One number nine soft rubber catheter, 25 cents. +Small bottle collodion[1] with brush. +One-quarter pound Boric acid powder, 25 cents. +Four ounces Boric acid ointment, 50 cents. +One-quarter pound Boric acid crystals, 25 cents. Carbolic Acid, +95 cents. +Hypodermic tablets, cocaine hydro-chlorate, 1-1/8 grain, making +in two drachms sterile water or one per cent solution. (To be +used by Physician only.) +Alcohol, 80 per cent. +Sulpho Napthol. +Iodoform gauze. +Chloroform liniment. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: collodion: Flammable, colorless or yellowish +syrupy solution of pyroxylin, ether, and alcohol, used as an adhesive to +close small wounds and hold surgical dressings, in topical medications, +and for making photographic plates.] + +With the above list the ingenious man can perform practically every +surgical operation that he would care to undertake. + +For "First Aid" demonstration work you will need a number of Red Cross +Outfits. 25 cents each. (31 cents postpaid.) + +Medical Store + +(Tablets to be used hypodermically should be used only by a physician.) + +Quinine Sulphate, gr. 5. Useful in malarial regions. Give 15-20 gr. at +time of expected chill. Better stay away from malarial country. No place +for a camp. + +Calomel, gr. 1/4, 200 at 10 cents per C. Take one tablet every 30 minutes +or every hour, for eight doses in all cases where bowels need thorough +cleaning out. + +Phenacetine and Salol, of each gr. 2-1/2, 100 at 50 cents per C. One +tablet every four hours. For headache and intestinal antisepsis. Dangerous +as a depressant to heart. + +Dover's Powders, gr. 5, 100 at 50 cents per C. Two tablets at bedtime, in +hot water or lemonade, in acute colds. One after each meal may be added. + +Dobell's Solution Tablets, 200 at 25 cents per C. One as a gargle in +one-half glass hot water every two to four hours in tonsilitis and +pharyngitis. + +Potassium Bromide, gr. 10, 100 at 25 cents per C. For headache. Best given +in solution after meals. May irritate an empty stomach. + +Aspirin, gr. 5, 100 at $1.25 per C. One or two every four hours for +rheumatism, headache, or general pains and aches. + +Compound cathartic pills, 100 at 21 cents per C. Two at night for +constipation. + +Epsom Salts, four ounces, 5 cents. Two to four teaspoonfuls in hot water +before breakfast. + +Compound tincture of opium (Squibb), 4 ounces, 50 cents. Teaspoonful after +meals for summer diarrhea. + +Baking soda. Teaspoonful after meals for "distress." + +Morphine Sulphate, gr, 1/4; + +Strychnine Sulphate, gr. 1-30; for hypodermics, used by physicians only. + +In addition to the above everyone has a stock of "old-fashioned" home +remedies. Some of these are described under "Simple Remedies." + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +"Backwoods Surgery and Medicine"--Charles Stuart Moody, M. D. Outing +Publishing Co., New York, 75 cents net. A commonsense book written from +experience. It is invaluable to campers. + +"Home Treatment and Care of the Sick "-A. Temple Lovering, M.D. Otis Clapp +& Son, Boston, $1.50. Full of helpful suggestions. + +American Red Cross Abridged Text Book on First Aid (General Edition). +American Red Cross Society, Washington, D. C., 30 cents net. Reliable and +comprehensive. + +Annual Report of the United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps (Free). +Office, World Building, New York City. Contains many hints and +suggestions. + +Boys' Drill Regulations. National First, Aid Association, 6 Beacon Street, +Boston, Mass. 25 cents. A mass of information concerning setting-up +drills, litter drills, swimming drill on land, rescue and resuscitation +drills, etc. + + + +CHAPTER XIV--SIMPLE REMEDIES + +BITES +BLEEDING +BURNS +EARS +EYES +FEET +HEADACHE +SUNSTROKE +STOMACH ACHE +TOOTHACHE + +In a small camp a physician is unnecessary, though one should be within +call. The camp leader should have a knowledge of the ordinary ailments of +growing boys and simple remedies for relief. No camp of fifty or more boys +should be without a physician or some upper class medical student of high +moral character. Don't run risks. When in doubt, call in a physician. The +treatment of local disorders described is largely from nature's medicine +chest, and simple in application. + +Bites and Stings + +Put on salt and water, or make a paste of soda and water, or rub the wound +with aromatic ammonia, camphor, or tar soap. Common salt is excellent. + +Bleeding Nose + +Do not blow the nose. Hold a wet handkerchief at the back of the neck and +wash the face in hot water, or place a wad of paper under the upper lip, +or crowd some fine gauze or cotton into the nostrils and make a plug. + +To Check Bleeding + +Raise the injured part as high as you can above the heart, press very +firmly with sterile pad under thumb or fingers on or into the wound. Blood +from a vein will be dark red or purplish and will flow in a steady stream. +Press upon the vein below the wound. Put on a clean pad and bind it upon +the wound firmly enough to stop bleeding. Blood from an artery will be +bright red and will probably spurt in jets. Press very hard above the +wound. Tie a strong bandage (handkerchief, belt, suspenders, rope, strip +of clothing) around the wounded member, and between the wound and the +heart. Under it and directly over the artery place a smooth pebble, piece +of stick, or other hard lump. Then thrust a stout stick under the bandage +and twist until the wound stops bleeding. A tourniquet should not remain +over twenty-four hours. + +Blisters + +Wash blistered feet in hot water and then in alcohol or in cold water with +a little baking powder or soda added. Wipe them dry and then rub them with +a tallow candle or some fat. + +Bruises + +Apply compresses of hot or cold water to keep down swelling and +discoloration. Also apply witch hazel. + +Burns + +Use vaseline, baking soda, bread, the white of an egg, flour and water, +butter, grease, or fat; or mix flour and soda with fat, or soap with sugar +and make into a paste, or put a teaspoonful of baking powder into a pint +of warm water and pour it on a piece of gauze and put this on the burn or +scald, covering it with cotton and a bandage. Never let a burn be exposed +to the air, but cover it at once if the pain is intense. + +Chills + +Mix a good dash of pepper with a little ginger in sweetened hot water and +drink it. Get into bed at once. Cover with blankets and put hot water +bottle at feet. + +Choking + +Force yourself to swallow pieces of dry bread or drink some water. Let +some one slap the back. + +Colds + +Pour boiling water over two heads of elder blossoms, brew for twenty +minutes, and drink a small cup hot on going to bed. Or drink hot lemonade +or hot ginger tea. In any case, keep warm and out of a draft. + +Constipation + +Use cathartic pills, or castor oil. Eat plenty of prunes or fruit. Drink +plenty of water. + +Cuts + +Always clean thoroughly all open wounds to prevent infection, and +accelerate healing. Carbolic, left on a wound for any time at all may +result in carbolic poisoning or in gangrene. Use pure alcohol (not wood or +denatured, as both are poisonous), or a teaspoonful of sulphur-naphthol to +a basin of water, or 1:1000 corrosive sublimate solution (wad with +flexible collodion). Do not use vaseline or any other substance on a +freshly abrased surface. After a scab has formed, vaseline may be applied +to keep this scab soft. Never close a wound with court plaster[1]. The +only legitimate uses for sticking or adhesive plaster are to hold +dressings in place where bandaging is difficult, or in case of a cut to +keep edges closed without sewing the skin. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Cloth coated with adhesive substance to cover +cuts or scratches on the skin.] + +Earache + +Take the heart of an onion, heat it in an oven, and put it in the ear when +hot, but not so hot as to burn the ear. This not only relieves the +earache, but helps to send the sufferer to sleep. Hold hot water bag to +ear. + +Inflamed Eye + +Wring a towel in water hot as the hands will bear; lay on the eyes and +change frequently. Bathe with saturated solution of boric acid crystals. + +Great relief is felt by opening the eyes in tepid or very warm boracic +solution. Even if it is strong enough to smart, no harm will result. + +If inflammation is caused by a foreign substance, rub the other eye, in +order to make both eyes water. If the speck can be seen, it can generally +be taken out by twisting a small piece of gauze or cloth around a +toothpick and drawing it over the speck, or by twisting up a piece of +paper like a lamp lighter and, after wetting the tip of it, wiping it +against the speck. If it is under the upper lid, pull the lid away from +the eyeball, and push the under lid up underneath the upper one. In this +way the eyelashes of the lower lid will generally clean the inside of the +upper one. An eye-tweezers for removing a piece of grit from the eye is +made by folding a piece of paper in two. With a sharp knife cut it to a +point at an angle of 30 degrees and slightly moisten the point in clean +water. + +Feet + +It is a good thing to dry-soap your feet and the inside of your socks +before putting them on for a hike or tramp. This is an old army trick. If +your feet perspire freely, powder them with boric acid powder, starch, and +oxide of zinc in equal parts. Wash the feet every day, best on turning in +at night. + +To prevent the nail growing into the toe, take a bit of broken glass and +scrape down the top of the nail until it is quite thin, and in time the +corners begin to grow out, and no longer hurt the toe. Toenails should be +cut square and not encouraged to grow in by side trimming. A good plan is +to make a "V" shape notch on the middle of the top of each toenail, which +will close up naturally, and, in so doing, draw the sides up and inward. + +Headache + +Headache comes from indigestion or from the sun. A boy will overeat and +then play under the hot sun--result, headache. Have the boy lie down and +sleep, if possible, using cloths dipped in cold water to drive the blood +away from the head. A remedy recommended by the great John Wesley is to +lay very thin slices of lemon rind on either temple. + +Hiccough + +Take a deep breath and hold it as long as possible, or make yourself +sneeze. + +Ivy Poisoning + +Mix some baking powder with water, or rub on wood ashes. Wash with +alcohol. Be careful not to spread by scratching. + +Rusty Nail + +Better call a physician. Puncture with nails and such things, especially +if rusty, should be squeezed and washed with sulphur-naphthol or hot water +poured into the hole. If too small, this may be slightly enlarged. +Cauterize with carbolic acid, then with pure alcohol. Keep the wound open +for a few days. Run no risk with a rusty nail wound. Attend to it +immediately. + +Sprains + +Bathe a sprain in as hot water as you can bear, to which has been added a +small quantity of vinegar and salt. Slight sprains (as of finger) may be +painted with iodine. + +Sunstroke + +The first symptom is a headache followed by a heavy feeling in the pit of +the stomach, dimmed eyesight, difficulty in breathing, and a fever. If +insensibility follows, lay the person on his back in a cool, shady place, +with his head slightly raised. Loosen his clothing, keep his head cold +with wet cloths, and pour cold water on his face and chest, until the +temperature of his body is lowered and the face becomes pale. + +Sunburn + +Get used to sun gradually. Use powdered boric acid or ointment. Cocoa +butter is also a good preventive. + +Sore Throat + +Gargle the throat with warm water and some salt added, and then bind a +woolen sock around it. Keep the sock on until the soreness is gone. Put +teaspoonful of chlorate of potash in a cup of water and gargle. Diluted +alkalol [sic] is also good for a gargle, or tincture of iron diluted. Fat +bacon or pork may be tied around the neck with a dry sock. Swab the +throat. + +Stomachache + +Caused by undigested food in the intestines. Put the boy on a diet, also +give him plenty of warm water to drink, or a cup of hot ginger tea. + +Toothache + +Heat will always help to soothe the sufferer. A seeded raisin, toasted +before the fire, makes a useful poultice for an aching tooth, pressed into +the hollow. A bag of hot salt, pressed on the face, relieves pain. + +[Illustration: Drill in First Aid] + + + +CHAPTER XV--FIRST AID TO THE INJURED + +First aid should teach every boy how to render temporary assistance by +improvised means for the relief of the injured one, and the methods by +which he can be removed to a place of safety. With this in view, the +information given in this chapter incorporates what every camper should +know. Before going to camp, boys should be taught the use of the +Triangular Bandage. This bandage is used by the United States Government, +and is well suited for an emergency bandage. It can be easily made from a +handkerchief or a piece of linen. The American Red Cross First Aid Outfit +contains a triangular bandage, with methods of application printed +thereon. The gauze or roller bandage is more difficult to handle. This, +however, is the bandage to control bleeding, etc. Any reliable book on +First Aid gives information as to its manipulation. + +Dislocation + +A dislocation of the finger or toe can generally be reduced by pulling +strongly and at the same time pressing where the dislocation is. If the +hip, shoulder, or elbow is dislocated, do not meddle with the joint, but +make the boy as comfortable as possible by surrounding the joint with +flannel cloths wrung out in hot water; support with soft pads, and send +for a doctor at once. If the spine is dislocated, lay the boy on his back. +Never put him on his side or face, it may be fatal. If he is cold, apply +hot blankets to his body, hot water bottle or hot salt bag to the seat of +pain. + +[Illustration: Triangular Bandage; Method of Folding Triangular Bandage +for Use; Bandage should always be secured by means of a reef knot.] + +Broken Bones + +Do not try to reduce the fracture if a physician can be secured, for +unskilled handling will do more harm than good. The thing to do is to make +the boy comfortable by placing him in a comfortable position with the +injured part resting on a pad, keeping him perfectly quiet. If there is an +open wound, cover it with cheesecloth or gauze which has been dipped in +boiling water, to which baking soda has been added. Then wrap absorbent +cotton around it. If the boy has a fever, put wet cloths on his head, +swinging them in the air to cool for changing. + +THE FOLLOWING PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS ARE GIVEN IN "CAMP KITS AND CAMP +LIFE," BY CHARLES STEDMAN HANKS. + +Nose + +If the nose is broken, plug with gauze to stop bleeding. + +Jaw + +If the jaw is broken, push the bone gently into place, and if there is an +open wound, cover it with gauze or cotton, made antiseptically, and then +put a bandage around the jaw. + +Collar Bone + +If the collar bone is broken, it will be known by the pain in the shoulder +and the shoulder dropping. Holding the elbow up will relieve the weight +from the collar bone. Lay the boy on his back. Put a cotton wad in his +armpit and bandage the arm to the side of the body and put the arm in a +sling. + +Shoulder Blade + +If the shoulder blade is broken, put the forearm across the chest with the +fingers on the shoulder and then bandage the arm to the body. + +Rib + +If a rib is broken it will pain the patient when he takes a long breath. +Put him on his back, resting a little on the uninjured side, so that he +will breathe easily. If it is necessary to move him, bandage strips of +adhesive plaster around the body, beginning at the lowest rib and working +upward, having each strip lap over the one below it. If you have no +adhesive plaster, use a wide strip of cotton cloth. After you have put his +coat on, pin it as tightly as you can in the back. + +Leg Above Knee + +If the leg is broken above the knee, lay shoulders slightly back, with the +head and shoulders slightly raised. Draw the leg out straight, and, after +padding it with cotton or towels, cut a small sapling long enough to reach +from the foot to the armpit, and fasten it at the ankle, knee, and waist. +If it is necessary to move the boy, bind both legs firmly together. + +Leg Below Knee + +If the leg is broken below the knee, lay the boy on his back and put a +pillow or a bag stuffed with grass lengthwise under it. Then put a board +or a hewed sapling on the under side of the pillow to stiffen it, and +bandage the pillow and the board or sapling firmly to the leg. If the boy +has to be moved, bind both legs together. + +Knee Pan + +If the knee pan is broken, put the boy on his back and straighten out the +leg on a padded splint which reaches from the heel to the hip, putting +some cotton or a folded towel under the knee and the heel. Then bandage +the splint on at the ankle, at the upper part of the leg, and above and +below the knee pan. + +Foot + +If the foot is broken, make a splint of two pieces of wood held together +at right angles, and, after padding the foot with cotton, bind the splint +to the side of the foot and the leg. + +[Illustration: Large arm sling as a support for the forearm.] + +[Illustration: Large arm sling as a support for the elbow.] + + +Upper Arm + +If the upper arm is broken, make three splints, one long enough to reach +from the shoulder to the elbow to go on the outside of the arm, one to go +on the inner side of the arm, and one on the back of the arm. Pad the arm +from the armpit to the elbow with cotton, towels, or newspapers wrapped in +cloth, and, after bandaging on the splints, put the forearm in a sling and +bind the arm to the body. + +Forearm + +If the forearm is broken, make a cotton pad long enough to reach from the +fingers well up to the forearm, and rest the palm of the hand on it. Put a +similar pad on the back of the hand, and, after bandaging in a splint, put +the arm in a sling. + +Hand + +If the hand is broken, put a cotton pad on the palm and over it a thin +splint long enough to reach from the tips of the fingers to the forearm. +After binding the splint in place, put the arm in a sling with the hand +higher than the elbow. + +Finger + +If a finger is broken, make a splint of cardboard or a thin piece of wood +long enough to reach from the tip of the finger to the wrist. Cover the +finger with gauze or cotton, and, after binding on the splint, support the +hand in a sling. + +Fainting + +Fainting comes from too little blood in the head. Lay the boy on his back +with feet higher than his head. Loosen tight clothing and let him have +plenty of fresh air. Sprinkle his face with cold water and rub his arms +with it. For an attack of dizziness, bend the head down firmly between the +knees. If his face is flushed, raise the head. + +Stunned + +Lay the boy on his back with head somewhat raised. Apply heat, such as +bottles of hot water, hot plates or stones wrapped in towels to the +extremities and over the stomach, but keep the head cool with wet cloths. +Do not give any stimulant; it would drive blood to the brain. + +Stretcher + +A stretcher may be improvised in one of the following ways: (a) A shutter, +door, or gate covered well with straw, hay, clothing, or burlap bagging. + +(b) A piece of carpet, blanket, sacking, tarlatan, spread out, and two +stout poles rolled up in the sides. Put clothes for a pillow. + +(c) A coat with the two sleeves turned inside out; pass two poles through +the sleeves, button the coat over them. (See illustration.) Patient sits +on coat and rests against the back of the first bearer. + +(d) Two poles passed through a couple of bags, through holes at bottom +corners of each. + +[Illustration: Coat Stretcher] + +Carry a patient by walking out of step, and take short paces, about 18 +inches apart. Usually carry the patient feet first, but in going up hill +the position is reversed, and the patient is carried head first. + +[Illustration: Life Saving Patrol] + +The following illustrations explain the process of carrying a patient +without a stretcher: + +[Illustration: Three and four handed carry.] + +PREVENTION FROM DROWNING + +Learn to Swim + +Every summer records its hundreds of drowning accidents, many of which +might have been prevented if methods of rescue had been generally taught. +No boy should be permitted to enter a boat, particularly a canoe, until he +has learned to swim. The movement to teach swimming to every boy and young +man in North America who does not know how to swim is both commendable and +practical. The text-book used largely is "At Home in the Water," by George +H. Corsan, issued by the publishers of this book. + +Button Awards + +Summer camps provide a special opportunity for giving such instruction. To +each individual who is actually taught to swim in camp a silver-oxidized +button is given by the Association's International Committee, 124 East +28th St., New York, provided the test is made under the supervision of a +committee of three men. Those who teach others to swim receive a gold +oxidized leader's button. Write to the Physical Department at the above +address for information. + +[Illustration: Award Button] + +U. S. V. Life Saving Corps + +An Auxiliary Division of the U. S. Volunteer Life Saving Corps should be +established to patrol the water during swimming periods. Any camper may +qualify for membership by taking the following examinations: the boy to +receive not less than 6 points in 10 point subjects, and not less than 3 +points on 5 point subjects, with a total of 75 points. Those receiving +less than 75 points may become members of auxiliary crews. + +[Illustration: Award Button] + +HOW TO QUALIFY. + 1 Swimming not less than 100 yards and 25 yards on back. 10 points + 2 Diving, plunging, floating, fetching. 10 points + 3 Rescue drill on land and water. 10 points + 4 Release drill on land and in water. 10 points + 5 Resuscitation. 10 points + 6 Names of parts of a row boat. 5 points + 7 Rowing and boat handling. 10 points + 8 Use of life saving appliances. 10 points + 9 First aid work and remedies. 10 points +10 Written examination on work in water. 5 points +11 Written examination on work in boats. 5 points +12 Written examination on work on land. 5 points + +Organization + +To organize at camps, officials will proceed by conducting the +above-mentioned examinations. Should there be five or more successful +competitors, crews can be organized as follows, the regular form of +enrollment being employed and no enlistments required: + +Five men constitute a crew entitling one of the five to the rank of acting +third lieutenant. + +Ten men constitute two crews with acting second and third lieutenants. + +Fifteen men constitute three crews with acting first, second, and third +lieutenants. + +Twenty men constitute four crews (or a division) with acting captain, +first, second, and third lieutenants, lieutenant surgeon, quartermaster, +boatswain, and one coxswain for each crew or three coxswains. + +Auxiliary members over eighteen years of age may become active members +after leaving camps and receive active membership commissions, provided +they affiliate with some active permanent crew in their home district. + +Auxiliary members holding our certificates shall be entitled to auxiliary +membership buttons, but active members only are entitled to wear the +official badge of membership of the corps. + +Summer camps will be equipped, at the discretion of headquarters, on the +following conditions: + +That they shall pay all express on supplies to and from camps. + +That they shall report at the end of each season the exact condition of +the supplies and make provision for the safekeeping of same for future +seasons, or return same. + +Medicine chests must be returned. + +Instructors will be sent to the various camps, at the discretion of +headquarters, whenever possible. All expenses, traveling, board, etc., but +not services, must be covered by the camps. + +Examination questions will be found in our book, "Instruction on Subjects +for Examination for Membership." If desired, camp officials can make +examinations more rigid than outlined by us. + +Examination papers furnished on request. + +The above information was furnished by K. F. Mehrtens, Assistant +Secretary, United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps, 63-65 Park Row, New +York City. + +Training Course + +Efficient life saving comes from thorough experience and training, not +from a theory. These subjects for instruction may be taught preparatory to +the summer camp, as well as during the camping season. + +Swimming to include straight-away, swimming with clothes on, floating, +diving, fetching: strokes--perfect breast stroke, side stroke, overhead +stroke, crawl stroke. + +Rescue Methods to include rescuing a supposedly drowning person. Use of +life saving apparatus. + +Methods of Release to include grasping by the wrist, clutch around the +neck and grasp around the body. + +Resuscitation of the apparently drowned, including the Sylvester method +described on page 194, and the simple "first aid" rules. + +Boat Handling to include rowing a boat, taking a person into a boat from +the water, clinging to a boat without capsizing it, etc. + +Knot Tying to include all kinds of knots and their value in connection +with life-saving work, and the use of them on life-saving appliances. + +Wig-wagging to include the committing to memory of the U. S. Naval Wig-Wag +Signal Code. The following is used at Camp Wawayanda, New Jersey Boys. + +WIG-WAG CODE + +Signalling by wig-wag is carried on by waving a flag in certain ways, +represented by the figures 1, 2 and 3, and thus letters are made and words +spelled. + +Two wig-wag flags are used, one a square white flag with a red square in +the center, and the other a square red flag with white square in the +center. + +Only one flag is used in signalling, and that one is selected which can +best be seen against the boy's background. + +[Illustration: Interval; Signal 1; Signal 2; Signal 3] + +U. S. NAVAL WIG-WAG SIGNAL CODE. + +ALPHABET. +A 22 +B 2112 +C 121 +D 222 +F 2221 +G 2211 +H 122 +I 1 +J 1122 +K 2121 +L 221 +M 1221 +N 11 +O 21 +P 121 +Q 1211 +R 211 +S 212 +T 2 +U 112 +V 1222 +W 1121 +X 2122 +Y 111 +Z 2222 +Tion 1112 + +ALPHABET CLASSIFIED. +I 1 +N 11 +Y 111 + +E 12 +H 122 +V 1222 +U 112 +J 1122 + +C 121 +Q 1211 +M 1221 +P 1212 +W 1121 + +T 2 +A 22 +D 222 +Z 2222 + +O 21 +R 211 +L 221 +G 2211 +F 2221 + +S 212 +X 2122 +B 2112 +K 2121 + +Numerals +1 1111 +2 2222 +3 1112 +4 2221 +5 1122 +6 2211 +7 1222 +8 2111 +9 1221 +0 2112 + +Conventional signals + +End of word, 3 +End of sentence, 33 +End of message, 333 +I understand, A.A. 3 +Cease signalling, A.A.A. 333 +Repeat last word, C.C. 3 +Repeat last message, C.C.C. 3 +I have made an error, E.E. 3 + +WIG-WAG RULES + +1. The boy should face the person to whom he is signalling, and should +hold the flag-staff vertically in front of the centre of his body, with +the butt at the height of his waist. + +2. The motion represented by the Figure 1 is made by waving the flag down +to the right; 2, by waving it down to the left; and 3, by waving it down +in front of the sender. (Page 188) + +3. Each motion should embrace an arc of ninety degrees, starting from and +returning to the vertical without a pause. + +4. When two or more motions are required to make a letter, there should be +no pause between the motions. + +5. At the end of each letter there should be a slight pause at the +vertical. + +6. At the end of each word, one front motion (3) should be made; at the +end of a sentence, two fronts (33); and at the end of a message, three +fronts (333). + +7. To call a boat, signal the initial letter of her name until answered. +To answer a call, signal A.A. 3 (I understand). + +8. If the sender makes an error he should immediately signal E.E. 3 (I +have made an error), and resume the message, beginning with the last word +sent correctly. + +9. If the receiver does not understand a signal he should signal C.C. 3 +(Repeat last word); the sender should then repeat the last word and +proceed with the message. + +EXAMINATIONS USED BY THE U. S. V. L. S. C., CAMP BECKET Y. Y. C. A. +AUXILIARY CORPS, AUGUST 24, 1910 + +A-Boat Work--10 Points +1. With what knot should you tie a boat? +2. Define amidships, thole-pin[1], painter[2]. +3. Define port, starboard, aft. +4. Explain briefly a rescue from the bow. +5. Explain briefly a rescue from the stern. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: thole-pin: Pairs of wooden pegs set in the +gunwales as an oarlock.] + +[Transcriber's Footnote 2: painter: Rope attached to the bow for tying up +when docking or towing.] + +B-Water Work--10 Points +1. Describe breakaway Number 3. +2. "Before jumping into water for rescue, be sure to do-" what? +3. Give two ways to locate a body. +4. If you are seized and cannot break away, what should you do? +5. "If in a strong outsetting tide, it is advisable when rescuing +to-" do what? + +C--General First Aid--10 Points +1. How and where do you apply a tourniquet? +2. Give the treatment for fainting. +3. Give the treatment for sun-stroke. +4. Give the treatment for wounds. +5. Give the treatment for and symptoms of shock. + +D-Wig-Wag--10 points +Translate into code "Go send them help quick." +Translate into English + "1121-12-3-1121-22-11-2-3-22-3-2112-21-22-2-333." + + +E-Write an essay on general methods, precautions, etc., for rescuing. +-- 20 Points + +F-Write an essay on how you would restore an apparently drowned man to +consciousness.--20 Points + +G-Practical First Aid (Make appointment with the doctor.) + +GENERAL HINTS + +Kick! + +If you work your hands like paddles and kick your feet, you can stay above +water for several hours, even with your clothes on. It requires a little +courage and enough strength of mind not to lose your head. + +Cramps + +Many boy swimmers make the mistake of going into the water too soon after +eating. The stomach and digestive organs are busy preparing the food for +the blood and body. Suddenly they are called upon to care for the work of +the swimmer. The change is too quick for the organs, the process of +digestion stops. Congestion is apt to follow, and then the paralyzing +cramps. + +Indian Method + +The Indians have a method of protecting themselves from cramps. Coming to +a bathing pool, an Indian swimmer, after stripping off and before entering +the water, vigorously rubs the pit of his stomach with the dry palms of +his hands. This rubbing probably takes a minute; then he dashes cold water +all over his stomach and continues the rubbing for another minute, and +after that he is ready for his plunge. If the water in which you are going +to swim is cold, try this Indian method of getting ready before plunging +into the water. + +Rule + +The rule for entering the water, in most camps, is as follows: "No one of +the party shall enter the water for swimming or bathing except at time and +place designated." Laxity in the observance of this rule will result +disastrously. + +RESCUE FROM DROWNING + +[Illustration: FIG. 1] + +Rescue + +To rescue a drowning person from the water, always try to pull him out +with an oar, a rope, a coat (holding the end of one sleeve and throwing +him the other), or some other convenient object. If you are obliged to +jump in after him, approach him with great caution, throw your left arm +around his neck with his back to your side (Figure 1), in which position +he can't grapple you, and swim with your legs and right arm. If he should +succeed in grasping you, take a long breath, sink with him, place your +feet or knees against his body, and push yourself free. + +[Illustration: Fig. 2] + +Although life may seem extinct, make every effort at resuscitation. +Various procedures are advocated. The Sylvester method is one of the best. + +Hold the boy for it few seconds as in Figure 2, to get rid of water which +may have been taken in. Do this several times. Tear off clothing. Rub +briskly the legs and arms toward the body. Draw the tongue forward every +three seconds for a minute. If these methods fail to restore breathing, +then perform artificial respiration, first sending for a physician. + +[Illustration: Respiration] + +Lay the boy on his back with a folded coat or sweater under his shoulders, +and grasp his wrists or his arms straight up over his head as in Figure 3. + +[Illustration: FIG. 3. RESPIRATION] + +[Illustration: FIG. 4. EXPIRATION] + +Pull steadily and firmly in that position while you count 1, 2, 3. This +causes air to enter the lungs. Then quickly bring his arms down on his +chest and press them firmly on his ribs (Figure 4) while you again count +1, 2, 3. This forces the air out of the lungs. Then quickly carry his arms +over his head and down again, and repeat the same routine fast enough to +make him breathe from twelve to sixteen times a minute. The tendency is to +work too fast. If the work is done properly the air can be heard +distinctly as it passes in and out of the air passages. Sometimes the +tongue drops back in the throat, stopping it up so no air can enter. If +you suspect this, have an assistant grasp the tongue with a handkerchief +and keep it pulled forward. + +[Illustration: FIG. 5. Expiration.] + +Cuts used by courtesy of Health-Education League. + +Don't Give Up + +It will make it much easier if you have another person push on the ribs +for you when you relax the arms, as shown in Figure 5. Have him place the +hands as shown in the figure with the thumbs toward the medium line in +front, the fingers farther away, the palms just below the breasts; this +will make the boy's nipples come just midway between the ends of the +thumbs and the middle joint of the forefinger. Press firmly downward and +inward toward the backbone. + +Continue these motions about fifteen times per minute. Keep this up until +the boy begins to breathe, himself. When done properly, the work is hard +for the operator, and he should be relieved by some one else as soon as he +gets tired. + +Warmth and Quiet + +As soon as the boy begins to breathe himself--but not before--his limbs +should be well rubbed toward the heart. This will help to restore the +circulation. He should afterward be put to bed, well covered with warm +blankets, hot stones being placed at his feet, and warm drinks +administered. Fresh air and quiet will do the rest. + +Books + +"Boys' Drill Regulation," published by the National First Aid Association +of America, and "Boys' Life Brigade Manual of Drill," published by the +Boys' Life Brigade, London, England, are two small books containing a +number of practical drills which may be used in training the boys in camp +for emergency work. + +Instruction + +Every camp for boys, no matter how small or how large, should plan for +instruction in First Aid. This may be done by the camp physician, the +director, the physical director, or some physician invited to spend +several days in the camp. + +Drills + +The illustration on page 174 shows how one hundred boys were trained in +Camp Couchiching. The "litter" drill was especially attractive to the boys +of Camp Becket. The boys were sent out in the woods in brigades of five +each, one of whom was the leader. Only a small hatchet was taken by each +squad. One of the boys was supposed to have broken his leg. An improvised +"litter," or, stretcher, was made of saplings or boughs, strapped together +with handkerchiefs and belts, so that in ten minutes after they left the +camp the first squad returned with the boy on the litter and in a fairly +comfortable condition. + +[Illustration: Litter Drill] + +Health Talks + +A course of health talks given in popular form by those who are well +versed upon the subject, cannot help but be instructive and productive of +a greater ambition on the part of the boy to take good care of his body. +The following list of subjects is suggestive: + +The Human Body and How to Keep It in Health +1 The Skeleton. +2 The Muscular System. +3 The Vascular System. +4 The Nervous System. +5 The Digestive System. +6 The Lungs, Skin and Kidneys. + +Personal Hygiene +1 The Eye, its use and abuse. +2 How to care for the Teeth. +3 Breathing and pure air. +4 Microbes and keeping clean. +7 The health of the Skin. +8 Some facts about the Nose. +9 Our Lungs. +10 Eating. +11 Alcohol. +12 Tobacco and the Human Body. +13 The Use and Care of Finger Nails. +14 Cause of Colds. + + +The American Red Cross Society, 715 Union Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C., +issues a series of five handsomely lithographed wall charts mounted on +linen and heavy rollers. These charts are numbered as follows and may be +purchased for $2.50 for the set. + +Chart I. The Skeleton; +Chart II. The Muscles; +Chart III. Scheme of Systematic Circulation; +Chart IV. Fracture and Dislocation; +Chart V. Arteries and Points' of Pressure for Controlling Hemorrhage. + +These charts will make the talks doubly attractive. Honor points are given +boys for essays written upon the Health Talks. Some camps found that boys +were desirous of taking examinations in First Aid. In one camp +twenty-three boys won the Certificates of the American Red Cross Society. +For information write to the Educational Department of the International +Committee, Young Men's Christian Association, 124 East 28th Street, New +York, or the American Red Cross Society. (See address above) + + + +CHAPTER XVI--PERSONAL HYGIENE + +EATING +TEETH +HANDS +EYES +EARS +NOSE +HAIR +FEET +INTERNAL ORGANS +BATHING +SLEEP +CLOTHING + +Eating + +Very little thought is given by the boy to what he eats, as long as it +suits his taste, and there is an ample supply. The causes of most skin +diseases are largely traceable to diet. Chew the food slowly. Don't "bolt" +food. Your stomach is not like that of a dog. Food must be thoroughly +masticated and moistened with saliva. Hasty chewing and swallowing of food +makes masses which tend to sour and become poison. This often accounts for +the belching of gas, sense of burning and pain, and other forms of +distress after eating. Drink before or after meals. Don't overeat. +Conversation aids digestion. Eating between meals is detrimental to good +digestion. Regular meal hours should prevail. After dinner is the best +time to eat candy or sweets. + +[Illustration: Camp Tooth Brush] + +The Teeth + +If the tooth brush gets lost make one out of a dry stick, about six inches +long, which can be frayed out at the ends like the illustration. A clean +mouth is as important as a clean body. The teeth should be cleaned twice a +day, morning and evening. Insist upon the bringing of a tooth brush to +camp. Impress upon the boys that time spent upon teeth cleansing will +prevent hours of agony upon a dentist chair. Cleansing the teeth of sticky +deposits by running fine threads between them, in addition to the use of a +brush and a simple powder, prevents deposits from becoming the starting +point of decay. + +The Hands + +Care of hands and nails is much neglected in camp, Nails should be +properly trimmed and the "mourning" removed from underneath the nails. The +habit of biting the finger nails is dangerous. Finger nails should be cut +once a week with sharp scissors or "clip." If the nails be neglected and a +scratch received from the infected fingers the system may be inoculated +with disease. The cleansing of the hands after using the lavatory needs +special emphasis, for in no place do more germs collect and spread. Boys +should not be permitted to use each other's towels, combs, brushes, or +soap. A towel may carry germs from one boy to another. + +The Eyes + +Never strain the eyes. When reading, always let the light come over the +shoulder and upon the page, the eyes being in the shadow. Do not read with +the sunlight streaming across the page. When writing have the light come +from the left side. Do not rub the eyes with the hands. Headaches and +nervousness are due largely to defective vision. "Work, play, rest and +sleep, muscular exercise, wise feeding, and regular removal of the +waste--these and all other hygienic habits help to keep the eyes sound and +strong."--Sedgewick. + +The Ear + +It is dangerous to put a pointed pencil or anything sharpened into the +ear. "Boxing" the ear, shouting in the ear, exploding a paper bag, may +split the drum and cause deafness. The best way to remove excess wax from +the ear is to use a soft, damp cloth over the end of the finger. Ear-wax +is a protection against insects getting in from the outside. + +The Nose + +Keep the nose free from obstructions, and avoid the use of dirty +handkerchiefs. Always breathe through the nose and not through the mouth. +Boys who observe this rule will not get thirsty while on a hike or get out +of breath so easily. They don't breathe in all sorts of microbes or seeds +of disease, and they don't snore at night. + +The Hair + +In washing the hair avoid using soap more than once a week, as it removes +the natural oil of the hair. Frequent combing and brushing adds to the +lustre, and the head gets a beneficial form of massage. Wear no hat at +camp, except to protect from sun rays or rain. + +The Feet + +Footwear is a matter of importance. Shoes should never be worn too tight. +They not only hinder free movements, but also hinder the blood +circulation, and cause coldness and numbness of the extremities. Sore +feet, because of ill-fitting shoes, are a detriment to happy camp life. +Have good, well-fitting, roomy shoes, and fairly stout ones. Keep the feet +dry. If they are allowed to get wet, the skin is softened and very soon +gets blistered and rubbed raw. + +[Illustration: Figure 1. Figure 2.] + +Figure 1 shows a perfectly shaped foot. This is the natural shape, and if +the boy is allowed to go barefooted or wear sandals, his foot will assume +this shape. Figure 2 shows the distorted shape brought about by cramped +shoes. The best thing to wear is thick moccasins of moose hide. + +Internal Organs + +Constipation is a frequent camp complaint, and is usually the result of +change in diet and drinking water. The habit of having a daily movement of +the bowels is of great importance to a boy's health. The retention of +these waste products within the body for a longer period tends to produce +poisonous impurities of the blood, a muddy-looking skin, headaches, piles, +and many other evils. Eat plenty of fruit, prunes, and graham bread. Drink +plenty of water. Take plenty of exercise. + +Bathing + +One bath a day in fresh water is all that is necessary. Boys go into the +water too often and remain too long. This accounts for the rundown +appearance of some boys. The body gives off heat every minute it is in +cool water, and also when exposed wet to the breezes, and heat is life. +All boys should be encouraged to take a dip before breakfast with a rapid +rubdown. Then a good swim in the warm part of the day. Usually about 11:30 +A.M. is a good time for the swim. If a swim is taken after supper, be +careful to dress warm afterward. + +Sleep + +Normal boys need nine or ten hours sleep. Sleep is a time for physical +growth. Have the tent open back and front at night to insure plenty of +fresh air. There must be a complete change of clothing on retiring. +Flannel clothing should be worn at night. Sleep alone. Nine o'clock or +nine-thirty, at latest, should find every boy in bed. + +Clothing + +Wear clean clothing, particularly underwear. Frequently a rash appearing +on the body is a result of wearing dirty-shirts. The wearing of belts +tends to constrict the abdomen, thus hindering the natural action of the +intestines, which is essential to good digestion. Hernia (ruptures) may +result from wearing tightly drawn belts. To dress the body too warm +lessens the power to resist cold when there happens to be a change in the +atmosphere. Put on extra clothing at sundown, without waiting to begin to +feel cold. During eating of meals it is well to have the legs and arms +covered when it is at all cool. The cooling of large surfaces of the body +while eating, even if it is not noticed, retards digestion, and taxes the +vitality. Many a boy gets a cold by neglecting to take this precaution. + +GENERAL HINTS + +Two flannel shirts are better than two overcoats. + +Don't wring out flannels or woolens. Wash in cold water, very soapy, and +then hang them up dripping wet, and they will not shrink. + +If you keep your head from getting hot, and keep your feet dry, there will +be little danger of sickness. + +If your head gets too hot, put green leaves inside your hat. + +If your throat is parched and you can get no water, put a pebble in your +mouth. This will start the saliva and quench the thirst. + +HEALTH MAXIMS AND QUOTATIONS + +"Keep thyself pure." + +"Health is wealth." + +"A sound mind in a sound body." + +"Fresh air and sunshine are necessary to good health." + +"Cleanliness is the best guard against disease." + +"A clean mouth is as important as a clean body." + +"Virtue never dwelt long with filth." + +"Temperance, exercise, and repose +Slam the door on the doctor's nose." +--Longfellow. + +"Cleanliness is next to Godliness." +"Health and cheerfulness naturally beget each other." +--Addison. + +"Nor love, nor honor, wealth nor power, +Can give the heart a cheerful hour, +When health is lost. Be truly wise. +With health, all taste of pleasure flies." +--Gay. + +"Health is a second blessing that we mortals are capable of: +a blessing that money cannot buy." +--Walton. + +"There are three wicks, you know, to the lamp of a man's life: brain, +blood, and breath. Press the brain a little, its light goes out, followed +by both the others. Stop the heart a minute, and out go all three of the +wicks. Choke the air out of the lungs, and presently the fluid ceases to +supply the other centres of flame, and all is soon stagnation, cold, and +darkness." +--O. W. Holmes. + +[Illustration: Bending the Bow--Camp Kineo] + + + +CHAPTER XVII--ATHLETICS, CAMPUS GAMES, AQUATICS AND WATER SPORTS + +PURPOSE OF GAMES +BASEBALL LEAGUE +GROUP CLASSIFICATION +WHAT TO AVOID +ATHLETIC EVENTS +AWARDS +MAKING ATHLETIC APPARATUS +CAMPUS GAMES +CIRCLE JUMPING +WOLF +ROVER ALL COME OVER +INDIAN AND WHITE MAN +GERMAN BOWLING +TETHER BALL +VOLLEY BALL +AQUATIC SPORTS +WATER GAMES +WATER BASKET BALL +WATER BASEBALL +OLD CLOTHES RACE +TILTING +CANOE TAG +WHALE HUNT +MAKING A "SHOOT-THE-CHUTE" +ARCHERY +THE TARGET +THE BOW +MAKING A BOW +MAKING ARROWS +ESSENTIAL POINTS IN +ARCHERY +BIBLIOGRAPHY + + +If I can teach these boys to study and play together, freely and with +fairness to one another, I shall make them fit to live and work together +in society.--Henry van Dyke. + +Purpose of Games + +The spirit of camping is too frequently destroyed by over-emphasis upon +competitive games. Play is necessary for the growing boy and play that +engages many participants has the most value. America today is suffering +from highly specialized, semi-professional athletics and games. "When +athletics degenerate into a mere spectacle, then is the stability of the +nation weakened. Greece led the world, while the youth of that great +country deemed it an honor to struggle for the laurel leaf, and gymnasiums +were everywhere and universally used and the people saw little good in an +education that neglected the body. It is a significant fact that the +degeneracy of Greece was synchronous with the degrading of athletics into +mere professional contests. What had been the athletics of the people +became a spectacle for the people." [1] + +[Footnote 1: Emmett D. Angell in "Play," p. 19.] + +Baseball League + +Do not allow the athletics and games of the camp to become a mere +spectacle for the campers. Something should be planned for every boy and +every boy encouraged to participate in the program. Nothing has yet taken +the place of the good old American game of baseball. Divide the camp boys +into teams. Have a league playing a series of games. The teams may be +named after the different colleges or prominent cities or as one camp +named the league, the "Food League" after popular camp dishes, such as: +"Prunes," "Beans," "Soup," "Hash," "Mush," "Chipped Beef." It is needless +to state that the boys in the league not only had a lot of fun, but the +camp paper contained very amusing accounts of the games played. + +Arrange a schedule of games and keep accurate records of all games played +either in the "Camp Log" or camp paper. A dinner given to the winning team +adds to the excitement of the league's existence. Do not neglect the +younger boys; have two "Midget" teams engage in a series for best two out +of three games. Occasionally a game between the leaders and older boys is +the exciting game of the season, especially if the leaders are defeated. + +The same rule of participation should govern the athletics of the camp. +Inter-tent games help to develop group loyalty, cooperation, fair play, +and courtesy to opponents so desirable. + +Groups + +In some camps the boys are divided into two groups, those under five feet +in height and those over five feet. Events are planned for these two +groups. The system of grouping suggested by the School Athletic League, is +that of grouping the boys according to physiological rather than +chronological age, as follows: + Pre-pubescent boys under 90 pounds. + Pubescent boys or juniors, 90 to 110 pounds. + Post-pubescent or intermediates, 110 to 130 pounds. + Seniors, above 130 pounds. + +The boys are weighed in competing costume. This system is looked upon as +being fair and practical. + +What to Avoid + +The following should be avoided--Marathon runs, sustained effort in and +under water and competitive long-distance running. The longest sprint race +should be, for boys, 50 yards, for juniors, 75 yards. No adolescent who is +not past the pubescent stage should run sprint races longer than 100 +yards. Cross-country running is beneficial when taken at a slow pace and +without competition. Every boy should be examined for heart weakness +before entering the strenuous games. + +The above is the opinion of physical directors from twenty-one different +States and may be considered authoritative. This same opinion prevails +among most of the experienced camp leaders and workers among boys. + +Events + +The athletics usually planned for camp are: 50 yard dash for boys; 75-yard +dash for juniors; 100 yard dash for seniors; running high jump; running +broad jump; pole vault; 8 and 12-pound shot-put; baseball throw and relay +race. + +Awards + +Ribbon awards presented to the winners at a special meeting of the campers +aid considerably in fostering the true spirit of clean athletics and +wholesome sport and are appreciated by the winners as souvenirs of the +good-natured contest. + +Camps possessing a stereopticon[1] should secure the set of slides and +lecture accompanying from the Moral Education League of Baltimore, Md., +entitled "The True Sportsman." Rental terms are five dollars a week and +expressage. + +[Transcribers Footnote 1: stereopticon: A magic lantern, with two +projectors arranged to produce dissolving views.] + +A perpetual cup for all-round proficiency, upon which is engraved the name +of each year's winner, is a good way of recording the annual athletic +meet. + +A shield with the names of the winners of the season's events painted or +burned upon it and hung up in the camp lodge helps to retain the interest +of the winner in the camp after he has become a "grown-up" or alumnus. + +[Illustration: Take-off; Cross-section of Take-off; Jumping Standards;] + +Apparatus + +Boys who like to make things may be put to work making various pieces of +athletic apparatus. A Take-Off may be made of a plank or board, 8 inches +wide and 36 inches long, sunk flush with the earth. The outer edge of this +plank is considered the scratch line. Remove the earth to a depth of three +inches and width of twelve inches. + +To make a pair of jumping standards, first saw out the bottom blocks, each +being 10 x 10 inches and 2 inches thick. In the center of each block +chisel out a hole 2 x 2 inches and about 1 inch in depth. Into these holes +fit the ends of the upright pieces, which should be 5 feet long and 2 +inches square. Before securing the upright pieces, bore holes an inch +apart, into which may be inserted a piece of heavy wire or large wire nail +to hold up the cross piece or jumping stick. Be sure to space the holes +alike on both uprights, so the crosspiece will set level when the standard +is in use. Four 5-inch braces are fastened in at the lower part of the +upright. Study the diagram and you will succeed in making a pretty good +pair of standards. + +Campus Games + +After supper is usually a period in the camp life rather difficult of +occupation. "Campus Games" appeal to most boys. These games are designed +especially for the after-supper hour, although they may be played at any +time. + +Circle Jumping + +Stand the boys in a circle with all hands clasped. One of the crowd lies +down in the center with a rope as long as one-half the diameter of the +circle. To the end of the rope is tied a small weight like a sand bag. He +whirls the weight around with the full length of rope revolving with +increasing rapidity. As it approaches the players, they hop up and let it +pass under their feet. The one whose foot is touched is out of the game +and the boy who keeps out of the way of the rope the longest is the +winner. + +Wolf + +Here is a Japanese game full of fun and action. Place a dozen or more boys +in line, and have each fellow place his hands firmly on the shoulders of +the boy in front of him. Choose one of the fellows for the "Wolf." The +first boy at the head of the line is called the "Head" of the Serpent, and +the last fellow is the "Tail." The "Wolf" stands near the head of the +Serpent until a signal is given. Then he tries to catch the "Tail" without +touching any other part of the snake. The boys who form the body of the +Serpent protect the "Tail" by wreathing about in all sorts of twists to +prevent the "Wolf" from catching the "Tail." This must be done without +breaking the line. When the "Tail" is caught, the "Wolf" becomes the +"Head," and the "Tail" becomes the "Wolf." The last boy in line is the +"Tail." The game can be continued until every boy has been the "Wolf." + +Rover, All Come Over + +A line is marked dividing the campus. All the boys gather on one side. One +boy in the center endeavors to have them step over the line by calling +out, "Rover, Rover, all come over!" At the word "over" everybody is +expected to run and cross the line, while the center man endeavors to +catch one. The one caught must help him catch the others. If any one runs +over before the center man calls "over," he has to go to the aid of the +catcher. When all are caught the game begins again. + +[Illustration: German Nine Pins--Camp Becket] + +Indian and White Man + +The game of "Indian and White Man" is interesting. A circle is drawn on +the campus. It is supposed that the white people are travelling over the +prairie, and at night time they prepare to camp. The circle represents +their camp. The Whites lie down to sleep and sentries are posted. The +Indians discover the camp and endeavor to capture the Whites. Then comes +the battle royal. Every Indian captured in the white man's circle counts +one, and every white man captured by the Indians outside the circle counts +one for their side. The game continues until all of either side are +captured. The players are divided into two groups. The Indians are +concealed in the bushes or some place unseen by the Whites and they make +the attack. + +Such games as "Three Deep," "Bull in the Ring," "Tag Game," "Leap Frog," +will be found to interest the boys during the after-supper period. + +The following are campus games requiring apparatus: + +German Bowling + +Plant in the ground two posts, leaving at least 15 feet above ground. +Spike a 10-foot piece across the top (see page 218). An ordinary ball used +in bowling is used by plugging shut the holes and inserting a screw eye in +one of the plugged holes. Tie tightly to this screw eye a strong piece of +rope. A good-sized screw eye is fastened in the cross piece of the frame, +and to this tie the ball. Nine bowling pins are used. The score is the +same as bowling. The pins are knocked off by the return of the ball, as +shown in the diagram. + +[Illustration: German Bowling] + +Tether Ball + +The upright pole should be standing ten feet out of the ground and firmly +imbedded in the earth so as not to vibrate. + +[Illustration: Tether Ball] + +The pole should be 7-1/2 inches in circumference at the ground and +tapering toward the upper end. Paint a black or white 2-inch band around +the pole 6 feet above the ground. Draw a circle about the pole on the +ground having a 3-foot radius. A 20-foot line must bisect the circle. Use +a tennis ball having a netted or tightly fitting linen cover. The ball is +fastened to a string with a ring and suspended from the top of the pole by +a piece of heavy braided fish line. The cord should allow the ball to hang +7-1/2 feet. Tennis racquets are used. The two players stand at point +marked with an X in the diagram. In the toss-up for courts the loser is +the server. The ball may be struck in any manner with the racquet, the +endeavor being to wind the string upon the pole above the painted band. + +Volley Ball + +Stretch a tennis net across the campus and mark a court fifty feet long, +to be divided equally by the net. The play consists in keeping in motion +the ball over the net from one side to the other, until one fails to +return it, which counts as an out. The ball used is similar to a football, +only smaller. The game consists of twenty-one points. + +Many of the camps have tennis courts and hold tournaments. This game is so +universal and familiar that no description will be made. + +AQUATIC SPORTS AND WATER GAMES + +Aquatic sports may be arranged so that active interest will be taken by +all the boys, or they may be simply an exhibition of the swimming +abilities of several boys. The former is decidedly preferable. Events +should be arranged for the small as well as the large boys. + +[Illustration: The Human Frog at Camp Kineo] + + ATHLETICS AND WATER SPORTS 221 + +The program of events should include a short dash, swimming under water, +diving for form, fancy swimming and special stunts, ribbon awards or +inexpensive cups to be given the winners. The Life Saving Corps will have +an opportunity to give an exhibition of their skill and alertness, as well +as patrol the swimming beach. Good reliable fellows should be appointed to +watch each swimmer when in the water. Run no chances at any time that boys +are in the water. The following water games have been suggested by A. B. +Wegener. + +1. Three-legged swimming. +2. Tug of War. +3. Bobbing for Corks. +4. Plunging through hoops for height or distance. +5. Diving for objects. +6. Egg Race; holding the egg in a spoon either in the mouth or hand. +7. Tag games. +8. Potato race; using corks instead of potatoes. +9. Candle race; candles are lighted and must be kept lighted. +10. Various land games may be adapted for water use, such as ball +passing (using a water polo ball), relay race, etc. + +Water Basket Ball + +Two peach baskets, or rope baskets, or two iron rings are hung upon +poles five feet above the water and forty feet apart. The game is +played similarly to basket ball, except that the players are allowed +to advance with the ball. Tackling and ducking are fouls and penalized +by allowing a free throw for goal from a point fifteen feet away. +There is no out of bounds, and a basket may be thrown from any place +in the water. A field goal counts two points, and a goal from a foul +one point. + +Water Baseball + +The outfit required is a tennis ball, a broom stick and four rafts-- +one large and three small. The batsman and catcher stand on the big +raft. On a small raft, ten yards away, stands the pitcher and the +other two rafts are placed at easy swimming distance for bases. In +striking, everything counts--bunt, swat or foul tip. The moment bat +and ball come in contact the batsman starts for first base. There are +five men on a side. Lots of fun. Avoid remaining in fresh water too +long as it has a tendency to weaken vitality. + +Old Clothes Race + +The contestants are dressed in a full suit of old clothes. At the word +"go" they dive into the water and swim to a float placed at a certain +distance away, undress and return. This is a very funny race. + +Tilting + +Two boats manned by four boys each. One boy is the spearman and is +armed with a light pole about eight or ten feet long, having a soft +pad of rags, or better yet, of water-proof canvas duck to keep it from +getting wet and soggy. If a flat-bottom boat is used, the spearman +stands on one of the end seats. A quarter-deck or raised platform +should be built on an ordinary boat or canoe. The battle is fought in +rounds and by points. If you put your opponent back into the boat with +one foot it counts you 5; two feet, 10. If he loses his spear you +count 5 (except when he is put overboard). If you put him down on one +knee on the "fighting deck," you count 5; two knees, 10. If you put +him overboard it counts 25. One hundred points is a round. A battle is +for one or more rounds as agreed upon. It is forbidden to strike below +the belt. The umpire may dock for fouls. + +Canoe Tag + +Any number of canoes or boats may engage in this water game. A rubber +football is used. The game is to tag the other canoe or boat by +throwing this into it. The rules are as in ordinary cross tag. + +Whale Hunt + +The "whale" is made of a big log of wood with a rough-shaped head and +tail to represent a whale. Two boats are used, each manned by the boys +of one tent--the leader acting as captain, a boy as bowman or +harpooner, the others as oarsmen. Each boat belongs to a different +harbor, the two harbors being some distance apart. The umpire takes +the "whale" and lets it loose about half-way between the two harbors +and on a signal the two boats race out to see who can get to the +"whale" first. The harpooner who first arrives within range of the +"whale" drives his harpoon into it and the boat promptly turns around +and tows the "whale" to its harbor. The second boat pursues and when +it overtakes the other, also harpoons the "whale," turns around and +endeavors to tow the "whale" to its harbor. In this way the two boats +have a tug-of-war and eventually the better boat tows the "whale" and +possibly the opposing boat into its harbor. + + +Shoot-the-Chute + +[Illustration: Diagram For "Chute"] + +A "Shoot-the-Chute" is great fun and one should be built in every +permanent camp and "Swimming Hole." The one described is by A. D. Murray +and has stood the test of several years in a number of camps. + +The plan drawn is for a chute 40 feet long, 3 feet wide and 18 feet high. +These dimensions can be changed in length and height, but not in width. +The chute is built of 7/8-inch matched pine boards, to the same width as +sheet zinc, usually 3 feet; the boards being firmly cleated together on +the under side by 2 x 6-inch cleats 5 feet apart, throughout the length of +the chute. Boards should be screwed to the cleats from the face of the +chute with 1-1/2-inch screws, the heads being counter sunk. The several +lengths of zinc are soldered into one piece, the joints being on the under +side (as shingles on a roof) fastened to the boards with 8-oz. tacks; set +in from the edge about 1 inch and about 6 inches apart. The side strips of +maple (soft wood will not do on account of the danger of splintering) 2 +inches wide and 3 inches high, rounded slightly on upper edge, are placed +directly over the edge of the zinc and covering the tacks. Screw the +strips firmly to the chute with 2-inch screws from the under side. These +ought to be placed not more than 2 feet apart. Probably each will have two +or more strips in making a piece of sufficient length. If so, care should +be taken to have the pieces joined on a bevel with a slant from outer edge +toward bottom of chute so as to leave no edge. The utmost care should be +used to have a perfectly smooth surface on the inside of the chute. A pump +or bucket is needed at the top of the chute to wet the surface before the +swimmer starts his slide. The supports A, B, C, should be firmly braced +with 2 x 4-inch timber, D, and lower end of chute should extend over the +pier at least 1 foot and not nearer the surface of the water than 3 feet +perpendicularly, allowing the swimmer to enter the water as in a dive. The +chute can be fastened to the supporting braces through timbers E, F, into +maple side strips with a good heavy log screw. A platform 3 feet wide and +4 feet long near the top of chute, and set just waist deep from the top of +chute will make starting easy. + +Archery + +Richard the Lion-hearted, of England, said the five essential points of +archery--standing, nocking[1], drawing, holding, and loosing--"honestly +represented all the principles of life." + +Archery develops the muscles in all-round fashion, particularly those of +the shoulder, arm and wrist. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: A nock is the groove at either end of a bow for +holding the bowstring or the notch in the end of an arrow that fits on the +bowstring.] + +The Target + +A target can be made of a burlap sack, or oil cloth, about five feet +square. Stuff this with hay or straw. It may be flattened by a few +quilting stitches put right through with a long packing needle. On this +the target is painted. In scoring, the centre is 9, the next circle 7, the +next 5, the next 3 and the last circle 1. The shortest match range for the +target is forty yards. + +The Bow + +The bow may be made from any of the following woods--mulberry, sassafras, +southern cedar, black locust, black walnut, apple, slippery elm or +hickory. In making a bow, select wood with straight grain. The length of +the bow should be about the height of the boy using it, or if the boy is +between ten and fifteen years of age, his bow should not be less than four +feet in length and not more than five feet. When buying a bow get one of +lancewood backed with hickory. + +Making A Bow + +The making of the bow and arrow is described by A. Neeley Hall, as +follows: "Cut your piece of wood five feet long, and, after placing it in +a bench vise to hold it in position, shape it down with a drawknife or +plane until it is one inch wide by one-half inch thick at the handle, and +three quarters inch wide by one-quarter inch thick at the ends. The bow +can be made round or flat on the face toward the archer. Cut a notch in +the bow two inches from each end, as shown in the illustration, from which +to attach the bow-string. A cord with as little elasticity as possible +should be used for this. A good string can be purchased for twenty-five +cents. + +[Illustration: Notch for Bowstrings; Length of Bow 5 feet. Wire nail with +head cut off (arrow head) Old Canvas Stuffed (target); Loop (in +bowstring); slip knot.] + +With a home-made bow-string, a loop should be made in one end and bound +with thread, as shown in illustration, p. 227. Slip the loop over the +upper notch, bend the bow until the center of the string is about five +inches away from the handle, and attach the loose end to the lower notch +by means of a slip-knot similar to that shown in the drawing. The bow +should then be sandpapered until smooth, and thoroughly oiled with linseed +oil. Glue a piece of velvet about three inches wide around the center for +a handle." + +Making Arrows + +Arrows are divided into three parts: the head, sometimes called the pile, +the shaft and the feathers. The shaft is generally made of hickory, ash, +elm or pine, and its length is dependent upon that of the bow. For a +five-foot bow, make the length two feet and the width and thickness about +one-half inch. For target practice a wire nail driven into the end of the +pile, as shown on page 227, with the head of the nail filed off and +pointed, makes an excellent head. Feathering is the next operation. Turkey +and goose feathers are generally used. Strip off the broader side of the +vane of three feathers and glue them to the shaft one inch and a quarter +from the notch, spacing them equally from each other. One feather should +be placed at right angles to the notch. This is known as the cock feather +and should always point away from the bow when the arrow is shot. + +Archery + +The rules for the five essential points are these: + +Standing: In taking position to draw the bow, the heels must be seven to +eight inches apart, feet firm on the ground, yet easy and springy, not +rigid. + +Nocking: This is manipulating the bow string. Hold the string with two +fingers and the arrow between the first and second fingers. Grip firmly, +but not so as to give awkwardness to any finger. + +Drawing: In drawing stand with the left shoulder toward the target, +turning the head only from the neck and looking over the left shoulder. +Then raise the bow with the left hand, keeping the upper end inclined one +or two degrees from the body. With the right hand draw the arrow to +chin-level and below the ear. + +Holding: Steady the aim a moment and keep the point of aim directly in +view, looking along the whole length of the arrow. + +Loosing: In letting the arrow go, do not jerk, but loose smoothly, and be +certain your bow arm does not move when loosing. To get a clean, sharp +loose is more than half way to hitting the target. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Indoor and Outdoor Game.(188)--A. M. Chesley. American Sports Publishing +Co. + +An Athletic Primer, Group XII., No. 87--J. E. Sullivan. American Sports +Publishing Co. + +Official Handbook Y. M. C. A. Athletic League, Group XII., No. +302.--American Sports Publishing Co. Tether Tennis, Volley Ball, Etc., No. +188.--American Sports Publishing Co. + +The above booklets are published at 10 cents each, and should be in the +hands of every camp leader, also the latest guides in Baseball and Tennis. + +At Home in the Water--George H. Corsan. Association Press, 75 cents. +Twenty pages of this excellent book are devoted to water sports, and it +also contains complete rules for Water Polo, a splendid game for adults, +but unwise to play in a boys' camp. + +The Birch Bark Roll--Ernest Thompson-Seton. Doubleday, Page & Co., 25 +cents. + +Two Little Savages--Ernest Thompson-Seton. Doubleday, Page & Co., $1.75. + +These books give valuable hints on Archery, which is peculiarly adapted +for camp life and sport. + +The Witchery of Archery--Maurice Thompson. Charles Scribner's Sons, $1.50. +Fascinating and entertaining. + +[Illustration: A Lesson in Nature's Classroom] + + + +CHAPTER XVIII--NATURE STUDY + +THE OUT-DOOR INSTINCT +ANTIQUITY OF NATURE STUDY +THE MODERN IDEA +BOY COLLECTORS +AROUSING INTEREST +HERBARIUMS +HOMEMADE PRESS +EQUIPMENT +NEW KIND OF HUNTING +WALKS AFIELD +NIGHT SOUNDS +"FISHOLOGY" +PURPOSEFUL TRIPS +OUTDOOR TALKS ON NATURE +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +If nature is to be a resource in a man's life, one's relation to her must +not be too exact and formal, but more that of a lover and friend.--John +Burroughs. + +Outdoor Instinct + +"The boy is always nearer to the heart of nature than the grown man. He +has a passionate love of the open air and of the fields and woods; he is +never really happy indoors. Nature has planted this outdoor instinct in +the boy's heart for the good of the race." Day and night teach him their +lessons. The boy will absorb much that is interesting and also much that +will be of real value in giving him a broader outlook upon life. Camping +gives abundant opportunity for the study of nature. + +Nature study is not a fad of modern times. Nearly three hundred and fifty +years before Christ, Alexander the Great placed at the disposal of his +tutor, Aristotle, the services of one thousand men throughout Asia and +Greece with instructions to collect and report details concerning the +life, conditions and habits of fishes, birds, beasts and insects. To this +magnificent equipment of assistants, Alexander added fifteen thousand +dollars in gold for books and laboratory supplies. + +Prof. L. H. Bailey says, "The modern idea of Nature Study is, to put the +boy in a sympathetic attitude toward nature for the purpose of increasing +the joy of living. Nature study is not science. It is not knowledge. It is +spirit. It is concerned with the boy's outlook on the world.... This +Nature spirit is growing, and there are many ways of knowing the fields +and woods. A new literature has been born. It is the literature of the +out-of-doors." + +Collectors + +Boys are natural born collectors. They are interrogation points, full of +curiosity, like the "man from Missouri," they want to know. The wise +leader will say, "Let us find out some thing about this tree, or plant, or +bird, or whatever it may be, and together we will be learners." The +textbook method will not work in a boys' camp. "Go find me a flower" is +the true method, and let us see what it is. Nature study books and +leaflets should be used merely as guides, not as texts. + +Arousing Interest + +Arouse interest by encouraging the boys to make collections of leaves, +flowers, etc., found in the vicinity of the camp. Leaves and flowers may +be pressed in a home-made press and mounted upon heavy paper or cardboard. +The following suggestions are given by Dan Beard and quoted by permission +of Charles Scribner's Sons from his Book, "The Field and Forest Handy +Book." + +[Illustration: The Vreeland Press] + +Herbarium + +"The illustration shows how the press is made. In using the press, first +place the plants or leaves, enclosed in their wrappers and dryers of +newspapers, on the bottom board, put the top board over them, bring the +hinged lever down and bind the whole together with a stout strap put +around the end of the lever and the handle of the bottom board. As this +strap is drawn tight the lever bends, and so keeps a constant pressure on +the plants and leaves even when they shrink in drying. Dryers should be +changed at least every day. Mount specimens on separate herbarium sheets +of standard size (1-1/2 X 16-1/2). Each specimen should be mounted with +name (common and botanical), where found, date and any other facts of +interest. This label is usually pasted in the lower right hand corner of +the herbarium sheet." + +Equipment + +If the camp has a permanent building, these specimens make a most +attractive decoration as well as help to recall the happy days of "the +hunt." The material equipment for nature study should consist of a good +loose leaf note-book, something that will stand the out-door wear. Get +quadrille ruled sheets. They will simplify sketching in the matter of +proportion and scale. A pocket magnifying glass will serve for +identification of the specimens. An inexpensive combination tweezer and +magnifying glass is made by Asher Kleinman, 250 Eighth Avenue, New York +(50 cents). Best of all is a high-power microscope, especially where the +camp has a permanent building with suitable room, having a good light and +table facilities. A camera will help in securing permanent records of +trees, ferns, flowers, birds, freaks of nature and scenes other than the +usual camp groups. A few reliable books on nature study are needed to +complete the outfit. + +Hunting + +A "bird hunt" was a popular sport in one of my camps. We started off early +one morning, a group of boys, each "loaded" with a big lunchbox crammed +with good things, a note-book, a book on bird-life, and a "gun." The "gun" +we used was a powerful pair of field glasses. On the way we counted the +number of bird-homes we saw. Just as we were thinking about stopping and +having breakfast we heard a most ecstatic song. Creeping close to the +place where the sound came from, we discovered the songster to be a +song-sparrow. Focussing our "gun" upon the bird we made note of its +coloring and marking, making sure that if we heard or saw another we would +recognize it at once. While we were eating our breakfast, there was a dash +of white, yellow, and grayish-brown, a whirring sound and, as the bird +lighted upon the low bushes nearby, a clear, piercing whistle came from +its throat. Our "gun" revealed to us a meadow lark. By this time the boys +were as much excited over the bird hunt as over a game of ball. + +Walks Afield + +A "flower walk," observing the wild flowers; a "fern walk," discerning the +delicate tracery of the fern in its cool haunts; a "tree walk", noting the +different trees--all are natural ways of interesting boys in nature study. + +Night Sounds + +G. B. Affleck in the April, 1910, number of Physical Training tells his +experience in studying nature with several groups of boys. + +"The night sounds surrounding a camp in northern Minnesota were a puzzle +to boys and to the counsellor of the tent at the end of the row. This +problem continued unsolved for more than a week, despite all attempts both +by day and night. Finally, one moist, warm night, Ned, after stealthily +approaching the sound, satisfied himself of its location in a certain tree +and in the morning was rewarded by the discovery of the 'toad' camped on a +branch near the source whence the sound had issued. Replacing the frog so +that the coarse tubercles of its back corresponded to the bark, Ned +enjoyed a merited reward at the expense of his tent mates who, though +often 'hot,' required some minutes to find the hidden treasure. Then came +the wonder of the stick toes and fingers, the feeding with flies, and the +result was--a new pet for the tent. In the next letters written to the +folks this find was the central theme. How much better this discovery and +the examination of the peculiar colors and structures, also the +conclusions, based upon observed structure, as to the life and habits of +the tree frog than would have been a scientifically learned discussion of +the family Hylidae! + +"In a camp of fifty boys the writer remembers three who had special +delight in collecting pebbles, and they made several all-day trips to +distant brooks and beaches in the search for new specimens. Another group +became so fascinated with the study of the food of fish that they begged +the 'privilege' of cleaning the catch of each returning party. Proud was +that lad who incidentally located the heart of a pickerel, and because of +his school knowledge of physiology he could not be convinced that the fish +breathed without lungs till he had spent many hours in the vain endeavor +to locate said organs. Then he knew that his former idea had been +inadequate. + +Fishology + +"Fortunately, nature is so interrelated in her various phases that an +attempt at exploration in one direction soon opens other fields, until +with the growth of experience there comes a corresponding expansion of +interest. Thus the lads, searching for pebbles, were perforce attracted by +the plant and insect life of the brook, and the one delving into the +mystery of breathing oxygen without lungs developed a new interest in the +physics of fluids, while those who located the tree frog enlarged their +sphere by the knowledge that their pet rejected some of the 'bugs' offered +it. + +"The leader, commencing thus with the limited or special interest of each +group, may evolve in his own mind the plan which most naturally will lead +the boys not only into a wider field of concrete facts, but also into the +habit of seeing relationships, of drawing conclusions and of raising +questions for further investigation. + +"A group of boys interested in a study of fish may well be organized for +an all-day trip to the root of the rapids or the bay of springs; others +with geological preferences may spend a night on the top of the distant +hill which offers outcroppings of interest; the embryo botanists cannot do +better than to take a bog trot for the rare orchid, anomalous pitcher +plant, or glistening sun dew; lovers of the deep shade may paddle to the +inlet of the creek and there enjoy a side trip on the fragrant carpet of +hemlock and pine needles; thus it will be found that by anticipating the +probable findings in which the particular group is interested the leader +gives a point and purpose, adding not only to the enjoyment of the outing, +but imparting, in addition, some satisfactory knowledge of the vicinity." + +Longfellow said that a "strong evidence of goodly character was the +thoughtfulness one displayed in caring for a tree." One of the best things +at Camp Becket was a series of out-door talks on nature given by Silas H. +Berry. Seated on a huge rock, he told the boys about the shaping and +clothing of the earth, foundation stones, mountains and hills, lakes, +ponds, and rivers, the beginning of vegetable life, the variation and +place of the freak, the forest and its place in the world's progress, the +alternation of the forest crop, man and his neighbors. Another afternoon +the boys went into the woods and while they squatted on Nature's mattress +of fragrant pine needles (see illustration, page 230), he told about +leaves and their work, cells and their place, roots and their arrangement, +tendrils and their mechanism, flowers and their devices, seeds and their +travels. The third talk was upon the evolution of plant life, law and +logic of creation, perpetuation of life in the lower forms, edible and +poisonous mushrooms, and the perpetuation of life in the higher forms. The +boys had a different conception of life thereafter and they possessed that +nature-love which always tends toward naturalness and simplicity of +living. They could sing with feeling. + +I love thy rocks and rills, +Thy woods and templed hills. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +How Nature Study Should be Taught--Edward F. Bigelow, Ph.D. Hinds, Noble +and Eldridge, $1.00. A book of inspiration. Many practical suggestions are +given for arousing interest among boys in Nature Study. + +The Nature Study Idea--Liberty H. Bailey. Macmillan Co., $1.25 net. An +interpretation of the new movement to put the boy in sympathy with Nature. + +Field and Forest Handy Book--Dan Beard. Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00. +Nothing better published for the benefit of those having permanent camps. +It should be placed in the hands of every boy. + +Outdoors, Indoors, and Up the Chimney--Charles McIlvaine. Sunday School +Times Co., 75 cents net. A series of interesting stories about commonplace +things. Just the kind of information to give a boy on rainy days. + +Dan Beard's Animal Book. Moffat, Yard & Company, $1.75 net. Filled with +the kind of incidents about animals that boys delight to hear, including +the famous bear stories. Also tells about the Campfire Club of Animals. + +How to Study Birds--Herbert K. Job. Outing Publishing Co., $1.50 net. +Takes up the practical side of bird study. Describes the outfit necessary +for studying the birds in the open. A valuable book. + +Manual of Common American Insects--William Beautenmuller. 25 cents. + +Manual of Common Butterflies and Moths--William Beautenmuller. Funk & +Wagnalls Co., 25 cents. Two pocket manuals in which the insects, +butterflies and moths are reproduced in natural colors with their common +and scientific names. + +Wilderness Pets at Camp Buckshaw--Edward Breck. Houghton, Mifflin Company, +$1.50 net. True tales of wilderness pets written by an experienced +woodsman. Intensely interesting. + +Young Folks' Nature Field Book--J. Alden Loring. Dana, Estes & Co., $1.00. +Contains a seasonable hint for every day in the year. The alternate pages +are left blank for notes or record of things seen. + +"How to Know the Wild Flowers"--F. T. Parsons. Charles Scribner's Sons, +$2.00 net. + +"How to Know the Ferns "--F. T. Parsons. Charles Scribner's Sons, $1.50 +net. + +"Familiar Trees and Their Leaves"--F. D. Matthews. Appleton and Company, +$1.75 net. Three reliable handbooks written in popular style. + +An Out-of-Door Diary--Marion Miller. Sturgis and Walton Co., $1.25 net. +Suitable for very young boys. + +[Illustration: Making a Walk to the Beach-Camp Wawayanda] + + + +CHAPTER XIX--FORECASTING THE WEATHER + +WEATHER TABLE +CLOUDS +RAIN +CLEAR WEATHER WINDS +HOW TO TELL DIRECTION OF WIND +SIGNALS LOST ON A CLOUDY DAY +POINTS OF COMPASS +HOME-MADE WEATHER PROPHET +PLANT BAROMETER +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Sunshine is delicious. +Rain is refreshing. +Wind braces up. +Snow is exhilarating. +There is really no such thing as bad weather, +only different kinds of good weather. +--Ruskin. + +It is said that this weather table by Buzzacott is so near the truth as +seldom or never to be found to fail. + +FORECASTING THE WEATHER +If the New Moon, First Quarter, Full Moon, or Last Quarter, + comes between In Summer In Winter + 12 and 2 AM Fair Frost, unless wind S.W. + 2 and 4 AM Cold and showers Snow and stormy + 4 and 6 AM Rain Rain + 6 and 8 AM Wind and rain Stormy + 8 and 10 AM Changeable Cold rain if wind W. + Snow if E. + 10 and 12 PM Frequent showers Cold and high wind + 12 and 2 PM Very rainy Snow or rain + 2 and 4 PM Changeable Fair and mild + 4 and 6 PM Fair Fair + 6 and 8 PM Fair if wind N.W. Fair and frosty if + wind N. or N.E. + 8 and 10 PM Rainy if S. or S.W. Rain or snow if + S. or S.W. + 10 and 12 AM Fair Fair and frosty + +Clouds + +Every cloud is a weather sign. +Low clouds swiftly moving indicate coolness and rain. +Soft clouds, moderate winds, fine weather. +Hard-edged clouds, wind. +Rolled or ragged clouds, strong wind. +"Mackerel" sky, twelve hours dry. + +Rain + +Look out for rain when +The tree frog cries. +Fish swim near the surface. +Walls are unusually damp. +Flies are troublesome and sting sharply. +A slack rope tightens. +Smoke beats downward. +Sun is red in the morning. +There is a pale yellow sunset. + +Rain with East wind is lengthy. +A sudden shower is soon over. +A slow rain lasts long. +Rain before seven, clear before eleven. +Sun drawing water, sure sign of rain. +A circle round the moon means "storm." + +"When the grass is dry at night +Look for rain before the light; +When the grass is dry at morning light +Look for rain before the night." + +"When the dew is on the grass +Rain will never come to pass." + +Fog in the morning, bright sunny day. +Swallow flying high means clearing weather. +If the sun goes down cloudy Friday, sure of a clear Sunday. +Busy spiders mean fine weather. + +THE WINDS + +East wind brings rain. +West wind brings clear, bright, cool weather. +North wind brings cold. +South wind brings heat. +Birds fly high when the barometer is high, and low when the barometer is +low. + +Direction of Wind + +The way to find which way the wind is blowing, if there is only very light +breeze, is to throw up little bits of dry grass; or to hold up a handful +of light dust and let it fall, or to suck your thumb and wet it all round +and let the wind blow over it, and the cold side of it will then tell you +which way the wind is blowing. + +Weather Bureau + +The U. S. Department of Agriculture Weather Bureau publishes a +"Classification of clouds," in colors which may be had for the asking. If +you are near one of the weather signal stations daily bulletins will be +sent to camp upon request, also the weather map. + +A set of flag signals run up each day will create interest. The flags are +easily made, or may be purchased. + +Keep a daily record of temperature. A boy in charge of the "Weather +Bureau" will find it to be full of interest, as well as to offer an +opportunity to render the camp a real service. He will make a weather +vane, post a daily bulletin board, keep a record of temperature, measure +velocity of wind and rainfall. + +If you have lost your bearings and it is a cloudy day, put the point of +your knife blade on your thumb nail, and turn the blade around until the +full shadow of the blade is on the nail. This will tell you where the sun +is, and decide in which direction the camp is. + +Points of Compass + +Face the sun in the morning, spread out your arms straight from body. +Before you is the east; behind you is the west; to your right hand is the +south; to the left hand is the north. + +A Home-made Weather Prophet + +For a home-made barometer you need a clean, clear glass bottle. Take one +drachm[1] each of camphor gum, saltpetre and ammonia salts, and dissolve +them in thirteen drachms of pure alcohol. Shake till dissolved. Then pour +in bottle and cork tightly. Hang the bottle of mixture against the wall +facing north, and it will prove a perfect weather prophet. When the liquid +is clear it promises fair weather. When it is muddy or cloudy it is a sign +of rain. When little white flakes settle in the bottom it means that the +weather is growing colder, and the thicker the deposit the colder it +becomes. Fine, starry flakes foretell a storm, and large flakes are signs +of snow. When the liquid seems full of little, threadlike forms that +gradually rise to the top, it means wind and sudden storm. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Dram, drachma; drachm; U.S. Customary System +equal to 1/16 of an ounce or 27.34 grains (1.77 grams). Apothecary weight +equal to 1/8 of an ounce or 60 grains (3.89 grams).] + +U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WEATHER BUREAU. EXPLANATION OF FLAG +SIGNALS, + +[Illustration: Flags] + +No. 1, alone, indicates fair weather, stationary temperature. +No. 2, alone. Indicates rain or snow, stationary temperature. +No. 3, alone, indicates local rain, stationary temperature. +No. 1, with No. 4 above it, indicates fair weather, warmer +No. 1, with No. 4 below it, indicates fair weather, colder. +No. 2, with No. 4 above it, indicates warmer weather, rain or snow. +No. 2, with No. 4 below it, indicates colder weather, rain or snow. +No. 8, with No. 4 above it, indicates warmer weather with local rains. +No. 3, with No. 4 below it, indicates colder weather with local rains. +No. 1, with No. 5 above it, indicates fair weather, cold wave. +No. 2, with No. 5 above it, indicates wet weather, cold wave. + +Forecasts made at 10 A.M., and displayed between 12 and 1 P.M., forecast +the weather for the following day until 8 P.M. + + + FORECASTING THE WEATHER 245 + +Plant Barometers + +The dandelion is an excellent barometer, one of the commonest and most +reliable. It is when the blooms have seeded and are in the fluffy, +feathery condition that its weather prophet facilities come to the fore. +In fine weather the ball extends to the full, but when rain approaches, it +shuts like an umbrella. If the weather is inclined to be showery it keeps +shut all the time, only opening when the danger from the wet is past. + +The ordinary clover and all its varieties, including the trefoil and the +shamrock, are barometers. When rain is coming, the leaves shut together +like the shells of an oyster and do not open again until fine weather is +assured. For a day or two before rain comes their stems swell to an +appreciable extent and stiffen so that the leaves are borne more upright +than usual. This stem swelling when rain is expected is a feature of many +towering grasses. + +The fingers of which the leaves of the horse chestnut are made up keep +flat and fanlike so long as fine weather is likely to continue. With the +coming of rain, however, they droop, as if to offer less resistance to the +weather. The scarlet pimpernel, nicknamed the "poor man's weather glass," +or wind cope, opens its flowers only to fine weather. As soon as rain is +in the air it shuts up and remains closed until the shower or storm is +over. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY. + +Talk About the Weather--Charles Barnard. Funk & Wagnalls Co., 75 cents. A +little book of valuable hints and suggestions about the weather and the +philosophy of temperature and rainfall in their relation to living things. + +Woodcraft--Jones and Woodward. C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd., 35 cents. Contains +an excellent chapter on weather lore in addition to a mass of valuable +information on woodcraft. + +Bulletin of the U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C, + +[Illustration: The Library, 1,200 Volumes Given by the Boys.--Camp Becket] + + + +CHAPTER XX--RAINY DAY GAMES AND SUGGESTIONS + +DELIGHTS OF A RAINY DAY +ACCUMULATED ENERGY +HANDKERCHIEF TUSSLE +POTATO JOUST +TERRIER FIGHT +CIRCLE BALL +LEG WRESTLE +HAND WRESTLING +ROOSTER FIGHT +SHOE AND SWEATER RACE +PEANUT RELAY RACE +INTERESTING TESTS +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +We knew it would rain for the poplars showed +The white of their leaves, and amber grain +Shrunk in the wind and the lightning now +Is tangled in tremulous skeins of rain. +--Aldrich. + +Rainy days break the monotony of continuous sunshiny days. There is +nothing that is so fascinating to a boy in camp as listening to the patter +of the rain drops upon the roof of his canvas house, especially at night, +if he is snug and warm in his blankets and the tent is waterproof. A rainy +day is the kind of a day when the chess and checker enthusiasts get +together. Games are rescued from the bottom of the trunk or box. Ponchos +and rubber boots are now in popular favor. Thunder and lightning but add +to the boys' enjoyment. What indescribable excitement there is in the +shivers and shudders caused by an extra flash of lightning or a double +fortissimo roll of thunder! There is also the delight, of playing in the +puddles of water and wearing a bathing suit and enjoying a real shower +bath. + +To some boys it is repair day, rips are sewed up, buttons sewed on +clothing, and for the initiated, the darning of socks. In camps with +permanent buildings a big log fire roars in the fireplace, the boys sprawl +on the floor with their faces toward the fire, and while the rain plays a +tattoo[1] upon the roof some one reads aloud an interesting story, such as +"Treasure Island," "The Shadowless Man," "The Bishop's Shadow," or the +chapters on "The Beneficent Rain" and "When the Dew Falls," from Jean M. +Thompson's book, "Water Wonders." It all depends upon one's viewpoint +whether rainy days are delightful or disagreeable. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Signal on a drum or bugle to summon soldiers to +their quarters at night. Continuous, even drumming or rapping.] + +Surplus Energy + +Boys are barometers. Restlessness is usually a sign of an approaching +storm. The wise leader senses the situation and begins preparing his +plans. If the rain is from the east and comes drizzling down, better plan +a several day program, for after the excitement of the first few hours' +rain, the boys begin to loll around, lie on the cots, or hang around the +kitchen and develop a disease known as "Grouchitis." During the first +stages of the disease the boys are inactive and accumulate an over-supply +of energy, which must find an outlet. Here is where the leader plays an +important part in handling the case; he provides an outlet for the +expenditure of this surplus energy by planning games demanding use of +muscle and the expenditure of energy and noise. The big mess tent, or +dining hall, is cleared and romping games are organized. + +The games suggested are adapted for rainy days and selected from a +catalogue of several hundred games. + +RAINY DAY GAMES + +Few sports are better calculated than a potato joust to amuse boys on +rainy days. It has all the joys of a combat, and yet, try as he will, +there is no possibility for any boy to become rough. + +Potato Joust + +In the potato joust each warrior is armed with a fork, on the end of which +is a potato. The combatants take their position in the center of the +playroom, facing each other. They should be separated by not less than +three feet. Each must lift a leg from the floor (see illustration, next +page). The fighters may use their own discretion as to which leg shall be +lifted from the floor and may hold it up with either hand they prefer. A +small cushion placed under the knee will add materially to the comfort of +the contestants. + +The battle is decided by one of the warriors knocking the potato from his +opponent's fork. Toppling over three times is also counted as defeat. If +one of the knights is obliged to let go of his foot in order to keep his +balance it is counted as a fall. Every time the battle is interrupted in +this way, either of the contestants is at liberty to change the foot he is +resting upon. If one of the warriors falls against the other and upsets +him, it is counted against the one who is responsible for the tumble. + +You are not likely to realize on your first introduction to a potato joust +the amount of skill and practice required to really become expert in +handling the fork. A slight turn of the wrist, a quick push and the +practised knight will defeat the novice so deftly, so easily that you are +amazed. + +Move your fork as little as possible; long sweeping strokes are more +likely to throw off your own potato than to interfere with that of your +opponent. + +The most dangerous stroke is one from underneath; always maneuver to keep +your potato below that of your antagonist. + +[Illustration: Handkerchief Tussle; Potato Joust] + +Handkerchief Tussle + +Study the illustration and see if you can discover a way for the boys to +get apart. To make it really exciting, a number of couples should be set +going at once, and a "second" on ice cream offered to the pair who get +apart first. To separate, the boys have only to push the center of one of +the handkerchiefs under the loop made by the other handkerchief when it +was tied about the wrist, and then carry the loop over the hand. + +Rough-house is the expression used by the boy of today when he is +describing a general scuffle, and he always smacks his lips over the word. +But rough-house has its disadvantages, as many sprains and bruises can +testify, and if the same amount of fun may be had from less trying +amusement, an amusement, say, which is quite as energetic and quite as +exciting, the boy of today will certainly adopt it in preference to +rough-house. + +[Illustration: A Terrier Fight] + +Terrier Figh + +A terrier fight is exciting, and it is funny--it is also energetic--and +victory depends quite as much upon the skill of the fighter as upon his +strength. Furthermore a terrier fight is not brutal. No boy will hurt +himself while engaged in this sport. Two boys are placed facing each other +in the center of the room, hands clasped beneath the knees and a stick +just under the elbows, as shown. Each contestant endeavors to push the +other over; but as it requires considerable attention to keep the balance +at all when in this position, the attack is no easy matter. + +To give way suddenly is a maneuver almost sure to upset your adversary, +but unfortunately it is very apt to upset you at the same time and only +after considerable practice will you be able to overcome a man in this +way. The pivot, a sudden swing to the right or left is safer, though not +quite as effective. Always remember that the best terrier fighter +invariably makes his opponent throw himself. Give way at some unexpected +point, and unless he is a skilful man, he is sure to go over. Never try a +hard push except in the last extremity when everything else has failed. + +A terrier fight consists of three one-minute rounds, with thirty seconds' +rest between each round. The one scoring the largest number of falls +during the time set is accounted the winner. + +Circle Ball + +A large circle of players throw a lawn tennis ball at one in the center. +The object of the player in the center is to remain "in" as long as +possible without being hit. If he catches the ball in his hands it does +not count as a hit. Whoever hits him with the ball takes his place. The +player who remains "in" longest wins. + +Leg Wrestle + +Lie down on the back, side by side, by twos, the feet of each boy of a two +being beside the other boy's head. At the word "Go!" each brings the leg +nearest his opponent at right angles with his body and then lowers it. +This may be done twice or three times, but the last time the leg is raised +he should catch his opponent's and endeavor to roll him over, which is a +defeat. + +Hand Wrestling + +Take hold of each other's right or left hand and spread the feet so as to +get a good base. At the word "Go!" each one endeavors to force his +opponent to lose his balance, so as to move one of his feet. This +constitutes a throw. The opponent's arm is forced quickly down or +backward and then drawn out to the side directly away from him, thus +making him lose his balance. The one moving his foot or touching his hand +or any part of his body to the floor, so as to get a better base, is +thrown. The throw must be made with the hand. It is thus not rulable to +push with the head, shoulder or elbow. + +Rooster Fight + +The combatants are arranged facing each other in two front, open ranks. +The first two "opposites" at either or both ends, or if the floor is large +enough all the opposites, may combat at the same time. The boys should +fold their arms forward, and hop toward each other on one leg. The butting +is done with the shoulder and upper arm, and never with the elbow, and the +arm must remain folded throughout the combat. When the two adversaries +meet, each attempts to push the other over, or make him touch to the floor +the foot that is raised. When all have fought, the winners arrange +themselves in two opposing ranks and renew the combat. This is done, until +but one remains, and he is declared the victor. + +Shoe and Sweater Race + +The sweaters are placed at the opposite ends of the room. The boys start +with their shoes (or sneakers) on (laces out). A line is drawn in the +middle of the room; here the contestants sit down and pull off their shoes +(or sneakers), run to the sweaters and put them on. On the return trip +they put their shoes on and finish with both shoes and sweaters on. + +Peanut Relay Race + +Boys are lined up in two columns, as in ordinary relay races. For each +column two chairs are placed a convenient distance apart, facing one +another, with a knife and a bowl half full of peanuts on one, and an empty +bowl on the other. At the proper word of command the first boy on each +side takes the knife, picks up a peanut with it, and carries the peanut on +the knife to the farther bowl; upon his return the second boy does the +same and so on. The second boy cannot leave until the first has deposited +his peanut in the empty bowl, and has returned with the knife. Peanuts +dropped must be picked up with the knife. Fingers must not be used either +in putting the peanut on the knife or holding it there. The side, every +member of which first makes the round, wins. + +A FEW INTERESTING TESTS + +You can't stand for five minutes without moving, if you are blindfolded. + +You can't stand at the side of a room with both of your feet touching the +wainscoting lengthwise. + +You can't get out of a chair without bending your body forward or putting +your feet under it, that is, if you are sitting squarely on the chair and +not on the edge of it. + +You can't crush an egg when placed lengthwise between your hands, that is, +if the egg is sound and has the ordinary shell of a hen's egg. + +You can't break a match if the match is laid across the nail of the middle +finger of either hand and pressed upon by the first and third fingers of +that hand, despite its seeming so easy at first sight. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Social Activities for Men and Boys--A. M. Chesley. Association Press, +$1.00. 295 ideas, games, socials and helpful suggestions. A gold mine for +one dollar. + +Games for Everybody--May C. Hofman. Dodge Publishing Co., 50 cents. 200 +pages of rare fun. + +Education by Play and Games--G. E. Johnson. Ginn and Company, 90 cents. A +discussion of the meaning of play. Contains also a number of good games, +graded according to ages or periods of child life. + +Play--Emmett D. Angell. Little, Brown and Company, $1.50 net. A very +practical book, containing instruction for planning more than one hundred +games, including eight games in the water. + +[Illustration: "Hiawatha," Presented by the Boys--Camp Becket] + + + +CHAPTER XXI--EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES + +RECREATIVE AND CONSTRUCTIVE EDUCATION +WHITTLERS' CLUB +PYROGRAPHY +BOAT BUILDING +PLAYS +LANTERN TALKS +LIBRARY +TUTORING +PHOTOGRAPHY +AGRICULTURE +FORESTRY +SCOUTCRAFT +CAMP PAPER +RECORD OF PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT +KITE MAKING AND FLYING +MODEL AEROPLANE +PARACHUTE IDEA +BOX FURNITURE +CAMP CLOCK +HOW TO MAKE A MOCCASIN +HOW TO MAKE A "ROUGH AND READY" HAMMOCK +A HOME-MADE TOBOGGAN +HANDY FUNNEL +INK FOR SCOUTING GAMES +BIBLIOGRAPHY. + +'Tis education forms the common mind; +Just as the twig is bent the tree's inclined. +--Pope. + +A boy is better unborn than untaught.--Gascoigne + + +Camping should not be merely a time of loafing or "having fun." The boy +who has returned from a camp, having learned some definite thing, whether +it be different from the school curriculum or supplementary to his school +work, has accomplished something and his outing has been of use to him. +All play and no work makes Jack a dull boy, as well as "all work and no +play." Recreative and constructive education forms a combination which +appeals strongly to a boy. He would call it, "doing things," and in the +doing would have fun galore. + +In addition to nature study, woodcraft, first-aid instruction and similar +types of educational activities in vogue in boy's camps, there are many +other forms of educational activities which boys can engage in during the +camping season. + +Whittlers' Club + +A "Whittlers' Club," organized to meet one hour several mornings a week, +proved attractive to a group of boys in one camp. Under the leadership of +a man who understood "Sloyd" [1] work the boys were taught how to handle a +knife, and it is surprising how few boys really know how to handle this +useful article found in every boy's pocket. They were also taught to know +the different kinds of wood, bark, grain, and method of cutting and sawing +wood for building and furniture purposes, etc. A popular model was a paper +knife made of wild cherry. The bark was permitted to remain on the handle, +while the other end was whittled evenly and smoothly for cutting leaves of +books or magazines. With the aid of a pyrography set the name of the camp +and that of the owner of the knife was burned on the handle. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Manual training developed in Sweden, using +woodworking tools.] + +Pyrography + +Carved paddles, war clubs, hiking sticks, etc., were used to display the +artistic ability of the boys who brought to camp pyrography sets. The camp +name, date of hikes, miles travelled, and other interesting information +was burned on these souvenirs. Shields containing the athletic records and +names of honor boys were made and hung upon the walls of the permanent +building. + +Boat Building + +[Illustration: Boat Building at Camp Durrell] + +In one large camp an experienced boatman was engaged, and under his +direction three large dories were built by the boys. Plans were carefully +worked out, lumber purchased, and details of boat construction explicitly +explained. It took three weeks to build the boats, but no boats of the +fleet were used and appreciated as much by the boys as these which +represented so much of their own labor and time. (See illustration.) +Working plans and "knocked down" material for building boats may be +purchased from a number of firms. Building a boat during the winter by +boys who are contemplating going camping, aids to the anticipation of the +delightful summer time. + +[Illustration: "Pyramus and Thisbe," Players Scene from Midsummer Night's +Dream; Camp Becket] + +Plays + +"The Player's Scene," from "Midsummer Night's Dream," has been given +several times outdoors with great success in the camps conducted by the +writer. The boys were coached by a graduate of a School of Oratory, +costumes were made by the boys out of all sorts of material, make-up was +bought from a theatrical supply house and the scenery supplied by nature. +Footlights were lanterns set in front of reflectors made from old tomato +cans. The path leading to the natural amphitheatre was lighted by Japanese +lanterns and the guests were seated on the ground. In the words of Hamlet, +"The Play's the Thing," and boys and visitors are always enthusiastic over +the presentation, while the players get a new conception of Shakespeare's +plays and writings. "Hiawatha" was given with equal enthusiasm and +success. + +Lantern Talks + +Since the invention of the inexpensive Reflectoscope, illustrated talks in +camp are now possible. Travel talks, using postal cards from different +parts of the world, postals telling the "Story of the Flag," "State Seals +and their Mottoes," etc., are now published in series, and will be found +to be very interesting and instructive. A number of the large camps have +stereopticons. Lantern slides with accompanying lecture may be rented at +reasonable rates, such as "The True Sportsman," and "Personal and National +Thrift," sent out by the Moral Education League, Baltimore, Md., for the +East. Any first-class firm dealing in lantern slides can furnish a number +of valuable lectures with slides. A sheet hung between two trees on a dark +night makes an excellent screen on which to show pictures. + +Library + +Every camp should have a library or at least a small collection of good +books. In most cases arrangements can be made with a near-by library or +with the State Library for the loan of books for a certain period of time. +Camps having permanent buildings should "grow" a library. The excellent +library of 1,200 books in the camp of the writer was given by the boys +(see illustration). + +[Illustration: Book Identification] + +Gummed book labels were sent to each boy with the suggestion that he paste +them in books which he could bring to camp to present to the library. Some +boys would bring as many as ten books from the home library, all good, +readable books. The books are catalogued and a loan system established, +under the "Department of Education," and the following rules govern the +library and use of books: + +1. Library open for one-half hour after dinner daily except on Sunday, +when it will be open for one-half hour after breakfast. + +2. Books can be kept out three days. If kept overtime a charge of two (2) +cents per day is made. Books may be renewed if returned on day due, +otherwise the usual charge will be made. + +3. From 9 o'clock A. M. to 12 o'clock M., and from 2 o'clock P. M., books +may be taken away to read in the room, but must not be taken outside the +building under any condition. Violation of this rule will deprive the +violator of the use of the books for three days. + +4. Please bring small change to pay fines. + +Tutoring + +The following announcement is sent by the writer to parents and boys +concerning tutoring in camp: + +SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT OF TUTORING. + +Provides Opportunity For + +(1) Those who, on account of illness or other unavoidable circumstances, +have fallen behind their grade and wish to catch up by summer study. + +(2) Those who, on account of poor work or failure in examination, cannot +be promoted unless they do special work during the vacation time. + +(3) Those who have not fully mastered a given subject and desire to review +and strengthen themselves in the subject. + +(4) Those who wish to use their summer in order to earn an extra +promotion. + +Instruction + +Many of our camp leaders are college men and have the requisite +scholarship to conduct the academic feature of the camp. The instruction +is very largely individual and is given in the morning and does not +interfere with the recreation life. The combination of study and +recreation makes tutoring attractive and stimulating. + +Subjects + +Any subject in the grammar or high school curriculum. + +Time + +Two or three periods per week will be given to each subject. + +Cost + +One dollar per week will be charged for each subject. + +An accurate record is kept of every boy being tutored, on a card (see +illustration), and a duplicate sent to his parent at the close of the +season. + +[Illustration: Report Cards] + +Photography + +To stimulate interest in photography, a contest is held during the latter +part of the camping season for a cup, to be awarded to the boy securing +the best collection of photographs of camp life. The award is determined +upon: first, selection of subjects, and, second, execution of detail. +Ribbon awards are given for the best individual photograph in these three +classes: (a) portraits, (b) groups, (c) landscapes. The regulations +governing the contest are: + +1. Exposure, developing, and printing must be the work of the exhibitor. + +2. Mounted or unmounted photographs may be submitted. + +3. All photographs must be handed in before 12 o'clock noon (date +inserted). + +For camps having good dark rooms, the following rules may be suggestive: + +1. Key to the dark room must be returned to the office immediately after +using room and locking same. + +2. If films are drying, inform the office of same, so that the next user +may be notified and care taken not to disturb the films. + +3. Room must be kept clean: +(a) Do not wipe shelves with the hand towels. +(b) Hang hand towels on nail provided. +(c) Leave buckets and trays in clean condition. +(d) Put paper, empty tubes, etc., in box provided for same and not +upon the floor. + +4. Use only the buckets provided, and not those used for kitchen or camp +purposes. + +5. Use only your own property and that provided by the camp, and never +touch the property or films or plates of others. + +Camp Paper + +Every large camp has its official organ or camp paper. An editorial board +is appointed, and the doings of the camp recorded in a permanent manner +through the weekly issue or reading of the paper. Various names are given +the paper, such as "The Camp Log," "Dudley Doings," "Seen and Heard," +"Wawayanda Whirlwind," "The Maskwa," "The Wyanoka Log," "Kinoe Kamper." +Some of these papers are printed and others are mimeographed and sold to +the campers at five cents a copy. Most of them, however, are written in a +book and read at the camp fire. + +Agriculture + +Where a camp is located so as to be near a farm, opportunity should be +given city boys to study soil, rotation of crops, gardening, etc. In +cooperation with the Department of Agriculture and under the leadership of +a student of an Agricultural College, an experiment in raising vegetables +may be tried in long-term camps. A plot of ground may be plowed and +harrowed, and sub-divided into as many plots as there are tents, each tent +to be given a plot and each boy in the tent his "own row to hoe," the boy +to make his own choice of seed, keep a diary of temperature, sunshine, +rainfall, when the first blade appeared; make an elementary analysis of +soil, use of fertilizer and other interesting data. Prepare for an exhibit +of vegetables. Whatever the boys raise may be cooked and eaten at their +table. Free agricultural bulletins will be sent upon application to the +United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Farmers' +Bulletin 385 tells about Boys' Agricultural Clubs. + +Forestry + +The subject of forestry is akin to camping. Much valuable instruction may +be given boys regarding the forests of the locality in which the camp is +located, kind of land, character and use of woods, how +utilized--conservatively or destructively--for saw timber, or other +purposes, protection of forests, forest fires, etc. Send to United States +Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., for Forest Service Circular +130, "Forestry in the Public Schools;" Farmers' Bulletin 173, "A Primer of +Forestry," Part I; Farmers' Bulletin 358, "A Primer of Forestry," Part II. + +Scoutcraft + +The Handbook of the Boy Scouts of America is full of information regarding +knot tying, signalling, tracking, use of compass, direction and time +calculator, etc., which every boy should know. Scoutcraft would furnish +recreational education for scores of boys. + +Record Books + +Boys like to carry home some permanent record of personal achievements +while at camp, autographs of fellow campers, etc. A rather unique record +is used by the boys at Camp Wawayanda. The illustration shows the card +which was used. "A Vacation Diary," in the form of vest pocket memorandum +book, bound in linen, is published by Charles R. Scott, State Y. M. C. A. +Committee, Newark, N. J. Price, 10 cents. + +Kites + +Scientific kite flying is one of the best things a boy can indulge in. +Hiye-Sho-To, a Japanese, gives this interesting information about kites. +"To all Japanese the kite is symbolic of worthy, soaring ambitions, such +as the work upward to success in school, or in trade, and so on. When a +child is born, little kites are sent up by modest households to announce +the arrival. Kites are also flown to celebrate birthdays. To lose a kite +is considered an omen of ill-luck." + +"For the control of a box kite, I prefer the lightest steel wire to a +cord. This wire is about the thickness of an ordinary pin, with a tensile +strength at the point of breaking of quite three hundred pounds. In +handling a kite with such a wire-ground connection, a boy should always +have rough gloves on his hands, that the wire may not cut them. + +"Having a kite of this kind, or even two and three, so that on a single +wire he can keep sending them higher and higher into the atmosphere, a boy +can begin what we were wont to call in Yeddo our 'kite education.' First, +he can make himself his own weather prophet. Self-registering thermometers +are no longer very expensive. He can wire one of these to his kite, and, +by knowing the length of wire he has in hand and the amount he pays out +while the kite is up, ascertain just what the air temperature is 200 feet, +500 feet, 1,000 feet, 3,000 feet above him. + +[Illustration: Box Kites] + +"There are wind gauges of cheap construction, moisture gauges which will +note the coming of rain, small cameras that will automatically take +pictures while the kite is in the air, that may be attached to these +kites, and from the work of which valuable information may be obtained." + +The following instruction for making a box kite was given in "The American +Boy," April, 1909. + +"Any boy can make a box kite. The material used may be any tough, light +wood, such as spruce, cypress, bass-wood, or cedar. Cut four pieces 42 +inches in length, and sixteen pieces 18 inches in length. The cuts show +clearly how they are to be put together. Use glue and small brads at every +point. The bridle cord is fastened 6 inches from each end of the box. This +is best done before the cloth is put on the kite. Light cheese cloth may +be used, and should be secured with glue and small brads at the last lap. +When the cloth is in place paint it with thin varnish or glue to fill up +the meshes and stretch it. + +"The reason why box kites made by boys have a tendency to lie down flat on +the ground is that they are not proportioned correctly. The proportions +given here are correct. The painting, decorating, and tinting are matters +of personal taste and skill." + +The principle of kite flying is simple. Air is a fluid like water, but on +account of the many changes of temperature, to which it is subjected, it +constantly changes its density and is found to consist of layers or +strata. These layers are not all flat and parallel, but take every variety +of shape as the clouds do. In flying a kite you simply pull it up one of +those layers just as you would pull a sled or wagon up a hill. Always run +facing the wind. + +Aeroplanes + +Aeroplane season is now a calendar event in the boy's life. Many boys are +engaged in building these fascinating little ships of the air. "The Boy's +Book of Model Aeroplanes," by Francis A. Collins, Century Co. ($1.20 net), +gives complete directions how to build these marvellous new toys. Form a +club and conduct an "Aviation" meet during the season. Spon and +Chamberlain, 123 North Liberty Street, New York City, sell a complete +full-sized set of drawings for building three model aeroplanes. Price, 50 +cents. + +Parachutes + +[Illustration: A Parachute Idea] + +The parachute, in its various forms, has always been a favorite with boys. +The idea is to make an umbrella-shaped contraption out of tissue paper and +a stick, so that when it descends from any considerable height it will +open out and float slowly to the ground. This part is easy enough. The +trouble has always been to get it up in the air high enough to repay one +for his efforts in making it. The idea that a common sling shot had +propelling power sufficient for this purpose led to experiments which +proved that the idea was a happy one. The combination of sling shot and +parachute makes a very fascinating outdoor amusement device. Every time +you shoot it into the air you try to make it go higher than last time. + +To make the parachute, get a tough stick about two feet long and whittle +it to a shape similar to Fig. 2. The bottom must be heavy enough to fall +first so that the parachute will fall in the right direction to be opened +out. You can weight the end by tying a piece of lead or a spool on it. Cut +your tissue paper to a shape shown in Fig. 2 and place a thread through +every scallop. If the paper tears right through, a good plan is to +reinforce the edges of the circle by pasting a strip of tough paper or +muslin all around. A parachute made of silk or any fine mesh cloth will be +much more lasting, but not quite so buoyant. + +The sling shot is made with a rubber band, some string, and a forked +stick. The greater its propelling power, the more successful will the toy +be. + +Box Furniture + +Instead of using for firewood the boxes in which groceries, etc., are +shipped to camp, have the boys make useful camp furniture from them. Get +the book, "Box Furniture," by Louise Brigham: The Century Co.; price, +$1.50. It tells what to do with boxes, and how to make all sorts of +convenient furniture. + +Camp Clock + +Mark the ground around the camp flag pole with white stones or stones +whitewashed, like a sun dial. The sun's rays will cast the shadow of the +pole so that the time of day may be accurately ascertained. (See +illustration.) In the handbook of the Boy Scouts of America is the +following description for making a Sun dial or Hunter's Clock: "To make a +sun dial prepare a smooth board about 15 inches across, with a circle +divided into 24 equal parts, and a temporarily hinged pointer, whose upper +edge is in the middle of the dial. Place on some dead level solid post or +stump in the open. At night fix the dial so that the 12-o'clock line +points exactly to North, as determined by the North or Pole Star. Then, +using two temporary sighting sticks of exactly the same height (so as to +permit sighting clear above the edge of the board), set the pointer +exactly pointing to the Pole Star, that is, the same angle as the latitude +of the place, and fix it there immovably. Then remove the two sighting +sticks." + +[Illustration: Camp Clock] + + +SUN DIAL OR HUNTER'S CLOCK +Some Quotations to Burn or Paint on the Sun Dial. + +"My face marks the sunny hours, +What can you say of yours." + +"Grow old along with me, +The best is yet to be." + +Translation of motto on Cathedral Sun dial, St. Augustine. +"The hours pass and we are held accountable." + +The illustration shows how to locate the North or Pole Star. + +F. O. Van Ness gives the following directions for making a pair of +moccasins: + +[Illustration: Sioux Moccasin] + +Fig. 1. Place foot on leather or canvas and draw outline of foot. Turn +same and make pattern for other foot. + +Fig. 2. Distance GB equals length of foot plus one inch; distance AC +equals width across instep plus one-half inch; cut DF halfway between B +and G; cut EG halfway between A and C. Cut piece reverse of this for other +moccasin. Place B of Fig. 2 to B of Fig. 1, and sew overhand with wax cord +the edges from B to A and B to C, bringing A and C of Fig. 2 together at A +of Fig. 1. Sew AG to CG. + +Fig. 3 is the tongue and DF of Fig. 3 is sewed to DF of Fig. 2. Cut pairs +of half-inch slits a, b, c, d in Fig. 2, and run lace through. + +Hammock-Making + +For the afternoon "siesta" make a "rough-and-ready" hammock, by taking +apart a flour barrel or sugar barrel, and in the end of each stave bore a +three-quarter inch hole with a heated poker, or bit and auger. Then lace +thin rope (clothes line is good) through the holes. This can be +accomplished easily by noting method of lacing in figure "A." The +stay-blocks "B" should be 12 inches long. Figure "C" shows hammock ready +for use. + +[Illustration: Rough and Ready Hammock] + +A Toboggan + +Get a cheese box. Knock in the end very carefully, so as not to split it, +pull out all the nails and lay it flat, and you have a piece of very thin +board about 4-1/2 feet long and 11 inches wide. Next take a piece of inch +plank of same width as the cheese box, and three feet in length, and to +this fasten the unrolled cheese box by using small lath nails, letting one +end curl up over the plank. To the edge of this protruding piece of cheese +box tack a narrow strip of wood. Tie a heavy cord to its ends, run the +cord through the two hooks screwed into the planks and draw down the end +until it is curved just right. The illustration shows how it is made. + +[Illustration: Home Made Toboggan.] + +Handy Funnel + +[Illustration: A Handy Funnel] + +A funnel may be made by taking an ordinary envelope and cutting off the +part shown in dotted lines as in the illustration. Then clip a little off +the point, open out, and you have an excellent funnel. + +Onion Ink + +Dip a pen in an onion and press until the juice comes; then, with plenty +of juice on the pen, write your message. To read it warm it over the fire, +when the writing will stand out clearly. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +LIST OF BOOKS ON HANDCRAFT AND CONSTRUCTION: + +Field and Forest Handy Book--D. C. Beard. Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00. + +Jack of All Trades--D. C. Beard. Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00. + +The Boy Pioneers--D. C. Beard. Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00 net. + +The Boy Craftsman--A. Neely Hall. Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co., $2.00. + +Woodworking for Beginners--C. G. Wheeler. Putnam and Company, $2.50. + +Amateur Mechanics, Nos. 1 and 2. Popular Mechanics. 25 cents each. How to +Build a Biplane Glider--A. P. Morgan. Spon & Chamberlain, 50 cents net. + +Problems in Furniture Making--Fred D. Crawshaw. Manual Arts Press, $1.20. + +Box Furniture--Louise Brigham. Century Co., $1.60 net. + +The Boys' Book of Model Aeroplanes--Francis A. Collins. Century Co., $1.20 +net. Postage extra. + + + +CHAPTER XXII--HONOR EMBLEMS AND AWARDS + +NON-COMPETITIVE AWARDS +DUDLEY PLAN +"THE ORDER OF THE ADIRONDACK CAMP EAGLE" +"ORDER OF THE PHANTOM SQUARE" +FLAG OF HONOR +"GREEN RAG" SOCIETY +DURRELL AND BECKET PLAN +PROFICIENCY CUP +HALL OF FAME + +Honour is purchased by the deeds we do; +* * * honour is not won, +Until some honourable deed be done. +--Marlowe. + +[Illustration: Camp Dudley Arard] + +Non-Competitive Awards + +Achievement and cooperation based upon altruism, should be the underlying +principles in determining the giving of emblems and awards. To give every +boy an opportunity to do his best to measure up to the camp standard, is +the thing desired in the awarding of emblems. Non-competitive tests are +being recognized as the best lever of uplift and the most effective spur +in arousing the latent ability of boys. The desire to down the other +fellow is the reason for much of the prevailing demoralization of +athletics and competitive games. Prizes should not be confused with +"honors." An honor emblem should be representative of the best gift the +camp can bestow and the recipient should be made to feel its worth. The +emblem cannot be bought, it must be won. + +Dudley Plan + +Camp Dudley has the distinction of introducing the honor system in boys' +camps. Boys pass tests which include rowing, swimming, athletics, mountain +climbing, nature study, carpenter work, manual labor, participation in +entertainments, "unknown" point (unknown to the camp, given secretly to +the boy) and securing the approval of the leaders, in order to win the "C +D." After winning this emblem, the boys try to win the camp pennant, the +tests for which are graded higher. + +Camp Eagle + +"The Order of the Adirondack Camp Eagle" is established at Camp Adirondack +for boys who qualify in the following tests: "Obedience is required to the +few camp rules; promptness is required at the regular bugle +calls--reveille, assembly for exercise, mess call, and tattoo and +taps--and erect posture is required at meals. In addition to this there is +a 'general personal' standard (embracing neatness at meals and courtesy, +etc.). Boys coming up to the standard are initiated into the order and +receive the emblem--the bronze eagle button. Boys who reach an especially +high standard receive the silver eagle. Boys reaching this higher degree +may compete for the golden eagle, the highest camp honor. To obtain this +it is necessary for a boy to swim a hundred yards, do the high dive (about +12 feet), be able to row well and paddle a canoe skillfully, recognize and +name twenty-five trees, and pass a practical examination in other nature +work and in practical camping and woodcraft, and answer questions in +physical training and care of the body along lines covered in camp-fire +talks." + + HONOR EMBLEMS AND AWARDS 281 + +"The Order of the Phantom Square" was organized at the Wisconsin State +Boys' Camp for boys who succeed in qualifying in the tests named below: + +[Illustration: Order of the Phantom Square.] +[Illustration: Phantom Square; Honor Emblem] + +Bronze, Silver and Gold Pins are awarded as follows: +Bronze--60 points, 15 in each division. +Silver--80 points, 20 in each division. +Gold .--100 points, 25 in each division. + +PHYSICAL. 30 POINTS POSSIBLE + +Event A (16-17) B (14-15) C (12-13) Points +*1. Run 100 yd 12 sec. 13 sec. 7.2 sec. (50 yd.) 1 +*2. Run 440 yd 1:13 1:25 1:34 1 +*3. Running Broad Jump 14 ft. 13 ft. 11 ft. 1 +*4. Running High Jump 4 ft. 3 ft. 10 in. 3 ft 6 in. 1 +*5. Shot put 8 lb. 30 ft. 25 ft. 20 ft. 1 +*6. Swim 25 yd 19 sec. 22 sec. 25 sec 1 +*7. Swim on back 25 yd --- --- --- 1 +*8. Swim 100 yd --- --- --- 1 +*9. Dive in acceptable form --- --- --- 1 +*10. Row one mile 4:20 4:25 5:10 1 +*11. Life Saving Test + 70-79; 80-89; 90-100 3-5 ++12. Calisthenic Drill + 8, 11, 14 times 1-3 ++13. Early Plunge in Lake + 8, 11, 14 times 1-3 +*14. Walk 10 miles 2 ++15. Cleanliness 1-5 + + +Social Activity Points +*16. Teach other boys in aquatics, athletics, or mental tests 1-5 +*17. Perform other good turns to individuals 1-5 ++18. Congeniality with camp mates 1-4 ++19. Neatness in care of personal property, tent and table 1-5 ++20. Promptness in responding to bugle calls, signals and camp duties 1-3 +*21. Participating acceptably in evening entertainments 1-5 +*22. Participating acceptably in camp orchestra or glee club 3 + +Mental Test Points +*23. Pass written test in life-saving examination with grade of +70-79, 80-89, or 90-100 3-5 +*24. Name and describe different kinds of trees and birds 1-5 +*25. Name and point out star groups 1-3 +*26. Answer questions on camp-fire talks 1-4 +*27. Read and orally answer questions on "Youth to Manhood" 1-5 +*28. Read and tell story of other acceptable books 1-3 +*29. Compose an acceptable song or yell for camp 5 + +Moral Activity Points +*30. Daily Bible reading with written answers to questions 1-5 ++31. Reverence at Religious exercises 1-3 ++32. Attendance at Church on Sundays during camp 3 ++33. Cheerful and faithful performance of camp duties 1-5 ++34. Extra volunteer service at camp 1-5 ++35. Self-control 1-4 ++36. General conduct and disposition 1-5 + +Tests marked thus (*) are judged by certain leaders delegated for the +purpose. Tests marked thus (+) are judged by all tent leaders for boys in +their tents. + +After a candidate has won the requisite number of points for the first +degree, a unanimous vote of all leaders in council assembled, is +necessary, after which, a solemn ceremony of initiation is conducted. + +The Honor Emblem is given to all who win a total of at least thirty points +covering all the tests. + +Flag of Honor + +Camp Couchiching spirit is developed through the "Flag of Honor," which is +awarded each day to the tent scoring the highest number of points, as +follows: Every boy up and in line at 3 minutes after 7, scores 5 points +for his tent; the morning dip, 5 points; tent inspection, 100 points for +perfect; winning in athletic and aquatic meet, 25 points; second, 20; +third, 15; fourth, 10; and fifth, 5. On a winning baseball team, 5 points +and amateur stunt, 10 points. + +Green Rag Society + +Camp Eberhart has the following elaborate plan: The camp emblem itself +represents the first degree and the camper must be in camp for one full +week before he can wear it. The emblem is a brown triangle with a large E +placed upon it with a green background. A green bar is added for each year +spent in camp. The second, third and fourth degrees are indicated by a +small green star, to be placed at the points of the triangle, beginning at +the lowest point, then the upper left, then the upper right. The second +degree will be awarded by the first star, the third degree by the second +star, also entitling the winner to membership in the "Brown Rag" Society. +The fourth degree will be awarded by the third star and the winner be +entitled to membership in the "Green Rag" Society. + +Membership in the "Green Rag" Society is the highest honor the camp can +bestow. The following are the requirements for the higher degrees. + +REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SECOND DEGREE. +1. To catch a one-pound fish from Corey Lake. +2. To catch a one-pound fish from any other lake while at camp. +3. To row a boat (passing the rowing test). +4. To be able to swim 50 yards. +5. To be able to walk one mile in 11 minutes. +6. To be able to run 100 yards in 14 seconds. +7. To be able to start three consecutive fires with three consecutive +matches in the woods, with fuel found in the woods; one of the fires to be +built in a damp place. If one fire fails, the entire test must be +repeated. +8. To bring in mounted five different butterflies. +9. To bring in mounted five different moths. +10. To bring in mounted five different beetles. +11. To collect and press 25 different wild flowers. +12. To jump 6 feet in standing broad jump. + +REQUIREMENTS FOR THE THIRD DEGREE. +1. To be able to start a fire with a fire drill, the fuel and material + used to be found in the woods. +2. To be able to tell the correct time by the sun at least twice a day. +3. To be able to swim 200 yards. +4. To be able to row a boat one mile in ten minutes. +5. To measure the correct height of a tree without climbing it. +6. To be able to tie and untie eight different standard knots. +7. To catch a two-pound fish. +8. To be able to know and name fifteen different trees in the woods. +9. To be able to perform on a stunt night acceptably. +10. To be able to know and name 25 different birds as seen around the camp. +11. To lead in the Evening Devotions at least twice. +12. To run 100 yards in 13 seconds. + +REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FOURTH DEGREE, +1. To catch a three-pound fish. +2. To be able to run 100 yards in 11 seconds. +3. To be able to run 100 yards in 12 seconds. +4. To conduct Evening Devotions. +5. To teach one boy how to swim (test one hundred feet). +6. To influence one boy into the Christian life. +7. To know and to name 25 different trees as found in the woods. +8. To be able to make twelve standard knots in a rope. +9. To conquer one bad habits while at camp. +10. To accomplish at least one definite piece of service as prescribed + by the camp. +11. To become a member of the camp council. +12. To be able to jump 16 feet in the running broad Jump. + +The tests in Camps Durrell and Becket are based upon Baden-Powell's book, +"Scouting for Boys," and have proven very successful. They are as follows: + + HONOR EMBLEMS AND A WARDS 285 + +HONOR PLAN +DISCIPLINE. +1. Doing camp duty promptly, efficiently and cheerfully. (5 points) +2. Participating promptly in preparing tents, baggage and beds for + Inspection. (4 points.) +3. Loyalty to captain in all games. (5 points.) + +OBSERVATION. +1. Observe the ways of birds, animals and people and jot down a sketch + of them in a notebook. +(3 points.) +2. Take a walk and upon return to the camp write upon the following + six subjects. +(a) Nature of by-ways of paths. +(b) Different kinds of trees you noticed. +(c) People you met. +(d) Peculiar smells of plants. +(e) Kind of fences you saw. +(f) Sounds you heard. (3 points.) +3. Observe sanitary and hygienic disorder and correct the same. + (5 points.) +4. After the reading aloud of a story write an account of it. (3 points.) + +WOODCRAFT. +1. Observe the tracks of birds and animals and distinguish them. + (2 points.) +2. Identify fifteen birds, or fifteen trees, or fifteen flowers, or + fifteen minerals. (2 points.) +3. Tie a square knot, a weaver's knot, a slip knot, a flemish coop, a + bowline, a half, timber clove, boom hitches, stevedore and wall end + knots, blackwall and catspaw turn and hitch hook hitches. (2 points.) +4. Make a "star" fire and cook a meal upon it for the boys of your tent. + (3 points.) +5. Find the south at any time of day by the sun with the aid of a watch. + (1 point.) +6. Estimate the distance across water. (1 point.) +7. Judge the time of day by the sun. (1 point.) +8. Read the signs of the weather by the sun, wind and clouds. (2 points.) +9. Make something useful for the camp. (5 points.) + +HEALTH. +1. Promptness, erect carriage and earnestness in setting up drill. + (3 points.) +2. Gain made in physical development during the time in camp. (2 points.) +3. Essay upon the camp-fire talks on "Personal Hygiene." (3 points.) +4. Care of tent, clothing and baggage, in dry and wet weather. (3 points.) +5. Cleanliness of person. (3 points). +6. Proper eating at meals. (5 points.) +7. Win first place in the athletic or aquatic events. (2 points.) + +CHIVALRY. (Among the laws of the Knights was this: "Chivalry requireth +that youth should be trained to perform the most laborious and humble +offices with cheerfulness and grace: and to do good unto others.") +1. Do a good turn to somebody every day. (3 points.) +2. Control tongue and temper. (5 points.) +3. Participate in some entertainment. (2 points.) +4. Secure the approval of the leaders. (2 points.) +5. Promptness in attending Chapel services. (2 points.) + +SAVING LIFE. +1. Be able to swim fifty yards and return without stopping. (1 point.) +2. Pass the examinations in Life Saving and First Aid Work by written + and demonstration work. (5 points.) +3. Row from wharf to a given point and back in a given time. (1 point.) + +PATRIOTISM. +1. Respect for the United States flag at raising and colors. (5 points.) +2. Memorize "America" and "Star Spangled Banner," (1 point.) +3. Write an essay explaining the plan of governing your own town and city. + (2 points.) +4. Write in your own words what you think citizenship means. (2 points.) +5. Describe upon paper some historic spot or building near your home + and its connection with the making of America. (1 point.) + +NOTE.--Each boy must win 90 points out of a possible 100 to secure the +honor emblem. Leaders will be appointed to take charge of the different +tests, to whom the boys will report when they qualify in the tests and +receive their points. The final decision in the giving of the honor emblem +is made at a full meeting of the Camp Council. + +The honor emblem consists of a white "swastika" [1] cross with garnet felt +D for Durrell and B for Becket. Boys who fail to secure the emblem in one +season are credited with points which hold good the next season. The Honor +Pennant is awarded only to those who render special service to the camp. + +[Illustration: Honor Camp Leader] + +The camp emblem is a garnet solid triangle with the initial of the camp in +white felt upon it. A white bar placed above the triangle represents the +attendance, one bar is given for each year. The Senior leader's emblem is +a white felt disc with a garnet felt triangle, and the Junior leader's +emblem, a garnet felt disc with a white felt triangle. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: The swastika is an ancient religious symbol, a +Greek cross with the ends of the arms bent at right angles. It was adopted +by the Nazi party under Adolf Hitler in 1935. This book was written 22 +years earlier.] + +Campers will find enough suggestions in these outlines to develop systems +of their own which will help in the all-round development of the boy. + +Camp Kineo Cup + +Some camps prefer the awarding of what may be called "proficiency cups." +At Camp Kineo a silver cup is awarded to the boy in each division who is +the best all-round fellow, considering manly qualities, loyalty to camp, +deportment, behavior under all conditions, skill in athletics, aquatics, +tennis, baseball, and all other sports, self-control, temperament, +popularity with boys and good standing with councilors. The judges are the +Director and Camp Council, whose decision counts for 60 per cent toward +the final award, the boys not competing deciding the other 40 per cent +toward the final award. + +Hall of Fame + +At Camp Wildmere there is a "Hall of Fame." Votes are taken for the most +respected leader and the most respected boy, the most popular leader and +boy; the boy who has done the most for the camp and the boys; the most +courteous boy, neatest boy, best-built boy, brightest boy, favorite in +games; neatest in tent; best all-round camper; boy who talks least about +himself; the one with the best table manners; the quietest boy, most +generous boy, handsomest boy, best-natured boy and the camp humorist. + +[Illustration: Striking the Colors] + + + +CHAPTER XXIII--PACKING UP + +THE LAST NIGHT +PACKING UP +INSTRUCTIONS TO LEADERS +THE LAST WORD + +Farewell, wild hearth where many logs have burned; + Among your stones the fireweed may grow. +The brant[1] are flown, the maple-leaves have turned, + The goldenrod is brown--and we must go. +-Arthur Guiterman. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: brant: Dark wild goose of the Arctic having +a black neck and head.] + +The Last Night + +The last night in a boys' camp should be the best of all the nights. It is +usually a night of reminiscence. Around the camp fire or log fire in the +"Lodge," all the campers gather and rehearse the good times of the days +that have passed all too quickly--those days of close intimacy of tent +life, where boys of different tastes, temperaments and dispositions were +thrown together, where life's great lessons of give and take were learned +and where character was put to the test! Friendships have been formed +which will last through life. The same group of fellows will never come +together again. The director, perhaps as no other person, realizes the +importance of making this night one of permanent impression, and his +"good-by" talk to the fellows will reiterate the "why" of camping and +emphasize the taking home of the spirit of good which has prevailed and +the making it count for the best things in home, school, factory and +church life of those boys who enjoyed the benefits of the camp. + +All the favorite songs of the camp are sung, the leaders make "speeches," +and the boys have an opportunity of telling what camp life has done for +them. As the fire dies down the bugler off in the distance plays "God Be +With You Till We Meet Again"; silence--and then "taps." + +Packing Up + +There is just as much need of system and care in breaking camp and packing +up, as in opening camp. Chas. R. Scott at Camp Wawayanda issues to each +leader the following letter of instructions, which may be of help to those +in charge of large camps. + +LETTER OF INSTRUCTION TO LEADERS + +DEAR FRIEND--Will you kindly help me break camp by carrying out the +following instructions: + +1. Have all your boys return all books to the librarian not later than +Thursday morning, and tools to the shop by the same time. + +2. Encourage your helpers to loosen the side walls of tent early Friday +morning, if clear, and fasten guy ropes so that canvas will dry if damp. + +3. Take out all the pegs which fasten the side walls, clean off dirt and +place in boxes at boat house. + +4. Take down the board in your tent, take out all nails; straighten them +and place in proper boxes in shop. Then take board to the boat house. +Leave the rope over the ridge pole untied. + +5. Take out all nails and screws in the upright poles of your tent and +bunks, and place in boxes in shop. + +6. Empty the oil and clean lantern and return to the boat house. Take +bunks to the lodge and let us know the condition of each. + +7. See that all paper and old things in and around the tent are picked up +and placed on the fire for that purpose. + +8. After Bible study we will take down all tents. We should like you to +delegate one fellow to each upright pole, one to each of the four corner +guy ropes, and then follow instructions as the bugle blows. + +9. Take all rope on the trees to headquarters. + +10. Kindly answer the following questions regarding your tent: + a. Are all the poles properly marked with tent number? + b. Does tent leak? If so, where? + c. Is the ridge pole in good condition? + d. Does front and rear of tent close securely? + e. Does it need new fasteners for tying up? + +Anything else you have noticed during the time you have been in the tent; +please make a memorandum of same on back of this sheet. + +11. Return camp keys, if you have them, to headquarters before leaving. + +We would be pleased to have you write on the back of this sheet any +suggestions you have for the improvement of camp for next season. Thanking +you personally for your help and trusting to have your cooperation and +that of your boys until the close of camp, I remain, Sincerely yours, + +Last Words + +The day before camp breaks, each boy should pack his trunk or box neatly, +leaving at the top the things needed to make the homeward journey, with +room for his blankets. If the packing is left until the last day, +confusion will result and temper be sorely tried. + +Permanent buildings should be securely safeguarded against the severity of +the winter and the breaking in of thieves. All kitchen utensils should be +thoroughly cleaned and dried. If they are put away moist rust will eat +holes. Give the stove a good coat of old grease and cover with burlap or +old canvas. Hang the tents in bags where the squirrels and rats cannot get +at them. When camp is closed it should be in such condition that it would +require but a few hours to reopen and make ready for the next outing. + + +Index. + +Advance Party. +Aeroplanes. +Agriculture. +Aquatic Sports. +Archery. +Athletic Events and Awards. +Athletic Grouping. + +Bacon. +Bandages. +Bank. +Barometer, Homemade. +Barometers, Plant. +Baseball League. +Baseball, Water. +Basket Ball, Water. +Beds. +Bible Study. +Bites and Stings. +Blanket Roll. +Bleeding. +Boats and Boat Building. +Books, Rainy Day. +Bow and Arrows. +Box Furniture. +Box Trunk. +Broken Bone. +Bruises and Burns. +Buildings. + +Camp, Plan of. +Cleaning. +Location of. +Camp Fire. +Camping, Arguments for. +Canoe Tag. +Chapel. +Character Building. +Check List. +Chills. +Choking. +Circle Jumping. +Clothing. +Clouds. +Cocoa. +Coffee. +Colds. +Commissary Blank. +Cooks. +Council. +Cramps. +Cups, Drinking. +Cuts. + +Departments. +Digestion, Time of. +Director. +Dirt. +Discipline. +Dish Washing. +Dislocation. +Drains. +Dramas, Outdoor. +Drowning, Rescue from. + +Eggs. +Egg Test. +Earache. +Evening Program. +Eyes. +Fainting. +Fee. + +Field Glasses. +Fireplace. +First Aid. +Fish (Receipts). +Fish, Study of. +Flag Raising and Striking. +Food Charts. +Food, How to Buy. +Forestry. +Frog's Legs. +Funnel. + +Games and Stunts, Indoor. +Games, Outdoor. +Games, Their Purpose. +Garbage. +German Bowling. +Grace at Meals. +Green Rag Society. +Griddle Cakes. +Grocery List. + +Hall of Fame. +Hammocks. +Hands. +Hand Wrestling. +Handy Devices. +Hanger. +Headache. +Health Board. +Health Charts. +Health Maxims. +Health Talks. +Herbarium. +Hiccough. +Honor Awards. +Honor Cup. +Honor Flag. +Honor Plan. +Hospital Tent. +"How Men Found the Great Spirit". + +Indian and White Man. +Ink, Onion. +Inspection. +Internal Organs. + +Jumping Standards. + +Kites. + +Lamps. +Lantern Talks. + +Leaders or Counsellor. + Blanks for. + Letter to. + Opportunities of. + Pay of. + Suggestions to. + +Lean-to. +Library. +Life Saving. + +Map Reading. +Matches, Lighting. +Measuring Device. +Medical Stores. +Mending Pots. +Menu (for hike). +Menus. +Moccasins. +Moral. +Morning Hymn. +Mottoes. +Music. + +Nature Study. +Nature Study Equipment. +Nature Study Walks. +Nature Talks. +Nose. +Novel Bonfire. + +Old Clothes Race. +Order of Day. +Organization Chart. + +Packing Up. +Packs. +Pain and Pain Chart. +Paper (Camp Journal). +Parachute. +Peanut Relay Race. +Phantom Square. +Photography. +Physical Record Blanks. +Physical Types, Average. +Poison Ivy. +Potatoes. +Pulse. +Pyrography. + +Ration List. +Records. +Religious Life. +Resuscitation. +Roast Corn. +Rooster Fight. +Rough-house. +Rover, All Come over. +Rusty Nail. + +Scoutcraft. +Scout Law. +Self Government. +Serving. +Shipping. +Shoes. +Shoot the Chutes. +Sleep. +Sore Throat. +Soup. +Stories. +Story, A Good Example of. +Stretcher. +Stunned. +Steward. +Stomachache. +Sun Dial and Camp Clock. +Sun Glass. +Sunday. +Sunday Talks. +Sunstroke. +Surgical Supplies. +Surveying. +Swamps. +Swimming and Bathing. + +Table and Kitchen Ware. +Table Etiquette. +Tables and Seats. +Take-off. +Talks, to Individuals. +To groups, evening. +To groups, Sunday. +Taps. +Tattoo. +Teeth. +Tents, Arrangement of. +Tents and Teepees. +Tether Ball. +Thatching. +Thermometer, Clinical. +Tilting. +Toboggans. +Toilets. +Tongue. +Tutoring. +Tramper's Advice. +Typhoid. + +Volley Ball. + +Vreeland Press. + +Waste Barrels. +Water Supply. +Weather Bureau. +Weather Forecast. +Weather Signals, U. S. Bureau. +Weights and Measures, Table. +Whale Hunt. +Whistle Signal. +Whittier's Club. +Wigwag Code and Rules. +Winds. +Wolf. +Work, Assignment of. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Camping For Boys, by H.W. Gibson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAMPING FOR BOYS *** + +***** This file should be named 14759.txt or 14759.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/7/5/14759/ + +Produced by Don Kostuch + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f98d8f --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #14759 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14759) diff --git a/old/14759-doc.doc b/old/14759-doc.doc Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cde4221 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14759-doc.doc diff --git a/old/14759-doc.zip b/old/14759-doc.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd9080b --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14759-doc.zip diff --git a/old/14759-pdf.pdf b/old/14759-pdf.pdf Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e5b0ea7 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14759-pdf.pdf diff --git a/old/14759-pdf.zip b/old/14759-pdf.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..0c68fa2 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14759-pdf.zip diff --git a/old/14759.txt b/old/14759.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c3e6cf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14759.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8813 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Camping For Boys, by H.W. Gibson + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Camping For Boys + +Author: H.W. Gibson + +Release Date: January 22, 2005 [EBook #14759] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAMPING FOR BOYS *** + + + + +Produced by Don Kostuch + + + + + +Transcriber's Notes. + +This book shows a world where character and morality are prized. The goal +of camp is not just to get the boys out the parents' hair, but to +encourage good character and citizenship. Camp leaders are enticed by the +contribution they can make to the boys' futures and are selected (or +rejected) based on their own moral virtues. + +There are many practical suggestions for safety and comfort aside from the +absence of modern materials and conveniences, like nylon and gas stoves. + +Medical advice given in the book is from 1913 and may be unhelpful, often +contradicts current practice and involves unsafe or now illegal +substances. + +The approximate conversion for prices is 20 to 1, $1 in 1913 is about $20 +in 2004. + +[Illustration: Photograph by Joseph Legg] + +The Heart of the Camp + +Have you smelled wood smoke at twilight? +Have you heard the birch log burning? +Are you quick to read the noises of the night? +You must follow with the others for the young men's feet are turning +To the camps of proved desire and known delight. + +From Kipling's "Feet of the Young Men." + + +CAMPING FOR BOYS +H. W. GIBSON + + +ASSOCIATION PRESS +NEW YORK +1913 + + +Copyright, 1911, by the +INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATIONS + + +TO +THE THOUSAND AND MORE BOYS WHO HAVE BEEN MY CAMP MATES IN CAMPS SHAND, +DURRELL AND BECKET + +CONTENTS + +Foreword +General Bibliography +I. The Purpose of Camping +II. Leadership; Bibliography (See General Bibliography) +III. Location and Sanitation; Bibliography +IV. Camp Equipment +V. Personal Check List or Inventory +VI. Organization, Administration and Discipline +VII. The Day's Program; Bibliography +VIII. Moral and Religious Life; Bibliography +IX. Food +X. The Camp Fire; Bibliography +XI. Tramps, Hikes and Overnight Trips +XII. Cooking on Hikes; Bibliography +XIII. Health and Hygiene; Bibliography +XIV. Simple Remedies +XV. First Aid +XVI. Personal Hygiene +XVII. Athletics, Campus Games, Aquatics, Water Sports; Bibliography +XVIII. Nature Study; Bibliography +XIX. Forecasting the Weather; Bibliography +XX. Rainy Day Games; Bibliography +XXI. Educational Activities; Bibliography +XXII. Honor, Emblems and Awards +XXIII. Packing Up +Index. + + +FOREWORD + +The author has conducted boys' camps for twenty-three years, so that he is +not without experience in the subject. To share with others this +experience has been his aim in writing the book. The various chapters have +been worked out from a practical viewpoint, the desire being to make a +handbook of suggestions for those in charge of camps for boys and for boys +who go camping, rather than a theoretical treatise upon the general +subject. + +Thanks are due to E. M. Robinson, Dr. Elias G. Brown, Charles R. Scott, +Irving G. MacColl, J. A. Van Dis, Taylor Statten, W. H. Wones, H. C. +Beckman, W. H. Burger, H. M. Burr, A. B. Wegener, A. D. Murray, and H. M. +Allen, for valuable suggestions and ideas incorporated in many chapters. + +Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following publishers for permission +to quote from the books mentioned in the bibliography--Charles Scribner's +Sons, Harper Brothers, Outing Publishing Company, Baker & Taylor Company, +Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company, Penn Publishing Company, Doubleday, Page & +Company, Hinds, Noble & Eldredge, Ginn & Company, Sunday School Times +Company, G. P. Putnam's Sons, Little, Brown & Company, Moffat, Yard & +Company, Houghton, Mifflin Company, Sturgis & Walton, Funk & Wagnall's +Company, The Manual Arts Press, Frederick Warne & Company, Review and +Herald Publishing Company, Health-Education League, Pacific Press +Publishing Company. + +Every leader, before going to camp, should read some book upon boy life, +in order, not only that he may refresh his memory regarding his own +boyhood days, but that he may also the more intelligently fit himself for +the responsibility of leadership. The following books, or similar ones, +may be found in any well-equipped library. + +If this book will help some man to be of greater service to boys, as well +as to inspire boys to live the noble life which God's great out-of-doors +teaches, the author will feel amply repaid for his labor. Boston, Mass., +April, 1911. + + +BIBLIOGRAPHY. + +Boy-Life and Self Government--Fiske. Association Press, $1.00. +Boy-Training--Symposium. Association Press, $1.00. +Youth--Hall. Appleton and Company, $1.50. +Winning the Boy--Merrill. Revell and Company, $0.75. +The Boy Problem--Forbush. Pilgrim Press, $1.00. +Up Though Childhood--Hubbell. Putnam and Company, $1.25. +Growth and Education--Tyler. Houghton, Mifflin Company, $1.50. + + +SUGGESTIVE ARTICLES ON "CAMPING" IN "ASSOCIATION BOYS"; + +A Course in Camping--Edgar M. Robinson. Feb., 1902. +The Sanitary Care of a Boys' Camp--Elias G. Brown, M.D. + April and June, 1902. +Seventeen Seasons in One Boys' Camp--G. G. Peck. April. 1902. +Association Boys' Camps--Edgar M. Robinson. June, 1902. +Following Up Camp--Editorial. October, 1902. +What Men Think of Camp--Edgar M. Robinson. June, 1903. +Fun Making at Camp--C.B. Harton. June. 1903. +Educational Possibilities at Camp--F. P. Speare. June, 1903. +Bible Study at Camp--Raymond P. Kaighn. June, 1903. +Simple Remedies at Camp--Elias G. Brown, M.D. June, 1903. +Tuxis System--H.L. Smith. April, 1904. +Life at Camp Dudley--Raymond P. Kaighn. June, 1905. +Life-Saving Crew--F.H.T. Ritchie. June. 1905. +Summer Camps--Frank Streightoff. June, 1905. +Wawayanda Camp--Chas. R. Scott. June. 1907. +Objectives in Camps for Boys--Walter M. Wood. June, 1907. + + + +CHAPTER I THE PURPOSE OF CAMPING + +VACATION TIME +NEED OF OUTDOOR LIFE +PURPOSE OF CAMPING +"TOO MUCH HOUSE" +A QUERY +APOSTLES OF OUTDOOR LIFE +HEEDING NATURE'S CALL +CHARACTER BUILDING +CAMP MOTTOES +"ROUGH-HOUSE" +CAMPS +BOY SCOUTS +INFLUENCE OF CAMP LIFE + +It is great fun to live in the glorious open air, fragrant with the smell +of the woods and flowers; it is fun to swim and fish and hike it over the +hills; it is fun to sit about the open fire and spin yarns, or watch in +silence the glowing embers; but the greatest fun of all is to win the love +and confidence of some boy who has been a trouble to himself and everybody +else, and help him to become a man.--H. M. Burr. + +The summer time is a period of moral deterioration with most boys. Free +from restraint of school and many times of home, boys wander during the +vacation time into paths of wrongdoing largely because of a lack of +directed play life and a natural outlet for the expenditure of their +surplus energy. The vacation problem therefore becomes a serious one for +both the boy and his parent. Camping offers a solution. + +The Need + +"A boy in the process of growing needs the outdoors. He needs room and +range. He needs the tonic of the hills, the woods and streams. He needs to +walk under the great sky, and commune with the stars. He needs to place +himself where nature can speak to him. He ought to get close to the soil. +He ought to be toughened by sun and wind, rain and cold. Nothing can take +the place, for the boy, of stout physique, robust health, good blood, firm +muscles, sound nerves, for these are the conditions of character and +efficiency. The early teens are the most important years for the boy +physically... Through the ages of thirteen and fifteen the more he can be +in the open, free from social engagements and from continuous labor or +study, the better. He should fish, swim, row and sail, roam the woods and +the waters, get plenty of vigorous action, have interesting, healthful +things to think about."--Prof. C. W. Votaw. + +The Purpose + +This is the real purpose of camping--"something to do, something to think +about, something to enjoy in the woods, with a view always to +character-building"--this is the way Ernest Thompson-Seton, that master +wood-craftsman, puts it. Character building! What a great objective! It +challenges the best that is in a man or boy. Camping is an experience, not +an institution. It is an experience which every live, full-blooded, +growing boy longs for, and happy the day of his realization. At the first +sign of spring, back yards blossom forth with tents of endless variety. To +sleep out, to cook food, to search for nature's fascinating secrets, to +make things--all are but the expression of that instinct for freedom of +living in the great out-of-doors which God created within him. + +Too Much House + +"Too much house," says Jacob Riis; "Civilization has been making of the +world a hothouse. Man's instinct of self-preservation rebels; hence the +appeal for the return to the simple life that is growing loud." Boys need +to get away from the schoolroom and books, and may I say the martyrdom of +examinations, high marks, promotions and exhibitions! Medical examinations +of school children reveal some startling facts. Why should boys suffer +from nerves? Are we sacrificing bodily vigor for abnormal intellectual +growth? Have we been fighting against instead of cooperating with nature? + +The tide is turning, however, and the people are living more and more in +the open. Apostles of outdoor life like Henry D. Thoreau, John Burroughs, +William Hamilton Gibson, Howard Henderson, Ernest Thompson-Seton, Frank +Beard, Horace Kephart, Edward Breck, Charles Stedman Hanks, Stewart Edward +White, "Nessmuck," W. C. Gray, and a host of others, have, through their +writings, arrested the thought of busy people long enough to have them see +the error of their ways and are bringing them to repentance. + +Camps for boys are springing up like mushrooms. Literally thousands of +boys who have heretofore wasted the glorious summer time loafing on the +city streets, or as disastrously at summer hotels or amusement places, are +now living during the vacation time under nature's canopy of blue with +only enough covering for protection from rain and wind, and absorbing +through the pores of their body that vitality which only pure air, +sunshine, long hours of sleep, wholesome food, and reasonable discipline +can supply. + +Character Building + +In reading over scores of booklets and prospectuses of camps for boys, one +is impressed with their unanimity of purpose--that of character building. +These are a few quotations taken from a variety of camp booklets: + +"The object of the camp is healthful recreation without temptation." + +"A camp where boys live close to nature, give themselves up to play, +acquire skill in sports, eat plenty of wholesome food, and sleep long +hours ... and are taught high ideals for their own lives." + +"To give boys a delightful summer outing under favorable conditions, and +to give them every opportunity to become familiar with camp life in all +its phases. We believe this contributes much to the upbuilding of a boy's +character and enables him to get out of life much enjoyment that would not +otherwise be possible." + +"A place where older boys, boys of the restless age, may live a happy, +carefree, outdoor life, free from the artificialities and pernicious +influences of the larger cities"; a place where "all the cravings of a +real boy are satisfied"; a place "where constant association with +agreeable companions and the influence of well-bred college men in a clean +and healthy moral atmosphere make for noble manhood; a place where +athletic sports harden the muscles, tan the skin, broaden the shoulders, +brighten the eye, and send each lad back to his school work in the fall as +brown as a berry and as hard as nails." + +"A camp of ideals, not a summer hotel nor a supplanter of the home. The +principal reason for its existence is the providing of a safe place for +parents to send their boys during the summer vacation, where, under the +leadership of Christian men, they may be developed physically, mentally, +socially, and morally." + +Whether the camp is conducted under church, settlement, Young Men's +Christian Association, or private auspices, the prime purpose of its +existence should be that of character building. + +"Because of natural, physical, social, educational, moral, and religious +conditions, the boy is taught those underlying principles which determine +character. The harder things a boy does or endures, the stronger man he +will become; the more unselfish and noble things he does, the better man +he will become." + +No Rough-house + +The day of the extreme "rough-house" camp has passed. Boys have discovered +that real fun does not mean hurting or discomforting others, but consists +in making others happy. The boy who gets the most out of camp is the boy +who puts the most into camp. + +Mottoes + +Many camps build their program of camp activities around a motto +such as +"Each for All, and All for Each," +"Help the Other Fellow," +"Do Your Best," +"Nothing Without Labor," +"A Gentleman Always," and +"I Can and I Will." + +Scout Law + +Endurance, self-control, self-reliance, and unselfishness are taught the +"Boy Scouts" through what is called the "Scout Law." + +(1) A Scout's honor is to be trusted; +(2) Be loyal; +(3) Do a good turn to somebody every day; +(4) Be a friend to all; +(5) Be courteous; +(6) Be a friend to animals; +(7) Be obedient; +(8) Be cheerful; +(9) Be thrifty. + +All these are valuable, because they contribute to the making of +character. + +In the conduct of a boys' camp there must be a definite clear-cut purpose +if satisfactory results are to be obtained. A go-as-you-please or +do-as-you please camp will soon become a place of harm and moral +deterioration. + +Results + +Camping should give to the boy that self-reliance which is so essential in +the making of a life, that faith in others which is the foundation of +society, that spirit of altruism which will make him want to be of service +in helping other fellows, that consciousness of God as evidenced in His +handiwork which will give him a basis of morality, enduring and +reasonable, and a spirit of reverence for things sacred and eternal. He +ought to have a better appreciation of his home after a season away from +what should be to him the sweetest place on earth. + + + +CHAPTER II--LEADERSHIP + +THE DIRECTOR +ASSISTANT LEADERS +THE TERM LEADER +HOW TO GET LEADERS +VARIETY OF TALENT +SUGGESTIONS TO LEADERS +OPPORTUNITY OF LEADERSHIP + +The success or failure of a boys' camp depends upon leadership rather than +upon equipment. Boys are influenced by example rather than by precept. A +boys' camp is largely built around a strong personality. Solve the problem +of leadership, and you solve the greatest problem of camping. + +The Director + +No matter how large or how small the camp, there must be one who is in +absolute control. He may be known as the director, superintendent, or +leader. His word is final. He should be a man of executive ability and +good common sense. He should have a keen appreciation of justice. A desire +to be the friend and counsellor of every boy must always govern his +action. He will always have the interest and welfare of every individual +boy at heart, realizing that parents have literally turned over to his +care and keeping, for the time being, the bodies and souls of their boys. +To be respected should be his aim. Too often the desire to be popular +leads to failure. + +Leaders + +Aim to secure as assistant leaders or counsellors young men of +unquestioned character and moral leadership, college men if possible, men +of culture and refinement, who are good athletes, and who understand boy +life. + +"They should be strong and sympathetic, companionable men. Too much care +cannot be exercised in choosing assistants. Beware of effeminate men, men +who are morbid in sex matters. An alert leader can spot a 'crooked' man by +his actions, his glances, and by his choice of favorites. Deal with a man +of this type firmly, promptly, and quietly. Let him suddenly be 'called +home by circumstances which he could not control.'" The leader must have +the loyalty of his assistants. They should receive their rank from the +leader, and this rank should be recognized by the entire camp. The highest +ranking leader present at any time should have authority over the party. + +In a boys' camp I prefer the term "leader" to that of "counsellor." It is +more natural for a boy to follow a leader than to listen to wise +counsellors. "Come on, fellows, let's--" meets with hearty response. +"Boys, do this," is an entirely different thing. Leaders should hold +frequent councils regarding the life of the camp and share in determining +its policy. + +The most fruitful source of supply of leaders should be the colleges and +preparatory schools. No vacation can be so profitably spent as that given +over to the leadership of boy life. Here is a form of altruistic service +which should appeal to purposeful college men. Older high school boys who +have been campers make excellent leaders of younger boys. A leader should +always receive some remuneration for his services, either carfare and +board or a fixed sum of money definitely agreed upon beforehand. The pay +should never be so large that he will look upon his position as a "job." +Never cover service with the blinding attractiveness of money. The chief +purpose of pay should be to help deepen the sense of responsibility, and +prevent laxness and indifference, as well as to gain the services of those +who must earn something. + +Do not take a man as leader simply because he has certificates of +recommendation. Know him personally. Find out what he is capable of doing. +The following blank I use in securing information: + +Leader's Information Blank, Camps Durrell and Becket +Name +Address +College or school +Class of +Do you sing? What part (tenor or bass)? +Do you swim? +Do you play baseball? What position? +Do you play an instrument? What? +Will you bring it (unless piano) and music to camp? +Have you won any athletic or aquatic events? What? +Will you bring your school or college pennant with you? +Have you ever taken part in minstrel show, dramatics, or any kind +of entertainment; if so, what? +What is your hobby? (If tennis, baseball, swimming, nature study, +hiking, photography, athletics, etc., whatever it is, kindly tell +about it in order to help in planning the camp activities.) + +[Illustration: A Leader's Pulpit--Sunday Morning in the +"Chapel-by-the-Lake"--Camp Becket.] + +Leaders should not be chosen in order to secure a baseball team, or an +athletic team. Select men of diverse gifts. One should know something +about nature study, another about manual training, another a good +story-teller, another a good athlete or baseball player, another a good +swimmer, another a musician, etc. Always remember, however, that the chief +qualification should be moral worth. + +Before camp opens it is a wise plan to send each leader a letter +explaining in detail the purpose and program of the camp. A letter like +the following is sent to the leaders of Camps Durrell and Becket. + +SUGGESTIONS TO CAMP LEADERS. +READ AND RE-READ. + +The success of a boys' camp depends upon the hearty cooperation of each +leader with the superintendent. The boys will imitate you. A smile is +always better than a frown. "Kicking" in the presence of boys breeds +discontent. Loyalty to the camp and its management is absolutely necessary +if there is to be harmony in the camp life. + +Personal + +Your personal life will either be a blessing or a hindrance to the boys in +your tent. Study each boy in your tent. Win his confidence. Determine to +do your best in being a genuine friend of each boy. Remember in prayer +daily each boy and your fellow leaders. Emphasize the camp motto, "Each +for all, and all for each." Study the "tests" on pages 8 and 9 of the +booklets, and be helpful to the boys in your tent who are ambitious to +improve and win the honor emblems. + +Tents + +Neatness and cleanliness must be the watchword of each tent. Sweets draw +ants. Decayed material breeds disease. Insist upon the observance of +sanitary rules. + +It is unwise to have all the boys from one town or city in one tent. The +tendency is to form clans, which destroy camp spirit. Get the fellows +together the first thing and choose a tent name and tent yells. + +Appoint a boy who will be responsible for the boys and the tent when you +are not present. + +Too much attention cannot be given to the matter of ventilation. When it +rains, use a forked stick to hold the flaps open in the form of a diamond. +In clear weather, tie one flap back at each end (flap toward the feet), +allowing a free draft of air at all times. On rainy days encourage the +boys to spend their time in the pavillion. Whenever possible, insist upon +tent and blankets being thoroughly aired each morning. + +Three inspectors will be appointed for each day; fifteen minutes' notice +will be given and boys will not be allowed in or around their tents during +the period of inspection. Leaders may suggest but not participate in +arranging the tent. + +The Honor Banner is to be given to the tent showing the best condition and +held as long as marks are highest. + +Swimming + +The U. S. V. L. S. C.[1] crews' in boats will patrol whenever the boys are +in swimming, and the leader of swimming must give the signal before boys +go into the water. Boys who cannot swim should be encouraged to learn. The +morning dip must be a dip and not a swim. + +[Transcriber's Note 1: United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps.] + +Boats + +No boats are to be taken unless an order has been issued by the tent +leader (or by the superintendent). The man at the wharf always has power +to veto orders at his discretion. + +Order of Day + +It is the leader's part to see that the order of the day is carried out +and on time, including the setting up drill. (See Camp Booklet.) "Follow +the leader" is an old game which is still influencing boys. + +Work + +Three tents and their leaders are responsible for the work at camp, and +will be expected to report to the assistant superintendent after breakfast +for assignment of work. These tents are changed each day, so that the boys +and leaders come on duty only one day in seven. + +Each tent is under its respective leader in doing the following work: + +Tent 1. Sanitary work, such as policing the campus, emptying garbage cans, +sweeping the pavillion, disinfecting, etc. + +Tent 2. Preparing vegetables for the cook, drying dishes, pots, pans, +cleaning up the kitchen, piazza, etc. + +Tent 3. Cleaning the boats, supplying wood for the kitchen, putting ice in +the refrigerator, etc. + +The next day tents 4, 5 and 6 will come on duty, and so on until each tent +has been on duty during the week. + +Leaders for the day will call the squad together after breakfast and +explain the day's plans. Encourage the boys to do this work cheerfully. +Lead, do not drive the boys when working. Not more than three hours should +be consumed in camp work. + +Sports and Pastimes + +Bring rule books on athletics. Study up group games. Bring any old clothes +for costumes; tambourines and bones for minstrel show, grease paint, and +burnt cork--in fact, anything that you think will add to the fun of the +camp. Good stories and jokes are always in demand. Bring something +interesting to read to your boys on rainy days. Think out some stunt to do +at the social gatherings. If you play an instrument, be sure to bring it +along with you. + +Bank + +Encourage the boys to turn their money and railroad tickets over to the +camp banker instead of depositing them with you. + +Camp Council + +Meetings of the leaders will be held at the call of the superintendent. +Matters talked over at the council meeting should not be talked over with +the boys. All matters of discipline or anything that deals with the +welfare of the camp should be brought up at this meeting. Printed report +blanks will be given to each leader to be filled out and handed to the +assistant superintendent each Thursday morning. Do not show these reports +to the boys. + +Bible Study + +Each leader will be expected to read to the boys in his tent a chapter +from the Bible and have prayers before "taps" each night, also to take his +turn in leading the morning devotions at breakfast table. Groups of boys +will meet for occasional Bible study at sunset under various leaders. Each +session will continue twenty minutes--no longer. Sunday morning service +will be somewhat formal in character, with an address. The sunset vesper +service will be informal. + +Praying that the camp may prove a place where leaders and boys may grow in +the best things of life and anticipating an outing of pleasure and profit +to you, I am Your friend, (signature) + +Opportunities + +In securing men for leadership, impress upon them the many opportunities +for the investment of their lives in the kind of work that builds +character. In reading over a small folder, written by George H. Hogeman of +Orange, N .J., I was so impressed with his excellent presentation of this +theme of opportunities of leadership that the following is quoted in +preference to anything I could write upon the subject: + +"The opportunity of the boys' camp leader is, first, to engage in the +service that counts most largely in securing the future welfare of those +who will soon be called upon to carry on the work that we are now engaged +in. Most people are so busy with their own present enjoyment and future +success that they pay little heed to the future of others. They may give +some thought to the present need of those around them because it more or +less directly affects themselves, but the work of character building in +boys' camps is one that shows its best results in the years to come rather +than in the immediate present. + +"In the second place, the opportunity comes to the camp leader to know +boys as few other people know them, sometimes even better than their own +parents know them. When you live, eat, sleep with a boy in the open, free +life of camp for a month or so, you come in contact with him at vastly +more points than you do in the more restrained home life, and you see +sides of his nature that are seldom seen at other times. + +"Finally, the opportunity is given to the man who spends his vacation in +camp to make the time really count for something in his own life and in +the lives of others. To how many does vacation really mean a relaxation, a +letting down of effort along one line, without the substitution of +anything definite in its place! But he must be a dull soul, indeed, who +can come to the right kind of boys' camp and not go away with his muscles +harder, his eye brighter, his digestion better, and his spirit more awake +to the things that pertain to the Kingdom of God. + +"Then again the camp leader must have the ability to forget himself in +others. Nowhere can the real play spirit be entered into more completely +than in camp life. A watchman is the last thing he must be. That spirit of +unselfishness which forgets its own personal pleasure in doing the most +for the general good, is the ideal camp spirit. As Lowell puts it in the +Vision of Sir Launfal, it is: + +Not what we give, but what we share, +For the gift without the giver is bare. + +"The results of all these points which I have mentioned are some very +positive things. One is the very best kind of a vacation that it is +possible to have. How frequently we hear in response to the question about +enjoying a vacation, 'Oh, yes, I had a good enough time, but I'll never go +back there again.' To my mind that indicates either that the person does +not know what a really good time is, or that his surroundings made a good +time impossible. + +"Another result of camp is the real friendships that last long after +camping days are over. Of these I need not speak. You and I know of many +such and what they mean in the development of Christian character in the +lives of our men and boys. And, after all, there is the greatest result of +all, the sense of confidence in the ultimate outcome that comes with +having a share in the work of bringing others to the measure of the +stature of the fullness of Christ." + +"The ideal life for a boy is not in the city. He should know of animals, +rivers, plants, and that great out-of-door life that lays for him the +foundation of his later years." +--G. Stanley. + +[Illustration: Camp Becket] + + + +CHAPTER III--LOCATION AND SANITATION + +DIRTY DIRT VS. CLEAN DIRT +AVOID SWAMPS +SELECTING A SITE +LAYING OUT THE CAMP GROUND +THE LATRINES +GARBAGE +DISH WATER +WASTE BARRELS +WATER SUPPLY +AN INDIAN METHOD +INDIVIDUAL DRINKING CUPBOARD OF HEALTH +MAXIMS + +Dirt + +Clean camps are most easily kept by not allowing them to become dirty. + +"Cleanliness is next to Godliness. Godliness means a right relation to +things spiritual, cleanliness a right relation to things material. An old +definition says that 'Dirt is merely misplaced matter.' Of all the +vehicles of disease, the most important perhaps is dirt. The word dirt in +its strict sense comes from the Anglo-Saxon 'drit,' or excrement. 