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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14663 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 14663-h.htm or 14663-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/6/6/14663/14663-h/14663-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/6/6/14663/14663-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+VOL. VI,  NO. 5, APRIL, 1896
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS.
+  THE NEW MARVEL IN PHOTOGRAPHY. By H.J.W. Dam.
+  THE RÖNTGEN RAYS IN AMERICA. By Cleveland Moffett.
+  THE HOUSEHOLDERS.  By "Q."
+  ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell.
+    Lincoln in the Campaign of 1840.
+    Lincoln's Engagement to Miss Todd.
+    The Lincoln and Shields Duel.
+    Marriage of Lincoln and Miss Todd.
+  "PHROSO." By Anthony Hope.
+    Chapter I. A Long Thing Ending in Poulos.
+    Chapter II. A Conservative Country.
+    Chapter III. The Fever of Neopalia.
+  A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low.
+  "SOLDIER AN' SAILOR TOO." By Rudyard Kipling.
+  RACHEL. By Mrs. E.V. Wilson.
+  CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+  EDITORIAL NOTES.
+    Twenty Thousand Dollars for Short Stories.
+    The McClure's "Early Life of Lincoln."
+    The McClure's New "Life of Grant."
+    New Pictures of Lincoln.
+    The Abraham Lincoln School of Science and Practical Arts.
+    The House in which Lincoln's Parents Were Married--a Correction.
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+  PICTURES SHOWING THE DIFFERENCES IN PENETRABILITY TO THE RÖNTGEN RAYS.
+  DR. WILLIAM KONRAD RÖNTGEN, DISCOVERER OF THE X RAYS.
+  PICTURE OF AN ALUMINIUM CIGAR-CASE, SHOWING CIGARS WITHIN.
+  PHOTOGRAPH OF A LADY'S HAND SHOWING THE BONES, AND A RING ON THE
+    THIRD FINGER.
+  THE PHYSICAL INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF WÃœRZBURG.
+  SKELETON OF A FROG, PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.
+  RAZOR-BLADE PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH A LEATHER CASE AND THE RAZOR-HANDLE.
+  SKELETON OF A FISH PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.
+  A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE SOLE OF A SHOE.
+  PHOTOGRAPHING A FOOT IN ITS SHOE BY THE RÖNTGEN PROCESS.
+  BONES OF A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.
+  CORK-SCREW, KEY, PENCIL WITH METALLIC PROTECTOR, AND PIECE OF COIN.
+  COINS PHOTOGRAPHED INSIDE A PURSE.
+  DR. WILLIAM J. MORTON PHOTOGRAPHING HIS OWN HAND UNDER RÖNTGEN
+  A GROUP OF FAMILIAR ARTICLES UNDER THE RÖNTGEN RAYS.
+  THOMAS A. EDISON EXPERIMENTING WITH THE RÖNTGEN RAYS.
+  "I ... TRIED A STEP TOWARD THE STAIRS, WITH EYES ALERT ..."
+  "HE STOOD SIDEWAYS, ... AND LOOKED AT ME OVER HIS LEFT SHOULDER."
+  "FACE TO FACE WITH THE REAL HOUSEHOLDER."
+  OLD STATE-HOUSE AT SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+  A HARRISON BADGE OF 1840.
+  A HARRISON BUTTON OF 1840.
+  LINCOLN IN 1860.
+  ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN 1861.
+  WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
+  JOSHUA F. SPEED AND WIFE.
+  MARY TODD LINCOLN.
+  LINCOLN IN 1858.
+  ROBERT S. TODD.
+  MISS JULIA JAYNE, ONE OF MISS TODD'S BRIDESMAIDS.
+  GENERAL JAMES SHIELDS.
+  MRS. NINIAN W. EDWARDS.
+  COURT-HOUSE AT TREMONT WHERE LINCOLN RECEIVED WARNING OF SHIELDS'S
+        CHALLENGE.
+  RESIDENCE OF NINIAN W. EDWARDS, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+  LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE LICENSE AND MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE.
+  REV. CHARLES DRESSER.
+  THE GLOBE HOTEL, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+  A BROOK IN THE DEPARTMENT OF VAR, FRANCE.
+  JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT.
+  A BY-PATH.
+  EARLY MORNING.
+  DIANA'S BATH.
+  A SHALLOW RIVER.
+  THE EDGE OF THE FOREST (FONTAINEBLEAU).
+  ON THE RIVER OISE.
+  THE STORMY SEA.
+  A SUNLIT GLADE.
+  A SHEPHERD AND HIS FLOCK.
+  "THE MAN WITH THE LEATHERN BELT."
+  THE STONE-BREAKERS.
+  THE GOOD SAMARITAN.
+  SERVANT AT THE FOUNTAIN.
+  AN UNHAPPY FAMILY.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PICTURES TAKEN BY PROFESSOR ARTHUR W. WRIGHT OF YALE
+COLLEGE, SHOWING THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUBSTANCES IN PENETRABILITY
+TO THE RÖNTGEN RAYS.
+
+1 and 3. Flint glass prism (very opaque).
+
+2. Quartz prism, showing transmission of the rays through the thin
+edges.
+
+4. Prism of heavy glass, more opaque than flint glass.
+
+5. One-cent coin, copper.
+
+6. Five-cent coin, nickel.
+
+7. White-crown glass, 1½ millimetres thick.
+
+8. Blue crown glass, 2 millimetres thick.
+
+9. Yellow crown glass, 1½ millimetres thick.
+
+10. Crown glass, 1 millimetre thick, covered with a very thin layer of
+gold.
+
+11. Red crown glass, 2 millimetres thick.
+
+12. Block of Iceland spar (very transparent to ordinary light, but
+very opaque to Röntgen rays).
+
+13. A bit of tinfoil.
+
+14. Aluminium medal, showing faint traces of the design and lettering
+on both sides, as if it were translucent.
+
+15. Metallic mirror, shows no effect of regular reflection.
+
+16. Bit of sheet-lead, 1 millimetre thick.
+
+17. Quarter-of-a-dollar coin, silver.
+
+18. Piece of thin ebonite, such as is used for photographic
+plate-holder.]
+
+[Illustration: DR. WILLIAM KONRAD RÖNTGEN, DISCOVERER OF THE X RAYS.
+
+From a photograph by Hanfstaenge, Frankfort-on-the-Main.]
+
+
+
+
+
+THE NEW MARVEL IN PHOTOGRAPHY.
+
+A VISIT TO PROFESSOR RÖNTGEN AT HIS LABORATORY IN WÜRZBURG.--HIS OWN
+ACCOUNT OF HIS GREAT DISCOVERY.--INTERESTING EXPERIMENTS WITH THE
+CATHODE RAYS.--PRACTICAL USES OF THE NEW PHOTOGRAPHY.
+
+BY H.J.W. DAM.
+
+
+In all the history of scientific discovery there has never been,
+perhaps, so general, rapid, and dramatic an effect wrought on the
+scientific centres of Europe as has followed, in the past four weeks,
+upon an announcement made to the Würzburg Physico-Medical Society, at
+their December meeting, by Professor William Konrad Röntgen, professor
+of physics at the Royal University of Würzburg. The first news which
+reached London was by telegraph from Vienna to the effect that a
+Professor Röntgen, until then the possessor of only a local fame
+in the town mentioned, had discovered a new kind of light, which
+penetrated and photographed through everything. This news was received
+with a mild interest, some amusement, and much incredulity; and a week
+passed. Then, by mail and telegraph, came daily clear indications
+of the stir which the discovery was making in all the great line of
+universities between Vienna and Berlin. Then Röntgen's own report
+arrived, so cool, so business-like, and so truly scientific in
+character, that it left no doubt either of the truth or of the great
+importance of the preceding reports. To-day, four weeks after the
+announcement, Röntgen's name is apparently in every scientific
+publication issued this week in Europe; and accounts of his
+experiments, of the experiments of others following his method, and
+of theories as to the strange new force which he has been the first
+to observe, fill pages of every scientific journal that comes to
+hand. And before the necessary time elapses for this article to
+attain publication in America, it is in all ways probable that the
+laboratories and lecture-rooms of the United States will also be
+giving full evidence of this contagious arousal of interest over a
+discovery so strange that its importance cannot yet be measured,
+its utility be even prophesied, or its ultimate effect upon
+long-established scientific beliefs be even vaguely foretold.
+
+[Illustration: PICTURE OF AN ALUMINIUM CIGAR-CASE, SHOWING CIGARS
+WITHIN.
+
+From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street, London.
+Exposure, ten minutes.]
+
+[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPH OF A LADY'S HAND SHOWING THE BONES, AND A
+RING ON THE THIRD FINGER, WITH FAINT OUTLINES OF THE FLESH.
+
+From a photograph taken by Mr. P. Spies, director of the "Urania,"
+Berlin.]
+
+[Illustration: THE PHYSICAL INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF
+WÜRZBURG, WHERE PROFESSOR RÖNTGEN HAS HIS RESIDENCE, DELIVERS HIS
+LECTURES, AND CONDUCTS HIS EXPERIMENTS.
+
+From a photograph by G. Glock, Würzburg.]
+
+The Röntgen rays are certain invisible rays resembling, in many
+respects, rays of light, which are set free when a high pressure
+electric current is discharged through a vacuum tube. A vacuum tube
+is a glass tube from which all the air, down to one-millionth of an
+atmosphere, has been exhausted after the insertion of a platinum
+wire in either end of the tube for connection with the two poles of
+a battery or induction coil. When the discharge is sent through
+the tube, there proceeds from the anode--that is, the wire which is
+connected with the positive pole of the battery--certain bands of
+light, varying in color with the color of the glass. But these are
+insignificant in comparison with the brilliant glow which shoots
+from the cathode, or negative wire. This glow excites brilliant
+phosphorescence in glass and many substances, and these "cathode
+rays," as they are called, were observed and studied by Hertz; and
+more deeply by his assistant, Professor Lenard, Lenard having, in
+1894, reported that the cathode rays would penetrate thin films of
+aluminium, wood, and other substances and produce photographic results
+beyond. It was left, however, for Professor Röntgen to discover that
+during the discharge another kind of rays are set free, which differ
+greatly from those described by Lenard as cathode rays The most marked
+difference between the two is the fact that Röntgen rays are not
+deflected by a magnet, indicating a very essential difference, while
+their range and penetrative power are incomparably greater. In fact,
+all those qualities which have lent a sensational character to the
+discovery of Röntgen's rays were mainly absent from these of Lenard,
+to the end that, although Röntgen has not been working in an entirely
+new field, he has by common accord been freely granted all the honors
+of a great discovery.
+
+[Illustration: SKELETON OF A FROG, PHOTOGRAPHED
+THROUGH THE FLESH. THE SHADINGS INDICATE, IN ADDITION TO THE BONES,
+ALSO THE LUNGS AND THE CEREBRAL LOBES.
+
+From a photograph by Professors Imbert and Bertin-Sans; reproduced
+by the courtesy of the "Presse Medicale," Paris. In taking this
+photograph the experiment was tried of using a diaphragm interposed
+between the Crookes tube and the plate; and the superior clearness
+obtained is thought to result from this.]
+
+[Illustration: RAZOR-BLADE PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH A LEATHER CASE AND THE
+RAZOR-HANDLE.
+
+From a photograph taken by Dr. W.L. Robb of Trinity College. The
+shading in the picture indicates, what was the actual fact, that the
+blade, which was hollow ground, was thinner in the middle than near
+the edge.]
+
+[Illustration: SKELETON OF A FISH PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.
+
+From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street, London.
+Exposure, four minutes.]
+
+Exactly what kind of a force Professor Röntgen has discovered he does
+not know. As will be seen below, he declines to call it a new kind of
+light, or a new form of electricity. He has given it the name of the
+X rays. Others speak of it as the Röntgen rays. Thus far its results
+only, and not its essence, are known. In the terminology of science it
+is generally called "a new mode of motion," or, in other words, a new
+force. As to whether it is or not actually a force new to science, or
+one of the known forces masquerading under strange conditions, weighty
+authorities are already arguing. More than one eminent scientist has
+already affected to see in it a key to the great mystery of the law
+of gravity. All who have expressed themselves in print have admitted,
+with more or less frankness, that, in view of Röntgen's discovery,
+science must forth-with revise, possibly to a revolutionary degree,
+the long accepted theories concerning the phenomena of light and
+sound. That the X rays, in their mode of action, combine a strange
+resemblance to both sound and light vibrations, and are destined to
+materially affect, if they do not greatly alter, our views of both
+phenomena, is already certain; and beyond this is the opening into
+a new and unknown field of physical knowledge, concerning which
+speculation is already eager, and experimental investigation already
+in hand, in London, Paris, Berlin, and, perhaps, to a greater or less
+extent, in every well-equipped physical laboratory in Europe.
+
+This is the present scientific aspect of the discovery. But, unlike
+most epoch-making results from laboratories, this discovery is one
+which, to a very unusual degree, is within the grasp of the popular
+and non-technical imagination. Among the other kinds of matter
+which these rays penetrate with ease is the human flesh. That a new
+photography has suddenly arisen which can photograph the bones, and,
+before long, the organs of the human body; that a light has been found
+which can penetrate, so as to make a photographic record, through
+everything from a purse or a pocket to the walls of a room or a house,
+is news which cannot fail to startle everybody. That the eye of the
+physician or surgeon, long baffled by the skin, and vainly seeking
+to penetrate the unfortunate darkness of the human body, is now to be
+supplemented by a camera, making all the parts of the human body as
+visible, in a way, as the exterior, appears certainly to be a greater
+blessing to humanity than even the Listerian antiseptic system of
+surgery; and its benefits must inevitably be greater than those
+conferred by Lister, great as the latter have been. Already, in
+the few weeks since Röntgen's announcement, the results of surgical
+operations under the new system are growing voluminous. In Berlin, not
+only new bone fractures are being immediately photographed, but joined
+fractures, as well, in order to examine the results of recent surgical
+work. In Vienna, imbedded bullets are being photographed, instead of
+being probed for, and extracted with comparative ease. In London, a
+wounded sailor, completely paralyzed, whose injury was a mystery, has
+been saved by the photographing of an object imbedded in the spine,
+which, upon extraction, proved to be a small knife-blade. Operations
+for malformations, hitherto obscure, but now clearly revealed by the
+new photography, are already becoming common, and are being reported
+from all directions. Professor Czermark of Graz has photographed the
+living skull, denuded of flesh and hair, and has begun the adaptation
+of the new photography to brain study. The relation of the new rays
+to thought rays is being eagerly discussed in what may be called
+the non-exact circles and journals; and all that numerous group
+of inquirers into the occult, the believers in clairvoyance,
+spiritualism, telepathy, and kindred orders of alleged phenomena, are
+confident of finding in the new force long-sought facts in proof of
+their claims. Professor Neusser in Vienna has photographed gall-stones
+in the liver of one patient (the stone showing snow-white in the
+negative), and a stone in the bladder of another patient. His results
+so far induce him to announce that all the organs of the human body
+can, and will, shortly, be photographed. Lannelougue of Paris has
+exhibited to the Academy of Science photographs of bones showing
+inherited tuberculosis which had not otherwise revealed itself. Berlin
+has already formed a society of forty for the immediate prosecution
+of researches into both the character of the new force and its
+physiological possibilities. In the next few weeks these strange
+announcements will be trebled or quadrupled, giving the best evidence
+from all quarters of the great future that awaits the Röntgen rays,
+and the startling impetus to the universal search for knowledge that
+has come at the close of the nineteenth century from the modest little
+laboratory in the Pleicher Ring at Würzburg.
+
+[Illustration: A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE SOLE OF A SHOE.
+THE SHADING SHOWS THE PEGS OF THE SHOE, AS WELL AS TRACES OF THE FOOT.
+
+From a photograph by Dr. W.L. Robb of Trinity College.]
+
+[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPHING A FOOT IN ITS SHOE BY THE RÖNTGEN
+PROCESS.--A PICTURE OF THE ACTUAL OPERATION WHICH PRODUCED THE
+PHOTOGRAPH SHOWN ON PAGE 408.
+
+From a photograph by Dr. W.L. Robb of Trinity College. The subject's
+foot rests on the photographic plate.]
+
+On instruction by cable from the editor of this magazine, on the
+first announcement of the discovery, I set out for Würzburg to see the
+discoverer and his laboratory. I found a neat and thriving Bavarian
+city of forty-five thousand inhabitants, which, for some ten
+centuries, has made no salient claim upon the admiration of the world,
+except for the elaborateness of its mediæval castle and the excellence
+of its local beer. Its streets were adorned with large numbers of
+students, all wearing either scarlet, green, or blue caps, and an
+extremely serious expression, suggesting much intensity either in the
+contemplation of Röntgen rays or of the beer aforesaid. All knew the
+residence of Professor Röntgen (pronunciation: "Renken"), and directed
+me to the "Pleicher Ring." The various buildings of the university are
+scattered in different parts of Würzburg, the majority being in the
+Pleicher Ring, which is a fine avenue, with a park along one side
+of it, in the centre of the town. The Physical Institute, Professor
+Röntgen's particular domain, is a modest building of two stories and
+basement, the upper story constituting his private residence, and
+the remainder of the building being given over to lecture rooms,
+laboratories, and their attendant offices. At the door I was met by an
+old serving-man of the idolatrous order, whose pain was apparent when
+I asked for "Professor" Röntgen, and he gently corrected me with "Herr
+Doctor Röntgen." As it was evident, however, that we referred to the
+same person, he conducted me along a wide, bare hall, running the
+length of the building, with blackboards and charts on the walls. At
+the end he showed me into a small room on the right. This contained
+a large table desk, and a small table by the window, covered
+with photographs, while the walls held rows of shelves laden with
+laboratory and other records. An open door led into a somewhat larger
+room, perhaps twenty feet by fifteen, and I found myself gazing into
+a laboratory which was the scene of the discovery--a laboratory which,
+though in all ways modest, is destined to be enduringly historical.
+
+There was a wide table shelf running along the farther side, in front
+of the two windows, which were high, and gave plenty of light. In the
+centre was a stove; on the left, a small cabinet, whose shelves held
+the small objects which the professor had been using. There was a
+table in the left-hand corner; and another small table--the one on
+which living bones were first photographed--was near the stove, and
+a Rhumkorff coil was on the right. The lesson of the laboratory was
+eloquent. Compared, for instance, with the elaborate, expensive, and
+complete apparatus of, say, the University of London, or of any of the
+great American universities, it was bare and unassuming to a degree.
+It mutely said that in the great march of science it is the genius of
+man, and not the perfection of appliances, that breaks new ground in
+the great territory of the unknown. It also caused one to wonder at
+and endeavor to imagine the great things which are to be done through
+elaborate appliances with the Röntgen rays--a field in which the
+United States, with its foremost genius in invention, will very
+possibly, if not probably, take the lead--when the discoverer himself
+had done so much with so little. Already, in a few weeks, a skilled
+London operator, Mr. A.A.C. Swinton, has reduced the necessary time
+of exposure for Röntgen photographs from fifteen minutes to four.
+He used, however, a Tesla oil coil, discharged by twelve half-gallon
+Leyden jars, with an alternating current of twenty thousand volts'
+pressure. Here were no oil coils, Leyden jars, or specially elaborate
+and expensive machines. There were only a Rhumkorff coil and Crookes
+(vacuum) tube and the man himself.
+
+Professor Röntgen entered hurriedly, something like an amiable gust
+of wind. He is a tall, slender, and loose-limbed man, whose whole
+appearance bespeaks enthusiasm and energy. He wore a dark blue sack
+suit, and his long, dark hair stood straight up from his forehead, as
+if he were permanently electrified by his own enthusiasm. His voice is
+full and deep, he speaks rapidly, and, altogether, he seems clearly a
+man who, once upon the track of a mystery which appealed to him,
+would pursue it with unremitting vigor. His eyes are kind, quick, and
+penetrating; and there is no doubt that he much prefers gazing at a
+Crookes tube to beholding a visitor, visitors at present robbing him
+of much valued time. The meeting was by appointment, however, and his
+greeting was cordial and hearty. In addition to his own language he
+speaks French well and English scientifically, which is different from
+speaking it popularly. These three tongues being more or less within
+the equipment of his visitor, the conversation proceeded on an
+international or polyglot basis, so to speak, varying at necessity's
+demand.
+
+It transpired, in the course of inquiry, that the professor is
+a married man and fifty years of age, though his eyes have the
+enthusiasm of twenty-five. He was born near Zurich, and educated
+there, and completed his studies and took his degree at Utrecht. He
+has been at Würzburg about seven years, and had made no discoveries
+which he considered of great importance prior to the one under
+consideration. These details were given under good-natured protest, he
+failing to understand why his personality should interest the public.
+He declined to admire himself or his results in any degree, and
+laughed at the idea of being famous. The professor is too deeply
+interested in science to waste any time in thinking about himself. His
+emperor had _fêted_, flattered, and decorated him, and he was loyally
+grateful. It was evident, however, that fame and applause had small
+attractions for him, compared to the mysteries still hidden in the
+vacuum tubes of the other room.
+
+[Illustration: BONES OF A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.
+
+From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street, London.
+Exposure, fifty-five seconds.]
+
+"Now, then," said he, smiling, and with some impatience, when the
+preliminary questions at which he chafed were over, "you have come to
+see the invisible rays."
+
+"Is the invisible visible?"
+
+"Not to the eye; but its results are. Come in here."
+
+He led the way to the other square room mentioned, and indicated
+the induction coil with which his researches were made, an ordinary
+Rhumkorff coil, with a spark of from four to six inches, charged by
+a current of twenty amperes. Two wires led from the coil, through an
+open door, into a smaller room on the right. In this room was a
+small table carrying a Crookes tube connected with the coil. The most
+striking object in the room, however, was a huge and mysterious tin
+box about seven feet high and four feet square. It stood on end,
+like a huge packing-case, its side being perhaps five inches from the
+Crookes tube.
+
+The professor explained the mystery of the tin box, to the effect that
+it was a device of his own for obtaining a portable dark-room. When he
+began his investigations he used the whole room, as was shown by the
+heavy blinds and curtains so arranged as to exclude the entrance of
+all interfering light from the windows. In the side of the tin box,
+at the point immediately against the tube, was a circular sheet of
+aluminium one millimetre in thickness, and perhaps eighteen inches
+in diameter, soldered to the surrounding tin. To study his rays the
+professor had only to turn on the current, enter the box, close the
+door, and in perfect darkness inspect only such light or light effects
+as he had a right to consider his own, hiding his light, in fact, not
+under the Biblical bushel, but in a more commodious box.
+
+"Step inside," said he, opening the door, which was on the side of
+the box farthest from the tube. I immediately did so, not altogether
+certain whether my skeleton was to be photographed for general
+inspection, or my secret thoughts held up to light on a glass plate.
+"You will find a sheet of barium paper on the shelf," he added, and
+then went away to the coil. The door was closed, and the interior of
+the box became black darkness. The first thing I found was a wooden
+stool, on which I resolved to sit. Then I found the shelf on the
+side next the tube, and then the sheet of paper prepared with barium
+platino-cyanide. I was thus being shown the first phenomenon which
+attracted the discoverer's attention and led to the discovery, namely,
+the passage of rays, themselves wholly invisible, whose presence was
+only indicated by the effect they produced on a piece of sensitized
+photographic paper.
+
+A moment later, the black darkness was penetrated by the rapid
+snapping sound of the high-pressure current in action, and I knew
+that the tube outside was glowing. I held the sheet vertically on
+the shelf, perhaps four inches from the plate. There was no change,
+however, and nothing was visible.
+
+"Do you see anything?" he called.
+
+"No."
+
+"The tension is not high enough;" and he proceeded to increase the
+pressure by operating an apparatus of mercury in long vertical tubes
+acted upon automatically by a weight lever which stood near the coil.
+In a few moments the sound of the discharge again began, and then I
+made my first acquaintance with the Röntgen rays.
+
+The moment the current passed, the paper began to glow. A
+yellowish-green light spread all over its surface in clouds, waves,
+and flashes. The yellow-green luminescence, all the stranger and
+stronger in the darkness, trembled, wavered, and floated over the
+paper, in rhythm with the snapping of the discharge. Through the metal
+plate, the paper, myself, and the tin box, the invisible rays were
+flying, with an effect strange, interesting, and uncanny. The metal
+plate seemed to offer no appreciable resistance to the flying force,
+and the light was as rich and full as if nothing lay between the paper
+and the tube.
+
+"Put the book up," said the professor.
+
+I felt upon the shelf, in the darkness, a heavy book, two inches in
+thickness, and placed this against the plate. It made no difference.
+The rays flew through the metal and the book as if neither had been
+there, and the waves of light, rolling cloud-like over the paper,
+showed no change in brightness. It was a clear, material illustration
+of the ease with which paper and wood are penetrated. And then I
+laid book and paper down, and put my eyes against the rays. All was
+blackness, and I neither saw nor felt anything. The discharge was in
+full force, and the rays were flying through my head, and, for all I
+knew, through the side of the box behind me. But they were invisible
+and impalpable. They gave no sensation whatever. Whatever the
+mysterious rays may be, they are not to be seen, and are to be judged
+only by their works.
+
+I was loath to leave this historical tin box, but time pressed. I
+thanked the professor, who was happy in the reality of his discovery
+and the music of his sparks. Then I said: "Where did you first
+photograph living bones?"
+
+"Here," he said, leading the way into the room where the coil stood.
+He pointed to a table on which was another--the latter a small
+short-legged wooden one with more the shape and size of a wooden
+seat. It was two feet square and painted coal black. I viewed it with
+interest. I would have bought it, for the little table on which
+light was first sent through the human body will some day be a great
+historical curiosity; but it was "nicht zu verkaufen." A photograph of
+it would have been a consolation, but for several reasons one was not
+to be had at present. However, the historical table was there, and was
+duly inspected.
+
+[Illustration: CORK-SCREW, KEY, PENCIL WITH METALLIC PROTECTOR, AND
+PIECE OF COIN, AS PHOTOGRAPHED WHILE INSIDE A CALICO POCKET.
+
+From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street, London. Four
+minutes' exposure through a sheet of aluminium.]
+
+"How did you take the first hand photograph?" I asked.
+
+The professor went over to a shelf by the window, where lay a number
+of prepared glass plates, closely wrapped in black paper. He put a
+Crookes tube underneath the table, a few inches from the under side
+of its top. Then he laid his hand flat on the top of the table, and
+placed the glass plate loosely on his hand.
+
+"You ought to have your portrait painted in that attitude," I
+suggested.
+
+"No, that is nonsense," said he, smiling.
+
+"Or be photographed." This suggestion was made with a deeply hidden
+purpose.
+
+The rays from the Röntgen eyes instantly penetrated the deeply hidden
+purpose. "Oh, no," said he; "I can't let you make pictures of me. I
+am too busy." Clearly the professor was entirely too modest to gratify
+the wishes of the curious world.
+
+"Now, Professor," said I, "will you tell me the history of the
+discovery?"
+
+[Illustration: COINS PHOTOGRAPHED INSIDE A PURSE.
+
+From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street, London.]
+
+"There is no history," he said. "I have been for a long time
+interested in the problem of the cathode rays from a vacuum tube
+as studied by Hertz and Lenard. I had followed theirs and other
+researches with great interest, and determined, as soon as I had the
+time, to make some researches of my own. This time I found at the
+close of last October. I had been at work for some days when I
+discovered something new."
+
+"What was the date?"
+
+"The eighth of November."
+
+"And what was the discovery?"
+
+"I was working with a Crookes tube covered by a shield of black
+cardboard. A piece of barium platino-cyanide paper lay on the bench
+there. I had been passing a current through the tube, and I noticed a
+peculiar black line across the paper."
+
+"What of that?"
+
+"The effect was one which could only be produced, in ordinary
+parlance, by the passage of light. No light could come from the tube,
+because the shield which covered it was impervious to any light known,
+even that of the electric arc."
+
+"And what did you think?"
+
+"I did not think; I investigated. I assumed that the effect must have
+come from the tube, since its character indicated that it could come
+from nowhere else. I tested it. In a few minutes there was no doubt
+about it. Rays were coming from the tube which had a luminescent
+effect upon the paper. I tried it successfully at greater and greater
+distances, even at two metres. It seemed at first a new kind of
+invisible light. It was clearly something new, something unrecorded."
+
+"Is it light?"
+
+"No."
+
+"Is it electricity?"
+
+"Not in any known form."
+
+"What is it?"
+
+"I don't know."
+
+And the discoverer of the X rays thus stated as calmly his ignorance
+of their essence as has everybody else who has written on the
+phenomena thus far.
+
+"Having discovered the existence of a new kind of rays, I of course
+began to investigate what they would do." He took up a series of
+cabinet-sized photographs. "It soon appeared from tests that the rays
+had penetrative power to a degree hitherto unknown. They penetrated
+paper, wood, and cloth with ease; and the thickness of the substance
+made no perceptible difference, within reasonable limits." He showed
+photographs of a box of laboratory weights of platinum, aluminium, and
+brass, they and the brass hinges all having been photographed from a
+closed box, without any indication of the box. Also a photograph of
+a coil of fine wire, wound on a wooden spool, the wire having been
+photographed, and the wood omitted. "The rays," he continued, "passed
+through all the metals tested, with a facility varying, roughly
+speaking, with the density of the metal. These phenomena I have
+discussed carefully in my report to the Würzburg society, and you will
+find all the technical results therein stated." He showed a photograph
+of a small sheet of zinc. This was composed of smaller plates
+soldered laterally with solders of different metallic proportions. The
+differing lines of shadow, caused by the difference in the solders,
+were visible evidence that a new means of detecting flaws and chemical
+variations in metals had been found. A photograph of a compass showed
+the needle and dial taken through the closed brass cover. The markings
+of the dial were in red metallic paint, and thus interfered with the
+rays, and were reproduced. "Since the rays had this great penetrative
+power, it seemed natural that they should penetrate flesh, and so it
+proved in photographing the hand, as I showed you."
+
+A detailed discussion of the characteristics of his rays the professor
+considered unprofitable and unnecessary. He believes, though, that
+these mysterious radiations are not light, because their behavior is
+essentially different from that of light rays, even those light rays
+which are themselves invisible. The Röntgen rays cannot be reflected
+by reflecting surfaces, concentrated by lenses, or refracted or
+diffracted. They produce photographic action on a sensitive film, but
+their action is weak as yet, and herein lies the first important field
+of their development. The professor's exposures were comparatively
+long--an average of fifteen minutes in easily penetrable media,
+and half an hour or more in photographing the bones of the hand.
+Concerning vacuum tubes, he said that he preferred the Hittorf,
+because it had the most perfect vacuum, the highest degree of air
+exhaustion being the consummation most desirable. In answer to a
+question, "What of the future?" he said:
+
+"I am not a prophet, and I am opposed to prophesying. I am pursuing
+my investigations, and as fast as my results are verified I shall make
+them public."
+
+"Do you think the rays can be so modified as to photograph the organs
+of the human body?"
+
+In answer he took up the photograph of the box of weights. "Here are
+already modifications," he said, indicating the various degrees of
+shadow produced by the aluminium, platinum, and brass weights, the
+brass hinges, and even the metallic stamped lettering on the cover of
+the box, which was faintly perceptible.
+
+"But Professor Neusser has already announced that the photographing of
+the various organs is possible."
+
+"We shall see what we shall see," he said. We have the start now; the
+developments will follow in time."
+
+"You know the apparatus for introducing the electric light into the
+stomach?"
+
+"Yes."
+
+"Do you think that this electric light will become a vacuum tube for
+photographing, from the stomach, any part of the abdomen or thorax?"
+
+The idea of swallowing a Crookes tube, and sending a high frequency
+current down into one's stomach, seemed to him exceedingly funny.
+"When I have done it, I will tell you," he said, smiling, resolute in
+abiding by results.
+
+"There is much to do, and I am busy, very busy," he said in
+conclusion. He extended his hand in farewell, his eyes already
+wandering toward his work in the inside room. And his visitor promptly
+left him; the words, "I am busy," said in all sincerity, seeming
+to describe in a single phrase the essence of his character and the
+watchword of a very unusual man.
+
+Returning by way of Berlin, I called upon Herr Spies of the Urania,
+whose photographs after the Röntgen method were the first made
+public, and have been the best seen thus far. The Urania is a peculiar
+institution, and one which it seems might be profitably duplicated in
+other countries. It is a scientific theatre. By means of the
+lantern and an admirable equipment of scientific appliances, all
+new discoveries, as well as ordinary interesting and picturesque
+phenomena, when new discoveries are lacking, are described and
+illustrated daily to the public, who pay for seats as in an ordinary
+theatre, and keep the Urania profitably filled all the year round.
+Professor Spies is a young man of great mental alertness and
+mechanical resource. It is the photograph of a hand, his wife's hand,
+which illustrates, perhaps better than any other illustration in this
+article, the clear delineation of the bones which can be obtained by
+the Röntgen rays. In speaking of the discovery he said:
+
+"I applied it, as soon as the penetration of flesh was apparent, to
+the photograph of a man's hand. Something in it had pained him for
+years, and the photograph at once exhibited a small foreign object, as
+you can see;" and he exhibited a copy of the photograph in question.
+"The speck there is a small piece of glass, which was immediately
+extracted, and which, in all probability, would have otherwise
+remained in the man's hand to the end of his days." All of which
+indicates that the needle which has pursued its travels in so many
+persons, through so many years, will be suppressed by the camera.
+
+"My next object is to photograph the bones of the entire leg,"
+continued Herr Spies. "I anticipate no difficulty, though it requires
+some thought in manipulation."
+
+It will be seen that the Röntgen rays and their marvellous practical
+possibilities are still in their infancy. The first successful
+modification of the action of the rays so that the varying densities
+of bodily organs will enable them to be photographed, will bring all
+such morbid growths as tumors and cancers into the photographic field,
+to say nothing of vital organs which may be abnormally developed or
+degenerate. How much this means to medical and surgical practice it
+requires little imagination to conceive. Diagnosis, long a painfully
+uncertain science, has received an unexpected and wonderful assistant;
+and how greatly the world will benefit thereby, how much pain will
+be saved, and how many lives saved, the future can only determine. In
+science a new door has been opened where none was known to exist, and
+a side-light on phenomena has appeared, of which the results may prove
+as penetrating and astonishing as the Röntgen rays themselves. The
+most agreeable feature of the discovery is the opportunity it gives
+for other hands to help; and the work of these hands will add many
+new words to the dictionaries, many new facts to science, and, in
+the years long ahead of us, fill many more volumes than there are
+paragraphs in this brief and imperfect account.
+
+
+
+
+THE RÖNTGEN RAYS IN AMERICA.
+
+BY CLEVELAND MOFFETT.
+
+
+At the top of the great Sloane laboratory of Yale University, in an
+experimenting room lined with curious apparatus, I found Professor
+Arthur W. Wright experimenting with the wonderful Röntgen rays.
+Professor Wright, a small, low-voiced man, of modest manner,
+has achieved, in his experiments in photographing through solid
+substances, some of the most interesting and remarkable results thus
+far attained in this country. His success is, no doubt, largely due
+to the fact that for years he had been experimenting constantly
+with vacuum tubes similar to the Crookes tubes used in producing the
+cathode rays.
+
+When I arrived, Professor Wright was at work with a Crookes tube,
+nearly spherical in shape, and about five inches in diameter--the one
+with which he has taken all his shadow pictures. His best results have
+been obtained with long exposures--an hour or an hour and a half--and
+he regards it as of the first importance that the objects through
+which the Röntgen rays are to be projected be placed as near as
+possible to the sensitized plate.
+
+It is from a failure to observe this precaution that so many of the
+shadow pictures show blurred outlines. It is with these pictures as
+with a shadow of the hand thrown on the wall--the nearer the hand
+is to the wall, the more distinct becomes the shadow; and this
+consideration makes Professor Wright doubt whether it will be
+possible, with the present facilities, to get clearly cut shadow
+images of very thick objects, or in cases where the pictures are
+taken through a thick board or other obstacle. The Röntgen rays will
+doubtless traverse the board, and shadows will be formed upon the
+plate, but there will be an uncertainty or dimness of outline that
+will render the results unsatisfactory. It is for this reason that
+Professor Wright has taken most of his shadow pictures through only
+the thickness of ebonite in his plate-holder. A most successful shadow
+picture taken by Professor Wright in this way, shows five objects laid
+side by side on a large plate--a saw, a case of pocket tools in their
+cover, a pocket lense opened out as for use, a pair of eye-glasses
+inside their leather case, and an awl. As will be seen from the
+accompanying reproduction of this picture, all the objects are
+photographed with remarkable distinctness, the leather case of the
+eye-glasses being almost transparent, the wood of the handles of the
+awl and saw being a little less so, while the glass in the eye-glasses
+is less transparent than either. In the case of the awl and the saw,
+the iron stem of the tool shows plainly inside the wooden handle. This
+photograph is similar to a dozen that have been taken by Professor
+Wright with equal success. The exposure here was fifty-five minutes.
+
+A more remarkable picture is one taken in the same way, but with a
+somewhat longer exposure--of a rabbit laid upon the ebonite plate, and
+so successfully pierced with the Röntgen rays that not only the bones
+of the body show plainly, but also the six grains of shot with which
+the animal was killed. The bones of the fore legs show with beautiful
+distinctness inside the shadowy flesh, while a closer inspection makes
+visible the ribs, the cartilages of the ear, and a lighter region in
+the centre of the body, which marks the location of the heart.
+
+Like most experimenters, Professor Wright has taken numerous shadow
+pictures of the human hand, showing the bones within, and he has made
+a great number of experiments in photographing various metals and
+different varieties of quartz and glass, with a view to studying
+characteristic differences in the shadows produced. A photograph
+of the latter sort is reproduced on page 401. Aluminium shows a
+remarkable degree of transparency to the Röntgen rays; so much so that
+Professor Wright was able to photograph a medal of this metal, showing
+in the same picture the designs and lettering on both sides of the
+medal, presented simultaneously in superimposed images. The denser
+metals, however, give in the main black shadows, which offer little
+opportunity of distinguishing between them.
+
+As to the nature of the Röntgen rays, Professor Wright is inclined
+to regard them as a mode of motion through the ether, in longitudinal
+stresses; and he thinks that, while they are in many ways similar to
+the rays discovered by Lenard a year or so ago, they still present
+important characteristics of their own. It may be, he thinks, that the
+Röntgen rays are the ordinary cathode rays produced in a Crookes tube,
+filtered, if one may so express it, of the metallic particles carried
+in their electrical stream from the metal terminal, on passing through
+the glass. It is well known that the metal terminals of a Crookes tube
+are steadily worn away while the current is passing; so much so that
+sometimes portions of the interior of the tube become coated with a
+metallic deposit almost mirror-like.
+
+As to the future, Professor Wright feels convinced that important
+results will be achieved in surgery and medicine by the use of these
+new rays, while in physical science they point to an entirely new
+field of investigation. The most necessary thing now is to find some
+means of producing streams of Röntgen rays of greater volume and
+intensity, so as to make possible greater penetration and distinctness
+in the images. Thus far only small Crookes tubes have been used, and
+much is to be expected when larger ones become available; but there
+is great difficulty in the manufacture of them. It might be possible,
+Professor Wright thinks, to get good results by using, instead of the
+Crookes tube, a large sphere of aluminium, which is more transparent
+to the new rays than glass and possesses considerable strength. It is
+a delicate question, however, whether the increased thickness of metal
+necessary to resist the air pressure upon a vacuum would not offset
+the advantage gained from the greater size. Moreover, it is a matter
+for experiment still to determine, what kind of an electric current
+would be necessary to excite such a larger tube with the best results.
+
+Among the most important experiments in shadow photography made thus
+far in America are those of Dr. William J. Morton of New York, who was
+the first in this country to use the disruptive discharges of
+static electricity in connection with the Röntgen discovery, and to
+demonstrate that shadow pictures may be successfully taken without the
+use of Crookes tubes. It was the well-known photographic properties of
+ordinary lightning that made Dr. Morton suspect that cathode rays are
+produced freely in the air when there is an electric discharge from
+the heavens. Reasoning thus, he resolved to search for cathode rays in
+the ten-inch lightning flash he was able to produce between the poles
+of his immense Holtz machine, probably the largest in this country.
+
+On January 30th he suspended a glass plate, with a circular window in
+the middle, between the two poles. Cemented to this plate of glass was
+one of hard rubber, about equal in size, which of course covered
+the window in the glass. Back of the rubber plate was suspended a
+photographic plate in the plate-holder, and outside of this, between
+it and the rubber surface, were ten letters cut from thin copper. Dr.
+Morton proposed to see if he could not prove the existence of cathode
+rays between the poles by causing them to picture in shadow, upon the
+sensitized plate, the letters thus exposed.
+
+In order to do this it was necessary to separate the ordinary electric
+sparks from the invisible cathode rays which, as Dr. Morton believed,
+accompanied them. It was to accomplish this that he used the double
+plates of glass and hard rubber placed, as already described, between
+the two poles; for while the ordinary electric spark would not
+traverse the rubber, any cathode rays that might be present would do
+so with great ease, the circular window in the glass plate allowing
+them passage there.
+
+[Illustration: DR. WILLIAM J. MORTON PHOTOGRAPHING HIS OWN HAND UNDER
+RÖNTGEN RAYS.
+
+In this case the vacuum bulb is charged from Leyden jars which, in
+their turn, are excited by an induction coil.]
+
+The current being turned on, it was found that the powerful electric
+sparks visible to the eye, unable to follow a straight course on
+account of the intervening rubber plate, jumped around the two plates
+in jagged, lightning-like lines, and thus reached the other pole of
+the machine. But it was noticed that at the same time a faint spray of
+purplish light was streaming straight through the rubber between the
+two holes, as if its passage was not interfered with by the rubber
+plate. It was in company with this stream of violet rays, known as the
+brush discharge, that the doctor conceived the invisible Röntgen
+rays to be projected at each spark discharge around the plate; and
+presently, when the photographic plate was developed, it was found
+that his conception was based on fact. For there, dim in outline, but
+unmistakable, were shadow pictures of the ten letters which stand as
+historic, since they were probably the first shadow pictures in the
+world taken without any bulb or vacuum tube whatever. These shadow
+pictures Dr. Morton carefully distinguished from the ordinary
+blackening effects on the film produced by electrified objects.
+
+Pursuing his experiments with static electricity, Dr. Morton soon
+found that better results could be obtained by the use of Leyden jars
+influenced by the Holtz machine, and discharging into a vacuum bulb,
+as shown in the illustration on this page. This arrangement of the
+apparatus has the advantage of making it much easier to regulate the
+electric supply and to modify its intensity, and Dr. Morton finds that
+in this way large vacuum tubes, perhaps twenty inches in diameter,
+may be excited to the point of doing practical work without danger of
+breaking the glass walls. But certain precautions are necessary. When
+he uses tin-foil electrodes on the outside of the bulb, he protects
+the tin-foil edges, and, what is more essential, uses extremely small
+Leyden jars and a short spark gap between the poles of the discharging
+rods. The philosophy of this is, that the smaller the jars, the
+greater their number of oscillations per second (easily fifteen
+million, according to Dr. Lodge's computations), the shorter the wave
+length, and, therefore, the greater the intensity of effects.
+
+[Illustration: A GROUP OF FAMILIAR ARTICLES UNDER THE RÖNTGEN RAYS.
+
+From a photograph by Professor Arthur W. Wright of Yale College, taken
+through an ebonite plate-holder with fifty-five minutes exposure. It
+shows a pair of spectacles in their leather case; an awl and a saw,
+with the iron stem, plainly visible through the wooden handles; a
+magnifying-glass; and a combination wooden tool-handle with metallic
+tools stored in the head, and the metallic clamp visible through the
+lower half.]
+
+The next step was to bring more energy into play, still using Leyden
+jars; and for this purpose Dr. Morton placed within the circuit
+between the jars a Tesla oscillating coil. He was thus able to use in
+his shadow pictures the most powerful sparks the machine was capable
+of producing (twelve inches), sending the Leyden-jar discharge through
+the primary of the coil, and employing for the excitation of the
+vacuum tube the "step up" current of the secondary coil with a
+potential incalculably increased.
+
+While Dr. Morton has in some of his experiments excited his Leyden
+jars from an induction coil, he thinks the best promise lies in the
+use of powerful Holtz machines; and he now uses no Leyden jars or
+converters, thus greatly adding to the simplicity of operations.
+
+In regard to the bulb, Dr. Morton has tested various kinds of vacuum
+tubes, the ordinary Crookes tubes, the Geissler tubes, and has
+obtained excellent results from the use of a special vacuum lamp
+adapted by himself to the purpose. One of his ingenious expedients
+was to turn to use an ordinary radiometer of large bulb, and, having
+fitted this with tin-foil electrodes, he found that he was able to
+get strongly marked shadow pictures. This application of the Röntgen
+principle will commend itself to many students who, being unable to
+provide themselves with the rare and expensive Crookes tubes, may
+buy a radiometer which will serve their purpose excellently in any
+laboratory supply store, the cost being only a few dollars, while the
+application of the tin foil electrodes is perfectly simple.
+
+In the-well equipped Jackson laboratory at Trinity College, Hartford,
+I found Dr. W.L. Robb, the professor of physics, surrounded by
+enthusiastic students, who were assisting him in some experiments with
+the new rays. Dr. Robb is the better qualified for this work from
+the fact that he pursued his electrical studies at the Würzburg
+University, in the very laboratory where Professor Röntgen made his
+great discovery. The picture reproduced herewith, showing a human foot
+inside the shoe, was taken by Dr. Robb. The Crookes tubes used in this
+and in most of Dr. Robb's experiments are considerably larger than any
+I have seen elsewhere, being pear-shaped, about eight inches long, and
+four inches wide at the widest part. It is, perhaps, to the excellence
+of this tube that Dr. Robb owes part of his success. At any rate, in
+the foot picture the bones are outlined through shoe and stocking,
+while every nail in the sole of the shoe shows plainly, although the
+rays came from above, striking the top of the foot first, the sole
+resting upon the plate-holder. In other of Dr. Robb's pictures equally
+fine results were obtained; notably in one of a fish, reproduced
+herewith, and showing the bony structure of the body; one of a razor,
+where the lighter shadow proves that the hollow ground portion is
+almost as thin as the edge; and one of a man's hand, taken for use
+in a lawsuit, to prove that the bones of the thumb, which had been
+crushed and broken in an accident, had been improperly set by the
+attending physician.
+
+[Illustration: THOMAS A. EDISON EXPERIMENTING WITH THE RÖNTGEN RAYS.]
+
+Dr. Robb has made a series of novel and important experiments with
+tubes from which the air has been exhausted in varying degrees, and
+has concluded from these that it is impossible to produce the Röntgen
+phenomena unless there is present in the tube an almost perfect
+vacuum. Through a tube half exhausted, on connecting it with an
+induction coil, he obtained merely the ordinary series of sparks; in a
+tube three-quarters exhausted, he obtained a reddish glow from end to
+end, a torpedo-shaped stream of fire; through a tube exhausted to
+a fairly high degree--what the electric companies would call "not
+bad"--he obtained a beautiful steaked effect of bluish striæ in
+transverse layers. Finally, in a tube exhausted as highly as possible,
+he obtained a faint fluorescent glow, like that produced in a
+Crookes tube. This fluorescence of the glass, according to Dr. Robb,
+invariably accompanies the discharge of Röntgen rays, and it is likely
+that these rays are produced more abundantly as the fluorescence
+increases. Just how perfect a vacuum is needed to give the best
+results remains a matter of conjecture. It is possible, of course,
+as Tesla believes, that with an absolutely perfect vacuum no results
+whatever would be obtained.
+
+Dr. Robb has discovered that in order to get the best results with
+shadow pictures it is necessary to use special developers for the
+plates, and a different process in the dark-room from the one known
+to ordinary photographers. In a general way, it is necessary to
+use solutions designed to affect the ultra-violet rays, and not the
+visible rays of the spectrum. Having succeeded, after much experiment,
+in thus modifying his developing process to meet the needs of the
+case, Dr. Robb finds that he makes a great gain in time of exposure,
+fifteen minutes being sufficient for the average shadow picture taken
+through a layer of wood or leather, and half an hour representing an
+extreme case. In some shadow pictures, as, for instance, in taking a
+lead-pencil, it is a great mistake to give an exposure exceeding two
+or three minutes; for the wood is so transparent that with a long
+exposure it does not show at all, and the effect of the picture is
+spoiled. Indeed, Dr. Robb finds that there is a constant tendency to
+shorten the time of exposure, and with good results. For instance, one
+of the best shadow pictures he had taken was of a box of instruments
+covered by two thicknesses of leather, two thicknesses of velvet, and
+two thicknesses of wood; and yet the time of exposure, owing to an
+accident to the coil, was only five minutes.
+
+Dr. Robb made one very interesting experiment a few days ago in the
+interest of a large bicycle company which sent to him specimens of
+carbon steel and nickel steel for the purpose of having him test them
+with the Röntgen rays, and see if they showed any radical differences
+in the crystalline structure. Photographs were taken as desired, but
+at the time of my visit only negative results had been obtained.
+
+Dr. Robb realizes the great desirability of finding a stronger source
+of Röntgen rays, and has himself begun experimenting with exhaustive
+bulbs made of aluminium. One of these he has already finished, and
+has obtained some results with it, but not such as are entirely
+satisfactory, owing to the great difficulty in obtaining a high vacuum
+without special facilities.
+
+I also visited Professor U.I. Pupin of Columbia College, who has been
+making numerous experiments with the Röntgen rays, and has produced
+at least one very remarkable shadow picture. This is of the hand of
+a gentleman resident in New York, who, while on a hunting trip in
+England a few months ago, was so unfortunate as to discharge his gun
+into his right hand, no less than forty shot lodging in the palm and
+fingers. The hand has since healed completely; but the shot remain
+in it, the doctors being unable to remove them, because unable to
+determine their exact location. The result is that the hand is almost
+useless, and often painful.
+
+Hearing of this case, Professor Pupin induced the gentleman to allow
+him to attempt a photograph of the hand. He used a Crookes tube. The
+distance from the tube to the plate was only five inches, and the hand
+lay between. After waiting fifty minutes the plate was examined. Not
+only did every bone of the hand show with beautiful distinctness, but
+each one of the forty shot was to be seen almost as plainly as if it
+lay there on the table; and, most remarkable of all, a number of shot
+were seen through the bones of the fingers, showing that the bones
+were transparent to the lead.
+
+In making this picture, Professor Pupin excited his tube by means of a
+powerful Holtz machine, thus following Dr. Morton in the substitution
+of statical electricity for the more common induction coil.
+
+Professor Pupin sees no reason why the whole skeleton of the human
+body should not be shown completely in a photograph as soon as
+sufficiently powerful bulbs can be obtained. He thinks that it would
+be possible to make Crookes tubes two feet in diameter instead of a
+few inches, as at present.
+
+Thomas A. Edison has also been devoting himself, with his usual
+energy, to experiments with the Röntgen rays, and announces
+confidently that in the near future he will be able to photograph the
+human brain, through the heavy bones of the skull, and perhaps even to
+get a shadow picture showing the human skeleton through the tissues of
+the body.
+
+
+
+
+THE HOUSEHOLDERS.
+
+BY "Q,"
+
+AUTHOR OF "DEAD MAN'S ROCK," "THE ROLL-CALL OF THE REEF," ETC.
+
+
+I will say this--speaking as accurately as a man may, so long
+afterwards--that when first I spied the house it put no desire in me
+but just to give thanks.
+
+For conceive my case. It was near midnight by this; and ever since
+dusk I had been tracking the naked moors a-foot, in the teeth of as
+vicious a nor'wester as ever drenched a man to the skin, and then blew
+the cold home to his marrow. My clothes were sodden; my coat-tails
+flapped with a noise like pistol shots; my boots squeaked as I went.
+Overhead the October moon was in her last quarter, and might have been
+a slice of finger-nail for all the light she afforded. Two-thirds of
+the time the wrack blotted her out altogether; and I, with my stick
+clipped tight under my arm-pit, eyes puckered up, and head bent like
+a butting ram's, but a little aslant, had to keep my wits agog to
+distinguish the glimmer of the road from the black heath to right and
+left. For three hours I had met neither man nor man's dwelling, and
+(for all I knew) was desperately lost. Indeed, at the cross roads, two
+miles back, there had been nothing for me but to choose the way that
+kept the wind on my face, and it gnawed me like a dog.
+
+Mainly to allay the stinging of my eyes, I pulled up at last, turned
+right-about face, leant back against the blast with a hand on my hat,
+and surveyed the blackness I had traversed. It was at this instant
+that, far away to the left, a point of light caught my notice, faint
+but steady; and at once I felt sure it burnt in the window of a house.
+"The house," thought I, "is a good mile off, beside the other road,
+and the light must have been an inch over my hat-brim for the
+last half hour," for my head had been sloped that way. This
+reflection--that on so wide a moor I had come near missing the
+information I wanted (and perhaps a supper) by one inch--sent a strong
+thrill down my back.
+
+[Illustration: "I ... TRIED A STEP TOWARD THE STAIRS, WITH EYES ALERT
+FOR ANY MOVEMENT OF THE MASTIFF."]
+
+I cut straight across the heather towards the light, risking quags
+and pitfalls. Nay, so heartening was the chance to hear a
+fellow-creature's voice that I broke into a run, skipping over the
+stunted gorse that cropped up here and there, and dreading every
+moment to see the light quenched. "Suppose it burns in an upper
+window, and the family is going to bed, as would be likely at this
+hour"--the apprehension kept my eyes fixed on the bright spot, to the
+frequent scandal of my legs, that within five minutes were stuck full
+of gorse-prickles.
+
+But the light did not go out, and soon a flicker of moonlight gave me
+a glimpse of the house's outline. It proved to be a deal more imposing
+than I looked for--the outline, in fact, of a tall-square barrack
+with a cluster of chimneys at either end, like ears, and a high
+wall, topped by the roofs of some outbuildings, concealing the lower
+windows. There was no gate in this wall, and presently I guessed the
+reason. I was approaching the place from behind, and the light came
+from a back window on the first floor.
+
+The faintness of the light also was explained by this time. It shone
+behind a drab-colored blind, and in shape resembled the stem of a
+wine-glass, broadening out at the foot--an effect produced by the
+half-drawn curtains within. I came to a halt, waiting for the next
+ray of moonlight. At the same moment a rush of wind swept over the
+chimney-stacks, and on the wind there seemed to ride a human sigh.
+
+On this last point I may err. The gust had passed some seconds before
+I caught myself detecting this peculiar note, and trying to disengage
+it from the natural chords of the storm. From the next gust it was
+absent. And then, to my dismay, the light faded from the window.
+
+I was half-minded to call out when it appeared again, this time in two
+windows--those next on the right to that where it had shone before.
+Almost at once it increased in brilliance, as if the person who
+carried it from the smaller room to the larger were lighting more
+candles; and now the illumination was strong enough to make fine
+gold threads of the rain that fell within its radiance, and fling two
+shafts of warm yellow over the coping of the back wall into the night.
+During the minute or more that I stood watching, no shadow fell on
+either blind.
+
+Between me and the wall ran a ditch, into the black obscurity of which
+the ground at my feet broke sharply away. Setting my back to the storm
+again, I followed the lip of this ditch around the wall's angle. Here
+was shelter, and here the ditch seemed to grow shallower. Not wishing,
+however, to mistake a bed of nettles or any such pitfall for solid
+earth, I kept pretty wide as I went on. The house was dark on this
+side, and the wall, as before, had no opening. Close beside the next
+angle grew a mass of thick gorse bushes, and pushing through these I
+found myself suddenly on a sound high road, with the wind tearing at
+me as furiously as ever.
+
+But here was the front; and I now perceived that the surrounding wall
+advanced some way before the house, so as to form a narrow curtilage.
+So much of it, too, as faced the road had been whitewashed; which made
+it an easy matter to find the gate. But as I laid hand on its latch, I
+had a surprise.
+
+A line of paving-stones led from the gate to the heavy porch; and
+along the wet surface of these fell a streak of light from the front
+door, which stood ajar.
+
+That a door should remain six inches open on such a night was
+astonishing enough, until I entered the court and found it was as
+still as a room, owing to the high wall, and doubtless the porch gave
+additional protection. But looking up and assuring myself that all the
+rest of _façade_ was black as ink, I wondered at the inmates who could
+be thus careless of their property.
+
+It was here that my professional instincts received the first jog.
+Abating the sound of my feet on the paving-stones, I went up to the
+door and pushed it softly. It opened without noise.
+
+I stepped into a fair-sized hall of modern build, paved with red
+tiles and lit with a small hanging lamp. To right and left were doors
+leading to the ground-floor rooms. Along the wall by my shoulder ran
+a line of pegs, on which hung half a dozen hats and great coats, every
+one of clerical shape; and full in front of me a broad staircase ran
+up, with a staring Brussels carpet, the colors and pattern of which I
+can recall as well as to-day's breakfast. Under this staircase was
+set a stand full of walking-sticks, and a table littered with gloves,
+brushes, a hand-bell, a riding-crop, one or two dog-whistles, and a
+bed-room candle, with tinder-box beside it. This, with one notable
+exception, was all the furniture.
+
+The exception--which turned me cold--was the form of a yellow mastiff
+dog, curled on a mat beneath the table. The arch of his back was
+towards me, and one forepaw lay over his nose in a natural posture of
+sleep. I leant back on the wainscoting, with my eyes tightly fixed
+on him, and my thoughts flying back, with something of regret, to the
+storm I had come through.
+
+But a man's habits are not easily denied. At the end of three minutes
+the dog had not moved, and I was down on the doormat unlacing my
+soaked boots. Slipping them off, and taking them in my left hand, I
+stood up, and tried a step towards the stairs, with eyes alert for
+any movement of the mastiff; but he never stirred. I was glad enough,
+however, on reaching the stairs, to find them newly built and the
+carpet thick. Up I went with a glance at every step for the table
+which now hid the brute's form from me, and never a creak did I wake
+out of that staircase till I was almost at the first landing, when my
+toe caught a loose stair-rod, and rattled it in a way that stopped my
+heart for a moment, and then set it going in double-quick time.
+
+[Illustration: "HE STOOD SIDEWAYS, ... AND LOOKED AT ME OVER HIS LEFT
+SHOULDER."]
+
+I stood still, with a hand on the rail. My eyes were now on a level
+with the floor of the landing, out of which branched two passages--one
+by my right hand, the other to the left, at the foot of the next
+flight, so placed that I was gazing down the length of it. And almost
+at the end there fell a parallelogram of light across it from an open
+door.
+
+A man who has once felt it knows there is only one kind of silence
+that can fitly be called "dead." This is only to be found in a great
+house at midnight. I declare that for a few seconds after I rattled
+the stair-rod you might have cut the silence with a knife. If the
+house held a clock it ticked inaudibly.
+
+Upon this silence, at the end of a minute, broke a light sound--the
+_clink, clink_ of a decanter on the rim of a wine-glass. It came from
+the room where the light was.
+
+Now, perhaps it was that the very thought of liquor put warmth into my
+cold bones. It is certain that all of a sudden I straightened my back,
+took the remaining stairs at two strides, and walked down the passage,
+as bold as brass, with out caring a jot for the noise I made.
+
+In the doorway I halted. The room was long, lined for the most part
+with books bound in what they call "divinity calf," and littered with
+papers like a barrister's table on assize day. Before the fireplace,
+where a few coals burned sulkily, was drawn a leathern elbow chair,
+and beside it, on the corner of a writing-table, were set an unlit
+candle and a pile of manuscripts. At the opposite end of the room a
+curtained door led (I guessed) to the chamber that I had first seen
+illuminated. All this I took in with the tail of my eye, while staring
+straight in front, where, in the middle of a great square of carpet
+between me and the windows, was a table with a red cloth upon it.
+On this cloth were a couple of wax candles, lit, in silver stands, a
+tray, and a decanter three parts full of brandy. And between me and
+the table stood a man.
+
+He stood sideways, leaning a little back, as if to keep his shadow off
+the threshold, and looked at me over his left shoulder--a bald, grave
+man, slightly under the common height, with a long clerical coat of
+preposterous fit hanging loosely from his shoulders, a white cravat,
+black breeches, and black stockings. His feet were loosely thrust into
+carpet-slippers. I judged his age at fifty, or thereabouts; but his
+face rested in the shadow, and I could only note a pair of eyes, very
+small and alert, twinkling above a large expanse of cheek.
+
+He was lifting a wine-glass from the table at the moment when I
+appeared, and it trembled now in his right hand. I heard a spilt drop
+or two fall on the carpet, and this was all the evidence he showed of
+discomposure.
+
+Setting the glass back, he felt in his breast-pocket for a
+handkerchief, failed to find one, and rubbed his hands together to get
+the liquor off his fingers.
+
+"You startled me," he said, in a matter-of-fact tone, turning his eyes
+upon me, as he lifted his glass again, and emptied it. "How did you
+find your way in?"
+
+"By the front door," said I, wondering at his unconcern.
+
+He nodded his head slowly.
+
+"Ah! yes; I forgot to lock it. You came to steal, I suppose?"
+
+"I came because I lost my way. I've been travelling this God-forsaken
+moor since dusk--"
+
+"With your boots in your hand," he put in quietly.
+
+"I took them off out of respect to the yellow dog you keep."
+
+"He lies in a very natural attitude--eh?"
+
+"You don't tell me he was _stuffed_!"
+
+The old man's eyes beamed a contemptuous pity.
+
+"You are indifferently sharp, my dear sir, for a housebreaker. Come
+in. Set down those convicting boots, and don't drip pools of water
+in the very doorway, of all places. If I must entertain a burglar, I
+prefer him tidy."
+
+He walked to the fire, picked up a poker, and knocked the coals into
+a blaze. This done, he turned round on me with the poker still in his
+hand. The serenest gravity sat on his large, pale features.
+
+"Why have I done this?" he asked.
+
+"I suppose to get possession of the poker."
+
+"Quite right. May I inquire your next move?"
+
+"Why," said I, feeling in my tail pocket, "I carry a pistol."
+
+"Which I suppose to be damp?"
+
+"By no means. I carry it, as you see, in an oil-cloth case."
+
+He stopped, and laid the poker carefully in the fender.
+
+"That is a stronger card than I possess. I might urge that by pulling
+the trigger you would certainly alarm the house and the neighborhood,
+and put a halter round your neck. I say, I _might_ urge this, and
+assume you to be an intelligent auditor. But it strikes me as safer to
+assume you capable of using a pistol with effect at three paces. With
+what might happen subsequently I will not pretend to be concerned. It
+is sufficient that I dislike the notion of being perforated. The fate
+of your neck--" He waved a hand. "Well, I have known you for just
+five minutes, and feel but moderate interest in your neck. As for
+the inmates of this house, it will refresh you to hear that there are
+none. I have lived here two years with a butler and a female cook,
+both of whom I dismissed yesterday at a moment's notice for conduct
+which I will not shock your ears by explicitly naming. Suffice it to
+say, I carried them off yesterday to my parish church, two miles away,
+married them, and dismissed them in the vestry without characters. I
+wish you had known that butler--but excuse me; with the information I
+have supplied, you ought to find no difficulty in fixing the price you
+will take to clear out of my house instanter."
+
+"Sir," I answered, "I have held a pistol at one or two heads in my
+time; but never at one stuffed with nobler discretion. Your chivalry
+does not, indeed, disarm me, but prompts me to desire more of your
+acquaintance. I have found a gentleman, and must sup with him before I
+make terms."
+
+The address seemed to please him. He shuffled across the room to a
+sideboard, and produced a plate of biscuits, another of almonds and
+dried raisins, a glass and two decanters.
+
+"Sherry and Madeira," he said. "There is also a cold pie in the
+larder, if you care for it."
+
+"A biscuit will serve," I replied. "To tell the truth, I'm more for
+the bucket than the manger, as the grooms say; and, by your leave, the
+brandy you were testing just now is more to my mind than wine."
+
+"There is no water handy."
+
+"There was plenty out of doors to last me with this bottle."
+
+I pulled over a chair, and laid my pistol on the table, and held out
+the glass for him to fill. Having done so, he helped himself to a
+glass and a chair, and sat down facing me.
+
+"I was talking, just now, of my late butler," he began, with a sip
+at his brandy. "Has it struck you that, when confronted with moral
+delinquency, I am apt to let my indignation get the better of me?"
+
+"Not at all," I answered heartily, refilling my glass.
+
+It appeared that another reply would have pleased him better.
+
+"H'm. I was hoping that, perhaps, I had visited his offence too
+strongly. As a clergyman, you see, I was bound to be severe; but upon
+my word, sir, since he went I have felt like a man who has lost a
+limb."
+
+He drummed with his fingers on the cloth for a few moments, and went
+on:
+
+"One has a natural disposition to forgive butlers--Pharaoh, for
+instance, felt it. There hovers around butlers that peculiar
+atmosphere which Shakespeare noticed as encircling kings, an
+atmosphere in which common ethics lose their pertinence. But mine was
+a rare bird--a black swan among butlers. He was more than a butler: he
+was a quick and brightly-gifted man. Of the accuracy of his taste,
+and the unusual scope of his endeavor, you will be able to form some
+opinion when I assure you he modelled himself upon _me_."
+
+I bowed over my brandy.
+
+"I am a scholar; yet I employed him to read aloud to me, and derived
+pleasure from his intonation. I talk as a scholar; yet he learned
+to answer me in language as precise as my own. My cast-off garments
+fitted him not more irreproachably than did my amenities of manner.
+Divest him of his tray, and you would find his mode of entering a
+room hardly distinguishable from my own--the same urbanity, the same
+alertness of carriage, the same superfine deference towards the weaker
+sex. All--all my idiosyncrasies I saw reflected in this my mirror; and
+can you doubt that I was gratified? He was my _alter ego_--which,
+by the way, makes it the more extraordinary that it should have been
+necessary to marry him to the cook."
+
+"Look here," I broke in; "you want a butler."
+
+"Oh, you really grasp that fact, do you?" he retorted.
+
+"And you wish to get rid of me as soon as may be."
+
+"I hope there is no impoliteness in complimenting you on your
+discernment."
+
+"Your two wishes," said I, "may be reconciled. Let me cease to be your
+burglar, and let me continue here as your butler."
+
+He leant back, spreading out the fingers of each hand as if the
+table's edge was a harpsichord, and he stretching octaves upon it.
+
+"Believe me," I went on, "you might do worse. I have been a demy of
+Magdalen College, Oxford, in my time, and retain some Greek and Latin.
+I'll undertake to read the Fathers with an accent that shall not
+offend you. My knowledge of wine is none the worse for having been
+cultivated in other men's cellars. Moreover, you shall engage the
+ugliest cook in Christendom, so long as I'm your butler. I've taken a
+liking to you--that's flat--and I apply for the post."
+
+"I give forty pounds a year," said he.
+
+"And I'm cheap at that price."
+
+He filled up his glass, looking up at me while he did so with the air
+of one digesting a problem. From first to last his face was grave as a
+judge's.
+
+"We are too impulsive, I think," was his answer, after a minute's
+silence. "And your speech smacks of the amateur. You say, 'Let
+me cease to be your burglar, and let me be your butler.' The mere
+aspiration is respectable; but a man might as well say, 'Let me cease
+to write poems; let me paint pictures.' And truly, sir, you impressed
+me as no expert in your present trade, but a journeyman-housebreaker,
+if I may say so."
+
+"On the other hand," I argued, "consider the moderation of my demands;
+that alone should convince you of my desire to turn over a new leaf.
+I ask for a month's trial; if, at the end of that time, I don't suit,
+you shall say so, and I'll march from your door with nothing in my
+pocket but my month's wages. Be hanged, sir! but when I reflect on the
+amount you'll have to pay to get me to face to-night's storm again,
+you seem to be getting off dirt-cheap!" cried I, slapping my palm on
+the table.
+
+"Ah, if you had only known Adolphus!" he exclaimed.
+
+Now, the third glass of clean spirits has always a deplorable effect
+on me. It turns me from bright to black, from lightness of spirits to
+extreme sulkiness. I have done more wickedness over this third tumbler
+than in all the other states of comparative inebriety within my
+experience. So now I glowered at my companion and rapped out a curse.
+
+"Look here, I don't want to hear any more of Adolphus, and I've a
+pretty clear notion of the game you're playing. You want to make me
+drunk, and you're ready to sit prattling there till I drop under the
+table."
+
+"Do me the favor to remember that you came, and are staying, at your
+own invitation. As for the brandy, I would remind you that I suggested
+a milder drink. Try some Madeira."
+
+He handed me the decanter, as he spoke, and I poured out a glass.
+
+"Madeira!" said I, taking a gulp. "Ugh! it's the commonest Marsala!"
+
+I had no sooner said the words than he rose up, and stretched a hand
+gravely across to me.
+
+"I hope you'll shake it," he said; "though, as a man who after three
+glasses of neat spirit can distinguish between Madeira and Marsala,
+you have every right to refuse me. Two minutes ago you offered to
+become my butler, and I demurred. I now beg you to repeat that offer.
+Say the word, and I employ you gladly; you shall even have the second
+decanter (which contains genuine Madeira) to take to bed with you."
+
+We shook hands on our bargain, and catching up a candlestick, he led
+the way from the room.
+
+Picking up my boots, I followed him along the passage and down the
+silent staircase. In the hall he paused to stand on tiptoe, and turn
+up the lamp, which was burning low. As he did so, I found time to
+fling a glance at my old enemy, the mastiff. He lay as I had first
+seen him--a stuffed dog, if ever there was one. "Decidedly," thought
+I, "my wits are to seek, to-night;" and with the same, a sudden
+suspicion made me turn to my conductor, who had advanced to the
+left-hand door, and was waiting for me, with hand on the knob.
+
+"One moment," I said; "this is all very pretty, but how am I to know
+you're not sending me to bed while you fetch in all the countryside to
+lay me by the heels?"
+
+"I'm afraid," was his answer, "you must be content with my word, as
+a gentleman, that never, to-night or hereafter, will I breathe a
+syllable about the circumstances of your visit. However, if you
+choose, we will return upstairs."
+
+"No; I'll trust you," said I; and he opened the door.
+
+It led into a broad passage, paved with slate, upon which three or
+four rooms opened. He paused by the second, and ushered me into a
+sleeping-chamber which, though narrow, was comfortable enough--a vast
+improvement, at any rate, on the mumper's lodgings I had been used to
+for many months past.
+
+"You can undress here," he said. "The sheets are aired, and if you'll
+wait a moment I'll fetch a nightshirt--one of my own."
+
+"Sir, you heap coals of fire on me."
+
+"Believe me that for ninety-nine of your qualities I do not care a
+tinker's curse: but as a man who, after three tumblers of neat brandy,
+can tell Marsala from Madeira you are to be taken care of."
+
+He shuffled away, but came back in a couple of minutes with the
+nightshirt.
+
+"Good-night," he called to me, flinging it in at the door; and without
+giving me time to return the wish, went his way upstairs.
+
+Now it might be supposed that I was only too glad to toss off my
+clothes and climb into the bed I had so unexpectedly acquired a right
+to. But, as a matter of fact, I did nothing of the kind. Instead, I
+drew on my boots and sat on the bed's edge, blinking at my candle till
+it died down in its socket, and afterwards at the purple square of
+window as it slowly changed to gray with the coming of dawn. I was
+cold to the heart, and my teeth chattered with an ague. Certainly I
+never suspected my host's word; but was even occupied in framing good
+resolutions and shaping out an excellent future, when I heard the
+front door gently pulled to, and a man's footsteps moving quietly to
+the gate.
+
+The treachery knocked me in a heap for the moment. Then leaping up and
+flinging my door wide, I stumbled through the uncertain light of the
+passage into the front hall.
+
+There was a fan-shaped light over the door, and the place was very
+still and gray. A quick thought, or rather a sudden prophetic guess at
+the truth, made me turn to the figure of the mastiff curled under the
+hall table.
+
+I laid my hand on the scruff of his neck. He was quite limp, and my
+fingers sank into the flesh on either side of the vertebrae. Digging
+them deeper, I dragged him out into the middle of the hall, and pulled
+the front door open to see the better.
+
+His throat was gashed from ear to ear.
+
+How many seconds passed after I dropped the senseless lump on the
+floor, and before I made another movement, it would puzzle me to say.
+Twice I stirred a foot as if to run out at the door. Then, changing my
+mind, I stepped over the mastiff, and ran up the staircase. The light
+no longer shone out into the left-hand passage; but groping down it,
+I found the study door open, as before, and passed in. A sick light
+stole through the blinds--enough for me to distinguish the glasses
+and decanters on the table, and find my way to the curtain that hung
+before the room where the light had first attracted me.
+
+I pushed the curtain aside, paused for a moment, and listened to the
+violent beat of my heart; then felt for the door handle and turned it.
+
+All I could see at first; was that the chamber was small; next, that
+the light patch in a line with the window was the white coverlet of a
+bed; and next, that somebody, or something, lay on the bed.
+
+I listened again. There was no sound in the room; no heart beating but
+my own. I reached out a hand to pull up the blind, and drew it back
+again. I dared not.
+
+The daylight grew, minute by minute, on the dull parallelogram of
+the blind, and minute by minute that horrible thing on the bed took
+something of distinctness. The strain beat me at last. I fetched a
+veritable yell to give myself courage, and, reaching for the cord,
+pulled up the blind as fast as it would go.
+
+The face on the pillow was that of an old man--a face waxen and
+peaceful, with quiet lines about the month and eyes, and long lines of
+gray hair falling back from the temples. The body was turned a little
+on one side, and one hand lay outside the bedclothes in a very natural
+manner. But there were two dark spots on the coverlet.
+
+Then I knew I was face to face with the real householder; and it
+flashed on me that I had been indiscreet in taking service as his
+butler, and that I knew the face his ex-butler wore.
+
+[Illustration: "FACE TO FACE WITH THE REAL HOUSEHOLDER."]
+
+And, being by this time awake to the responsibilities of the post, I
+quitted it three steps at a time, not once looking behind me. Outside
+the house the storm had died, and white sunlight broke over the sodden
+moors. But my bones were cold, and I ran faster and faster.
+
+
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+BY IDA M. TARBELL.
+
+LINCOLN'S PROMINENCE AS A WHIG POLITICIAN AT THIRTY-TWO.--STEPHEN A.
+DOUGLAS'S REMOVAL TO SPRINGFIELD.--BEGINNING OF THE RIVALRY BETWEEN
+LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS.--LINCOLN'S PART IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1840.--MARY
+TODD AND HER ENGAGEMENT TO LINCOLN.--FALSE STORIES REGARDING LINCOLN'S
+COURTSHIP.--THE LINCOLN AND SHIELDS DUEL.--LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE.
+
+
+By the time Abraham Lincoln was thirty-two years old--that is, in
+1841--he was one of the leading Whig politicians of Illinois. Four
+times in succession he had been elected to the General Assembly of the
+State--in 1834, 1836, 1838, and 1840. Twice he had been a candidate
+for Speaker of the House--in 1838 and in 1840--both times against
+William L.D. Ewing; and though both times defeated, the vote had in
+each instance been close. In 1841 he had been talked of as a candidate
+for governor, a suggestion to which he would not listen.
+
+He had not taken this prominent position because the Whig party lacked
+material. Edward Dickinson Baker, Colonel John J. Hardin, John T.
+Stuart, Ninian W. Edwards, Jesse K. Dubois, O.H. Browning, were but
+a few of the brilliant men who were throwing all their ability and
+ambition into the contest for political honors in the State. Nor
+were the Whigs a whit superior to the Democrats. William L.D. Ewing,
+Ebenezer Peck, William Thomas, James Shields, John Calhoun, were in
+every respect as able as the best men of the Whig party. Indeed, one
+of the prominent Democrats with whom Lincoln came often in contact,
+was popularly regarded as the most brilliant and promising politician
+of the State--Stephen A. Douglas. His record had been phenomenal.