'Dirt,' +then, is not earth or clean sand--not clean dirt, but dirty dirt, that is, +matter soiled by some of the excreta of the human or animal body. +Cleanliness must be insisted upon in a boys' Camp--not the cleanliness +that makes a boy squeamish about working with his hands upon some +necessary job, but cleanliness that makes him afraid of sharing his tooth +brush or table utensils or his clothes. + +Cleanliness is not the shunning of good, clean dirt, but a recognition of +the fact that to pass anything from one mouth to another is a possible +source of death and destruction." [1] "Death to dirt" should be the +watchword of the camp. The camp should be a model of cleanliness. Every +boy should be taught the value of good sanitation and encouraged to +cooperate in making proper sanitation effective. + +[Footnote 1: Dr. Chas. E. A. Winslow--"Camp Conference," p. 58.] + +Avoid Swamps + +The location chosen for a camp should be away from swamps. Avoid swampy +and low places as you would a plague. Damp places where there are +mosquitoes, should be well drained, and open to an abundance of sunshine. +Mosquitoes breed only in water, but a very little water is sufficient if +it is dirty and stagnant. Two inches of water standing in an old tin can +will breed an innumerable horde. These "diminutive musicians" are not only +a nuisance, but dangerous, as malaria and typhoid spreaders by their +poisonous stings. + +The Site + +In selecting a camp site bear in mind these things: (1) A sandy sub-soil, +with good drainage. Avoid very sandy soil; sand provides but little hold +for tent pegs, and there is grave risk of damage should there come a gale. +(2) An open campus surrounded by hills or sheltering trees, and facing the +water. (3) Plenty of good drinking water and water for swimming. (4) Base +from which supplies and provisions are to be drawn should be within +convenient distance, not more than four miles away. (5) Camp should be +away from civilization, far enough to be free from visitors and the +temptation to "go to town" on the part of the boys. Nothing demoralizes a +boys' camp so quickly as proximity to a summer resort. + +Arrangement + +Before opening the camp much thought and care should be given to its +sanitary arrangement. First of all, the dryest section of the camp ground +should be selected for the erection of the sleeping tents. Locate them +where they will have the full benefit of the sunshine. Tents erected under +trees are liable to mildew, for the want of sunshine, and the contents of +the tent will soon get musty. Next in importance to the location of +"quarters" is the location of the kitchen. This should be near the dining +tent, so that the serving of food may be quick, and yet far enough away to +insure that disagreeable odors will not destroy the pleasure of eating. If +it is very near the sleeping tents the campers will be awakened too early +by the chopping of wood and the necessary noises made in preparation of +the morning meal. It should be near water. This is very essential for +cooking and cleaning. In some of the large camps water is carried to the +kitchen in pipes from near-by springs or pumped from wells of pure water. +The dining quarters naturally should be located near the kitchen so that +food may be served warm. Provision should be made for the protection of +the boys from cold, wind, rain, and dampness while eating. The toilet +should be located rather far away from the camp, and not in the direction +from which the prevailing wind comes toward the camp. Make sure that it is +on the line of opposite drainage from the water used by the camp. The +details of laying out a camp, erection of tents, etc., are given in +another chapter. + +Latrines + +Particular precaution should be exercised in location and care of the +toilets or latrines, even in a one-night camp. Neglect of this will mean +disease. When on a one-night camp, dig a small pit which can be filled in +again after use. If the camp is to be continued for a week or longer, dig +a pit or trench about two or three feet deep and about eighteen inches +wide, plant posts on each side of the trench, and eighteen inches above +the ground level. Nail shaped seating on these posts. The number of seats +will be determined by the size of the camping party. It is desirable to +erect a six-foot canvas screen with an opening around the toilet. Dry +earth should be sprinkled freely in the trench each time it is used. Also +each morning sprinkle plenty of chloride of lime or some good, reliable +disinfectant in the trench. Do not permit the throwing of paper about the +toilet. Have a box in which paper is to be kept. Flies should be excluded +by boxing up the sides of the seats and fastening a hinged lid upon the +seats (see illustration). It is an advantage to admit the direct sunlight +about the middle of the day because of its bactericidal action on disease +germs. In a permanent camp regular wooden closets should be built, with +covered roof for protection from rain and wind. The back of the closet +should be arranged either by a hinged door or some other method so that +the contents may be removed as often as once a week. A wooden box on +rollers placed beneath the seats will facilitate removal. The seats should +be scrubbed with hot water, sulpho-naphthol, or soap, daily. "Springfield +Oval" type of toilet paper prevents unnecessary waste. In one camp the +water from a near-by brook is dammed and thus by gravity made to flow by a +system of modern plumbing through the urinals and flush closets. This is +ideal. Insist upon cleanliness. The cutting of initials and names upon the +seats and woodwork should be considered a disgrace as well as a +misdemeanor. + +[Illustration: Pit Toilet; seat, hinged cover, hinged door at back.] + +Taboo the taking of books and papers to the toilet to read. It should be +an imperative rule that no other place be used. A little carelessness will +cause disagreeable as well as dangerous results. By way of reiteration: +First, rigid prohibition of the pollution of the surface of the ground by +the strictest rules, diligently enforced. Second, the provision of toilets +or latrines of adequate size with proper precaution to prevent the +dispersal of excreta by wind, flies, or other agencies. The latrines +should be located a distance from camp but not so far as to offer +temptation to pollution of the ground. Third, boys should be educated when +on hikes or tramps in the old Mosaic Rule laid down in Deuteronomy 23: +12-14. [1] + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: "Thou shalt have a place also without the camp, +whither thou shalt go forth abroad: And thou shalt have a paddle upon thy +weapon; and it shall be, when thou wilt ease thyself abroad, thou shalt +dig therewith, and shalt turn back and cover that which cometh from thee: +For the LORD thy God walketh in the midst of thy camp, to deliver thee, +and to give up thine enemies before thee; therefore shall thy camp be +holy: that he see no unclean thing in thee, and turn away from thee."] + +Garbage + +Garbage, consisting chiefly of trimmings of meat and vegetables and the +waste from the table, if stored in open buckets soon becomes offensive and +is an ideal breeding place in warm weather for flies "that drink of +cesspools, dine at privy vaults, eat sputum and are likely to be the most +familiar guests at the dinner table, sampling every article of food upon +which they walk, leaving in their tracks disease-producing germs which +have adhered to their sticky feet where they have previously dined." +Declare war upon the "fly who won't wipe his feet" by keeping the garbage +in a covered galvanized-iron pail and dispose of it before decomposition +takes place. Wash and dry the pail after emptying. If the camp is located +near a farm, give the garbage to the farmer. It is the natural food of +swine or poultry. Where this is not possible, the garbage should be buried +every day in the earth and covered with three or four inches of dirt. +Another and better plan, especially in a large camp, is the burning of the +garbage and human excreta in an incinerator, such as the McCall. This is +the method of the United States Army. + +Exercise caution in throwing aside tin cans. The vegetable matter +remaining in the cans soon decays and attracts flies. Have a place where +these cans may be buried or burned with other refuse each day. Keep the +ground surrounding the kitchen free from all kinds of garbage or refuse. + +Do not throw dirty dish water promiscuously upon the ground. Dig a trench +and put the water in this trench. Sprinkle chloride of lime or a +disinfectant upon it each day. In a permanent camp a waste water well +should be dug and lined with stone. The drain pipe should be laid from the +kitchen to the well. This water soon disappears in the soil and does not +become a nuisance. Make sure that the well is not in line with the water +supply of the camp. A little potash or some washing soda dissolved in the +sink will help to keep the drain clean. + +Place barrels in different parts of the camp for refuse and scraps. A coat +of whitewash or white paint will make them conspicuous. In one camp the +following suggestive bit of verse was painted on the waste barrels: + +Ravenous Barrel + +I am all mouth and vacuum + I never get enough, +So cram me full of fruit peels, + Old papers, trash and stuff. + +Epicurean Barrel + +O, how sorry I feel for a boy + Who litters clean places with trash, +Who throws away papers and fruit peels + Which form my favorite hash. + +Waste Barrels + +These barrels should be set upon two strips of wood placed parallel. This +permits the air to pass beneath the barrel and keeps its bottom from +decaying by contact with the ground. The barrels should be emptied daily +and the trash burned. + +A dirty, carelessly kept, untidy camp will make discipline and order very +difficult to attain and the influence will soon be noticed in the careless +personal habits of the boys. There is an educational and moral value in +cleanliness which is second only to that of good health. + +Water Supply + +Dr. Charles E. A. Winslow, the noted biologist, is authority for the +following statement; [Camp Conference, p.61] "The source of danger in +water is always human or animal pollution. Occasionally we find water +which is bad to drink on account of minerals dissolved on its way through +the ground or on account of passage through lead pipes, but the danger is +never from ordinary decomposing vegetable matter. If you have to choose +between a bright, clear stream which may be polluted at some point above, +and a pond full of dead leaves and peaty matter, but which you can inspect +all around and find free from contamination, choose the pond. Even in the +woods it is not easy to find surface waters that are surely protected, and +streams particularly are dangerous sources of water supply. We have now +got rid of the idea that running water purifies itself. It is standing +water which purifies itself, if anything, for in stagnation there is much +more chance for the disease germs to die out. Better than either a pond or +stream, unless you can carry out a rather careful exploration of their +surroundings, is ground water from a well or spring; though that again is +not necessarily safe. If the well is in good sandy soil with no cracks or +fissures, even water that has been polluted may be well purified and made +safe to drink. In a clayey or rocky region, on the other hand, +contaminating material may travel for considerable distance under ground. +Even if your well is protected below, a very important point to look after +is the pollution from the surface. I believe more cases of typhoid fever +from wells are due to surface pollution than to the character of the water +itself. This is a danger which can, of course, be done away with by +protection of the well from surface drainage, by seeing that the surface +wash is not allowed to drain toward it and that it is protected by a tight +covering from the entrance of its own waste water. If good water cannot be +secured in any of these ways, the water must be purified. It has been said +that what we desire in water supply is innocence and not repentance; but +if you cannot get pristine innocence, you can, at least, secure works meet +for repentance and make the water safe, by filtering through either a +Pasteur or a Berkefeld filter--either of those filters will take out +bacteria, while no other filters that I know of will or by various +chemical disinfectants, not any of them very satisfactory--or, best of +all, by boiling, which will surely destroy all disease germs." + +Indians had a way of purifying water from a pond or swamp by digging a +hole about one foot across and down about six inches below the water +level, a few feet from the pond. After it had filled with water, they +bailed it out quickly, repeating the bailing process about three times. +After the third bailing the hole would fill with filtered water. Try it. + +Drinking Cups + +Insist upon the boys bringing to camp a supply of inexpensive paper cups +or collapsible pocket drinking cups. Filthy and dangerous diseases are not +infrequently transmitted by the use of a common drinking cup. + +Paper Drinking Cup. + +Take a piece of clean paper about 6 inches square and fold it on the +dotted lines, as shown in Figure 1, so as to make a triangle. Do not use +paper having anything printed on it, as there is danger of poison from the +ink. The other folds are made in the dotted lines, as shown in Figure 2. +Each pointed end of the triangle is turned over on one side, as shown in +Figure 3, then the sheets of the remaining points are separated and each +one folded down on its respective side. This practical idea is furnished +by R. H. Lufkin in Popular Mechanics for February, 1911. + +Board of Health + +Boys should be encouraged to cooperate in keeping the camp clean. A Board +of Health may be organized, to be composed of an equal number of boys and +camp leaders with the camp physician, or director of the camp as chairman. + +[Illustration: A Paper Drinking Cup] + +The duties of the board will be to inspect daily the toilets, sinks, and +drains, the water supply, the garbage disposal and waste barrels; condemn +everything that is unsanitary, and correct all sanitary disorders. The +board will also arrange for a series of talks upon "Sanitation and +Health," such as: + +Sunshine and Health +Johnnie and the Microbes +Dirt and Cleanliness +Fresh Air +Flies and Filth +Health--Its Value and Its Cost. + +Have the boys write essays upon these subjects and give credits or points +for original interpretation, accuracy of report of talk given, and +observance and correction of sanitary disorders. + +Maxims + +Clean up as you go. Sunshine and dryness are great microbe killers. It is +better to keep clean, than to get clean. Dirt, dampness and disease can +often be avoided by decency, dryness and determination. Uncleanness is at +the root of many of the evils which cause suffering and ill health. Fire +is the best disinfectant. Typhoid fever and cholera are carried by dirty +habits, by dirty water and dirty milk. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY. + +Camp Sanitation-Review and Herald Pub. Assn., Washington, D. C. 6 cents. A +twelve-page folder of useful hints on what to do and what not to do. + +Wastes and Their Disposal--Henry J. Barnes, M.D. Health-Education League, +Boston, Mass., 4 cents. An authoritative booklet written by the Professor +of Hygiene, Tufts Medical School. This League publishes a number of very +valuable and comprehensive booklets on health subjects. + +Good Health--Francis Gulick Jewett. Ginn and Co., 40 cents. Gives detail +instruction in matters of health and hygiene. Prepared especially for +younger people. + +Health--B. Franklin Richards. Pacific Press Pub. Co., $1.00. Written in +language easily understood and filled with sensible suggestions. + +[Illustration: "The Sardines"--Eight Boys in a 12X14 Tent--Camp Becket] + + + +CHAPTER IV--CAMP EQUIPMENT + +ADVANCE PARTY +PLAN OF CAMP GROUNDS +A MEASURING DEVICE +SETTING UP A WALL TENT +GUYING THE TENT +TRENCHING +PEG WISDOM +INTERIOR TENT CONVENIENCES +HOW TO MAKE A TEPEE +TENT WISDOM +SLEEPING ON THE GROUND +A "HIP HOLE" +HOW TO KEEP WARM +MAKING A BED +DOUBLE-DECK BUNKS +BLANKETS +PILLOWS +KITCHEN WARE +TABLE WARE +TABLE TOPS +A "HORSE" IDEA +PERMANENT BUILDINGS +SURVEYING +HOME-MADE INSTRUMENTS +CAMP SURVEY + + +The greatest help after all is to take the children back to the garden +that the Lord God planted. A boy must learn to sleep under the open sky +and to tramp ten miles through the rain if he wants to be strong. He must +learn what sort of men it was who made America, and he must not get into +this fuss and flurry of our American civilization and think that patent +leather shoes and white kid gloves are necessary for the salvation of his +life.--Edward Everett Hale. + +Selecting a camp site and general directions for the laying out of the +camp grounds is treated very fully in the chapter on Camp Sanitation, so +that this chapter will be devoted to methods that to the experienced +camper may seem trite, but which the novice will appreciate. + +[Illustration: Laying Out a Camp] + +Advance Party + +If the camp is a large one it is usually customary to send an advance +party several days ahead to erect the tents and get the camp in readiness +for the larger party. The successful management of a camp depends very +much upon placing the tents in such a position as to give plenty of room +and yet be compact. When tents are scattered the difficulty of control is +increased. The above diagram is a suggestion for the laying out of a camp +which provides for room and control. + +Plan of Grounds + +The following hints will help the advance party to layout the camp in a +systematic and scientific manner. To find the right angle of the camp +square, drive a peg at A, another 3 feet distant at B; attach a 5-foot +cord from the peg at B, and a 4 foot cord from the peg at A. The point at +which the two cords meet at C, where another peg may be driven in, will be +the line at right angles to B-A. + +[Illustration: Right Angle of Camp Square] + +Measuring Device + +The illustrations opposite show a device by which a camp, baseball +grounds, running track, tennis court or any distance may be quickly and +accurately measured. The first thing to do is to get an inch board and cut +a round disc (a) about 12 inches in diameter. Cut two of them and tack +them together. The diagram "b" is easier to cut out and will serve the +purpose just as well. When the two are temporarily tacked together, bore a +hole through the centre for the axle. The eight spokes should be of light +material and not too pointed or they will sink in the ground and prevent +accuracy. The spokes are tacked on one disc as shown in "c" and then the +other disc is nailed on the outside. + +[Illustration: A Measuring Device] + +Paint the end of one spoke red, so that you can count it every time it +comes around. By having the points that touch the ground exactly 9 inches +apart, one revolution of the wheel will measure six feet. For an axle use +a small piece of broom handle, and for a handle use a long light pole. By +varying the length of the spokes you can make the wheel measure any +desired distance. + +Wall Tent + +The line of the camp having been laid out, the next thing is the erection +of the tents. The best way of setting up a wall tent (either the 12 x 14 +or 14 x 16 size), the type used in most of the boys' camps, is the method +used by the army and described in Kephart's "Book of Camping and +Woodcraft." Four boys or men proceed as follows: Nos. 1 and 2 procure +canvas, and Nos. 3 and 4 the poles. + +Nos. 3 and 4 lay the ridge pole on the ground, in the direction that the +tent is to stand; then lay the uprights at each end of ridge-pole and at +right angles to it, on the side opposite that from which the wind blows. +Then drop the tent pins and hammers at their respective ends of the tent; +then drive a pin at each end of the ridge to mark front and rear. +Meanwhile Nos. 1 and 2 unroll the tent and spread it out over the +ridge-pole and on both sides of it. + +Nos. 1 and 3 now go to the rear, and Nos. 2 and 4 to the front, and slip +the pins of the uprights through the ridge-pole and tent. If a fly is +used, it is placed in position over the tent, and the loops of the long +guys over the front and rear pole pins. No. 4 secures center (door) loops +over center pin in front, and No. 1 in rear. Each goes to his corner, No. +1 right rear, No. 2 right front, No. 3 left rear, No. 4 left front. + +All draw bottom of tent taut and square, the front and rear at right +angles to the ridge, and fasten it with pins through the corner loops, +then stepping outward two paces from the corner, and a pace to the front +(Nos. 2 and 4) or rear (Nos. 1 and 3) each securely sets a long pin, over +which is passed the extended corner guy rope. Care must be taken that the +tent is properly squared and pinned to the ground at the door and four +corners before raising it. + +[Illustration: Shelter Tents, Seton Tepee, Tent Made Of A "Fly", Wall +Tent] + +Nos. 1 and 3 now go to the rear, and Nos. 2 and 4 to the front pole, and +raise the tent to a convenient height from the ground, when Nos. 2 and 3 +enter and seize their respective poles, and all together raise the tent +until the upright poles are vertical. While Nos. 2 and 3 support the +poles, Nos. 1 and 4 tighten the corner guys, beginning on the windward +side. The tent being thus temporarily secured, all set the guy pins and +fasten the guy ropes, Nos. 1 and 2 to the right, Nos. 3 and 4 left, and +then set the wall pins. + +To prevent the upright poles from sinking in the ground under the pressure +of the canvas, place a flat stone or piece of wood under the pole. + +Guying the Tent + +One of the troubles with tents is their remarkable proclivity for +tightening and slackening with the varying conditions of the weather. This +means a constant loosening or tightening of the guy ropes, and the longer +the guy ropes the more they will shrink or stretch according as they are +wet or dry. This may be overcome to some extent by using very heavy corner +posts securely driven into the ground and spiking a pole across them, and +very short guy ropes fastening to this pole. (See page 47.) A shower, or +even ordinary dew, will cause the canvas to shrink, therefore be sure to +slacken the guys, or you may have a torn tent or broken ridge pole. + +Trenching + +Dig a trench around the tent and do it before you have to. If you have +ever gotten out in the middle of the night when the rain was coming down +in torrents, to dig a ditch or trench, you will appreciate this bit of +advice. + +Warn the boys not to touch the roof of the tent on the inside when it is +raining, for it will surely leak wherever it is touched. + +There is a right and a wrong way of driving stakes into the ground. Study +illustrations, p. 47. + +Peg Wisdom + +In taking down the tent, don't pound loose the tent pins or pegs, but with +a looped rope and a pull in the direction from which they are driven they +can easily be removed. + +Conveniences + +After pitching your tent, put everything in order. Run a stout line, +either of rope or rustless wire, between the two upright poles, about a +foot below the ridge pole. A very convenient thing to throw clothes over. +In some camps they have a shelf suspended from the ridge pole, divided +into compartments, one for each boy in the tent. Nails driven in the +upright poles afford convenient pegs to hang things on. Be sure the nails +are removed before taking down the tent or a rip in the canvas will be the +result. + +A bundle of elder leaves in a tent will keep away flies. If ants show a +desire to creep into your tent, dust cayenne pepper into their holes and +they will no longer trouble you. + +When there is no wooden floor in the tent, strew small hemlock twigs. They +make a fine carpet and the odor is both pleasant and healthful. + +In addition to the different styles of tents shown in the illustrations on +page 43, the following description of how to make a ten-foot teepee is +given by Charles R. Scott in his Vacation Diary: + +Making a Teepee + +Sew canvas together making oblong ABCD 20 by 10 feet; with E as centre and +EA as a radius, draw half-circle AFD. From remaining canvas cut smoke +flaps LKCM and ONBP. Sew piece of canvas at C and B making pocket for ends +of smoke poles. Sew ML to HI and PO to GJ on one large piece of canvas. +Sew lash to E to tie teepee to pole. Sew 6 or 7-foot lash to K and N to +set smoke flaps with. Make holes in pairs from L to D and O to A for +lacing pins. Ten poles 12 feet long are needed. Make tripod of nine of +these and tie teepee at E to pole two feet from top and place over tripod. + +In "Recreation," April, 1911, in an article on "Tent Making Made Easy," H. +J. Holden tells how to make ten different tents with but one piece of +canvas. + +[Illustration: The Ten Foot Teepee] + +Tent Wisdom + +The best type of tent to use in a permanent camp is a wall tent, either 12 +x 14 or 14 x 16, which will accommodate from four to six fellows. An eight +ounce, mildew-proofed duck, with a ten or twelve ounce duck fly will give +excellent wear. Have a door at each end of the tent and the door ties made +of cotton cord instead of tape. Double pieces of canvas should be sewed in +all the corners and places where there is unusual strain. Manilla rope is +best for guys, and metal slides are preferable to wood. If the tents are +made to order, have a cotton cord about two feet long sewed in each seam +just under the eaves, so that one end shall hang down inside the tent and +the other outside. The walls of the tent can then be rolled up and tied so +that the tent will be thoroughly aired. Make sure that the end of the +ridge pole and of the upright poles have iron bands to prevent splitting +of the poles. + +Bed on Ground + +For a short-term camp, pine boughs make the best kind of a bed (see +chapter on Tramps and Hikes for description of bed). Sometimes a rubber +blanket is spread upon the ground and the boys roll themselves up in their +blankets. An old camper gives the following suggestion to those who desire +to sleep in this fashion: + +The bed should be made in the afternoon while the sun is shining. To make +the bed, clear the ground of twigs and stones. The space should be about 6 +x 3 feet. + +A "Hip Hole" + +A shovelful of dirt is removed, making a shallow, transverse trench, about +midway of the bed. This trench is the "hip hole" and the making of it +properly is what renders the bed comfortable. In making the bed the +following order should be observed: + +(1) spread the rubber blanket; + +(2) the blanket spread so that one-half only covers the prepared couch; + +(3) then spread the woolen blankets so that the "hip hole" is in the right +place; + +(4) add the pillow; + +(5) fold the blankets over you and pin them with big safety pins across +the bottom and along the side. + +To Keep Warm + +Stewart Edward White in "Camp and Trail" tells how to keep warm when +sleeping on the ground: "Lie flat on your back. Spread the blanket over +you. Now raise your legs rigid from the hip, the blanket, of course, +draping over them. In two swift motions tuck first one edge under your +legs from right to left, then the second edge under from left to right, +and over the first edge. Lower your legs, wrap up your shoulders and go to +sleep. If you roll over, one edge will unwind but the other will tighten." + +A bed tick[1] 6-1/2 feet long and 2-1/2 feet wide, to be filled with +grass, leaves, straw or any available stuff makes a comfortable bed. + +[Transcribers Footnote 1: Cloth case for a mattress or pillow or a light +mattress without springs.] + +To Make a Bed + +A comfortable bed used at Camp Durrell, is made by driving four posts in +the ground and nailing a frame work of saplings on these posts. Rope is +then interwoven from side to side in somewhat the fashion of the old-time +cord bed. Pine boughs are then placed "shingle" fashion in the cording, +making a very comfortable bed. + +Double-Deck Bunks + +Many of the long-term camps, however, have cots or bunks with canvas +bottoms. This is the best way to sleep for boys who are going to be in +camp the entire summer. The following type of double-deck bunk is in use +at Camps Adirondack, Becket, Wawayanda and Dudley. The illustrations give +a clear idea of its construction. Use wood as free from knots as possible. +Spruce seems to be the best kind as it is both light in weight and very +durable. The top section upon which the canvas beds are tacked is bolted +to the uprights which makes a bunk easily taken apart. Three of these +uprights, one at each end and one in the middle, will make a bed section +accommodating four boys, two on the "first floor" and two on the "second +floor." In this manner eight boys may be comfortably housed in a 12 x 14 +or 14 x 16 foot tent, with room for baggage in the center, as shown in the +illustration on page 37. + +Blankets + +Always remember that to keep warm while sleeping in a cot or bunk, you +must have as much thickness of blanket under you as above you. Usually +boys will pile blankets on top of them and have only one blanket under +them and then wonder why they are cold. + +Pillows + +A pillow may be made out of a bag of muslin or dark denim and stuffed with +a sweater or extra clothing. Much better--take a small pillow with you +with removable and washable "case" made of dark green or brown denim. + +[Illustration: Bunk Diagram] + +Kitchen Ware + +In purchasing kitchen ware, a mistake is frequently made by getting a +cheap kind of ware unfitted for the hard usage of camp life. The kind +manufactured for hotels and restaurants and of sufficient capacity, is +more expensive, but will outwear two outfits of the cheaper type and is +really more economical in the long run. In the buying do not omit that +most adaptable and convenient of all cooking utensils for camp--a wash +boiler. Get one that is copper-lined and made of the heaviest tin. + +Table Ware + +Campers prefer the white enamel ware on account of its appearance and +wear. If the imported kind is purchased it will last for at least three +long-term seasons. Avoid tin and the cheap gray enamel ware. Each boy +should be provided with a large plate of the deep soup pattern, cereal +bowl not too large, a saucer for sauce and dessert, a cup, knife, fork, +table spoon and tea spoon. In a small camp the boy usually brings his own +"eating utensils." When the table is set with white oil cloth, white +enamelled dishes, both serving and individual, with decorations of ferns, +wild flowers or blossoms, the food always seems to taste better and the +meal proceeds with that keen enjoyment, which is not only conducive to +good digestion but promotive of good fellowship. A dirty table and dishes +and rough-house table manners are a disgrace to a camp even as small as +six boys. Cleanliness, courtesy and cheerful conversation contribute to +the making of character while at meals. + +Table Tops + +Table tops should be made of matched boards and battened. Screw the +battens[1] to the boards. The tables should be thirty-six inches in width. +The length must be determined by the number of persons to be seated. The +seating of boys in tent groups is considered the best plan. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Narrow strip of wood for flooring.] + +A "Horse" Idea + +A wooden horse made after the following sketch will support the table top +and seats. The seat may be a plank about twelve inches wide and one and +one-eighth inches thick. + +[Illustration: Wooden Horse Table and Seat Support] + +Buildings + +Permanent buildings are largely planned according to the ideas of the +director or organization operating the camp and this, therefore, is a +matter which cannot be fully treated in a book of this character. +Convenience, harmony with natural surroundings, and adaptability are the +three things which govern the planning and erection of permanent camp +buildings. "Wilderness Homes," by Oliver Kemp, contains many suggestions +for camps of this character. In "Recreation" for April, 1911, is an +excellent article by William D. Brinckle on "Log Cabins." + +Surveying + +The following practical suggestions on surveying in a boys' camp have been +especially prepared by H. M. Allen. Surveying is an important subject for +study and practice, as it is both interesting and useful and may serve as +a stepping-stone in the later education of the boy. + +The surveying may be roughly divided into two parts, simple and advanced. +The simple work includes that which can be carried on with a few cheap +instruments easily secured or made by the boys. The advanced work requires +better instruments and is adapted to high school boys. Only the simple +work will be described. + +Home-made + +The instruments needed in simple surveying are, compass, measuring tape, +draughtsman's scale, protractor, drawing materials and a small home-made +transit. The leader should, if possible, become familiar with some good +textbook on surveying, such as Wentworth's Plane Trigonometry and +Surveying. He should also get some civil engineer to give him a little +instruction in the rudiments. It is well also to get some practice before +going to camp. Any vacant lot or gymnasium floor will be suitable. If the +leader is near a small lake that will be especially desirable. + +The transit is easily made. A flat board should be selected, about twelve +inches in diameter, which will not warp. Upon this a circle is marked +about ten inches in diameter. For this purpose use a pair of drawing +compasses. Then with a protractor lay off the degrees of the circle. A +small brass protractor can be bought for 15 cents, a good one, large size, +costs 80 cents. A good plan is to mark the circle on bristol board [1] +which can be tacked in the board. Then a pointed piece of wood ten inches +long should be fastened with a nail in the center of the circle. At the +ends of the pointer pins should be placed vertically so that they are in +line with the pivot nail. This will form a sight for measuring the angles. +The board is then mounted upon a pointed stick or tripod. You will need a +hatchet and a half dozen sharpened sticks for markers and a boy for rod +man. You are now ready for the survey. + +[Transcribers Footnote 1: Smooth, heavy pasteboard.] + +[Illustration: Fig. 1. Top View of Transit, Protractor, Sighting Pins, +Board for Circle, Support] + +Camp Survey + +To make a map of the location of the camp, the first thing is to locate a +base line on a level piece of ground. At the two ends A and B stakes are +placed and the length carefully measured with the tape. Then from one end +of the line stretch a string about ten feet long, toward the other stake. +Under this string place the compass. In this way the direction of the line +may be learned. + +In figure 1, the base line runs about 10 degrees west of north. Drive a +stake where the tent is to be located. This place will be called C. Then +place the transit at A and measure the angle formed by the imaginary lines +AC and AB. In the example the angle is about 45 degrees. Then place the +transit at B and measure the angle there, formed by the lines AB and BC. +Then the angle at C should be measured and the sum of the angles thus +measured will be 180 degrees, if the work is correct. + +[Illustration: Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4] + +Now make a drawing of the survey. Draw on paper a line corresponding to +the line AB, making a certain scale, say 100 feet to the inch. If the real +line is 200 feet long, the line on the paper will be 2 inches. With the +protractor the angles at B and A may be drawn or plotted. This will give +the location of the point C. With the scale determine on the plan the +length of the other sides of the triangle ABC. The actual distances should +next be measured with the tape to test the accuracy of the survey. + +Next place a stake along the side of the lake at a point D. Then in a +similar manner measure the triangle with the transit. With the protractor +the lines AD and BD can be plotted on the plan. With the scale the length +of the lines AD and BD can be estimated from the map. The rest of the lake +is surveyed in the same manner. It is only necessary to take other points +on the lake and survey the resulting triangles. It is a good idea to use +four-foot stakes with flags placed so as to be easy to sight to them. + +Finally a tracing may be made with carbon paper giving only the shore line +and leaving out the lines of the triangles and the map is finished. The +boys in one camp surveyed a lake a mile long with home-made instruments +with excellent results. + +Boys should be taught how to use the compass and a map in tracing their +way through an unknown country. Also to travel by the stars or by the moss +on the trees. + + + +CHAPTER V--PERSONAL CHECK LIST OR INVENTORY + +CHECK LIST +MARKING +LOST AND FOUND +MEMORY +HOW TO PACK +SHIPPING +LABELS +NEATNESS +GENERAL HINTS + +Experience only can determine what should be taken to camp. Usually the +first camping trip decides what to take on the second trip, and also +reveals how few things, providing they are right things, one really needs +to be comfortable in camp. A boy's mother, who is generally the official +trunk packer of the family, makes a mistake in stowing away in the trunk a +lot of things not serviceable or suitable for camping. Cotton goods, +except towels, handkerchiefs, and hose, are of no use. Gray woolen shirts, +gray, brown, or green sweaters (a boon to campers--avoid white, red, or +striped colors), khaki suit, outing flannel pajamas (tan color preferred) +are in the class of real camp necessities so far as clothing is concerned. +The hat should be drab or khaki color, of campaign style, something that +will shed water and sun. The hat used by the Boy Scouts of America is +admirably adapted for campers. + +The outfit may be divided into four classes: things necessary, things +desirable, things convenient, and luxuries. Boys who go camping for two +weeks or less should take articles in the following list marked (1); those +who go for four weeks or less should take articles marked (2) in addition +to those marked (1); and those who go for what may be called the season, +six or more weeks, should take those marked (3), in addition to all of (1) +and (2). + +Necessary + +Woolen sweater (coat style) (1) +Note book or diary (1) +Twine and rope (2) +Two flannel shirts (gray) (1) +Lead pencil (1) +Change of underwear (1) +Pens and ink (2) +Two pairs stockings (1) +Stamps, stamped envelopes (1) +Jersey (2) +Outing flannel pajamas (1) +Paper, postals and envelopes(2) +Running pants (1) +Handkerchiefs (1) +Needles and thread (1) +Two pairs woolen blankets (1) +Matches in metal box (1) +Poncho (1) +Folding drinking cup (1) +Turkish towels (1) +Strong pocket knife on chain(1) +Extra pair heavy shoes (2) +Toilet soap (in aluminum or +celluloid box) (1) +Echo whistle (2) +Fishing tackle (2) +Comb and brush (1) +Camera (2) +Tooth brush and tooth paste(1) +Small-sized Bible (1) +Money (1) +Pins and safety pins (safeties one-inch and four-inch) (1) +Good disposition (1) +Leggings-tan, army style (1) + +Desirable + +Extra suit of clothes (2) +Rubber-soled shoes (sneakers) (1) +Soft laundered shirt (2) +Bathing suit or tights (2) +Small compass (2) +Small mirror (1) +Baseball, bats, gloves (2) +Whisk broom (2) +Tennis racquets and balls (3) +Dish towels (2) +Ping Pong racquets, balls (3) +Cheap watch (1) +Rubber boots or overshoes (2) +Map of vicinity (2) +Clothes pins (2) +Musical instruments (2) +Flash lamp (2) +Scissors (2) +Repair outfit (2) + +Convenient + +Games (3) +Can opener (2) +Books (3) +Small hand washboard (3) +Small pillow (2) +Thick strong gloves (3) +Mosquito netting (2) +Heavy woolen stockings (3) +Candles (3) +Elk hide moccasins (3) + +Luxuries + +Bath robe (3) +Blacking and brush (3) +Shaving outfit (3) +Laundry bag (2) +Face rag (3) + +It is understood that cooking utensils; tools, tents, cots and the general +camp equipment is supplied by the camp management. The above list is for +the individual campers. + +Mark Everything + +Mark everything with your initials, or, if in a large camp, your camp +number. This may be done with indelible ink upon white tape, and the tape +sewed upon the garments, or you may order through the large department +stores your full name embroidered on tape in sufficient quantity to sew +upon your belongings. Marking your "goods and chattels" helps identify +ownership, for things somehow get fearfully mixed up in a boys' camp. + +A clever scheme for locating lost articles was adopted by one large camp. +A "Lost and Found" shop was opened. Articles found were brought to the +shop. Hours for identification and reclaiming were announced, the owner +paying two cents for each article claimed. This method had the effect of +making the boys more systematic and less careless in throwing things +around, or leaving them upon the ground after a ball game or play. After a +certain length of time, an auction was held of all unclaimed articles. The +money received was put into books for the camp library. + +Write it Down + +Make your "check list" during the winter. Have an old box handy in which +to put things you think you will want to take to camp. Boys usually talk +over the experiences of the last camp until about January 1st, then they +begin to talk and plan about the next camp. As you think of things jot +them down in a little memorandum book marked "Camp Ideas." Leaders will +find this plan especially helpful. In making up the list, put down each +article on a separate line. Don't jumble things together. Leave nothing to +memory which, alas, too frequently is a splendid "forgetter." Write it +down on paper. Examine your list very carefully, and strike out everything +you can do without. Simplicity coupled with comfort should be the guide in +making up the list or inventory. Tack the list on the inside of your trunk +or camp box. Often the little trifles prove the most valuable things on a +camping trip. For instance, a supply of giant safety pins is invaluable +for pinning blankets together in sleeping-bag fashion. Ever roll out of +your blankets or toss them off on a cool night? If so, you know the value +of a giant safety pin. + +What to pack the outfit in and how to pack it is a problem which each must +solve for himself. A cracker box, with hinged cover, padlock, and rope +handles, is good for a short-time camping trip. It should be of the +following dimensions: 30 x 18 x 15 inches. + +[Illustration: Camp Box] + +A good strong steamer trunk is about the best thing. It is convenient, +easy to handle, and takes up very little space. + +The boys who are mechanically inclined, will want to have the fun of +making a camp box. The illustration is a suggestion successfully worked +out by a number of boys. The dimensions may be determined by the maker. +Don't make it too big, or it will be a burden and also occupy too much +room in the tent. It stands upright and serves as a dresser. Boys who +spend a summer in camp should have either a steamer trunk or this dresser. + +If the trunk or box is too small to carry blankets, a good plan is to roll +blankets, bedding and such articles in a roll or canvas, the ends and +sides of which are doubled inward, so as to prevent articles from dropping +out or getting wet. Strap with a good shawl or strong rope. (See +illustration.) + +[Illustration: Blanket Roll.] + +A dunnage[1], duffle, or carry-all bag is sometimes used for packing, but +there is a possibility of a "mess" as well as a loss of your good +disposition and patience in trying to locate some desired article. + +Carry your poncho to be used in case of rain en route. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Personal baggage.] + +Shipping + +Have your expressman deliver your baggage at the station at least one hour +before the train starts. If the baggage is delayed, much annoyance and +loss of temper is the result. If the camp is a large one, some one should +be designated to look after the baggage arrangements. After checking the +baggage, this person should receive checks and attend to claiming baggage +at destination. + +Many of the large camps provide mucilaged labels or "stickers" to paste on +the end of the trunk or box making identification easy at railroad baggage +room. Initials and camp number should be painted on outside of trunk or +box. + +Neatness + +"A place for everything and everything in place" should be the real key to +find things in your trunk. Neatness is good discipline for the mind, and +should characterize every real camper. The trunks of some boys in camp +look as if a cyclone had struck them. "Full, pressed down, and running +over." Every old thing in any old way is both slovenly and unhygienic. + +About once a week everything should be taken from the trunk or box, and +exposed to the sun. Let the sun also get into the trunk or box. Then +repack neatly. This will prevent mould and dampness, and be the means of +discovering lost articles. Finally be sure to go over with care your +"check list" or inventory the day before camp breaks. This will prevent +rushing around excitedly at the eleventh hour, hunting lost articles. + +GENERAL HINTS + +Gray and khaki are the most inconspicuous colors for camping. + +Shirts should be provided with breast pockets. + +Each lock should have a duplicate key to be given to the tent leader, or +in a large camp, to the camp banker. + +Have an old laundry bag in which to put soiled clothes. "Wash day" is a +popular day in many camps. No camper need be dirty when there is abundance +of water. + +There is a luxuriance in a piece of soap and a clean towel that only +experienced campers can understand and appreciate. + +Wet towels, swimming suits or tights should not be placed in the trunk or +box, but hung upon a rope, or non-rust wire outside of the tent. + +The poncho is the camper's friend. It makes a good rubber blanket, a wrap, +a cushion, a bag, a sail or a tent. + +Be sure to take enough bed clothes. You will need them on cold nights. + +Stamps wiped over the hair of your head will not stick together--the oil +of the hair does the trick. Take a self-filler fountain pen--no glass +filler to break. + +A small Williams or Colgate shaving stick box, with screw or hinged cover, +makes a good match box. A better one is a water-tight hard rubber box, +with screw top. If dropped into a lake or stream it will float, whereas a +metal box will sink. + +Some one has said that "Good temper is as necessary for camping as water +is for swimming." Be sure it is on your "check list." + +[Illustration: Personal Labels] + + + +CHAPTER VI--ORGANIZATION, ADMINISTRATION AND DISCIPLINE + +A RECOGNIZED LAW +COOPERATIVE SELF-GOVERNMENT +COUNCIL MEETINGS +DEPARTMENT ADMINISTRATION +RULES +DISCIPLINE BY WHISTLE +DISCIPLINE BY CONSCIENCE +SELF IMPOSED DISCIPLINE +SEVEN THINGS WHICH GOD HATES +LIARS AND SNEAKS +A "MEDITATION LOG" AND OTHER METHODS +PRIVATE TALKS +PERFECT FREEDOM + +The heavens themselves, the planets and this centre +Observe degree, priority and place, +Insisture, course, proportion, season, form, +Office and custom, in all lines of order. +-Troilus and Cressida. Act 1, Scene 3. + +Order + +It matters very little if the camp be a large or small one, all will agree +that system and organization must prevail if the camp is to be a "place of +known delight and proved desire." Order is said to be Heaven's first law, +and a boys' camp should not be operated contrary to this recognized law. +What is everybody's business usually becomes nobody's business. Much soup +has been spoiled by the stirring of too many cooks. A boys' camp becomes +a place of discord when everybody takes a hand in "running it." There must +be one whose word is absolute and final, and who is recognized as the +leader or director of the camp; at the same time the campers should have a +voice in the government and share in planning and participating in its +activities. (See chapter on Leadership.) + +The following charting of organization will explain the "degree, priority +and place" of those who are to be responsible for the administration and +welfare of the camp. + +Cooperative Self-Government + +This form of organization recognizes maturity, experience, ability, +cooperation, justice and altruistic service. Self-government wholly by the +boys is unwise. There must always be a paternal guidance of hot, impulsive +and indiscriminate youth. Boys desire adult leadership and where a wise +combination is formed of man and boy working together, there will be found +the highest type of efficient, wholesome, happy and purposeful camp life. + +Council Meetings + +Frequent council meetings should be held. When the senior council, +composed of the leaders and director, meet for planning and to discuss the +work, it should be understood that whatever is said or discussed at the +meeting, must not be talked over in the presence of the boys, particularly +matters of discipline, awarding of honors and camp policy. Joint meetings +of the junior and senior councils should be held weekly. Each "tent" is +represented on the junior council by electing one of their tent-mates, who +shall present the views of his constituents at council meetings. + +[Illustration: Camp Organization Chart] + +Departments + +The director should have the power of appointing the chairmen or heads of +departments, and the chairmen the privilege of selecting associates from +the two councils. The policy of each department must be ratified by a +joint meeting of the councils before it becomes operative. Prevent +bickering over minor parliamentary details. Keep in mind first, last and +always, the highest welfare of the camp. Let the "voice of the people" be +heard, yet see that the legislation introduced is in the interest of the +highest good of the campers. The chart suggests the work of the various +departments. + +RULES + +In all well-organized and purposeful camps for boys, three rules are +considered absolutely essential for the safety and welfare of the campers. +These rules are: + +1. No fire-arms, air-rifles or explosives of any kind allowed. + +2. No one of the party shall enter the water for swimming or bathing, +except during the designated period. + +3. No tobacco used in any form. + +Every boy going to camp agrees, in signing his application, to observe +whatever rules are decided upon as best for the welfare of all. Boys +should be trusted and expected to do as the majority think best. There +should be a happy understanding and mutual confidence existing which +should make a long list of rules unnecessary. When the boys arrive in +camp, the director should outline and explain the purpose and policy of +the camp in kind, but unmistakable terms. + +A camp of a dozen boys and their school teacher, in the White Mountains, +was operated for three delightful weeks, upon the following "agreement," +which all the boys and their leader signed. + +We, the members of Camp Bejoyful, do hereby subscribe cheerfully to the +following rules and regulations and will be governed by them while we are +members of this camp. + +We further agree to pay any penalty the other members of the camp may +think fit to impose upon us for breaking these rules or resolutions. + +We will not lose our tempers. + +We will not use any language we would not use in the presence of ladies. + +We will not tell stories we would not tell or want told to our sisters. + +We will perform cheerfully any duties our Camp Master asks us to perform. + +We will at all times respect the rights and feelings of others. + +We will remember that the command to "Remember the Sabbath day and keep it +holy," is obligatory at all times and in all places. + +The motto of this camp shall be "Noblesse oblige." + +The Whistle + +Unless the camp is conducted under the auspices of the Boys' Brigade or +some military organization, where boys prefer the military discipline, it +is unwise to introduce it in a camp for boys. The type of discipline to be +used will depend upon the type of leader. Some camps are controlled by the +use of a whistle. When the attention of the boys is desired, the leader +blows a shrill blast of the whistle and the boys immediately respond by +absolute silence and await the announcement or whatever the leader or +director desires to say to them. Never blow the whistle unless necessary. +Secure first the attention of the boys if you want their interest. Camp +boys become accustomed to continuous blowing of the whistle in the same +manner that city boys become used to the noise of the street-car gong. +Blow your whistle and wait. Cause for a second blast should be considered +serious. + +Conscience + +"In a camp where through the thoughtlessness of a boy a misdemeanor had +been committed, the leader explained at the camp fire how mean the action +was and said that he did not believe there was a boy in camp who, if he +had realized its contemptible nature, would for one moment have thought of +doing such a thing. He concluded his remarks by saying, 'If there is any +boy here who knows who did this thing, I earnestly request that he will +keep it to himself and not breathe the name of the offender to anyone in +camp.' Especially did he request that on no account should the offender's +name be told to him. There were a few rather red faces about the camp +fire, but the name of the offender was never known and no similar +misdemeanor occurred while the camp was open. + +Self-Imposed Discipline + +"In another camp two boys had thoughtlessly violated the understanding +regarding swimming and they spent an hour on the hillside with the leader +discussing the situation. After the leader had explained to them his +responsibility to the parents of each boy in camp and how insecure parents +would feel if they thought their boys were not being properly taken care +of, he asked them: 'Now, if you were in my place, what would you do with +two such fellows?' And they both replied that they thought the two boys +should be sent home as an example to the rest of the camp. The leader +agreed with them and the two boys, who had pronounced their own sentence, +left the next morning for home. That leader has today no better friends +among boys than those two particular fellows." [1] + +[Footnote 1: E. M. Robinson, Association Boys, June, 1902. ] + +Seven Things Which God Hates + +Solomon in his book of Proverbs says, "These six things does the Lord +hate: yea, seven are an abomination unto him. A proud look, a lying +tongue, and hands that shed innocent blood, a heart that deviseth wicked +imaginations, feet that be swift in running to mischief, a false witness +that speaketh lies, and he that soweth discord among brethren." (Proverbs; +16:19.) + +Liars and Sneaks + +Punish the liar heavily. Help the boy to see that to make a mistake and +own up to it, is regarded in a much more favorable light than to sneak and +lie out of it. Have him understand that the lie is the worst part of the +offence. It is awful to have the reputation of being a liar, for even when +a boy does tell the truth nobody believes him because of his past +reputation. Never indulge suspicion. Above all discountenance sneaking; +nothing is more harmful than to maintain a feeble discipline through the +medium of tale-bearing. + +Never keep a boy in camp who is out of tune with the camp life or its +standards, and whose presence only serves to militate against the real +purpose of the camp. "Grouchitis" is a catching disease. + +Meditation Log + +The methods of punishment are as varied as the colors of the rainbow. In +one camp, a "Meditation Log," upon which the boy sits and thinks, and +thinks, and thinks, and--. No doubt he is a sadder and wiser boy for his +period of meditation. A "wood pile" where boys saw from one to five or +more sticks of cord wood into stove lengths, is an economic mode of +punishment, for it not only provides wood for the kitchen stove, but +hardens the boys' muscle as well as helps him to remember his mistakes and +to avoid repetition. Walking around the campus for a certain length of +time carrying an oar over the shoulder, is another method. Curtailing a +boy's privileges, such as swimming, boating, taking away his dessert, are +other methods in vogue in boys' camps. When a boy swears, if he is a +"scout," the other "scouts" pour a cup of cold water down the offender's +sleeve or back, for each offence. Some boys have been cured of swearing by +having their mouths washed out with "Welcome Soap," publicly, along the +shore of the lake or stream, with camp-mates as silent spectators. Make +the "punishment fit the crime," but always the kind of punishment which +the boy will acknowledge is deserved and just. Never punish in anger. + +Private Talks + +A "heart-to-heart" talk with the boy during a walk in the woods, or in +some quiet place of the camp, will do more good to get him to see and +realize his need of adjustment to camp life and enlist his willingness to +try again and to "do his best" than any form of physical punishment. + +When it becomes necessary to send a boy home, always telegraph or write +his parents, telling them on what train or boat they may expect him and +the reason for sending him home. + +[Illustration: Raising the Flag--Camp Kineo.] + + + +CHAPTER VII--THE DAY'S PROGRAM + +A MORNING PRAYER +REQUISITES OF A CAMPER +7.00, "REVEILLE" +7.15, THE DIP +7.30, BREAKFAST +8.30, CAMP DUTIES +9.30 TO 11, EDUCATIONAL RECREATION +11, "BLANKETS IN" +11.30, SWIMMING TIME +12, NOON INSPECTION +12.30, DINNER +12.45 TO 2, "SIESTA" +2 TO 4.30, SPORTS +4.30, PREPARATION FOR THE NIGHT +5, GENERAL INSPECTION +5.45, "COLORS" +6, SUPPER +6.45, MEDITATION AND STUDY +7.15, CAMPUS GAMES +8, CAMP FIRE AND ENTERTAINMENT +8.45, "TATTOO" AND HYMN +9, "TAPS" AND "GOOD NIGHT" + +A Morning Prayer + +The day returns and brings in the petty round of irritating concerns and +duties. Help us to play the man, help us to perform them with laughter and +kind faces. Let cheerfulness abound with industry. Give us to go blithely +on our business all the day. Bring us to our resting beds weary and +content and undishonored, and grant us in the end the gift of sleep. +--Robert Louis Stevenson. + +Requisites + +All the major habits of life are formed during the teen period of life. If +camping teaches a boy anything it teaches him the habit of being +systematic. The day's program should be built upon a platform calculated +not only to keep the camp running smoothly, but to develop within the boy +and man those qualities requisite for a good camper, viz., truth, +sincerity, self-control, courage, energy, skill, mental capacity, justice, +patriotism, stamina, efficiency, executive power, consideration, +kindliness, cheerfulness, self-reliance, good temper, good manners, tact, +promptness, obedience, helpfulness, and cooperation. Camping has as good +an effect on a boy's character as it has upon his health. It teaches him +to be self-reliant, to look after his own wants, and not to be abnormally +self-centered. It is marvellous how much more tidy and considerate a boy +becomes after he has had a season in camp, looking after himself and his +own belongings, as well as sharing in keeping his tent neat and clean, and +having his part in the day's work. From "reveille" at 7 A.M. to "taps" at +9 P.M. the day's program should be definitely planned. In order to make +this chapter of practical value the different periods of the day and its +activities will be described very fully and enough suggestions given to +make the day purposeful, educational, recreational and attractive in +either a large or small camp. + +Seven o'clock is usually the hour of beginning the day, although some +camps make the rising hour six-thirty o'clock. The first morning in camp +boys want to get up around four o'clock, thinking it about three hours +later, on account of the sun streaming into their tent. After the first +morning boys who wake early should be expected to keep silent and remain +in their tent until "reveille" sounds. Consideration should be shown +toward those who desire to sleep. + +7.00 + +When the bugle sounds "reveille" everybody turns out in pajamas or +swimming tights and indulges in a brisk ten-minute setting-up exercise. +This should be made snappy, giving particular attention to correcting +stooping shoulders and breathing. Boys should not be excused from this +exercise unless ill. At the end of the exercise the flag is raised and the +campers salute the stars and stripes as they are flung to the morning +breeze. A small cannon is fired in some camps when the flag is raised. The +honor of raising the flag may be given to the boys of the tent having won +the honor tent pennant of the preceding day or to boys specially assigned. +The spirit of patriotism is fostered by respect to the flag. + +7.15 + +Flag-raising is followed by a dip in the lake. It should be understood +that this is to be a dip or plunge and not a swim. Five minutes is +sufficient time to be in the water. Place some responsible person in +charge of the dip. A safe rule is never to permit boys in the water unless +supervised. The boys should take soap, towels and tooth brushes with them +when they go for the dip. A good morning scrub of the teeth with a brush +saves many hours of pain. Boys are woefully negligent (because ignorant) +of the care of their teeth. Saturday is "scrub" day in many of the large +camps when all are required to take a "soap scrub." Marvellous how the +"tan" disappears after this scrubbing period! + +7.30 + +By this time every fellow is hungry enough to devour whatever food is set +before him, whether he is fond of it or not, and there is an alacrity of +response to the Mess Call of the bugle which only a camper understands and +appreciates. When the campers are seated there is either silent or audible +grace before the meal is eaten. Take plenty of time for the eating of the +meal. Forty-five minutes is not too long. Encourage wholesome conversation +and good natural pleasantry, but discountenance "rough house" and +ungentlemanliness. The announcements for the day are usually given at the +breakfast table followed by the reading of a chapter from the Bible and a +short prayer. + +8.30 + +A boy should be taught that all labor is noble, that "no one can rise that +slights his work" and the "grand business in life is not to see what lies +dimly at a distance, but to do what lies clearly at hand." With this kind +of a spirit, blankets are taken out of the tent to be aired and the sides +of the tent tied up, the camp is cleaned and put in a sanitary condition, +the tents are put in order, and kitchen work, if part of the boys' duties, +is attended to. All work should be finished by 9.30. No matter whether the +boy pays twenty dollars a week or three dollars a week for the outing, +labor of some sort should be a part of his daily life while at camp, for +when one gets to love work, his life becomes a happy one. The world +despises a shirker but honors a worker. + +The work of the day is sometimes done by tent groups or by boys grouped in +alphabetical order, each group being under a leader whose part is assigned +daily by the Camp Director (see chapter on Organization). In the writer's +camp, work is considered a great privilege. For instance, if three bushels +of peas must be picked from the camp garden for dinner, a call is made for +volunteers. From forty to fifty hands will go up and after careful +choosing, six boys are selected to do this coveted work, much to the +disappointment of the others. It is all in the way work is presented to +the boys, whether they will look upon it as a privilege or an irksome +task. + +9.30 to 11.00 + +If tutoring is a part of the camp's plan, the morning will be found a +desirable time for tutor and boy to spend an hour together. Manual +training, instruction in woodcraft, field and track athletics, boating, +life-saving drills, rehearsal for minstrel shows or entertainments, +photography, tennis, baseball, are some of the many activities to be +engaged in during this period. One day a week, each box or trunk should be +aired, and its contents gone over carefully. A sort of "clean up" day. + +11.00 + +About this time the Life Saving Crew will be getting ready for their drill +and patrolling of the swim. The other campers will be taking in their +blankets and after shaking them well and folding, will place them on their +beds for the inspection, which usually comes at noon. At 11.20 boys who +cannot swim should be given instruction by those who can swim. If this is +done before the regular swim there is less danger and greater progress is +made. + +11.30 + +This seems to be the popular hour for swimming in nearly all the camps. It +follows the ball game, the tennis match, the camp work, and usually the +temperature of air and water is just right for a swim. Allow no swimmer to +go beyond the line of patrol boats. Have some one on shore who is keen to +observe any boy who may be in need of assistance. + +Twenty minutes is sufficient length of time to be in fresh water. When the +boys come out of the water, have a towel drill, teaching the boy how to +use the towel so that his back may be dried as well as every other part of +his body. This rubbing down induces circulation of the blood and gives +that finish to a swim which makes the boy feel like a new being. It is +unwise to permit boys to lie around undressed after a swim, for +physiological as well as moral reasons. Swimming tights should be wrung +out dry, either by hand or by a wringer kept near the swimming place, and +hung out on a rope or rustless wire, stretched back of the tent. Do not +permit wet clothes to be hung in the tent, on the canvas or tent ropes. + +12.00 + +Beds or bunks should be made up for inspection. Three men or boys may be +appointed as inspectors. Considerable interest and pride is taken by the +boys in having their canvas home look neat. This training in neatness, +order and cleanliness is invaluable. (See chapter on Awards.) The +inspection should not take over twenty minutes. While this is going on +those who have kitchen or table duty will be busily engaged getting tables +in readiness for dinner. + +12.30 + +Mess call for dinner. This meal should be the heartiest meal of the day, +and plenty of time given to the eating of the food. Mail is usually given +out at this meal in camps where there is but one delivery a day. + +1.15, "Siesta." + +"Siesta," or rest hour, follows dinner. In the early days of boys' camps +this suggestion would have been laughed at, but today it is looked upon as +highly hygienic and considered one of the best things of camp and strongly +to be commended. The boy is advised to lie down flat on his back, in his +tent or under the shade of a friendly tree, and be quiet. He may talk if +he wishes, but usually some one reads aloud to his fellows. This gives the +food a chance to digest, and the whole body a nerve and muscle rest before +the active work of the afternoon. + +2.00 to 4.30 + +These hours will be spent in various ways. Usually it is the time for +athletic sports, baseball games, quoit[1] tournaments, tennis tournaments, +excursions afield, boat regatta, archery, water sports, scouting games and +other activities in which most of the campers can engage. The big outdoor +events should occupy this time of the day. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Flat rings of iron or rope are pitched at a +stake with points for encircling it. A ring used in this game.] + +4.30 + +Where daily inspection is a part of the camp plan the boys will begin +getting everything in readiness for that important event. A general bustle +of activity will be in evidence and every boy on the qui vive[2] to have +his tent win the coveted honor pennant, usually given for the neatest +tent, + +[Transcriber's Footnote 2: Sentinel's challenge. On the alert; vigilant.] + +5.00 + +Inspection is conducted during the absence of the boys. While the +inspectors are making the round of tents, the boys should assemble either +in the permanent building of the camp or under some big tree, to listen to +a practical talk by the camp physician, a demonstration in first aid work, +the reading of a story, or to something equally educational in character. +This is a valuable hour when occupied in this manner. (See chapter on +inspection, awards, etc.) + +5.45 + +Rather than depend upon "sunset" as the time to lower the flag, it is much +better to set an hour for "colors." Promptly at this hour the bugler blows +"colors." No matter where a camper may be he should stand erect, uncover +and remain attentive until after the playing of the "Star Spangled Banner" +and firing of the cannon. The flag is lowered very slowly during the +playing of the "Star Spangled Banner" and camp should be a place of silent +patriotism. Those who have witnessed this ceremony in a boys' camp will +never forget its impressiveness. The flag should never be permitted to +touch the ground, and should be carefully folded and in readiness for +hoisting the next morning. + +6.00 + +Supper hour cannot come too promptly for active boys. The announcement of +the day's inspection should be made at the meal and the honor pennant or +flag presented to the successful tent, and accepted by one of the boys. +This occasion is usually a time of rejoicing, also a time of +resolve-making on the part of tent groups to "do better tomorrow." The +record of each tent is read by one of the inspectors, and at the end of +the week the tent having the best record gets a special supper or +"seconds" on ice cream day. + +6.45 + +About this time, with the going down of the sun, nature seems to quiet +down, and it is the psychological time for serious thought. Many camps +devote twenty minutes to Bible study (for suggested lessons, see chapter +on Religion and Moral Life). Tent groups under their leader study +thoughtfully the meaning of life and the great lessons taught by God +through nature. Night after night the boys consciously or unconsciously +acquire through this study the requisites of a good camper mentioned in +the first part of this chapter. + +7.15 + +Campus games, boating, preparation for the bonfire, etc., will occupy the +time until dark. Every boy should be engaged in some recreative play, +working off whatever surplus energy he may have at hand so that when the +time for "turning in" comes, he will be physically tired and ready for +bed. + +8.00 + +The evening program varies. Some nights there will be a minstrel show, +other nights a camp fire, or mock trial, an illustrated talk, or "village +school entertainment," or a play, or a musical evening or "vo-de-ville." +Leave about two nights a week open. The boys prefer to have occasional +open evenings when they are free to loaf around, and go to bed early. Plan +the evening "stunts" very carefully. + +8.45 + +The bugler blows "tattoo"[1] which means "all in tents." After the boys +have undressed and are ready for bed, the leader reads a chapter from the +Bible, and in many camps the boys lead in volunteer prayer, remembering +especially the folks at home. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Signal on a drum or bugle to summon +soldiers to their quarters at night. Continuous, even drumming or +rapping.] + +From a hill near camp, or from a boat on the lake come the notes of a +familiar hymn such as "Abide With Me," "Lead, Kindly Light," "The Day is +Past and Over," "Sun of My Soul," or "Nearer, My God to Thee," played by +the bugler. Every boy listens and the ear records a suggestion which helps +to make the night's sleep pure and restful. Try it. Taps played slowly, +follows the hymn. As the last notes are being echoed upon the still night +air the lights are being extinguished in the tents, so that when the final +prolonged note ends the camp is in darkness and quiet, and all have +entered into a nine-hour period of restoration of body and mind. Who +knows, but God himself, how many of the boys, and even leaders, while +wrapped warmly in their blankets have silently breathed out that old, old +prayer so full of faith, which has been handed down from generation to +generation: + + Now I lay me down to sleep + I pray Thee Lord my soul to keep. + +A prayer echoed by the camp director, for now is the only time of the +day's program when he begins to breathe freely, and is partially able to +lay aside his mantle of responsibility. A cough, a sigh, and even the +moaning of the wind disturbs this ever vigilant leader and he thinks of +his charges, until finally, weariness conquers and sleep comes. + + +THE WELL-ORDERED DAY + +How shall the day be ordered? To the sage +The young man spoke. And this was his reply: + +A morning prayer. +A moment with thy God who sends thee dawn +Up from the east; to thank heaven for the care +That kept thee through the night; to give thy soul, +With faith serene, to his complete control; +To ask his guidance still along the way. + So starts the day. + +A busy day. +Do with a will the task that lies before. +So much there is for every man to do, +And soon the night when man can work no more. +And none but he to life's behest is true +Who works with zeal and pauses only when +He stretches forth his hand to help the men +Who fail or fall beside him on the way. + So runs the day. + +A merry evening. +When toil is done, then banished be the care +That frets the soul. With loved ones by the hearth +The evening hour belongs to joy and mirth; +To lighter things that make life fresh and fair. +For honest work has earned its hour of play. + So ends the day. +--John Clair Minot in the "Independent" + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Association Boys' Camps--Edgar M. Robinson. Association Boys, Vol. I., +No.3, 1902. + +The Day's Program--C. Hanford Henderson. "How to Help Boys," Vol. +III., No.3, 1903. + +The Camp Conference--Secretary's Report, 1905-06 (out of print). + +The Camp Conference--"How to Help Boys," July, 1903. + +[Illustration; The Story Hour--Sunday Afternoon--Camp Wawayanda] + + + +CHAPTER VIII--MORAL AND RELIGIOUS LIFE + +THE RELIGIOUS INSTINCT +NATURE'S TEACHINGS +SUNDAY IN CAMP +BIBLE STUDY +HOW AND WHEN TO TEACH THE BIBLE +COURSE OF CAMP BIBLE STUDY +BIBLE STUDY COURSE FOR BOY SCOUTS +DEVOTIONS IN TENT +DAILY BIBLE READINGS +A "NOVEL" BON-FIRE +READING OF STORIES ON SUNDAY +PURPOSEFUL READING +CHAPEL SERVICES +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +The aspect of nature is devout. Like the figure of Jesus, she stands with +bended head and hands folded upon her breast.--Emerson. + +Camp life should help boys to grow not only physically and mentally, but +morally. Religion is the basis of morality. The highest instinct in man is +the religious. Man made the city with all its artificiality, but, as some +one has said, "God made the country." Everything that the city boy comes +in contact with is man-made. "Even the ground is covered with buildings +and paving blocks; the trees are set in rows like telegraph poles; the +sunlight is diluted with smoke from the factory chimneys, the moon and +stars are blotted out by the glare of the electric light; and even the +so-called lake in the park is a scooped-out basin filled by pumps. Little +wonder that a boy who grows up under these conditions has little reverence +for a God whose handiwork he has not seen."[1] + +[Footnote 1: Walter M. Wood in Association Boys, June. 1907.] + +Nature's Teachings + +When a boy's soul is open to the influence of nature he feels the presence +of the divine in the forest. There is an uplift, an inspiration, a joy +that he never experiences in the city. He does not know how to express +himself, but somehow he feels the spiritual atmosphere pervading the woods +which his soul breathes in as really as his nostrils do the pure air, and +he is ready to Go forth, under the open sky and list to Nature's +teachings. +-Bryant. + +For as Martin Luther said, "God writes the Gospel not in the Bible alone, +but in trees and flowers and clouds and stars." + +Sunday + +Sunday in a boys' camp should be observed by the holding of a service in +the morning, with song, scripture reading, prayer and a short talk. The +afternoon is usually occupied by letter writing, Bible study, or reading, +the day closing with a vesper service in the evening just as the sun is +setting. Boisterousness should not be encouraged. Unnatural restraint, +however, is contrary to the spirit of the day. The day should be different +from other days. Many camp boys date their first real awakening to the +best and highest things in life from a Sunday spent in camp. + +Every real camper has experienced a Sunday similar to this one described +by Howard Henderson. "A quiet Sunday in the deep woods is a golden day to +be remembered for many a year. All nature combines to assist the camper in +directing his thoughts to the great Author of all the beauty that he +beholds. 'The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth +his handiwork.' The trees under which one reclines rear their heads +heavenward, pointing their spire-like minarets far up toward the +blue-vaulted roof. It inspires the very soul to worship in these unbuilt +cathedrals with wilderness of aisle and pillars, which for elegance and +beauty have never been equalled by the architects of any age. And the +music of the trees combined with the notes of the bird songsters, give a +joy which is unknown in listening to a city choir." + +Bible Study + +The Bible becomes a new book to boys when studied under such an +environment. As one boy wrote home to his father after a Sunday spent in a +camp where Sunday was observed in this manner, "Dad, it is so different +here, from a Sunday at home; I understood the talk and the Bible study was +great; it was a bully day!" + +The following Bible course was worked out by the author and has been used +in scores of boys' camps. These lessons were taught to groups of boys at +eventide when nature seemed to quiet down and the boys were most +responsive to good, sensible suggestion. The camp was divided into tent +groups, each group being taught by their leader or an exchange leader, one +group occupying a big rock, another the "Crow's Nest," or "Tree House," +another getting together under a big tree, another in their tent. No +leader was permitted to take more than twenty minutes for the lesson. It +is unwise to take twenty minutes for what could be said in ten minutes. +The boys all had a chance to take part in the discussion. Each lesson was +opened and closed with prayer, many of the boys participating in volunteer +prayer. In teaching a lesson don't spend too much time in description +unless you have the rare gift of being able to make your scene live before +your hearers. Talk plainly and to the point. Naturalness should +characterize each lesson. Boys hate cant[1] and apologies and lack of +definiteness. Your best illustrations will be drawn from the life of the +camp and from nature. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Monotonous talk filled with platitudes. +Hypocritically pious language.] + +In some camps these lessons were taught in the morning directly after +breakfast, while the boys were seated at the tables. + +There are "Sermons in stones, and good in every thing," therefore the +purpose of these lessons should be to help boys hear these sermons and +learn nature's lessons of purity, strength and character. + +A COURSE IN BIBLE STUDY + +LESSON 1. THE HILLS-PRAYER + +Psalm 121. +Christ going into the mountains to pray. +Matt. 14:23; Mark 6:46; Luke 6:12; Mark 1:35; Matt. 6:6-15. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Unnatural not to pray. Even Pagans pray, but they pray through fear. + +More things are wrought through prayer than this world dreams of. +--Tennyson. +Pray to Christ as friend to friend. The Lord's Prayer. + +He prayeth well who loveth well +Both man and bird and beast. +He prayeth best who loveth best +All things both great and small, +For the dear God who loveth us +He made and loveth all. +--Coleridge's "Ancient Mariner." + +Strength received through prayer. A time and place for prayer. + +LESSON 2. THE BIRDS--DEPENDENCE UPON GOD + +Matt. 6:26; Psa.147:9; Luke 12:24; Matt. 10:29-31. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +God feeding the birds. How much more does God care for you. Not one +forgotten, the most worthless, the most restless. + +God loves the birds. He loves you. Show your love to Him by caring for the +birds. + +Isa. 40: 28-31. + +Abraham Lincoln and the bird fallen from the nest.--"Gentlemen, I could +not have slept tonight if I had not helped that little bird in its +trouble, and put it back safe in the nest with its mother." + +LESSON 3. FLOWERS-PURITY + +Matt. 6:28-30. Beauty of flowers. +Isa. 55:10-13. Provision for summer growth and beauty. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +(Bring wild flowers to the class.) +Flowers come up out of the dirt yet unsoiled. +Possible for boys to keep clean and pure, surrounded by evil. +Evil thoughts determine evil deeds. + +"My strength is as the strength of ten +Because my heart is pure."-Sir Galahad. + +Purity of character, the lily. +Know thyself. Keep thyself pure. 1 Cor. 3:16,17. +White Cross Pledge. +Virtue never dwelt long with filth and nastiness.--Count Rumford. + +LESSON 4. TREES--GROWTH + +Psalm 1. (Hold the session under the biggest and best proportioned +tree.) + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Cedars of Lebanon--Strong in the Lord. +The oaks--From acorns grew. +The fruit tree--Living for others. +By their fruits ye shall know them. +Stunted trees. Crooked trees. +Scarred trees. Grafted trees. +Matt. 1:16-20; Jer. 11:7, 8. +Things that interfere with a boy's growth. + +LESSON 5. WATER-LIFE + +(Hold the session along the shore.) +Psa. 65:9-13. God's liberality. +Isa. 55: 1. Freeness of the gospel. +John 4:14. Woman at the well. +Rev. 22:11. The last invitation in the Bible. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +The joy of living. The fun at camp. +Friendship. +Temporal life vs. eternal life. +Water will only satisfy thirst temporarily. +Water revives--Christ satisfies. +Eternal life for the asking. + +LESSON 6. ROCKS--CHARACTER + +(Hold the session on or near some big boulder or rock.) +Matt. 7:24-27. A good foundation. +1 Cor. 3:9-14. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS +All boys are building character day by day. +All builders have a choice of foundation. +All foundations will be tried. +Only one foundation will stand. +Jesus Christ is the Rock of Ages. + +"Every thought that we've ever had + Its own little place has filled. +Every deed we have done, good or bad + Is a stone in the temple we build."-Sargant. + +Character, not reputation, will alone stand the final test. + +LESSON 7. STORMS--TROUBLE +Matt. 8:23-27. Need of help. +Phil. 4:6. A strong deliverer. +Psa. 107:28-30. A safe place. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS +Boys have real troubles, real temptations, real shipwrecks. +Difficulties in school life, at home, in camp. +Almost ready to give up. +Have faith in Christ as a Saviour. + +"The inner side of every cloud +Is bright and shining, +I therefore turn my clouds about, +And always wear them inside out +To show the lining." + +"Look ever to Jesus. He'll carry you through." + +LESSON 8. SPORTS--MASTERY +(Teach this lesson after a field day.) +1 Cor. 9:24-27. The race of life. Mastery of self. +Heb. 12:1, 2. Run with patience. +1 Tim. 6:12. A good fight. +Rev. 2:10. Faithfulness. +Ecele. 9:11. Not always to the swift. +Eccle. 9:10. Wholeheartedness. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS +"Each victory of self will help you some other to win." +Self-control. +Value of training. You are either master or slave. +The Bible, the book of instruction. +Solomon's rule of self-defence. Prov. 15: 1. + +LESSON 9. NIGHT--SIN +Psa. 19. Night unto night. +John 3:19-20. Evil deeds. +Rom. 13:11-14. Awake out of sin. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Bad thoughts come to us in the dark. +Dark places productive of crime. +Mischief at camp during the night. +Darkness cannot hide us from God. +"Thou God seest me." +North star a guide for sailors--Jesus Christ a safe guide. +"Character is what a man is in the dark." +-D. L. Moody. + +LESSON 10. CHUMS--FRIENDSHIP +1 Sam. 18:1-4. True friendship. +1 John 4:11. Love one another. +1 Cor. 13:4-7. To the end. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Chum means "to abide with," to share the same tent. Camp chums. David +and Jonathan. The genuine article. Helping each other. +The Friend--Jesus Christ. + +LESSON 11. CAMP FIRES + +Build a camp fire along the shore. Read alternately the twenty-first +chapter of the gospel of St. John. The fire on the beach. John 21:9. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Jesus was there--Jesus is here. +Peter confessed Him there. John 21:15-17. +Who will confess Him here? +Peter denied Him by another fire. Luke 22:54-62. +Will you deny Him here? +P. S. Make this a decision meeting. + +LESSON 12. FISHING--PERSONAL WORK + +Luke 5:1-11. Fishers of men. + +PRACTICAL THOUGHTS + +Sometimes fish are caught and used as bait to catch others. When a boy +becomes a Christian he should bring to others the same blessing. + +Patience is essential in fishing--same in winning boys to Christ. Every +fisherman expects to catch fish. To lead others to Christ is the noblest +work in the world. Dan. 12: 3. + +Tent Devotions + +In some camps a bit of Scripture is read each night in the tent just +before retiring. The following readings having been prepared by W. H. +Wones, C. C. Robinson, Arthur Wilson and Charles R. Scott for use at Camp +Wawayanda. Just before taps, if you have a good cornetist, have him go a +short distance from the camp and play a well known hymn, like "Abide With +Me," "Nearer, My God, to Thee," "Lead, Kindly Light," then play "taps." +The effect is wonderful, and prevents all inclination toward noise or +"rough house." + +JULY + +TOPIC: VACATION + +1. Personal Work on a Journey. John 4:5-15. +2. Its Results. John 4:27-30, 39, 42. +3. The Disciples' Trip for Service. Mark 6:7-13. +4. Their Interrupted Vacation. Mark 6: 30-42. +5. A Night on the Lake. Mark 6:45-56. +6. A Foolish Journey. Luke 15:11-17. +7. A Wise Return. Luke 15:18-24. +8. The Welcome Guest. John 12:1-9. +9. A Fishing Experience. John 21:1-14. +10. Spending a Night on a Mountain. Luke 9:28-36. +11. Vacation Suggestion: "Keep Sweet." Psalm 34:8-15. +12. Vacation Suggestion: "Stick to Principle." Psalm 119:25-32. +13. Vacation Suggestion: "Confess Christ. "; Matthew 10:24-33. +14. Vacation Suggestion: "Keep up Bible Study."; Psalm 119:1-8. +15. Vacation Suggestion: "Write Good Letters." 1 Corinthians 16:3-13. +16. Speaking for Christ While Traveling; Acts 8:26-39. +17. A Queen's Visit. 1 Kings 10:1-10. +18. An Adventurous Voyage. Acts 27:1-13. +19. Shipwreck. Acts 27:14-26. +20. All Saved. Acts 27:27-44. +21. Praying for a Prosperous Journey. Romans 1:8-16. +22. A Traveler's Adventures. 2 Corinthians 11:23-33. +23. A Merry Heart Desirable. Proverbs 15:13-17. +24. Keeping from Sin. Romans 6:16-23. +25. Meeting a Stranger. Luke 24:13-27. +26. A Delightful Surprise. Luke 24:28-35. +27. Jacob's Bivouac. Genesis 28:10-22. +28. David's Prayer in the Cave. Psalm 142:1-7. +29. Avoiding Sinful Pleasure. Hebrews 11:23-27. +30. Peter's Counsel. 1 Peter 4:1-10. +31. The Greatest Pleasure. Psalm 16: 1-11. + +AUGUST + +TOPIC: NATURE + +1. The Story of Nature's Creation. Genesis 1:11-22. +2. The First Garden. Genesis 2:8-17. +3. God's Care for His Creation. Matthew 6:25-34. +4. The Symbol of Peace. Genesis 8:1-11. +5. The Sign of God's Promise. Genesis 9:8-17. +6. The Burning Bush. Exodus 3:1-6. +7. The Accompaniment of God's Presence. Exodus 19:16-25. +8. Nature Halts to Accomplish God's Purpose. Joshua 10:5-14. +9. Nature's Tribute to God's Glory. Psalm 97:1-12. +10. The Midnight Hymn. Psalm 8:1-9. +11. The Sunrise Hymn. Psalm 19:1-14. +12. The Thunder-storm Hymn. Psalm 29:1-11. +13. The God of Storm. Matthew 8:23-33. +14. Nature has no perils for the God-fearing Man. Job 5:8-27. +15. The Full Ear. Matthew 13:1-9,18,23. +16. Harmful Weeds. Matthew 13: 24-30, 36-43. +17. The God of Nature Protects Us. Psalm 121:1-8. +18. He Cares for Us. Psalm 147:1-20. +19. God's Voice After the Storm. 1 Kings 19:5-13. +20. The Tree of Life. Proverbs 3:13-21. +21. The Trees Desire a King. Judges 9:8-15; Joshua 24:15. +22. The Root Out of Dry Ground. Isaiah 53:1-12. +23. Water Without Price. Isaiah 55:1-13. +24. The Perfect Vine. John 15:1-14. +25. The Light Brighter than the Sun. Acts 9:1-20. +26. A Wonderful Star. Matthew 2:1-11. +27. Sand or Rock? Matthew 7:24-27. +28. Broken Branches. Matthew 21:1-11. +29. The Unprofitable Tree. Matthew 7:15-21. +30. The Profitable Tree. Psalm 1:1-6. +31. Do Good in all Seasons. Ecclesiastes 3:1-12. + +BOY SCOUT COURSE + +For a Boy Scout Camp, the following course, "Boy's Scout Guide +Book Study," was prepared by W. S. Dillon: + +THE SCOUT'S OATH +Lesson 1. To Do My Duty to God and My Country. +Daniel 1:8; 6:4-10. +Lesson 2. To Help Other People at All Times. Exodus 3:1-11. +Lesson 3. To Obey the Scout Law. Exodus 20:3-17; Luke 10:26, 27; +Matthew 7:12. + +THE SCOUT SALUTE AND SIGN +Lesson 4. Judges 12:6; Acts 4:12; Galatians 6:14. + +THREE CLASSES OF SCOUTS THE TENDERFOOT +Lesson 5. Luke 5:1-11. + +THE SECOND CLASS SCOUT +Lesson 6. Have at Least One Month's Service as a Tenderfoot. +2 Samuel 15:1-6. +Lesson 7. Signalling. 1 Samuel 20:20-22; 35-39. +Lesson 8. Lay and Light a Fire. Fire Lighting Contest. +1 Kings 18: 22-24. + +FIRST CLASS SCOUT +Lesson 8. Signalling. Daniel 5: 1-31. +Lesson 9. Go on Foot to a Given Point and Return and Give a Report +of the Trip. Numbers 13:1-3; 17-21; 23-33. +Lesson 10. Produce an Article of Carpentry, Joinery or Metal Work. 2 +Chronicles 2:11-16. +Lesson 11. Bring a Tenderfoot Trained in the Points Required for a +Tenderfoot. John 1: 40-42. + +THE SCOUT LAW +Lesson 12. A Scout's Honor is to be Trusted. Genesis 39:7-10. +Lesson 13. Loyalty. Esther 4:8-16. +Lesson 14. A Scout is a Friend to All, and Must NEVER BE A SNOB. +Luke +9:46-48. +Lesson 15. A Friend to Animals. 1 Samuel 17:12-16. +Lesson 16. Obey Orders. Jonah 1:1-3. +Lesson 17. Cheerfulness and Willingness. +Acts 16 :25; Phillippians 4:11-13. +Lesson 18. Thrift. Matthew 6:19-21. + +THE GREAT SCOUT MASTER +Lesson 19. Matthew 23:10. + +Novel Bonfire + +The author experienced something very unusual one Sunday afternoon in a +camp where he was invited to speak. The talk was on "Trees or Growth," one +of the studies of the course described. During the talk a number of things +were referred to that enter into the growth of a tree which either mar or +hinder it from becoming a symmetrical, beautiful tree and a similar +comparison was made regarding a boy's growth. The question was asked of +the boys, "What are some of the things which interfere with a boy's growth +physically, mentally and morally?" A number of things, such as smoking, +swearing, impurity, etc., were given, and finally one of the small boys +piped up "reading dime novels." His answer was received with howls of +derision, especially from the older boys. "Hold on," I said, "let's +discuss the matter; if dime novels are good for a boy's growth mentally, +we want to know about it, but if they are detrimental to this particular +kind of desired growth, of course, we want to cut it out." The discussion +brought out the fact that a number of the boys had smuggled a lot of this +kind of literature into camp and were just loafing through their time in +the woods, gloating over the wonderful and daring escapades of Wild West +heroes. The boys finally decided that their mental growth was retarded by +such reading. Then came the question, "What are you going to do about it?" +"We don't usually have a bonfire on Sunday," I said. "I am inclined, +however, to ask your leader for a special dispensation and we will have +one. + +You are to furnish the fuel, your leader the kerosene oil and I will +provide the match. The fuel is to consist of all the dime novels in the +camp." "Whew!" "I know it will take grit to do this, but it is a test of +your sincerity and determination to progress along right lines." "We're +game?" yelled the boys, "and we mean business." + +The start was made for the place where the bonfires were usually held. By +the time I reached the spot, the boys were coming from their tents with +bundles of novels. Every boy was requested to tear each novel in half and +throw it upon the heap. When everything was ready, the boys uncovered and +in the silence that came upon the group, the match was struck and the +flames began to leap upward, until finally, all that remained was the +small piles of ashes. For the majority of the boys it meant the burning up +of the dross and the beginning of better and nobler thinking. I shall +always remember this novel bonfire. This is what I mean by making Bible +study and camp talks effective. + +Reading + +Sunday afternoon is the time for reading good, wholesome stories. Take the +boys out into the woods where they can squat under a big tree, or if the +day is warm seek the cool shelter of the tent and while the boys are lying +down read a short story or several chapters of a story like "Dr. +Grenfell's Parish," by Norman Duncan, "Just Boys," by Mary Buell Wood, +"Some Boys I Know," "Chapel Talks," or "The Story of Good Will Farm," by +George W. Hinckley. If the group is made up of older boys who like to +discuss life problems, read a chapter or two from Robert Speer's excellent +books, "A Young Man's Questions" and "Young Men Who Overcame." Make sure +that whatever you read has the uplift note. The real purpose of the +afternoon's reading should be that of instilling in the boys' minds some +of the cardinal virtues of Christian character. + +Don't moralize; let the story do its own moralizing. Boys are hero +worshippers. If the hero or the heroic appeal of the story is of a sane +type and not abnormal there will be created naturally within the boy a +desire to emulate the good deeds of the hero in the everyday life of the +camp, which is much better than the parrot-like vocalization unfortunately +many times encouraged by well-meaning men. + +Chapel + +A pile of stones made to serve as an altar or pulpit, a chapel having the +branches of a friendly pine as its roof and under which are built a +reading desk and seats of white birch, a cathedral with towering columns +of pine and cushions of pine needles, a rocky shore along the ocean--all +are places where boys have heard the appeal for right living and responded +with an earnest decision that marked an advance step in their moral and +religious growth. + +Make much of the music at these outdoor services on Sunday. A choir of men +and boys responding in the distance to the hymns of the camp boys, in +antiphonal manner, a cornetist playing a hymn in the distance, make an +impression never to be forgotten. + +The great test of camp life is not the fun the boy had, or his gain in +weight, height or lung capacity, or the friendships formed, or his +increased knowledge in woodcraft, but his advancement in character-making +and gain in spiritual vigor. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +BOOKS HELPFUL IN THE PREPARATION OF BIBLE STUDY LESSONS: + +Lessons from Life (Animal and Human)--Thomas Whittaker. Macmillan, +$2.50. + +Sermons in Stones--Amos R. Wells. Doubleday, Page & Company, $1.00. + +Parables from Nature--Mrs. Gatty. Colportage Library, 15 cents. + +A Good Bible Dictionary and Concordance. + +BOOKS UPON THE RELIGIOUS LIFE OF Boys: + +The Boy and the Church--Eugene C. Foster. The Sunday School Times Co., +75 cents net. + +Starting to Teach--Eugene C. Foster. Association Pres., 40 cents. + +The Child and His Religion--George E. Dawson. University of Chicago, +75 cents net. + +Religion in Boyhood--Ernest B. Layard. E. P. Dutton and Company, 75 +cents net. + + + +CHAPTER IX--FOOD--ITS FUNCTION, PURCHASE, PREPARATION, COOKING, SERVING + +GOOD COOKING +FOOD CHARTS +DIGESTION CHARTS +TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES +PURCHASE OF FOOD +GROCERY LIST +THE STEWARD +COMMISSARY DEPARTMENT +THE COOK +LIST OF FOODS +WEEK OF MENUS +A FEW HINTS +TABLE ETIQUETTE +GRACE AT MEALS +SERVING +DISH WASHING + +We may live without friends, we may live without books, +But civilized man cannot live without cooks. + +Good Cooking + +The normal boy sums up life in two words of three letters each: "F-u-n" +and "E-a-t." As long as there is plenty of fun and plenty to eat, he +thinks life is worth living, and he is not so far from the truth, for it +is only when the fun of living dies within us, and our digestive apparatus +refuses to do its function that we "become of all men most miserable." A +boy will put up with all sorts of inconvenience but rebels at once at poor +food and bad cooking. The good nature, congenial atmosphere, and +contentedness of camp life is largely due to good cooking. Economize in +every other way, but think twice before cheap cooks are employed or a +cheap grade of food purchased. + +[Illustration: Where They Eat to Live] + +A good cook will economize, he knows what to do with left-overs and how to +prepare menus of variety. The quantity of swill soon reveals the worth of +the cook. In a large camp a hundred dollars may easily find its way into +the garbage can because of cheap cooks and poor food. A growing boy +demands relatively more of the tissue-building kind of food than a grown +person, because the body is being built up. When the full stature is +reached the tissue-building part of the food is only required to take the +place of that worn out each day. Professor Atwater has told us that the +boy of fifteen or sixteen requires ninety per cent of the food ration of +the adult man engaged in moderate muscular work. Boys at twelve require +seventy per cent. + +Vegetables, fruits, cereals, bread, nuts and meats furnish the essentials. +Sugar and fat have only part of them. Coffee and tea have no food values +except for the milk and sugar added. They tend to check certain normal +secretion in the body and should not be used during growth. + +Food Charts + +The United States Department of Agriculture publishes a series of fifteen +food charts of exceptional value. Leaders and cooks will find them helpful +in providing and planning the food for the boys. Boys will be interested +in the information given and the attractive form of presentation. The set +costs $1.00. Send to Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. The +following table is a condensation of the facts given on the charts, and +will help in planning menus: + +Prepared by C. F. LANGWORTHY. +Expert in charge of Nutrition Investigation. + + Carbohy- Calories +Chart 1 Protein Fat drates Ash Water per + Whole milk 3.3 4.0 5.0 0.7 87.0 310 + Skim milk 3.4 0.3 5.1 0.7 90.5 165 + Buttermilk 3.0 0.5 4.8 0.7 91.0 160 + Cream 2.5 18.5 4.5 2.5 74.0 865 + +Chart 2 + Whole egg 14.8 10.5 --- 1.0 73.7 700 + Egg white 13.0 0.2 --- 0.6 86.2 265 + Egg yolk 16.1 33.3 --- 1.1 49.5 1608 + Cream cheese 25.9 33.7 2.4 3.8 34.2 1950 + Cottage cheese 20.9 1.0 4.3 1.8 72.0 510 + +Chart 3 +(edible portion of) + Lamb chop 17.6 28.3 --- 1.0 53.1 1540 + Pork 16.9 30.1 --- 1.0 52.0 1580 + Smoked ham 16.1 38.8 --- 4.8 40.3 1940 + Beefsteak 18.6 18.5 --- 1.0 61.9 1130 + Dried beef 30.0 6.6 --- 9.1 54.3 840 + +Chart 4 + Cod, lean fish 15.8 0.4 --- 1.2 82.6 325 + Cod, Salt 21.5 0.3 --- 24.7 53.5 410 + Oyster 6.2 1.2 3.7 2.0 86.9 235 + Smoked herring 36.4 15.8 --- 13.2 34.6 1355 + Mackerel, fat 18.3 7.1 --- 1.2 73.4 645 + +Chart 5 + Olive Oil --- 100.0 --- --- ---- 4080 + Bacon 9.4 67.4 --- 4.4 18.8 3030 + Beef suet 4.7 81.8 --- 0.3 13.2 3510 + Butter 1.0 85.0 --- 3.0 11.0 3410 + Lard --- 100.0 --- --- ---- 4080 + +Chart 6 + Corn 10.0 4.3 73.4 1.5 10.8 1800 + Wheat 12.2 1.7 73.7 1.8 10.6 1750 + Buckwheat 10.0 2.2 73.2 2.0 12.6 1600 + Oat 11.8 5.0 69.2 3.0 11.0 1720 + Rice 8.0 2.0 77.0 1.0 12.0 1720 + Rye 12.2 1.5 73.9 1.9 10.5 1750 + +Chart 7 + White bread 9.2 1.3 53.1 1.1 35.3 1215 + Whole wh bread 9.7 0.9 49.7 1.3 38.4 1140 + Oat breakfast + food (cooked) 2.8 0.5 11.5 0.7 84.5 285 + Toasted bread 11.5 1.6 61.2 1.7 24.0 1420 + Cornbread 7.9 4.7 46.3 2.2 38.9 1205 + Macaroni 3.0 1.5 15.8 1.3 78.4 415 + +Chart 8 + Sugar, granulated --- 100.0 --- ---- 1860 + Molasses 2.4 --- 69.3 3.2 25.1 1290 + Stick candy --- --- 96.5 0.5 3.0 1785 + Maple sugar --- --- 82.8 0.9 16.3 1540 + Honey 0.4 --- 81.2 0.2 18.2 1520 + +Chart 9 + Parsnip 1.6 0.5 13.5 1.4 83.0 230 + Onion 1.6 0.3 9.9 0.6 87.6 225 + Potato 2.2 0.1 18.4 1.0 78.3 385 + Celery 1.1 --- 3.4 1.0 94.5 8 + + + Carbohy- Fuel Value + Chart 10 Protein Fat drates Ash Water Calories per + Shelled beans. fresh 9.4 0.6 29.1 2.0 58.9 740 + Navy beans, dry 22.5 1.8 59.6 3.5 12.6 1600 + String beans, green 2.3 0.3 7.4 0.8 89.2 195 + Corn, green 3.1 1.1 19.7 0.7 75.4 500 + +Chart 11 + Apple(edible portion) 0.4 0.5 14.2 0.3 84.6 290 + Fried fig 4.3 0.3 74.2 2.4 18.8 1475 + Strawberry 1.0 0.6 7.4 0.6 90.4 180 + Banana 1.3 0.6 22.0 0.8 75.3 460 + +Chart 12 + Grapes(edible portion)1.3 1.6 19.2 0.5 77.4 450 + Raisins 2.6 3.3 76.1 3.4 14.6 1605 + Canned fruit 1.1 0.1 21.1 0.5 77.2 415 + Fruit jelly --- --- 78.3 0.7 21.0 1455 + Grape juice 0.2 --- 7.4 0.2 92.2 150 + +Chart 13 + Walnut 16.6 63.4 16.1 1.4 2.5 3285 + Chestnut 10.7 7.0 74.2 2.2 5.9 1875 + Peanut 25.8 38.6 22.4 2.0 9.2 2500 + Peanut butter 29.3 46.5 17.1 5.0 2.1 2825 + Coconut, desiccated 6.3 57.4 31.5 1.3 3.5 3121 + +[Illustration: Chart 14 Functions and Uses of Food; Constituent of Food] + +Chart 15 +DIETARY STANDARD FOR MAN IN FULL VIGOR AT MODERATE MUSCULAR WORK + Protein Energy +Condition Considered Grams Calories + Food as purchased 115 3,800 + Food eaten 100 3,500 + Food digested 95 3,200 + +ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF MINERAL MATTER REQUIRED PER MAN PER DAY + Grams +Phosphoric acid (P2O5) 3 to 4 +Calcium oxid 0.7 to 1.0 +Sulphuric acid (SO3) 2 to 3.5 +Magnesium oxid 0.3 to 0.5 +Potassium oxid 2 to 3 +Iron 0.006 to 0.012 +Sodium oxid 4 to 6 +Clorin 6 to 8 + +Time required for Digestion of various Foods: + Hrs. Min. +Apples, sweet 1 30 +Apples, sour 2 +Beans, pod, boiled 2 30 +Beef, fresh, rare roasted 3 +Beef, dried 3 30 +Beets, boiled 3 45 +Bread, wheat, fresh 3 40 +Bread corn 3 15 +Butter (melted) 3 30 +Cabbage, raw, with vinegar 2 +Cabbage, boiled 4 30 +Cheese 3 30 +Codfish 2 +Custard, baked 2 45 +Ducks, wild, roasted 4 30 +Eggs, fresh, soft boiled 3 +Eggs, fresh, hard boiled 3 30 +Eggs, fresh, fried 3 30 +Lamb, fresh, boiled 2 30 +Milk, raw 2 15 +Milk, boiled 2 +Parsnips, boiled 2 30 +Mutton, roast 3 15 +Mutton, boiled 3 +Mutton, broiled 3 +Pork, roast 5 15 +Potato, boiled 3 30 +Potato, baked 2 30 +Rice, boiled 1 +Sago, boiled 1 45 +Salmon, boiled 4 +Soup, beef, vegetable 4 +Soup, chicken 3 +Tapioca, boiled 2 +Trout, boiled or fried 1 30 +Turnips, boiled 3 30 +Veal, fresh, boiled 4 + +Food naturally falls into four classes. Potatoes and grains furnish +starches. The starchy foods are heat and force producers. Eggs, meats, +nuts, milk, dried beans, peas and lentils furnish nitrogen, and are flesh +and muscle producers. Butter, oil, lard, and fatty meats supply fats. +Sugar, molasses, honey, fruit, etc., furnish sugar. + +Starchy foods should be cooked at a high temperature and either boiled or +baked; nitrogenous and fatty foods at lower temperature, prolonging the +time. Meats are much better broiled, roasted, or stewed than fried. +Vegetables should be steamed or baked so that the juices may not be +wasted. Veal and pork (except ham and bacon) should have no place in the +menu of a boys' summer camp. Both require from four to five hours and +fifteen minutes to digest. Study carefully the above tables and then plan +your meals intelligently. + +Table of Approximate Weights and Measures +Three teaspoonfuls = one tablespoon. +Four tablespoonfuls = one wine glass. +Two wine glasses = one gill. +Two gills = one tumbler or cup. +Two cupfuls = one pint. +One quart sifted flour = one pound. +One quart granulated sugar = one pound, nine ounces. +One pint closely packed butter = one pound. +Three cupfuls sugar = one pound. +Five cupfuls sifted flour = one pound. +One tablespoonful salt = one ounce. +Seven tablespoonfuls granulated sugar = one half pint. + Twelve tablespoonfuls +flour = one pint. +Three coffee cupfuls = one quart. +Ten eggs = one pound. + +Buying Food + +The purchase of food is an important item of expense in operating a boys' +camp, large or small. If the camp is a large one, one hundred or more +boys, and you have a good-sized refrigerator and storehouse, always +purchase in bulk form from a wholesale firm. Canned goods, such as peas, +tomatoes, corn, and apples, buy in gallon cans in case lots and save cost +of extra tin and labels. Cocoa may be purchased in five-pound cans. +Condensed milk (unsweetened) in 20-ounce cans. Flour and sugar by the +barrel. Beans by the bushel. Butter by the firkin[1]. For instance, a +good heavy 200-pound hind quarter of beef will furnish a roast beef +dinner, a steak breakfast, a meat stew supper, a meat hash breakfast, and +a good thick soup full of nourishment from the bones. The suet may be +rendered into lard. There will be no waste, and you get the very best of +meat. Buy lamb whole and fowl cleaned, and eggs by the crate. Keep an +accurate inventory, also the cost of foods. It will be found interesting +to make a resume of food at the end of each season, listing quantities, +costs, and amounts used each day and ascertain the actual cost per day for +each boy. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: About 1/4 of a barrel or 9 gallons (34 +liters).] + +The following "Grocery List" is for a large camp, but it will serve also +to form the basis of providing for small camps: + +Cocoa +Coffee +Sugar (granulated) +Beans, yellow +Beans, red kidney +Tapioca +Rice +Oatmeal (in bulk) +Cornmeal +Toasted Corn Flakes +Cream of Wheat +Shredded Wheat +Salt (table) +Salt (rock) +Pepper, black +Ginger +Cloves +Soda +Cinnamon +Baking Powder +Cream of Tartar +Magic yeast +Raisins (seeded) +Currants +Flour +Graham flour +Corn starch +Gelatin +Figs +Prunes +Evaporated fruits +Codfish cakes +Macaroni +Crackers +Ginger Snaps +Pilot Biscuits +Extracts: + Vanilla, + Lemon +Kitchen Boquet (for gravy) +Chocolate cake +Lemons +Olive Oil +Vinegar +Lard +Butter +Eggs +Onions +Potatoes +Sapolio [soap] +Gold Dust +Laundry soap +Mustard (dry) +Mustard (prepared in mugs); +Chow Chow +Pickles +Piccalilli; +Chili Sauce +Bacon +Ham +Dried beef +Salt pork +Cheese +Matches +Candles +Kerosene oil +Lantern wicks +Chloride of Lime. + +CANNED GOODS + +Corn; Sliced peaches; Tomatoes; Shredded pineapple; +Peas; Strawberries; Lima beans; Clams (for chowder); +Beets; Condensed milk (unsweetened); Apples; Salmon; +Plums; + +The Steward + +A reliable person should be in charge of the food supplies. In some camps +he is called the Steward. He will see that the supply is sufficient, +arrange the menus in consultation with the Chef, keep his storeroom neat +and scrupulously clean. As a matter of record and for the purpose of +ascertaining cost of feeding the boys, a number of camps keep a daily +record like the illustrated form. + +The Cook + +The cook is the keynote of happiness or unhappiness. Get a good cook, +professionally and morally, one who understands that he is not in camp for +a vacation. A capable cook will take care of fifty boys without any +assistance, except what help the boys may render in the preparation of +vegetables. For years two cooks have looked after the meals of 175 to 200 +boys in the camps conducted each season by the writer. The wages of the +head cook or chef range from two to three dollars and fifty cents a day. +Some camps secure cooks from the hotels and restaurants, others from the +lumber camps. No matter where he is secured, be sure that he is clean, in +person, in habits, and in speech. Do not permit boys to loaf about the +kitchen. In the planning of menus, food value and variety must be +considered. The following represents the staple articles of food for a +boys' camp. + +[Illustration: COMMISSARY DEPARTMENT CAMP BECKET] + +SUGGESTED LIST OF DISHES FOR BOYS' CAMPS +Breakfast + + Fruit: Bananas, raspberries, blueberries, cantaloupes, apples, + stewed prunes, applesauce, baked apples, stewed apples, stewed + apricots, stewed figs. + + Cereals: Oatmeal, Shredded Wheat, Cream of Wheat, Toasted + + Corn Flakes; corn meal mush and milk, Hominy Grits, Puffed Rice, + Wheatlets. + + Eggs: Fried, boiled, scrambled, omelette, poached on toast. + + Meats and Fish: Bacon, meat hash, meat stew, chopped meat on + toast, codfish cakes, creamed codfish, fried fresh fish, + creamed dried beef, fresh sausage. + + Vegetables: Potatoes-Baked, creamed, mashed, browned, German + fried; baked beans. + + Drinks: Cocoa, milk, coffee (only occasionally), pure water. + + Bread: Toasted bread, corn bread, muffins, biscuits, hot cakes. + +Dinner + + Soups: Old-fashioned vegetable soup, bean soup, clam or fish + chowder, corn chowder. Thick soups are preferable for camps. + + Meats: Roasts--beef, lamb, chicken. Stews---beef, lamb, Steak, + Fricassee of chicken, fricassee of lamb, haricot of lamb, + pot roast of beef, Hamburg steak, corned beef, boiled ham, meat pie. + + Fish: Baked, fried, boiled; escalloped salmon, salmon croquettes. + + Vegetables: Potatoes--mashed, boiled, French fried, browned. + Cabbage. Corn--stewed, escalloped, corn pie, corn on cob. Peas-- + creamed with carrots. Lima beans. Summer squash. Tomatoes-- + stewed, escalloped, au gratin with tomatoes. Apple sauce, creamed + onions; cabbage slaw. Greens-spinach, beet tops. + + Desserts: Ice Cream-vanilla, chocolate, strawberry (preserved), + raspberry, lemon, coffee, caramel, peach, pineapple (shredded), + orange, lemon. Sherbet--lemon, orange, pineapple, raspberry. Rice + pudding, plain with fruit sauce, rice with raisins. Tapioca pudding + with apples or fruit. Bread pudding. Cottage pudding, lemon sauce or + fruit sauce. Banana pudding. Sliced peaches with cream. Pie-apple, + blueberry, blackberry. Cornstarch pudding. + +Supper + + Cereals: Cream of Wheat, mush and milk, Shredded Wheat. + + Cold Dishes: Sliced beef, ham, corned beef, potato salad, Cabbage + slaw, pressed meats. + + Hot Dishes: Irish stew, meat croquettes, frankfurters, potato cakes, + baked beans, thick soups, stewed kidney beans. Potatoes--baked, + fried, creamed. Creamed salmon with peas; codfish; macaroni and + cheese; potato hash. + + Desserts: Prunes, stewed apples, stewed apricots, fresh fruits, + stewed pears, stewed figs. + + Cakes: Gingerbread, sweetbread, cookies. + + Relishes: Pickles beets, chow chow, piccalilli, watermelon spiced. + + Drinks: Lemonade, iced tea, cocoa, hot milk. + +Local geographical conditions will suggest a variety of dishes. There +should be plenty of milk to drink, and good bread and butter. Cake and +fancy dishes are not necessary. The bill of fare should be an elastic one. +When the day is cold and dreary, hot chowders, soups, cocoa, etc., should +be served. + +On a warm day, lemonade and cold dishes are desirable. Every camp should, +if possible, have its own ice-cream freezer, as ice-creams, sherbets, and +water ices are not only healthy but inexpensive. An occasional delicacy is +desirable. Canned shredded pineapple, strawberries and sliced peaches make +excellent sherbets and ice cream. In one camp chicken and ice cream are +served every Sunday dinner. + +A Sample Week of Menus + +MONDAY + +BREAKFAST +Oatmeal +Fried potatoes +Cocoa +Cream of tartar +biscuits. + +DINNER +Irish stew +Boiled potatoes +Green corn on cob +Apple tapioca +Bread and butter. + +SUPPER +Fried eggs +Prunes +Sweet cake +Bread and butter +Cocoa. + + +TUESDAY + +BREAKFAST +Toasted Cornflakes +Fish cakes +Corn bread +Cocoa. + +DINNER +Beef steak +Mashed potatoes +Peas +Corn starch +pudding +Bread and butter. + +SUPPER +Vegetable soup +Stewed figs +Gingerbread +Bread and butter. + + +WEDNESDAY + +BREAKFAST +Cream of Wheat +Meat hash +Cocoa +Bread and butter. + +DINNER +Roast lamb +Tomato sauce +Boiled potatoes +Lemon sherbet +Bread and butter. + +SUPPER +Creamed fish +Apple sauce +Sweet cake +Bread and butter. + + +THURSDAY + +BREAKFAST +Shredded Wheat +Baked potatoes +Creamed codfish +Bread and butter +Cocoa. + +DINNER +Boiled beef +Mashed potatoes +Corn starch +Pudding with +Strawberry sauce. + +SUPPER +Creamed dried beef +Apple sauce +Gingerbread +Bread and Butter. + + +FRIDAY + +BREAKFAST +Oatmeal +Codfish cakes +Bread and butter +Cocoa. + +DINNER +Fried weak fish +Stewed tomatoes +Boiled potatoes +Vanilla ice cream. + +SUPPER +Vegetable soup +Bread and butter +Sweet cake. + + +SATURDAY + +BREAKFAST +Puffed Rice +Fried eggs +Bread and butter +Cocoa. + +DINNER +Escalloped salmon +Rice +Boiled Tomatoes +Cucumbers +Bread and butter. + +SUPPER +Boston baked beans +Tomato catsup +Sweetbread. + + +SUNDAY + +BREAKFAST +Cream of Wheat +Bananas +Fried mush and maple syrup +Coffee. + +DINNER +Roast chicken +Creamed onions +Mashed potatoes +Pineapple sherbet +Bread and butter. + +SUPPER +Cold beef +Apple sauce +Sweet cake +Bread and butter. + + +Serving + +Each table is provided with meat platter, vegetable dishes, bread plate, +butter dish, sugar bowl, milk pitcher, water pitcher, salt and pepper +shakers, etc. The only need of a waiter is to bring the food to the tables +and replenish the dishes. Each boy takes his turn at waiting. If there are +seven boys in a tent, a boy serves one day in seven. He usually sits at +the right side of the leader and eats his meal with the others. This does +away with a second or "waiter" table. By this system you avoid the +tendency to smartness and roughness. Each leader is careful to see that +food is not wasted at his table, that decency and order is preserved, and +wholesome conversation and pleasantries indulged in during the meal, as an +aid to good digestion. + +Dishwashing + +Some camps pay for all work done and give boys more freedom, but +experience has clearly proven that the successful camp is the one where +boys all have responsibility and definite duties to perform. Dishwashing +is never attractive. It may be made less irksome by carefully +systematizing the work. There are several ways. One way is that of having +each boy wash his own dishes, working a tent at a time. A number of tubs +of hot, soapy water are provided for washing, and several extra tubs +filled with very hot water for rinsing. At a signal from the Camp Director +or person in charge, each table of boys by rotation passes from the dining +room with the dishes to these tubs and each boy proceeds to do his own +dishwashing and rinsing and drying. Another way is to provide two +good-sized dish-pans for each table, and assign two boys to do the +dish-washing for the day. The dishes are washed at the tables and stowed +away in a closet, each table having its own closet. Another way is to +purchase a good dish-washing machine, like that made by the Fearless +Dishwashing Co., Rochester, N. Y. (Cost, $100), and install it in the +kitchen. This plan is in operation at Camp Dudley and Camp Hayo-Went-Ha. + +[Illustration: Camp Hayo-Went-Ha dishwashing] + +Cleanliness must be insisted upon. Never leave anything unwashed until it +is used again. The eating from dirty and greasy plates, forks, knives, and +spoons will result in disease. No matter what system you use, do not let +down on dirty dishes. + +A FEW HINTS + +Soup + +"Soup makes the soldier," said Napoleon I. Bones should never be thrown +away, but cracked and placed in stock pot, covered with water and let +simmer. This makes "stock" which is the foundation of all soup. + +All green vegetables should be washed well in cold water and put in +boiling salted water, and boiled slowly until tender. All white and +underground vegetables should be cooked in boiling unsalted water, the +salt being added at the last moment. + +Potatoes take from twenty to thirty minutes to boil. In boiling and +roasting allow about a quarter of an hour for every pound of meat. The +fire should be medium hot. Boiled fish should be cooked ten minutes to +each pound. + +Water + +Water is the only true beverage. Forming as it does three-quarters of the +weight of the human body, it is of next importance to the air we breathe. +Milk is a food and not a beverage. + +Onions + +Peel or slice onions in water and you will not shed tears. + +Egg Test + +To test the freshness of an egg, drop into cold water. If the egg sinks +quickly it is fresh, if it stands on end it is doubtful, and quite bad if +it floats. The shell of a fresh egg looks dull; a stale one is glossy. + +Mending Pots + +A pot may be mended by making a paste of flour, salt and fine wood ashes. +Plaster it on where the leak is and let it dry before using. + +Table Etiquette + +A mother complained that her boy, after being in camp for two weeks, +returned home speaking a new language, particularly at the dining table. +If he wanted milk, he called for "cow," butter was "goat," biscuits were +"sinkers," meat was "corpse," and there were several other terms and +phrases peculiar to camp life. He had to learn all over the ways of +decency and reasonable table refinement. There is no plausible reason why +this should be so in a boys' camp. Grabbing of food, yelling for food, +upsetting of liquids, and table "rough-house" will be largely prevented by +the system of seating and of serving. The most satisfactory way is to seat +by tent groups. Have as many tables as you have tents. Let each tent +leader preside at the head of his table, and serve the food in family +style. The leader serves the food, and sees that the boys observe the same +delightful table life in camp as at home. + +Grace at Meals + +Grace should be said before each meal, either silently or audibly. In the +morning the hymn on the following page is sung by the boys at Camp Becket, +followed with bowed heads in silent prayer: + +MORNING PRAYER HYMN FOR BOYS' CAMPS + +To be sung at morning meal +Words and Music by H. W. Gibbon. + +[Illustration: Music] + +Morning +Gracious Giver of all good, + Thee we thank for rest and food. +Grant that all we do or say + In Thy service be this day. + +Noon +Father for this noonday meal + We would speak the praise we feel, +Health and strength we have from Thee, + Help us, Lord, to faithful be. + +Night +Tireless guardian of our way, + Thou hast kept us well this day. +While we thank Thee, we request + Care continued, pardon, rest. +-Camp Wawayanda. + +[Illustration: Forest scene] + +Go abroad upon the paths of Nature, +And when all its voices whisper, and its silent things +Are breathing the deep beauty of the world-- +Kneel at its ample altar.-Bryant. + + + +CHAPTER X--THE CAMP FIRE + +HOW TO BUILD A CAMP FIRE +PREVENT SPREAD OF FIRE +FOREST FIRE LAWS +HOW TO LIGHT A FIRE +STORY TELLING +MARSHMALLOW TOASTS AND CORN ROASTS +A STORY, "HOW MEN FOUND THE GREAT SPIRIT" + +There is an impalpable, invisible, softly stepping delight in the camp +fire which escapes analysis. Enumerate all its charms, and still there is +something missing in your catalogue. +--W. C. Gray in "Camp Fire Musings." + +"I cannot conceive of a camp that does not have a big fire! Our city +houses do not have it, not even a fireplace. The fireplace is one of the +greatest schools the imagination has ever had or ever can have. It is +moral, and it always gives a tremendous stimulus to the imagination, and +that is why stories and fire go together. You cannot tell a good story +unless you tell it before a fire. You cannot have a complete fire unless +you have a good story-teller along." [1] Anyone who has witnessed a real +camp fire and participated in its fun, as well as seriousness, will never +forget it. The huge fire shooting up its tongue of flame into the darkness +of the night, the perfect shower of golden rain, the company of happy +boys, and great, dark background of piney woods, the weird light over all, +the singing, the yells, the stories, the fun, then the serious word at the +close, is a happy experience long to be remembered. + +[Footnote 1: Dr. G. Stanley Hall, "Camp Conference Report," p. 40.] + +To Build a Fire + +There are ways and ways of building camp fires. An old Indian saying runs, +"White man heap fool, make um big fire--can't git near! Injun make um +little fire--git close! Uh! good!" Make it a service privilege for a tent +of boys to gather wood and build the fire. This should be done during the +afternoon. Two things are essential in the building of a fire--kindling +and air. A fire must be built systematically. First, get dry, small dead +branches, twigs, fir branches and other inflammable material. Place these +upon the ground. Be sure that air can draw under the pile and up through +it. Next place some heavier branches in tripod form over the kindling, +then good-sized sticks, and so on until you have built the camp fire the +required size. In many camps it is considered an honor to light the fire. + +Kerosene oil may be poured upon the kindling, or old newspapers used in +lighting the fire. + +Caution + +An interesting account of "How to Build a Fire by Rubbing Sticks," by +Ernest Thompson-Seton, will be found in "Boy Scouts of America," page 84. + +Be sure to use every precaution to prevent the spreading of fire. This may +be done by building a circle of stone around the fire, or by digging up +the earth, or by wetting a space around the fire. Always have buckets of +water near at hand. + +Things to remember: + + First, It is criminal to leave a burning fire; + + Second, Always put out the fire with water or earth. + +State Laws + +Be sure to get a copy of the law of your State regarding Forest Fires, and +if a permit is necessary, secure it before building a fire. + +To Light a Match + +Kephart, in his book on "Camping and Woodcraft" (page 88), says, "When +there is nothing dry to strike it on, jerk the head of the match forward +through the teeth. Face the wind. Cup your hands, backs toward wind. +Remove right hand just long enough to strike match on something very close +by, then instantly resume former position. Flame of match will run up the +stick instead of blowing away from it." + +Story-Telling + +The camp fire is a golden opportunity for the telling of stories--good +stories told well. Indian legends, war stories, ghost stories, detective +stories, stories of heroism, the history of fire, a talk about the stars. +Don't drag out the telling of a story. Talk it in boy language. Avoid +technical terms. Make the story live. + +College songs always appeal to boys. Let some leader start up a song in a +natural way, and soon you will have a chorus of unexpected melody and +harmony. As the fire dies down, let the songs be of a more quiet type, +like "My Old Kentucky Home," and ballads of similar nature. + +Roast Delight + +When the embers are glowing is the time for toasting marshmallows. Get a +long stick sharpened to a point, fasten a marshmallow on the end, hold it +over the embers, not in the blaze, until the marshmallow expands. Oh, the +deliciousness of it! Ever tasted one? Before roasting corn on the cob, tie +the end of each husk firmly with string. Soak in water for about an hour. +Then put into the hot embers. The water prevents the corn from burning and +the firmly tied husks enable the corn to be steamed and the real corn +flavor is retained. In about twenty minutes the corn may be taken from the +fire and eaten. Have a bowl of melted butter and salt on hand. Also a +pastry brush to spread the melted butter upon the corn. Try it. + +A Good Story + +For an example of a good story to be told around the camp fire, this +Indian tale by Professor H. M. Burr, of the Springfield Training School, +is given: + +HOW MEN FOUND THE GREAT SPIRIT + +"In the olden time, when woods covered all the earth except the deserts +and the river bottoms, and men lived on the fruits and berries they found +and the wild animals which they could shoot or snare; when they dressed in +skins and lived in caves, there was little time for thought. But as men +grew stronger and more cunning and learned how to live together, they had +more time to think and more mind to think with. + +"Men had learned many things. They had learned that cold weather followed +hot, and spring followed winter, and that the sun got up in the morning +and went to bed at night. They saw that the great water was kindly when +the sun shone, but when the sun hid its face and the wind blew upon it, it +grew black and angry and upset their canoes. They found that knocking +flints together or rubbing dry sticks would light the dry moss and that +the flames, which would bring back summer in the midst of winter and day +in the midst of night, were hungry and must be fed, and when they escaped +devoured the woods and only the water could stop them. + +"These and many other things men learned, but no one knew why it all was +or how it came to be. Men began to wonder--and that was the beginning of +the path which led to the Great Spirit. + +"In the ages when men began to wonder there was born a boy whose name was +'Wo,' which meant in the language of his time 'Whence.' As he lay in his +mother's arms, she loved him and wondered, 'His body is of my body, but +from whence comes the life--the spirit which is like mine and yet not like +it?' And his father, seeing the wonder in the mother's eyes, said: 'Whence +came he from?' And there was no one to answer, and so they called him +'Wo,' to remind them that they knew not from whence he came. + +"As Wo grew up, he was stronger and swifter of foot than any of his tribe. +He became a mighty hunter. He knew the ways of all the wild things, and +could read the signs of the season. As he grew older they made him a chief +and listened while he spoke at the council board, but Wo was not +satisfied. His name was a question, and questioning filled his mind. + +"From whence did he come? Whither was he going? Why did the sun rise and +set? Why did life burst into leaf and flower with the coming of the +spring? Why did the child become a man and the man grow old and die? + +"The mystery grew upon him as he pondered. In the morning he stood on a +mountain top and, stretching out his hands, cried: 'Whence?' At night he +cried to the moon: 'Whither?' He listened to the soughing of the trees and +the song of the brook and tried to learn their language. He peered eagerly +into the eyes of little children, and tried to read the mystery of life. +He listened at the still lips of the dead, waiting for them to tell him +whither they had gone. + +"He went about among his fellows silent and absorbed, always looking for +the unseen and listening for the unspoken. He sat so long silent at the +council board that the elders questioned him. To their questioning he +replied, like one awakening from a dream: + +"'Our fathers since the beginning have trailed the beasts of the woods. +There is none so cunning as the fox, but we can trail him to his lair. +Though we are weaker than the great bear and buffalo, yet by our wisdom we +overcome them. The deer is more swift of foot, but by craft we overtake +him. We cannot fly like a bird, but we snare the winged one with a hair. +We have made ourselves many cunning inventions by which the beasts, the +trees, the wind, the water, and the fire become our servants. + +"'Then we speak great swelling words: How great and wise we are! There is +none like us in the air, in the wood, or in the water! + +"'But the words are false. Our pride is like that of a partridge drumming +on his log in the wood before the fox leaps upon him. Our sight is like +that of the mole burrowing under the ground. Our wisdom is like a drop of +dew upon the grass. Our ignorance is like the great water which no eye can +measure. + +"'Our life is like a bird coming out of the dark, fluttering for a +heart-beat in the tepee and then going forth into the dark again. No one +can tell us whence it comes or whither it goes. I have asked the wise men, +and they cannot answer; I have listened to the voice of the trees and wind +and water, but I do not know their tongue; I have questioned the sun and +the moon and the stars, but they are silent. + +"'But to-day, in the silence before the darkness gives place to light, I +seemed to hear a still small voice within my breast, saying to me: "Wo, +the questioner, rise up like the stag from his lair; away, alone, to the +mountain of the sun. There thou shalt find that which thou seekest." + +"'I go, but if I fall by the trail another will take it up. If I find the +answer I will return.' + +"Waiting for none, Wo left the council of his tribe and went his way +toward the mountain of the sun. For six days he made his way through the +trackless woods, guided by the sun by day and the stars by night. On the +seventh he came to the great mountain--the mountain of the sun--on whose +top, according to the tradition of his tribe, the sun rested each night. +All day long he climbed, saying to himself: 'I will sleep to-night in the +tepee of the sun and he will tell me whence I come and whither I go.' + +"But as he climbed the sun seemed to climb higher and higher. As he neared +the top a cold cloud settled like a night bird on the mountain. Chilled +and faint with hunger and fatigue, Wo struggled on. Just at sunset he +reached the top of the mountain, but it was not the mountain of the sun, +for many days' journey to the west the sun was sinking in the Great Water. + +"A bitter cry broke from Wo's parched lips. His long trail was useless. +There was no answer to his questions. The sun journeyed farther and faster +than men dreamed, and of wood and waste and water there was no end. +Overcome with misery and weakness, he fell upon a bed of moss with his +back toward the sunset and the unknown. + +"And Wo slept, although it was unlike any sleep he had ever known before, +and as he slept he dreamed. He was alone upon the mountain waiting for the +answer. A cloud covered the mountain, but all was silent. A mighty wind +rent the cloud and rushed roaring through the crags, but there was no +voice in the wind. Thunder pealed, lightning flashed, but he whom Wo +sought was not there. + +"In the hush that followed the storm Wo heard a voice low and quiet, but +in it all the sounds of earth and sky seemed to mingle--the song of the +bird, the whispering of the trees, and the murmuring of the brook. + +"'Wo, I am He whom thou seekest; I am the Great Spirit; I am the +All-Father. Ever since I made man of the dust of the earth and so child of +the earth and brother to all living, and breathed into his nostrils the +breath of life, thus making him My son, I have waited for a seeker who +should find Me. In the fullness of time thou hast come, Wo, the +questioner, to the Answerer. + +"'Thy body is of the earth and to earth returns; thy spirit is Mine; it is +given thee for a space to make according to thy will; then it returns to +Me better or worse for thy making. + +"'Thou hast found Me because thy heart was pure and thy search for Me +tireless. Go back to thy tribe and be to them the voice of the Great +Spirit. From henceforth I will speak to thee and the seekers that come +after thee, in a thousand voices and appear in a thousand shapes. I will +speak in the voices of the wood and streams and of those you love. I will +appear to you in the sun by day and the stars by night. When thy people +and Mine are in need and wish for the will of the Great Spirit, then shall +My spirit brood over thine and the words that thou shalt speak shall be My +words.' + +"And Wo awoke, facing the east and the rising sun. His body was warmed by +its rays. A great gladness filled his soul. He had sought and found, and +prayer came to him like the song to the bird: + +"'O Great Spirit, Father of my spirit, the sun is Thy messenger, but Thou +art brighter than the sun. Drive Thou the darkness before me. Be Thou the +light of my spirit.' + +"As Wo went down the mountain and took the journey back to the home of his +people his face shone, and the light never seemed to leave it, so that men +called him 'He of the shining face.' + +"When Wo came back to his tribe, all who saw his face knew that he had +found the answer, and they gathered again about the council fire to hear. +As Wo stood up and looked into the eager faces in the circle of the fire, +he remembered that the Great Spirit had given him no message, and for a +moment he was dumb. Then the words of the Great Spirit came to him again: +'When thy people and Mine shall need to know My will, My spirit shall +brood over thine and the words that thou shalt speak shall be My words.' +Looking into the eager faces of longing and questioning, his spirit moved +within him and he spoke: + +"'I went, I sought, I found the Great Spirit, who dwells in the earth as +your spirits dwell in your bodies. It is from Him the spirit comes. We are +His children. He cares for us more than a mother for the child at her +breast, or the father for the son that is his pride. His love is like the +air we breathe: it is about us; it is within us. + +"'The sun is the sign of His brightness, the sky of His greatness, and +mother-love and father-love, and the love of man and woman are the signs +of His love. We are but children; we cannot enter into the council of the +Great Chief until we have been proved, but this is His will, that we love +one another as He loves us; that we bury forever the hatchet of hate; that +no man shall take what is not his own and the strong shall help the weak.' + +"The chiefs did not wholly understand the words of Wo, but they took a +hatchet and buried it by the fire, saying: 'Thus bury we hate between man +and his brother,' and they took an acorn and put it in the earth, saying: +'Thus plant we the love of the strong for the weak.' And it became the +custom of the tribe that the great council in the spring should bury the +hatchet and plant the acorn. + +"Every morning the tribe gathered to greet the rising sun, and, with right +hands raised and left hands upon their hearts, prayed: 'Great Spirit, hear +us; guide us today; make our wills Thy will, our ways Thy way.' + +"And the tribe grew stronger and greater and wiser than all the other +tribes--but that is another story." +--Association Seminar, December, 1910. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Camp-Fire Musings-William C. Gray. Fleming H. Revell Company, $1.00 net. +A book full of the spirit of the woods and of camp life. + +CAMP-FIRE STORIES. + +In Camp with Boys--G. W. Hinckley. Central Maine Pub. Co., $1.00. + +The Shadowless Man--Adelbert Von Chamisso. Frederick Warne & Co., $1.00 +net. + +Mystery and Detective Stories, six volumes. Review of Reviews Co. + +[Illustration: Pathfinders (hikers)] + + + +CHAPTER XI--TRAMPS, HIKES, AND OVER-NIGHT TRIPS + +AN OLD TRAMPER'S ADVICE +MAP READING +SHOE WISDOM +THE PACK +THE "LEAN-TO" OR SHACK +BED MAKING +A HOT STONE WRINKLE +NIGHT WATCHERS +OBSERVATION PRACTICE +CAMERA SNAP SHOTS +CAMP LAMP +HANDY THINGS TO MAKE. + +Afoot and light-hearted I take to the open road +Healthy, free, the world before me, +The long brown path before me leading wherever I choose. +-Whitman. + +An Old Tramper's Advice + +It is an excellent thing for the boys to get away from the camp routine +for a few days, and walk "the long brown path," stopping overnight, doing +their own cooking, building their "lean-to" or shelter, and roughing it. +Walking is probably one of the best all-round cures for the ills of +civilization. Several things should be remembered when one goes on a hike. +First, avoid long distances. A foot-weary, muscle-tired, and temper-tried, +hungry group of boys surely is not desirable. There are a lot of false +notions about courage, and bravery, and grit, that read well in print but +fail miserably in practice, and long hikes for boys is one of the most +glaring of these notions. Second, have a leader who will set a good, easy +pace, say about three miles an hour, prevent the boys from excessive water +drinking, and assign the duties of pitching camp, etc. Third, observe +these two rules given by an old woodsman: (1) Never walk over anything you +can walk around; (2) Never step on anything that you can step over. Every +time you step on anything you lift the weight of your body. Why lift extra +weight when tramping? Fourth, carry with you only the things absolutely +needed, and roll in blanket and poncho, army style. + +Map Reading + +Before starting on a hike, study carefully the road maps. The best maps +are those of the United States Geological Survey, made on a scale of two +inches to the mile, and costing five cents each. The map is published in +atlas sheets, each sheet representing a small quadrangular district. Send +to the Superintendent of Documents, at Washington, D. C., for a list. + +[Illustration: Universal Map Measure] + +A mountaineer in Tennessee said: "We measure miles with a coonskin, and +throw in the tail for good measure." A better way is to purchase the +Universal Map Measure, costing $1.50 (imported and sold by Dame, Stoddard +Co., 374 Washington Street, Boston, Mass.), which accurately measures the +distance upon the Government Survey Maps. + +Shoe Wisdom + +For tramping the boy needs the right kind of a shoe, or the trip will be a +miserable failure. A light-soled or light-built shoe is not suited for +mountain work, or even for an ordinary hike. The feet will blister and +become "road-weary." They must be neither too big nor too small nor too +heavy, and be amply broad to give the toes plenty of room. The shoe should +be water-tight. A medium weight, high-topped lace shoe is about right. +Bathing the feet at the springs and streams along the road will be +refreshing, if not indulged in too frequently. (See chapter on "Health and +Hygiene" for care of the feet and proper way of walking.) + +It is well to carry a spare shirt hanging down the back with the sleeves +tied round the neck. Change when the shirt you are wearing becomes too wet +with perspiration. + +The Pack + +The most practical and inexpensive pack is the one manufactured for the +Boy Scouts of America. Price, sixty cents. It is about 14 by 20 inches +square, and 6 inches thick, made of water-proof canvas, with shoulder +straps, and will easily hold everything needed for a tramping trip. + +A few simple remedies for bruises, cuts, etc., should be taken along by +the leader (see chapter on "Simple Remedies"). You may not need them, and +some may poke fun at them, but as the old lady said: "You can't always +sometimes tell." Amount and kind of provisions must be determined by the +locality and habitation. + +[Illustration: Hiking Pack] + +The "Lean-to" + +Reach the place where you are going to spend the night in plenty of time +to build your "lean-to," and make your bed for the night. Select your +camping spot, with reference to water, wood, drainage, and material for +your "lean-to." Choose a dry, level place, the ground just sloping enough +to insure the water running away from your "lean-to" in case of rain. In +building your "lean-to," look for a couple of good trees standing from +eight to ten feet apart with branches from six to eight feet above the +ground. By studying the illustration below, you will be able to build a +very serviceable shack, affording protection from the dews and rain. While +two or more boys are building the shack, another should be gathering +firewood, and preparing the meal, while another should be cutting and +bringing in as many soft, thick tips of hemlock or balsam boughs as +possible, for the roof of the shack and the beds. How to thatch the +"lean-to" is shown in this illustration. + +If the camp site is to be used for several days, two "lean-tos" may be +built facing each other, about six feet apart. This will make a very +comfortable camp, as a small fire can be built between the two, thus +giving warmth and light. + +[Illustration: Frame of Lean To] + +[Illustration: Method of Thatching.] + +The Bed + +On the floor of your "lean-to" lay a thick layer of the "fans" or branches +of balsam fir or hemlock, with the convex side up, and the butts of the +stems toward the foot of the bed. Now thatch this over with more "fans" by +thrusting the butt ends through the first layer at a slight angle toward +the head of the bed, so that the soft tips will curve toward the foot of +the bed, and be sure to make the head of your bed away from the opening of +the "lean-to" and the foot toward the opening. Over this bed spread your +rubber blanket with rubber side down, your sleeping blanket on top, and +you will be surprised how soft, springy, and fragrant a bed you have, upon +which to rest your "weary frame," and sing with the poet: + +Then the pine boughs croon me a lullaby, + And trickle the white moonbeams +To my face on the balsam where I lie + While the owl hoots at my dreams. +-J. George Frederick. + +What God puts in the blood is eliminated slowly and we are all impregnated +with a love for the natural life which is irresistible. That was a great +saying of the boy who was taken from the city for the first time on an +all-night outing. Snugly tucked up in his blankets he heard the wind +singing in the pines overhead. As the boy looked up, he asked, "Wasn't God +blowing His breath down at us?"--Dr. Lilburn. + +Hot Stones + +If the night bids fair to be cold, place a number of stones about six or +eight inches in diameter next the fire, so they will get hot. These can +then be placed at the feet, back, etc., as needed, and will be found good +"bed warmers." When a stone loses its heat it is replaced near the fire +and a hot one is taken. If too hot, wrap the stone in a shirt or sweater +or wait for it to cool off. + +Night Watchers + +Boys desire adventure. This desire may be gratified by the establishment +of night watchers, in relays of two boys every two hours. Their +imaginations will be stirred by the resistless attraction of the camp-fire +and the sound of the creatures that creep at night. + +Observation + +Many boys have excellent eyes but see not, and good ears but hear not, all +because they have not been trained to observe or to be quick to hear. A +good method of teaching observation while on a hike or tramp is to have +each boy jot down in a small notebook or diary of the trip the different +kinds of trees, birds, animals, tracks; nature of roads, fences; peculiar +rock formation, smells of plants, etc., and thus be able to tell what he +saw or heard to the boys upon his return to the permanent camp or to his +home. + +Cameras + +One of the party should take a Brownie No. 2 or small folding kodak. +Photos of the trip are always a great pleasure and a memory reviver. A +practical and convenient method of carrying small folding cameras is +described in "Forest and Stream." A strap with a buckle having been +attached to an ordinary leather belt is run through the loops at the back +of the camera-case. The camera may be pushed around the belt to the point +where it will be least in the way. + +Lamps + +A very convenient lamp to use on a hike is the Baldwin Camp Lamp, made by +John Simmons Co., 13 Franklin Street, New York City. (Price, $1.00.) It +weighs only five ounces when fully charged with carbide, and is but 4-3/4 +inches high. It projects a strong light 150 feet through the woods. A +stiff wind will not blow it out. It can be worn comfortably in your hat or +belt. + +The "Rocky Mountain Searchlight," made of a discarded tomato can, a +candle, and a bit of wire for a handle, is a camp product that will be +found to be very useful in an emergency. + +[Illustration: Rocky Mountain Lantern] + +The can is carried lengthwise, with the wire handle run through a hole in +the closed end on through the entire length of the can and out the open +end. Do not wrap the handle wire around the can. It will slip off. Two +cuts, crossing each other, make the candle opening, with the cut edges +bent inward. The candle is pushed upward as it burns down, the flame being +kept in the middle of the can. The cut edges prevent it from falling out +until the last hold is melted away. The "Searchlight" gives good service +when hung in the tent or on a nearby tree, but is especially valuable in +lighting up a rough path on a rainy, windy night. + +Camp Hanger + +The camp hanger shown in the illustration can be hung from the ridgepole +of the tent, and is particularly useful when from two to four persons +occupy the tent. It can be raised and lowered at will by attaching the +hanger to a pulley arrangement. The hanger may be made of wood in any +length. Ordinary coat hooks are fastened to the side with screws. A common +screw-eye is used for the line at the top. A snap hook attached to the +rope facilitates its removal at will. + +A boy of ingenuity can make a number of convenient things. A good drinking +cup may be made from a piece of birch bark cut in parallelogram shape, and +twisted into pyramid form, and fastened with a split stick. (See +illustrations on opposite page.) A flat piece of bark may serve as a +plate. A pot lifter may be made from a green stick about 18 inches long, +allowing a few inches of a stout branch to remain. By reversing the same +kind of stick and driving a small nail near the other end or cutting a +notch, it may be used to suspend kettles over a fire. A novel candlestick +is made by opening the blade of a knife and jabbing it into a tree, and +upon the other upturned blade putting a candle. A green stick having a +split end which will hold a piece of bread or meat makes an excellent +broiler. Don't pierce the bread or meat. Driving a good-sized green stake +into the ground at an angle of 45 degrees and cutting a notch in which may +be suspended a kettle over the fire, will provide a way of boiling water +quickly. + +For suggestions in building a camp-fire and cooking on hikes, see chapter +on "Cooking on Hikes." The bibliography for the whole subject of Hikes, +including cooking, is on page 153. + +[Illustration: Birch bark cup, Camp fire tongs, Camp Broiler, Bark Plate, +A Novel Candlestick, Pot Lifter, Pot Hook, To Boil Water Quickly.] + +[Illustration: Extemporaneous Dining] + + + +CHAPTER XII--COOKING ON HIKES + +BUILDING A COOKING FIRE +FIRE BY SUN GLASS +GRIDDLE CAKES +BROILED BACON +CREAMED SALMON +SALMON ON TOAST +BAKED POTATOES +BAKED FISH +FROGS' LEGS +EGGS +COFFEE +COCOA +SAMPLE MENU +RATION LIST +DISH WASHING + +The Fireplace + +Take two or three stones to build a fireplace; a stick first shaved and +then whittled into shavings; a lighted match, a little blaze, some bark, +dry twigs and a few small sticks added; then with the griddle placed over +the fire, you are ready to cook the most appetizing griddle cakes. After +the cakes are cooked, fry strips of bacon upon the griddle; in the surplus +fat fry slices of bread, then some thinly sliced raw potatoes done to a +delicious brown and you have a breakfast capable of making the mouth of a +camper water. + +Another way of building a fire: Place two green logs side by side, closer +together at one end than the other. Build fire between. On the logs over +the fire you can rest frying pan, kettle, etc. To start fire have some +light, dry wood split up fine. When sticks begin to blaze add a few more +of larger size and continue until you have a good fire. + +Sun Glass + +When the sun shines a fire may be started by means of a small pocket sun +or magnifying glass. Fine scrapings from dry wood or "punk tinder" will +easily ignite by the focusing of the sun dial upon it, and by fanning the +fire and by adding additional fuel, the fire-builder will soon have a +great blaze. + +COOKING RECEIPTS + +Griddle Cakes + +Beat together one egg, tablespoonful of sugar, cup of new milk, or +condensed milk diluted one-half. Mix in enough self-raising flour to make +a thick cream batter. Grease the griddle with rind or slices of bacon for +each batch of cakes. + +Broiled Bacon + +Slice bacon thin. Remove the rind which makes the slices curl up. Or, gash +the rind with a sharp knife if the boys like "cracklings." Fry on griddle +or put on the sharp end of a stick and hold over the hot coals, or, better +yet, remove the griddle and put a clean flat rock in its place. When the +rock is hot lay the slices of bacon on it and broil. Keep turning the +bacon so as to brown it on both sides. Cut into dice. + +Creamed Salmon + +Heat about a pint of salmon in one-half pint milk, season with salt and +pepper and a half teaspoonful of butter. + +Salmon on Toast + +Drop slices of stale bread into smoking-hot lard. They will brown at once. +Drain them. Heat a pint of salmon, picked into flakes, season with salt +and pepper and put into it a tablespoonful of butter. Stir in one egg, +beaten light, with three tablespoonfuls evaporated milk not thinned. Pour +mixture on the fried bread. + +Potatoes + +Wash potatoes and dry well; bury them deep in a good bed of live coals, +cover them with hot coals until well done. They will take about forty +minutes to bake. When you can pass a sharpened hardwood sliver through +them, they are done, and should be raked out at once. Run the sliver +through them from end to end, and let the steam escape and use +immediately, as a roast potato quickly becomes soggy and bitter. + +Baked Fish + +Dig a hole one foot and a half deep. Build a fire in it, heaping up dry +sticks until there is an abundance of fuel. After an hour, take out the +coals, clear the hole of ashes, lay green corn husks on the hot bottom of +the hole. Soak brown paper in water and wrap around the fish. Lay it in +the hole, cover with green corn husks, covered in turn with half an inch +of earth. Build a fire over it and keep burning for an hour. Then remove +and you have something delicious and worth the time taken to prepare. + +Fried Fish + +Clean fish well. Small fish should be fried whole, with the backbone +severed to prevent curling up; large fish should be cut into pieces, and +ribs cut loose from backbone so as to lie flat in pan. Rub the pieces in +corn meal or powdered bread crumbs, thinly and evenly (that browns them). +Fry in plenty of very hot fat to a golden brown, sprinkling lightly with +pepper and salt just as the color turns. If fish has not been wiped dry, +it will absorb too much grease. If the frying fat is not very hot when +fish are put in they will be soggy with it. + +Frogs' Legs + +After skinning frogs, soak them an hour in cold water, to which vinegar +has been added, or put them for two minutes into scalding water that has +vinegar in it. Drain, wipe dry, and cook. To fry: Roll in flour seasoned +with salt and pepper, and fry, not too rapidly, preferably in butter or +oil. Water cress is a good relish with them. To grill: Prepare three +tablespoonfuls melted butter, one-half teaspoonful salt, and a pinch or +two of pepper, into which dip the frog legs, then roll in fresh bread +crumbs and broil for three minutes on each side. + +EGGS + +Boiled + +Raise water to boiling point. Place eggs in carefully. Boil steadily for +three minutes if you prefer them soft. If you want them hard-boiled, put +them in cold water, bring to a boil, and keep it up for twenty minutes. +The yolk will then be mealy and wholesome. + +Fried + +Melt some butter or fat in frying pan, when it hisses drop in eggs +carefully. Fry them three minutes. + +Scrambled + +First stir the eggs up with a little condensed cream and a pinch of salt +and after putting some butter in the frying pan, stir the eggs in it, +being careful not to cook them too long. + +Poached + +First put in the frying pan sufficient diluted condensed milk which has +been thinned with enough water to float the eggs when the milk is hot; +drop in the carefully opened eggs and let them simmer three or four +minutes. Serve the eggs on slices of buttered toast, pouring on enough of +the milk to moisten the toast. + +Coffee + +For every cup of water allow a tablespoonful of ground coffee, and one +extra for the pot. Heat water to boiling point first, add coffee, boil +five minutes, settle with one-fourth cup cold water and serve. Some prefer +to put the coffee in a small muslin bag, tied loose, and boil for five +minutes longer. + +Cocoa + +Allow a teaspoonful of cocoa for every cup of boiling water. Mix the +powdered cocoa with hot water or hot milk to a creamy paste. Add equal +parts of boiling water and boiled milk, and sugar to taste. Boil two or +three minutes. + +SAMPLE MENU FOR AN OVER-NIGHT AND A DAY HIKE OR TRAMP + +Breakfast + +Griddle cakes with Karo Syrup or brown sugar and butter; +Fried bacon and potatoes; +Bread, coffee, preserves. + +Dinner + +Creamed salmon on toast; Baked potatoes; Bread; Pickles; Fruit. + +Supper + +Fried eggs; Creamed or chipped beef; Cheese; Bread; Cocoa + +These recipes have been tried out. Biscuit and bread-making have been +purposely omitted. Take bread and crackers with you from the camp. +"Amateur" biscuits are not conducive to good digestion or happiness. Pack +butter in small jar. Cocoa, sugar and coffee in small cans or heavy paper, +also salt and pepper. Wrap bread in a moist cloth to prevent drying up. +Bacon and dried or chipped beef in wax paper. Pickles can be purchased put +up in small bottles. Use the empty bottle as a candlestick. + +Ration List for six boys, three meals + +2 lbs. bacon (sliced thin), +1 lb. butter, +1 doz. eggs, +1/2 lb. cocoa, +1/2 lb. coffee, +1 lb. sugar, +3 cans salmon, +24 potatoes, +2 cans condensed milk, +1 small package self-raising flour, +Salt and pepper. + +Utensils + +Small griddle or tin "pie plate" (5 cents each), +Small stew pan, +Small coffee pot, +Small cake turner, +Large spoon, +Teaspoons, +Knives and forks, +Plates and cups, +Matches and candles. + +Dish Washing + +First fill the frying pan with water, place over fire and let it boil. +Pour out water and you will find that it has practically cleaned itself. +Clean the griddle with sand and water. Greasy knives and forks may be +cleaned by jabbing a couple of times into the ground. After all grease is +gotten rid of, wash in hot water and dry with cloth. Don't use the cloth +first and get it greasy. + +Be sure to purchase Horace Kephart's excellent book on "Camp Cookery," +$1.00, Outing Publishing Co., or Association Press. It is filled with +practical suggestions. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +"Camp and Trail"--Stewart Edward White. Doubleday, Page & Company, $1.25 +net. Full of common sense and of special value to those contemplating long +tramps and wilderness travel. Several chapters on "Horseback Travel" + +"Out-of-Doors"--M. Ellsworth Olsen, Ph.D. Pacific Press Publishing Co., 60 +cents. A book permeated with a wholesome outdoor spirit. + +The Field and Forest Book--Dan Beard. Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00. +Written in "Beardesque" style, filled with his inimitable illustrations +and crammed with ideas. + +The Way of the Woods-Edward Breck. G. P. Putnam's Sons, $1.75 net. Simple, +terse, free from technical terms, and calculated to give the novice a mass +of information. Written for Northeastern United States and Canada, but of +interest for every camper. + +[Illustration: The Morning Dip] + + + +CHAPTER XIII--HEALTH AND HYGIENE + +PHYSICAL EXAMINATION +HOSPITAL TENT AND EQUIPMENT +PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTS +PULSE RATE +THE TONGUE +TEMPERATURE +PAIN +SURGICAL SUPPLIES +MEDICAL STORES +SIMPLE REMEDIES +FIRST AID TO THE INJURED +DRILLS +HEALTH TALKS +RED CROSS SOCIETY +PREVENTION FROM DROWNING +PERSONAL HYGIENE +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Better to hunt on fields for health unbought +Than fee the doctor for a nauseous draught. +The wise, for cure, on exercise depend; +God never made his work for man to mend. +--Dryden + +Examination + +A boy should be examined by his family physician before going to camp in +order that he may receive the greatest good from the camp life and be +safeguarded from physical excess. An examination blank like that shown on +the next page is used in many of the large camps. When the boy arrives in +camp the physician or physical director examines the boy. Take his height, +weight, lung capacity, condition of heart, lungs, condition of muscles, +whether hard, medium or soft, and state of digestion. For this purpose you +will need a wet spirometer, measuring rod, stethoscope and platform +scales. A second blank with carbon duplicate, is kept of every boy. + +[Illustration: Wisconsin Boys' Camp Physical Examination Record] + +Give dates of first examination on arrival and final examination before +departure from camp. The original is given to the boy to take home and the +carbon copy is retained by the camp, filed in alphabetical order. Most +remarkable gains have been made by boys, particularly in lung capacity, +height, and hardening of muscles. The active life of the camp is not +conducive as a rule to great gain in weight. + +Each tent leader should be given the important facts of the examinations +of the boys in his tent, so that there may be intelligent cooperation +between the physician, or physical director, the tent leader, and the boy +in securing health efficiency. + +AVERAGE PHYSICAL TYPES FOR BOYS OF 5 TO 16 YEARS +(Compiled from the measurements of 5,476 school children.) + + ---Lengths (Inches)--- +Age Weight Height Height Span of Breadth Breadth Breadth + Sitting Arms Head Chest Waist +16 116.38 64.45 33.55 66.25 5.95 9.85 9.15 +15 103.29 62.25 32.15 63.15 5.90 9.30 8.65 +14 87.41 59.45 30.70 60.00 5.85 8.95 8.25 +13 78.32 57.10 29.60 57.50 5.80 8.70 7.95 +12 72.55 55.25 28.95 55.30 5.80 8.50 7.70 +11 64.89 53.10 28.20 53.40 5.75 8.25 7.45 +10 61.28 51.55 27.60 51.20 5.75 8.00 7.20 + 9 55.15 49.55 26.80 49.10 5.70 7.80 7.10 + 8 50.90 47.75 26.00 47.00 5.65 7.65 6.95 + 7 46.85 45.55 25.20 45.00 5.65 7.45 6.75 + 6 42.62 43.55 24.20 42.60 5.60 7.25 6.55 + 5 39.29 41.60 23.30 40.35 5.60 7.15 6.50 + + Girth Strength +Age Chest Girth of Chest Lung Right Left Vitality + Depth Head Expansion Capacity Forearm Forearm Coefficient + (cu in) Strength Strength +16 6.60 21.55 3.45 191.40 73.28 65.22 35.58 +15 6.30 21.45 3.30 161.00 63.47 54.30 26.09 +14 5.95 21.30 3.35 140.12 55.81 50.70 21.97 +13 5.65 21.10 3.25 123.58 49.69 45.07 18.28 +12 5.60 21.00 3.05 111.33 43.29 40.56 15.55 +11 5.45 20.85 2.90 100.74 39.09 36.30 13.33 +10 5.25 20.60 2.75 90.02 32.42 30.94 10.84 + 9 5.20 20.65 2.55 81.03 28.91 25.90 9.34 + 8 5.10 20.55 2.35 70.43 23.38 20.96 7.34 + 7 5.10 20.45 1.80 60.48 20.19 18.78 5.05 + 6 5.05 20.25 1.65 50.89 15.36 12.53 4.02 + 5 4.90 20.15 1.35 40.60 10.76 10.38 2.61 + Copyright by Wm. W. Hastings, Ph.D. + +Hospital Tent + +If a boy is ill (minor aches and pains which are frequently only growing +pains, excepted), isolate him from the camp, so that he may have quiet and +receive careful attention. + +[Illustration: Hospital Tent at Camp Couchiching] + +A tent, with fly and board floor, known as the "Hospital Tent" or "Red +Cross Tent," should be a part of the camp equipment. There may be no +occasion for its use, but it should be ready for any emergency. The +physician may have his office in this tent. Boys should not be "coddled;" +at the same time it must not be forgotten that good, sympathetic attention +and nursing are two-thirds responsible for speedy recovery from most ills. + +Equipment + +A spring cot, mattress, pillow, blankets, a good medicine cabinet, alcohol +stove for boiling water, cooking food, and sterilizing instruments; pans, +white enameled slop jar, pitcher, cup, pail; a table, a folding camp +reclining chair (Gold Medal Camp Furniture Company), and a combination +camp cot and litter (Gold Medal Brand) will make up the equipment of the +tent. + +The information and suggestions given in this chapter are the accumulation +of many years' experience in boys' camps. The technical information is +vouched for by competent physicians who have examined the manuscript.[1] + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: This chapter was written in 1911. Many +observations and suggestions are obsolete, if not dangerous or illegal.] + +Pulse Rate + +Every man in charge of a boys' camp should have a knowledge of certain +physiological facts, so as to be able to make a fair diagnosis of pain and +disease. The pulse, taken at the wrist, is a fair index of the condition +of the body. In taking the pulse-beat, do so with the fingers, and not +with the thumb, as the beating of the artery in the thumb may confuse. +Pulse rate is modified with age, rest, exercise, position, excitements, +and elevation. High elevation produces a more rapid pulse. The normal rate +of boys in their teens is about 80 to 84 beats per minute. An increase not +accounted for by one of the above reasons usually means fever, a rise of 6 +beats in pulse usually being equivalent to a rise of 1 degree. Often more +important than the rate, however, is the quality of the pulse. Roughly, +the feebler the pulse, the more serious the condition of the individual. +Irregularity in the rate may be a serious sign, and when it is noticed a +doctor should be immediately called. Failure to find the artery should not +necessarily cause uneasiness, as by trying on himself, the director may +see that the taking of the pulse is often a difficult undertaking. + +The Tongue + +The tongue is a very misleading guide to the patient's condition, and no +definite rule about its appearance can be laid down. Other signs, such as +temperature, general conditions, localization of pain, etc., are more +accurate, and to the total result of such observations the appearance of +the tongue adds little. + +Thermometer + +The normal temperature of the human body by mouth is about 98.4 degrees. +Variations between 98 degrees and 99 degrees are not necessarily +significant of disease. A reliable clinical thermometer should be used. +Temperature is generally taken in the mouth. Insert the bulb of the +thermometer well under the boy's tongue. Tell him to close his lips, not +his teeth, and to breathe through his nose. Leave it in the mouth about +three or four minutes. Remove, and, after noting temperature, rinse it in +cold water, dry it with a clean, towel, and shake the mercury down to 95 +degrees. It will then be ready for use next time. Never return a +thermometer to its case unwashed. + +Pain + +Pain is an indication that there is something wrong with the body that +should receive attention. Some boys are more sensitive to pain than +others, particularly boys of a highly strung, delicate, nervous nature. +Most people, however, think too much of their pains. Most pains to which +boys fall heir are due to trouble in the stomach or intestines, or to +fevers. Many pains that boys feel mean very little. They are often due to +a sore or strained muscle or nerve. A hot application or massage will +often bring relief. + +Sharply localized pain, except as the result of external injury, is not +common among healthy boys, and, if found, particularly in the well-known +appendix area, and if accompanied by other disquieting signs (temperature, +pulse, etc.), should receive medical attention. + +In a general way, any abdominal pain that does not yield in 24 hours to +rest in bed with application of external heat, should call for the advice +of a physician. Any severe attack of vomiting or diarrhea, accompanied by +temperature, and not immediately traceable to some indiscretion in diet, +is cause for study, and if improvement does not soon show itself, a +physician should be called. + +Pains in the extremities, particularly joints, if not clearly showing +signs of improvement in two or three days, should also be the object of a +physician's visit, as a fracture near a joint, if not correctly treated +early, may result in permanent deformity. + +The camp physician, or director, if he himself assumes the medical +responsibilities, should enforce the rule that all boys who do not have a +daily movement of the bowels see him, and he should always be ready to +receive such cases and give them the necessary treatment. + +The drawings by Albert G. Wegener illustrate in a general way what the +trouble is when one feels a distinct, persistent pain. + +Among healthy boys, in camp, thoracic pains, other than those due to +muscular strain, are uncommon, but when severe, especially if accompanied +by a rise of temperature (over 99.5 degrees) and not readily succumbing to +rest in bed, should be investigated by a physician. + +[Illustration: Sites of Pain.] + +PAIN + +The accompanying diagrams indicate what ailment may be looked for if there +is a persistent pain. (Adapted from Butler; Diagnosis.) + +1. Disease of bone. Tumor or abscess in chest. Weakening of the aorta. +Stomach trouble. + +2. Catarrh [1], or cancer or ulcer of stomach. Disease of spinal column. +Inflammation of pancreas. + +3. Lack of blood. Neuralgia of rib nerves. Pneumonia. Enlarged glands. +Disease of chest wall. Disease of back-bone. Shingles. + +4. Liver disease. Weakness of abdominal aorta. Heart disease. + +5. Disease of diaphragm or large intestines. + +6. Heart disease. Large intestines. Locomotor ataxia [2]. + +7. Pleurisy. Violent vomiting. Coughing. + +8. Colic. Gravel. Movable kidney. Enlarged spleen. Dyspepsia. Lack of +blood. Debility. + +9. Sharp abdominal pains indicate the following: Ulcer or cancer of +stomach Disease of intestines. Lead colic. Arsenic or mercury poisoning. +Floating kidney. Gas in intestines. Clogged intestines. Appendicitis. +Inflammation of bowels. Rheumatism of bowels. Hernia. Locomotor ataxia +[2]. Pneumonia. Diabetes. + +10. Neuralgia. Clogged intestines. Abdominal tumor. Kidney colic. Tumor or +abscess of thigh bone. Appendicitis if pain is in right leg. + +11. Lack of blood. Hysteria. Epilepsy. Disease of bladder. Nervous +breakdown. + +12. Foreign substance in ear. Bad teeth. Eye strain. Disease of Jaw bone. +Ulcer of tongue. + +13. Nervous breakdown. Epilepsy. Tumor or break in brain. Cranial +neuralgia. Disease of neck bones. Adenoids. Ear disease. Eye strain. Bad +teeth. + +14. Spinal trouble. + +15. Disease of stomach. Weakening of aorta. + +16. Hand and arm pains indicate: Heart disease. Enlarged spleen. Clogged +large intestines. + +17. Nervous breakdown. + +18. Eye strain. Disease of nasal cavity. Lack of blood. Dyspepsia. +Constipation. Rheumatism of scalp. Nervous breakdown. + +19. Bad teeth. Ear inflammation. Cancer of upper Jaw. Neuralgia of Jaw +nerve. + +20. Bad teeth. Neuralgia of Jaw nerve. + +21. Clogged large intestines. Ulcer of stomach. + +22. Lumbago. Neuralgia. Debility. Fatigue. Weakness of abdominal aorta. + +23. Girdle sensation indicates disease or injury of spinal cord. + +24. Disease of testicles. Excessive sex abuse. Ulcer or cancer rectum. +Piles. Disease of hip-joint. Neuralgia. Sciatica. + +25. Kidney disease. Neuralgia. + +26. Intestines clogged. Cancer or ulcer of rectum. Locomotor ataxia. +Abscess in back. Sciatica (if in one leg only). + +27. Cramps due to over exercise. Diabetes. Hysteria. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Catarrh: Inflammation of mucous membranes in +nose and throat.] + +[Transcriber's Footnote 2: Ataxia: Loss of coordinated muscular movement.] + +Typhoid Fever + +The epidemic chiefly to be feared in summer camps is typhoid fever, and +boys coming from cities where that disease is prevalent should be +carefully watched. Care in sanitation minimizes the likelihood of such a +disease springing up in the camp. Other infections, such as mumps, +conjunctivitis, etc., should be carefully isolated, and all precautions +taken to prevent their spread. + +A fairly common event may be toward evening to find a boy with a headache +and a temperature perhaps of 102 degrees. This will probably be all right +in the morning after a night's rest and perhaps the administration also of +a cathartic. + +The Dentist + +The importance of a visit to the dentist before coming to camp cannot be +over-estimated. Every one knows the torture of a toothache, and realizes +how unbearable it must be for a boy away from home and among other boys, +sympathetic, of course, but busy having a good time, and with only a few +patent gums to relieve the misery, and the dentist perhaps not available +for two days. Parents cannot have this point too forcibly thrust upon +them, as by even a single visit to a competent dentist all the sufferings +of toothache may usually be prevented. + +Surgical Supplies + +The following list of surgical supplies will be found necessary. The +quantity must be determined by the size of the camp, and the price by the +firm from whom purchased. + +Surgical Supplies + +One-half dozen assorted gauze bandages, sizes one to three +inches, 10 cents each. +Two yards sterilized plain gauze in carton, 20 cents a yard. +One roll three-inch adhesive plaster, $1.00. +One paper medium size safety pins, 10 cents. +One paper medium size common pins, 5 cents. +Four ounces sterilized absorbent cotton in cartons, 20 cents. +One-half dozen assorted egg-eyed surgeon's needles, straight to +full curve, 50 cents. +One card braided silk ligature, assorted in one card (white), about +30 cents. +One hundred ordinary corrosive sublimate tablets, 25 cents. +Small surgical instrument set, comprising (F. H. Thomas Co., +Boston, Mass., $3.50). +2 scalpels +Forceps +Director +Probe +Curette +Scissors + +One Hypodermic Syringe, all metal, in metal case, $1.50. +One Fountain Syringe (for enemata and ears). +One one-minute clinical thermometer in rubber case, $1.25. Get +best registered instrument. +One number nine soft rubber catheter, 25 cents. +Small bottle collodion[1] with brush. +One-quarter pound Boric acid powder, 25 cents. +Four ounces Boric acid ointment, 50 cents. +One-quarter pound Boric acid crystals, 25 cents. Carbolic Acid, +95 cents. +Hypodermic tablets, cocaine hydro-chlorate, 1-1/8 grain, making +in two drachms sterile water or one per cent solution. (To be +used by Physician only.) +Alcohol, 80 per cent. +Sulpho Napthol. +Iodoform gauze. +Chloroform liniment. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: collodion: Flammable, colorless or yellowish +syrupy solution of pyroxylin, ether, and alcohol, used as an adhesive to +close small wounds and hold surgical dressings, in topical medications, +and for making photographic plates.] + +With the above list the ingenious man can perform practically every +surgical operation that he would care to undertake. + +For "First Aid" demonstration work you will need a number of Red Cross +Outfits. 25 cents each. (31 cents postpaid.) + +Medical Store + +(Tablets to be used hypodermically should be used only by a physician.) + +Quinine Sulphate, gr. 5. Useful in malarial regions. Give 15-20 gr. at +time of expected chill. Better stay away from malarial country. No place +for a camp. + +Calomel, gr. 1/4, 200 at 10 cents per C. Take one tablet every 30 minutes +or every hour, for eight doses in all cases where bowels need thorough +cleaning out. + +Phenacetine and Salol, of each gr. 2-1/2, 100 at 50 cents per C. One +tablet every four hours. For headache and intestinal antisepsis. Dangerous +as a depressant to heart. + +Dover's Powders, gr. 5, 100 at 50 cents per C. Two tablets at bedtime, in +hot water or lemonade, in acute colds. One after each meal may be added. + +Dobell's Solution Tablets, 200 at 25 cents per C. One as a gargle in +one-half glass hot water every two to four hours in tonsilitis and +pharyngitis. + +Potassium Bromide, gr. 10, 100 at 25 cents per C. For headache. Best given +in solution after meals. May irritate an empty stomach. + +Aspirin, gr. 5, 100 at $1.25 per C. One or two every four hours for +rheumatism, headache, or general pains and aches. + +Compound cathartic pills, 100 at 21 cents per C. Two at night for +constipation. + +Epsom Salts, four ounces, 5 cents. Two to four teaspoonfuls in hot water +before breakfast. + +Compound tincture of opium (Squibb), 4 ounces, 50 cents. Teaspoonful after +meals for summer diarrhea. + +Baking soda. Teaspoonful after meals for "distress." + +Morphine Sulphate, gr, 1/4; + +Strychnine Sulphate, gr. 1-30; for hypodermics, used by physicians only. + +In addition to the above everyone has a stock of "old-fashioned" home +remedies. Some of these are described under "Simple Remedies." + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +"Backwoods Surgery and Medicine"--Charles Stuart Moody, M. D. Outing +Publishing Co., New York, 75 cents net. A commonsense book written from +experience. It is invaluable to campers. + +"Home Treatment and Care of the Sick "-A. Temple Lovering, M.D. Otis Clapp +& Son, Boston, $1.50. Full of helpful suggestions. + +American Red Cross Abridged Text Book on First Aid (General Edition). +American Red Cross Society, Washington, D. C., 30 cents net. Reliable and +comprehensive. + +Annual Report of the United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps (Free). +Office, World Building, New York City. Contains many hints and +suggestions. + +Boys' Drill Regulations. National First, Aid Association, 6 Beacon Street, +Boston, Mass. 25 cents. A mass of information concerning setting-up +drills, litter drills, swimming drill on land, rescue and resuscitation +drills, etc. + + + +CHAPTER XIV--SIMPLE REMEDIES + +BITES +BLEEDING +BURNS +EARS +EYES +FEET +HEADACHE +SUNSTROKE +STOMACH ACHE +TOOTHACHE + +In a small camp a physician is unnecessary, though one should be within +call. The camp leader should have a knowledge of the ordinary ailments of +growing boys and simple remedies for relief. No camp of fifty or more boys +should be without a physician or some upper class medical student of high +moral character. Don't run risks. When in doubt, call in a physician. The +treatment of local disorders described is largely from nature's medicine +chest, and simple in application. + +Bites and Stings + +Put on salt and water, or make a paste of soda and water, or rub the wound +with aromatic ammonia, camphor, or tar soap. Common salt is excellent. + +Bleeding Nose + +Do not blow the nose. Hold a wet handkerchief at the back of the neck and +wash the face in hot water, or place a wad of paper under the upper lip, +or crowd some fine gauze or cotton into the nostrils and make a plug. + +To Check Bleeding + +Raise the injured part as high as you can above the heart, press very +firmly with sterile pad under thumb or fingers on or into the wound. Blood +from a vein will be dark red or purplish and will flow in a steady stream. +Press upon the vein below the wound. Put on a clean pad and bind it upon +the wound firmly enough to stop bleeding. Blood from an artery will be +bright red and will probably spurt in jets. Press very hard above the +wound. Tie a strong bandage (handkerchief, belt, suspenders, rope, strip +of clothing) around the wounded member, and between the wound and the +heart. Under it and directly over the artery place a smooth pebble, piece +of stick, or other hard lump. Then thrust a stout stick under the bandage +and twist until the wound stops bleeding. A tourniquet should not remain +over twenty-four hours. + +Blisters + +Wash blistered feet in hot water and then in alcohol or in cold water with +a little baking powder or soda added. Wipe them dry and then rub them with +a tallow candle or some fat. + +Bruises + +Apply compresses of hot or cold water to keep down swelling and +discoloration. Also apply witch hazel. + +Burns + +Use vaseline, baking soda, bread, the white of an egg, flour and water, +butter, grease, or fat; or mix flour and soda with fat, or soap with sugar +and make into a paste, or put a teaspoonful of baking powder into a pint +of warm water and pour it on a piece of gauze and put this on the burn or +scald, covering it with cotton and a bandage. Never let a burn be exposed +to the air, but cover it at once if the pain is intense. + +Chills + +Mix a good dash of pepper with a little ginger in sweetened hot water and +drink it. Get into bed at once. Cover with blankets and put hot water +bottle at feet. + +Choking + +Force yourself to swallow pieces of dry bread or drink some water. Let +some one slap the back. + +Colds + +Pour boiling water over two heads of elder blossoms, brew for twenty +minutes, and drink a small cup hot on going to bed. Or drink hot lemonade +or hot ginger tea. In any case, keep warm and out of a draft. + +Constipation + +Use cathartic pills, or castor oil. Eat plenty of prunes or fruit. Drink +plenty of water. + +Cuts + +Always clean thoroughly all open wounds to prevent infection, and +accelerate healing. Carbolic, left on a wound for any time at all may +result in carbolic poisoning or in gangrene. Use pure alcohol (not wood or +denatured, as both are poisonous), or a teaspoonful of sulphur-naphthol to +a basin of water, or 1:1000 corrosive sublimate solution (wad with +flexible collodion). Do not use vaseline or any other substance on a +freshly abrased surface. After a scab has formed, vaseline may be applied +to keep this scab soft. Never close a wound with court plaster[1]. The +only legitimate uses for sticking or adhesive plaster are to hold +dressings in place where bandaging is difficult, or in case of a cut to +keep edges closed without sewing the skin. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Cloth coated with adhesive substance to cover +cuts or scratches on the skin.] + +Earache + +Take the heart of an onion, heat it in an oven, and put it in the ear when +hot, but not so hot as to burn the ear. This not only relieves the +earache, but helps to send the sufferer to sleep. Hold hot water bag to +ear. + +Inflamed Eye + +Wring a towel in water hot as the hands will bear; lay on the eyes and +change frequently. Bathe with saturated solution of boric acid crystals. + +Great relief is felt by opening the eyes in tepid or very warm boracic +solution. Even if it is strong enough to smart, no harm will result. + +If inflammation is caused by a foreign substance, rub the other eye, in +order to make both eyes water. If the speck can be seen, it can generally +be taken out by twisting a small piece of gauze or cloth around a +toothpick and drawing it over the speck, or by twisting up a piece of +paper like a lamp lighter and, after wetting the tip of it, wiping it +against the speck. If it is under the upper lid, pull the lid away from +the eyeball, and push the under lid up underneath the upper one. In this +way the eyelashes of the lower lid will generally clean the inside of the +upper one. An eye-tweezers for removing a piece of grit from the eye is +made by folding a piece of paper in two. With a sharp knife cut it to a +point at an angle of 30 degrees and slightly moisten the point in clean +water. + +Feet + +It is a good thing to dry-soap your feet and the inside of your socks +before putting them on for a hike or tramp. This is an old army trick. If +your feet perspire freely, powder them with boric acid powder, starch, and +oxide of zinc in equal parts. Wash the feet every day, best on turning in +at night. + +To prevent the nail growing into the toe, take a bit of broken glass and +scrape down the top of the nail until it is quite thin, and in time the +corners begin to grow out, and no longer hurt the toe. Toenails should be +cut square and not encouraged to grow in by side trimming. A good plan is +to make a "V" shape notch on the middle of the top of each toenail, which +will close up naturally, and, in so doing, draw the sides up and inward. + +Headache + +Headache comes from indigestion or from the sun. A boy will overeat and +then play under the hot sun--result, headache. Have the boy lie down and +sleep, if possible, using cloths dipped in cold water to drive the blood +away from the head. A remedy recommended by the great John Wesley is to +lay very thin slices of lemon rind on either temple. + +Hiccough + +Take a deep breath and hold it as long as possible, or make yourself +sneeze. + +Ivy Poisoning + +Mix some baking powder with water, or rub on wood ashes. Wash with +alcohol. Be careful not to spread by scratching. + +Rusty Nail + +Better call a physician. Puncture with nails and such things, especially +if rusty, should be squeezed and washed with sulphur-naphthol or hot water +poured into the hole. If too small, this may be slightly enlarged. +Cauterize with carbolic acid, then with pure alcohol. Keep the wound open +for a few days. Run no risk with a rusty nail wound. Attend to it +immediately. + +Sprains + +Bathe a sprain in as hot water as you can bear, to which has been added a +small quantity of vinegar and salt. Slight sprains (as of finger) may be +painted with iodine. + +Sunstroke + +The first symptom is a headache followed by a heavy feeling in the pit of +the stomach, dimmed eyesight, difficulty in breathing, and a fever. If +insensibility follows, lay the person on his back in a cool, shady place, +with his head slightly raised. Loosen his clothing, keep his head cold +with wet cloths, and pour cold water on his face and chest, until the +temperature of his body is lowered and the face becomes pale. + +Sunburn + +Get used to sun gradually. Use powdered boric acid or ointment. Cocoa +butter is also a good preventive. + +Sore Throat + +Gargle the throat with warm water and some salt added, and then bind a +woolen sock around it. Keep the sock on until the soreness is gone. Put +teaspoonful of chlorate of potash in a cup of water and gargle. Diluted +alkalol [sic] is also good for a gargle, or tincture of iron diluted. Fat +bacon or pork may be tied around the neck with a dry sock. Swab the +throat. + +Stomachache + +Caused by undigested food in the intestines. Put the boy on a diet, also +give him plenty of warm water to drink, or a cup of hot ginger tea. + +Toothache + +Heat will always help to soothe the sufferer. A seeded raisin, toasted +before the fire, makes a useful poultice for an aching tooth, pressed into +the hollow. A bag of hot salt, pressed on the face, relieves pain. + +[Illustration: Drill in First Aid] + + + +CHAPTER XV--FIRST AID TO THE INJURED + +First aid should teach every boy how to render temporary assistance by +improvised means for the relief of the injured one, and the methods by +which he can be removed to a place of safety. With this in view, the +information given in this chapter incorporates what every camper should +know. Before going to camp, boys should be taught the use of the +Triangular Bandage. This bandage is used by the United States Government, +and is well suited for an emergency bandage. It can be easily made from a +handkerchief or a piece of linen. The American Red Cross First Aid Outfit +contains a triangular bandage, with methods of application printed +thereon. The gauze or roller bandage is more difficult to handle. This, +however, is the bandage to control bleeding, etc. Any reliable book on +First Aid gives information as to its manipulation. + +Dislocation + +A dislocation of the finger or toe can generally be reduced by pulling +strongly and at the same time pressing where the dislocation is. If the +hip, shoulder, or elbow is dislocated, do not meddle with the joint, but +make the boy as comfortable as possible by surrounding the joint with +flannel cloths wrung out in hot water; support with soft pads, and send +for a doctor at once. If the spine is dislocated, lay the boy on his back. +Never put him on his side or face, it may be fatal. If he is cold, apply +hot blankets to his body, hot water bottle or hot salt bag to the seat of +pain. + +[Illustration: Triangular Bandage; Method of Folding Triangular Bandage +for Use; Bandage should always be secured by means of a reef knot.] + +Broken Bones + +Do not try to reduce the fracture if a physician can be secured, for +unskilled handling will do more harm than good. The thing to do is to make +the boy comfortable by placing him in a comfortable position with the +injured part resting on a pad, keeping him perfectly quiet. If there is an +open wound, cover it with cheesecloth or gauze which has been dipped in +boiling water, to which baking soda has been added. Then wrap absorbent +cotton around it. If the boy has a fever, put wet cloths on his head, +swinging them in the air to cool for changing. + +THE FOLLOWING PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS ARE GIVEN IN "CAMP KITS AND CAMP +LIFE," BY CHARLES STEDMAN HANKS. + +Nose + +If the nose is broken, plug with gauze to stop bleeding. + +Jaw + +If the jaw is broken, push the bone gently into place, and if there is an +open wound, cover it with gauze or cotton, made antiseptically, and then +put a bandage around the jaw. + +Collar Bone + +If the collar bone is broken, it will be known by the pain in the shoulder +and the shoulder dropping. Holding the elbow up will relieve the weight +from the collar bone. Lay the boy on his back. Put a cotton wad in his +armpit and bandage the arm to the side of the body and put the arm in a +sling. + +Shoulder Blade + +If the shoulder blade is broken, put the forearm across the chest with the +fingers on the shoulder and then bandage the arm to the body. + +Rib + +If a rib is broken it will pain the patient when he takes a long breath. +Put him on his back, resting a little on the uninjured side, so that he +will breathe easily. If it is necessary to move him, bandage strips of +adhesive plaster around the body, beginning at the lowest rib and working +upward, having each strip lap over the one below it. If you have no +adhesive plaster, use a wide strip of cotton cloth. After you have put his +coat on, pin it as tightly as you can in the back. + +Leg Above Knee + +If the leg is broken above the knee, lay shoulders slightly back, with the +head and shoulders slightly raised. Draw the leg out straight, and, after +padding it with cotton or towels, cut a small sapling long enough to reach +from the foot to the armpit, and fasten it at the ankle, knee, and waist. +If it is necessary to move the boy, bind both legs firmly together. + +Leg Below Knee + +If the leg is broken below the knee, lay the boy on his back and put a +pillow or a bag stuffed with grass lengthwise under it. Then put a board +or a hewed sapling on the under side of the pillow to stiffen it, and +bandage the pillow and the board or sapling firmly to the leg. If the boy +has to be moved, bind both legs together. + +Knee Pan + +If the knee pan is broken, put the boy on his back and straighten out the +leg on a padded splint which reaches from the heel to the hip, putting +some cotton or a folded towel under the knee and the heel. Then bandage +the splint on at the ankle, at the upper part of the leg, and above and +below the knee pan. + +Foot + +If the foot is broken, make a splint of two pieces of wood held together +at right angles, and, after padding the foot with cotton, bind the splint +to the side of the foot and the leg. + +[Illustration: Large arm sling as a support for the forearm.] + +[Illustration: Large arm sling as a support for the elbow.] + + +Upper Arm + +If the upper arm is broken, make three splints, one long enough to reach +from the shoulder to the elbow to go on the outside of the arm, one to go +on the inner side of the arm, and one on the back of the arm. Pad the arm +from the armpit to the elbow with cotton, towels, or newspapers wrapped in +cloth, and, after bandaging on the splints, put the forearm in a sling and +bind the arm to the body. + +Forearm + +If the forearm is broken, make a cotton pad long enough to reach from the +fingers well up to the forearm, and rest the palm of the hand on it. Put a +similar pad on the back of the hand, and, after bandaging in a splint, put +the arm in a sling. + +Hand + +If the hand is broken, put a cotton pad on the palm and over it a thin +splint long enough to reach from the tips of the fingers to the forearm. +After binding the splint in place, put the arm in a sling with the hand +higher than the elbow. + +Finger + +If a finger is broken, make a splint of cardboard or a thin piece of wood +long enough to reach from the tip of the finger to the wrist. Cover the +finger with gauze or cotton, and, after binding on the splint, support the +hand in a sling. + +Fainting + +Fainting comes from too little blood in the head. Lay the boy on his back +with feet higher than his head. Loosen tight clothing and let him have +plenty of fresh air. Sprinkle his face with cold water and rub his arms +with it. For an attack of dizziness, bend the head down firmly between the +knees. If his face is flushed, raise the head. + +Stunned + +Lay the boy on his back with head somewhat raised. Apply heat, such as +bottles of hot water, hot plates or stones wrapped in towels to the +extremities and over the stomach, but keep the head cool with wet cloths. +Do not give any stimulant; it would drive blood to the brain. + +Stretcher + +A stretcher may be improvised in one of the following ways: (a) A shutter, +door, or gate covered well with straw, hay, clothing, or burlap bagging. + +(b) A piece of carpet, blanket, sacking, tarlatan, spread out, and two +stout poles rolled up in the sides. Put clothes for a pillow. + +(c) A coat with the two sleeves turned inside out; pass two poles through +the sleeves, button the coat over them. (See illustration.) Patient sits +on coat and rests against the back of the first bearer. + +(d) Two poles passed through a couple of bags, through holes at bottom +corners of each. + +[Illustration: Coat Stretcher] + +Carry a patient by walking out of step, and take short paces, about 18 +inches apart. Usually carry the patient feet first, but in going up hill +the position is reversed, and the patient is carried head first. + +[Illustration: Life Saving Patrol] + +The following illustrations explain the process of carrying a patient +without a stretcher: + +[Illustration: Three and four handed carry.] + +PREVENTION FROM DROWNING + +Learn to Swim + +Every summer records its hundreds of drowning accidents, many of which +might have been prevented if methods of rescue had been generally taught. +No boy should be permitted to enter a boat, particularly a canoe, until he +has learned to swim. The movement to teach swimming to every boy and young +man in North America who does not know how to swim is both commendable and +practical. The text-book used largely is "At Home in the Water," by George +H. Corsan, issued by the publishers of this book. + +Button Awards + +Summer camps provide a special opportunity for giving such instruction. To +each individual who is actually taught to swim in camp a silver-oxidized +button is given by the Association's International Committee, 124 East +28th St., New York, provided the test is made under the supervision of a +committee of three men. Those who teach others to swim receive a gold +oxidized leader's button. Write to the Physical Department at the above +address for information. + +[Illustration: Award Button] + +U. S. V. Life Saving Corps + +An Auxiliary Division of the U. S. Volunteer Life Saving Corps should be +established to patrol the water during swimming periods. Any camper may +qualify for membership by taking the following examinations: the boy to +receive not less than 6 points in 10 point subjects, and not less than 3 +points on 5 point subjects, with a total of 75 points. Those receiving +less than 75 points may become members of auxiliary crews. + +[Illustration: Award Button] + +HOW TO QUALIFY. + 1 Swimming not less than 100 yards and 25 yards on back. 10 points + 2 Diving, plunging, floating, fetching. 10 points + 3 Rescue drill on land and water. 10 points + 4 Release drill on land and in water. 10 points + 5 Resuscitation. 10 points + 6 Names of parts of a row boat. 5 points + 7 Rowing and boat handling. 10 points + 8 Use of life saving appliances. 10 points + 9 First aid work and remedies. 10 points +10 Written examination on work in water. 5 points +11 Written examination on work in boats. 5 points +12 Written examination on work on land. 5 points + +Organization + +To organize at camps, officials will proceed by conducting the +above-mentioned examinations. Should there be five or more successful +competitors, crews can be organized as follows, the regular form of +enrollment being employed and no enlistments required: + +Five men constitute a crew entitling one of the five to the rank of acting +third lieutenant. + +Ten men constitute two crews with acting second and third lieutenants. + +Fifteen men constitute three crews with acting first, second, and third +lieutenants. + +Twenty men constitute four crews (or a division) with acting captain, +first, second, and third lieutenants, lieutenant surgeon, quartermaster, +boatswain, and one coxswain for each crew or three coxswains. + +Auxiliary members over eighteen years of age may become active members +after leaving camps and receive active membership commissions, provided +they affiliate with some active permanent crew in their home district. + +Auxiliary members holding our certificates shall be entitled to auxiliary +membership buttons, but active members only are entitled to wear the +official badge of membership of the corps. + +Summer camps will be equipped, at the discretion of headquarters, on the +following conditions: + +That they shall pay all express on supplies to and from camps. + +That they shall report at the end of each season the exact condition of +the supplies and make provision for the safekeeping of same for future +seasons, or return same. + +Medicine chests must be returned. + +Instructors will be sent to the various camps, at the discretion of +headquarters, whenever possible. All expenses, traveling, board, etc., but +not services, must be covered by the camps. + +Examination questions will be found in our book, "Instruction on Subjects +for Examination for Membership." If desired, camp officials can make +examinations more rigid than outlined by us. + +Examination papers furnished on request. + +The above information was furnished by K. F. Mehrtens, Assistant +Secretary, United States Volunteer Life Saving Corps, 63-65 Park Row, New +York City. + +Training Course + +Efficient life saving comes from thorough experience and training, not +from a theory. These subjects for instruction may be taught preparatory to +the summer camp, as well as during the camping season. + +Swimming to include straight-away, swimming with clothes on, floating, +diving, fetching: strokes--perfect breast stroke, side stroke, overhead +stroke, crawl stroke. + +Rescue Methods to include rescuing a supposedly drowning person. Use of +life saving apparatus. + +Methods of Release to include grasping by the wrist, clutch around the +neck and grasp around the body. + +Resuscitation of the apparently drowned, including the Sylvester method +described on page 194, and the simple "first aid" rules. + +Boat Handling to include rowing a boat, taking a person into a boat from +the water, clinging to a boat without capsizing it, etc. + +Knot Tying to include all kinds of knots and their value in connection +with life-saving work, and the use of them on life-saving appliances. + +Wig-wagging to include the committing to memory of the U. S. Naval Wig-Wag +Signal Code. The following is used at Camp Wawayanda, New Jersey Boys. + +WIG-WAG CODE + +Signalling by wig-wag is carried on by waving a flag in certain ways, +represented by the figures 1, 2 and 3, and thus letters are made and words +spelled. + +Two wig-wag flags are used, one a square white flag with a red square in +the center, and the other a square red flag with white square in the +center. + +Only one flag is used in signalling, and that one is selected which can +best be seen against the boy's background. + +[Illustration: Interval; Signal 1; Signal 2; Signal 3] + +U. S. NAVAL WIG-WAG SIGNAL CODE. + +ALPHABET. +A 22 +B 2112 +C 121 +D 222 +F 2221 +G 2211 +H 122 +I 1 +J 1122 +K 2121 +L 221 +M 1221 +N 11 +O 21 +P 121 +Q 1211 +R 211 +S 212 +T 2 +U 112 +V 1222 +W 1121 +X 2122 +Y 111 +Z 2222 +Tion 1112 + +ALPHABET CLASSIFIED. +I 1 +N 11 +Y 111 + +E 12 +H 122 +V 1222 +U 112 +J 1122 + +C 121 +Q 1211 +M 1221 +P 1212 +W 1121 + +T 2 +A 22 +D 222 +Z 2222 + +O 21 +R 211 +L 221 +G 2211 +F 2221 + +S 212 +X 2122 +B 2112 +K 2121 + +Numerals +1 1111 +2 2222 +3 1112 +4 2221 +5 1122 +6 2211 +7 1222 +8 2111 +9 1221 +0 2112 + +Conventional signals + +End of word, 3 +End of sentence, 33 +End of message, 333 +I understand, A.A. 3 +Cease signalling, A.A.A. 333 +Repeat last word, C.C. 3 +Repeat last message, C.C.C. 3 +I have made an error, E.E. 3 + +WIG-WAG RULES + +1. The boy should face the person to whom he is signalling, and should +hold the flag-staff vertically in front of the centre of his body, with +the butt at the height of his waist. + +2. The motion represented by the Figure 1 is made by waving the flag down +to the right; 2, by waving it down to the left; and 3, by waving it down +in front of the sender. (Page 188) + +3. Each motion should embrace an arc of ninety degrees, starting from and +returning to the vertical without a pause. + +4. When two or more motions are required to make a letter, there should be +no pause between the motions. + +5. At the end of each letter there should be a slight pause at the +vertical. + +6. At the end of each word, one front motion (3) should be made; at the +end of a sentence, two fronts (33); and at the end of a message, three +fronts (333). + +7. To call a boat, signal the initial letter of her name until answered. +To answer a call, signal A.A. 3 (I understand). + +8. If the sender makes an error he should immediately signal E.E. 3 (I +have made an error), and resume the message, beginning with the last word +sent correctly. + +9. If the receiver does not understand a signal he should signal C.C. 3 +(Repeat last word); the sender should then repeat the last word and +proceed with the message. + +EXAMINATIONS USED BY THE U. S. V. L. S. C., CAMP BECKET Y. Y. C. A. +AUXILIARY CORPS, AUGUST 24, 1910 + +A-Boat Work--10 Points +1. With what knot should you tie a boat? +2. Define amidships, thole-pin[1], painter[2]. +3. Define port, starboard, aft. +4. Explain briefly a rescue from the bow. +5. Explain briefly a rescue from the stern. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: thole-pin: Pairs of wooden pegs set in the +gunwales as an oarlock.] + +[Transcriber's Footnote 2: painter: Rope attached to the bow for tying up +when docking or towing.] + +B-Water Work--10 Points +1. Describe breakaway Number 3. +2. "Before jumping into water for rescue, be sure to do-" what? +3. Give two ways to locate a body. +4. If you are seized and cannot break away, what should you do? +5. "If in a strong outsetting tide, it is advisable when rescuing +to-" do what? + +C--General First Aid--10 Points +1. How and where do you apply a tourniquet? +2. Give the treatment for fainting. +3. Give the treatment for sun-stroke. +4. Give the treatment for wounds. +5. Give the treatment for and symptoms of shock. + +D-Wig-Wag--10 points +Translate into code "Go send them help quick." +Translate into English + "1121-12-3-1121-22-11-2-3-22-3-2112-21-22-2-333." + + +E-Write an essay on general methods, precautions, etc., for rescuing. +-- 20 Points + +F-Write an essay on how you would restore an apparently drowned man to +consciousness.--20 Points + +G-Practical First Aid (Make appointment with the doctor.) + +GENERAL HINTS + +Kick! + +If you work your hands like paddles and kick your feet, you can stay above +water for several hours, even with your clothes on. It requires a little +courage and enough strength of mind not to lose your head. + +Cramps + +Many boy swimmers make the mistake of going into the water too soon after +eating. The stomach and digestive organs are busy preparing the food for +the blood and body. Suddenly they are called upon to care for the work of +the swimmer. The change is too quick for the organs, the process of +digestion stops. Congestion is apt to follow, and then the paralyzing +cramps. + +Indian Method + +The Indians have a method of protecting themselves from cramps. Coming to +a bathing pool, an Indian swimmer, after stripping off and before entering +the water, vigorously rubs the pit of his stomach with the dry palms of +his hands. This rubbing probably takes a minute; then he dashes cold water +all over his stomach and continues the rubbing for another minute, and +after that he is ready for his plunge. If the water in which you are going +to swim is cold, try this Indian method of getting ready before plunging +into the water. + +Rule + +The rule for entering the water, in most camps, is as follows: "No one of +the party shall enter the water for swimming or bathing except at time and +place designated." Laxity in the observance of this rule will result +disastrously. + +RESCUE FROM DROWNING + +[Illustration: FIG. 1] + +Rescue + +To rescue a drowning person from the water, always try to pull him out +with an oar, a rope, a coat (holding the end of one sleeve and throwing +him the other), or some other convenient object. If you are obliged to +jump in after him, approach him with great caution, throw your left arm +around his neck with his back to your side (Figure 1), in which position +he can't grapple you, and swim with your legs and right arm. If he should +succeed in grasping you, take a long breath, sink with him, place your +feet or knees against his body, and push yourself free. + +[Illustration: Fig. 2] + +Although life may seem extinct, make every effort at resuscitation. +Various procedures are advocated. The Sylvester method is one of the best. + +Hold the boy for it few seconds as in Figure 2, to get rid of water which +may have been taken in. Do this several times. Tear off clothing. Rub +briskly the legs and arms toward the body. Draw the tongue forward every +three seconds for a minute. If these methods fail to restore breathing, +then perform artificial respiration, first sending for a physician. + +[Illustration: Respiration] + +Lay the boy on his back with a folded coat or sweater under his shoulders, +and grasp his wrists or his arms straight up over his head as in Figure 3. + +[Illustration: FIG. 3. RESPIRATION] + +[Illustration: FIG. 4. EXPIRATION] + +Pull steadily and firmly in that position while you count 1, 2, 3. This +causes air to enter the lungs. Then quickly bring his arms down on his +chest and press them firmly on his ribs (Figure 4) while you again count +1, 2, 3. This forces the air out of the lungs. Then quickly carry his arms +over his head and down again, and repeat the same routine fast enough to +make him breathe from twelve to sixteen times a minute. The tendency is to +work too fast. If the work is done properly the air can be heard +distinctly as it passes in and out of the air passages. Sometimes the +tongue drops back in the throat, stopping it up so no air can enter. If +you suspect this, have an assistant grasp the tongue with a handkerchief +and keep it pulled forward. + +[Illustration: FIG. 5. Expiration.] + +Cuts used by courtesy of Health-Education League. + +Don't Give Up + +It will make it much easier if you have another person push on the ribs +for you when you relax the arms, as shown in Figure 5. Have him place the +hands as shown in the figure with the thumbs toward the medium line in +front, the fingers farther away, the palms just below the breasts; this +will make the boy's nipples come just midway between the ends of the +thumbs and the middle joint of the forefinger. Press firmly downward and +inward toward the backbone. + +Continue these motions about fifteen times per minute. Keep this up until +the boy begins to breathe, himself. When done properly, the work is hard +for the operator, and he should be relieved by some one else as soon as he +gets tired. + +Warmth and Quiet + +As soon as the boy begins to breathe himself--but not before--his limbs +should be well rubbed toward the heart. This will help to restore the +circulation. He should afterward be put to bed, well covered with warm +blankets, hot stones being placed at his feet, and warm drinks +administered. Fresh air and quiet will do the rest. + +Books + +"Boys' Drill Regulation," published by the National First Aid Association +of America, and "Boys' Life Brigade Manual of Drill," published by the +Boys' Life Brigade, London, England, are two small books containing a +number of practical drills which may be used in training the boys in camp +for emergency work. + +Instruction + +Every camp for boys, no matter how small or how large, should plan for +instruction in First Aid. This may be done by the camp physician, the +director, the physical director, or some physician invited to spend +several days in the camp. + +Drills + +The illustration on page 174 shows how one hundred boys were trained in +Camp Couchiching. The "litter" drill was especially attractive to the boys +of Camp Becket. The boys were sent out in the woods in brigades of five +each, one of whom was the leader. Only a small hatchet was taken by each +squad. One of the boys was supposed to have broken his leg. An improvised +"litter," or, stretcher, was made of saplings or boughs, strapped together +with handkerchiefs and belts, so that in ten minutes after they left the +camp the first squad returned with the boy on the litter and in a fairly +comfortable condition. + +[Illustration: Litter Drill] + +Health Talks + +A course of health talks given in popular form by those who are well +versed upon the subject, cannot help but be instructive and productive of +a greater ambition on the part of the boy to take good care of his body. +The following list of subjects is suggestive: + +The Human Body and How to Keep It in Health +1 The Skeleton. +2 The Muscular System. +3 The Vascular System. +4 The Nervous System. +5 The Digestive System. +6 The Lungs, Skin and Kidneys. + +Personal Hygiene +1 The Eye, its use and abuse. +2 How to care for the Teeth. +3 Breathing and pure air. +4 Microbes and keeping clean. +7 The health of the Skin. +8 Some facts about the Nose. +9 Our Lungs. +10 Eating. +11 Alcohol. +12 Tobacco and the Human Body. +13 The Use and Care of Finger Nails. +14 Cause of Colds. + + +The American Red Cross Society, 715 Union Trust Bldg., Washington, D. C., +issues a series of five handsomely lithographed wall charts mounted on +linen and heavy rollers. These charts are numbered as follows and may be +purchased for $2.50 for the set. + +Chart I. The Skeleton; +Chart II. The Muscles; +Chart III. Scheme of Systematic Circulation; +Chart IV. Fracture and Dislocation; +Chart V. Arteries and Points' of Pressure for Controlling Hemorrhage. + +These charts will make the talks doubly attractive. Honor points are given +boys for essays written upon the Health Talks. Some camps found that boys +were desirous of taking examinations in First Aid. In one camp +twenty-three boys won the Certificates of the American Red Cross Society. +For information write to the Educational Department of the International +Committee, Young Men's Christian Association, 124 East 28th Street, New +York, or the American Red Cross Society. (See address above) + + + +CHAPTER XVI--PERSONAL HYGIENE + +EATING +TEETH +HANDS +EYES +EARS +NOSE +HAIR +FEET +INTERNAL ORGANS +BATHING +SLEEP +CLOTHING + +Eating + +Very little thought is given by the boy to what he eats, as long as it +suits his taste, and there is an ample supply. The causes of most skin +diseases are largely traceable to diet. Chew the food slowly. Don't "bolt" +food. Your stomach is not like that of a dog. Food must be thoroughly +masticated and moistened with saliva. Hasty chewing and swallowing of food +makes masses which tend to sour and become poison. This often accounts for +the belching of gas, sense of burning and pain, and other forms of +distress after eating. Drink before or after meals. Don't overeat. +Conversation aids digestion. Eating between meals is detrimental to good +digestion. Regular meal hours should prevail. After dinner is the best +time to eat candy or sweets. + +[Illustration: Camp Tooth Brush] + +The Teeth + +If the tooth brush gets lost make one out of a dry stick, about six inches +long, which can be frayed out at the ends like the illustration. A clean +mouth is as important as a clean body. The teeth should be cleaned twice a +day, morning and evening. Insist upon the bringing of a tooth brush to +camp. Impress upon the boys that time spent upon teeth cleansing will +prevent hours of agony upon a dentist chair. Cleansing the teeth of sticky +deposits by running fine threads between them, in addition to the use of a +brush and a simple powder, prevents deposits from becoming the starting +point of decay. + +The Hands + +Care of hands and nails is much neglected in camp, Nails should be +properly trimmed and the "mourning" removed from underneath the nails. The +habit of biting the finger nails is dangerous. Finger nails should be cut +once a week with sharp scissors or "clip." If the nails be neglected and a +scratch received from the infected fingers the system may be inoculated +with disease. The cleansing of the hands after using the lavatory needs +special emphasis, for in no place do more germs collect and spread. Boys +should not be permitted to use each other's towels, combs, brushes, or +soap. A towel may carry germs from one boy to another. + +The Eyes + +Never strain the eyes. When reading, always let the light come over the +shoulder and upon the page, the eyes being in the shadow. Do not read with +the sunlight streaming across the page. When writing have the light come +from the left side. Do not rub the eyes with the hands. Headaches and +nervousness are due largely to defective vision. "Work, play, rest and +sleep, muscular exercise, wise feeding, and regular removal of the +waste--these and all other hygienic habits help to keep the eyes sound and +strong."--Sedgewick. + +The Ear + +It is dangerous to put a pointed pencil or anything sharpened into the +ear. "Boxing" the ear, shouting in the ear, exploding a paper bag, may +split the drum and cause deafness. The best way to remove excess wax from +the ear is to use a soft, damp cloth over the end of the finger. Ear-wax +is a protection against insects getting in from the outside. + +The Nose + +Keep the nose free from obstructions, and avoid the use of dirty +handkerchiefs. Always breathe through the nose and not through the mouth. +Boys who observe this rule will not get thirsty while on a hike or get out +of breath so easily. They don't breathe in all sorts of microbes or seeds +of disease, and they don't snore at night. + +The Hair + +In washing the hair avoid using soap more than once a week, as it removes +the natural oil of the hair. Frequent combing and brushing adds to the +lustre, and the head gets a beneficial form of massage. Wear no hat at +camp, except to protect from sun rays or rain. + +The Feet + +Footwear is a matter of importance. Shoes should never be worn too tight. +They not only hinder free movements, but also hinder the blood +circulation, and cause coldness and numbness of the extremities. Sore +feet, because of ill-fitting shoes, are a detriment to happy camp life. +Have good, well-fitting, roomy shoes, and fairly stout ones. Keep the feet +dry. If they are allowed to get wet, the skin is softened and very soon +gets blistered and rubbed raw. + +[Illustration: Figure 1. Figure 2.] + +Figure 1 shows a perfectly shaped foot. This is the natural shape, and if +the boy is allowed to go barefooted or wear sandals, his foot will assume +this shape. Figure 2 shows the distorted shape brought about by cramped +shoes. The best thing to wear is thick moccasins of moose hide. + +Internal Organs + +Constipation is a frequent camp complaint, and is usually the result of +change in diet and drinking water. The habit of having a daily movement of +the bowels is of great importance to a boy's health. The retention of +these waste products within the body for a longer period tends to produce +poisonous impurities of the blood, a muddy-looking skin, headaches, piles, +and many other evils. Eat plenty of fruit, prunes, and graham bread. Drink +plenty of water. Take plenty of exercise. + +Bathing + +One bath a day in fresh water is all that is necessary. Boys go into the +water too often and remain too long. This accounts for the rundown +appearance of some boys. The body gives off heat every minute it is in +cool water, and also when exposed wet to the breezes, and heat is life. +All boys should be encouraged to take a dip before breakfast with a rapid +rubdown. Then a good swim in the warm part of the day. Usually about 11:30 +A.M. is a good time for the swim. If a swim is taken after supper, be +careful to dress warm afterward. + +Sleep + +Normal boys need nine or ten hours sleep. Sleep is a time for physical +growth. Have the tent open back and front at night to insure plenty of +fresh air. There must be a complete change of clothing on retiring. +Flannel clothing should be worn at night. Sleep alone. Nine o'clock or +nine-thirty, at latest, should find every boy in bed. + +Clothing + +Wear clean clothing, particularly underwear. Frequently a rash appearing +on the body is a result of wearing dirty-shirts. The wearing of belts +tends to constrict the abdomen, thus hindering the natural action of the +intestines, which is essential to good digestion. Hernia (ruptures) may +result from wearing tightly drawn belts. To dress the body too warm +lessens the power to resist cold when there happens to be a change in the +atmosphere. Put on extra clothing at sundown, without waiting to begin to +feel cold. During eating of meals it is well to have the legs and arms +covered when it is at all cool. The cooling of large surfaces of the body +while eating, even if it is not noticed, retards digestion, and taxes the +vitality. Many a boy gets a cold by neglecting to take this precaution. + +GENERAL HINTS + +Two flannel shirts are better than two overcoats. + +Don't wring out flannels or woolens. Wash in cold water, very soapy, and +then hang them up dripping wet, and they will not shrink. + +If you keep your head from getting hot, and keep your feet dry, there will +be little danger of sickness. + +If your head gets too hot, put green leaves inside your hat. + +If your throat is parched and you can get no water, put a pebble in your +mouth. This will start the saliva and quench the thirst. + +HEALTH MAXIMS AND QUOTATIONS + +"Keep thyself pure." + +"Health is wealth." + +"A sound mind in a sound body." + +"Fresh air and sunshine are necessary to good health." + +"Cleanliness is the best guard against disease." + +"A clean mouth is as important as a clean body." + +"Virtue never dwelt long with filth." + +"Temperance, exercise, and repose +Slam the door on the doctor's nose." +--Longfellow. + +"Cleanliness is next to Godliness." +"Health and cheerfulness naturally beget each other." +--Addison. + +"Nor love, nor honor, wealth nor power, +Can give the heart a cheerful hour, +When health is lost. Be truly wise. +With health, all taste of pleasure flies." +--Gay. + +"Health is a second blessing that we mortals are capable of: +a blessing that money cannot buy." +--Walton. + +"There are three wicks, you know, to the lamp of a man's life: brain, +blood, and breath. Press the brain a little, its light goes out, followed +by both the others. Stop the heart a minute, and out go all three of the +wicks. Choke the air out of the lungs, and presently the fluid ceases to +supply the other centres of flame, and all is soon stagnation, cold, and +darkness." +--O. W. Holmes. + +[Illustration: Bending the Bow--Camp Kineo] + + + +CHAPTER XVII--ATHLETICS, CAMPUS GAMES, AQUATICS AND WATER SPORTS + +PURPOSE OF GAMES +BASEBALL LEAGUE +GROUP CLASSIFICATION +WHAT TO AVOID +ATHLETIC EVENTS +AWARDS +MAKING ATHLETIC APPARATUS +CAMPUS GAMES +CIRCLE JUMPING +WOLF +ROVER ALL COME OVER +INDIAN AND WHITE MAN +GERMAN BOWLING +TETHER BALL +VOLLEY BALL +AQUATIC SPORTS +WATER GAMES +WATER BASKET BALL +WATER BASEBALL +OLD CLOTHES RACE +TILTING +CANOE TAG +WHALE HUNT +MAKING A "SHOOT-THE-CHUTE" +ARCHERY +THE TARGET +THE BOW +MAKING A BOW +MAKING ARROWS +ESSENTIAL POINTS IN +ARCHERY +BIBLIOGRAPHY + + +If I can teach these boys to study and play together, freely and with +fairness to one another, I shall make them fit to live and work together +in society.--Henry van Dyke. + +Purpose of Games + +The spirit of camping is too frequently destroyed by over-emphasis upon +competitive games. Play is necessary for the growing boy and play that +engages many participants has the most value. America today is suffering +from highly specialized, semi-professional athletics and games. "When +athletics degenerate into a mere spectacle, then is the stability of the +nation weakened. Greece led the world, while the youth of that great +country deemed it an honor to struggle for the laurel leaf, and gymnasiums +were everywhere and universally used and the people saw little good in an +education that neglected the body. It is a significant fact that the +degeneracy of Greece was synchronous with the degrading of athletics into +mere professional contests. What had been the athletics of the people +became a spectacle for the people." [1] + +[Footnote 1: Emmett D. Angell in "Play," p. 19.] + +Baseball League + +Do not allow the athletics and games of the camp to become a mere +spectacle for the campers. Something should be planned for every boy and +every boy encouraged to participate in the program. Nothing has yet taken +the place of the good old American game of baseball. Divide the camp boys +into teams. Have a league playing a series of games. The teams may be +named after the different colleges or prominent cities or as one camp +named the league, the "Food League" after popular camp dishes, such as: +"Prunes," "Beans," "Soup," "Hash," "Mush," "Chipped Beef." It is needless +to state that the boys in the league not only had a lot of fun, but the +camp paper contained very amusing accounts of the games played. + +Arrange a schedule of games and keep accurate records of all games played +either in the "Camp Log" or camp paper. A dinner given to the winning team +adds to the excitement of the league's existence. Do not neglect the +younger boys; have two "Midget" teams engage in a series for best two out +of three games. Occasionally a game between the leaders and older boys is +the exciting game of the season, especially if the leaders are defeated. + +The same rule of participation should govern the athletics of the camp. +Inter-tent games help to develop group loyalty, cooperation, fair play, +and courtesy to opponents so desirable. + +Groups + +In some camps the boys are divided into two groups, those under five feet +in height and those over five feet. Events are planned for these two +groups. The system of grouping suggested by the School Athletic League, is +that of grouping the boys according to physiological rather than +chronological age, as follows: + Pre-pubescent boys under 90 pounds. + Pubescent boys or juniors, 90 to 110 pounds. + Post-pubescent or intermediates, 110 to 130 pounds. + Seniors, above 130 pounds. + +The boys are weighed in competing costume. This system is looked upon as +being fair and practical. + +What to Avoid + +The following should be avoided--Marathon runs, sustained effort in and +under water and competitive long-distance running. The longest sprint race +should be, for boys, 50 yards, for juniors, 75 yards. No adolescent who is +not past the pubescent stage should run sprint races longer than 100 +yards. Cross-country running is beneficial when taken at a slow pace and +without competition. Every boy should be examined for heart weakness +before entering the strenuous games. + +The above is the opinion of physical directors from twenty-one different +States and may be considered authoritative. This same opinion prevails +among most of the experienced camp leaders and workers among boys. + +Events + +The athletics usually planned for camp are: 50 yard dash for boys; 75-yard +dash for juniors; 100 yard dash for seniors; running high jump; running +broad jump; pole vault; 8 and 12-pound shot-put; baseball throw and relay +race. + +Awards + +Ribbon awards presented to the winners at a special meeting of the campers +aid considerably in fostering the true spirit of clean athletics and +wholesome sport and are appreciated by the winners as souvenirs of the +good-natured contest. + +Camps possessing a stereopticon[1] should secure the set of slides and +lecture accompanying from the Moral Education League of Baltimore, Md., +entitled "The True Sportsman." Rental terms are five dollars a week and +expressage. + +[Transcribers Footnote 1: stereopticon: A magic lantern, with two +projectors arranged to produce dissolving views.] + +A perpetual cup for all-round proficiency, upon which is engraved the name +of each year's winner, is a good way of recording the annual athletic +meet. + +A shield with the names of the winners of the season's events painted or +burned upon it and hung up in the camp lodge helps to retain the interest +of the winner in the camp after he has become a "grown-up" or alumnus. + +[Illustration: Take-off; Cross-section of Take-off; Jumping Standards;] + +Apparatus + +Boys who like to make things may be put to work making various pieces of +athletic apparatus. A Take-Off may be made of a plank or board, 8 inches +wide and 36 inches long, sunk flush with the earth. The outer edge of this +plank is considered the scratch line. Remove the earth to a depth of three +inches and width of twelve inches. + +To make a pair of jumping standards, first saw out the bottom blocks, each +being 10 x 10 inches and 2 inches thick. In the center of each block +chisel out a hole 2 x 2 inches and about 1 inch in depth. Into these holes +fit the ends of the upright pieces, which should be 5 feet long and 2 +inches square. Before securing the upright pieces, bore holes an inch +apart, into which may be inserted a piece of heavy wire or large wire nail +to hold up the cross piece or jumping stick. Be sure to space the holes +alike on both uprights, so the crosspiece will set level when the standard +is in use. Four 5-inch braces are fastened in at the lower part of the +upright. Study the diagram and you will succeed in making a pretty good +pair of standards. + +Campus Games + +After supper is usually a period in the camp life rather difficult of +occupation. "Campus Games" appeal to most boys. These games are designed +especially for the after-supper hour, although they may be played at any +time. + +Circle Jumping + +Stand the boys in a circle with all hands clasped. One of the crowd lies +down in the center with a rope as long as one-half the diameter of the +circle. To the end of the rope is tied a small weight like a sand bag. He +whirls the weight around with the full length of rope revolving with +increasing rapidity. As it approaches the players, they hop up and let it +pass under their feet. The one whose foot is touched is out of the game +and the boy who keeps out of the way of the rope the longest is the +winner. + +Wolf + +Here is a Japanese game full of fun and action. Place a dozen or more boys +in line, and have each fellow place his hands firmly on the shoulders of +the boy in front of him. Choose one of the fellows for the "Wolf." The +first boy at the head of the line is called the "Head" of the Serpent, and +the last fellow is the "Tail." The "Wolf" stands near the head of the +Serpent until a signal is given. Then he tries to catch the "Tail" without +touching any other part of the snake. The boys who form the body of the +Serpent protect the "Tail" by wreathing about in all sorts of twists to +prevent the "Wolf" from catching the "Tail." This must be done without +breaking the line. When the "Tail" is caught, the "Wolf" becomes the +"Head," and the "Tail" becomes the "Wolf." The last boy in line is the +"Tail." The game can be continued until every boy has been the "Wolf." + +Rover, All Come Over + +A line is marked dividing the campus. All the boys gather on one side. One +boy in the center endeavors to have them step over the line by calling +out, "Rover, Rover, all come over!" At the word "over" everybody is +expected to run and cross the line, while the center man endeavors to +catch one. The one caught must help him catch the others. If any one runs +over before the center man calls "over," he has to go to the aid of the +catcher. When all are caught the game begins again. + +[Illustration: German Nine Pins--Camp Becket] + +Indian and White Man + +The game of "Indian and White Man" is interesting. A circle is drawn on +the campus. It is supposed that the white people are travelling over the +prairie, and at night time they prepare to camp. The circle represents +their camp. The Whites lie down to sleep and sentries are posted. The +Indians discover the camp and endeavor to capture the Whites. Then comes +the battle royal. Every Indian captured in the white man's circle counts +one, and every white man captured by the Indians outside the circle counts +one for their side. The game continues until all of either side are +captured. The players are divided into two groups. The Indians are +concealed in the bushes or some place unseen by the Whites and they make +the attack. + +Such games as "Three Deep," "Bull in the Ring," "Tag Game," "Leap Frog," +will be found to interest the boys during the after-supper period. + +The following are campus games requiring apparatus: + +German Bowling + +Plant in the ground two posts, leaving at least 15 feet above ground. +Spike a 10-foot piece across the top (see page 218). An ordinary ball used +in bowling is used by plugging shut the holes and inserting a screw eye in +one of the plugged holes. Tie tightly to this screw eye a strong piece of +rope. A good-sized screw eye is fastened in the cross piece of the frame, +and to this tie the ball. Nine bowling pins are used. The score is the +same as bowling. The pins are knocked off by the return of the ball, as +shown in the diagram. + +[Illustration: German Bowling] + +Tether Ball + +The upright pole should be standing ten feet out of the ground and firmly +imbedded in the earth so as not to vibrate. + +[Illustration: Tether Ball] + +The pole should be 7-1/2 inches in circumference at the ground and +tapering toward the upper end. Paint a black or white 2-inch band around +the pole 6 feet above the ground. Draw a circle about the pole on the +ground having a 3-foot radius. A 20-foot line must bisect the circle. Use +a tennis ball having a netted or tightly fitting linen cover. The ball is +fastened to a string with a ring and suspended from the top of the pole by +a piece of heavy braided fish line. The cord should allow the ball to hang +7-1/2 feet. Tennis racquets are used. The two players stand at point +marked with an X in the diagram. In the toss-up for courts the loser is +the server. The ball may be struck in any manner with the racquet, the +endeavor being to wind the string upon the pole above the painted band. + +Volley Ball + +Stretch a tennis net across the campus and mark a court fifty feet long, +to be divided equally by the net. The play consists in keeping in motion +the ball over the net from one side to the other, until one fails to +return it, which counts as an out. The ball used is similar to a football, +only smaller. The game consists of twenty-one points. + +Many of the camps have tennis courts and hold tournaments. This game is so +universal and familiar that no description will be made. + +AQUATIC SPORTS AND WATER GAMES + +Aquatic sports may be arranged so that active interest will be taken by +all the boys, or they may be simply an exhibition of the swimming +abilities of several boys. The former is decidedly preferable. Events +should be arranged for the small as well as the large boys. + +[Illustration: The Human Frog at Camp Kineo] + + ATHLETICS AND WATER SPORTS 221 + +The program of events should include a short dash, swimming under water, +diving for form, fancy swimming and special stunts, ribbon awards or +inexpensive cups to be given the winners. The Life Saving Corps will have +an opportunity to give an exhibition of their skill and alertness, as well +as patrol the swimming beach. Good reliable fellows should be appointed to +watch each swimmer when in the water. Run no chances at any time that boys +are in the water. The following water games have been suggested by A. B. +Wegener. + +1. Three-legged swimming. +2. Tug of War. +3. Bobbing for Corks. +4. Plunging through hoops for height or distance. +5. Diving for objects. +6. Egg Race; holding the egg in a spoon either in the mouth or hand. +7. Tag games. +8. Potato race; using corks instead of potatoes. +9. Candle race; candles are lighted and must be kept lighted. +10. Various land games may be adapted for water use, such as ball +passing (using a water polo ball), relay race, etc. + +Water Basket Ball + +Two peach baskets, or rope baskets, or two iron rings are hung upon +poles five feet above the water and forty feet apart. The game is +played similarly to basket ball, except that the players are allowed +to advance with the ball. Tackling and ducking are fouls and penalized +by allowing a free throw for goal from a point fifteen feet away. +There is no out of bounds, and a basket may be thrown from any place +in the water. A field goal counts two points, and a goal from a foul +one point. + +Water Baseball + +The outfit required is a tennis ball, a broom stick and four rafts-- +one large and three small. The batsman and catcher stand on the big +raft. On a small raft, ten yards away, stands the pitcher and the +other two rafts are placed at easy swimming distance for bases. In +striking, everything counts--bunt, swat or foul tip. The moment bat +and ball come in contact the batsman starts for first base. There are +five men on a side. Lots of fun. Avoid remaining in fresh water too +long as it has a tendency to weaken vitality. + +Old Clothes Race + +The contestants are dressed in a full suit of old clothes. At the word +"go" they dive into the water and swim to a float placed at a certain +distance away, undress and return. This is a very funny race. + +Tilting + +Two boats manned by four boys each. One boy is the spearman and is +armed with a light pole about eight or ten feet long, having a soft +pad of rags, or better yet, of water-proof canvas duck to keep it from +getting wet and soggy. If a flat-bottom boat is used, the spearman +stands on one of the end seats. A quarter-deck or raised platform +should be built on an ordinary boat or canoe. The battle is fought in +rounds and by points. If you put your opponent back into the boat with +one foot it counts you 5; two feet, 10. If he loses his spear you +count 5 (except when he is put overboard). If you put him down on one +knee on the "fighting deck," you count 5; two knees, 10. If you put +him overboard it counts 25. One hundred points is a round. A battle is +for one or more rounds as agreed upon. It is forbidden to strike below +the belt. The umpire may dock for fouls. + +Canoe Tag + +Any number of canoes or boats may engage in this water game. A rubber +football is used. The game is to tag the other canoe or boat by +throwing this into it. The rules are as in ordinary cross tag. + +Whale Hunt + +The "whale" is made of a big log of wood with a rough-shaped head and +tail to represent a whale. Two boats are used, each manned by the boys +of one tent--the leader acting as captain, a boy as bowman or +harpooner, the others as oarsmen. Each boat belongs to a different +harbor, the two harbors being some distance apart. The umpire takes +the "whale" and lets it loose about half-way between the two harbors +and on a signal the two boats race out to see who can get to the +"whale" first. The harpooner who first arrives within range of the +"whale" drives his harpoon into it and the boat promptly turns around +and tows the "whale" to its harbor. The second boat pursues and when +it overtakes the other, also harpoons the "whale," turns around and +endeavors to tow the "whale" to its harbor. In this way the two boats +have a tug-of-war and eventually the better boat tows the "whale" and +possibly the opposing boat into its harbor. + + +Shoot-the-Chute + +[Illustration: Diagram For "Chute"] + +A "Shoot-the-Chute" is great fun and one should be built in every +permanent camp and "Swimming Hole." The one described is by A. D. Murray +and has stood the test of several years in a number of camps. + +The plan drawn is for a chute 40 feet long, 3 feet wide and 18 feet high. +These dimensions can be changed in length and height, but not in width. +The chute is built of 7/8-inch matched pine boards, to the same width as +sheet zinc, usually 3 feet; the boards being firmly cleated together on +the under side by 2 x 6-inch cleats 5 feet apart, throughout the length of +the chute. Boards should be screwed to the cleats from the face of the +chute with 1-1/2-inch screws, the heads being counter sunk. The several +lengths of zinc are soldered into one piece, the joints being on the under +side (as shingles on a roof) fastened to the boards with 8-oz. tacks; set +in from the edge about 1 inch and about 6 inches apart. The side strips of +maple (soft wood will not do on account of the danger of splintering) 2 +inches wide and 3 inches high, rounded slightly on upper edge, are placed +directly over the edge of the zinc and covering the tacks. Screw the +strips firmly to the chute with 2-inch screws from the under side. These +ought to be placed not more than 2 feet apart. Probably each will have two +or more strips in making a piece of sufficient length. If so, care should +be taken to have the pieces joined on a bevel with a slant from outer edge +toward bottom of chute so as to leave no edge. The utmost care should be +used to have a perfectly smooth surface on the inside of the chute. A pump +or bucket is needed at the top of the chute to wet the surface before the +swimmer starts his slide. The supports A, B, C, should be firmly braced +with 2 x 4-inch timber, D, and lower end of chute should extend over the +pier at least 1 foot and not nearer the surface of the water than 3 feet +perpendicularly, allowing the swimmer to enter the water as in a dive. The +chute can be fastened to the supporting braces through timbers E, F, into +maple side strips with a good heavy log screw. A platform 3 feet wide and +4 feet long near the top of chute, and set just waist deep from the top of +chute will make starting easy. + +Archery + +Richard the Lion-hearted, of England, said the five essential points of +archery--standing, nocking[1], drawing, holding, and loosing--"honestly +represented all the principles of life." + +Archery develops the muscles in all-round fashion, particularly those of +the shoulder, arm and wrist. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: A nock is the groove at either end of a bow for +holding the bowstring or the notch in the end of an arrow that fits on the +bowstring.] + +The Target + +A target can be made of a burlap sack, or oil cloth, about five feet +square. Stuff this with hay or straw. It may be flattened by a few +quilting stitches put right through with a long packing needle. On this +the target is painted. In scoring, the centre is 9, the next circle 7, the +next 5, the next 3 and the last circle 1. The shortest match range for the +target is forty yards. + +The Bow + +The bow may be made from any of the following woods--mulberry, sassafras, +southern cedar, black locust, black walnut, apple, slippery elm or +hickory. In making a bow, select wood with straight grain. The length of +the bow should be about the height of the boy using it, or if the boy is +between ten and fifteen years of age, his bow should not be less than four +feet in length and not more than five feet. When buying a bow get one of +lancewood backed with hickory. + +Making A Bow + +The making of the bow and arrow is described by A. Neeley Hall, as +follows: "Cut your piece of wood five feet long, and, after placing it in +a bench vise to hold it in position, shape it down with a drawknife or +plane until it is one inch wide by one-half inch thick at the handle, and +three quarters inch wide by one-quarter inch thick at the ends. The bow +can be made round or flat on the face toward the archer. Cut a notch in +the bow two inches from each end, as shown in the illustration, from which +to attach the bow-string. A cord with as little elasticity as possible +should be used for this. A good string can be purchased for twenty-five +cents. + +[Illustration: Notch for Bowstrings; Length of Bow 5 feet. Wire nail with +head cut off (arrow head) Old Canvas Stuffed (target); Loop (in +bowstring); slip knot.] + +With a home-made bow-string, a loop should be made in one end and bound +with thread, as shown in illustration, p. 227. Slip the loop over the +upper notch, bend the bow until the center of the string is about five +inches away from the handle, and attach the loose end to the lower notch +by means of a slip-knot similar to that shown in the drawing. The bow +should then be sandpapered until smooth, and thoroughly oiled with linseed +oil. Glue a piece of velvet about three inches wide around the center for +a handle." + +Making Arrows + +Arrows are divided into three parts: the head, sometimes called the pile, +the shaft and the feathers. The shaft is generally made of hickory, ash, +elm or pine, and its length is dependent upon that of the bow. For a +five-foot bow, make the length two feet and the width and thickness about +one-half inch. For target practice a wire nail driven into the end of the +pile, as shown on page 227, with the head of the nail filed off and +pointed, makes an excellent head. Feathering is the next operation. Turkey +and goose feathers are generally used. Strip off the broader side of the +vane of three feathers and glue them to the shaft one inch and a quarter +from the notch, spacing them equally from each other. One feather should +be placed at right angles to the notch. This is known as the cock feather +and should always point away from the bow when the arrow is shot. + +Archery + +The rules for the five essential points are these: + +Standing: In taking position to draw the bow, the heels must be seven to +eight inches apart, feet firm on the ground, yet easy and springy, not +rigid. + +Nocking: This is manipulating the bow string. Hold the string with two +fingers and the arrow between the first and second fingers. Grip firmly, +but not so as to give awkwardness to any finger. + +Drawing: In drawing stand with the left shoulder toward the target, +turning the head only from the neck and looking over the left shoulder. +Then raise the bow with the left hand, keeping the upper end inclined one +or two degrees from the body. With the right hand draw the arrow to +chin-level and below the ear. + +Holding: Steady the aim a moment and keep the point of aim directly in +view, looking along the whole length of the arrow. + +Loosing: In letting the arrow go, do not jerk, but loose smoothly, and be +certain your bow arm does not move when loosing. To get a clean, sharp +loose is more than half way to hitting the target. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Indoor and Outdoor Game.(188)--A. M. Chesley. American Sports Publishing +Co. + +An Athletic Primer, Group XII., No. 87--J. E. Sullivan. American Sports +Publishing Co. + +Official Handbook Y. M. C. A. Athletic League, Group XII., No. +302.--American Sports Publishing Co. Tether Tennis, Volley Ball, Etc., No. +188.--American Sports Publishing Co. + +The above booklets are published at 10 cents each, and should be in the +hands of every camp leader, also the latest guides in Baseball and Tennis. + +At Home in the Water--George H. Corsan. Association Press, 75 cents. +Twenty pages of this excellent book are devoted to water sports, and it +also contains complete rules for Water Polo, a splendid game for adults, +but unwise to play in a boys' camp. + +The Birch Bark Roll--Ernest Thompson-Seton. Doubleday, Page & Co., 25 +cents. + +Two Little Savages--Ernest Thompson-Seton. Doubleday, Page & Co., $1.75. + +These books give valuable hints on Archery, which is peculiarly adapted +for camp life and sport. + +The Witchery of Archery--Maurice Thompson. Charles Scribner's Sons, $1.50. +Fascinating and entertaining. + +[Illustration: A Lesson in Nature's Classroom] + + + +CHAPTER XVIII--NATURE STUDY + +THE OUT-DOOR INSTINCT +ANTIQUITY OF NATURE STUDY +THE MODERN IDEA +BOY COLLECTORS +AROUSING INTEREST +HERBARIUMS +HOMEMADE PRESS +EQUIPMENT +NEW KIND OF HUNTING +WALKS AFIELD +NIGHT SOUNDS +"FISHOLOGY" +PURPOSEFUL TRIPS +OUTDOOR TALKS ON NATURE +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +If nature is to be a resource in a man's life, one's relation to her must +not be too exact and formal, but more that of a lover and friend.--John +Burroughs. + +Outdoor Instinct + +"The boy is always nearer to the heart of nature than the grown man. He +has a passionate love of the open air and of the fields and woods; he is +never really happy indoors. Nature has planted this outdoor instinct in +the boy's heart for the good of the race." Day and night teach him their +lessons. The boy will absorb much that is interesting and also much that +will be of real value in giving him a broader outlook upon life. Camping +gives abundant opportunity for the study of nature. + +Nature study is not a fad of modern times. Nearly three hundred and fifty +years before Christ, Alexander the Great placed at the disposal of his +tutor, Aristotle, the services of one thousand men throughout Asia and +Greece with instructions to collect and report details concerning the +life, conditions and habits of fishes, birds, beasts and insects. To this +magnificent equipment of assistants, Alexander added fifteen thousand +dollars in gold for books and laboratory supplies. + +Prof. L. H. Bailey says, "The modern idea of Nature Study is, to put the +boy in a sympathetic attitude toward nature for the purpose of increasing +the joy of living. Nature study is not science. It is not knowledge. It is +spirit. It is concerned with the boy's outlook on the world.... This +Nature spirit is growing, and there are many ways of knowing the fields +and woods. A new literature has been born. It is the literature of the +out-of-doors." + +Collectors + +Boys are natural born collectors. They are interrogation points, full of +curiosity, like the "man from Missouri," they want to know. The wise +leader will say, "Let us find out some thing about this tree, or plant, or +bird, or whatever it may be, and together we will be learners." The +textbook method will not work in a boys' camp. "Go find me a flower" is +the true method, and let us see what it is. Nature study books and +leaflets should be used merely as guides, not as texts. + +Arousing Interest + +Arouse interest by encouraging the boys to make collections of leaves, +flowers, etc., found in the vicinity of the camp. Leaves and flowers may +be pressed in a home-made press and mounted upon heavy paper or cardboard. +The following suggestions are given by Dan Beard and quoted by permission +of Charles Scribner's Sons from his Book, "The Field and Forest Handy +Book." + +[Illustration: The Vreeland Press] + +Herbarium + +"The illustration shows how the press is made. In using the press, first +place the plants or leaves, enclosed in their wrappers and dryers of +newspapers, on the bottom board, put the top board over them, bring the +hinged lever down and bind the whole together with a stout strap put +around the end of the lever and the handle of the bottom board. As this +strap is drawn tight the lever bends, and so keeps a constant pressure on +the plants and leaves even when they shrink in drying. Dryers should be +changed at least every day. Mount specimens on separate herbarium sheets +of standard size (1-1/2 X 16-1/2). Each specimen should be mounted with +name (common and botanical), where found, date and any other facts of +interest. This label is usually pasted in the lower right hand corner of +the herbarium sheet." + +Equipment + +If the camp has a permanent building, these specimens make a most +attractive decoration as well as help to recall the happy days of "the +hunt." The material equipment for nature study should consist of a good +loose leaf note-book, something that will stand the out-door wear. Get +quadrille ruled sheets. They will simplify sketching in the matter of +proportion and scale. A pocket magnifying glass will serve for +identification of the specimens. An inexpensive combination tweezer and +magnifying glass is made by Asher Kleinman, 250 Eighth Avenue, New York +(50 cents). Best of all is a high-power microscope, especially where the +camp has a permanent building with suitable room, having a good light and +table facilities. A camera will help in securing permanent records of +trees, ferns, flowers, birds, freaks of nature and scenes other than the +usual camp groups. A few reliable books on nature study are needed to +complete the outfit. + +Hunting + +A "bird hunt" was a popular sport in one of my camps. We started off early +one morning, a group of boys, each "loaded" with a big lunchbox crammed +with good things, a note-book, a book on bird-life, and a "gun." The "gun" +we used was a powerful pair of field glasses. On the way we counted the +number of bird-homes we saw. Just as we were thinking about stopping and +having breakfast we heard a most ecstatic song. Creeping close to the +place where the sound came from, we discovered the songster to be a +song-sparrow. Focussing our "gun" upon the bird we made note of its +coloring and marking, making sure that if we heard or saw another we would +recognize it at once. While we were eating our breakfast, there was a dash +of white, yellow, and grayish-brown, a whirring sound and, as the bird +lighted upon the low bushes nearby, a clear, piercing whistle came from +its throat. Our "gun" revealed to us a meadow lark. By this time the boys +were as much excited over the bird hunt as over a game of ball. + +Walks Afield + +A "flower walk," observing the wild flowers; a "fern walk," discerning the +delicate tracery of the fern in its cool haunts; a "tree walk", noting the +different trees--all are natural ways of interesting boys in nature study. + +Night Sounds + +G. B. Affleck in the April, 1910, number of Physical Training tells his +experience in studying nature with several groups of boys. + +"The night sounds surrounding a camp in northern Minnesota were a puzzle +to boys and to the counsellor of the tent at the end of the row. This +problem continued unsolved for more than a week, despite all attempts both +by day and night. Finally, one moist, warm night, Ned, after stealthily +approaching the sound, satisfied himself of its location in a certain tree +and in the morning was rewarded by the discovery of the 'toad' camped on a +branch near the source whence the sound had issued. Replacing the frog so +that the coarse tubercles of its back corresponded to the bark, Ned +enjoyed a merited reward at the expense of his tent mates who, though +often 'hot,' required some minutes to find the hidden treasure. Then came +the wonder of the stick toes and fingers, the feeding with flies, and the +result was--a new pet for the tent. In the next letters written to the +folks this find was the central theme. How much better this discovery and +the examination of the peculiar colors and structures, also the +conclusions, based upon observed structure, as to the life and habits of +the tree frog than would have been a scientifically learned discussion of +the family Hylidae! + +"In a camp of fifty boys the writer remembers three who had special +delight in collecting pebbles, and they made several all-day trips to +distant brooks and beaches in the search for new specimens. Another group +became so fascinated with the study of the food of fish that they begged +the 'privilege' of cleaning the catch of each returning party. Proud was +that lad who incidentally located the heart of a pickerel, and because of +his school knowledge of physiology he could not be convinced that the fish +breathed without lungs till he had spent many hours in the vain endeavor +to locate said organs. Then he knew that his former idea had been +inadequate. + +Fishology + +"Fortunately, nature is so interrelated in her various phases that an +attempt at exploration in one direction soon opens other fields, until +with the growth of experience there comes a corresponding expansion of +interest. Thus the lads, searching for pebbles, were perforce attracted by +the plant and insect life of the brook, and the one delving into the +mystery of breathing oxygen without lungs developed a new interest in the +physics of fluids, while those who located the tree frog enlarged their +sphere by the knowledge that their pet rejected some of the 'bugs' offered +it. + +"The leader, commencing thus with the limited or special interest of each +group, may evolve in his own mind the plan which most naturally will lead +the boys not only into a wider field of concrete facts, but also into the +habit of seeing relationships, of drawing conclusions and of raising +questions for further investigation. + +"A group of boys interested in a study of fish may well be organized for +an all-day trip to the root of the rapids or the bay of springs; others +with geological preferences may spend a night on the top of the distant +hill which offers outcroppings of interest; the embryo botanists cannot do +better than to take a bog trot for the rare orchid, anomalous pitcher +plant, or glistening sun dew; lovers of the deep shade may paddle to the +inlet of the creek and there enjoy a side trip on the fragrant carpet of +hemlock and pine needles; thus it will be found that by anticipating the +probable findings in which the particular group is interested the leader +gives a point and purpose, adding not only to the enjoyment of the outing, +but imparting, in addition, some satisfactory knowledge of the vicinity." + +Longfellow said that a "strong evidence of goodly character was the +thoughtfulness one displayed in caring for a tree." One of the best things +at Camp Becket was a series of out-door talks on nature given by Silas H. +Berry. Seated on a huge rock, he told the boys about the shaping and +clothing of the earth, foundation stones, mountains and hills, lakes, +ponds, and rivers, the beginning of vegetable life, the variation and +place of the freak, the forest and its place in the world's progress, the +alternation of the forest crop, man and his neighbors. Another afternoon +the boys went into the woods and while they squatted on Nature's mattress +of fragrant pine needles (see illustration, page 230), he told about +leaves and their work, cells and their place, roots and their arrangement, +tendrils and their mechanism, flowers and their devices, seeds and their +travels. The third talk was upon the evolution of plant life, law and +logic of creation, perpetuation of life in the lower forms, edible and +poisonous mushrooms, and the perpetuation of life in the higher forms. The +boys had a different conception of life thereafter and they possessed that +nature-love which always tends toward naturalness and simplicity of +living. They could sing with feeling. + +I love thy rocks and rills, +Thy woods and templed hills. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +How Nature Study Should be Taught--Edward F. Bigelow, Ph.D. Hinds, Noble +and Eldridge, $1.00. A book of inspiration. Many practical suggestions are +given for arousing interest among boys in Nature Study. + +The Nature Study Idea--Liberty H. Bailey. Macmillan Co., $1.25 net. An +interpretation of the new movement to put the boy in sympathy with Nature. + +Field and Forest Handy Book--Dan Beard. Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00. +Nothing better published for the benefit of those having permanent camps. +It should be placed in the hands of every boy. + +Outdoors, Indoors, and Up the Chimney--Charles McIlvaine. Sunday School +Times Co., 75 cents net. A series of interesting stories about commonplace +things. Just the kind of information to give a boy on rainy days. + +Dan Beard's Animal Book. Moffat, Yard & Company, $1.75 net. Filled with +the kind of incidents about animals that boys delight to hear, including +the famous bear stories. Also tells about the Campfire Club of Animals. + +How to Study Birds--Herbert K. Job. Outing Publishing Co., $1.50 net. +Takes up the practical side of bird study. Describes the outfit necessary +for studying the birds in the open. A valuable book. + +Manual of Common American Insects--William Beautenmuller. 25 cents. + +Manual of Common Butterflies and Moths--William Beautenmuller. Funk & +Wagnalls Co., 25 cents. Two pocket manuals in which the insects, +butterflies and moths are reproduced in natural colors with their common +and scientific names. + +Wilderness Pets at Camp Buckshaw--Edward Breck. Houghton, Mifflin Company, +$1.50 net. True tales of wilderness pets written by an experienced +woodsman. Intensely interesting. + +Young Folks' Nature Field Book--J. Alden Loring. Dana, Estes & Co., $1.00. +Contains a seasonable hint for every day in the year. The alternate pages +are left blank for notes or record of things seen. + +"How to Know the Wild Flowers"--F. T. Parsons. Charles Scribner's Sons, +$2.00 net. + +"How to Know the Ferns "--F. T. Parsons. Charles Scribner's Sons, $1.50 +net. + +"Familiar Trees and Their Leaves"--F. D. Matthews. Appleton and Company, +$1.75 net. Three reliable handbooks written in popular style. + +An Out-of-Door Diary--Marion Miller. Sturgis and Walton Co., $1.25 net. +Suitable for very young boys. + +[Illustration: Making a Walk to the Beach-Camp Wawayanda] + + + +CHAPTER XIX--FORECASTING THE WEATHER + +WEATHER TABLE +CLOUDS +RAIN +CLEAR WEATHER WINDS +HOW TO TELL DIRECTION OF WIND +SIGNALS LOST ON A CLOUDY DAY +POINTS OF COMPASS +HOME-MADE WEATHER PROPHET +PLANT BAROMETER +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Sunshine is delicious. +Rain is refreshing. +Wind braces up. +Snow is exhilarating. +There is really no such thing as bad weather, +only different kinds of good weather. +--Ruskin. + +It is said that this weather table by Buzzacott is so near the truth as +seldom or never to be found to fail. + +FORECASTING THE WEATHER +If the New Moon, First Quarter, Full Moon, or Last Quarter, + comes between In Summer In Winter + 12 and 2 AM Fair Frost, unless wind S.W. + 2 and 4 AM Cold and showers Snow and stormy + 4 and 6 AM Rain Rain + 6 and 8 AM Wind and rain Stormy + 8 and 10 AM Changeable Cold rain if wind W. + Snow if E. + 10 and 12 PM Frequent showers Cold and high wind + 12 and 2 PM Very rainy Snow or rain + 2 and 4 PM Changeable Fair and mild + 4 and 6 PM Fair Fair + 6 and 8 PM Fair if wind N.W. Fair and frosty if + wind N. or N.E. + 8 and 10 PM Rainy if S. or S.W. Rain or snow if + S. or S.W. + 10 and 12 AM Fair Fair and frosty + +Clouds + +Every cloud is a weather sign. +Low clouds swiftly moving indicate coolness and rain. +Soft clouds, moderate winds, fine weather. +Hard-edged clouds, wind. +Rolled or ragged clouds, strong wind. +"Mackerel" sky, twelve hours dry. + +Rain + +Look out for rain when +The tree frog cries. +Fish swim near the surface. +Walls are unusually damp. +Flies are troublesome and sting sharply. +A slack rope tightens. +Smoke beats downward. +Sun is red in the morning. +There is a pale yellow sunset. + +Rain with East wind is lengthy. +A sudden shower is soon over. +A slow rain lasts long. +Rain before seven, clear before eleven. +Sun drawing water, sure sign of rain. +A circle round the moon means "storm." + +"When the grass is dry at night +Look for rain before the light; +When the grass is dry at morning light +Look for rain before the night." + +"When the dew is on the grass +Rain will never come to pass." + +Fog in the morning, bright sunny day. +Swallow flying high means clearing weather. +If the sun goes down cloudy Friday, sure of a clear Sunday. +Busy spiders mean fine weather. + +THE WINDS + +East wind brings rain. +West wind brings clear, bright, cool weather. +North wind brings cold. +South wind brings heat. +Birds fly high when the barometer is high, and low when the barometer is +low. + +Direction of Wind + +The way to find which way the wind is blowing, if there is only very light +breeze, is to throw up little bits of dry grass; or to hold up a handful +of light dust and let it fall, or to suck your thumb and wet it all round +and let the wind blow over it, and the cold side of it will then tell you +which way the wind is blowing. + +Weather Bureau + +The U. S. Department of Agriculture Weather Bureau publishes a +"Classification of clouds," in colors which may be had for the asking. If +you are near one of the weather signal stations daily bulletins will be +sent to camp upon request, also the weather map. + +A set of flag signals run up each day will create interest. The flags are +easily made, or may be purchased. + +Keep a daily record of temperature. A boy in charge of the "Weather +Bureau" will find it to be full of interest, as well as to offer an +opportunity to render the camp a real service. He will make a weather +vane, post a daily bulletin board, keep a record of temperature, measure +velocity of wind and rainfall. + +If you have lost your bearings and it is a cloudy day, put the point of +your knife blade on your thumb nail, and turn the blade around until the +full shadow of the blade is on the nail. This will tell you where the sun +is, and decide in which direction the camp is. + +Points of Compass + +Face the sun in the morning, spread out your arms straight from body. +Before you is the east; behind you is the west; to your right hand is the +south; to the left hand is the north. + +A Home-made Weather Prophet + +For a home-made barometer you need a clean, clear glass bottle. Take one +drachm[1] each of camphor gum, saltpetre and ammonia salts, and dissolve +them in thirteen drachms of pure alcohol. Shake till dissolved. Then pour +in bottle and cork tightly. Hang the bottle of mixture against the wall +facing north, and it will prove a perfect weather prophet. When the liquid +is clear it promises fair weather. When it is muddy or cloudy it is a sign +of rain. When little white flakes settle in the bottom it means that the +weather is growing colder, and the thicker the deposit the colder it +becomes. Fine, starry flakes foretell a storm, and large flakes are signs +of snow. When the liquid seems full of little, threadlike forms that +gradually rise to the top, it means wind and sudden storm. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Dram, drachma; drachm; U.S. Customary System +equal to 1/16 of an ounce or 27.34 grains (1.77 grams). Apothecary weight +equal to 1/8 of an ounce or 60 grains (3.89 grams).] + +U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WEATHER BUREAU. EXPLANATION OF FLAG +SIGNALS, + +[Illustration: Flags] + +No. 1, alone, indicates fair weather, stationary temperature. +No. 2, alone. Indicates rain or snow, stationary temperature. +No. 3, alone, indicates local rain, stationary temperature. +No. 1, with No. 4 above it, indicates fair weather, warmer +No. 1, with No. 4 below it, indicates fair weather, colder. +No. 2, with No. 4 above it, indicates warmer weather, rain or snow. +No. 2, with No. 4 below it, indicates colder weather, rain or snow. +No. 8, with No. 4 above it, indicates warmer weather with local rains. +No. 3, with No. 4 below it, indicates colder weather with local rains. +No. 1, with No. 5 above it, indicates fair weather, cold wave. +No. 2, with No. 5 above it, indicates wet weather, cold wave. + +Forecasts made at 10 A.M., and displayed between 12 and 1 P.M., forecast +the weather for the following day until 8 P.M. + + + FORECASTING THE WEATHER 245 + +Plant Barometers + +The dandelion is an excellent barometer, one of the commonest and most +reliable. It is when the blooms have seeded and are in the fluffy, +feathery condition that its weather prophet facilities come to the fore. +In fine weather the ball extends to the full, but when rain approaches, it +shuts like an umbrella. If the weather is inclined to be showery it keeps +shut all the time, only opening when the danger from the wet is past. + +The ordinary clover and all its varieties, including the trefoil and the +shamrock, are barometers. When rain is coming, the leaves shut together +like the shells of an oyster and do not open again until fine weather is +assured. For a day or two before rain comes their stems swell to an +appreciable extent and stiffen so that the leaves are borne more upright +than usual. This stem swelling when rain is expected is a feature of many +towering grasses. + +The fingers of which the leaves of the horse chestnut are made up keep +flat and fanlike so long as fine weather is likely to continue. With the +coming of rain, however, they droop, as if to offer less resistance to the +weather. The scarlet pimpernel, nicknamed the "poor man's weather glass," +or wind cope, opens its flowers only to fine weather. As soon as rain is +in the air it shuts up and remains closed until the shower or storm is +over. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY. + +Talk About the Weather--Charles Barnard. Funk & Wagnalls Co., 75 cents. A +little book of valuable hints and suggestions about the weather and the +philosophy of temperature and rainfall in their relation to living things. + +Woodcraft--Jones and Woodward. C. Arthur Pearson, Ltd., 35 cents. Contains +an excellent chapter on weather lore in addition to a mass of valuable +information on woodcraft. + +Bulletin of the U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C, + +[Illustration: The Library, 1,200 Volumes Given by the Boys.--Camp Becket] + + + +CHAPTER XX--RAINY DAY GAMES AND SUGGESTIONS + +DELIGHTS OF A RAINY DAY +ACCUMULATED ENERGY +HANDKERCHIEF TUSSLE +POTATO JOUST +TERRIER FIGHT +CIRCLE BALL +LEG WRESTLE +HAND WRESTLING +ROOSTER FIGHT +SHOE AND SWEATER RACE +PEANUT RELAY RACE +INTERESTING TESTS +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +We knew it would rain for the poplars showed +The white of their leaves, and amber grain +Shrunk in the wind and the lightning now +Is tangled in tremulous skeins of rain. +--Aldrich. + +Rainy days break the monotony of continuous sunshiny days. There is +nothing that is so fascinating to a boy in camp as listening to the patter +of the rain drops upon the roof of his canvas house, especially at night, +if he is snug and warm in his blankets and the tent is waterproof. A rainy +day is the kind of a day when the chess and checker enthusiasts get +together. Games are rescued from the bottom of the trunk or box. Ponchos +and rubber boots are now in popular favor. Thunder and lightning but add +to the boys' enjoyment. What indescribable excitement there is in the +shivers and shudders caused by an extra flash of lightning or a double +fortissimo roll of thunder! There is also the delight, of playing in the +puddles of water and wearing a bathing suit and enjoying a real shower +bath. + +To some boys it is repair day, rips are sewed up, buttons sewed on +clothing, and for the initiated, the darning of socks. In camps with +permanent buildings a big log fire roars in the fireplace, the boys sprawl +on the floor with their faces toward the fire, and while the rain plays a +tattoo[1] upon the roof some one reads aloud an interesting story, such as +"Treasure Island," "The Shadowless Man," "The Bishop's Shadow," or the +chapters on "The Beneficent Rain" and "When the Dew Falls," from Jean M. +Thompson's book, "Water Wonders." It all depends upon one's viewpoint +whether rainy days are delightful or disagreeable. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Signal on a drum or bugle to summon soldiers to +their quarters at night. Continuous, even drumming or rapping.] + +Surplus Energy + +Boys are barometers. Restlessness is usually a sign of an approaching +storm. The wise leader senses the situation and begins preparing his +plans. If the rain is from the east and comes drizzling down, better plan +a several day program, for after the excitement of the first few hours' +rain, the boys begin to loll around, lie on the cots, or hang around the +kitchen and develop a disease known as "Grouchitis." During the first +stages of the disease the boys are inactive and accumulate an over-supply +of energy, which must find an outlet. Here is where the leader plays an +important part in handling the case; he provides an outlet for the +expenditure of this surplus energy by planning games demanding use of +muscle and the expenditure of energy and noise. The big mess tent, or +dining hall, is cleared and romping games are organized. + +The games suggested are adapted for rainy days and selected from a +catalogue of several hundred games. + +RAINY DAY GAMES + +Few sports are better calculated than a potato joust to amuse boys on +rainy days. It has all the joys of a combat, and yet, try as he will, +there is no possibility for any boy to become rough. + +Potato Joust + +In the potato joust each warrior is armed with a fork, on the end of which +is a potato. The combatants take their position in the center of the +playroom, facing each other. They should be separated by not less than +three feet. Each must lift a leg from the floor (see illustration, next +page). The fighters may use their own discretion as to which leg shall be +lifted from the floor and may hold it up with either hand they prefer. A +small cushion placed under the knee will add materially to the comfort of +the contestants. + +The battle is decided by one of the warriors knocking the potato from his +opponent's fork. Toppling over three times is also counted as defeat. If +one of the knights is obliged to let go of his foot in order to keep his +balance it is counted as a fall. Every time the battle is interrupted in +this way, either of the contestants is at liberty to change the foot he is +resting upon. If one of the warriors falls against the other and upsets +him, it is counted against the one who is responsible for the tumble. + +You are not likely to realize on your first introduction to a potato joust +the amount of skill and practice required to really become expert in +handling the fork. A slight turn of the wrist, a quick push and the +practised knight will defeat the novice so deftly, so easily that you are +amazed. + +Move your fork as little as possible; long sweeping strokes are more +likely to throw off your own potato than to interfere with that of your +opponent. + +The most dangerous stroke is one from underneath; always maneuver to keep +your potato below that of your antagonist. + +[Illustration: Handkerchief Tussle; Potato Joust] + +Handkerchief Tussle + +Study the illustration and see if you can discover a way for the boys to +get apart. To make it really exciting, a number of couples should be set +going at once, and a "second" on ice cream offered to the pair who get +apart first. To separate, the boys have only to push the center of one of +the handkerchiefs under the loop made by the other handkerchief when it +was tied about the wrist, and then carry the loop over the hand. + +Rough-house is the expression used by the boy of today when he is +describing a general scuffle, and he always smacks his lips over the word. +But rough-house has its disadvantages, as many sprains and bruises can +testify, and if the same amount of fun may be had from less trying +amusement, an amusement, say, which is quite as energetic and quite as +exciting, the boy of today will certainly adopt it in preference to +rough-house. + +[Illustration: A Terrier Fight] + +Terrier Figh + +A terrier fight is exciting, and it is funny--it is also energetic--and +victory depends quite as much upon the skill of the fighter as upon his +strength. Furthermore a terrier fight is not brutal. No boy will hurt +himself while engaged in this sport. Two boys are placed facing each other +in the center of the room, hands clasped beneath the knees and a stick +just under the elbows, as shown. Each contestant endeavors to push the +other over; but as it requires considerable attention to keep the balance +at all when in this position, the attack is no easy matter. + +To give way suddenly is a maneuver almost sure to upset your adversary, +but unfortunately it is very apt to upset you at the same time and only +after considerable practice will you be able to overcome a man in this +way. The pivot, a sudden swing to the right or left is safer, though not +quite as effective. Always remember that the best terrier fighter +invariably makes his opponent throw himself. Give way at some unexpected +point, and unless he is a skilful man, he is sure to go over. Never try a +hard push except in the last extremity when everything else has failed. + +A terrier fight consists of three one-minute rounds, with thirty seconds' +rest between each round. The one scoring the largest number of falls +during the time set is accounted the winner. + +Circle Ball + +A large circle of players throw a lawn tennis ball at one in the center. +The object of the player in the center is to remain "in" as long as +possible without being hit. If he catches the ball in his hands it does +not count as a hit. Whoever hits him with the ball takes his place. The +player who remains "in" longest wins. + +Leg Wrestle + +Lie down on the back, side by side, by twos, the feet of each boy of a two +being beside the other boy's head. At the word "Go!" each brings the leg +nearest his opponent at right angles with his body and then lowers it. +This may be done twice or three times, but the last time the leg is raised +he should catch his opponent's and endeavor to roll him over, which is a +defeat. + +Hand Wrestling + +Take hold of each other's right or left hand and spread the feet so as to +get a good base. At the word "Go!" each one endeavors to force his +opponent to lose his balance, so as to move one of his feet. This +constitutes a throw. The opponent's arm is forced quickly down or +backward and then drawn out to the side directly away from him, thus +making him lose his balance. The one moving his foot or touching his hand +or any part of his body to the floor, so as to get a better base, is +thrown. The throw must be made with the hand. It is thus not rulable to +push with the head, shoulder or elbow. + +Rooster Fight + +The combatants are arranged facing each other in two front, open ranks. +The first two "opposites" at either or both ends, or if the floor is large +enough all the opposites, may combat at the same time. The boys should +fold their arms forward, and hop toward each other on one leg. The butting +is done with the shoulder and upper arm, and never with the elbow, and the +arm must remain folded throughout the combat. When the two adversaries +meet, each attempts to push the other over, or make him touch to the floor +the foot that is raised. When all have fought, the winners arrange +themselves in two opposing ranks and renew the combat. This is done, until +but one remains, and he is declared the victor. + +Shoe and Sweater Race + +The sweaters are placed at the opposite ends of the room. The boys start +with their shoes (or sneakers) on (laces out). A line is drawn in the +middle of the room; here the contestants sit down and pull off their shoes +(or sneakers), run to the sweaters and put them on. On the return trip +they put their shoes on and finish with both shoes and sweaters on. + +Peanut Relay Race + +Boys are lined up in two columns, as in ordinary relay races. For each +column two chairs are placed a convenient distance apart, facing one +another, with a knife and a bowl half full of peanuts on one, and an empty +bowl on the other. At the proper word of command the first boy on each +side takes the knife, picks up a peanut with it, and carries the peanut on +the knife to the farther bowl; upon his return the second boy does the +same and so on. The second boy cannot leave until the first has deposited +his peanut in the empty bowl, and has returned with the knife. Peanuts +dropped must be picked up with the knife. Fingers must not be used either +in putting the peanut on the knife or holding it there. The side, every +member of which first makes the round, wins. + +A FEW INTERESTING TESTS + +You can't stand for five minutes without moving, if you are blindfolded. + +You can't stand at the side of a room with both of your feet touching the +wainscoting lengthwise. + +You can't get out of a chair without bending your body forward or putting +your feet under it, that is, if you are sitting squarely on the chair and +not on the edge of it. + +You can't crush an egg when placed lengthwise between your hands, that is, +if the egg is sound and has the ordinary shell of a hen's egg. + +You can't break a match if the match is laid across the nail of the middle +finger of either hand and pressed upon by the first and third fingers of +that hand, despite its seeming so easy at first sight. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +Social Activities for Men and Boys--A. M. Chesley. Association Press, +$1.00. 295 ideas, games, socials and helpful suggestions. A gold mine for +one dollar. + +Games for Everybody--May C. Hofman. Dodge Publishing Co., 50 cents. 200 +pages of rare fun. + +Education by Play and Games--G. E. Johnson. Ginn and Company, 90 cents. A +discussion of the meaning of play. Contains also a number of good games, +graded according to ages or periods of child life. + +Play--Emmett D. Angell. Little, Brown and Company, $1.50 net. A very +practical book, containing instruction for planning more than one hundred +games, including eight games in the water. + +[Illustration: "Hiawatha," Presented by the Boys--Camp Becket] + + + +CHAPTER XXI--EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES + +RECREATIVE AND CONSTRUCTIVE EDUCATION +WHITTLERS' CLUB +PYROGRAPHY +BOAT BUILDING +PLAYS +LANTERN TALKS +LIBRARY +TUTORING +PHOTOGRAPHY +AGRICULTURE +FORESTRY +SCOUTCRAFT +CAMP PAPER +RECORD OF PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT +KITE MAKING AND FLYING +MODEL AEROPLANE +PARACHUTE IDEA +BOX FURNITURE +CAMP CLOCK +HOW TO MAKE A MOCCASIN +HOW TO MAKE A "ROUGH AND READY" HAMMOCK +A HOME-MADE TOBOGGAN +HANDY FUNNEL +INK FOR SCOUTING GAMES +BIBLIOGRAPHY. + +'Tis education forms the common mind; +Just as the twig is bent the tree's inclined. +--Pope. + +A boy is better unborn than untaught.--Gascoigne + + +Camping should not be merely a time of loafing or "having fun." The boy +who has returned from a camp, having learned some definite thing, whether +it be different from the school curriculum or supplementary to his school +work, has accomplished something and his outing has been of use to him. +All play and no work makes Jack a dull boy, as well as "all work and no +play." Recreative and constructive education forms a combination which +appeals strongly to a boy. He would call it, "doing things," and in the +doing would have fun galore. + +In addition to nature study, woodcraft, first-aid instruction and similar +types of educational activities in vogue in boy's camps, there are many +other forms of educational activities which boys can engage in during the +camping season. + +Whittlers' Club + +A "Whittlers' Club," organized to meet one hour several mornings a week, +proved attractive to a group of boys in one camp. Under the leadership of +a man who understood "Sloyd" [1] work the boys were taught how to handle a +knife, and it is surprising how few boys really know how to handle this +useful article found in every boy's pocket. They were also taught to know +the different kinds of wood, bark, grain, and method of cutting and sawing +wood for building and furniture purposes, etc. A popular model was a paper +knife made of wild cherry. The bark was permitted to remain on the handle, +while the other end was whittled evenly and smoothly for cutting leaves of +books or magazines. With the aid of a pyrography set the name of the camp +and that of the owner of the knife was burned on the handle. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: Manual training developed in Sweden, using +woodworking tools.] + +Pyrography + +Carved paddles, war clubs, hiking sticks, etc., were used to display the +artistic ability of the boys who brought to camp pyrography sets. The camp +name, date of hikes, miles travelled, and other interesting information +was burned on these souvenirs. Shields containing the athletic records and +names of honor boys were made and hung upon the walls of the permanent +building. + +Boat Building + +[Illustration: Boat Building at Camp Durrell] + +In one large camp an experienced boatman was engaged, and under his +direction three large dories were built by the boys. Plans were carefully +worked out, lumber purchased, and details of boat construction explicitly +explained. It took three weeks to build the boats, but no boats of the +fleet were used and appreciated as much by the boys as these which +represented so much of their own labor and time. (See illustration.) +Working plans and "knocked down" material for building boats may be +purchased from a number of firms. Building a boat during the winter by +boys who are contemplating going camping, aids to the anticipation of the +delightful summer time. + +[Illustration: "Pyramus and Thisbe," Players Scene from Midsummer Night's +Dream; Camp Becket] + +Plays + +"The Player's Scene," from "Midsummer Night's Dream," has been given +several times outdoors with great success in the camps conducted by the +writer. The boys were coached by a graduate of a School of Oratory, +costumes were made by the boys out of all sorts of material, make-up was +bought from a theatrical supply house and the scenery supplied by nature. +Footlights were lanterns set in front of reflectors made from old tomato +cans. The path leading to the natural amphitheatre was lighted by Japanese +lanterns and the guests were seated on the ground. In the words of Hamlet, +"The Play's the Thing," and boys and visitors are always enthusiastic over +the presentation, while the players get a new conception of Shakespeare's +plays and writings. "Hiawatha" was given with equal enthusiasm and +success. + +Lantern Talks + +Since the invention of the inexpensive Reflectoscope, illustrated talks in +camp are now possible. Travel talks, using postal cards from different +parts of the world, postals telling the "Story of the Flag," "State Seals +and their Mottoes," etc., are now published in series, and will be found +to be very interesting and instructive. A number of the large camps have +stereopticons. Lantern slides with accompanying lecture may be rented at +reasonable rates, such as "The True Sportsman," and "Personal and National +Thrift," sent out by the Moral Education League, Baltimore, Md., for the +East. Any first-class firm dealing in lantern slides can furnish a number +of valuable lectures with slides. A sheet hung between two trees on a dark +night makes an excellent screen on which to show pictures. + +Library + +Every camp should have a library or at least a small collection of good +books. In most cases arrangements can be made with a near-by library or +with the State Library for the loan of books for a certain period of time. +Camps having permanent buildings should "grow" a library. The excellent +library of 1,200 books in the camp of the writer was given by the boys +(see illustration). + +[Illustration: Book Identification] + +Gummed book labels were sent to each boy with the suggestion that he paste +them in books which he could bring to camp to present to the library. Some +boys would bring as many as ten books from the home library, all good, +readable books. The books are catalogued and a loan system established, +under the "Department of Education," and the following rules govern the +library and use of books: + +1. Library open for one-half hour after dinner daily except on Sunday, +when it will be open for one-half hour after breakfast. + +2. Books can be kept out three days. If kept overtime a charge of two (2) +cents per day is made. Books may be renewed if returned on day due, +otherwise the usual charge will be made. + +3. From 9 o'clock A. M. to 12 o'clock M., and from 2 o'clock P. M., books +may be taken away to read in the room, but must not be taken outside the +building under any condition. Violation of this rule will deprive the +violator of the use of the books for three days. + +4. Please bring small change to pay fines. + +Tutoring + +The following announcement is sent by the writer to parents and boys +concerning tutoring in camp: + +SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT OF TUTORING. + +Provides Opportunity For + +(1) Those who, on account of illness or other unavoidable circumstances, +have fallen behind their grade and wish to catch up by summer study. + +(2) Those who, on account of poor work or failure in examination, cannot +be promoted unless they do special work during the vacation time. + +(3) Those who have not fully mastered a given subject and desire to review +and strengthen themselves in the subject. + +(4) Those who wish to use their summer in order to earn an extra +promotion. + +Instruction + +Many of our camp leaders are college men and have the requisite +scholarship to conduct the academic feature of the camp. The instruction +is very largely individual and is given in the morning and does not +interfere with the recreation life. The combination of study and +recreation makes tutoring attractive and stimulating. + +Subjects + +Any subject in the grammar or high school curriculum. + +Time + +Two or three periods per week will be given to each subject. + +Cost + +One dollar per week will be charged for each subject. + +An accurate record is kept of every boy being tutored, on a card (see +illustration), and a duplicate sent to his parent at the close of the +season. + +[Illustration: Report Cards] + +Photography + +To stimulate interest in photography, a contest is held during the latter +part of the camping season for a cup, to be awarded to the boy securing +the best collection of photographs of camp life. The award is determined +upon: first, selection of subjects, and, second, execution of detail. +Ribbon awards are given for the best individual photograph in these three +classes: (a) portraits, (b) groups, (c) landscapes. The regulations +governing the contest are: + +1. Exposure, developing, and printing must be the work of the exhibitor. + +2. Mounted or unmounted photographs may be submitted. + +3. All photographs must be handed in before 12 o'clock noon (date +inserted). + +For camps having good dark rooms, the following rules may be suggestive: + +1. Key to the dark room must be returned to the office immediately after +using room and locking same. + +2. If films are drying, inform the office of same, so that the next user +may be notified and care taken not to disturb the films. + +3. Room must be kept clean: +(a) Do not wipe shelves with the hand towels. +(b) Hang hand towels on nail provided. +(c) Leave buckets and trays in clean condition. +(d) Put paper, empty tubes, etc., in box provided for same and not +upon the floor. + +4. Use only the buckets provided, and not those used for kitchen or camp +purposes. + +5. Use only your own property and that provided by the camp, and never +touch the property or films or plates of others. + +Camp Paper + +Every large camp has its official organ or camp paper. An editorial board +is appointed, and the doings of the camp recorded in a permanent manner +through the weekly issue or reading of the paper. Various names are given +the paper, such as "The Camp Log," "Dudley Doings," "Seen and Heard," +"Wawayanda Whirlwind," "The Maskwa," "The Wyanoka Log," "Kinoe Kamper." +Some of these papers are printed and others are mimeographed and sold to +the campers at five cents a copy. Most of them, however, are written in a +book and read at the camp fire. + +Agriculture + +Where a camp is located so as to be near a farm, opportunity should be +given city boys to study soil, rotation of crops, gardening, etc. In +cooperation with the Department of Agriculture and under the leadership of +a student of an Agricultural College, an experiment in raising vegetables +may be tried in long-term camps. A plot of ground may be plowed and +harrowed, and sub-divided into as many plots as there are tents, each tent +to be given a plot and each boy in the tent his "own row to hoe," the boy +to make his own choice of seed, keep a diary of temperature, sunshine, +rainfall, when the first blade appeared; make an elementary analysis of +soil, use of fertilizer and other interesting data. Prepare for an exhibit +of vegetables. Whatever the boys raise may be cooked and eaten at their +table. Free agricultural bulletins will be sent upon application to the +United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Farmers' +Bulletin 385 tells about Boys' Agricultural Clubs. + +Forestry + +The subject of forestry is akin to camping. Much valuable instruction may +be given boys regarding the forests of the locality in which the camp is +located, kind of land, character and use of woods, how +utilized--conservatively or destructively--for saw timber, or other +purposes, protection of forests, forest fires, etc. Send to United States +Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., for Forest Service Circular +130, "Forestry in the Public Schools;" Farmers' Bulletin 173, "A Primer of +Forestry," Part I; Farmers' Bulletin 358, "A Primer of Forestry," Part II. + +Scoutcraft + +The Handbook of the Boy Scouts of America is full of information regarding +knot tying, signalling, tracking, use of compass, direction and time +calculator, etc., which every boy should know. Scoutcraft would furnish +recreational education for scores of boys. + +Record Books + +Boys like to carry home some permanent record of personal achievements +while at camp, autographs of fellow campers, etc. A rather unique record +is used by the boys at Camp Wawayanda. The illustration shows the card +which was used. "A Vacation Diary," in the form of vest pocket memorandum +book, bound in linen, is published by Charles R. Scott, State Y. M. C. A. +Committee, Newark, N. J. Price, 10 cents. + +Kites + +Scientific kite flying is one of the best things a boy can indulge in. +Hiye-Sho-To, a Japanese, gives this interesting information about kites. +"To all Japanese the kite is symbolic of worthy, soaring ambitions, such +as the work upward to success in school, or in trade, and so on. When a +child is born, little kites are sent up by modest households to announce +the arrival. Kites are also flown to celebrate birthdays. To lose a kite +is considered an omen of ill-luck." + +"For the control of a box kite, I prefer the lightest steel wire to a +cord. This wire is about the thickness of an ordinary pin, with a tensile +strength at the point of breaking of quite three hundred pounds. In +handling a kite with such a wire-ground connection, a boy should always +have rough gloves on his hands, that the wire may not cut them. + +"Having a kite of this kind, or even two and three, so that on a single +wire he can keep sending them higher and higher into the atmosphere, a boy +can begin what we were wont to call in Yeddo our 'kite education.' First, +he can make himself his own weather prophet. Self-registering thermometers +are no longer very expensive. He can wire one of these to his kite, and, +by knowing the length of wire he has in hand and the amount he pays out +while the kite is up, ascertain just what the air temperature is 200 feet, +500 feet, 1,000 feet, 3,000 feet above him. + +[Illustration: Box Kites] + +"There are wind gauges of cheap construction, moisture gauges which will +note the coming of rain, small cameras that will automatically take +pictures while the kite is in the air, that may be attached to these +kites, and from the work of which valuable information may be obtained." + +The following instruction for making a box kite was given in "The American +Boy," April, 1909. + +"Any boy can make a box kite. The material used may be any tough, light +wood, such as spruce, cypress, bass-wood, or cedar. Cut four pieces 42 +inches in length, and sixteen pieces 18 inches in length. The cuts show +clearly how they are to be put together. Use glue and small brads at every +point. The bridle cord is fastened 6 inches from each end of the box. This +is best done before the cloth is put on the kite. Light cheese cloth may +be used, and should be secured with glue and small brads at the last lap. +When the cloth is in place paint it with thin varnish or glue to fill up +the meshes and stretch it. + +"The reason why box kites made by boys have a tendency to lie down flat on +the ground is that they are not proportioned correctly. The proportions +given here are correct. The painting, decorating, and tinting are matters +of personal taste and skill." + +The principle of kite flying is simple. Air is a fluid like water, but on +account of the many changes of temperature, to which it is subjected, it +constantly changes its density and is found to consist of layers or +strata. These layers are not all flat and parallel, but take every variety +of shape as the clouds do. In flying a kite you simply pull it up one of +those layers just as you would pull a sled or wagon up a hill. Always run +facing the wind. + +Aeroplanes + +Aeroplane season is now a calendar event in the boy's life. Many boys are +engaged in building these fascinating little ships of the air. "The Boy's +Book of Model Aeroplanes," by Francis A. Collins, Century Co. ($1.20 net), +gives complete directions how to build these marvellous new toys. Form a +club and conduct an "Aviation" meet during the season. Spon and +Chamberlain, 123 North Liberty Street, New York City, sell a complete +full-sized set of drawings for building three model aeroplanes. Price, 50 +cents. + +Parachutes + +[Illustration: A Parachute Idea] + +The parachute, in its various forms, has always been a favorite with boys. +The idea is to make an umbrella-shaped contraption out of tissue paper and +a stick, so that when it descends from any considerable height it will +open out and float slowly to the ground. This part is easy enough. The +trouble has always been to get it up in the air high enough to repay one +for his efforts in making it. The idea that a common sling shot had +propelling power sufficient for this purpose led to experiments which +proved that the idea was a happy one. The combination of sling shot and +parachute makes a very fascinating outdoor amusement device. Every time +you shoot it into the air you try to make it go higher than last time. + +To make the parachute, get a tough stick about two feet long and whittle +it to a shape similar to Fig. 2. The bottom must be heavy enough to fall +first so that the parachute will fall in the right direction to be opened +out. You can weight the end by tying a piece of lead or a spool on it. Cut +your tissue paper to a shape shown in Fig. 2 and place a thread through +every scallop. If the paper tears right through, a good plan is to +reinforce the edges of the circle by pasting a strip of tough paper or +muslin all around. A parachute made of silk or any fine mesh cloth will be +much more lasting, but not quite so buoyant. + +The sling shot is made with a rubber band, some string, and a forked +stick. The greater its propelling power, the more successful will the toy +be. + +Box Furniture + +Instead of using for firewood the boxes in which groceries, etc., are +shipped to camp, have the boys make useful camp furniture from them. Get +the book, "Box Furniture," by Louise Brigham: The Century Co.; price, +$1.50. It tells what to do with boxes, and how to make all sorts of +convenient furniture. + +Camp Clock + +Mark the ground around the camp flag pole with white stones or stones +whitewashed, like a sun dial. The sun's rays will cast the shadow of the +pole so that the time of day may be accurately ascertained. (See +illustration.) In the handbook of the Boy Scouts of America is the +following description for making a Sun dial or Hunter's Clock: "To make a +sun dial prepare a smooth board about 15 inches across, with a circle +divided into 24 equal parts, and a temporarily hinged pointer, whose upper +edge is in the middle of the dial. Place on some dead level solid post or +stump in the open. At night fix the dial so that the 12-o'clock line +points exactly to North, as determined by the North or Pole Star. Then, +using two temporary sighting sticks of exactly the same height (so as to +permit sighting clear above the edge of the board), set the pointer +exactly pointing to the Pole Star, that is, the same angle as the latitude +of the place, and fix it there immovably. Then remove the two sighting +sticks." + +[Illustration: Camp Clock] + + +SUN DIAL OR HUNTER'S CLOCK +Some Quotations to Burn or Paint on the Sun Dial. + +"My face marks the sunny hours, +What can you say of yours." + +"Grow old along with me, +The best is yet to be." + +Translation of motto on Cathedral Sun dial, St. Augustine. +"The hours pass and we are held accountable." + +The illustration shows how to locate the North or Pole Star. + +F. O. Van Ness gives the following directions for making a pair of +moccasins: + +[Illustration: Sioux Moccasin] + +Fig. 1. Place foot on leather or canvas and draw outline of foot. Turn +same and make pattern for other foot. + +Fig. 2. Distance GB equals length of foot plus one inch; distance AC +equals width across instep plus one-half inch; cut DF halfway between B +and G; cut EG halfway between A and C. Cut piece reverse of this for other +moccasin. Place B of Fig. 2 to B of Fig. 1, and sew overhand with wax cord +the edges from B to A and B to C, bringing A and C of Fig. 2 together at A +of Fig. 1. Sew AG to CG. + +Fig. 3 is the tongue and DF of Fig. 3 is sewed to DF of Fig. 2. Cut pairs +of half-inch slits a, b, c, d in Fig. 2, and run lace through. + +Hammock-Making + +For the afternoon "siesta" make a "rough-and-ready" hammock, by taking +apart a flour barrel or sugar barrel, and in the end of each stave bore a +three-quarter inch hole with a heated poker, or bit and auger. Then lace +thin rope (clothes line is good) through the holes. This can be +accomplished easily by noting method of lacing in figure "A." The +stay-blocks "B" should be 12 inches long. Figure "C" shows hammock ready +for use. + +[Illustration: Rough and Ready Hammock] + +A Toboggan + +Get a cheese box. Knock in the end very carefully, so as not to split it, +pull out all the nails and lay it flat, and you have a piece of very thin +board about 4-1/2 feet long and 11 inches wide. Next take a piece of inch +plank of same width as the cheese box, and three feet in length, and to +this fasten the unrolled cheese box by using small lath nails, letting one +end curl up over the plank. To the edge of this protruding piece of cheese +box tack a narrow strip of wood. Tie a heavy cord to its ends, run the +cord through the two hooks screwed into the planks and draw down the end +until it is curved just right. The illustration shows how it is made. + +[Illustration: Home Made Toboggan.] + +Handy Funnel + +[Illustration: A Handy Funnel] + +A funnel may be made by taking an ordinary envelope and cutting off the +part shown in dotted lines as in the illustration. Then clip a little off +the point, open out, and you have an excellent funnel. + +Onion Ink + +Dip a pen in an onion and press until the juice comes; then, with plenty +of juice on the pen, write your message. To read it warm it over the fire, +when the writing will stand out clearly. + +BIBLIOGRAPHY + +LIST OF BOOKS ON HANDCRAFT AND CONSTRUCTION: + +Field and Forest Handy Book--D. C. Beard. Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00. + +Jack of All Trades--D. C. Beard. Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00. + +The Boy Pioneers--D. C. Beard. Charles Scribner's Sons, $2.00 net. + +The Boy Craftsman--A. Neely Hall. Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Co., $2.00. + +Woodworking for Beginners--C. G. Wheeler. Putnam and Company, $2.50. + +Amateur Mechanics, Nos. 1 and 2. Popular Mechanics. 25 cents each. How to +Build a Biplane Glider--A. P. Morgan. Spon & Chamberlain, 50 cents net. + +Problems in Furniture Making--Fred D. Crawshaw. Manual Arts Press, $1.20. + +Box Furniture--Louise Brigham. Century Co., $1.60 net. + +The Boys' Book of Model Aeroplanes--Francis A. Collins. Century Co., $1.20 +net. Postage extra. + + + +CHAPTER XXII--HONOR EMBLEMS AND AWARDS + +NON-COMPETITIVE AWARDS +DUDLEY PLAN +"THE ORDER OF THE ADIRONDACK CAMP EAGLE" +"ORDER OF THE PHANTOM SQUARE" +FLAG OF HONOR +"GREEN RAG" SOCIETY +DURRELL AND BECKET PLAN +PROFICIENCY CUP +HALL OF FAME + +Honour is purchased by the deeds we do; +* * * honour is not won, +Until some honourable deed be done. +--Marlowe. + +[Illustration: Camp Dudley Arard] + +Non-Competitive Awards + +Achievement and cooperation based upon altruism, should be the underlying +principles in determining the giving of emblems and awards. To give every +boy an opportunity to do his best to measure up to the camp standard, is +the thing desired in the awarding of emblems. Non-competitive tests are +being recognized as the best lever of uplift and the most effective spur +in arousing the latent ability of boys. The desire to down the other +fellow is the reason for much of the prevailing demoralization of +athletics and competitive games. Prizes should not be confused with +"honors." An honor emblem should be representative of the best gift the +camp can bestow and the recipient should be made to feel its worth. The +emblem cannot be bought, it must be won. + +Dudley Plan + +Camp Dudley has the distinction of introducing the honor system in boys' +camps. Boys pass tests which include rowing, swimming, athletics, mountain +climbing, nature study, carpenter work, manual labor, participation in +entertainments, "unknown" point (unknown to the camp, given secretly to +the boy) and securing the approval of the leaders, in order to win the "C +D." After winning this emblem, the boys try to win the camp pennant, the +tests for which are graded higher. + +Camp Eagle + +"The Order of the Adirondack Camp Eagle" is established at Camp Adirondack +for boys who qualify in the following tests: "Obedience is required to the +few camp rules; promptness is required at the regular bugle +calls--reveille, assembly for exercise, mess call, and tattoo and +taps--and erect posture is required at meals. In addition to this there is +a 'general personal' standard (embracing neatness at meals and courtesy, +etc.). Boys coming up to the standard are initiated into the order and +receive the emblem--the bronze eagle button. Boys who reach an especially +high standard receive the silver eagle. Boys reaching this higher degree +may compete for the golden eagle, the highest camp honor. To obtain this +it is necessary for a boy to swim a hundred yards, do the high dive (about +12 feet), be able to row well and paddle a canoe skillfully, recognize and +name twenty-five trees, and pass a practical examination in other nature +work and in practical camping and woodcraft, and answer questions in +physical training and care of the body along lines covered in camp-fire +talks." + + HONOR EMBLEMS AND AWARDS 281 + +"The Order of the Phantom Square" was organized at the Wisconsin State +Boys' Camp for boys who succeed in qualifying in the tests named below: + +[Illustration: Order of the Phantom Square.] +[Illustration: Phantom Square; Honor Emblem] + +Bronze, Silver and Gold Pins are awarded as follows: +Bronze--60 points, 15 in each division. +Silver--80 points, 20 in each division. +Gold .--100 points, 25 in each division. + +PHYSICAL. 30 POINTS POSSIBLE + +Event A (16-17) B (14-15) C (12-13) Points +*1. Run 100 yd 12 sec. 13 sec. 7.2 sec. (50 yd.) 1 +*2. Run 440 yd 1:13 1:25 1:34 1 +*3. Running Broad Jump 14 ft. 13 ft. 11 ft. 1 +*4. Running High Jump 4 ft. 3 ft. 10 in. 3 ft 6 in. 1 +*5. Shot put 8 lb. 30 ft. 25 ft. 20 ft. 1 +*6. Swim 25 yd 19 sec. 22 sec. 25 sec 1 +*7. Swim on back 25 yd --- --- --- 1 +*8. Swim 100 yd --- --- --- 1 +*9. Dive in acceptable form --- --- --- 1 +*10. Row one mile 4:20 4:25 5:10 1 +*11. Life Saving Test + 70-79; 80-89; 90-100 3-5 ++12. Calisthenic Drill + 8, 11, 14 times 1-3 ++13. Early Plunge in Lake + 8, 11, 14 times 1-3 +*14. Walk 10 miles 2 ++15. Cleanliness 1-5 + + +Social Activity Points +*16. Teach other boys in aquatics, athletics, or mental tests 1-5 +*17. Perform other good turns to individuals 1-5 ++18. Congeniality with camp mates 1-4 ++19. Neatness in care of personal property, tent and table 1-5 ++20. Promptness in responding to bugle calls, signals and camp duties 1-3 +*21. Participating acceptably in evening entertainments 1-5 +*22. Participating acceptably in camp orchestra or glee club 3 + +Mental Test Points +*23. Pass written test in life-saving examination with grade of +70-79, 80-89, or 90-100 3-5 +*24. Name and describe different kinds of trees and birds 1-5 +*25. Name and point out star groups 1-3 +*26. Answer questions on camp-fire talks 1-4 +*27. Read and orally answer questions on "Youth to Manhood" 1-5 +*28. Read and tell story of other acceptable books 1-3 +*29. Compose an acceptable song or yell for camp 5 + +Moral Activity Points +*30. Daily Bible reading with written answers to questions 1-5 ++31. Reverence at Religious exercises 1-3 ++32. Attendance at Church on Sundays during camp 3 ++33. Cheerful and faithful performance of camp duties 1-5 ++34. Extra volunteer service at camp 1-5 ++35. Self-control 1-4 ++36. General conduct and disposition 1-5 + +Tests marked thus (*) are judged by certain leaders delegated for the +purpose. Tests marked thus (+) are judged by all tent leaders for boys in +their tents. + +After a candidate has won the requisite number of points for the first +degree, a unanimous vote of all leaders in council assembled, is +necessary, after which, a solemn ceremony of initiation is conducted. + +The Honor Emblem is given to all who win a total of at least thirty points +covering all the tests. + +Flag of Honor + +Camp Couchiching spirit is developed through the "Flag of Honor," which is +awarded each day to the tent scoring the highest number of points, as +follows: Every boy up and in line at 3 minutes after 7, scores 5 points +for his tent; the morning dip, 5 points; tent inspection, 100 points for +perfect; winning in athletic and aquatic meet, 25 points; second, 20; +third, 15; fourth, 10; and fifth, 5. On a winning baseball team, 5 points +and amateur stunt, 10 points. + +Green Rag Society + +Camp Eberhart has the following elaborate plan: The camp emblem itself +represents the first degree and the camper must be in camp for one full +week before he can wear it. The emblem is a brown triangle with a large E +placed upon it with a green background. A green bar is added for each year +spent in camp. The second, third and fourth degrees are indicated by a +small green star, to be placed at the points of the triangle, beginning at +the lowest point, then the upper left, then the upper right. The second +degree will be awarded by the first star, the third degree by the second +star, also entitling the winner to membership in the "Brown Rag" Society. +The fourth degree will be awarded by the third star and the winner be +entitled to membership in the "Green Rag" Society. + +Membership in the "Green Rag" Society is the highest honor the camp can +bestow. The following are the requirements for the higher degrees. + +REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SECOND DEGREE. +1. To catch a one-pound fish from Corey Lake. +2. To catch a one-pound fish from any other lake while at camp. +3. To row a boat (passing the rowing test). +4. To be able to swim 50 yards. +5. To be able to walk one mile in 11 minutes. +6. To be able to run 100 yards in 14 seconds. +7. To be able to start three consecutive fires with three consecutive +matches in the woods, with fuel found in the woods; one of the fires to be +built in a damp place. If one fire fails, the entire test must be +repeated. +8. To bring in mounted five different butterflies. +9. To bring in mounted five different moths. +10. To bring in mounted five different beetles. +11. To collect and press 25 different wild flowers. +12. To jump 6 feet in standing broad jump. + +REQUIREMENTS FOR THE THIRD DEGREE. +1. To be able to start a fire with a fire drill, the fuel and material + used to be found in the woods. +2. To be able to tell the correct time by the sun at least twice a day. +3. To be able to swim 200 yards. +4. To be able to row a boat one mile in ten minutes. +5. To measure the correct height of a tree without climbing it. +6. To be able to tie and untie eight different standard knots. +7. To catch a two-pound fish. +8. To be able to know and name fifteen different trees in the woods. +9. To be able to perform on a stunt night acceptably. +10. To be able to know and name 25 different birds as seen around the camp. +11. To lead in the Evening Devotions at least twice. +12. To run 100 yards in 13 seconds. + +REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FOURTH DEGREE, +1. To catch a three-pound fish. +2. To be able to run 100 yards in 11 seconds. +3. To be able to run 100 yards in 12 seconds. +4. To conduct Evening Devotions. +5. To teach one boy how to swim (test one hundred feet). +6. To influence one boy into the Christian life. +7. To know and to name 25 different trees as found in the woods. +8. To be able to make twelve standard knots in a rope. +9. To conquer one bad habits while at camp. +10. To accomplish at least one definite piece of service as prescribed + by the camp. +11. To become a member of the camp council. +12. To be able to jump 16 feet in the running broad Jump. + +The tests in Camps Durrell and Becket are based upon Baden-Powell's book, +"Scouting for Boys," and have proven very successful. They are as follows: + + HONOR EMBLEMS AND A WARDS 285 + +HONOR PLAN +DISCIPLINE. +1. Doing camp duty promptly, efficiently and cheerfully. (5 points) +2. Participating promptly in preparing tents, baggage and beds for + Inspection. (4 points.) +3. Loyalty to captain in all games. (5 points.) + +OBSERVATION. +1. Observe the ways of birds, animals and people and jot down a sketch + of them in a notebook. +(3 points.) +2. Take a walk and upon return to the camp write upon the following + six subjects. +(a) Nature of by-ways of paths. +(b) Different kinds of trees you noticed. +(c) People you met. +(d) Peculiar smells of plants. +(e) Kind of fences you saw. +(f) Sounds you heard. (3 points.) +3. Observe sanitary and hygienic disorder and correct the same. + (5 points.) +4. After the reading aloud of a story write an account of it. (3 points.) + +WOODCRAFT. +1. Observe the tracks of birds and animals and distinguish them. + (2 points.) +2. Identify fifteen birds, or fifteen trees, or fifteen flowers, or + fifteen minerals. (2 points.) +3. Tie a square knot, a weaver's knot, a slip knot, a flemish coop, a + bowline, a half, timber clove, boom hitches, stevedore and wall end + knots, blackwall and catspaw turn and hitch hook hitches. (2 points.) +4. Make a "star" fire and cook a meal upon it for the boys of your tent. + (3 points.) +5. Find the south at any time of day by the sun with the aid of a watch. + (1 point.) +6. Estimate the distance across water. (1 point.) +7. Judge the time of day by the sun. (1 point.) +8. Read the signs of the weather by the sun, wind and clouds. (2 points.) +9. Make something useful for the camp. (5 points.) + +HEALTH. +1. Promptness, erect carriage and earnestness in setting up drill. + (3 points.) +2. Gain made in physical development during the time in camp. (2 points.) +3. Essay upon the camp-fire talks on "Personal Hygiene." (3 points.) +4. Care of tent, clothing and baggage, in dry and wet weather. (3 points.) +5. Cleanliness of person. (3 points). +6. Proper eating at meals. (5 points.) +7. Win first place in the athletic or aquatic events. (2 points.) + +CHIVALRY. (Among the laws of the Knights was this: "Chivalry requireth +that youth should be trained to perform the most laborious and humble +offices with cheerfulness and grace: and to do good unto others.") +1. Do a good turn to somebody every day. (3 points.) +2. Control tongue and temper. (5 points.) +3. Participate in some entertainment. (2 points.) +4. Secure the approval of the leaders. (2 points.) +5. Promptness in attending Chapel services. (2 points.) + +SAVING LIFE. +1. Be able to swim fifty yards and return without stopping. (1 point.) +2. Pass the examinations in Life Saving and First Aid Work by written + and demonstration work. (5 points.) +3. Row from wharf to a given point and back in a given time. (1 point.) + +PATRIOTISM. +1. Respect for the United States flag at raising and colors. (5 points.) +2. Memorize "America" and "Star Spangled Banner," (1 point.) +3. Write an essay explaining the plan of governing your own town and city. + (2 points.) +4. Write in your own words what you think citizenship means. (2 points.) +5. Describe upon paper some historic spot or building near your home + and its connection with the making of America. (1 point.) + +NOTE.--Each boy must win 90 points out of a possible 100 to secure the +honor emblem. Leaders will be appointed to take charge of the different +tests, to whom the boys will report when they qualify in the tests and +receive their points. The final decision in the giving of the honor emblem +is made at a full meeting of the Camp Council. + +The honor emblem consists of a white "swastika" [1] cross with garnet felt +D for Durrell and B for Becket. Boys who fail to secure the emblem in one +season are credited with points which hold good the next season. The Honor +Pennant is awarded only to those who render special service to the camp. + +[Illustration: Honor Camp Leader] + +The camp emblem is a garnet solid triangle with the initial of the camp in +white felt upon it. A white bar placed above the triangle represents the +attendance, one bar is given for each year. The Senior leader's emblem is +a white felt disc with a garnet felt triangle, and the Junior leader's +emblem, a garnet felt disc with a white felt triangle. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: The swastika is an ancient religious symbol, a +Greek cross with the ends of the arms bent at right angles. It was adopted +by the Nazi party under Adolf Hitler in 1935. This book was written 22 +years earlier.] + +Campers will find enough suggestions in these outlines to develop systems +of their own which will help in the all-round development of the boy. + +Camp Kineo Cup + +Some camps prefer the awarding of what may be called "proficiency cups." +At Camp Kineo a silver cup is awarded to the boy in each division who is +the best all-round fellow, considering manly qualities, loyalty to camp, +deportment, behavior under all conditions, skill in athletics, aquatics, +tennis, baseball, and all other sports, self-control, temperament, +popularity with boys and good standing with councilors. The judges are the +Director and Camp Council, whose decision counts for 60 per cent toward +the final award, the boys not competing deciding the other 40 per cent +toward the final award. + +Hall of Fame + +At Camp Wildmere there is a "Hall of Fame." Votes are taken for the most +respected leader and the most respected boy, the most popular leader and +boy; the boy who has done the most for the camp and the boys; the most +courteous boy, neatest boy, best-built boy, brightest boy, favorite in +games; neatest in tent; best all-round camper; boy who talks least about +himself; the one with the best table manners; the quietest boy, most +generous boy, handsomest boy, best-natured boy and the camp humorist. + +[Illustration: Striking the Colors] + + + +CHAPTER XXIII--PACKING UP + +THE LAST NIGHT +PACKING UP +INSTRUCTIONS TO LEADERS +THE LAST WORD + +Farewell, wild hearth where many logs have burned; + Among your stones the fireweed may grow. +The brant[1] are flown, the maple-leaves have turned, + The goldenrod is brown--and we must go. +-Arthur Guiterman. + +[Transcriber's Footnote 1: brant: Dark wild goose of the Arctic having +a black neck and head.] + +The Last Night + +The last night in a boys' camp should be the best of all the nights. It is +usually a night of reminiscence. Around the camp fire or log fire in the +"Lodge," all the campers gather and rehearse the good times of the days +that have passed all too quickly--those days of close intimacy of tent +life, where boys of different tastes, temperaments and dispositions were +thrown together, where life's great lessons of give and take were learned +and where character was put to the test! Friendships have been formed +which will last through life. The same group of fellows will never come +together again. The director, perhaps as no other person, realizes the +importance of making this night one of permanent impression, and his +"good-by" talk to the fellows will reiterate the "why" of camping and +emphasize the taking home of the spirit of good which has prevailed and +the making it count for the best things in home, school, factory and +church life of those boys who enjoyed the benefits of the camp. + +All the favorite songs of the camp are sung, the leaders make "speeches," +and the boys have an opportunity of telling what camp life has done for +them. As the fire dies down the bugler off in the distance plays "God Be +With You Till We Meet Again"; silence--and then "taps." + +Packing Up + +There is just as much need of system and care in breaking camp and packing +up, as in opening camp. Chas. R. Scott at Camp Wawayanda issues to each +leader the following letter of instructions, which may be of help to those +in charge of large camps. + +LETTER OF INSTRUCTION TO LEADERS + +DEAR FRIEND--Will you kindly help me break camp by carrying out the +following instructions: + +1. Have all your boys return all books to the librarian not later than +Thursday morning, and tools to the shop by the same time. + +2. Encourage your helpers to loosen the side walls of tent early Friday +morning, if clear, and fasten guy ropes so that canvas will dry if damp. + +3. Take out all the pegs which fasten the side walls, clean off dirt and +place in boxes at boat house. + +4. Take down the board in your tent, take out all nails; straighten them +and place in proper boxes in shop. Then take board to the boat house. +Leave the rope over the ridge pole untied. + +5. Take out all nails and screws in the upright poles of your tent and +bunks, and place in boxes in shop. + +6. Empty the oil and clean lantern and return to the boat house. Take +bunks to the lodge and let us know the condition of each. + +7. See that all paper and old things in and around the tent are picked up +and placed on the fire for that purpose. + +8. After Bible study we will take down all tents. We should like you to +delegate one fellow to each upright pole, one to each of the four corner +guy ropes, and then follow instructions as the bugle blows. + +9. Take all rope on the trees to headquarters. + +10. Kindly answer the following questions regarding your tent: + a. Are all the poles properly marked with tent number? + b. Does tent leak? If so, where? + c. Is the ridge pole in good condition? + d. Does front and rear of tent close securely? + e. Does it need new fasteners for tying up? + +Anything else you have noticed during the time you have been in the tent; +please make a memorandum of same on back of this sheet. + +11. Return camp keys, if you have them, to headquarters before leaving. + +We would be pleased to have you write on the back of this sheet any +suggestions you have for the improvement of camp for next season. Thanking +you personally for your help and trusting to have your cooperation and +that of your boys until the close of camp, I remain, Sincerely yours, + +Last Words + +The day before camp breaks, each boy should pack his trunk or box neatly, +leaving at the top the things needed to make the homeward journey, with +room for his blankets. If the packing is left until the last day, +confusion will result and temper be sorely tried. + +Permanent buildings should be securely safeguarded against the severity of +the winter and the breaking in of thieves. All kitchen utensils should be +thoroughly cleaned and dried. If they are put away moist rust will eat +holes. Give the stove a good coat of old grease and cover with burlap or +old canvas. Hang the tents in bags where the squirrels and rats cannot get +at them. When camp is closed it should be in such condition that it would +require but a few hours to reopen and make ready for the next outing. + + +Index. + +Advance Party. +Aeroplanes. +Agriculture. +Aquatic Sports. +Archery. +Athletic Events and Awards. +Athletic Grouping. + +Bacon. +Bandages. +Bank. +Barometer, Homemade. +Barometers, Plant. +Baseball League. +Baseball, Water. +Basket Ball, Water. +Beds. +Bible Study. +Bites and Stings. +Blanket Roll. +Bleeding. +Boats and Boat Building. +Books, Rainy Day. +Bow and Arrows. +Box Furniture. +Box Trunk. +Broken Bone. +Bruises and Burns. +Buildings. + +Camp, Plan of. +Cleaning. +Location of. +Camp Fire. +Camping, Arguments for. +Canoe Tag. +Chapel. +Character Building. +Check List. +Chills. +Choking. +Circle Jumping. +Clothing. +Clouds. +Cocoa. +Coffee. +Colds. +Commissary Blank. +Cooks. +Council. +Cramps. +Cups, Drinking. +Cuts. + +Departments. +Digestion, Time of. +Director. +Dirt. +Discipline. +Dish Washing. +Dislocation. +Drains. +Dramas, Outdoor. +Drowning, Rescue from. + +Eggs. +Egg Test. +Earache. +Evening Program. +Eyes. +Fainting. +Fee. + +Field Glasses. +Fireplace. +First Aid. +Fish (Receipts). +Fish, Study of. +Flag Raising and Striking. +Food Charts. +Food, How to Buy. +Forestry. +Frog's Legs. +Funnel. + +Games and Stunts, Indoor. +Games, Outdoor. +Games, Their Purpose. +Garbage. +German Bowling. +Grace at Meals. +Green Rag Society. +Griddle Cakes. +Grocery List. + +Hall of Fame. +Hammocks. +Hands. +Hand Wrestling. +Handy Devices. +Hanger. +Headache. +Health Board. +Health Charts. +Health Maxims. +Health Talks. +Herbarium. +Hiccough. +Honor Awards. +Honor Cup. +Honor Flag. +Honor Plan. +Hospital Tent. +"How Men Found the Great Spirit". + +Indian and White Man. +Ink, Onion. +Inspection. +Internal Organs. + +Jumping Standards. + +Kites. + +Lamps. +Lantern Talks. + +Leaders or Counsellor. + Blanks for. + Letter to. + Opportunities of. + Pay of. + Suggestions to. + +Lean-to. +Library. +Life Saving. + +Map Reading. +Matches, Lighting. +Measuring Device. +Medical Stores. +Mending Pots. +Menu (for hike). +Menus. +Moccasins. +Moral. +Morning Hymn. +Mottoes. +Music. + +Nature Study. +Nature Study Equipment. +Nature Study Walks. +Nature Talks. +Nose. +Novel Bonfire. + +Old Clothes Race. +Order of Day. +Organization Chart. + +Packing Up. +Packs. +Pain and Pain Chart. +Paper (Camp Journal). +Parachute. +Peanut Relay Race. +Phantom Square. +Photography. +Physical Record Blanks. +Physical Types, Average. +Poison Ivy. +Potatoes. +Pulse. +Pyrography. + +Ration List. +Records. +Religious Life. +Resuscitation. +Roast Corn. +Rooster Fight. +Rough-house. +Rover, All Come over. +Rusty Nail. + +Scoutcraft. +Scout Law. +Self Government. +Serving. +Shipping. +Shoes. +Shoot the Chutes. +Sleep. +Sore Throat. +Soup. +Stories. +Story, A Good Example of. +Stretcher. +Stunned. +Steward. +Stomachache. +Sun Dial and Camp Clock. +Sun Glass. +Sunday. +Sunday Talks. +Sunstroke. +Surgical Supplies. +Surveying. +Swamps. +Swimming and Bathing. + +Table and Kitchen Ware. +Table Etiquette. +Tables and Seats. +Take-off. +Talks, to Individuals. +To groups, evening. +To groups, Sunday. +Taps. +Tattoo. +Teeth. +Tents, Arrangement of. +Tents and Teepees. +Tether Ball. +Thatching. +Thermometer, Clinical. +Tilting. +Toboggans. +Toilets. +Tongue. +Tutoring. +Tramper's Advice. +Typhoid. + +Volley Ball. + +Vreeland Press. + +Waste Barrels. +Water Supply. +Weather Bureau. +Weather Forecast. +Weather Signals, U. S. Bureau. +Weights and Measures, Table. +Whale Hunt. +Whistle Signal. +Whittier's Club. +Wigwag Code and Rules. +Winds. +Wolf. +Work, Assignment of. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Camping For Boys, by H.W. Gibson + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CAMPING FOR BOYS *** + +***** This file should be named 14759.txt or 14759.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/7/5/14759/ + +Produced by Don Kostuch + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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