+He had amazed both parties, in 1834, by securing appointment by the
+legislature to the office of State Attorney for the first judicial
+circuit, over John J. Hardin. In 1836 he had been elected to the
+legislature, and although he was at that time but twenty-three years
+of age, he had shown himself one of the most vigorous, capable, and
+intelligent members. Indeed, Douglas's work in the Tenth Assembly gave
+him about the same position in the Democratic party of the State at
+large that Lincoln's work in the same body gave him in the Whig
+party of his own district. In 1837 he had had no difficulty in being
+appointed register of the land office, a position which compelled
+him to make his home in Springfield. It was only a few months after
+Lincoln rode into town, all his earthly possessions in a pair of
+saddle-bags, that Douglas appeared. Handsome, polished, and always
+with an air of prosperity, the advent of the young Democratic
+official was in striking contrast to that of the sad-eyed, ill-clad,
+poverty-stricken young lawyer from New Salem.
+
+From the first, Lincoln and Douglas were thrown constantly together
+in the social life of the town, and often pitted against each other in
+what were the real forums of the State at that day--the space around
+the huge "Franklin" stove of some obliging store-keeper, the steps of
+somebody's law office, a pile of lumber, or a long timber, lying in
+the public square, where the new State-house was going up.
+
+In the fall of 1837 Douglas was nominated for Congress on the
+Democratic ticket. His Whig opponent was Lincoln's law partner, John
+T. Stuart. The campaign which the two conducted was one of the most
+remarkable in the history of the State. For five months of the spring
+and summer of 1838 they rode together from town to town all over the
+northern part of Illinois (Illinois at that time was divided into but
+three congressional districts; the third, in which Sangamon County
+was included, being made up of the twenty-two northernmost counties),
+speaking six days out of seven. When the election came off in August,
+1838, out of thirty-six thousand votes cast, Stuart received a
+majority of only fourteen; but even that majority the Democrats always
+contended was won unfairly. The campaign was watched with intense
+interest by the young politicians of Springfield; no one of them felt
+a deeper interest in it than Lincoln, who was himself at the same time
+a candidate for member of the State legislature.
+
+[Illustration: OLD STATE-HOUSE AT SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+
+From a recent photograph made for MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE. The corner-stone
+was laid July 4, 1837, about four months after the passage of the
+act removing the capital to Springfield. The event was attended with
+elaborate ceremonies. The orator of the day was Colonel E.D. Baker. It
+was nearly four years before the building was finally completed, at a
+cost of two hundred and forty thousand dollars. It was first occupied
+by the legislature during the regular session of 1840-1841, that body,
+at two previous special sessions, being obliged to use the Methodist
+church for the Senate, and the Second Presbyterian church for the
+House. The Supreme Court found a meeting place in the Episcopal
+church. The legislative committees met in rooms in private houses
+about town. This building was the State capitol for more than thirty
+years, becoming, upon the completion of the present State-house, the
+court-house of Sangamon County.]
+
+Lincoln must have learned by the end of 1840, if not before, something
+of the power of the "Little Giant," as Douglas was called. Certainly
+no man in public life between 1837 and 1860 had a greater hold on his
+followers. The reasons for this grasp are not hard to find. Douglas
+was by nature buoyant, enthusiastic, impetuous. He had that sunny
+boyishness which is so irresistible to young and old. With it he had
+great natural eloquence. When his deep, rich voice rolled out fervid
+periods in support of the sub-treasury and the convention system, or
+in opposition to internal improvements by the federal government, the
+people applauded out of sheer joy at the pleasure of hearing him. He
+was one of the few men in Illinois whom the epithet of "Yankee" never
+hurt. He might be a Yankee, but when he sat down on the knee of
+some surly lawyer, and confidentially told him his plans; or, at a
+political meeting, took off his coat, and rolled up his sleeves, and
+"pitched into" his opponent, the sons of Illinois forgot his origin in
+love for the man.
+
+Lincoln undoubtedly understood the charm of Douglas, and realized
+his power. But he already had an insight into one of his political
+characteristics that few people recognized at that day. In writing to
+Stuart in 1839, while the latter was attending Congress, Lincoln said:
+"Douglas has not been here since you left. A report is in circulation
+here now that he has abandoned the idea of going to Washington, though
+the report does not come in a very authentic form, so far as I can
+learn. Though, by the way, speaking of authenticity, you know that if
+we had heard Douglas say that he had abandoned the contest, it would
+not be very authentic."
+
+In the campaign of 1840 Lincoln and Douglas came more frequently than
+ever into conflict. At that time the local issues, which had formerly
+engaged Illinois candidates almost entirely, were lost sight of in
+national questions. In Springfield, where the leaders of the parties
+were living, many hot debates were held in private. Out of these grew,
+in December, 1839, a series of public discussions, extending over
+eight evenings, and in which several of the first orators of the
+State took part. Lincoln was the last man on the list. The people were
+nearly worn out before his turn came, and his audience was small. He
+began his speech with some melancholy, self-deprecatory reflections,
+complaining that the small audience cast a damp upon his spirits which
+he was sure he would be unable to overcome during the evening. He
+did better than he expected, overcoming the damp on his spirits so
+effectually that he made what was regarded as the best speech of the
+series; and by a general request, it was printed for distribution. The
+speech is peculiarly interesting from the fact that while there is
+a little of the perfervid eloquence of 1840 in it, as well as a good
+deal of the rather boisterous humor of the time, a part of it is
+devoted to a careful examination of the statements of his opponents,
+and a refutation of them by means of public documents.
+
+[Illustration: A HARRISON BADGE OF 1840.
+
+From the collection of Mr. O.H. Oldroyd of Washington, D.C.]
+
+[Illustration: A HARRISON BUTTON OF 1840.
+
+From the collection of Mr. John C. Browne of Philadelphia.]
+
+As a good Democrat was expected to do, Douglas had explained with
+plausibility why the Van Buren administration had in 1838 spent
+$40,000,000. Lincoln takes up his statements one by one, and proves,
+as he says, that "the majority of them are wholly untrue." Douglas had
+attributed a part of the expenditures to the purchase of public lands
+from the Indians.
+
+    "Now it happens," says Lincoln, "that no such purchase was
+    made during that year. It is true that some money was paid
+    that year in pursuance of Indian treaties; but no more, or
+    rather not as much, as had been paid on the same account in
+    each of several preceding years.... Again, Mr. Douglas says
+    that the removal of the Indians to the country west of the
+    Mississippi created much of the expenditure of 1838. I have
+    examined the public documents in relation to this matter, and
+    find that less was paid for the removal of the Indians in
+    that than in some former years. The whole sum expended on that
+    account in that year did not exceed one quarter of a
+    million. For this small sum, although we do not think the
+    administration entitled to credit, because large sums have
+    been expended in the same way in former years, we consent it
+    may take one and make the most of it.
+
+    "Next, Mr. Douglas says that five millions of the expenditures
+    of 1838 consisted of the payment of the French indemnity money
+    to its individual claimants. I have carefully examined the
+    public documents, and thereby find this statement to be wholly
+    untrue. Of the forty millions of dollars expended in 1838, I
+    am enabled to say positively that not one dollar consisted of
+    payments on the French indemnities. So much for that excuse.
+
+    "Next comes the post-office. He says that five millions were
+    expended during that year to sustain that department. By a
+    like examination of public documents, I find this also wholly
+    untrue. Of the so often mentioned forty millions, not one
+    dollar went to the post-office....
+
+    "I return to another of Mr. Douglas's excuses for the
+    expenditures of 1838, at the same time announcing the pleasing
+    intelligence that this is the last one. He says that
+    ten millions of that year's expenditure was a contingent
+    appropriation, to prosecute an anticipated war with Great
+    Britain on the Maine boundary question. Few words will settle
+    this. First, that the ten millions appropriated was not made
+    till 1839, and consequently could not have been expended in
+    1838; second, although it was appropriated, it has never been
+    expended at all. Those who heard Mr. Douglas, recollect that
+    he indulged himself in a contemptuous expression of pity for
+    me. 'Now he's got me,' thought I. But when he went on to say
+    that five millions of the expenditure of 1838 were payments of
+    the French indemnities, which I knew to be untrue; that five
+    millions had been for the post-office, which I knew to be
+    untrue; that ten millions had been for the Maine boundary war,
+    which I not only knew to be untrue, but supremely ridiculous
+    also; and when I saw that he was stupid enough to hope that
+    I would permit such groundless and audacious assertions to
+    go unexposed,--I readily consented that, on the score both of
+    veracity and sagacity, the audience should judge whether he or
+    I were the more deserving of the world's contempt."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1860.--NOW FIRST PUBLISHED.
+
+From a first-state proof of an engraving of the Cooper Institute
+picture of Lincoln (see McCLURE'S MAGAZINE for February, 1896, first
+frontispiece). Made by John C. Buttre, and now in the collection
+of W.C. Crane of New York City, through whose courtesy it is here
+reproduced.]
+
+These citations show that Lincoln had already learned to handle public
+documents, and to depend for at least a part of his success with an
+audience upon a careful statement of facts. The methods used in
+at least a portion of this speech are exactly those which made the
+irresistible strength of his speeches in 1858 and 1859.
+
+
+LINCOLN IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1840.
+
+But there was little of as good work done in the campaign of 1840, by
+Lincoln or anybody else, as is found in this speech. It was a campaign
+of noise and fun, and nowhere more so than in Illinois. Lincoln was
+one of the five Whig Presidential electors, and he flung himself into
+the campaign with confidence. "The nomination of Harrison takes first
+rate," he wrote to his partner Stuart, then in Washington. "You know
+I am never sanguine, but I believe we will carry the State. The chance
+of doing so appears to me twenty-five per cent, better than it did
+for you to beat Douglas." The Whigs, in spite of their dislike of the
+convention system, organized as they never had before, and even sent
+out a "confidential" circular of which Lincoln was the author.
+
+Every weapon he thought of possible use in the contest he secured. "Be
+sure to send me as many copies of the 'Life of Harrison' as you can
+spare from other uses," he wrote Stuart. "Be very sure to procure and
+send me the 'Senate Journal' of New York, of September, 1814. I have a
+newspaper article which says that that document proves that Van Buren
+voted against raising troops in the last war. And, in general, send me
+everything you think will be a good 'war-club.'"
+
+Every sign of success he quoted to Stuart; the number of subscribers
+to the "Old Soldier," a campaign newspaper which the Whig committee
+had informed the Whigs of the State that they "_must take_;" the names
+of Van Buren men who were weakening, and to whom he wanted Stuart to
+send documents; the name of every theretofore doubtful person who had
+declared himself for Harrison. "Japh Bell has come out for Harrison,"
+he put in a postscript to one letter; "ain't that a caution?"
+
+The monster political meetings held throughout the State did much
+to widen Lincoln's reputation, particularly one held in June in
+Springfield. Twenty thousand people attended this meeting, delegations
+coming from every direction. It took fourteen teams to haul the
+delegation from Chicago, and they were three weeks on their journey.
+Each party carried some huge symbolic piece--the log cabin being the
+favorite. One of the cabins taken to Springfield was drawn by thirty
+yokes of oxen. In a hickory tree which was planted beside this cabin,
+coons were seen playing, and a barrel of hard cider stood by the door,
+continually on tap. Instead of a log cabin, the Chicago delegation
+dragged across country a government yawl rigged up as a two-masted
+ship, with a band of music and a six-pounder cannon on board.
+
+There are many reminiscences of this great celebration, and Lincoln's
+part in it, still afloat in Illinois. General T.J. Henderson writes,
+in the entertaining reminiscences of Lincoln prepared for this
+biography:
+
+"The first time I remember to have seen Abraham Lincoln was during the
+memorable campaign of 1840, when I was a boy fifteen years of age. It
+was at an immense Whig mass-meeting held at Springfield, Illinois, in
+the month of June of that year. The Whigs attended this meeting from
+all parts of the State in large numbers, and it was estimated that
+from forty to fifty thousand people were present. They came in
+carriages and wagons, on horseback and on foot. They came with log
+cabins drawn on wheels by oxen, and with coons, coon-skins, and hard
+cider. They came with music and banners; and thousands of them came
+from long distances. It was the first political meeting I had ever
+attended, and it made a very strong impression upon my youthful mind.
+
+"My father, William H. Henderson, then a resident of Stark County,
+Illinois, was an ardent Whig; and having served under General William
+Henry Harrison, the then Whig candidate for President, in the war of
+1812-1815, he felt a deep interest in his election. And although
+he lived about a hundred miles from Springfield, he went with a
+delegation from Stark County to this political meeting, and took
+me along with him. I remember that at this great meeting of the
+supporters of Harrison and Tyler there were a number of able and
+distinguished speakers of the Whig party of the State of Illinois
+present. Among them were Colonel E.D. Baker, who was killed at Ball's
+Bluff, on the Potomac, in the late war, and who was one of the most
+eloquent speakers in the State; Colonel John J. Hardin, who was killed
+at the battle of Buena Vista, in the Mexican War; Fletcher Webster,
+a son of Daniel Webster, who was killed in the late war; S. Leslie
+Smith, a brilliant orator of Chicago; Rev. John Hogan, Ben Bond, and
+Abraham Lincoln. I heard all of these men speak on that occasion. And
+while I was too young to be a judge of their speeches, yet I thought
+them all to be great men, and none of them greater than Abraham
+Lincoln."
+
+One of the most prominent members of the Illinois bar has written out
+especially for this work his impressions of Lincoln's speech at that
+gathering.
+
+[Illustration: ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN 1861.
+
+From a photograph by Klauber of Louisville, Kentucky. From a
+photograph owned by Mr. James B. Speed of Louisville, Kentucky, to
+whose courtesy we owe the right to reproduce it here. When Lincoln
+was visiting Joshua F. Speed in 1841, Mrs. Speed, the mother of his
+friend, became much interested in him. His melancholy was profound,
+and she tried by kindness and gentleness to arouse him to new interest
+in life. One day before his departure she asked one of her daughters
+for the latter's Oxford Bible, telling her she wanted it for Mr.
+Lincoln, and promising to get another in its place. The gift touched
+Lincoln deeply, and after he became President he remembered the giver
+with the above portrait--one he had had taken especially for her, he
+wrote.]
+
+[Transcriber's Note: The following is handwritten beneath the
+photograph: "For Mrs. Lucy G. Speed, from whose pious hands I accepted
+the present of an Oxford Bible twenty years ago. Washington, D.C.
+October 5, 1861 A. Lincoln"]
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
+STATES.
+
+From a painting. William Henry Harrison was born at Berkeley,
+Virginia, February 9, 1773. He was educated at Hampden Sidney College,
+and began to study medicine, but, excited by Indian outrages, gave it
+up to enter the army. He was sent against the Indians of the West, and
+at once distinguished himself. After peace was made in 1798, he was
+appointed secretary of the Northwest Territory. In 1799 he was a
+territorial delegate to Congress, and from 1801 to 1813, territorial
+governor of Indiana. In the war of 1812 he gained the battles of
+Tippecanoe and the Thames. From 1816 to 1819 he was a delegate to
+Congress from Ohio; from 1825 to 1828, a United State Senator; and in
+1828 and 1829, United States Minister to Colombia. In 1836 he was the
+Whig candidate for the Presidency, but was defeated. Four years
+later (1840) he was elected, but lived for only one month after his
+inauguration.]
+
+"Mr. Lincoln stood in a wagon, from which he addressed the mass of
+people that surrounded it. The meeting was one of unusual interest
+because of him who was to make the principal address. It was at the
+time of his greatest physical strength. He was tall, and perhaps a
+little more slender than in later life, and more homely than after he
+became stouter in person. He was then only thirty-one years of age,
+and yet he was regarded as one of the ablest of the Whig speakers in
+that campaign. There was that in him that attracted and held public
+attention. Even then he was the subject of popular regard because of
+his candid and simple mode of discussing and illustrating political
+questions. At times he was intensely logical, and was always most
+convincing in his arguments. The questions involved in that canvass
+had relation to the tariff, internal public improvements by the
+federal government, the distribution of the proceeds of the sales
+of public lands among the several States, and other questions
+that divided the political parties of that day. They were not such
+questions as enlisted and engaged his best thoughts; they did not take
+hold of his great nature, and had no tendency to develop it. At times
+he discussed the questions of the time in a logical way, but much
+time was devoted to telling stories to illustrate some phase of his
+argument, though more often the telling of these stories was resorted
+to for the purpose of rendering his opponents ridiculous. That was a
+style of speaking much appreciated at that early day. In that kind
+of oratory he excelled most of his contemporaries--indeed, he had no
+equals in the State. One story he told on that occasion was full of
+salient points, and well illustrated the argument he was making. It
+was not an impure story, yet it was not one it would be seemly to
+publish; but rendered, as it was, in his inimitable way, it contained
+nothing that was offensive to a refined taste. The same story might
+have been told by another in such a way that it would probably have
+been regarded as transcending the proprieties of popular address. One
+characterizing feature of all the stories told by Mr. Lincoln, on the
+stump and elsewhere, was that although the subject matter of some of
+them might not have been entirely unobjectionable, yet the manner of
+telling them was so peculiarly his own that they gave no offence
+even to refined and cultured people. On the contrary, they were much
+enjoyed. The story he told on this occasion was much liked by the vast
+assembly that surrounded the temporary platform from which he spoke,
+and was received with loud bursts of laughter and applause. It served
+to place the opposing party and its speakers in a most ludicrous
+position in respect to the question being considered, and gave him a
+most favorable hearing for the arguments he later made in support of
+the measures he was sustaining."
+
+[Illustration: JOSHUA F. SPEED AND WIFE.
+
+From a painting by Healy, owned by Mrs, Joshua F. Speed of Louisville,
+Kentucky, and reproduced here by permission. Joshua F. Speed was a
+Kentuckian. At the time Lincoln went to Springfield he was one of the
+leading merchants of the town, and it was he who befriended the young
+lawyer on his arrival (see MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE for March). Towards
+the end of 1840 Mr. Speed sold his store, and soon after returned to
+Louisville. At his urgent invitation Lincoln visited him in the
+summer of 1841. He seems not to have gone back with Speed, as many
+biographers have stated, for in a letter of June 19, 1841, to Speed,
+Lincoln says: "I stick to my promise to come to Louisville." He seems,
+too, to have stayed a much shorter time than has frequently been
+stated, for he wrote back to Speed's sister, on September 27th, of his
+safe arrival in Springfield. The letters quoted from in this article
+were given by Speed himself to Mr. Herndon to publish in his "Life of
+Lincoln." Mr. Herndon turned them over to Lamon, who used them in his
+volume published in 1872. Joshua Speed and Lincoln remained intimate
+friends through life. Although they differed radically in 1855 on the
+policy to be pursued in regard to slavery, Lincoln, in writing Speed
+a long letter explaining his views, closes: "And yet let me say I am
+your friend forever."]
+
+
+LINCOLN'S ENGAGEMENT TO MISS TODD.
+
+Lincoln had been busy with politics and law in the years since he left
+New Salem, but he had by no means neglected the social side of life.
+Indeed, he had gone so far as to become engaged to be married to
+one of the favorite young women of Springfield, Miss Mary Todd, the
+sister-in-law of one of his political friends, a member of the "Long
+Nine" and a prominent citizen, Ninian W. Edwards.
+
+[Illustration: MARY TODD LINCOLN.
+
+From a carbon enlargement, by Sherman and McHugh of New York, of
+a photograph by Brady. Mary Todd was born in Lexington, Kentucky,
+December 13, 1818. Her mother died when she was young, and she
+was educated at one of the best-known schools of the State--Madame
+Mantelli's. She remained there some four years, and as the school was
+conducted entirely in French, she spoke the language fluently. She was
+afterwards some time in the Ward Academy of Lexington. Miss Todd first
+visited Springfield in 1837, but remained only a few months. In 1839
+she returned to make her home with her sister, Mrs. Edwards. She had
+two other sisters in the town, Mrs. William Wallace and Mrs. C.M.
+Smith. The story of her life will, of course, be told in connection
+with that of Mr. Lincoln in the forthcoming articles. The photograph
+used for this reproduction was kindly loaned by Mrs. S.J. Withington,
+Warner, New Hampshire.]
+
+Miss Todd came from a well-known family of Lexington, Kentucky; her
+father, Robert S. Todd, being one of the leading citizens of his
+State. She had come to Springfield in 1839 to live with her sister,
+Mrs. Edwards. She was a brilliant, witty, highly-educated girl,
+ambitious and spirited, with a touch of audacity which only made
+her more attractive, and she at once took a leading position in
+Springfield society. There were many young unmarried men in the town,
+drawn there by politics, and Mr. Edwards's handsome home was opened to
+them in the hospitable Southern way. After Mary Todd became an inmate
+of the Edwards house, the place was gayer than ever. She received much
+attention from Douglas, Shields, Lincoln, and several others. It
+was soon apparent, however, that Miss Todd preferred Lincoln. As
+the intimacy between them increased, Mr. and Mrs. Edwards protested.
+However honorable and able a man Lincoln might be, he was still a
+"plebeian." His family were humble and poor; he was self-educated,
+without address or polish, careless of forms, indifferent to society.
+How could Mary Todd, brought up in a cultured home, accustomed to
+the refinements of life, and with ambition for social position,
+accommodate herself to so grave a nature, so dull an exterior? Miss
+Todd knew her own mind, however. She loved Lincoln, and seems to have
+believed from the first in his future. Some time in 1840 they became
+engaged.
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1858.--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.
+
+From a photograph, by Harrison, Galesburg, Illinois, of an ambrotype
+owned by Mrs. W.J. Thomson of Monmouth, Illinois. This picture was
+taken at Monmouth on October 11, 1858, by W.J. Thomson, after a speech
+made in the town by Lincoln that day, and four days after the debate
+between Lincoln and Douglas at Galesburg, Illinois, on October 7,
+1858.]
+
+But it was not long before there came the clashing inevitable between
+two persons whose tastes and ambitions were so different. Miss Todd
+was jealous and exacting. Lincoln frequently failed to accompany her
+to the merry-makings which she wanted to attend. She resented this
+indifference, which seemed to her a purposed slight, instead of simply
+a lack of thought on his part, and sometimes she went with Mr.
+Douglas or any other escort who offered. Reproaches and tears and
+misunderstanding followed. If the lovers made up, it was only to
+fall out again. At last Lincoln became convinced that they were
+incompatible, and resolved that he must break the engagement. But the
+knowledge that the girl loved him took away his courage. He felt that
+he must not draw back, and he became profoundly miserable.
+
+"Whatever woman may cast her lot with mine, should any ever do so, it
+is my intention to do all in my power to make her happy and contented;
+and there is nothing I can imagine that would make me more unhappy
+than to fail in the effort," Lincoln had written Miss Owens three
+years before. How could he make this brilliant, passionate creature to
+whom he was betrothed happy?
+
+A mortal dread of the result of the marriage, a harrowing doubt of
+his own feelings, possessed him. The experience is not so rare in the
+lives of lovers that it should be regarded, as it often has been, as
+something exceptional and abnormal in Lincoln's case. A reflective
+nature founded in melancholy, like Lincoln's, rarely undertakes
+even the simpler affairs of life without misgivings. He certainly
+experienced dread and doubt before entering on any new relation.
+When it came to forming the most delicate and intimate of all human
+relations, he staggered under a storm of uncertainty and suffering,
+and finally broke the engagement.
+
+So horrible a breach of honor did this seem to him that he called the
+day when it occurred the "fatal first of January, 1841," and months
+afterward he wrote to his intimate friend Speed: "I must regain my
+confidence in my own ability to keep my resolves when they are made.
+In that ability I once prided myself as the only or chief gem of my
+character; that gem I lost--how and where you know too well. I have
+not yet regained it, and, until I do, I cannot trust myself in any
+matter of much importance."
+
+[Illustration: ROBERT S. TODD.
+
+Robert S. Todd, father of Mrs. Lincoln, came of distinguished
+ancestors. He was the seventh son of Major-General Levi Todd, and was
+born at Lexington, Kentucky, February 25, 1791. He was prominent in
+the politics of Kentucky for nearly thirty years. For many years he
+was clerk of the Kentucky House of Representatives; he was three times
+elected Representative from Fayette County, and was a State Senator
+at the time of his death, which occurred July 15, 1849. He was twice
+married--the first time to his near relative, Eliza Ann Parker, the
+mother of Mary Todd.]
+
+[Illustration: MISS JULIA JAYNE, ONE OF MISS TODD'S BRIDESMAIDS.
+
+From a photograph loaned by Mr. Jesse W. Weik. Miss Jayne afterward
+became Mrs. Lyman Trumbull.]
+
+The breaking of the engagement between Miss Todd and Mr. Lincoln was
+naturally known at the time to all their friends. Lincoln's melancholy
+was evident to them all, nor did he, indeed, attempt to disguise
+it. He wrote and spoke freely to his intimates of the despair which
+possessed him, and of his sense of dishonor. The episode caused a
+great amount of gossip, as was to be expected. After Mr. Lincoln's
+assassination and Mrs. Lincoln's sad death, various accounts of the
+courtship and marriage were circulated. It remained, however, for one
+of Lincoln's law partners, Mr. W.H. Herndon, to develop and circulate
+the most sensational of all the versions of the rupture. His story
+would not be referred to here were it not that it has been generally
+accepted as truthful by even his most conservative biographers,
+including Mr. John T. Morse and Mr. Carl Schurz. According to Mr.
+Herndon, the engagement between the two was broken in the most violent
+and public way possible, by Mr. Lincoln's failing to appear at the
+wedding. Mr. Herndon even describes the scene in detail:
+
+    "The time fixed for the marriage was the first day of
+    January, 1841. Careful preparations for the happy occasion
+    were made at the Edwards mansion. The house underwent the
+    customary renovation; the furniture was properly arranged,
+    the rooms neatly decorated, the supper prepared, and the
+    guests invited. The latter assembled on the evening in
+    question, and awaited in expectant pleasure the interesting
+    ceremony of marriage. The bride, bedecked in veil and
+    silken gown, and nervously toying with the flowers in her
+    hair, sat in the adjoining room. Nothing was lacking but
+    the groom. For some strange reason he had been delayed. An
+    hour passed, and the guests, as well as the bride, were
+    becoming restless. But they were all doomed to
+    disappointment. Another hour passed; messengers were sent
+    out over town, and each returning with the same report, it
+    became apparent that Lincoln, the principal in this little
+    drama, had purposely failed to appear. The bride, in grief,
+    disappeared to her room; the wedding supper was left
+    untouched; the guests quietly and wonderingly withdrew; the
+    lights in the Edwards mansion were blown out, and darkness
+    settled over all for the night. What the feelings of a lady
+    as sensitive, passionate, and proud as Miss Todd were, we
+    can only imagine; no one can ever describe them. By
+    daybreak, after persistent search, Lincoln's friends found
+    him. Restless, gloomy, miserable, desperate, he seemed an
+    object of pity. His friends, Speed among the number,
+    fearing a tragic termination, watched him closely in their
+    rooms day and night. 'Knives and razors, and every
+    instrument that could be used for self-destruction, were
+    removed from his reach.' Mrs. Edwards did not hesitate to
+    regard him as insane, and of course her sister Mary shared
+    in that view."
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL JAMES SHIELDS.
+
+From a photograph kindly loaned by C.B. Hall, New York. General
+Shields was born at Dungannon, County of Tyrone, Ireland, in 1810;
+came to the United States in 1826; located in Randolph County,
+Illinois, and taught school there; was admitted to the bar in 1832,
+and practised at Kaskaskia. He was elected to the legislature in 1836,
+and there became acquainted with Lincoln. In 1841 he was made auditor
+of public accounts of Illinois, and it was while holding this office
+that he challenged Lincoln to mortal combat. In 1843 Governor Ford
+appointed him an associate justice of the Supreme Court--an office
+which he resigned two years later to become commissioner of the
+general land-office. His gallantry in the Mexican War was such that he
+was brevetted a major-general. The prestige which his military record
+gave him made him a United States Senator in 1849. Defeated for
+reelection by Lyman Trumbull in 1855, he removed to Minnesota. There,
+May 12, 1858, he was elected to the United States Senate to fill a
+vacancy, serving about ten months. Then he went to California for
+a year. August 19, 1861, President Lincoln, his old-time enemy,
+presented him with a brigadier-general's commission; but two years
+later he gave this up, and settled on a farm in Missouri. He remained
+in retirement for a while, but eventually emerged to become a
+member of the legislature, a defeated candidate for Congress,
+adjutant-general of the State, and finally, in 1879, once more a
+United States Senator, serving about six weeks of an unexpired term.
+He thus had the rare distinction to be a United States Senator from
+three States. In his later years he delivered lectures--"Reminiscences
+of the Mexican War" and "Recollections of Eminent Statesmen and
+Soldiers." He died suddenly at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 1879. General
+Shields has been variously rated by his contemporaries. That he was a
+man of considerable ability is conceded, and he possessed the warmth
+and generosity common to his race.--_J. McCan Davis_.]
+
+[Illustration: MRS. NINIAN W. EDWARDS.
+
+From a painting by Healy, owned by her son, Mr. A.S. Edwards,
+Springfield, Illinois. Mrs. Ninian W. Edwards was a sister of Mrs.
+Lincoln. Her maiden name was Elizabeth P. Todd. She was born at
+Lexington, Kentucky, in 1813, and died at Springfield, Illinois, her
+home since 1835, February 22, 1888.]
+
+[Illustration: COURT-HOUSE AT TREMONT WHERE LINCOLN RECEIVED WARNING
+OF SHIELDS'S CHALLENGE.
+
+Tremont was about fifty miles north of Springfield, in Tazewell
+County. Although the internal improvements scheme of 1837 ran a
+railroad through the town, it was only reached in 1842, at the time
+of the Shields-Lincoln duel, by driving. The court-house is a fair
+example of those in which Lincoln first practised law.]
+
+No one can read this description in connection with the rest of Mr.
+Herndon's text, and escape the impression that, if it is true, there
+must have been a vein of cowardice in Lincoln. The context shows that
+he was not insane enough to excuse such a public insult to a woman.
+To break his engagement was, all things considered, not in any way
+an unusual or abnormal thing; to brood over the rupture, to blame
+himself, to feel that he had been dishonorable, was to be expected,
+after such an act, from one of his temperament. Nothing, however,
+but temporary insanity or constitutional cowardice could explain such
+conduct as here described. Mr. Herndon does not pretend to found his
+story on any personal knowledge of the affair. He was in Springfield
+at the time, a clerk in Speed's store, but did not have then, nor,
+indeed, did he ever have, any social relations with the families in
+which Mr. Lincoln was always a welcome guest. His only authority for
+the story is a remark which he says Mrs. Ninian Edwards made to him in
+an interview: "Lincoln and Mary were engaged; everything was ready and
+prepared for the marriage, even to the supper. Mr. Lincoln failed
+to meet his engagement; cause, insanity." This remark, it should be
+noted, is not from a manuscript written by Mrs. Edwards, but in a
+report of an interview with her, written by Mr. Herndon. Supposing,
+however, that the statement was made exactly as Mr. Herndon reports
+it, it certainly does not justify any such sensational description as
+Mr. Herndon gives.
+
+If such a thing had ever occurred, it could not have failed to be
+known, of course, even to its smallest details, by all the relatives
+and friends of both Miss Todd and Mr. Lincoln. Nobody, however, ever
+heard of this wedding party until Mr. Herndon gave his material to the
+public.
+
+One of the closest friends of the Lincolns throughout their lives was
+a cousin of Mrs. Lincoln's, Mrs. Grimsley, afterwards Mrs. Dr. Brown.
+Mrs. Grimsley lived in Springfield, on the most intimate and friendly
+relations with Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln, and the first six months of
+their life in the White House she spent with them. She was a woman
+of unusual culture, and of the rarest sweetness and graciousness of
+character. No one could look on her face without feeling her perfect
+sincerity and goodness. Some months before Mrs. Brown's death, in
+August, 1895, a copy of Mr. Herndon's story was sent her, with a
+request that she write for publication her knowledge of the affair. In
+her reply she said:
+
+"Did Mr. Lincoln fail to appear when the invitations were out, the
+guests invited, and the supper ready for the wedding? I will say
+emphatically, 'No.'
+
+"There may have been a little shadow of foundation for Mr. Herndon's
+lively imagination to play upon, in that, the year previous to the
+marriage, and when Mr. Lincoln and my cousin Mary expected soon to be
+married, Mr. Lincoln was taken with one of those fearful, overwhelming
+periods of depression, which induced his friends to persuade him to
+leave Springfield. This he did for a time; but I am satisfied he
+was loyal and true to Mary, even though at times he may have doubted
+whether he was responding as fully as a manly, generous nature should
+to such affection as he knew my cousin was ready to bestow on him. And
+this because it had not the overmastering depth of an early love. This
+everybody here knows; therefore I do not feel as if I were betraying
+dear friends."
+
+[Illustration: RESIDENCE OF NINIAN W. EDWARDS, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+
+From a photograph made for MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE in February, 1896. At
+this house Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd were married November 4,
+1842, and here Mrs. Lincoln died July 16, 1882. The house was built
+about 1835. It was a brick structure, and there were few handsomer
+ones in the town. The south half (appearing in the left of this
+picture) was at first only one story in height; the second story was
+but recently added. In this part was the dining-room. The parlor, in
+which the marriage ceremony was performed, was the front room on the
+first floor of the north half of the house. The house is now occupied
+by St. Agatha's School (Episcopal).]
+
+Mrs. John Stuart, the wife of Lincoln's law partner at that time, is
+still living in Springfield, a refined, cultivated, intelligent woman,
+who remembers perfectly the life and events of that day. When Mr.
+Herndon's story first came to her attention, her indignation was
+intense. She protested that she never before had heard of such a
+thing. Mrs. Stuart was not, however, in Springfield at that particular
+date, but in Washington, her husband being a member of Congress. She
+wrote the following statement for this biography:
+
+"I cannot deny this, as I was not in Springfield for some months
+before and after this occurrence was said to have taken place; but I
+was in close correspondence with relatives and friends during all this
+time, and never heard a word of it. The late Judge Broadwell told me
+that he had asked Mr. Ninian Edwards about it, and Mr. Edwards told
+him that no such thing had ever taken place.
+
+"All I can say is that I unhesitatingly do not believe such an event
+ever occurred. I thought I had never heard of this till I saw it in
+Herndon's book. I have since been told that Lamon mentions the same
+thing. I read Lamon at the time he published, and felt very much
+disgusted, but did not remember this particular assertion. The first
+chapters of Lamon's book were purchased from Herndon; so Herndon is
+responsible for the whole.
+
+"Mrs. Lincoln told me herself all the circumstances of her engagement
+to Mr. Lincoln, of his illness, and the breaking off of her
+engagement, of the renewal, and her marriage. So I say I do not
+believe one word of this dishonorable story about Mr. Lincoln."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE LICENSE AND MARRIAGE
+CERTIFICATE.--NOW FIRST PUBLISHED.
+
+Photographed for MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE from the original, now on file in
+the county clerk's office, Springfield, Illinois. It has hitherto been
+commonly supposed that the original marriage license issued to
+Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd in 1842, with the officiating-minister's
+certificate of marriage attached to it, was one of the interesting
+documents in what was formerly the Keys Lincoln Memorial Collection.
+Nicolay and Hay reproduced it in their biography of Lincoln, and other
+publications have made it appear authentic. Messrs. Keys and
+Munson, who formed the collection in which the certificate was first
+exhibited, called it a duplicate, and Mr. William H. Lambert of
+Philadelphia, who owns it now, supposed, in buying it, that it was a
+duplicate. Mr. Lambert, however, in showing us the certificate, called
+attention to a suspicious circumstance connected with the license.
+The seal of the county court stamped upon it was dated "1849." It was
+difficult to reconcile this with the fact that the marriage occurred
+in 1842. The inconsistency was covered up in certain facsimiles which
+have been published, by a stroke of the pen; the date of the seal was
+changed to fit the date of the marriage. Mr. Lambert's suggestion led
+to an investigation for this Magazine. A search in the county clerk's
+office at Springfield brought to light the real and only "original"
+license, stowed away in a dusty pigeon-hole, untouched in thirty
+years. This is the license which is reproduced above. Beneath the
+license is the Rev. Charles Dresser's certificate of the marriage.
+The bogus document was made out on the blank form in use in the county
+clerk's office in 1865--a form quite different from that used in 1842.
+This form was not used prior to 1865, and never after February 3,
+1866. So it seems most probable that the spurious license was procured
+soon after Mr. Lincoln's assassination. The handwriting is that of
+N.W. Matheny, then, as in 1842, the county clerk, a gentleman of high
+character, who no doubt furnished the copy for a perfectly proper
+purpose. It will be observed that the genuine license bears no seal.
+This is due to the fact that prior to 1849 the county court did not
+have a seal; indeed, before that year, such a tribunal as the
+"county court" was unknown to the judiciary system of the State. The
+certificate attached to the counterfeit license, of course, was not
+written by the Rev. Charles Dresser (for he was then dead), but,
+like the license itself, was made out by the county clerk.--_J. McCan
+Davis._]
+
+Another prominent member in the same circle with Mr. Lincoln and Miss
+Todd is Mrs. B.T. Edwards, the widow of Judge Benjamin T. Edwards,
+and sister-in-law of Mr. Ninian Edwards, who had married Miss Todd's
+sister. She came to Springfield in 1839, and was intimately acquainted
+with Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd, and knew, as well as another could
+know, their affairs. Mrs. Edwards is still living in Springfield, a
+woman of the most perfect refinement and trustworthiness. In answer to
+the question, "Is Mr. Herndon's description true?" she writes:
+
+"I am impatient to tell you that all that he says about this
+wedding--the time for which was 'fixed for the first day of
+January'--is a fabrication. He has drawn largely upon his imagination
+in describing something which never took place.
+
+"I know the engagement between Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd was
+interrupted for a time, and it was rumored among her young friends
+that Mr. Edwards had rather opposed it. But I am sure there had been
+no 'time fixed' for any wedding; that is, no preparations had ever
+been made until the day that Mr. Lincoln met Mr. Edwards on the street
+and told him that he and Mary were going to be married that evening.
+Upon inquiry, Mr. Lincoln said they would be married in the Episcopal
+church, to which Mr. Edwards replied: 'No; Mary is my ward, and she
+must be married at my house.'
+
+"If I remember rightly, the wedding guests were few, not more than
+thirty; and it seems to me all are gone now but Mrs. Wallace,
+Mrs. Levering, and myself, for it was not much more than a family
+gathering; only two or three of Mary Todd's young friends were
+present. The 'entertainment' was simple, but in beautiful taste; but
+the bride had neither veil nor flowers in her hair, with which to 'toy
+nervously.' There had been no elaborate _trousseau_ for the bride of
+the future President of the United States, nor even a handsome wedding
+gown; nor was it a gay wedding."
+
+Two sisters of Mrs. Lincoln's who are still living, Mrs. Wallace
+of Springfield, and Mrs. Helm of Elizabethstown, Kentucky, deny
+emphatically that any wedding was ever arranged between Mr. Lincoln
+and Miss Todd but the one which did take place. That the engagement
+was broken after a wedding had been talked of, they think possible;
+but Mr. Herndon's story, they deny emphatically.
+
+"There is not a word of truth in it!" Mrs. Wallace broke out,
+impulsively, before the question about the non-appearance of Mr.
+Lincoln had been finished. "I never was so amazed in my life as when I
+read that story. Mr. Lincoln never did such a thing. Why, Mary Lincoln
+never had a silk dress in her life until she went to Washington."
+
+[Illustration: REV. CHARLES DRESSER.
+
+From a daguerreotype owned by his son, Dr. T.W. Dresser, Springfield,
+Illinois. The Rev. Charles Dresser, who was the officiating clergyman
+at the wedding of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd, was born at Pomfret,
+Connecticut, February 24, 1800. He was graduated from Brown University
+in 1823, and went to Virginia, where he studied theology. In 1829 he
+became an ordained minister in the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was
+married in 1832 in Dinwiddie County, Virginia, to Louisa W. Withers.
+Upon his removal to Springfield, Illinois, in 1838, he became the
+rector of the Protestant Episcopal church there, and remained so until
+1858, when failing health caused his retirement. In 1855, Jubilee
+College elected him Professor of Divinity and Belles-Lettres, but he
+held this position only a short time. He died March 25, 1865.--_J.
+McCan Davis._]
+
+As Mr. Joshua Speed was, all through this period, Mr. Lincoln's
+closest friend, no thought or feeling of the one ever being concealed
+from the other, Mrs. Joshua Speed, who is still living in Louisville,
+Kentucky, was asked if she knew of the story. Mrs. Speed listened
+in surprise to Mr. Herndon's tale. "I never heard of it before," she
+declared. "I never heard of it. If it is true, I never heard of it."
+
+In all of these cases the opinion of only those persons intimately
+connected with Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd has been asked. Care has been
+taken, too, to apply only to persons whose character put them beyond
+the suspicion of distorting facts.
+
+Quite unexpectedly, some months ago, a volunteer witness to the
+falsity of the story appeared. The Hon. H.W. Thornton of Millersburg,
+Illinois, was a member of the Twelfth General Assembly, which met in
+Springfield in 1840. During that winter he was boarding near Lincoln,
+saw him almost every day, was a constant visitor at Mr. Edwards's
+house, and he knew Miss Todd well. He wrote to this magazine declaring
+that Mr. Herndon's statement about the wedding must be false, as he
+was closely associated with Miss Todd and Mr. Lincoln all winter, and
+never knew anything of it. Mr. Thornton went on to say that he knew
+beyond a doubt that the sensational account of Lincoln's insanity
+was untrue, and he quoted from the House journal to show how it was
+impossible that, as Lamon says, using Herndon's notes, "Lincoln went
+crazy as a loon, and did not attend the legislature in 1841-1842,
+for this reason;" or, as Herndon says, that he had to be watched
+constantly. According to the record taken from the journals of the
+House sent us by Mr. Thornton, and which we have had verified in
+Springfield, Mr. Lincoln was in his seat in the House on that "fatal
+first of January" when he is asserted to have been groping in the
+shadow of madness, and he was also there on the following day. The
+third of January was Sunday. On Monday, the fourth, he appears not to
+have been present--at least he did not vote; but even this is by no
+means conclusive evidence that he was not there. On the fifth, and on
+every succeeding day until the thirteenth, he was in his seat. From
+the thirteenth to the eighteenth, inclusive, he is not recorded on
+any of the roll-calls, and probably was not present. But on the
+nineteenth, when "John J. Hardin announced his illness to the House,"
+as Mr. Herndon says (which announcement seems not to have gotten
+into the journal), Lincoln was again in his place, and voted. On the
+twentieth he is not recorded; but on every subsequent day, until the
+close of the session on the first of March, Lincoln was in the House.
+Thus, during the whole of the two months of January and February,
+he was absent not more than seven days--as good a record as to
+attendance, perhaps, as that made by the average member.
+
+Mr. Thornton says further: "Mr. Lincoln boarded at William Butler's,
+near to Dr. Henry's, where I boarded. The missing days, from January
+13th to 19th, Mr. Lincoln spent several hours each day at Dr. Henry's;
+a part of these days I remained with Mr. Lincoln. His most intimate
+friends had no fears of his injuring himself. He was very sad and
+melancholy, but being subject to these spells, nothing serious was
+apprehended. His being watched, as stated in Herndon's book, was news
+to me until I saw it there."
+
+But while Lincoln went about his daily duties, even on the "fatal
+first of January," his whole being was shrouded in gloom. He did not
+pretend to conceal this from his friends. Writing to Mr. Stuart on
+January 23d, he said: "I am now the most miserable man living. If what
+I feel were equally distributed to the whole human family, there would
+not be one cheerful face on the earth. Whether I shall ever be better
+I cannot tell; I awfully forebode I shall not. To remain as I am is
+impossible. I must die or be better, it appears to me. The matter you
+speak of on my account you may attend to as you say, unless you shall
+hear of my condition forbidding it. I say this because I fear I shall
+be unable to attend to any business here, and a change of scene might
+help me."
+
+In the summer he visited his friend Speed, who had sold his store in
+Springfield, and returned to Louisville, Kentucky. The visit did much
+to brighten his spirits, for, writing back in September, after his
+return, to his friend's sister, he was even gay.
+
+A curious situation arose the next year (1842), which did much to
+restore Lincoln to a more normal view of his relation to Miss Todd.
+In the summer of 1841, his friend Speed had become engaged. As his
+marriage approached, he in turn was attacked by a melancholy not
+unlike that which Lincoln had suffered. He feared he did not love well
+enough to marry, and he confided his fear to Lincoln. Full of sympathy
+for the trouble of his friend, Lincoln tried in every way to persuade
+him that his "twinges of the soul" were all explained by nervous
+debility. When Speed returned to Kentucky, Lincoln wrote him several
+letters, in which he consoled, counselled, or laughed at him. These
+letters abound in suggestive passages. From what did Speed suffer?
+From three special causes and a general one, which Lincoln proceeds to
+enumerate:
+
+    "The general cause is, that you are naturally of a nervous
+    temperament; and this I say from what I have seen of you
+    personally, and what you have told me concerning your mother
+    at various times, and concerning your brother William at the
+    time his wife died. The first special cause is your exposure
+    to bad weather on your journey, which my experience clearly
+    proves to be very severe on defective nerves. The second is
+    the absence of all business and conversation of friends,
+    which might divert your mind, give it occasional rest from the
+    intensity of thought which will sometimes wear the sweetest
+    idea thread-bare and turn it to the bitterness of death. The
+    third is the rapid and near approach of that crisis on which
+    all your thoughts and feelings concentrate."
+
+Speed writes that his _fiancée_ is ill, and his letter is full of
+gloomy forebodings of an early death. Lincoln hails these fears as an
+omen of happiness.
+
+[Illustration: THE GLOBE HOTEL, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+
+In a letter to Joshua R. Speed, dated May 18, 1843, Lincoln wrote: "We
+are not keeping house, but boarding at the Globe Tavern, which is very
+well kept now by a widow lady of the name of Beck. Our room (the
+same that Dr. Wallace occupied there) and boarding only costs us four
+dollars a week.... I most heartily wish you and your Fanny would
+not fail to come. Just let us know the time, and we will have a room
+provided for you at our house, and all be merry together for a while."
+The Globe Hotel stood in Springfield until about three years ago.]
+
+    "I hope and believe that your present anxiety and distress
+    about her health and her life must and will forever banish
+    those horrid doubts which I know you sometimes felt as to the
+    truth of your affection for her. If they can once and forever
+    be removed (and I almost feel a presentiment that the Almighty
+    has sent your present affliction expressly for that object),
+    surely nothing can come in their stead to fill their
+    immeasurable measure of misery.... I am now fully convinced
+    that you love her as ardently as you are capable of loving.
+    Your ever being happy in her presence, and your intense
+    anxiety about her health, if there were nothing else, would
+    place this beyond all dispute in my mind. I incline to think
+    it probable that your nerves will fail you occasionally for a
+    while; but once you get them firmly guarded now, that trouble
+    is over forever. I think, if I were you, in case my mind
+    were not exactly right, I would avoid being idle. I
+    would immediately engage in some business or go to making
+    preparations for it, which would be the same thing."
+
+Mr. Speed's marriage occurred in February, and to the letter
+announcing it Lincoln replied:
+
+    "I tell you, Speed, our forebodings (for which you and I are
+    peculiar) are all the worst sort of nonsense. I fancied, from
+    the time I received your letter of Saturday, that the one of
+    Wednesday was never to come, and yet it did come, and what
+    is more, it is perfectly clear, both from its tone and
+    handwriting, that you were much happier, or, if you think the
+    term preferable, less miserable, when you wrote it than when
+    you wrote the last one before. You had so obviously improved
+    at the very time I so much fancied you would have grown worse.
+    You say that something indescribably horrible and alarming
+    still haunts you. You will not say that three months from
+    now, I will venture. When your nerves once get steady now,
+    the whole trouble will be over forever. Nor should you become
+    impatient at their being even very slow in becoming steady.
+    Again, you say, you much fear that that Elysium of which you
+    have dreamed so much is never to be realized. Well, if it
+    shall not, I dare swear it will not be the fault of her who
+    is now your wife. I now have no doubt that it is the peculiar
+    misfortune of both you and me to dream dreams of Elysium far
+    exceeding all that anything earthly can realize."
+
+His prophecy was true. In March Speed wrote him that he was "far
+happier than he had ever expected to be." Lincoln caught at the letter
+with an eagerness which is deeply pathetic:
+
+    "It cannot be told how it now thrills me with joy to hear you
+    say you are far happier than you ever expected to be. I know
+    you too well to suppose your expectations were not, at least,
+    sometimes extravagant, and if the reality exceeds them all, I
+    say, Enough, dear Lord! I am not going beyond the truth when
+    I tell you that the short space it took me to read your last
+    letter gave me more pleasure than the total sum of all I have
+    enjoyed since the fatal 1st of January, 1841. Since then, it
+    seems to me, I should have been entirely happy, but for the
+    never absent idea that there is one still unhappy whom I have
+    contributed to make so. That still kills me. I cannot but
+    reproach myself for even wishing to be happy while she is
+    otherwise. She accompanied a large party on the railroad cars
+    to Jacksonville last Monday, and on her return spoke, so that
+    I heard of it, of having enjoyed the trip exceedingly. God be
+    praised for that."
+
+Evidently Lincoln was still unreconciled to his separation from Miss
+Todd. In the summer of 1842, only three or four months after the above
+letter was written, a clever ruse on the part of certain of their
+friends threw the two unexpectedly together; and an understanding
+of some kind evidently was come to, for during the season they met
+secretly at the house of one of Lincoln's friends, Mr. Simeon Francis.
+It was while these meetings were going on that a burlesque encounter
+occurred between Lincoln and James Shields, for which Miss Todd was
+partly responsible, and which no doubt gave just the touch of comedy
+necessary to relieve their tragedy and restore them to a healthier
+view of their relations.
+
+
+THE LINCOLN AND SHIELDS DUEL.
+
+Among the Democratic officials then living in Springfield was one
+James Shields, auditor of the State. He was a hot-headed, blustering
+Irishman, not without ability, and certainly courageous; a good
+politician, and, on the whole, a very well-liked man. However, the
+swagger and noise with which he accompanied the execution of his
+duties, and his habit of being continually on the defensive, made
+him the butt of Whig ridicule. Nothing could have given greater
+satisfaction to Lincoln and his friends than having an opponent who,
+whenever they joked him, flew into a rage and challenged them to
+fight.
+
+At the time when Lincoln was visiting Miss Todd at Mr. Francis's
+house, the Whigs were much excited over the fact that the Democrats
+had issued an order forbidding the payment of State taxes in State
+bank-notes. The bank-notes were in fact practically worthless, for the
+State finances were suffering a violent reaction from the extravagant
+legislation of 1836 and 1837. One of the popular ways of attacking an
+obnoxious political doctrine in that day was writing letters from some
+imaginary backwoods settlement, setting forth in homely vernacular
+the writer's views of the question, and showing how its application
+affected his part of the world. These letters were really a rude form
+of the "Bigelow Papers" or "Nasby Letters." Soon after the order
+was issued by the Illinois officials demanding silver instead
+of bank-notes in payment of taxes, Lincoln wrote a letter to a
+Springfield paper from the "Lost Townships," signing it "Aunt
+Rebecca." In it he described the plight to which the new order had
+brought the neighborhood, and he intimated that the only reason for
+issuing such an order was that the State officers might have their
+salaries paid in silver. Shields was ridiculed unmercifully in the
+letter for his vanity and his gallantry.
+
+It happened that there were several young women in Springfield who
+had received rather too pronounced attention from Mr. Shields, and
+who were glad to see him tormented. Among them were Miss Todd and her
+friend Miss Julia Jayne. Lincoln's letter from the "Lost Townships"
+was such a success that they followed it up with one in which "Aunt
+Rebecca" proposed to the gallant auditor, and a few days later they
+published some very bad verses, signed "Cathleen," celebrating the
+wedding.[1]
+
+Springfield was highly entertained, less by the verses than by the
+fury of Shields. He would have satisfaction, he said, and he sent a
+friend, one General Whitesides, to the paper, to ask for the name of
+the writer of the communications. The editor, in a quandary, went to
+Lincoln, who, unwilling that Miss Todd and Miss Jayne should figure
+in the affair, ordered that his own name be given as the author of
+letters and poem. This was only about ten days after the first letter
+had appeared, on September 2d, and Lincoln left Springfield in a day
+or two for a long trip on the circuit. He was at Tremont when, on
+the morning of the seventeenth, two of his friends, E.H. Merryman and
+William Butler, drove up hastily. Shields and his friend Whitesides
+were behind, they said, the irate Irishman vowing that he would
+challenge Lincoln. They, knowing that Lincoln was "unpractised both
+as to diplomacy and weapons," had started as soon as they had learned
+that Shields had left Springfield, had passed him in the night, and
+were there to see Lincoln through.
+
+It was not long before Shields and Whitesides arrived, and soon
+Lincoln received a note in which the indignant auditor said: "I
+will take the liberty of requiring a full, positive, and absolute
+retraction of all offensive allusions used by you in these
+communications in relation to my private character and standing as a
+man, as an apology for the insults conveyed in them. This may prevent
+consequences which no one will regret more than myself."
+
+Lincoln immediately replied that, since Shields had not stopped to
+inquire whether he really was the author of the articles, had not
+pointed out what was offensive in them, had assumed facts and hinted
+at consequences, he could not submit to answer the note. Shields wrote
+again, but Lincoln simply replied that he could receive nothing but a
+withdrawal of the first note or a challenge. To this he steadily
+held, even refusing to answer the question as to the authorship of the
+letters, which Shields finally put. It was inconsistent with his honor
+to negotiate for peace with Mr. Shields, he said, unless Mr. Shields
+withdrew his former offensive letter. Seconds were immediately named:
+Whitesides by Shields, Merryman by Lincoln; and though they talked of
+peace, Whitesides declared he could not mention it to his principal.
+"He would challenge me next, and as soon cut my throat as not."
+
+This was on the nineteenth, and that night the party returned to
+Springfield. But in someway the affair had leaked out, and fearing
+arrest, Lincoln and Merryman left town the next morning. The
+instructions were left with Butler. If Shields would withdraw his
+first note, and write another asking if Lincoln was the author of the
+offensive articles, and, if so, asking for gentlemanly satisfaction,
+then Lincoln had prepared a letter explaining the whole affair. If
+Shields would not do this, there was nothing to do but fight. Lincoln
+left the following preliminaries for the duel:
+
+    "_First._ Weapons: Cavalry broadswords of the largest size,
+    precisely equal in all respects, and such as now used by the
+    cavalry company at Jacksonville.
+
+    "_Second_. Position: A plank ten feet long, and from nine to
+    twelve inches broad, to be firmly fixed on edge on the ground,
+    as the line between us, which neither is to pass his foot over
+    on forfeit of his life. Next, a line drawn on the ground on
+    either side of said plank and parallel with it, each at the
+    distance of the whole length of the sword and three feet
+    additional from the plank; and the passing of his own such
+    line by either party during the fight shall be deemed a
+    surrender of the contest.
+
+    "_Third_. Time: On Thursday evening at five o'clock, if you
+    can get it so; but in no case to be at a greater distance of
+    time than Friday evening at five o'clock.
+
+    "_Fourth_. Place: Within three miles of Alton, on the opposite
+    side of the river, the particular spot to be agreed upon by
+    you."
+
+As Mr. Shields refused to withdraw his first note, the entire party
+started for the rendezvous across the Mississippi. Lincoln and
+Merryman drove together in a dilapidated old buggy, in the bottom of
+which rattled a number of broadswords. It was the morning of the 22d
+of September when the duellists arrived in the town. There are people
+still living in Alton who remember their coming. "The party arrived
+about the middle of the morning," says Mr. Edward Levis,[2] "and soon
+crossed the river to a sand-bar which at the time was, by reason
+of the low water, a part of the Missouri mainland. The means of
+conveyance was an old horse-ferry that was operated by a man named
+Chapman. The weapons were in the keeping of the friends of the
+principals, and no care was taken to conceal them; in fact, they were
+openly displayed. Naturally, there was a great desire among the male
+population to attend the duel, but the managers of the affair would
+not permit any but their own party to board the ferry-boat. Skiffs
+were very scarce, and but a few could avail themselves of the
+opportunity in this way. I had to content myself with standing on the
+levee and watching proceedings at long range."
+
+The party had scarcely reached the sand-bar before they were joined by
+some unexpected friends. Lincoln and Merryman, on their way to Alton,
+had stopped at White Hall for dinner. Across the street from the hotel
+lived Mr. Elijah Lott, an acquaintance of Merryman's. Mr. Lott was not
+long in finding out what was on foot, and as soon as the duellists had
+departed, he drove to Carrollton, where he knew that Colonel John J.
+Hardin and several other friends of Lincoln were attending court, and
+warned them of the trouble. Hardin and one or two others immediately
+started for Alton. They arrived in time to calm Shields, and to aid
+the seconds in adjusting matters "with honor to all concerned."
+
+That the duellists returned in good spirits is evident from Mr.
+Levis's reminiscences: "It was not very long," says he, "until the
+boat was seen returning to Alton. As it drew near I saw what was
+presumably a mortally wounded man lying on the bow of the boat. His
+shirt appeared to be bathed in blood. I distinguished Jacob Smith, a
+constable, fanning the supposed victim vigorously. The people on the
+bank held their breath in suspense, and guesses were freely made as
+to which of the two men had been so terribly wounded. But suspense was
+soon turned to chagrin and relief when it transpired that the supposed
+candidate for another world was nothing more nor less than a log
+covered with a red shirt. This ruse had been resorted to in order to
+fool the people on the levee; and it worked to perfection. Lincoln
+and Shields came off the boat together, chatting in a nonchalant and
+pleasant manner."
+
+
+MARRIAGE OF LINCOLN AND MISS TODD.
+
+The Lincoln-Shields duel had so many farcical features, and Miss Todd
+had unwittingly been so much to blame for it, that one can easily see
+that it might have had considerable influence on the relations of the
+two young people. However that may be, something had made Mr. Lincoln
+feel that he could renew his engagement. Early in October, not a
+fortnight after the duel, he wrote Speed: "You have now been the
+husband of a lovely woman nearly eight months. That you are happier
+now than the day you married her I well know, for without you would
+not be living. But I have your word for it, too, and the returning
+elasticity of spirits which is manifested in your letters. But I want
+to ask a close question: Are you now in feelings as well as judgment
+glad that you are married as you are?"
+
+We do not know Speed's answer, nor the final struggle of the man's
+heart. We only know that on November 4, 1842, Lincoln was married, the
+wedding being almost impromptu. Mrs. Dr. Brown, Miss Todd's cousin, in
+the same letter quoted from above, describes the wedding:
+
+"One morning, bright and early, my cousin came down in her excited,
+impetuous way, and said to my father: 'Uncle, you must go up and tell
+my sister that Mr. Lincoln and I are to be married this evening,' and
+to me: 'Get on your bonnet and go with me to get my gloves, shoes,
+etc., and then to Mr. Edwards's.' When we reached there we found some
+excitement over a wedding being sprung upon them so suddenly. However,
+my father, in his lovely, pacific way, 'poured oil upon the waters,'
+and we thought everything was 'ship-shape,' when Mrs. Edwards
+laughingly said: 'How fortunately you selected this evening, for
+the Episcopal Sewing Society is to meet here, and my supper is all
+ordered.'
+
+"But that comfortable little arrangement would not hold, as Mary
+declared she would not make a spectacle for gossiping ladies to gaze
+upon and talk about; there had already been too much talk about her.
+Then my father was despatched to tell Mr. Lincoln that the wedding
+would be deferred until the next evening. Clergyman, attendants and
+intimate friends were notified, and on Friday evening, in the midst of
+a small circle of friends, with the elements doing their worst in the
+way of rain, this singular courtship culminated in marriage. This I
+know to be literally true, as I was one of her bridesmaids, Miss Jayne
+(afterwards Mrs. Lyman Trumbull) and Miss Rodney being the others."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Footnote 1: Mr. Charles Lamb, now passing his declining years
+quietly on his farm, a dozen miles from Springfield, Illinois, was a
+compositor on the "Sangamo Journal" from 1836 to 1843, and it was
+he who put into type the poem by "Cathleen," which, with the "Lost
+Townships" letters, led General Shields to challenge Lincoln. "This
+poem," says Mr. Lamb, "was written by Mary Todd and Julia Jayne,
+afterward the wife of Senator Lyman Trumbull. After I had set up the
+poem, I took the copy from the hook and put it into my pocket. When
+Lincoln was informed by Simeon Francis, the editor of the 'Journal,'
+that Shields had demanded the name of the author of the verses, he
+came around to the office and asked for the copy. I produced it, and
+he picked up a pen and wrote his name across the top of the page.
+This, of course, meant that he assumed the responsibility for
+the production. I retained this copy until a few years ago, when,
+unhappily, it was destroyed. My recollection is that the 'Lost
+Townships' letters were set up by Mr. Francis himself. Mr. Lincoln was
+a frequent contributor to the 'Journal,' and it usually fell to my lot
+to set up his contributions."--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+[Footnote 2: Interview with Mr. Edward Levis made for this Magazine.]
+
+
+
+
+"PHROSO."
+
+A TALE OF BRAVE DEEDS AND PERILOUS VENTURES.
+
+BY ANTHONY HOPE, AUTHOR OF "THE PRISONER OF ZENDA," ETC.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+A LONG THING ENDING IN POULOS.
+
+_Quot homines, tot sententiæ_; so many men, so many fancies. My fancy
+was for an island. Perhaps boyhood's glamour hung still round sea-girt
+rocks, and "faery lands forlorn" still beckoned me; perhaps I felt
+that London was too full, the Highlands rather fuller, the Swiss
+mountains most insufferably crowded of them all. "Money can buy
+company," and it can buy retirement. The latter service I asked now of
+the moderate wealth with which my poor cousin Tom's death had endowed
+me. Everybody was good enough to suppose that I rejoiced at Tom's
+death, whereas I was particularly sorry for it, and was not consoled
+even by the prospects of the island. My friends understood this wish
+for an island as little as they appreciated my feelings about poor
+Tom. Beatrice was most emphatic in declaring that "a horrid little
+island" had no charms for her, and that she would never set foot
+in it. This declaration was rather annoying, because I had imagined
+myself spending my honeymoon with Beatrice on the island; but life is
+not all honeymoon, and I decided to have the island none the less.
+In the first place, I was not to be married for a year. Mrs. Kennett
+Hipgrave had insisted on this delay in order that we might be sure
+that we knew our own hearts. And as I may say without unfairness
+that Mrs. Hipgrave was to a considerable degree responsible for the
+engagement--she asserted the fact herself with much pride--I thought
+that she had a right to some voice in the date of the marriage.
+Moreover, the postponement gave me exactly time to go over and settle
+affairs in the island.
+
+For I had bought it. It cost me seven thousand five hundred and fifty
+pounds--rather a fancy price, but I could not haggle with the old
+lord--half to be paid to the lord's bankers in London, and the second
+half to him in Neopalia, when he delivered possession to me. The
+Turkish government had sanctioned the sale, and I had agreed to pay
+a hundred pounds yearly as tribute. This sum, I was entitled, in my
+turn, to levy on the inhabitants.
+
+"In fact, my dear lord," said old Mason to me when I called on him in
+Lincoln's Inn Fields, "the whole affair is settled. I congratulate you
+on having got just what was your whim. You are over a hundred miles
+from the nearest land--Rhodes, you see." (He laid a map before me.)
+"You are off the steamship tracks; the Austrian Lloyds to Alexandria
+leave you far to the northeast. You are equally remote from any
+submarine cable; here on the southwest, from Alexandria to Candia, is
+the nearest. You will have to fetch your letters--"
+
+"I shouldn't think of doing such a thing," said I, indignantly.
+
+"Then you'll only get them once in three months. Neopalia is extremely
+rugged and picturesque. It is nine miles long and five broad; it
+grows cotton, wine, oil, and a little corn. The people are quite
+unsophisticated, but very good-hearted--"
+
+"And," said I, "there are only three hundred and seventy of them, all
+told. I really think I shall do very well there."
+
+"I have no doubt you will. By the way, treat the old gentleman kindly.
+He is terribly cut up at having to sell. 'My dear island,' he writes,
+'is second to my dead son's honor, and to nothing else.' His son, you
+know, Lord Wheatley, was a bad lot, a very bad lot indeed."
+
+"He left a lot of unpaid debts, didn't he?"
+
+"Yes, gambling debts. He spent his time knocking about Paris
+and London with his cousin Constantine, by no means an improving
+companion, if report speaks truly. And your money is to pay the debts,
+you know."
+
+"Poor old chap," said I. I sympathized with him in the loss of his
+island.
+
+"Here's the house, you see," said Mason, turning to the map, and
+dismissing the sorrows of the old lord of Neopalia. "About the middle
+of the island, nearly a thousand feet above the sea. I'm afraid it's a
+tumble-down old place, and will swallow a lot of money without looking
+much better for the dose. To put it into repair for the reception of
+the future Lady Wheatley would cost--"
+
+"The future Lady Wheatley says she won't go there on any account," I
+interrupted.
+
+"But, my very dear lord," cried he, aghast, "if she won't--"
+
+"She won't, and there's an end of it, Mr. Mason. Well, good day. I'm
+to have possession in a month?"
+
+"In a month to the very day--on the seventh of May."
+
+"All right, I shall be there to take it;" and escaping from the legal
+quarter, I made my way to my sister's house in Cavendish Square. She
+had a party, and I was bound to go by brotherly duty. As luck would
+have it, however, I was rewarded for my virtue (and if that's not
+luck in this huddle-muddle world, I don't know what is): the Turkish
+ambassador dropped in, and presently James came and took me up to him.
+My brother-in-law, James Cardew, is always anxious that I should know
+the right people. The pasha received me with great kindness.
+
+"You are the purchaser of Neopalia, aren't you?" he asked, after a
+little conversation. "The matter came before me officially."
+
+"I'm much obliged," said I, "for your ready consent to the transfer."
+
+"Oh, it's nothing to us. In fact, our tribute, such as it is, will be
+safer. Well, I'm sure I hope you'll settle in comfortably."
+
+"Oh, I shall be all right. I know the Greeks very well, you know; been
+there a lot, and, of course, I talk the tongue, because I spent two
+years hunting antiquities in the Morea and some of the islands."
+
+The pasha stroked his beard as he observed in a calm tone:
+
+"The last time a Stefanopoulos tried to sell Neopalia the people
+killed him, and turned the purchaser--he was a Frenchman, a Baron
+d'Ezonville--adrift in an open boat, with nothing on but his shirt."
+
+"Good heavens! Was that recently?"
+
+"No; two hundred years ago. But it's a conservative part of the world,
+you know." And his excellency smiled.
+
+"They were described to me as good-hearted folk," said I;
+"unsophisticated, of course, but good-hearted."
+
+"They think that the island is theirs, you see," he explained, "and
+that the lord has no business to sell it. They may be good-hearted,
+Lord Wheatley, but they are tenacious of their rights."
+
+"But they can't have any rights," I expostulated.
+
+"None at all," he assented. "But a man is never so tenacious of his
+rights as when he hasn't any. However, _autres temps, autres moeurs_.
+I don't suppose you'll have any trouble of that kind. Certainly, I
+hope not, my dear lord."
+
+"Surely your government will see to that?" I suggested.
+
+His excellency looked at me; then, although by nature a grave man, he
+gave a low, humorous chuckle, and regarded me with visible amusement.
+
+"Oh, of course, you can rely on that, Lord Wheatley," said he.
+
+"That is a diplomatic assurance, your excellency?" I ventured to
+suggest, with a smile.
+
+"It is unofficial," said he, "but as binding as if it were official.
+Our governor in that part of the world is a very active man--yes, a
+decidedly active man."
+
+The only result of this conversation was that, when I was buying my
+sporting guns in St. James's Street the next day, I purchased a couple
+of pairs of revolvers at the same time. It is well to be on the safe
+side; and although I attached little importance to the bygone outrage
+of which the ambassador spoke, I did not suppose that the police
+service would be very efficient. In fact, I thought it prudent to be
+ready for any trouble that the Old World notions of the Neopalians
+might occasion. But in my heart I meant to be very popular with them;
+for I cherished the generous design of paying the whole tribute out of
+my own pocket, and of disestablishing in Neopalia what seems to be
+the only institution in no danger of such treatment here--the
+tax-gatherer. If they understood that intention of mine, they would
+hardly be so shortsighted as to set me adrift in my shirt like
+a second Baron d'Ezonville, or so unjust as to kill poor old
+Stefanopoulos as they had killed his ancestor. Besides, as I comforted
+myself by repeating, they were a good-hearted race; unsophisticated,
+of course, but thoroughly good-hearted.
+
+My cousin, young Denny Swinton, was to dine with me that evening at
+the Optimum. Denny (which is short for Dennis) was the only member of
+the family who thoroughly sympathized with me about Neopalia. He was
+wild with interest in the island, and I looked forward to telling him
+all I had heard about it. I knew he would listen, for he was to go
+with me and help me to take possession. The boy had almost wept on my
+neck when I asked him to come; he had just left Woolwich, and was not
+to join his regiment for six months. He was thus, as he put it, "at a
+loose end," and succeeded in persuading his parents that he ought to
+learn modern Greek. General Swinton was rather cold about the project;
+he said that Denny had spent ten years on ancient Greek, and knew
+nothing about it, and would not probably learn much of the newer sort
+in three months; but his wife thought it would be a nice trip for
+Denny. Well, it turned out to be a very nice trip for Denny; but if
+Mrs. Swinton had known--however, if it comes to that, I might just as
+well exclaim, "If I had known, myself!"
+
+Denny had taken a table next but one to the west end of the room, and
+was drumming his fingers impatiently on the cloth when I entered. He
+wanted both his dinner and the latest news about Neopalia; so I sat
+down and made haste to satisfy him in both respects. Travelling with
+equal steps through the two matters, we had reached the first _entrée_
+and the fate of the murdered Stefanopoulos (which Denny, for some
+reason, declared was "a lark") when two people came in and sat down at
+the table beyond ours and next to the wall, where two chairs had been
+tilted up in token of preëngagement. The man--for the pair were man
+and woman--was tall and powerfully built; his complexion was dark, and
+he had good, regular features; he looked, also, as if he had a bit of
+temper somewhere about him. I was conscious of having seen him before,
+and suddenly recollected that by a curious chance I had run up against
+him twice in St. James's Street that very day. The lady was handsome;
+she had an Italian cast of face, and moved with much grace. Her manner
+was rather elaborate, and when she spoke to the waiter, I detected a
+pronounced foreign accent. Taken altogether, they were a remarkable
+couple, and presented a distinguished appearance. I believe I am not
+a conceited man, but I could not help wondering whether their thoughts
+paid me a similar compliment, for I certainly detected both of them
+casting more than one curious glance toward our table; and when the
+man whispered once to a waiter, I was sure that I formed the subject
+of his question. Perhaps he, also, remembered our two encounters.
+
+"I wonder if there's any chance of a row?" said Denny, in a tone that
+sounded wistful. "Going to take anybody with you, Charlie?"
+
+"Only Watkins. I must have him; he always knows where everything is;
+and I've told Hogvardt, my old dragoman, to meet us in Rhodes. He'll
+talk their own language to the beggars, you know."
+
+"But he's a German, isn't he?"
+
+"He thinks so," I answered. "He's not certain, you know. Anyhow, he
+chatters Greek like a parrot. He's a pretty good man in a row, too.
+But there won't be a row, you know."
+
+"I suppose there won't," admitted Denny, ruefully.
+
+"For my own part," said I meekly, "as I'm going there to be quiet, I
+hope there won't."
+
+In the interest of conversation I had forgotten our neighbors; but
+now, a lull occurring in Denny's questions and surmises, I heard the
+lady's voice. She began a sentence--and began it in Greek! That was a
+little unexpected; but it was more strange that her companion cut her
+short, saying very peremptorily, "Don't talk Greek; talk Italian."
+This he said in Italian, and I, though no great hand at that language,
+understood so much. Now why shouldn't the lady talk Greek, if Greek
+were the language that came naturally to her tongue? It would be
+as good a shield against idle listeners as most languages--unless,
+indeed, I, who was known to be an amateur of Greece and Greek things,
+were looked upon as a possible listener. Recollecting the glances
+which I had detected, recollecting again those chance meetings, I
+ventured on a covert gaze at the lady. Her handsome face expressed a
+mixture of anger, alarm, and entreaty. The man was speaking to her now
+in low, urgent tones; he raised his hand once and brought it down
+on the table as though to emphasize some declaration--perhaps some
+promise--which he was making. She regarded him with half angry,
+distrustful eyes. He seemed to repeat his words; and she flung at
+him, in a tone that suddenly grew louder, and in words that I could
+translate: "Enough! I'll see to that. I shall come too!"
+
+Her heat stirred no answering fire in him. He dropped his emphatic
+manner, shrugged a tolerant "As you will," with eloquent shoulders,
+smiled at her, and, reaching across the table, patted her hand. She
+held it up before his eyes, and with the other hand pointed at a ring
+on her finger.
+
+"Yes, yes, my dearest," said he; and he was about to say more, when,
+glancing round, he caught my gaze retreating in hasty confusion to
+my plate. I dared not look up again, but I felt his scowl on me. I
+suppose that I deserved punishment for my eavesdropping.
+
+"And when can we get off, Charlie?" asked Denny, in his clear young
+voice. My thoughts had wandered from him, and I paused for a moment,
+as a man does when a question takes him unawares. There was silence
+at the next table also. The fancy seemed absurd; but it occurred to me
+that there also my answer was being waited for. Well, they could know
+if they liked; it was no secret.
+
+"In a fortnight," said I. "We'll travel easily, and get thereon the
+seventh of next month; that's the day on which I'm entitled to take
+over my kingdom. We shall go to Rhodes. Hogvardt will have bought me a
+little yacht, and then--good-by to all this!" And a great longing
+for solitude and a natural life came over me as I looked round on the
+gilded cornices, the gilded mirrors, the gilded flower-vases, and the
+highly gilded company of the Optimum.
+
+I was roused from my pleasant dream by a high, vivacious voice, which
+I knew very well. Looking up, I saw Miss Hipgrave, her mother, and
+young Bennett Hamlyn standing before me. I disliked young Hamlyn, but
+he was always very civil to me.
+
+"Why, how early you two have dined!" cried Beatrice. "You're at the
+savory, aren't you? We've only just come."
+
+"Are you going to dine?" I asked, rising. "Take this table; we're just
+off."
+
+"Well, we may as well, mayn't we?" said my _fiancée_. "Sorry you're
+going though. Oh, yes, we're going to dine with Mr. Bennett
+Hamlyn. That's what you're for, isn't it, Mr. Hamlyn? Why, he's not
+listening!"
+
+He was not, strange to say, listening, although, as a rule, he
+listened to Beatrice with infinite attention and the most deferential
+of smiles. But just now he was engaged in returning a bow which our
+neighbor at the next table had bestowed on him. The lady there had
+risen already, and was making for the door. The man lingered and
+looked at Hamlyn, seeming inclined to back up his bow with a few
+words of greeting. Hamlyn's air was not, however, encouraging, and the
+stranger contented himself with a nod and a careless "How are you?"
+and with that followed his companion. Hamlyn turned round, conscious
+that he had neglected Beatrice's remark, and full of penitence for his
+momentary neglect.
+
+"I beg your pardon," said he, with an apologetic smile.
+
+"Oh," answered she, "I was only saying that men like you were invented
+to give dinners; you're a sort of automatic feeding-machine. You ought
+to stand open all day. Really, I often miss you at lunch time."
+
+"My dear Beatrice!" said Mrs. Kennett Hipgrave, with that peculiar
+lift of her brows that meant, "How naughty the dear child is! Oh, but
+how clever!"
+
+"It's all right," said Hamlyn, meekly. "I'm awfully happy to give you
+a dinner, anyhow, Miss Beatrice."
+
+Now, I had nothing to say on this subject, but I thought I would just
+make this remark:
+
+"Miss Hipgrave," said I, "is very fond of a dinner."
+
+Beatrice laughed. She understood my little correction.
+
+"He doesn't know any better, do you?" said she, pleasantly, to Hamlyn.
+"We shall civilize him in time, though. Then I believe he'll be nicer
+than you, Charlie. I really do. You're--"
+
+"I shall be uncivilized by then," said I.
+
+"Oh, that wretched island!" cried Beatrice. "You're really going?"
+
+"Most undoubtedly. By the way, Hamlyn, who's your friend?"
+
+Surely this was an innocent enough question; but little Hamlyn went
+red from the edge of his clipped whisker on the right to the edge of
+his mathematically equal whisker on the left.
+
+"Friend!" said he, in an angry tone. "He's not a friend of mine. I
+only met him on the Riviera."
+
+"That," I admitted, "does not, happily, constitute in itself a
+friendship."
+
+"And he won a hundred louis of me in the train between Cannes and
+Monte Carlo."
+
+"Not bad going, that," observed Denny, in an approving tone.
+
+"Is he, then, _un grec_?" asked Mrs. Hipgrave, who loves a scrap of
+French.
+
+"In both senses, I believe," answered Hamlyn, viciously.
+
+"And what's his name?" said I.
+
+"Really, I don't recollect," said Hamlyn, rather petulantly.
+
+"It doesn't matter," observed Beatrice, attacking her oysters, which
+had now made their appearance.
+
+"My dear Beatrice," I remonstrated, "you are the most charming
+creature in the world, but not the only one. You mean that it doesn't
+matter to you."
+
+"Oh, don't be tiresome. It doesn't matter to you, either, you know. Do
+go away, and leave me to dine in peace."
+
+"Half a minute," said Hamlyn. "I thought I'd got it just now, but it's
+gone again. Look here, though; I believe it's one of those long things
+that end in 'poulos.'"
+
+"Oh, it ends in 'poulos,' does it?" said I, in a meditative tone.
+
+"My dear Charlie," said Beatrice, "I shall end in Bedlam, if you're so
+very tedious. What in the world I shall do when I'm married, I don't
+know."
+
+"My dearest!" said Mrs. Hipgrave; and a stage direction might add:
+"Business with brows, as before."
+
+"'Poulos'?" I repeated.
+
+"Could it be Constantinopoulos?" asked Hamlyn, with a nervous
+deference to my Hellenic learning.
+
+"It might, conceivably," I hazarded, "be Constantine Stefanopoulos."
+
+"Then," said Hamlyn, "I shouldn't wonder if it was. Anyhow, the less
+you see of him, Wheatley, the better. Take my word for that."
+
+"But," I objected--and I must admit that I have a habit of thinking
+that everybody follows my train of thought--"it's such a small place
+that, if he goes, I should be almost bound to meet him."
+
+"What's such a small place?" cried Beatrice, with emphasized despair.
+
+"Why, Neopalia, of course," said I.
+
+"Why should anybody except you be so insane as to go there?" she
+asked.
+
+"If he's the man I think, he comes from there," I explained, as I rose
+for the last time; for I had been getting up to go, and sitting down
+again, several times.
+
+"Then he'll think twice before he goes back," pronounced Beatrice,
+decisively; she was irreconcilable about my poor island.
+
+Denny and I walked off together. As we went he observed:
+
+"I suppose that chap's got no end of money?"
+
+"Stefan--?" I began.
+
+"No, no. Hang it, you're as bad as Miss Hipgrave says. I mean Bennett
+Hamlyn."
+
+"Oh, yes, absolutely no end to it, I believe."
+
+Denny looked sagacious.
+
+"He's very free with his dinners," he observed.
+
+"Don't let's worry about it," I suggested, taking his arm. I was not
+worried about it myself. Indeed, for the moment, my island monopolized
+my mind, and my attachment to Beatrice was not of such a romantic
+character as to make me ready to be jealous on slight grounds. Mrs.
+Hipgrave said the engagement was based on "general suitability." Now
+it is difficult to be very passionate over that.
+
+"If you don't mind, I don't," said Denny, reasonably.
+
+"That's right. It's only a little way Beatrice--" I stopped abruptly.
+We were now on the steps outside the restaurant, and I had just
+perceived a scrap of paper lying on the mosaic pavement. I stooped
+down and picked it up. It proved to be a fragment torn from the menu
+card. I turned it over.
+
+"Hullo, what's this?" said I, searching for my eyeglass, which was, as
+usual, somewhere in the small of my back.
+
+Denny gave me the glass, and I read what was written on the back. It
+was written in Greek, and it ran thus:
+
+"By way of Rhodes--small yacht there--arrive seventh."
+
+I turned the piece of paper over in my hand. I drew a conclusion or
+two. One was that my tall neighbor was named Stefanopoulos; another,
+that he had made good use of his ears--better than I had made of mine;
+for a third, I guessed that he would go to Neopalia; for a fourth, I
+fancied that Neopalia was the place to which the lady had declared
+she would accompany him. Then I fell to wondering why all these things
+should be so--why he wished to remember the route of my journey,
+the date of my arrival, and the fact that I meant to hire a yacht.
+Finally, those two chance encounters, taken with the rest, assumed a
+more interesting complexion.
+
+"When you've done with that bit of paper," observed Denny, in a tone
+expressive of exaggerated patience, "we might as well go on, old
+fellow."
+
+"All right. I've done with it--for the present," said I. And I took
+the liberty of slipping Mr. Constantine Stefanopoulos's memorandum
+into my pocket.
+
+The general result of the evening was to increase most distinctly my
+interest in Neopalia. I went to bed, still thinking of my purchase,
+and I recollect that the last thing which came into my head before I
+went to sleep was, "What did she mean by pointing to the ring?"
+
+Well, I found an answer to that later on.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+A CONSERVATIVE COUNTRY.
+
+Until the moment of our parting came, I had no idea that Beatrice
+Hipgrave felt my going at all. She was not in the habit of displaying
+emotion, and I was much surprised at the reluctance with which she
+separated from me. So far, however, was she from reproaching me,
+that she took all the blame upon herself, saying that if she had been
+kinder and nicer to me, I should never have thought about my island.
+In this she was quite wrong; but when I told her so, and assured her
+that I had no fault to find with her behavior, I was met by an almost
+passionate assertion of her unworthiness, and an entreaty that I
+should not spend on her a love that she did not deserve. Her abasement
+and penitence compelled me to show, and indeed to feel, a good deal
+of tenderness for her. She was pathetic and pretty in her unusual
+earnestness and unexplained distress. I went the length of offering
+to put off my expedition until after our wedding; and, although she
+besought me to do nothing of the kind, I believe we might in the end
+have arranged matters on this footing had we been left to ourselves.
+But Mrs. Hipgrave saw fit to intrude on our interview at this point,
+and she at once pooh-poohed the notion, declaring that I should be
+better out of the way for a few months. Beatrice did not resist her
+mother's conclusion; but when we were alone again, she became very
+agitated, begging me always to think well of her, and asking if I were
+really attached to her. I did not understand this mood, which was very
+unlike her usual manner, but I responded with a hearty and warm avowal
+of confidence in her; and I met her questions as to my own feelings
+by pledging my word very solemnly that absence should, so far as I was
+concerned, make no difference, and that she might rely implicitly on
+my faithful affection. This assurance seemed to give her very little
+comfort, although I repeated it more than once; and when I left her, I
+was in a state of some perplexity, for I could not follow the bent
+of her thoughts, nor appreciate the feelings that moved her. I was,
+however, considerably touched, and upbraided myself for not having
+hitherto done justice to the depth and sincerity of nature which
+underlay her external frivolity. I expressed this self-condemnation to
+Denny Swinton, but he met it very coldly, and would not be drawn
+into any discussion of the subject. Denny was not wont to conceal
+his opinions, and had never pretended to be enthusiastic about my
+engagement. This attitude of his had not troubled me before, but I was
+annoyed at it now, and I retaliated by asseverating my affection for
+Beatrice in terms of even exaggerated emphasis, and her's for me with
+no less vehemence.
+
+These troubles and perplexities vanished before the zest and interest
+which our preparations and start excited. Denny and I were like a pair
+of schoolboys off for a holiday, and spent hours in forecasting what
+we should do and how we should fare in the island. These speculations
+were extremely amusing, but in the long run they were proved to be,
+one and all, wide of the mark. Had I known Neopalia then as well as
+I came to know it afterward, I should have recognized the futility of
+attempting to prophesy what would happen there. As it was, we spun our
+cobwebs merrily all the way to Rhodes, where we arrived without event
+and without accident. There we picked up Hogvardt, and embarked in the
+smart little steam yacht which he had hired for me. A day or two was
+spent in arranging our stores and buying what more we wanted, for we
+could not expect to be able to procure anything in Neopalia. I was
+rather surprised to find no letter for me from the old lord, but I had
+no thought of waiting for a formal invitation, and pressed on the hour
+of departure as much as I could. Here, also, I saw the first of my new
+subjects, Hogvardt having engaged a couple of men who had come to him,
+saying they were from Neopalia and were anxious to work their passage
+back. I was delighted to have them, and fell at once to studying them
+with immense attention. They were fine, tall, capable-looking fellows,
+and they, too, with ourselves, made a crew more than large enough for
+our little boat; for both Denny and I would make ourselves useful on
+board, and Hogvardt could do something of everything on land or water,
+whilst Watkins acted as cook and steward. The Neopalians were, as they
+stated, in answer to my questions, brothers; their names were Spiro
+and Demetri, and they informed us that their family had served the
+lords of Neopalia for many generations. Hearing this, I was less
+inclined to resent the undeniable reserve and even surliness with
+which they met my advances. I made allowance for their hereditary
+attachment to the outgoing family; and their natural want of
+cordiality toward the intruder did not prevent me from plying them
+with many questions concerning my predecessors on the throne of the
+island. My perseverance was ill rewarded, but I succeeded in learning
+that the only member of the family on the island, besides the old
+lord, was a girl whom they called "the Lady Euphrosyne," the daughter
+of the lord's brother, who was dead. Next I asked after my friend of
+the Optimum restaurant, Constantine. He was this lady's cousin once
+or twice removed--I did not make out the exact degree of kinship--but
+Demetri hastened to inform me that he came very seldom to the island,
+and had not been there for two years.
+
+"And he is not expected there now?" I asked.
+
+"He was not when we left, my lord," answered Demetri, and it seemed
+to me that he threw an inquiring glance at his brother, who added
+hastily:
+
+"What should we poor men know of the Lord Constantine's doings?"
+
+"Do you know where he is now?" I asked.
+
+"No, my lord," they answered together, and with great emphasis.
+
+I cannot deny that something struck me as peculiar in their manner,
+but when I mentioned my impression to Denny, he scoffed at me.
+
+"You've been reading old Byron again," he said, scornfully. "Do you
+think they're corsairs?"
+
+Well, a man is not a fool simply because he reads Byron, and I
+maintained my opinion that the brothers were embarrassed at my
+questions. Moreover, I caught Spiro, the more truculent-looking of the
+pair, scowling at me more than once when he did not know I had my eye
+on him.
+
+These little mysteries, however, did nothing but add sauce to my
+delight as we sprang over the blue waters; and my joy was complete
+when, on the morning of the day I had appointed, the seventh of May,
+Denny cried "Land," and, looking over the starboard bow, I saw the
+cloud on the sea that was Neopalia. Day came bright and glorious, and
+as we drew nearer to our enchanted isle, we distinguished its features
+and conformation. The coast was rocky, save where a small harbor
+opened to the sea; and the rocks ran up from the coast, rising higher
+and higher, till they culminated in a quite respectable peak in the
+centre. The telescope showed cultivated ground and vineyards, mingled
+with woods, on the slopes of the mountain; and about half way up,
+sheltered on three sides, backed by thick woods, and commanding a
+splendid sea view, stood an old, gray, battlemented house.
+
+"There's my house!" I cried, in natural exultation, pointing with my
+finger. It was a moment in my life--a moment to mark.
+
+"Hurrah!" cried Denny, throwing up his hat in sympathy.
+
+Demetri was standing near, and met this ebullition with a grim smile.
+
+"I hope my lord will find the house comfortable," said he.
+
+"We shall soon make it comfortable," said Hogvardt. "I dare say it's
+half a ruin now."
+
+"It is good enough now for a Stefanopoulos," said the fellow, with
+a surly frown. The inference we were meant to draw was plain even to
+incivility.
+
+At five o'clock in the evening we entered the harbor of Neopalia and
+brought up alongside a rather crazy wooden jetty that ran some
+fifty feet out from the shore. Our arrival appeared to create great
+excitement. Men, women, and children came running down the narrow,
+steep street which climbed up the hill from the harbor. We heard
+shrill cries, and a hundred fingers were pointed at us. We landed;
+nobody came forward to greet us. I looked round, and saw no one who
+could be the old lord; but I perceived a stout man who wore an air of
+importance, and, walking up to him, I asked him very politely if he
+would be so good as to direct me to the inn, for I had discovered from
+Demetri that there was a modest house where we could lodge that night,
+and I was too much in love with my island to think of sleeping on
+board the yacht. The stout man looked at Denny and me; then he looked
+at Demetri and Spiro, who stood near us, smiling their usual grim
+smile. And he answered my question by another, a rather abrupt one:
+"What do you want, sir?" And he slightly lifted his tasselled cap and
+replaced it on his head.
+
+"I want to know the way to the inn," I answered.
+
+"You have come to visit Neopalia?" he asked.
+
+A number of people had gathered round us now, and all fixed their eyes
+on my face.
+
+"Oh," I said carelessly, "I am the purchaser of the island, you know.
+I have come to take possession."
+
+Nobody spoke. Perfect silence reigned for half a minute.
+
+"I hope we shall get on well together," I said, with my pleasantest
+smile.
+
+Still no answer came. The people round still stared.
+
+At last the stout man, altogether ignoring my friendly advances, said,
+curtly:
+
+"I keep the inn. Come. I will take you to it."
+
+He turned and led the way up the street. We followed, the people
+making a lane for us, and still regarding us with stony stares. Denny
+gave expression to my feelings, as well as his own:
+
+"It can hardly be described as an ovation," he observed.
+
+"Surly brutes," muttered Hogvardt.
+
+"It is not the way to receive his lordship," agreed Watkins, more in
+sorrow than in anger. Watkins had very high ideas of the deference due
+to "his lordship."
+
+The fat innkeeper walked ahead. I quickened my pace and overtook him.
+
+"The people do not seem very pleased to see me," I remarked.
+
+He shook his head, but made no answer. Then he stopped before a
+substantial house. We followed him in, and he led us up-stairs to a
+large room. It overlooked the street, but, somewhat to my surprise,
+the windows were heavily barred. The door also was massive, and had
+large bolts inside and out.
+
+"You take good care of your houses, my friend," said Denny, with a
+laugh.
+
+"We like to keep what we have, in Neopalia," said he.
+
+I asked him if he would provide us with a meal, and, assenting
+gruffly, he left us alone. The food was some time in coming, and we
+stood at the window, peering through our prison bars. Our high spirits
+were dashed by the unfriendly reception; my island should have been
+more gracious, it was so beautiful.
+
+"However, it's a better welcome than we should have got two hundred
+years ago," I said, with a laugh, trying to make the best of the
+matter.
+
+Dinner, which the landlord brought in himself, cheered us again, and
+we lingered over it till dusk began to fall, discussing whether I
+ought to visit the lord, or whether, seeing that he had not come to
+receive me, my dignity did not demand that I should await his visit;
+and it was on this latter course that we finally decided.
+
+"But he'll hardly come to-night," said Denny, jumping up. "I wonder if
+there are any decent beds here!"
+
+Hogvardt and Watkins had, by my directions, sat down with us; and the
+former was now smoking his pipe at the window, while Watkins was busy
+overhauling our luggage. We had brought light bags, the rods, guns,
+and other smaller articles. The rest was in the yacht. Hearing beds
+mentioned, Watkins shook his head in dismal presage, saying:
+
+"We had better sleep on board, my lord."
+
+"Not I! What, leave the island, now we've got here? No, Watkins!"
+
+"Very good, my lord," said Watkins, impassively.
+
+A sudden call came from Hogvardt, and I joined him at the window.
+
+The scene outside was indeed remarkable. In the narrow, paved street,
+gloomy now in the failing light; there must have been fifty or sixty
+men standing in a circle, surrounded by an outer fringe of women
+and children; and in the centre stood our landlord, his burly figure
+swaying to and fro, as he poured out a low-voiced but vehement
+harangue. Sometimes he pointed toward us, oftener along the ascending
+road that led to the interior. I could not hear a word he said, but
+presently all his auditors raised their hands toward heaven. I saw
+that the hands held, some guns, some clubs, some knives; and all the
+men cried with furious energy: "_Nai, nai!_" ("Yes, yes!") And then
+the whole body--and the greater part of the grown men on the island
+must have been present--started off, in compact array, up the road,
+the innkeeper at their head. By his side walked another man, whom I
+had not noticed before, and who wore an ordinary suit of tweeds, but
+carried himself with an assumption of much dignity. His face I did not
+see.
+
+"Well, what's the meaning of that?" I exclaimed, looking down on the
+street, empty now, save for groups of white-clothed women, who talked
+eagerly to one another, gesticulating, and pointing now toward our
+inn, now toward where the men had gone.
+
+"Perhaps it's their parliament," suggested Denny. "Or perhaps they've
+repented of their rudeness, and are going to erect a triumphal arch."
+
+These conjectures being obviously ironical, did not assist the matter,
+although they amused their author.
+
+"Anyhow," said I, "I should like to investigate the thing. Suppose we
+go for a stroll?"
+
+The proposal was accepted at once. We put on our hats, took sticks,
+and prepared to go. Then I glanced at the luggage.
+
+"Since I was so foolish as to waste my money on revolvers," said I,
+with an inquiring glance at Hogvardt.
+
+"The evening air will not hurt them," said he; and we each stowed
+a revolver in our pockets. We felt, I think, rather ashamed of our
+timidity, but the Neopalians certainly looked rough customers. Then I
+turned the handle of the door. The door did not open. I pulled hard at
+it. Then I looked at my companions.
+
+"Queer," said Denny, and he began to whistle.
+
+Hogvardt got the little lantern, which he always had handy, and
+carefully inspected the door.
+
+"Locked," he announced, "and bolted top and bottom. A solid door,
+too!" and he struck it with his hand. Then he crossed to the window,
+and looked at the bolts; and finally he said to me: "I don't think we
+can have our walk, my lord."
+
+Well, I burst out laughing. The thing was too absurd. Under cover of
+our animated talk the landlord must have bolted us in. The bars made
+the window no use. A skilled burglar might have beaten those bolts,
+and a battering-ram would, no doubt, have smashed the door; we had
+neither burglar nor ram.
+
+"We are caught, my boy," said Denny. "Nicely caught. But what's the
+game?"
+
+I had asked myself that question already, but had found no answer. To
+tell the truth, I was wondering whether Neopalia was going to turn out
+as conservative a country as the Turkish ambassador had hinted. It was
+Watkins who suggested an answer.
+
+"I imagine, my lord," said he, "that the natives [Watkins always
+called the Neopalians "natives"] have gone to speak to the gentleman
+who sold the island to your lordship."
+
+"Gad!" said Denny, "I hope it will be a pleasant interview."
+
+Hogvardt's broad, good-humored face had assumed an anxious look. He
+knew something about the people of these islands; so did I.
+
+"Trouble, is it?" I asked him.
+
+"I'm afraid so," he answered; and then we turned to the window
+again, except Denny, who wasted some energy and made a useless din by
+battering at the door, till we beseeched him to let it alone.
+
+There we sat for nearly two hours. Darkness fell, the women had ceased
+their gossiping, but still stood about the street, and in the doorways
+of the house.
+
+It was nine o'clock before matters showed any progress. Then came
+shouts from the road above us, the flash of torches, the tread of
+men's feet in a quick, triumphant march. Then the stalwart figures of
+the picturesque fellows, with their white kilts gleaming through the
+darkness, came again into sight, seeming wilder and more imposing
+in the alternating glare and gloom of the torches and the deepening
+night. The man in tweeds was no longer visible. Our innkeeper
+was alone in front. And all, as they marched, sang loudly a rude,
+barbarous sort of chant, repeating it again and again; and the women
+and children crowded out to meet the men, catching up the refrain in
+shrill voices, till the whole air seemed full of it. And so martial
+and inspiring was the rude tune that our feet began to beat in time
+with it, and I felt the blood quicken in my veins. I have tried to
+put the words of it into English, in a shape as rough, I fear, as the
+rough original. Here it is:
+
+  "Ours is the land!
+  Death to the hand
+  That filches the land!
+  Dead is that hand,
+  Ours is the land!
+  Forever we hold it.
+  Dead's he that sold it!
+  Ours is the land.
+  Dead is the hand!"
+
+Again and again they hurled forth the defiant words, until they
+stopped at last opposite the inn, with one final, long-drawn shout of
+savage triumph.
+
+"Well, this is a go!" said Denny, drawing a long breath. "What are the
+beggars up to?"
+
+"What have they been up to?" I asked; for I doubted not that the song
+we had heard had been chanted over a dead Stefanopoulos two hundred
+years before.
+
+At this age of the world the idea seemed absurd, preposterous,
+horrible. But there was no law nearer than Rhodes, and there only
+Turk's law. The only law here was the law of the Stefanopouloi, and if
+that law lost its force by the crime of the hand that should wield it,
+why, strange things might happen even to-day in Neopalia. And we were
+caught like rats in a trap in the inn!
+
+"I do not see," remarked old Hogvardt, laying a hand on my shoulders,
+"any harm in loading our revolvers, my lord."
+
+I did not see any harm in it either, and we all followed Hogvardt's
+advice, and also filled our pockets with cartridges. I was
+determined--I think we were all determined--not to be bullied by these
+islanders and their skull-and-crossbones ditty.
+
+A quarter of an hour passed, and there came a knock at the door, while
+the bolts were shot back.
+
+"I shall go out," said I, springing to my feet.
+
+The door opened, and the face of a lad appeared.
+
+"Vlacho, the innkeeper, bids you descend," said he; and then, catching
+sight, perhaps, of our revolvers, he turned and ran down-stairs again
+at his best speed. Following him, we came to the door of the inn. It
+was ringed round with men, and directly opposite to us stood Vlacho.
+When he saw me, he commanded silence with his hand, and addressed me
+in the following surprising style:
+
+"The Lady Euphrosyne, of her grace, bids you depart in peace. Go,
+then, to your boat, and depart, thanking God for his mercy."
+
+"Wait a bit, my man," said I. "Where is the lord of the island?"
+
+"Did you not know that he died a week ago?" asked Vlacho, with
+apparent surprise.
+
+"Died!" we exclaimed, one and all.
+
+"Yes, sir. The Lady Euphrosyne, lady of Neopalia, bids you go."
+
+"What did he die of?"
+
+"Of a fever," said Vlacho, gravely. And several of the men round him
+nodded their heads, and murmured, in no less grave assent: "Yes, of a
+fever."
+
+"I am very sorry for it," said I. "But as he sold the island to me
+before he died, I don't see what the lady, with all respect to her,
+has got to do with it. Nor do I know what this rabble is doing about
+the door. Send them away."
+
+This attempt at hauteur was most decidedly thrown away. Vlacho seemed
+not to hear what I said. He pointed with his finger toward the harbor.
+
+"There lies your boat. Demetri and Spiro cannot go with you, but you
+will be able to manage her yourselves. Listen, now! Till six in the
+morning you are free to go. If you are found in Neopalia one minute
+after, you will never go. Think and be wise." And he and all the rest
+of them, as though one spring moved them, wheeled round, and marched
+off up the hill again, breaking out into the old chant when they had
+gone about a hundred yards; and we were left alone in the doorway of
+the inn, looking, I must admit, rather blank.
+
+Up-stairs again we went, and I sat down by the window and looked
+out on the night. It was very dark, and seemed darker now that the
+gleaming torches were gone. Not a soul was to be seen. The islanders,
+having put matters on a clear footing, were gone to bed. I sat
+thinking. Presently Denny came to me, and put his hand on my shoulder.
+
+"Going to cave in, Charlie?" he asked.
+
+"My dear Denny," said I, "I wish you were at home with your mother."
+
+He smiled and repeated, "Going to cave in, old chap?"
+
+"No, by Jove, I'm not!" cried I, leaping up. "They've had my money,
+and I'm going to have the island."
+
+"Take the yacht, my lord," counselled Hogvardt, "and come back with
+enough force from Rhodes."
+
+Well, that was sense; my impulse was nonsense. We four could not
+conquer the island. I swallowed my pride.
+
+"So be it," said I. "But, look here; it's only just twelve. We might
+have a look round before we go. I want to see the place, you know."
+For I was very sorely vexed at being turned out of my island.
+
+Hogvardt grumbled a little at this, but here I overruled him. We took
+our revolvers again, left the inn, and struck straight up the road.
+For nearly a mile we mounted, the way becoming steeper with every
+step. Then there was a sudden turn off the main road.
+
+"That will lead to the house," said Hogvardt, who had studied the map
+of Neopalia very carefully.
+
+"Then we'll have a look at the house. Show us a light, Hogvardt. It's
+precious dark."
+
+Hogvardt opened his lantern, and cast its light in the way. But
+suddenly he extinguished it again, and drew us close in to the rocks
+that edged the road. We saw coming toward us in the darkness two
+figures. They rode small horses. Their faces could not be seen; but as
+they passed our silent, motionless forms, one said in a clear, sweet,
+girlish voice:
+
+"Surely they will go?"
+
+"Ay, they'll go, or pay the penalty," said the other voice, and at
+the sound of it I started. For it was the voice of my neighbor in the
+restaurant, Constantine Stefanopoulos.
+
+"I shall be near at hand, sleeping in the town," said the girl's
+voice, "and the people will listen to me."
+
+"The people will kill them, if they do not go," we heard Constantine
+answer, in tones that witnessed no great horror at the idea. Then the
+couple disappeared in the darkness.
+
+"On to the house!" I cried in sudden excitement. For I was angry now,
+angry at the utter, humbling scorn with which they treated me.
+
+Another ten minutes' groping brought us in front of the old gray house
+which we had seen from the sea. We walked boldly up to it. The door
+stood open. We went in, and found ourselves in a large hall. The
+wooden floor was carpeted, here and there, with mats and skins. A
+long table ran down the middle. The walls were decorated with mediæval
+armor and weapons. The windows were but narrow slits, the walls
+massive and deep. The door was a ponderous, iron-bound affair, that
+shamed even the stout doors of our inn. I called loudly, "Is any one
+here?" Nobody answered. The servants must have been drawn off to the
+town by the excitement of the procession and the singing; or perhaps
+there were no servants. I could not tell. I sat down in a large
+armchair by the table. I enjoyed the sense of proprietorship. Denny
+sat on the table by me, dangling his legs. For a long while none of us
+spoke. Then I exclaimed, suddenly:
+
+"By heaven! why shouldn't we see it through?" And I rose and put my
+hands against the massive door, and closed and bolted it, saying, "Let
+them open that at six o'clock in the morning."
+
+"Hurrah!" cried Denny, leaping down from his table, on fire with
+excitement in a moment.
+
+I faced Hogvardt. He shook his head, but he smiled. Watkins stood by,
+with his usual imperturbability. He wanted to know what his lordship
+decided, that was all; and when I said nothing more, he asked:
+
+"Then your lordship will sleep here to-night?"
+
+"I'll stay here to-night, anyhow, Watkins," said I. "I'm not going to
+be driven out of my own island by anybody!"
+
+And I brought my fist down with a crash on the table. And then, to our
+amazement, we heard--from somewhere in the dark recesses of the hall,
+where the faint light of Hogvardt's lantern did not reach--a low, but
+distinct, groan, as of some one in pain. Watkins shuddered; Hogvardt
+looked rather uncomfortable; Denny and I listened eagerly. Again the
+groan came. I seized the lantern from Hogvardt's hand, and rushed in
+the direction of the sound. There, in the corner of the hall, on
+a couch, covered with a rug, lay an old man in an uneasy attitude,
+groaning now and then, and turning restlessly. And by his side sat an
+old serving-woman in weary, heavy slumber. In a moment I guessed the
+truth--part of the truth.
+
+"He's not dead of that fever yet," said I.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE FEVER OF NEOPALIA.
+
+I looked for a moment on the old man's pale, clean-cut, aristocratic
+face; then I shook his attendant vigorously by the arm. She awoke with
+a start.
+
+"What does this mean?" I demanded. "Who is he?"
+
+"Heaven help us, who are you?" she cried, leaping up in alarm. Indeed,
+we four, with our eager, fierce faces, may have looked disquieting
+enough.
+
+"I am Lord Wheatley; these are my friends," I answered in brisk, sharp
+tones.
+
+"What, it is you, then--?" A wondering gaze ended her question.
+
+"Yes, yes, it is I. I have bought the island. We came out for a walk
+and--"
+
+"But he will kill you, if he finds you here."
+
+"He? Who?"
+
+"Ah, pardon, my lord--they will kill you, they--the people--the men of
+the island."
+
+I gazed at her sternly. She shrank back in confusion. And I spoke at a
+venture, yet in a well-grounded hazard:
+
+"You mean that Constantine Stefanopoulos will kill me?"
+
+"Ah, hush!" she cried. "He may be here! He may be anywhere!"
+
+"He may thank his stars he's not here," said I grimly, for my blood
+was up. "Attend, woman! Who is this?"
+
+"It is the lord of the island, my lord," she answered. "Alas, and
+he is wounded, I fear, to death. And yet I fell asleep. But I was so
+weary."
+
+"Wounded--by whom?"
+
+Her face suddenly became vacant and expressionless.
+
+"I do not know, my lord. It happened in the crowd. It was a mistake.
+My dear lord had yielded what they asked. Yet some one--no, by heaven,
+my lord, I do not know whom--stabbed him! And he cannot live."
+
+"Tell me the whole thing," I commanded.
+
+"They came up here, my lord, all of them--Vlacho and all, and with
+them my Lord Constantine. And the Lady Euphrosyne was away; she is
+often away, down on the rocks by the sea, watching the waves. And they
+came and said that a man had landed who claimed our island as his--a
+man of your name, my lord. And when my dear lord said he had sold the
+island to save the honor of his house and race, they were furious, and
+Vlacho raised the death chant that One-eyed Alexander the Bard wrote
+on the death of Stefan Stefanopoulos long ago. And they came near with
+knives, demanding that my dear lord should send away the stranger; for
+the men of Neopalia were not to be bought and sold like bullocks or
+like pigs. At first my lord would not yield; and they swore they would
+kill the stranger and my lord also. Then they pressed closer. Vlacho
+was hard on him with drawn knife, and the Lord Constantine stood by
+him, praying him to yield, and Constantine drew his own knife, saying
+to Vlacho that he must fight him also before he killed the old lord.
+But at that Vlacho smiled--and then--and then--ah, my dear lord!"
+
+For a moment her voice broke, and sobs supplanted words. But she drew
+herself up, and, after a glance at the old man, whom her vehement
+speech had not availed to waken, she went on:
+
+"And then those behind cried out that there was enough talk. Would he
+yield or would he die? And they rushed forward, pressing the nearest
+against him. And he, an old man, frail and feeble--yet once he was
+as brave a man as any--cried, in his weak tones: 'Enough, friends, I
+yield; I--' And they fell back. But my lord stood for an instant; then
+he set his hand to his side, and swayed and tottered and fell, and the
+blood ran from his side. And the Lord Constantine fell on his knees
+beside him, crying: 'Who stabbed him?' And Vlacho smiled grimly, and
+the others looked at one another. And I, who had run out from the
+doorway whence I had seen it all, knelt by my lord and stanched the
+blood. Then Vlacho said, fixing his eyes straight and keen on the Lord
+Constantine, 'It was not I, my lord,' 'Nor I, by heaven!' cried the
+Lord Constantine; and he rose to his feet, demanding: 'Who struck the
+blow?' But none answered, and he went on: 'Nay, if it were in error,
+if it were because he would not yield, speak! There shall be pardon,'
+But Vlacho, hearing this, turned himself round and faced them all,
+saying: 'Did he not sell us like oxen and like pigs?' and he broke
+into the death chant, and they all raised the chant, none caring any
+more who had struck the blow. And Lord Constantine--" The impetuous
+flow of the old woman's story was frozen to sudden silence.
+
+"Well, and Lord Constantine?" said I, in low, stern tones, that
+quivered with excitement; and I felt Denny's hand, that was on my arm,
+jump up and down. "And Constantine, woman?"
+
+"Nay, he did nothing," said she. "He talked with Vlacho a while, and
+then they went away, and he bade me tend my lord, and went himself
+to seek the Lady Euphrosyne. And presently he came back with her. Her
+eyes were red, and she wept afresh when she saw my poor lord, for she
+loved him. And she sat by him till Constantine came and told her that
+you would not go, and that you and your friends would be killed if
+you did not go. And then, weeping to leave my lord, she went, praying
+heaven she might find him alive when she returned. 'I must go,' she
+said to me; 'for though it is a shameful thing that the island should
+have been sold, yet these men must be persuaded to go away and not
+meet death. Kiss him for me if he awakes.' Thus she went, and left
+me with my lord, and I fear he will die." And she ended in a burst of
+sobbing.
+
+For a moment there was silence. Then I said again:
+
+"Who struck the blow, woman? Who struck the blow?"
+
+She shrank from me as though I had struck her. "I do not know, I do
+not know," she moaned.
+
+Then a thing happened that seemed strange and awful in the gloomy,
+dark hall. For the stricken man opened his eyes, his lips moved, and
+he groaned: "Constantine! You, Constantine!" and the old woman's eyes
+met mine for a moment, and fell to the ground again.
+
+"Why--why, Constantine?" moaned the wounded man. "I had yielded--I had
+yielded, Constantine. I would have sent them--" His words ceased, his
+eyes closed, his lips met again, but met only to part. A moment later
+his jaw dropped. The old lord of Neopalia was dead.
+
+Then I, carried away by anger and by hatred of the man who, for a
+reason I did not yet understand, had struck so foul a blow against his
+kinsman and an old man, did a thing so rash that it seems to me now,
+when I consider it in the cold light of the past, a mad deed. Yet then
+I could do nothing else; and Denny's face, aye, and the eyes of the
+others, too, told me that they were with me.
+
+"Compose this old man's body," I said, "and we will watch it. And do
+you go and tell this Constantine Stefanopoulos that I know his crime,
+that I know who struck that blow, and that what I know all men shall
+know, and that I will not rest day nor night until he has paid the
+penalty of this murder. And tell him I swore this on the honor of an
+English gentleman."
+
+"And say I swore it, too!" cried Denny; and Hogvardt and Watkins, not
+making bold to speak, ranged up close to me; and I knew that they also
+meant what I meant.
+
+The old woman looked at me with searching eyes.
+
+"You are a bold man, my lord," said she.
+
+"I see nothing to be afraid of up to now," said I. "Such courage as
+is needed to tell a scoundrel what I think of him, I believe I can
+claim."
+
+"But he will never let you go now. You would go to Rhodes, and tell
+his--tell what you say of him."
+
+"Yes, and farther than Rhodes, if need be. He shall die for it as sure
+as I live."
+
+A thousand men might have tried in vain to persuade me; the treachery
+of Constantine had fired my heart and driven out all opposing motives.
+
+"Do as I bid you," said I, sternly, "and waste no time on it. We will
+watch here by the old man till you return."
+
+"My lord," she replied, "you run on your own death. And you are young,
+and the young man by you is yet younger."
+
+"We are not dead yet," said Denny; and I had never seen him look as
+he did then; for the gayety was out of his face, and he spoke from
+between stern-set lips.
+
+She raised her hands toward heaven--whether in prayer or in
+lamentation, I do not know. We turned away and left her to her sad
+offices, and going back to our places, waited there till dawn began to
+break, and from the narrow windows we saw the gray crests of the waves
+dancing and frolicking in the early dawn. As I watched them the old
+woman was by my elbow.
+
+"It is done, my lord," said she. "Are you still of the same mind?"
+
+"Still of the same," said I.
+
+"It is death--death for you all," she said; and without more she went
+to the great door. Hogvardt opened it for her, and she walked away
+down the road, between the high rocks that bounded the path on either
+side. Then we went and carried the old man to a room that opened off
+the hall, and, returning, stood in the doorway, cooling our brows in
+the fresh, early air. And while we stood, Hogvardt said suddenly:
+
+"It is five o'clock."
+
+"Then we have only an hour to live," said I, smiling, "if we do not
+make for the yacht."
+
+"You're not going back to the yacht, my lord?"
+
+"I'm puzzled," I admitted. "If we go this ruffian will escape. And if
+we don't go--"
+
+"Why, we," Hogvardt ended for me, "may not escape."
+
+I saw that Hogvardt's sense of responsibility was heavy; he always
+regarded himself as the shepherd, his employers as the sheep. I
+believe this attitude of his confirmed my destiny, for I said, without
+hesitation:
+
+"Oh, we'll chance that. When they know what a villain the fellow is,
+they'll turn against him. Besides, we said we'd wait here."
+
+Denny seized on my last words with alacrity. When you are determined
+to do a rash thing, there is great comfort in feeling that you are
+already committed to it by some previous act or promise.
+
+"So we did," he cried. "Then that settles it, Hogvardt."
+
+"His lordship certainly expressed that intention," observed Watkins,
+appearing at this moment with a large loaf of bread and a great
+pitcher of milk. I eyed these viands.
+
+"I bought the house and its contents," said I. "Come along."
+
+Watkins's further researches produced a large chunk of native cheese;
+and when he had set this down, he remarked:
+
+"In a pen behind the house, close to the kitchen windows, there are
+two goats; and your lordship sees there, on the right of the front
+door, two cows tethered."
+
+I began to laugh, Watkins was so wise and solemn.
+
+"We can stand a siege, you mean?" I asked. "Well, I hope it won't come
+to that."
+
+Hogvardt rose, and began to move round the hall, examining the weapons
+that decorated the walls. From time to time he grunted disapprovingly;
+the guns were useless, rusted, out of date, and there was no
+ammunition for them. But when he had almost completed his circuit,
+he gave an exclamation of satisfaction, and came to me, holding an
+excellent modern rifle and a large cartridge case.
+
+"See!" he grunted, in huge satisfaction. "C.S. on the stock, I suspect
+you can guess whose it is, my lord."
+
+"This is very thoughtful of Constantine," observed Denny, who was
+employing himself in cutting imaginary lemons in two with a fine
+damascened scimiter that he had taken from the wall.
+
+"As for the cows," said I, "perhaps they will carry them off."
+
+"I think not," said Hogvardt, taking an aim with the rifle through the
+window.
+
+I looked at my watch. It was five minutes past six.
+
+"Well, we can't go now," said I. "It's settled. What a comfort!" I
+wonder if I had ever in my heart meant to go!
+
+The next hour passed very quietly. We sat smoking pipes and cigars,
+and talking in subdued tones. The recollection of the dead man in
+the adjoining room sobered the excitement to which our position would
+otherwise have given occasion. Indeed, I suppose that I, at least, who
+had led the rest into this _imbroglio_ through my whim, should have
+been utterly overwhelmed by the burden on me. But I was not. Perhaps
+Hogvardt's assumption of responsibility relieved me; perhaps I was too
+full of anger against Constantine to think of the risks we ourselves
+ran; and I was more than half persuaded that the revelation of what he
+had done would rob him of his power to hurt us. Moreover, if I might
+judge from the words I heard on the road, we had on our side an ally
+of uncertain, but probably considerable, power, in the sweet-voiced
+girl whom the old woman called the Lady Euphrosyne; and she would not
+support her uncle's murderer even though he were her cousin.
+
+Presently Watkins carried me off to view his pen of goats, and, having
+passed through the lofty, flagged kitchen, I found myself in a sort of
+compound formed by the rocks. The ground had been levelled for a few
+yards, and the cliffs rose straight to the height of ten or twelve
+feet; from the top of this artificial bank they ran again, in wooded
+slopes, toward the peak of the mountain. I followed their course
+with my eye, and five hundred or more feet above us, just beneath the
+summit, I perceived a little wooden _chalet_ or bungalow. Blue smoke
+issued from the chimneys, and, even while we looked, a figure came out
+of the door and stood still in front of it, apparently looking down
+toward the house.
+
+"It's a woman," I pronounced.
+
+"Yes, my lord. A peasant's wife, I suppose."
+
+"I dare say," said I. But I soon doubted Watkins's opinion--in the
+first place, because the woman's dress did not look like that of
+a peasant woman; and, secondly, because she went into the house,
+appeared again, and levelled at us what was, if I mistook not, a large
+pair of binocular glasses. Now, such things were not likely to be
+in the possession of the peasants of Neopalia. Then she suddenly
+retreated, and through the silence of those still slopes we heard the
+door of the cottage closed with violence.
+
+"She doesn't seem to like the look of us," said I.
+
+"Possibly," suggested Watkins, with deference, "she did not expect to
+see your lordship here."
+
+"I should think that's very likely, Watkins," said I.
+
+I was recalled from the survey of my new domains--my satisfaction in
+the thought that they were mine survived all the disturbing features
+of the situation--by a call from Denny. In response to it I hurried
+back to the hall, and found him at the window, with Constantine's
+rifle rested on the sill.
+
+"I could pick him off pat," said Denny, laughingly, and he pointed to
+a figure which was approaching the house. It was a man riding a stout
+pony. When he came within about two hundred yards of the house he
+stopped, took a leisurely look, and then waved a white handkerchief.
+
+"The laws of war must be observed," said I, smiling. "This is a
+flag of truce." And I opened the door, stepped out, and waved my
+handkerchief in return. The man, reassured, began to mop his brow with
+the flag of truce, and put his pony to a trot. I now perceived him to
+be the innkeeper Vlacho, and a moment later he reined up beside me,
+giving an angry jerk at his pony's bridle.
+
+"I have searched the island for you," he cried. "I am weary and hot.
+How came you here?"
+
+I explained to him briefly how I had chanced to take possession of my
+house, and added, significantly:
+
+"But has no message come to you from me?"
+
+He smiled with equal meaning as he answered:
+
+"No. An old woman came to speak to a gentleman who is in the village."
+
+"Yes, to Constantine Stefanopoulos," said I with a nod.
+
+"Well, then, if you will, to the Lord Constantine," he admitted, with
+a careless shrug; "but her message was for his ear only. He took her
+aside, and they talked alone."
+
+"You know what she said, though."
+
+"That is between my Lord Constantine and me."
+
+"And the young lady knows it, I hope--the Lady Euphrosyne?"
+
+Vlacho smiled broadly.
+
+"We could not distress her with such a silly tale," he answered; and
+he leant down toward me. "Nobody has heard the message but the lord
+and one man he told it to; and nobody will. If that old woman spoke,
+she--well, she knows, and will not speak."
+
+"And you back up this murderer?" I cried.
+
+"Murderer?" he repeated, questioningly. "Indeed, sir, it was an
+accident, done in hot blood. It was the old man's fault, because he
+tried to sell the island."
+
+"He did sell the island," I corrected. "And a good many other people
+will hear of what happened to him."
+
+He looked at me again, smiling.
+
+"If you shouted in the hearing of every man in Neopalia, what would
+they do?" he asked, scornfully.
+
+"Well, I should hope," I returned, "that they'd hang Constantine to
+the tallest tree you've got here."
+
+"They would do this," he said, with a nod; and he began to sing softly
+the chant I had heard the night before.
+
+I was disgusted at his savagery, but I said coolly:
+
+"And the lady?"
+
+"The lady believes what she is told, and will do as her cousin bids
+her. Is she not his affianced wife?"
+
+"The deuce she is!" I cried in amazement, fixing a keen scrutiny on
+Vlacho's face. The face told me nothing.
+
+"Certainly," he said, gently. "And they will rule the island
+together."
+
+"Will they, though?" said I. I was becoming rather annoyed. "There are
+one or two obstacles in the way of that. First, it's my island."
+
+He shrugged his shoulders again. "That," he seemed to say, "is not
+worth answering." But I had a second shot in the locker for him, and
+I let him have it for what it was worth. I knew it might be worth
+nothing, but I tried it.
+
+"And secondly," I observed, "how many wives does Constantine propose
+to have?"
+
+A hit! A hit! A palpable hit! I could have sung in glee. The fellow
+was dumb-founded. He turned red, bit his lip, scowled fiercely.
+
+"What do you mean?" he blurted out, with an attempt at blustering
+defiance.
+
+"Never mind what I mean. Something, perhaps, that the Lady Euphrosyne
+might care to know. And now, my man, what do you want of me?"
+
+He recovered his composure, and stated his errand with his old, cool
+assurance; but the cloud of vexation still hung heavy on his brow.
+
+"On behalf of the lady of the island--" he began.
+
+"Or shall we say her cousin?" I interrupted.
+
+"Which you will," he answered, as though it were not worth while to
+wear the mask any longer. "On behalf, then, of my Lord Constantine, I
+am to offer you safe passage to your boat, and a return of the money
+you have paid."
+
+"How's he going to pay that?"
+
+"He will pay it in a year, and give you security meanwhile."
+
+"And the condition is that I give up the island?" I asked; and I began
+to think that perhaps I owed it to my companions to acquiesce in this
+proposal, however distasteful it might be to me.
+
+"Yes," said Vlacho; "and there is one other small condition, which
+will not trouble you."
+
+"And what's that? You're rich in conditions."
+
+"You are lucky to be offered any. It is that you mind your own
+business."
+
+"I came here for the purpose," I observed.
+
+"And that you undertake, for yourself and your companions, on your
+word of honor, to speak not a word of what has passed in the island,
+or of the affairs of the Lord Constantine."
+
+"And if I won't give my word?"
+
+"The yacht is in our hands; Demetri and Spiro are our men; there will
+be no ship here for two months."
+
+The fellow paused, smiling at me. I took the liberty of ending his
+period for him.
+
+"And there is," I said, returning the smile, "as we know by now, a
+particularly sudden and fatal form of fever in the island."
+
+"Certainly; you may chance to find that out," said he.
+
+"But is there no antidote?" I asked; and I showed him the butt of my
+revolver in the pocket of my coat.
+
+"It may keep it off for a day or two; not longer. You have the bottle
+there, but most of the drug is with your baggage at the inn."
+
+His parable was true enough; we had only two or three dozen cartridges
+apiece.
+
+"But there is plenty of food for Constantine's rifle," said I,
+pointing to the muzzle of it, which protruded from the window.
+
+He suddenly became impatient.
+
+"Your answer, sir?" he demanded, peremptorily.
+
+"Here it is," said I. "I'll keep the island, and I'll see Constantine
+hanged."
+
+"So be it, so be it!" he cried. "You are warned; so be it!" and
+without another word he turned his pony and trotted rapidly off down
+the road. And I went back to the house, feeling, I must confess, not
+in the best of spirits. But when my friends heard all that had passed,
+they applauded me, and we made up our minds to "see it through," as
+Denny said.
+
+That day passed quietly. At noon we carried the old lord out of his
+house, having wrapped him in a sheet, and we dug for him as good a
+grave as we could, in a little patch of ground that lay outside the
+windows of his own chapel, a small erection at the west end of the
+house. There he must lie for the moment. This sad work done, we came
+back, and--so swift are life's changes--we killed a goat for dinner,
+and watched Watkins dress it. Thus the afternoon wore away, and when
+evening came we ate our goat flesh, and Hogvardt milked our cows, and
+we sat down to consider the position of the garrison.
+
+But the evening was hot, and we adjourned out of doors, grouping
+ourselves on the broad marble pavement in front of the door.
+Hogvardt had just begun to expound a very elaborate scheme of escape,
+depending, so far as I could make out, on our reaching the other side
+of the island, and finding there a boat, which we had no reason to
+suppose would be there, when Denny raised his hand, saying, "Hark!"
+
+From the direction of the village and the harbor came the sound of a
+horn, blown long and shrill, and echoed back in strange, protracted
+shrieks and groans from the hillside behind us; and following on the
+blast, we heard, low in the distance and indistinct, yet rising and
+falling, and rising again in savage defiance and exultation, the death
+chant that One-eyed Alexander the Bard had made on the death of
+Stefan Stefanopoulos two hundred years ago. For a few minutes we sat
+listening, and I do not think that any of us were very comfortable.
+Then I rose to my feet, and I said:
+
+"Hogvardt, old fellow, I fancy that scheme of yours must wait a
+little. Unless I'm very much mistaken, we're going to have a lively
+evening."
+
+Well, and then we shook hands all round, and went in, and bolted the
+door, and sat down to wait. We heard the death chant through the walls
+now, for it was coming nearer.
+
+(_To be continued._)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: A BROOK IN THE DEPARTMENT OF VAR, FRANCE. FROM A
+PAINTING BY HENRI HARPIGNIES.
+
+In the galleries of the Luxembourg, Paris. First exhibited at the
+Salon of 1888.]
+
+
+
+
+A CENTURY OF PAINTING.
+
+NOTES DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL.--COROT AND THE MODERN PASTORAL.--THE
+MEN OF 1830.--ROUSSEAU, DIAZ, DUPRÉ, AND DAUBIGNY.--FOUR FIGURE
+PAINTERS OF DIFFERING AIMS.
+
+BY WILL H. LOW.
+
+
+"Pictures?" boasted Turner. "Give me canvas, colors, a room to work
+in, _with a door that will lock_, and it is not difficult to paint
+pictures!" This was the spirit of the older men, against which
+Constable rose in his might. It was the legacy of the past; the
+principle, or the lack of it, which permitted Titian (in a picture now
+in the National Gallery, London) to paint the shadows of his figures
+falling away from the spectator into the picture, and _towards_ the
+setting sun in the background. The return to nature, however, was not
+accomplished at once. It is doubtful, indeed, if a painter can ever
+arrive at a respectable technical achievement without imbibing certain
+conventions which prevent complete submission to nature; absolute
+_naïveté_ thus becoming only theoretically possible. Constable, with
+all his independence, dared not throw over all received canons of art.
+And Géricault, while daring to paint a modern theme, daring still more
+to embody it in forms plausibly like average humanity, and refusing to
+place on a raft in mid-ocean a carefully chosen assortment of antique
+statues, still did not think, apparently, that the heavily marked
+shadows prevalent throughout his picture were never seen under the
+far-reaching arch of the sky, but fell from a studio window. Nor do
+the early pictures by Corot free themselves from the influences of the
+academy at once. In the studies which he bequeathed to the Louvre--two
+tiny canvases on which are depicted the Coliseum and the Castle of St.
+Angelo at Rome--the conventional picking out of detail, the painting
+of separate objects by themselves, without due relation to each other,
+is the effect of early study; and it is only in the as yet timid
+reaching for effect of light and atmosphere that we feel the Corot of
+the future. These studies were painted in 1826; and as late as 1835
+the same influences are manifest in the "Hagar and Ishmael in the
+Desert," a historical landscape of the kind dear to the academies,
+but saved and made of interest by the native qualities of the painter
+struggling to the surface.
+
+Jean Baptiste Camille Corot was born in Paris, July 28, 1796. His
+father was originally a barber; but, marrying a dressmaker, he joined
+forces with his wife to such effect that they became the fashionable
+house of their time; and a "dress from Corot's" found its place in the
+comedies of the early part of the century, very much as the name of
+Worth has been potent in later days. The youth's distaste for business
+(certain unfortunate experiences in selling olive-colored cloth
+leading directly thereto) at length vanquished the parents' opposition
+to his choice of a career; and after a solemn family conclave, it was
+decided that he was to have an allowance of three hundred dollars a
+year, and be free to follow his own inclinations. Procuring materials
+for work, Corot sat him down the same day on the bank of the Seine,
+almost under the windows of his father's shop, and began to paint. It
+is prettily related that one of the shop-women, Mademoiselle Rose by
+name, was the only person of his _entourage_ who sympathized with the
+young fellow, and who came to look at his work to encourage him. Late
+in life the good Corot said: "Look at my first study; the colors are
+still bright, the hour and day remain fixed on the canvas; and only
+the other day Mademoiselle Rose came to see me; and, alas, the old
+maid and the old man, how faded they are!"
+
+[Illustration: JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT. AFTER A PHOTOGRAPH FROM
+LIFE.
+
+This portrait represents "good Papa Corot," as he was universally
+known, at work out of doors.]
+
+It was Corot's good fortune to meet at the start a young landscape
+painter, Michallon, who had lately returned from Rome, where he had
+gone after winning the prize for historical landscape, which then
+formed part of the curriculum of the École des Beaux Arts. Michallon
+died in 1824, when only twenty-eight years old, too soon to have shown
+the fruits of an independent spirit which had already revolted against
+the trammels of the school. Desiring to save Corot from the mistakes
+which he had himself made, he adjured him to remain _naïf_, to paint
+nature as he saw it, and to disregard the counsels of those who were
+for the moment in authority. Gentle, almost timid by nature, having
+met so far in life with little but disapproval, Corot disregarded his
+friend's advice at first, and placed himself under the guidance of
+Victor Bertin, a painter then in vogue, and, needless to say, deeply
+imbued with scholastic tradition. In his company Corot made his first
+voyage to Italy, in 1825, and thus came for the first time under the
+true classic influence. The lessons taught in the school of nature,
+where Claude had studied, were those best fitted for the temperament
+of Corot, who has been called "a child of the eighteenth century,
+grown in the midst of that imitation of antiquity so ardent, and so
+often unintelligent, where the Directory copied Athens, and the Empire
+forced itself to imitate Rome." It is a curious and interesting fact
+that when, as in this case, the spirit of classicism reveals itself
+anew, its never-dying influence can be the motive for work as
+fresh and modern as that of Corot. It is also true that the rigid
+enforcement of the study of drawing was a healthy influence on Corot's
+early life. All the pictures of his early period show the most minute
+attention to form and modelling; and when he had finally rid himself
+of the hard manner which it entailed, there remained the substratum of
+a constructive basis upon which his freer brush played at will.
+
+[Illustration: A BY-PATH. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE
+COROT.
+
+One of Corot's later works, and treated with greater freedom than the
+earlier.]
+
+Many years, however, Corot was to wait before the memorable day when
+he bewailed that his complete collection of works had been spoiled, he
+having sold a picture. Living on his modest income, which his father
+doubled when, in 1846, the son was given the cross of the Legion of
+Honor, he was happy with his two loves, nature and painting. Little
+by little he gained a reputation among the artists, especially when,
+after 1835, on his return from a second voyage to Italy, he found
+that the true country of the artist is his native country. After
+that period his works are nearly all French in subject, many of them
+painted in the environs of Paris; though, with his Theocritan spirit,
+he could see the fountain of Jouvence in the woods of Sèvres, and for
+him the classic nymph dwelt by the pond at Ville d'Avray. His life was
+long--he died February 22, 1875--and completely filled with his work.
+
+After Corot's death, there was exhibited at the École des Beaux Arts
+in Paris a collection of several hundred of his pictures, and then,
+perhaps for the first time, the genius of the man was profoundly felt.
+To those who were inclined to undervalue the pure, sweet spirit which
+shone through his work, and to complain of the representation of a
+world in which no breeze stronger than a zephyr blew, in which the
+birds always sang, and the shepherd piped to a flock unconscious
+of the existence of wolves, there were shown efforts in so many and
+various directions as to forever silence their reproach of monotony,
+so often directed against Corot's work. There were landscapes, showing
+the gradual emancipation, due to the most sincere study of nature,
+hard and precise, in the early period; vaporous and filled with
+suggestion, as the sentiment of the day and hour represented became
+important to the painter, and his technical mastery became more
+certain in later years. There were figures, none too well drawn from
+the point of view of David or Ingres, but serving, to a painter whose
+interest in atmospheric problems never ceased, as objects around
+which the luminous light of day played, and which were bathed in
+circumambient air.
+
+[Illustration: EARLY MORNING. JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT.
+
+From a painting now in the Louvre. One of the best known of the works
+of the master, executed during the transitional period, when he still
+gave great attention to detail. The original is remarkable for its
+sense of dewy freshness.]
+
+[Illustration: DIANA'S BATH. JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT.
+
+From a painting in the Museum at Bordeaux.]
+
+[Illustration: A SHALLOW RIVER. FROM A PAINTING BY THÉODORE ROUSSEAU.]
+
+With all this variety, however, the true value of Corot's work lies in
+the expression of the spirit of the man himself. It is often possible,
+and it is always theoretically desirable, to separate the personality
+of a painter from his production in any critical consideration of his
+achievement. It is at least only fair to believe that the light which
+shines from so many canvases is the true expression of many a life
+which is clouded to our superficial view. With Corot, however, it
+is impossible to make this separation. Every added detail of his
+life--and they are so numerous that in the difficulty of a choice they
+must remain unrecorded here--gives a new perception of his work. A
+youthful Virgilian spirit to the day of his death, as old at his
+birth as the classic source from which he sprang, he invented a method
+essentially his own, in which to express his new-old message. In our
+work-a-day, materialistic age, like a thrush singing in a boiler-shop,
+he is the quiet but triumphant vindication of the truth that all
+great art has its roots firmly implanted in the earth of Hellenic
+civilization, though its expression may be, as in Corot's case,
+through an art unknown to the Greeks, and even, as in the case of
+the one greater man of this century than Corot--Millet--by the
+presentation of types which the beauty-loving sons of Hellas disdained
+to represent.
+
+Millet's work must be considered later in these papers, but it
+is useful here to make this passing comment, that with Corot he
+represents what is best in our modern art; that the greatest quality
+of our modern art is its steadfast reliance on nature; and that,
+paradoxical as it may seem, they are alike in taking only that from
+nature which is serviceable to the clarity of their expression, being
+in this both at odds with the common practice of modern painting,
+which usually adopts a more servile attitude towards nature. Corot
+painted out of doors constantly; but in the maturity of his art his
+work was only based upon the scene before him, a practice dangerous to
+the student, and fraught with difficulty to the master. In the fever
+of production; in the almost childish joy which the long neglected
+painter felt when dealers and collectors besieged his door; and,
+finally, in the necessity which arose for large sums of money to carry
+on works of charity, which were his only dissipation, and which it
+was his pride to sustain without impairing the patrimony which in
+the course of time he had inherited, and which he left intact to his
+relatives, Corot undoubtedly weakened his legacy to the future by
+over-production. In addition, his work became the prey of unscrupulous
+dealers (as there is nothing easier to imitate superficially than a
+Corot), and the mediocre pictures signed by his name are not always of
+his workmanship. Such works apart, his art has given us a message from
+the purest source of poetry and painting, couched in a language which
+is thoroughly of our time; and in this year, which is the centenary of
+his birth, it can be said that no other painter of the century, save
+the graver Millet, has held fast that which was good in the art of the
+past, and so enriched it by added truth and beauty as Corot. It
+was fitting that when he lay dying as cheerfully as he had lived,
+contented that he had "had good parents and good friends," beautiful
+landscapes flitted before his eyes, "more beautiful than painting."
+On the morning of February 22, 1875, his servant urged him to eat
+to sustain his strength; but he gently shook his head, saying: "Papa
+Corot will breakfast in heaven to-day."
+
+[Illustration: THE EDGE OF THE FOREST (FONTAINEBLEAU). FROM A PAINTING
+BY THÉODORE ROUSSEAU.]
+
+Eighteen years before, on December 22, 1867, there had died at
+Barbizon, Théodore Rousseau, who, born in Paris, July 15, 1812, had
+been the leader of the revolution in landscape painting, in which we
+to-day count Corot, Daubigny, Dupré, Troyon, Diaz, Jacque, and others
+who, with our mania for classification, we call the "Barbizon school."
+The fact that these men, more than any painters before their time,
+had, by direct study from nature, developed strongly individual
+characteristics, makes this title, localized as it is by the name of a
+village with which a number of them had slight, if any, connection,
+a misnomer. The French name for the group, "the men of 1830," is more
+correct; for it was about that time that their influence in the Salon
+began to be felt, as a result of the pictorial invasion of Constable.
+Lacking the poetic feeling of Corot, and more realistic in his aims,
+though not always in result, Rousseau met with instant success when
+he exhibited for the first time at the Salon in 1834. His picture,
+"Felled Trees, Forest of Compiègne," received a medal, and was
+purchased by the Due d'Orleans. The following year the jury, presided
+over by Watelet, a justly forgotten painter, refused Rousseau's
+pictures, and from that time until 1849, when the overthrow of Louis
+Philippe had opened the Salon doors to all comers, no picture by
+Rousseau was exhibited at the Salon.
+
+[Illustration: ON THE RIVER OISE. FROM A PAINTING BY CHARLES FRANÇOIS
+DAUBIGNY.
+
+A typical French river, with the familiar figures of peasant women
+washing linen in the stream. Probably painted during one of the
+voyages of his house-boat studio "Le Bottin," in which the painter
+passed many summers.]
+
+[Illustration: THE STORMY SEA. FROM A PAINTING BY JULES DUPRÉ.
+
+This powerful picture gives an idea of the dramatic force of one who
+has been fitly termed a symphonic painter.]
+
+[Illustration: A SUNLIT GLADE. FROM A PAINTING BY LÉON GERMAIN
+PELOUSE.
+
+A remarkable rendering of intricate detail without sacrifice of
+general effect, this picture, nevertheless, gives somewhat the
+impression of a photograph from nature.]
+
+In the meantime, however, Rousseau's fame had grown, fostered by the
+more advanced critics of the time. He lived at Barbizon, on the border
+of the forest of Fontainebleau; and, basing his work on the most
+uncompromising study of nature, his pictures bore an impress of simple
+truth, which to our latter-day vision seems so obvious and easily
+understood that nothing could show more clearly the depth of error
+into which his opponents had fallen than the systematic rejection
+of his work for so many years. He was by nature a leader, and in his
+country home he was soon joined by Millet and Charles Jacque, while in
+Paris he had the hearty support of Delacroix and his followers of the
+Romantic school. While forced by circumstances to find allies in these
+men, Rousseau had, however, but little of the imaginative temperament.
+He was, above all, the close student of natural phenomena. He sat,
+an impartial recorder of the phases of nature's triumphal procession.
+Early and late, in the fields, among the rocks, or under the trees
+of the forest, his cunning hand noted an innumerable variety of facts
+which before him, through ignorance or disdain, the landscape painter
+had never seen. It is but fair to say that, like all pioneers in the
+untrodden fields of art, his means of expression at times failed to
+keep pace with his intention. His work is occasionally overburdened
+with detail, through the embarrassment of riches which nature poured
+at his feet. Then, heir to the processes of painting of former
+generations, it seemed to him necessary to endow nature with a warmth
+of coloring, an abuse of the richer tones of the palette, which we may
+presume he would have discarded but for the fact already noted, that
+a painter carries through his earthly pilgrimage a baggage of
+early-formed habits difficult to throw off _en route_. The belief that
+color to be beautiful must of necessity be warm, rich, and deep in
+tone was shared by all painters of Rousseau's time, and lingers still
+in the minds of many, despite the fact that nature has created the
+tea-rose as well as the orange. When, however, Rousseau was completely
+successful--as, for instance, in the "Hoar-frost," in the Walters
+gallery in Baltimore--the reward of his painstaking methods was
+measurably great. In such works as this the rendition of effect, the
+certainty of modelling, the sustained power throughout the work,
+lift it beyond mere transcription of fact into the realm of typical
+creations which appear more true than average reality.
+
+[Illustration: A SHEPHERD AND HIS FLOCK. FROM A PAINTING BY CHARLES
+ÉMILE JACQUE.
+
+A typical example of the master, solidly painted, though, as was often
+his habit, somewhat forced in effect.]
+
+Of the life of Rousseau as the head of the little colony of painters
+who for longer or shorter periods resided at Barbizon, much could
+be said if space permitted. It is pleasant to think that the more
+prosperous Rousseau helped with purse and influence his comrades, and
+that, by nature sad and irritable, he was always considerate of them
+in the many discussions which took place. Corot, ill at ease in the
+revolutionary atmosphere, made an occasional appearance. Diaz, he of
+meridional extraction, turbulent and emphatic, stamped his wooden leg,
+and was as illogical in debate as in painting. Charles Jacque, with
+the keen smile and the facility for absorbing ideas from the best of
+them; Ziem even, who painted Venice for some years in the shades of
+Fontainebleau; Dupré, whose nature expresses itself in deep sunsets
+gleaming through the oaks of the forest; Daubigny, the youngest of the
+group, and the more immediate forerunner of landscape as it is to-day,
+then winning his first success; Decamps, who later sometimes left
+the Imperial Court, domiciled for the moment at the palace of
+Fontainebleau, and brought his personality of a great painter who
+failed through lack of elementary instruction, among them; Daumier,
+the great caricaturist, and possibly greater painter, but for the
+engrossing character of the work which first fell in his way--all
+these and more made up the constantly shifting group. The first
+innkeeper of the place and his wife, whose hyphenated name,
+Luniot-Ganne, commemorated their union, kept for many years on the
+walls, the panels of the doors, and on odd cabinets and bits of
+furniture, _souvenirs_ of the passage of all these men, in the shape
+of sketches made by their hands. This little museum, created in
+sportive mood, bore all these names and many more, those of men, often
+celebrated, who from sympathy or curiosity visited the place. Millet
+was in life, as in art, somewhat apart in the later years; but he was
+the consistent friend of Rousseau, whose life closed in the darkness
+of a disordered mind.
+
+[Illustration: "THE MAN WITH THE LEATHERN BELT." PORTRAIT OF GUSTAVE
+COURBET AS A YOUNG MAN, BY HIMSELF.
+
+From the original, in the Louvre.]
+
+Narcisco Virgilio Diaz de la Peña was the noble name of him who, born
+at Bordeaux in 1807, the son of a Spanish refugee, died at Mentone,
+November 18, 1876. Left an orphan when very young, he drifted to
+Paris, and found work, painting on china, in the manufactory at
+Sèvres. Here he met Dupré, employed like himself; and in their work in
+other fields it is not fanciful to feel the influence of the delight
+in rich translucent color, of the tones employed with over-emphasis
+on the surface of _faïence_. After a bitter acquaintance with poverty,
+Diaz produced work which brought him great popularity. The earlier
+pictures were studies in the forest of Fontainebleau, whose venerable
+tree-trunks, moss-grown; whose lichen-covered rocks, and gleaming
+pools reflecting the sky, he rendered with force of color and strength
+of effect. Gradually he began to attempt the figure, which in his
+hands never attained a higher plane than an assemblage of charming
+though artificial color; and these little _bouquets_, which
+superficially imitated Correggio, Da Vinci, or Prud'hon, as the fancy
+seized the painter, bathed in a color that is undeniably agreeable,
+were and are to this day loved by the collector. Of a whimsical
+temperament, Diaz was the life of artist gatherings; and his facility
+in work, and its popularity, gave him the means of doing many generous
+acts, the memory of which lives. But of the group of men of his time,
+he has exercised, perhaps, the least influence.
+
+[Illustration: THE STONE-BREAKERS. FROM A PAINTING BY GUSTAVE COURBET.
+
+One of Courbet's early pictures, which, when exhibited at the Salon,
+excited considerable discussion, certain adverse critics finding in it
+an appeal to the socialistic elements. It represents a scene common in
+France, where stones are piled by the roadsides, to be broken up for
+repairing the route.]
+
+Jules Dupré rises to a higher plane. But his work, freed from the
+colder academical bondage, is pitched in a key of color which takes us
+to a world where the sun shines through smoke; where the clouds float
+heavily, filled with inky vapors; and the light shoots from behind the
+trees explosively. It is a grave, rhythmic world, however; and if it
+lacks the dewy atmosphere of Corot, it has an intensity which the more
+sanely balanced painter seldom reached. Dupré, born at Nantes in 1812,
+and dying near Paris, at the village of L'Isle-Adam, in 1889, made
+his first important exhibit at the Salon in 1835, after a visit
+to England, where he met Constable. This picture, "Environs of
+Southampton," was typical of the work he was to do. A long waste of
+land near the sea, the middle distance in deepest shadow, and richly
+colored storm-clouds racing overhead; the foreground in sunlight,
+enhanced by the artificial contrast of the rest of the picture; a
+wooden dyke on which, together with two white horses near by, the
+gleam of sunlight falls almost with a sound, so intensified is all the
+effect, make up the picture. Dupré's work is generally keyed up to
+the highest possible pitch, and it is no little merit that, with the
+constant insistence on this note, it is seldom or never theatrical.
+
+Constant Troyon, from sympathy of aim, is commonly included in this
+group, although it was gradually, and after success achieved in
+landscape, that his more powerful cattle pictures were produced, which
+alone entitle him to the place. Born at Sèvres in 1810, where his
+father was employed at the manufactory of porcelain, he was thrown in
+contact with Dupré and Diaz. He first exhibited at the Salon in 1832,
+and for nearly twenty years was known as a landscape painter. His work
+at that time was eclectic, sufficiently in touch with Rousseau, whose
+acquaintance he had made, to be of interest, but never revolutionary
+enough to alarm the academical juries of the Salon. In 1849, after
+a visit to Holland, he turned his attention to animal painting, and
+became in that field the first of his time. In common with his quondam
+comrades in the porcelain manufactory, Troyon delighted in warmth and
+richness of tone and color; but in the rendering of the texture and
+color of cattle the quality availed him greatly, and as objects in his
+foreground the landscape environment gained in depth by its judicious
+use. Troyon will be chiefly remembered by the pictures painted from
+1846 to 1858. The later years of his life, until his death in 1865,
+were passed with a clouded intellect.
+
+[Illustration: THE GOOD SAMARITAN. FROM A PAINTING BY THÉODULE RIBOT.
+
+From the Salon of 1870; now in the Luxembourg. The story of the man
+who went down to Jericho and fell among thieves is here treated as a
+pretext for a forcible effect of light and shade, though it is also a
+novel and dramatic presentation of the scene.]
+
+The youngest of the group proper was Charles François Daubigny, who
+was born in Paris in 1817, and died there in 1878. He was the son of
+a well-known miniature painter, and passed his youth in the country,
+where he imbibed the love for simple nature which he afterwards
+rendered with less of fervor than Rousseau, with less poetry than
+either Corot or Dupré; but, in his way, with as much or more of truth.
+His task was easier. In the progress which landscape painting had
+made, there were hosts of younger painters, each adding a particle
+of truth, each making an advance in technical skill and daring,
+and Daubigny profited by it all. Corot, it is true, had never been
+afflicted with the preoccupation of combining the freshness of nature
+with the _patine_ with which ages had embrowned the old gallery
+pictures; but Daubigny, looking at nature with a more literal eye than
+Corot, ran a gamut of color greater than he. It was Daubigny who said
+of Corot, in envious admiration: "He puts nothing on the canvas, and
+everything is there." His own more prosaic nature took delight in
+enregistering a greater number of facts. Floating quietly down the
+rivers of France in a house-boat, he diligently reproduced the sedgy
+banks, the low-lying distances the poplars and clumps of trees lining
+the shore, and reflected in the waters. He painted the "Springtime,"
+now in the Louvre, with lush grass growing thick around the apple
+trees in blossom; with tender greens, soft, fleecy clouds, and the
+moist, humid atmosphere of France; without preoccupation of rich
+color, of "brown sauce," of "low tone," of the thousand and one
+conventions which have enfeebled the work of men stronger than he.
+Thus he fills a middle place between the men who made an honest effort
+at painting nature as they saw and felt it, but could not altogether
+rid themselves of their early education, and the lawless band who,
+with the purple banner of impressionism, now riot joyously in the
+fields, with brave show of gleaming color, and fearless attempt to
+enlist science in their ranks.
+
+[Illustration: SERVANT AT THE FOUNTAIN. FROM A PAINTING BY FRANÇOIS
+SAINT BONVIN.
+
+From the Salon of 1863; now in the Luxembourg galleries. A quiet
+scene, essentially French from the type of the woman to the "fountain"
+of red copper so often seen in French kitchens, it recalls the work
+of the old Holland masters, and proves that, in our day, and with
+material near at hand, one can be thoroughly modern, and yet claim
+kinship with the great painters of the past.]
+
+It is to these latter that the future must look, and it can do so with
+confidence. In all the license which runs ahead of progress there
+is less danger than resides in stagnation. The men of 1830, who by
+ungrateful youths are now derided, had their turn at derision, and
+extravagances were committed in their name, according to the
+beliefs of their time. They carried their work, however, to its full
+completion, and it remains the greatest achievement of this century
+in painting, the greatest in landscape art of all time. What the
+next century may bring is undoubtedly foreshadowed in the work of
+impressionistic tendency. It has the merit of being a new direction,
+one as yet hardly opened before us, but more hopeful, despite certain
+excesses, than it would be to see the men of our time settle down to
+an imitation of the works, however great, of those men of 1830. The
+immediate effect of their example was and can still be seen in the
+works of men too numerous to be enregistered here.
+
+[Illustration: AN UNHAPPY FAMILY. FROM A PAINTING BY NICOLAS FRANÇOIS
+OCTAVE TASSAERT.
+
+In the Luxembourg catalogue, to which museum the picture came from
+the Salon of 1850, is printed a long quotation from Lamennais's "Les
+Paroles d'un Croyant" (The Words of a Believer), an emphatic work,
+of great popularity about the time that the picture was painted. The
+women represented, having fallen into poverty, are suffering from cold
+and hunger, the obvious end of the tragedy being explained by these
+words, "Shortly after there were seen two forms, luminous like souls,
+which took their flight towards Heaven." The picture, like much of
+Tassaert's work, affords an instance of misguided and morbid talent.]
+
+In Henri Harpignies, a living painter, though now aged, the influence
+is felt in the careful attention to form throughout the landscape.
+The delicate branching of trees is depicted in his work with accuracy
+tempered by a sense of the beauty of line, which prevents it from
+becoming photographic. Léon Germain Pelouse, who was born at Pierrelay
+in 1838, and died in Paris, 1891, carried somewhat the same qualities
+to excess. His pictures, though undeniably excellent, are marred by
+the dangerous facility which degenerates into mere virtuosity.
+Charles Jacque, who was born in 1813, and lived until 1894, was of the
+original group living for many years in Barbizon. He was, perhaps, of
+less original mind than any of the others, but was gifted with a power
+of assimilation which enabled him to form an eclectic style that is
+now recognized as his own. His pictures are many in number and varied
+in character, though his somewhat stereotyped pictures of sheep, done
+in the later years of his life, are best known.
+
+The limits of space render it difficult to make even a summary
+enumeration of certain tendencies in figure painting which marked the
+years of the growth of this great landscape school. Gustave Courbet
+(born at Ornans in 1819, died in Switzerland, 1877), who might be
+classed both as a figure and a landscape painter, would demand by
+right a longer consideration than can be here given. Of his career as
+a champion of realism, as a past master in the peculiarly modern art
+of keeping one's self before the public, culminating in his connection
+with the Commune in Paris in 1871, and the destruction of the column
+in the Place Vendôme, there could be much to say. Courbet was, as
+a painter, a powerful individuality; of more force, however, as a
+painter of the superficial envelope than of the deeper qualities which
+nature makes pictorial at the bidding of one of finer fibre. His claim
+to be considered modern can be contested, inasmuch as it was only in
+subject that his work was novel. In manner of painting he was of a
+time long past, of a school of greater masters than he showed himself
+to be. With this reserve, however, as a vigorous painter, both of the
+figure and landscape, he is interesting; and as one of the first to
+look about him and find his subjects in our daily life, his work will
+live.
+
+Curiously enough, the revival of the art of another epoch in the case
+of Saint Bonvin remained absolutely modern. By nature or by choice
+this painter (born at Vaugirard, near Paris, in 1817, and dying at
+St. Germain-en-Laye in 1887) is a modern Pieter de Hooghe; and as
+the Dutch masters addressed themselves to a painstaking and sincere
+representation of the life about them, in like manner Bonvin, bringing
+to his work much the same qualities, choosing as his subjects quiet
+interiors, with the life of the family pursuing its even tenor (or the
+still more placid progress of conventual life, like the "Ave Maria
+in the Convent of Aramont," in the Luxembourg), remains himself while
+resembling his prototypes. It is instructive to look at his "Servant
+at the Fountain," reproduced here, compare it with many of the
+pictures of familiar life like those of Wilkie, Webster, or Mulready,
+published last month, and note the unconsciousness of the work before
+us.
+
+The work of a painter equally able, though suffering somewhat as
+representing an art with which we moderns have little sympathy, falls
+into comparison here, and undoubtedly loses by it. The unfortunate
+painter, Octave Tassaert, who was born in Paris in 1800, and lived
+there, undergoing constant privation, until he voluntarily ended his
+life in 1874, possibly found consolation for his hard lot in depicting
+scenes like that entitled "An Unhappy Family."
+
+The lesson of the art of the men considered here is that of direct
+inspiration of nature, of reliance on native qualities rather than
+those acquired; and the impulse given by them has continued in force
+until to day. We have before us, as a consequence, two strongly
+defined tendencies which will control the future of painting. The
+first and strongest, for the moment, is the impressionistic tendency,
+with its negation of any pictorial qualities other than those based on
+direct study from objects actually existing. This would, if carried
+to a logical conclusion, eliminate the imaginative quality, and render
+the painter a human photographic camera. The other tendency is that
+which has existed since art was born, and which, though temporarily
+and justly ignored in periods when it is necessary to recreate a
+technical standard, always comes to the surface when men have learned
+their trade as painters. It is the desire to create; the instinct
+which impels one to use the language given him to express thought. The
+two tendencies are not incompatible; and in the end the artist will
+arise who, with certainty of expression, will express thought.
+
+
+
+
+"SOLDIER AN' SAILOR TOO."
+
+BY RUDYARD KIPLING,
+
+AUTHOR OF "BARRACK-ROOM BALLADS," "THE JUNGLE BOOK," ETC.
+
+
+As I was spittin' into the Ditch aboard o' the "Crocodile,"
+I seed a man on a man-o'-war got up in the Reg'lars' style.
+'E was scrapin' the paint from off of 'er plates, an' I sez to 'im:
+           "Oo are you?"
+Sez 'e: "I'm a Jolly--'er Majesty's Jolly--soldier an' sailor too!"
+  _Now 'is work begins by Gawd knows when, and 'is work is never
+           through--
+  'E isn't one o' the Regular line, nor 'e isn't one of the crew--
+  'E's a kind of a giddy herumfrodite--soldier an' sailor too_!
+
+An' after I met 'im all over the world, a-doin' all kinds o' things,
+Like landin' 'isself with a Gatling-gun to talk to them 'eathen kings;
+'E sleeps in an 'ammick instead of a cot, an' 'e drills with the deck
+           on a slue,
+An' 'e sweats like a Jolly--'er Majesty's Jolly--soldier an' sailor too!
+  _For there isn't a job on the top o' the earth the beggar don't
+           know--nor do!
+  You can leave 'im at night on a bald man's 'ead to paddle 'is own
+           canoe;
+  'E's a sort of a bloomin' cosmopolot--soldier an' sailor too_.
+
+We've fought 'em on trooper, we've fought em in dock, an' drunk with
+           'em in betweens,
+When they called us the sea-sick scull'ry maids, an' we called 'em the
+           Ass Marines;
+But when we was down for a double fatigue, from Woolwich to Bernardmyo,
+We sent for the Jollies--'er Majesty's Jollies--soldier an' sailor too!
+  _They think for 'emselves, an they steal for 'emselves, an' they never
+           ask what's to do,
+  But they're camped an fed an' they're up an' fed before our bugle's
+           blew.
+  Ho! they ain't no limpin procrastitutes--soldier an' sailor too_!
+
+You may say we are fond of an 'arness cut or 'ootin' in barrick-yards,
+Or startin' a Board School mutiny along o' the Onion Guards;
+But once in a while we can finish in style for the ends of the earth to
+           view,
+The same as the Jollies--'er Majesty's Jollies--soldier an' sailor too.
+  _They come of our lot, they was brothers to us, they was beggars we'd
+           met and knew;
+  Yes, barrin' an inch in the chest an' the arms, they was doubles o'
+           me and you,
+  For they weren't no special chrysanthemums--soldier an' sailor too_.
+
+To take your chance in the thick of a rush with firing all about
+Is nothing so bad when you've cover to 'and, and leave an' likin' to
+           shout;
+But to stand an' be still to the "Birken'ead" drill is a damn tough
+           bullet to chew,
+And they done it, the Jollies--'er Majesty's Jollies--soldier an'
+           sailor too.
+  _Their work was done when it 'adn't begun, they was younger nor me an
+           you;
+  Their choice it was plain between drownin in 'eaps an bein mashed by
+           the screw,
+  An' they stood an' was still to the "Birken'ead" drill, soldier an
+           sailor too_!
+
+We're most of us liars, we're 'arf of us thieves, an' the rest are as
+           rank as can be,
+But once in a while we can finish in style (which I 'ope it won't
+          'appen to me);
+But it makes you think better o' you an' your friends an' the work you
+          may 'ave to do
+When you think o' the sinkin' "Victorier's" Jollies--soldier an' sailor
+          too.
+  _Now there isn't no room for to say you don't know--they 'ave settled
+          it plain and true--
+  That whether it's Widow or whether it's ship, Victorier's work is to
+          do,
+  As they done it, the Jollies--'er Majesty's Jollies--soldier an sailor
+          too_!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+RACHEL.
+
+BY MRS. E.V. WILSON,
+
+AUTHOR OF "BARBARY," "A BLIZZARD," AND OTHER STORIES.
+
+
+It was the middle of a short December afternoon. From the scholars in
+the little log school-house in the Stillman district rose a buzzing
+sound as they bent over their desks, intent on books or mischief, as
+the case might be. The teacher, a good-looking young man of twenty or
+thereabouts, was busy with a class in arithmetic when a shrill voice
+called out:
+
+"Teacher, Rachel Stillman's readin' a story-book."
+
+"Bring the book to me," said the teacher quietly; and the delinquent,
+a girl of about fourteen, slowly rose and, walking to him, placed a
+much-worn volume in his hands.
+
+"Why," he said, glancing at the open page, "it is 'The Pilgrim's
+Progress.' No wonder you are interested. But you must not read it
+during school hours."
+
+The child lifted to his face a pair of large blue eyes, beautiful with
+timid wistfulness, as she replied:
+
+"I know I oughtn't, sir, but I wanted to see how they got out of
+Doubting Castle so bad."
+
+He smiled. "I will give you the book after school; then you can read
+it at home."
+
+"Oh, no," she whispered; "father won't let me read story-books."
+
+"He surely would not object to this," answered the young teacher; "but
+I will keep it until recess to-morrow, and, never fear, Christian and
+Hopeful will outwit the giant yet."
+
+The wistful eyes brightened, and, with a grateful smile, Rachel
+returned to her desk.
+
+"First class in spelling, take your places," called the teacher.
+
+Rachel belonged to this class, as did all the larger scholars, among
+whom was her brother, Thomas, two years her elder. The teacher had
+promised a prize at the end of the term to the member of the class
+obtaining the greatest number of head marks, and consequently a good
+deal of interest was taken in the lessons.
+
+Rachel had been at the head of the class the evening before; therefore
+she now took her station at its foot. Tom, her brother, now was
+head, and for some time no change in position was made. But finally
+"somebody blundered," and Rachel, who was one of the good spellers,
+went up in the long line. Presently another word was missed, and now
+Rachel walked to the head. Tom pushed her spitefully.
+
+"Another mark, Rachel," said the teacher, "for that is the end of the
+lesson."
+
+The class resumed their seats, and, a few minutes after, school was
+dismissed for the day.
+
+"Good-evening," said the teacher, as Rachel and a younger sister,
+a pretty, delicate child, passed him at the door. "Now, no worrying
+about Christian, Rachel."
+
+"I won't," she laughed. "I guess he'll get out. Didn't he stand up to
+old Apollyon?"
+
+"Like a good fellow," was the reply. "Hope I'll come off as well."
+
+She looked at him inquiringly, but he had turned toward his desk, and
+the sisters set out on their half-mile walk home.
+
+Let us precede them and see what manner of home it is to which these
+children belong.
+
+The farm is a large one, the buildings substantial, and everything has
+a prosperous, well-to-do look. Mr. Stillman, the owner of these broad
+acres and the father of these three, Tom, Rachel, and Susy, as well
+as of three more girls and another stalwart son, is a stout,
+comfortable-looking man of forty-five or fifty. A glance at his close,
+thin lips and keen gray eyes would convince an observant person that
+he would make it very uncomfortable for any one in his power who might
+differ from him in opinion or dispute his authority. Just now he is
+chatting pleasantly with his hired man, and pays no attention to the
+children, who pass him on the way to the house.
+
+Indoors Mrs. Stillman, a slender, fair-haired woman, who looks as if
+she felt she owed the world an apology for living in it, is preparing
+supper, assisted by her two daughters, Elizabeth, a sad-faced woman
+of twenty-four, and Margaret, a girl of eighteen, with her father's
+determined mouth and chin and her mother's large blue eyes and fair
+hair. The clock struck five as the school-girls entered the kitchen,
+a large room which in winter did duty as dining-room as well as
+cooking-room.
+
+"Run in the sitting-room, girls, and get warm," said the mother.
+"Supper is almost ready."
+
+"Oh, we're not cold; are we, Susy? I got another head mark, mother,"
+said Rachel.
+
+The mother smiled. "I hope you or Tom will get the prize. Where is
+he?" She was interrupted by a stamping of feet as the door was thrown
+open and Mr. Stillman, followed by the hired man and Tom, entered the
+room.
+
+"Supper is ready," said Mrs. Stillman. "We were just going to call
+you."
+
+"Well, I guess it will keep till we're ready," answered her husband,
+roughly. "Rachel, get some water; the bucket's empty, of course.
+Margaret, where's the wash-basin? Nothing in its place, as usual. Pity
+there wasn't two or three more girls lazyin' around!"
+
+Nobody replied to this tirade. The hired man picked up the basin,
+Margaret handed a towel, Rachel brought the water, and soon the family
+were gathered around the well-spread table.
+
+"I tell you," said Mr. Stillman, after a few mouthfuls of the savory
+food had apparently put him in a better humor, "I think we'll have
+fine weather for hog-killin' next week, and I never did have a finer
+lot of hogs."
+
+"Oh, father," said Margaret, "don't butcher next week. Friday is
+Christmas day and--"
+
+"Christmas!" interrupted her father. "Well, we always butcher
+Christmas week, don't we?"
+
+"Yes, I know," she said, her lips trembling in spite of her effort
+to control herself. "But we never have enjoyed the holidays, and I
+thought maybe this year you--"
+
+"We will do this year as we always have," broke in the father,
+angrily. "I suppose", with a look at his wife from which she shrank
+as from a blow, "this is one of your plans to have your girls gadding
+over the country."
+
+"Mother never said anything about it," said Margaret, her temper
+getting the better of her; "but nobody else takes Christmas times to
+do their hardest and dirtiest work."
+
+"Will you hush?" thundered the father. "What do I care what anybody
+else does? I am master here."
+
+No one spoke again. The assertion could not be denied. He was master,
+and well his wife and daughters knew it.
+
+Poor Mrs. Stillman! Two fortunate baby girls had died a few weeks
+after their birth, and the tears that fell over the little coffins
+were not half so bitter as those she shed when first she held their
+innocent faces to her heart. When on this evening the father had shown
+his authority, the two elder daughters rose from the table, and taking
+a couple of large buckets, went quietly out to the barnyard, and
+proceeded to milk the half dozen cows awaiting them.
+
+It was nearly dark and very cold; but no word was spoken except to the
+animals, as the girls hurried through the work and hastened back
+to the kitchen, where Rachel and the mother were clearing away
+the supper-table and making the needful preparations for the early
+breakfast.
+
+When all was finished the mother and daughters entered the large room
+adjoining the kitchen, which served as sitting-room for the family and
+bed-room for the parents, Mr. Stillman not permitting a fire kept
+in any other room in the house. Mrs. Stillman sat down with her
+knitting-work as close in the corner as possible; Elizabeth brought
+in a large basket of rags, and she and Margaret were soon busy sewing
+strips and winding balls for a carpet. The younger children were
+absorbed in their lessons at the table, where the father sat reading
+his newspaper.
+
+All were silent, for to have spoken while father was reading would
+have been an unforgivable offence. At last, however, Mr. Stillman
+lifted his eyes from the paper, and addressing Tom, said: "Well, how
+did you get along at school to-day?"
+
+"Oh, first rate," said the boy; but that lost head mark rankled in his
+mind, and he added, "Rachel was called up by the teacher."
+
+"How was that, Rachel?" said her father sharply. Poor girl!--deep in
+the mysteries of long division, she did not hear him.
+
+"Rachel," he repeated, "what were you called up in school for to-day?"
+
+She glanced reproachfully at Tom. "I read a little in 'The Pilgrim's
+Progress,' father. It's not a story-book--"
+
+"Never mind what it is. I send you to school to study, and you're not
+to touch any but your school-books."
+
+"May I bring it home?" she faltered.
+
+"Bring it home, indeed! No, miss. I guess you can find enough to do at
+home. Not another word more, or you will stay at home for good."
+
+The child bent over her slate; but tears would come, and at last a sob
+burst forth.
+
+"Clear out to bed, Rachel," said her father angrily. "I want no
+snivelling here."
+
+Upstairs, in the cold, dark room, what bitter thoughts surged through
+the childish brain!
+
+Mr. Stillman loved his wife and children. He wanted them to be happy,
+but in his way. He must choose their pleasures. If they could not be
+satisfied with what he chose for them, it was not his fault; it was
+their perversity. And as no two souls are alike, the attempt to fit a
+number of them by the same pattern necessarily caused suffering to the
+souls undergoing the operation.
+
+Mrs. Stillman's sensitive organization was completely crushed; her
+eldest daughter's nearly so. Martha, the second daughter, had escaped
+by marrying a clever young man, who first pitied, then loved the
+daughter of his employer, and persuaded her to elope with him,
+assuring her of a happier home than she had with her father.
+
+The marriage angered Mr. Stillman greatly, and all intercourse with
+the disobedient daughter was forbidden.
+
+Margaret, the third daughter, also rebelled at the fitting process;
+and having a goodly portion of her father's determination, many were
+the sharp words that passed between them.
+
+So far Rachel and Susan had given no trouble. He ordered them about
+as he did his dumb animals, and with no more regard to their feelings.
+With his sons it was different. They would be men some day. They must
+be treated with some consideration. At an early age, John, two years
+older than Elizabeth, was given a share in the stock and land to
+cultivate; so that when, at the age of twenty-four, he married, he had
+a "right good start in the world."
+
+But his sister toiled early and late, washing, ironing, milking,
+churning, baking, nursing the younger children, sharing her mother's
+labors, and paid as her mother was--with her board and a scanty,
+grudgingly given wardrobe. She was now twenty-four, and had never
+had a five-dollar bill to spend as she pleased in her life--for that
+matter, neither had the mother. There are many Mr. Stillmans, "Are
+they honest men?" If father and son have the right to be paid for
+their labor, have not the mother and daughter? I leave the question
+with you.
+
+Rachel carried a heavy heart to school next morning. The tinker's
+wonderful allegory to her was very real, and to leave her hero in that
+awful dungeon was almost more than she could bear. When at recess the
+teacher offered her the book, she did not take it.
+
+"Father said," she began--then sobs choked her utterance. He
+understood, and after a moment's silence said: "I am interested in
+Christian as well as you, Rachel, and if you will sit here I will read
+to you." In all her after life Rachel never forgot these readings at
+intermission, which were continued not only until Christian reached
+the Celestial city, but until Christiana and the children completed
+their wonderful journey to the same place. Her gratitude to her young
+teacher would certainly have become love had she been a few years
+older. As it was, when in March the term closed, not even the prize as
+the best speller--a beautiful copy of "Pilgrim's Progress"--consoled
+her for the cessation of school.
+
+As for the teacher, he was glad the winter's work--which had been
+undertaken and conscientiously carried through solely for the purpose
+of obtaining means to pursue the study of his profession--was over.
+He liked some of his scholars very much, Rachel especially; she was
+so interested in her studies, so intelligent and grateful, that when,
+with eyes swimming in tears, she bade him good-by, he felt a moment's
+sorrow at leaving her, and comforted her by telling her what a good
+girl she had been and that he would not forget her.
+
+"You ought to have seen Rache an' Suse cry when old Gray bid us
+good-by," said Tom that evening at home.
+
+"Did you cry?" asked Margaret.
+
+"Guess not! Glad school's out; an' I'm never goin' any more."
+
+"I wouldn't if I were you, bub," said Margaret; "you know enough now."
+She always called him "bub" when she wanted to vex him, "But old Gray,
+as you call him, will be somebody yet, see if he don't."
+
+The entrance of Mr. Stillman closed the conversation, and Tom went
+out, banging the door after him. No wonder Margaret was getting
+ill-natured.
+
+The winter was a long, dull season at Stillman's. Even her enjoyment
+at the few social gatherings she was permitted to attend in the
+neighborhood was marred by the knowledge that she could not entertain
+her young friends in return. She had attempted once to fix up the
+"spare room" and have a fire for some company, but her father had
+peremptorily forbidden it. "I'd like to know," he said, "why the
+settin'-room ain't good enough! If your company is too nice to be with
+the rest of the family they can stay away, miss."
+
+And "they" generally did stay away after one visit. Mr. Stillman was
+not a success as a host, young people thought; and a young minister
+who came home from meeting one Sunday with Elizabeth was so completely
+abashed by the cool reception he met that not even the daughter's
+pleading eyes could persuade him to remain in her father's presence. A
+few weeks after, he went to a distant appointment; and Elizabeth's sad
+face grew sadder than ever.
+
+Jim Lansing, the son of a widow who managed a farm and two grown sons
+with equal skill, was more successful. He usually brought his mother
+with him; and, while she entertained Mr. and Mrs. Stillman, Jim, the
+girls, and the carpet rags escaped to the kitchen.
+
+But spring was near, and Margaret thought: "He can't keep us out of
+the spare room in summer; and, besides, we can be out-of-doors."
+
+June came, with her blue skies, her singing birds, her wealth of
+beauty. But there was no time at Stillman's to enjoy it. A larger crop
+than usual had been put in, and extra hands employed, but not in the
+house. Why, there were five women, counting frail little ten-year-old
+Susy as one, and poor, delicate Mrs. Stillman as another! What extra
+help could they need, although washing and cooking must be done for
+all the men? You see, "hands" could be got much cheaper if they were
+boarded--and what else had the women to do?
+
+It was true, mother was not as strong as she used to be; but she did
+not complain. She was only more shadowy and quiet; and Mr. Stillman
+told his daughters to "stir around" themselves, and not let their
+mother do all the work.
+
+"Oh, dear," said Margaret one morning, as she and Rachel were bending
+over the wash-tubs, while Susy labored at the heavy churning and the
+mother and Elizabeth were preparing dinner. "I wish we could go to the
+picnic on the Fourth; everybody's going."
+
+"Maybe we can," said Rachel, hopefully. "I heard father say the wheat
+was late this year, and he did not believe it would do to cut before
+the sixth. And oh, Margaret, I heard him say your calf would bring at
+least ten dollars; and if he gives you the money, you can get a new
+white dress and give me your old one. It is lots too small for you."
+
+Margaret laughed. "Yes," she said; "father said if I could raise the
+calf I might have it. Didn't I have a time with it, though, it was so
+near dead! Of course I will fix my old dress up for you--that is, if
+I get the money. Sometimes I think father's queer; he did not give
+Elizabeth the money when he sold that colt he had given her." And both
+girls were silent.
+
+Out in the barnyard, as the girls worked, Mr. Stillman and Tom were
+putting the pretty calf in the wagon preparatory to taking it to the
+butcher in the town a few miles distant. When the girls went in to
+dinner the men had finished theirs, and were lounging in the shady
+yard enjoying their nooning.
+
+As they were about to sit down at the table, Mr. Stillman handed
+Margaret a package, saying, "There's your share of that spotted calf,
+Margaret."
+
+"My share!" she exclaimed. "Why, you gave me the calf; you had no
+right to it."
+
+As she spoke she opened the package and unrolled a piece of cheap
+lawn--yellow ground dotted with blue. She flung it angrily on the
+floor, and ran out of the room.
+
+Mr. Stillman turned to Rachel after a moment of dumb amazement, and
+said: "You can have the dress, Rachel. I'll teach Margaret a lesson."
+
+"I don't want it," she said. "You had no right to take Margaret's
+money. You did give her the calf, and when you sold Tom's pig you gave
+him his money."
+
+"Nice girls you're raising, mother," said Mr. Stillman to his
+frightened wife. "They'll be turning us out of doors next. You pick up
+that lawn, miss."
+
+Rachel did so. As she folded it, he went on: "That calf was mine. I
+only meant to pay her for caring for it."
+
+"You should have told her so, then," said his daughter, facing him
+with eyes keen as his own; "but you told her if she could raise it she
+might have it, and, of course, she believed you."
+
+He raised his hand as if to strike her; then, as she did not move or
+drop her eyes, he turned and left the room.
+
+July came, but the Stillman girls did not go to the picnic. Tom and
+the "hands" did; and Mrs. Lansing and her boys stopped at Stillman's
+on their way and offered the girls seats in their wagon. But Mr.
+Stillman said his women had to get ready for the harvest hands who
+were coming next day, and Margaret said to Rachel bitterly: "We
+have no decent clothes to go in anyhow." And there was much washing,
+ironing, cooking, and churning done as the days went on. No wonder
+Mrs. Stillman grew paler and weaker, until even her husband noticed
+it, and brought her a bottle of bitters, and told the girls to "keep
+mother out of the kitchen," which they indeed tried to do. But how
+could the mother rest when there was so much to do? The girls could
+not manage as she could, and Elizabeth seemed "so poorly;" for the
+patient elder daughter, as the summer dragged along, had a pitifully
+hopeless look on her pale face, and went about listlessly, as if life
+had lost all interest for her.
+
+At last there came a morning when the mother did not rise for
+breakfast.
+
+"Hadn't we better send for Dr. Lewis, father?" said Elizabeth.
+
+"Oh, no; your mother did not sleep much, it was so hot last night.
+She'll be up directly. You keep her out of the kitchen, and see you
+have dinner on time. We want to finish to-day, for I expect we'll have
+a storm, from the feel of the air."
+
+Noon came. Dinner for a dozen hungry men was on the table, and still
+Mrs. Stillman was in bed. While the men were eating, Rachel slipped
+in to her mother. She was awake, but her flushed face and wild, bright
+eyes startled the girl.
+
+"Oh, mother!" she cried, "you are very sick; you must have the
+doctor."
+
+"No, dear," the mother answered; "father is too busy now. I'll be
+better after awhile. You go help wait on the table."
+
+Rachel returned to the dining-room. "Take that fly-brush, Rachel,"
+said her father. "Susy's no account; she's too lazy to keep it going."
+
+Poor, tired little Susy, who had done a large churning that morning,
+crimsoned to the roots of her hair as she handed Rachel the brush and
+hurried out of the room.
+
+When dinner was over Mr. Stillman glared into the room where his wife
+lay. "She is asleep," he said. "I guess she's all right."
+
+"She hasn't eaten a thing to-day," said Rachel. "Hadn't she better
+have the doctor?"
+
+"Well," said her father, impatiently, "if she's no better in the
+morning, I'll send for him;" and he went back to the field.
+
+Rachel went for Mrs. Lansing, for she and her sisters grew frightened
+as the mother's fever increased. When that good woman came she saw at
+once the serious condition of her friend.
+
+"I saw Dr. Lewis coming down the road in his buggy as I came," she
+said. "One of you hurry out and stop him."
+
+When, about five o'clock, the rain began to fall in torrents, Mr.
+Stillman had the satisfaction of seeing the last load of grain driven
+inside the barn door; and, taking off his hat, he wiped the moisture
+from his face, saying: "Well, boys, we beat the rain; and I don't care
+if it pours down now."
+
+He walked toward the house, and, to his surprise, saw the well-known
+figure of Dr. Lewis on the front porch. "Driven in by the rain," he
+thought. "I'll get him to give mother a little medicine."
+
+"How are you, doctor?" he said, as he stepped upon the porch. "Lucky
+getting my wheat in, wasn't I?"
+
+"Very," said the doctor, gravely; "but I am sorry to say I find Mrs.
+Stillman a very sick woman. You should have sent for me long ago." The
+husband was startled.
+
+"Why," he said, "she has been going about until to-day. I guess it's
+this weather has made her so weak. She can't be very sick."
+
+The physician was silent for a moment; then he said: "If there is not
+a change for the better soon, I fear she will live but a few days. I
+cannot understand how she has kept up;" and he turned and went into
+the sick-room.
+
+For once the men at Stillman's ate a cold supper and did the milking.
+Mrs. Lansing took things into her own capable hands. John and his wife
+were sent for and came, and Jim Lansing quietly hitched up a team and
+went for Martha and her husband--poor Martha, who had not seen her
+mother for more than a year!
+
+All night Mr. Stillman watched by the bedside or walked up and down
+the long back porch. It could not be she would die--his wife. It
+was the hot weather; she was just weak and tired. That was it, Mr.
+Stillman--worn out, tired; and rest was coming. When Martha came, the
+mother who had so longed for her did not recognize her.
+
+"Mother, only speak to me!" cried the daughter in anguish; but the
+mother looked at her with dimming eyes that saw no more of earth,
+and muttered as she turned upon her couch, "Hurry, girls, it's nearly
+noon. Hurry! Father will be angry if he has to wait."
+
+Then she grew quiet; only her restless hands, which her daughters
+vainly strove to hold, kept reaching out as if to grasp that unknown
+land she was so soon to enter; and before the sun was high in the
+morning Mrs. Stillman had found rest.
+
+Her husband was stunned. With haggard face he bent over his dead.
+"If I had known," he said. "Oh, my wife, if I had known, I would have
+taken better care of you."
+
+Ah, Mr. Stillman, you are not the only one who with remorseful heart
+cries, "If I had only known, if I had only known!"
+
+Life went on as usual at Stillman's after the mother had left them.
+For a while the father was kinder, but as time went on the old habit
+was resumed. Elizabeth went mechanically about her work, and her
+father did not notice her evidently failing health. Her quietness was
+a relief to him; for Margaret was growing more defiant toward him, and
+quarrelled constantly with Tom, who, now that his mother's influence
+was withdrawn, became more and more meddlesome and overbearing in his
+conduct toward his sisters. The summer following Mrs. Stillman's death
+Mrs. Lansing's eldest son, Frank, took unto himself a wife; and
+late in the fall the neighborhood was electrified by the unexpected
+marriage of Mrs. Lansing and Mr. Stillman. Her boys, on learning her
+intention, had remonstrated; but she said: "You boys do not need me,
+and these girls do. Think of a young girl like Rachel saying, 'God had
+nothing to do with my mother's death. It was hard work killed her!'
+And when I tried to tell her of His goodness to His creatures, she
+said: 'Yes; He is good enough to men. All He cares for women is to
+create them for men's convenience,' And then there's little Susy, with
+a face like her mother's. Why, it just haunts me!"
+
+"Well," said Jim, "things are in a bad fix over there; but it isn't
+Susy's face that haunts me, by any means."
+
+His mother laughed. "I shall take care of Margaret," she said; "she
+and Elizabeth need some one to look after them. They are being worked
+to death."
+
+Four years have slipped over the heads of the Stillmans--years well
+improved by Rachel and Susy at the academy in the town near their
+father's farm; years which gave Margaret's happiness into Jim
+Lansing's keeping, and made Jim a young man of whom his sisters were
+extremely proud. Even Elizabeth's sad face looks as if life might be
+worth living; for, under the second wife, life at Stillman's had taken
+on a different color. The spare room is a pretty sitting-room for the
+young folks.
+
+"We don't want them always with us," says Mrs. Stillman, as she shows
+her husband the change she has made; for one of her peculiarities is
+that she manages her household affairs as she thinks best, taking it
+for granted that her husband will approve. As for Rachel, she enjoyed
+the change for the better; but now, to the bitter feeling which she
+cherished toward her father, was added a touch of contempt "See,"
+she thought, "how he can be flattered into doing things; if my mother
+could have managed him so, she might have lived."
+
+Rachel was mistaken; the new wife did not manoeuvre or flatter, she
+simply took her proper place as mistress of the house--not as a sort
+of upper servant, to be snubbed or praised at the master's humor.
+
+Another summer had been added to Rachel's years when, one evening,
+Tom came home from town, and entering the dining-room, where she was
+preparing the table for supper, exclaimed: "Rachel, do you remember
+old Gray, as I used to call him, who taught our school the winter
+before mother died?"
+
+"Yes," she said, "I remember him. Mother liked him."
+
+"Well, I met him in town to-day. He's on that Sanders case. He knew me
+right off, and he's coming out here this evening; so fix up nice and
+be looking your sweetest. They say he's smart. I heard some of the old
+lawyers talking about him." And Tom caught his sister about the waist
+and waltzed her out on the porch.
+
+"Rachel," said Susy, as in their own room the girls were dressing
+after supper, "you are very hard to please to-night and you seem
+nervous. What ails you?"
+
+Rachel smiled. "I am thinking of old days, that is all," she said. But
+she entered the little parlor, where Tom and the guest were seated, in
+a perfectly self-possessed manner, saying, as she held out her hand:
+
+"Good-evening, teacher. How goes the battle with Apollyon?"
+
+And the young lawyer sprang to his feet, exclaiming: "Rachel! is it
+possible?" and he retained her hand and looked into her eyes so long
+that Susy, who had followed her into the room, and Tom declared that
+he fell in love then and there. However that may be, it is certain Mr.
+Gray showed a wonderful interest in Stillman's district. The trial in
+progress at Meywood was tedious, but his patience did not give out;
+and when some of the lawyers proposed to hold night sessions of
+court he objected earnestly, saying: "It would be too hard on the old
+judge."
+
+But all things must end, and the case was at last decided in favor
+of Mr. Gray's client. As Rachel congratulated him on his victory, he
+said, with a look that brought the color to her face:
+
+"How long must I stay in Doubting Castle, Rachel?"
+
+"Why, dear me," she answered, saucily, "I did not think a promising
+young lawyer, as father calls you, ever got into such a dismal place!"
+
+Then Susy came in, and the young man bade her good-by, but he
+whispered promise of speedy return to Rachel, and as he travelled
+homeward those wonderful eyes of hers seemed to haunt him.
+
+"Who would have thought," he said to himself, "she could have become
+such a woman? No wonder I could not find a girl to suit me when she
+has been my ideal."
+
+You see, he was trying to persuade himself he had thought of her ever
+since that term of school; and it may be, unknown to himself, those
+eyes had held him. At any rate, he says they did; and when, time after
+time, they drew him back to Stillman's, he at last made Rachel believe
+it, and with the little key of promise she delivered him from Doubting
+Castle.
+
+Let us take one more look, two years later, at the Stillman homestead.
+There is a family gathering, and all the girls are present--Martha
+and Margaret, with their sturdy boys and rosy girls; Rachel, with her
+baby; and Susy, a gay young aunt, flits to and fro, playing with and
+teasing the little ones. Elizabeth, with unwonted brightness in her
+eyes, looks on, enjoying the merriment.
+
+"Doesn't it seem odd," whispers Margaret, "that Lizzie's minister
+should come back after all these years."
+
+"Yes," answers Rachel, in the same low tone. "I am so glad. She seems
+so happy."
+
+The husbands are all present in the evening, and the old house is full
+of light and gayety. Rachel slips upstairs to put baby to bed; and as
+she sits in the room where so many miserable hours of her childhood
+were spent, her tears fall, thinking of herself and the dear, patient
+mother, who had suffered and died; and the old bitterness rises in her
+heart. Baby stirs and she hushes him, then lays him gently in the old
+cradle, and goes downstairs. Some impulse prompts her to enter the
+sitting-room instead of the parlor, where she thinks the family are
+all gathered.
+
+As she opens the door she sees her father sitting, as of old, by the
+table on which the lamp is burning, and she half turns to go out;
+but something in his attitude touches her. He is not reading, for the
+newspaper lies untouched--he is looking at something in his hand.
+
+She notices how gray his hair is, and how age is tracing lines on his
+face. "Are you feeling sick, father?" she asks.
+
+"Oh, no," he says. "Look here, Rachel;" and he hands her a faded
+daguerreotype of her mother taken when she was a fair young bride. "I
+was thinking about her."
+
+"How much like Susy," she said, with tears falling on the lovely face.
+
+"Yes, only she was prettier," he answers. "I have been thinking of her
+so much lately, Rachel. I am going to do something that would please
+her. I have bought that pretty little place of Perry's, and I will put
+Martha and her husband on it. Dick's a good industrious fellow; but
+it's hard to make anything on a rented farm, and Martha's worried too
+much. You don't think any of the children will object?" and he looked
+anxiously in her face.
+
+"Object? Why, they will be glad, father!" And dropping her head on his
+shoulder, she puts her arm around him for the first time in her life;
+and as she slips the little daguerreotype in his hand a sweet peace
+fills her heart and she thinks: "The bitterness is gone, and love
+fills its place." After awhile she joins the group in the parlor. They
+are singing to Susy's accompaniment on the organ.
+
+"Sing 'Coronation,' Susy," she says, as she sits down beside her
+husband and glances lovingly in his face.
+
+"What is it?" he whispers. "You are unusually happy."
+
+"Yes," she answers. "I have had a vision of the land of Beulah, where
+Love is king."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.
+
+BY ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS,
+
+AUTHOR OF "THE GATES AJAR," "A SINGULAR LIFE," ETC.
+
+THE BURNING OF THE PEMBERTON MILLS.--THE STORY OF "THE TENTH OF
+JANUARY."--WHITTIER AND HIGGINSON.--THE WRITING AND PUBLICATION OF
+"THE GATES AJAR."
+
+
+The town of Lawrence was three miles and a half from Andover. Up to
+the year 1860 we had considered Lawrence chiefly in the light of a
+place to drive to. To the girlish resources which could, in those
+days, only include a trip to Boston at the call of some fate too vast
+to be expected more than two or three times a year, Lawrence offered
+consolations in the shape of dry goods and restaurant ice-cream, and
+a slow, delicious drive in the family carryall through sand flats and
+pine woods, and past the largest bed of the sweetest violets that
+ever dared the blasts of a New England spring. To the pages of the
+gazetteer Lawrence would have been known as a manufacturing town
+of importance. Upon the map of our young fancy the great mills were
+sketched in lightly; we looked up from the restaurant ice-cream to see
+the "hands" pour out for dinner, a dark and restless, but a
+patient, throng; used, in those days, to standing eleven hours and a
+quarter--women and girls--at their looms, six days of the week, and
+making no audible complaints; for socialism had not reached Lawrence,
+and anarchy was content to bray in distant parts of the geography at
+which the factory people had not arrived when they left school.
+
+Sometimes we counted the great mills as we drove up Essex
+Street--having come over the bridge by the roaring dam that tamed
+the proud Merrimac to spinning cotton--Pacific, Atlantic, Washington,
+Pemberton; but this was an idle, æsthetic pleasure. We did not think
+about the mill-people; they seemed as far from us as the coal-miners
+of a vague West, or the down-gatherers on the crags of shores whose
+names we did not think it worth while to remember. One January
+evening, we were forced to think about the mills with curdling horror
+that no one living in that locality when the tragedy happened will
+forget.
+
+At five o'clock the Pemberton Mills, all hands being at the time on
+duty, without a tremor of warning, sank to the ground.
+
+At the erection of the factory a pillar with a defective core had
+passed careless inspectors. In technical language, the core had
+"floated" an eighth of an inch from its position. The weak spot in the
+too thin wall of the pillar had bided its time, and yielded. The roof,
+the walls, the machinery, fell upon seven hundred and fifty living
+men and women, and buried them. Most of these were rescued; but
+eighty-eight were killed. As the night came on, those watchers on
+Andover Hill who could not join the rescuing parties, saw a strange
+and fearful light at the north.
+
+Where we were used to watching the beautiful belt of the lighted mills
+blaze,--a zone of laughing fire from east to west, upon the horizon
+bar,--a red and awful glare went up. The mill had taken fire. A
+lantern, overturned in the hands of a man who was groping to save an
+imprisoned life, had flashed to the cotton, or the wool, or the
+oil with which the ruins were saturated. One of the historic
+conflagrations of New England resulted.
+
+With blanching cheeks we listened to the whispers that told us how the
+mill-girls, caught in the ruins beyond hope of escape, began to sing.
+They were used to singing, poor things, at their looms--mill-girls
+always are--and their young souls took courage from the familiar sound
+of one another's voices. They sang the hymns and songs which they had
+learned in the schools and churches. No classical strains, no "music
+for music's sake," ascended from that furnace; no ditty of love or
+frolic; but the plain, religious outcries of the people: "Heaven is my
+home," "Jesus, lover of my soul," and "Shall we gather at the river?"
+Voice after voice dropped. The fire raced on. A few brave girls sang
+still:
+
+  "Shall we gather at the river,
+  There to walk and worship ever?"
+
+But the startled Merrimac rolled by, red as blood beneath the glare of
+the burning mills, and it was left to the fire and the river to finish
+the chorus.
+
+At the time this tragedy occurred, I felt my share of its horror,
+like other people; but no more than that. My brother, being of the
+privileged sex, was sent over to see the scene; but I was not allowed
+to go.
+
+Years after, I cannot say just how many, the half-effaced negative
+came back to form under the chemical of some new perception of the
+significance of human tragedy.
+
+It occurred to me to use the event as the basis of a story. To this
+end I set forth to study the subject. I had heard nothing in those
+days about "material," and conscience in the use of it, and little
+enough about art. We did not talk about realism then. Of critical
+phraseology I knew nothing; and of critical standards only what I had
+observed by reading the best fiction. Poor novels and stories I
+did not read. I do not remember being forbidden them; but, by that
+parental art finer than denial, they were absent from my convenience.
+
+It needed no instruction in the canons of art, however, to teach me
+that to do a good thing, one must work hard for it. So I gave the best
+part of a month to the study of the Pemberton Mill tragedy, driving to
+Lawrence, and investigating every possible avenue of information left
+at that too long remove of time which might give the data. I visited
+the rebuilt mills, and studied the machinery. I consulted engineers
+and officials and physicians, newspaper men, and persons who had been
+in the mill at the time of its fall. I scoured the files of old local
+papers, and from these I took certain portions of names, actually
+involved in the catastrophe; though, of course, fictitiously used.
+When there was nothing left for me to learn upon the subject, I came
+home and wrote a little story called "The Tenth of January," and sent
+it to the "Atlantic Monthly," where it appeared in due time.
+
+This story is of more interest to its author than it can possibly
+be now to any reader, because it distinctly marked for me the first
+recognition which I received from literary people.
+
+Whittier, the poet, wrote me his first letter, after having read
+this story. It was soon followed by a kind note from Colonel Thomas
+Wentworth Higginson. Both these distinguished men said the pleasant
+thing which goes so far towards keeping the courage of young writers
+above sinking point, and which, to a self-distrustful nature, may be
+little less than a life-preserver. Both have done similar kindness to
+many other beginners in our calling; but none of these can have been
+more grateful for it, or more glad to say so, across this long width
+of time, than the writer of "The Tenth of January."
+
+It was a defective enough little story, crude and young; I never
+glance at it without longing to write it over; but I cannot read it,
+to this day, without that tingling and numbness down one's spine and
+through the top of one's head, which exceptional tragedy must produce
+in any sensitive organization; nor can I ever trust myself to hear
+it read by professional elocutionists. I attribute the success of
+the story entirely to the historic and unusual character of the
+catastrophe on whose movement it was built.
+
+Of journalism, strictly speaking, I did nothing. But I often wrote for
+weekly denominational papers, to which I contributed those strictly
+secular articles so popular with the religious public. My main
+impression of them now, is a pleasant sense of sitting out in the
+apple-trees in the wonderful Andover Junes, and "noticing" new
+books-with which Boston publishers kept me supplied. For whatever
+reason, the weeklies gave me all I could do at this sort of thing. In
+its course I formed some pleasant acquaintances; among others that of
+Jean Ingelow. I have never seen this poet, whom I honor now as much as
+I admired then; but charming little notes, and books of her own, with
+her autograph, reached me from time to time for years. I remember
+when "The Gates Ajar" appeared, that she frankly called it "Your most
+strange book."
+
+This brings me to say: I have been so often and so urgently asked to
+publish some account of the history of this book, that perhaps I need
+crave no pardon of whatever readers these papers may command, for
+giving more of our space to the subject than it would otherwise occur
+to one to do to a book so long behind the day.
+
+Of what we know as literary ambition, I believe myself to have been
+as destitute at that time as any girl who ever put pen to paper. I was
+absorbed in thought and feeling as far removed from the usual class
+of emotions or motives which move men and women to write, as Wachusett
+was from the June lilies burning beside the moonlit cross in my
+father's garden. Literary ambition is a good thing to possess; and I
+do not at all suggest that I was superior to it, but simply apart from
+it. Of its pangs and ecstasies I knew little, and thought less.
+
+I have been asked, possibly a thousand times, whether I looked upon
+that little book as in any sense the result of inspiration, whether
+what is called spiritualistic, or of any other sort. I have always
+promptly said "No," to this question. Yet sometimes I wonder if that
+convenient monosyllable in deed and truth covers the whole case.
+
+When I remember just how the book came to be, perceive the
+consequences of its being, and recall the complete unconsciousness of
+the young author as to their probable nature, there are moments when I
+am fain to answer the question by asking another: "What do we mean by
+inspiration?"
+
+That book grew so naturally, it was so inevitable, it was so
+unpremeditated, it came so plainly from that something not one's self
+which makes for uses in which one's self is extinguished, that there
+are times when it seems to me as if I had no more to do with the
+writing of it than the bough through which the wind cries, or the wave
+by means of which the tide rises.
+
+The angel said unto me "Write!" and I wrote.
+
+It is impossible to remember how or when the idea of the book first
+visited me. Its publication bears the date of 1869. My impressions are
+that it may have been towards the close of 1864 that the work began;
+for there was work in it, more than its imperfect and youthful
+character might lead one ignorant of the art of book-making to
+suppose.
+
+It was not until 1863 that I left school, being then just about at
+my nineteenth birthday. It is probable that the magazine stories
+and Sunday-school books and hack work occupied from one to two years
+without interruption; but I have no more temperament for dates in my
+own affairs than I have for those of history. At the most, I could
+not have been far from twenty when the book was written; possibly
+approaching twenty-one.
+
+At that time, it will be remembered, our country was dark with
+sorrowing women. The regiments came home, but the mourners went about
+the streets.
+
+The Grand Review passed through Washington; four hundred thousand
+ghosts of murdered men kept invisible march to the drum-beats, and
+lifted to the stained and tattered flags the proud and unreturned gaze
+of the dead who have died in their glory.
+
+Our gayest scenes were black with crape. The drawn faces of bereaved
+wife, mother, sister, and widowed girl showed piteously everywhere.
+Gray-haired parents knelt at the grave of the boy whose enviable
+fortune it was to be brought home in time to die in his mother's room.
+Towards the nameless mounds of Arlington, of Gettysburg, and the rest,
+the yearning of desolated homes went out in those waves of anguish
+which seem to choke the very air that the happier and more fortunate
+must breathe.
+
+Is there not an actual occult force in the existence of a general
+grief? It swells to a tide whose invisible flow covers all the little
+resistance of common, human joyousness. It is like a material miasma.
+The gayest man breathes it, if he breathe at all; and the most
+superficial cannot escape it.
+
+Into that great world of woe my little book stole forth, trembling. So
+far as I can remember having had any "object" at all in its creation,
+I wished to say something that would comfort some few--I did not think
+at all about comforting many, not daring to suppose that incredible
+privilege possible--of the women whose misery crowded the land. The
+smoke of their torment ascended, and the sky was blackened by it. I do
+not think I thought so much about the suffering of men--the fathers,
+the brothers, the sons--bereft; but the women--the helpless,
+outnumbering, unconsulted women; they whom war trampled down, without
+a choice or protest; the patient, limited, domestic women, who thought
+little, but loved much, and, loving, had lost all--to them I would
+have spoken.
+
+For it came to seem to me, as I pondered these things in my own heart,
+that even the best and kindest forms of our prevailing beliefs had
+nothing to say to an afflicted woman that could help her much. Creeds
+and commentaries and sermons were made by men. What tenderest of men
+knows how to comfort his own daughter when her heart is broken? What
+can the doctrines do for the desolated by death? They were chains of
+rusty iron, eating into raw hearts. The prayer of the preacher were
+not much better; it sounded like the language of an unknown race to
+a despairing girl. Listen to the hymn. It falls like icicles on snow.
+Or, if it happen to be one of the old genuine outcries of the Church,
+sprung from real human anguish or hope, it maddens the listener, and
+she flees from it, too sore a thing to bear the touch of holy music.
+
+At this time, be it said, I had no interest at all in any especial
+movement for the peculiar needs of women as a class. I was reared in
+circles which did not concern themselves with what we should probably
+have called agitators. I was taught the old ideas of womanhood, in the
+old way, and had not to any important extent begun to resent them.
+
+Perhaps I am wrong here. Individually, I may have begun to recoil from
+them, but only in a purely selfish, personal way, beyond which I had
+evolved neither theory nor conscience; much less the smallest tendency
+towards sympathy with any public movement of the question.
+
+In the course of two or three years spent in exceptional solitude,
+I had read a good deal in the direction of my ruling thoughts and
+feeling, and came to the writing of my little book, not ignorant of
+what had been written for and by the mourning. The results of this
+reading, of course, went into the book, and seemed to me, at the time,
+by far the most useful part of it.
+
+How the book grew, who can say? More of nature than of purpose,
+surely. It moved like a tear or a sigh or a prayer. In a sense I
+scarcely knew that I wrote it. Yet it signified labor and time, crude
+and young as it looks to me now; and often as I have wondered, from
+my soul, why it has known the history that it has, I have at least
+a certain respect for it, myself, in that it did not represent
+shiftlessness or sloth, but steady and conscientious toil. There was
+not a page in it which had not been subjected to such study as the
+writer then knew how to offer to her manuscripts.
+
+Every sentence had received the best attention which it was in the
+power of my inexperience and youth to give. I wrote and rewrote. The
+book was revised so many times that I could have said it by heart.
+The process of forming and writing "The Gates Ajar" lasted, I think,
+nearly two years.
+
+I had no study or place to myself in those days; only the little room
+whose one window looked upon the garden cross, and which it was not
+expected would be warmed in winter.
+
+The room contained no chimney, and, until I was sixteen, no fire for
+any purpose. At that time, it being supposed that some delicacy of the
+lungs had threatened serious results, my father, who always moved the
+sods beneath him and the skies above him to care for a sick child, had
+managed to insert a little stove into the room, to soften its chill
+when needed. But I did not have consumption, only life; and one was
+not expected to burn wood all day for private convenience in our
+furnace-heated house. Was there not the great dining-room where the
+children studied?
+
+It was not so long since I, too, had learned my lessons off the
+dining-room table, or in the corner by the register, that it should
+occur to any member of the family that these opportunities for privacy
+could not answer my needs.
+
+Equally, it did not occur to me to ask for any abnormal luxuries. I
+therefore made the best of my conditions, though I do remember sorely
+longing for quiet.
+
+This, at that time, in that house, it was impossible for me to
+compass. There was a growing family of noisy boys--four of them--of
+whom I was the only sister, as I was the oldest child. When the baby
+did not cry (I have always maintained that the baby cried pretty
+steadily both day and night, but this is a point upon which their
+mother and I have affectionately agreed to differ), the boys were
+shouting about the grounds, chasing each other through the large
+house, up and down the cellar stairs, and through the wide halls,
+a whirlwind of vigor and fun. They were merry, healthy boys, and
+everything was done to keep them so. I sometimes doubt if there are
+any happier children growing anywhere than the boys and girls of
+Andover used to be. I was very fond of the boys, and cherished no
+objection to their privileges in the house. But when one went down, on
+a cold day, to the register, to write one's chapter on the nature of
+amusements in the life to come, and found the dining-room neatly
+laid out in the form of a church congregation, to which a certain
+proportion of brothers were enthusiastically performing the duties of
+an active pastor and parish, the environment was a definite check to
+inspiration.
+
+I wonder if all Andover boys played at preaching? It certainly was the
+one sport in our house which never satiated.
+
+Coming in one day, I remember, struggling with certain hopeless
+purposes of my own, for an afternoon's work, I found the dining-room
+chairs all nicely set in the order of pews; a table, ornamented
+with Bible and hymn-books, confronted them; behind it, on a cricket,
+towered the bigger brother, loudly holding forth. The little brother
+represented the audience--it was usually the little one who was forced
+to play this duller _rôle_--and, with open mouth, and with wriggling
+feet turned in on the rounds of the chair, absorbed as much
+exhortation as he could suffer.
+
+"My text, brethren," said the little minister, "is, 'Suffer the little
+children to come unto me.'
+
+"My subject is, _God; Joseph; and Moses in the bulrushes_!"
+
+Discouraged by the alarming breadth of the little preacher's topic, I
+fled up-stairs again. There an inspiration did, indeed, strike me;
+for I remembered an old fur cape, or _pelisse_, of my mother's, out
+of fashion, but the warmer for that; and straightway I got me into it,
+and curled up, with my papers, on the chilly bed in the cold room, and
+went to work.
+
+It seems to me that a good part of "The Gates Ajar" was written in
+that old fur cape. Often I stole up into the attic, or into some
+unfrequented closet, to escape the noise of the house, while at work.
+I remember, too, writing sometimes in the barn, on the haymow. The
+book extended over a wide domestic topography.
+
+I hasten to say that no person was to blame for inconveniences of
+whose existence I had never complained. Doubtless something would have
+been done to relieve them had I asked for it; or if the idea that my
+work could ever be of any consequence had occurred to any of us. Why
+should it? The girl who is never "domestic" is trial enough at her
+best. She cannot cook; she will not sew. She washes dishes Mondays and
+Tuesdays under protest, while the nurse and parlor maid are called
+off from their natural avocations, and dusts the drawing-room with
+obedient resentment. She sits cutting out underclothes in the March
+vacations, when all the schools are closed, and when the heavy wagons
+from the distant farming region stick in the bottomless Andover mud in
+front of the professor's house. The big front door is opened, and the
+dismal, creaking sounds come in.
+
+The kind and conscientious new mother, to whom I owe many other gentle
+lessons more valuable than this, teaches how necessary to a lady's
+education is a neat needle. The girl does not deny this elemental
+fact; but her eyes wander away to the cold sky above the Andover
+mud, with passionate entreaty. To this day I cannot hear the thick
+chu-chunk! of heavy wheels on March mud without a sudden mechanical
+echo of that wild, young outcry: "Must I cut out underclothes forever?
+Must I go on tucking the broken end of the thread into the nick in the
+spool? Is _this_ LIFE?"
+
+I am more than conscious that I could not have been an easy girl to
+"bring up," and am sure that for whatever little difficulties beset
+the earlier time of my ventures as a writer, no person was in any
+fault. They were doubtless good for me, in their way. We all know that
+some of the greatest of brain-workers have selected the poorest and
+barest of spots in which to study. Luxury and bric-a-brac come to easy
+natures or in easy years. The energy that very early learns to conquer
+difficulty is always worth its price.
+
+I used, later, to hear in Boston the story of the gentleman who once
+took a friend to see the room of his son at Harvard College. The
+friend was a man of plain life, but of rich mental achievement. He
+glanced at the Persian rugs and costly draperies of the boy's quarters
+in silence.
+
+"Well," cried the fond father, "don't you think my son has a pretty
+room?"
+
+"Sir," said the visitor, with gentle candor, "_you'll never raise a
+scholar on that carpet._"
+
+Out of my discomforts, which were small enough, grew one thing for
+which I have all my life been grateful--the formation of fixed habits
+of work.
+
+I have seldom waited for inspiration before setting about a task to
+be done. Life is too short for that. Broken health has too often
+interrupted a regimen of study which ought to have been more
+continuous; but, so far as I may venture to offer an opinion from
+personal experience, I should say that the writers who would be wise
+to play hide and seek with their own moods are few.
+
+According to my custom, I said nothing (so far as I can remember) to
+any person about the book.
+
+It cannot be said that I had any hope of success with it; or that,
+in my most irrational dreams, anything like the consequences of its
+publication ever occurred to my fancy. But I did distinctly understand
+that I had set forth upon a venture totally dissimilar to the safe and
+respectable careers of my dozen Sunday-school books.
+
+I was asked only the other day why it was that, having such a rare
+critic at first hand as my father, I did not more often submit my
+manuscripts to his judgment. It would be difficult to say precisely
+why. The professor of rhetoric was a very busy man; and at that time
+the illness which condemned him to thirty years of invalid suffering
+was beginning to make itself manifest. I can remember more often
+throwing down my pen to fly out and beg the children to be quiet in
+the garden while the sleepless man struggled for a few moments' rest
+in the daytime; or stealing on tiptoe to his locked door, at any hour
+of the night, to listen for signs of sudden illness or need of help;
+these things come back more easily than the desire to burden him with
+what I wrote.
+
+Yet perhaps that abnormal pride, whose existence I have admitted, had
+quite as much to do with this restraint.
+
+When a thing was published, then quickly to him with it! His sympathy
+and interest were unfailing, and his criticism only too gentle; though
+it could be a sword of flame when he chose to smite.
+
+Unknown to himself I had dedicated "The Gates Ajar" to him. In this
+dedication there was a slip in good English, or, at least, in such
+English as the professor wrote and spoke. I had used the word "nears"
+as a verb, instead of its proper synonym, "approaches." He read the
+dedication quietly, thanked me tenderly for it, and said nothing. It
+was left for me to find out my blunder for myself, as I did, in due
+time. He had not the heart to tell me of it then. Nor did he insinuate
+his consciousness that the dedication might seem to involve him--as it
+did in certain citadels of stupidity--in the views of the book.
+
+The story was sent to its publishers, Messrs. Ticknor and Fields, and
+leisurely awaited their verdict. As I had written somewhat for their
+magazines, "The Atlantic" and "Our Young Folks," I did not come as
+quite a stranger. Still, the fate of the book hung upon a delicate
+scale. It was two years from the time the story went to its publishers
+before it appeared between covers. How much of this period the author
+was kept in suspense I cannot remember; but, I think, some time.
+
+I have the impression that the disposal of the book, so far as that
+firm went, wavered for a while upon the decision of one man, whose
+wife shared the reading of the manuscript. "Take it," she said at
+last, decidedly; and the fiat went forth. The lady afterwards became
+a personal friend, and I hope I may not forfeit the treasure of her
+affection by this late and public recognition of the pleasant part she
+bore in the fortunes of my life.
+
+The book was accepted, and still this piece of good luck did not make
+my head spin. I had lived among book-makers too much to expect
+the miracle. I went soberly back to my hack work, and on with my
+Sunday-school books.
+
+One autumn day the customary package of gift copies of the new book
+made its way to Andover Hill; but: I opened it without elation, the
+experience being so far from my first of its kind. The usual note
+of thanks was returned to the publishers, and quiet fell again.
+Unconscious of either hope or fear, I kept on about my business,
+and the new book was the last thing on earth with which I concerned
+myself.
+
+One morning, not many weeks after its publication, I received a letter
+from Mr. James T. Fields. He, who was the quickest of men to do a
+kindness, and surest to give to young writers the encouraging word for
+which they had not hope enough to listen, had hurried himself to break
+to me the news.
+
+"Your book is moving grandly," so he wrote. "It has already reached
+a sale of four thousand copies. We take pleasure in sending you--" He
+enclosed a check for six hundred dollars, the largest sum on which I
+had ever set my startled eyes. It would not, by my contract, have been
+due me for six months or more to come.
+
+The little act was like him, and like the courteous and generous house
+on whose list I have worked for thirty years.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+EDITORIAL NOTES.
+
+
+TWENTY THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR SHORT STORIES.
+
+We find considerable difficulty in getting the two hundred first-class
+short stories that we require each year. We are delighted to be able
+to publish so many stories by eminent authors, but we should like to
+get more good stories from writers whose fame is yet to be made. We
+therefore announce a liberal policy in regard to payment, and invite
+contributions from every one who can write a good story. The scale
+of payment will be such as to please every contributor, whether he is
+famous or not.
+
+We need every year about fifty stories of from four to six thousand
+words in length; about one hundred stories of from two to three
+thousand words in length, and not less than fifty stories a year for
+young people, about two thousand words in length. Of these stories
+thirty or forty are for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE, and the remainder are
+for the newspaper syndicates controlled by the publishers of this
+magazine.
+
+A regular manuscript department has been established by the editors,
+and it is the intention to report upon every manuscript within a week
+after it is received. We also welcome contributions to every branch of
+literature represented in the magazine.
+
+
+THE McCLURE'S "EARLY LIFE OF LINCOLN."
+
+This volume contains all the articles published in the first
+four Lincoln numbers of McCLURE'S MAGAZINE (November to February,
+inclusive). These numbers, although repeatedly reprinted, are now out
+of print, and the "Early Life of Lincoln" was published mainly to meet
+a demand we could not fill with the magazine. It contains a great deal
+more, both in text and pictures, than appeared in the magazine. It is
+mailed to any address for fifty cents; or for one dollar, if bound
+in cloth. We intend having our own plant, to reprint the March and
+subsequent numbers whenever necessary.
+
+
+THE McCLURE'S NEW "LIFE OF GRANT."
+
+We have been greatly surprised, in preparing our new "Life of Grant,"
+to find so much new and valuable material, especially about Grant's
+earlier life. No more fascinating and dramatic story has ever been
+lived. We have been especially fortunate in securing the collaboration
+of Mr. Hamlin Garland to write this life of Grant. Mr. Garland was
+selected for this work for two reasons--first, he has always loved and
+admired Grant; second, he is familiar in general with the conditions
+of life in the middle West, and is especially qualified to tell the
+truth both in color and fact. The tastes and training of a realistic
+novelist are an admirable equipment for a biographer, provided the
+hero of his story and his environment appeal to the novelist.
+
+_We propose to publish the best Life of Grant ever written._
+
+We have collected a great quantity of pictures and other
+illustrations, and we ask our friends to help us as they are helping
+us in our "Life of Lincoln." Every one who has a contribution, either
+in picture or incident, to our knowledge of this great man ought to
+bring it before the two or three million readers that McCLURE'S will
+have when we begin to publish the "Life of Grant" next November.
+
+
+NEW PICTURES OF LINCOLN.
+
+Almost every week we add to our collection of Lincoln pictures. Many
+of these ambrotypes and photographs are of the greatest value in
+adding to our knowledge of Lincoln. We hope to reach one hundred
+before the end of the year. We had only fifty portraits last November.
+We have eighty now.
+
+
+THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND PRACTICAL ARTS.
+
+Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, was the scene of one of the most
+important of the debates between Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Douglas. The
+debate took place on a platform at the east end of the main college
+building. At this memorable debate the students carried a banner on
+which was inscribed "Knox for Lincoln." In April, 1860, before he was
+nominated for the Presidency, Knox College conferred the degree of
+LL.D. on Abraham Lincoln. At their recent midwinter meeting, the board
+of trustees unanimously voted to establish a memorial to Lincoln; and
+this memorial will be the scientific department of Knox College, and
+will be called "The Abraham Lincoln School of Science and Practical
+Arts."
+
+The founders of this magazine are all alumni of Knox College, and are
+particularly pleased at this action of their alma mater. Knox College
+affords a splendid opportunity to young men and women of limited
+means. The editors of this magazine can afford to pay the living
+expenses and tuition for one year at this college of any young man or
+woman who secures five hundred subscribers, as proposed and explained
+on the second advertising page of this number of the magazine.
+
+The editors of McCLURE'S MAGAZINE are thoroughly acquainted with Knox
+College, and can recommend it, knowing that students who go there will
+live under the best possible influences and receive a sound education.
+All inquiries should be addressed to the president, John Finley, Knox
+College, Galesburg, Illinois.
+
+
+THE HOUSE IN WHICH LINCOLN'S PARENTS WERE MARRIED.--A CORRECTION.
+
+The picture of the house in which Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks
+were married, printed in McCLURE'S MAGAZINE for November, 1895, was
+credited by mistake to the Oldroyd collection. The photograph from
+which the reproduction was made came from the Oldroyd collection;
+but this photograph is, we are informed, from a negative now in
+the possession of Mr. A.D. Miller of Brazil, Indiana, and credit is
+therefore due to Mr. Miller.
+
+
+
+[Note: The Table of Contents and the list of illustrations were added
+       by the transcriber.]
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14663 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14663 ***</div>
+<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, McClure's Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 5, April,
+1896, by Various</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+    <div class="trans-note">
+        Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents and the list of
+        illustrations were added by the transcriber.
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h1>McClure's Magazine</h1>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4>April, 1896.</h4>
+
+    <h4>Vol. VI. No. 5</h4>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h3>
+
+    <div class="toc">
+        <p><a href="#illustrations">ILLUSTRATIONS</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE NEW MARVEL IN PHOTOGRAPHY. By H.J.W. Dam.
+        <a href="#page403">403</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS IN AMERICA. By Cleveland Moffett.
+        <a href="#page415">415</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE HOUSEHOLDERS. By "Q." <a href="#page421">421</a></p>
+
+        <p>ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell.
+        <a href="#page428">428</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Lincoln in the Campaign of 1840.
+        <a href="#page431">431</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Lincoln's Engagement to Miss Todd.
+        <a href="#page435">435</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The Lincoln and Shields Duel.
+        <a href="#page446">446</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Marriage of Lincoln and Miss Todd.
+        <a href="#page448">448</a></p>
+
+        <p>"PHROSO." By Anthony Hope.
+        <a href="#page449">449</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Chapter I. A Long Thing Ending in Poulos.
+        <a href="#page449">449</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Chapter II. A Conservative Country.
+        <a href="#page454">454</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Chapter III. The Fever of Neopalia.
+        <a href="#page459">459</a></p>
+
+        <p>A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low.
+        <a href="#page465">465</a></p>
+
+        <p>"SOLDIER AN' SAILOR TOO." By Rudyard Kipling.
+        <a href="#page481">481</a></p>
+
+        <p>RACHEL. By Mrs. E.V. Wilson.
+        <a href="#page483">483</a></p>
+
+        <p>CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+        <a href="#page490">490</a></p>
+
+        <p>EDITORIAL NOTES. <a href="#page496">496</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Twenty Thousand Dollars for Short
+        Stories.<a href="#page496">496</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The McClure's "Early Life of Lincoln."
+        <a href="#page496">496</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The McClure's New "Life of Grant."
+        <a href="#page496">496</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">New Pictures of Lincoln.
+        <a href="#page496">496</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The Abraham Lincoln School of Science and
+        Practical Arts. <a href="#page496">496</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The House in which Lincoln's Parents Were
+        Married--a Correction. <a href="#page496">496</a></p>
+        <hr />
+        <a name="illustrations"
+             id="illustrations"></a>
+
+        <h4>ILLUSTRATIONS</h4>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig401">PICTURES SHOWING
+        THE DIFFERENCES IN PENETRABILITY TO THE R&Ouml;NTGEN
+        RAYS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig402">DR. WILLIAM
+        KONRAD R&Ouml;NTGEN, DISCOVERER OF THE X RAYS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig403">PICTURE OF AN
+        ALUMINIUM CIGAR-CASE, SHOWING CIGARS WITHIN.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig404">PHOTOGRAPH OF A
+        LADY'S HAND SHOWING THE BONES, AND A RING ON THE THIRD
+        FINGER.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig405">THE PHYSICAL
+        INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF W&Uuml;RZBURG.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig406-1">SKELETON OF A
+        FROG, PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig406-2">RAZOR-BLADE
+        PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH A LEATHER CASE AND THE
+        RAZOR-HANDLE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig407">SKELETON OF A
+        FISH PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig408">A HUMAN FOOT
+        PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE SOLE OF A SHOE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig409">PHOTOGRAPHING A
+        FOOT IN ITS SHOE BY THE R&Ouml;NTGEN PROCESS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig411">BONES OF A HUMAN
+        FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig412">CORK-SCREW, KEY,
+        PENCIL WITH METALLIC PROTECTOR, AND PIECE OF COIN.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig413">COINS
+        PHOTOGRAPHED INSIDE A PURSE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig417">DR. WILLIAM J.
+        MORTON PHOTOGRAPHING HIS OWN HAND UNDER
+        R&Ouml;NTGEN.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig418">A GROUP OF
+        FAMILIAR ARTICLES UNDER THE R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig419">THOMAS A. EDISON
+        EXPERIMENTING WITH THE R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig421">"I ... TRIED A
+        STEP TOWARD THE STAIRS, WITH EYES ALERT"</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig423">"HE STOOD
+        SIDEWAYS, ... AND LOOKED AT ME OVER HIS LEFT
+        SHOULDER."</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig427">"FACE TO FACE
+        WITH THE REAL HOUSEHOLDER."</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig429">OLD STATE-HOUSE
+        AT SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig430-1">A HARRISON
+        BADGE OF 1840.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig430-2">A HARRISON
+        BUTTON OF 1840.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig431">LINCOLN IN
+        1860.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig433">ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+        IN 1861.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig434">WILLIAM HENRY
+        HARRISON, NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig435">JOSHUA F. SPEED
+        AND WIFE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig436">MARY TODD
+        LINCOLN.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig437">LINCOLN IN
+        1858.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig438-1">ROBERT S.
+        TODD.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig438-2">MISS JULIA
+        JAYNE, ONE OF MISS TODD'S BRIDESMAIDS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig439-1">GENERAL JAMES
+        SHIELDS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig439-2">MRS. NINIAN W.
+        EDWARDS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig440">COURT-HOUSE AT
+        TREMONT WHERE LINCOLN RECEIVED WARNING OF SHIELDS'S
+        CHALLENGE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig441">RESIDENCE OF
+        NINIAN W. EDWARDS, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig442">LINCOLN'S
+        MARRIAGE LICENSE AND MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig443">REV. CHARLES
+        DRESSER.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig445">THE GLOBE HOTEL,
+        SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig465">A BROOK IN THE
+        DEPARTMENT OF VAR, FRANCE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig466">JEAN BAPTISTE
+        CAMILLE COROT.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig467">A
+        BY-PATH.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig468">EARLY
+        MORNING.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig469">DIANA'S
+        BATH.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig470">A SHALLOW
+        RIVER.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig471">THE EDGE OF THE
+        FOREST (FONTAINEBLEAU).</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig472-1">ON THE RIVER
+        OISE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig472-2">THE STORMY
+        SEA.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig473">A SUNLIT
+        GLADE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig474">A SHEPHERD AND
+        HIS FLOCK.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig475">"THE MAN WITH
+        THE LEATHERN BELT."</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig476">THE
+        STONE-BREAKERS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig477">THE GOOD
+        SAMARITAN.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig478">SERVANT AT THE
+        FOUNTAIN.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig479">AN UNHAPPY
+        FAMILY.</a></p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page401"
+       id="page401"></a>[pg 401]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/401.jpg"
+             name="fig401"
+             id="fig401"><img src="images/401.jpg"
+             alt="PICTURES TAKEN BY PROFESSOR ARTHUR W. WRIGHT OF YALE COLLEGE, SHOWING THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUBSTANCES IN PENETRABILITY TO THE R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PICTURES TAKEN BY PROFESSOR ARTHUR W. WRIGHT OF YALE
+        COLLEGE, SHOWING THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUBSTANCES IN
+        PENETRABILITY TO THE R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>1 and 3. Flint glass prism (very opaque).</p>
+
+    <p>2. Quartz prism, showing transmission of the rays through
+    the thin edges.</p>
+
+    <p>4. Prism of heavy glass, more opaque than flint glass.</p>
+
+    <p>5. One-cent coin, copper.</p>
+
+    <p>6. Five-cent coin, nickel.</p>
+
+    <p>7. White-crown glass, 1-1/2 millimetres thick.</p>
+
+    <p>8. Blue crown glass, 2 millimetres thick.</p>
+
+    <p>9. Yellow crown glass, 1-1/2 millimetres thick.</p>
+
+    <p>10. Crown glass, 1 millimetre thick, covered with a very
+    thin layer of gold.</p>
+
+    <p>11. Red crown glass, 2 millimetres thick.</p>
+
+    <p>12. Block of Iceland spar (very transparent to ordinary
+    light, but very opaque to R&ouml;ntgen rays).</p>
+
+    <p>13. A bit of tinfoil.</p>
+
+    <p>14. Aluminium medal, showing faint traces of the design and
+    lettering on both sides, as if it were translucent.</p>
+
+    <p>15. Metallic mirror, shows no effect of regular
+    reflection.</p>
+
+    <p>16. Bit of sheet-lead, 1 millimetre thick.</p>
+
+    <p>17. Quarter-of-a-dollar coin, silver.</p>
+
+    <p>18. Piece of thin ebonite, such as is used for photographic
+    plate-holder.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page402"
+       id="page402"></a>[pg 402]</span>
+    <hr />
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/402.jpg"
+             name="fig402"
+             id="fig402"><img src="images/402.jpg"
+             alt="DR. WILLIAM KONRAD R&Ouml;NTGEN, DISCOVERER OF THE X RAYS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>DR. WILLIAM KONRAD R&Ouml;NTGEN, DISCOVERER OF THE X
+        RAYS.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by Hanfstaenge,
+        Frankfort-on-the-Main.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page403"
+       id="page403"></a>[pg 403]</span>
+
+    <h2>THE NEW MARVEL IN PHOTOGRAPHY.</h2>
+
+    <h3>A VISIT TO PROFESSOR R&Ouml;NTGEN AT HIS LABORATORY IN
+    W&Uuml;RZBURG.&mdash;HIS OWN ACCOUNT OF HIS GREAT
+    DISCOVERY.&mdash;INTERESTING EXPERIMENTS WITH THE CATHODE
+    RAYS.&mdash;PRACTICAL USES OF THE NEW PHOTOGRAPHY.</h3>
+
+    <h4>By H.J.W. Dam.</h4>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/403.jpg"
+             name="fig403"
+             id="fig403"><img src="images/403.jpg"
+             alt="PICTURE OF AN ALUMINIUM CIGAR-CASE, SHOWING CIGARS WITHIN." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PICTURE OF AN ALUMINIUM CIGAR-CASE, SHOWING CIGARS
+        WITHIN.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street,
+        London. Exposure, ten minutes.</p>
+    </div><br />
+
+
+    <div class="figletter">
+        <a href="images/LetterI.jpg"
+             name="fig403-l"
+             id="fig403-l"><img src="images/LetterI.jpg"
+             alt="Letter I" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="hang">N all the history of scientific discovery there
+    has never been, perhaps, so general, rapid, and dramatic an
+    effect wrought on the scientific centres of Europe as has
+    followed, in the past four weeks, upon an announcement made to
+    the W&uuml;rzburg Physico-Medical Society, at their December
+    meeting, by Professor William Konrad R&ouml;ntgen, professor of
+    physics at the Royal University of W&uuml;rzburg. The first
+    news which reached London was by telegraph from Vienna to the
+    effect that a Professor R&ouml;ntgen, until then the possessor
+    of only a local fame in the town mentioned, had discovered a
+    new kind of light, which penetrated and photographed through
+    everything. This news was received with a mild interest, some
+    amusement, and much incredulity; and a week passed. Then, by
+    mail and telegraph, came daily clear indications of the stir
+    which the discovery was making in all the great line of
+    universities between Vienna and Berlin. Then R&ouml;ntgen's own
+    report arrived, so cool, so business-like, and so truly
+    scientific in character, that it left no doubt either of the
+    truth or of the great importance of the preceding reports.
+    To-day, four weeks after the announcement, R&ouml;ntgen's name
+    is apparently in every scientific publication issued this week
+    in Europe; and accounts of his experiments, of the experiments
+    of others following his method, and of theories as to the
+    strange new force which he has been the first to observe, fill
+    pages of every scientific journal that comes to hand. And
+    before the necessary time elapses for this article to attain
+    publication in America, it is in all ways probable that the
+    laboratories and lecture-rooms of the United States will also
+    be giving full evidence of this contagious arousal of interest
+    over a discovery so strange that its importance cannot yet be
+    measured, its utility be even prophesied, or its ultimate
+    effect upon long-established scientific beliefs be even vaguely
+    foretold.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page404"
+       id="page404"></a>[pg 404]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/404.jpg"
+             name="fig404"
+             id="fig404"><img src="images/404.jpg"
+             alt="PHOTOGRAPH OF A LADY'S HAND SHOWING THE BONES, AND A RING ON THE THIRD FINGER, WITH FAINT OUTLINES OF THE FLESH." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PHOTOGRAPH OF A LADY'S HAND SHOWING THE BONES, AND A
+        RING ON THE THIRD FINGER, WITH FAINT OUTLINES OF THE
+        FLESH.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph taken by Mr. P. Spies, director of the
+        "Urania," Berlin.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page405"
+       id="page405"></a>[pg 405]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/405.jpg"
+             name="fig405"
+             id="fig405"><img src="images/405.jpg"
+             alt="THE PHYSICAL INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF W&Uuml;RZBURG, WHERE PROFESSOR R&Ouml;NTGEN HAS HIS RESIDENCE, DELIVERS HIS LECTURES, AND CONDUCTS HIS EXPERIMENTS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE PHYSICAL INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF W&Uuml;RZBURG,
+        WHERE PROFESSOR R&Ouml;NTGEN HAS HIS RESIDENCE, DELIVERS
+        HIS LECTURES, AND CONDUCTS HIS EXPERIMENTS.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by G. Glock, W&uuml;rzburg.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The R&ouml;ntgen rays are certain invisible rays resembling,
+    in many respects, rays of light, which are set free when a high
+    pressure electric current is discharged through a vacuum tube.
+    A vacuum tube is a glass tube from which all the air, down to
+    one-millionth of an atmosphere, has been exhausted after the
+    insertion of a platinum wire in either end of the tube for
+    connection with the two poles of a battery or induction coil.
+    When the discharge is sent through the tube, there proceeds
+    from the anode&mdash;that is, the wire which is connected with
+    the positive pole of the battery&mdash;certain bands of light,
+    varying in color with the color of the glass. But these are
+    insignificant in comparison with the brilliant glow which
+    shoots from the cathode, or negative wire. This glow excites
+    brilliant phosphorescence in glass and many substances, and
+    these "cathode rays," as they are called, were observed and
+    studied by Hertz; and more deeply by his assistant, Professor
+    Lenard, Lenard having, in 1894, reported that the cathode rays
+    would penetrate thin films of aluminium, wood, and other
+    substances and produce photographic results beyond. It was
+    left, however, for Professor R&ouml;ntgen to discover that
+    during the discharge another kind of rays are set free, which
+    differ greatly from those described by Lenard as cathode rays
+    The most marked difference between the two is the fact that
+    R&ouml;ntgen rays are not deflected by a magnet, indicating a
+    very essential difference, while their range and penetrative
+    power are incomparably greater. In fact, all those qualities
+    which have lent a sensational character to the discovery of
+    R&ouml;ntgen's rays were mainly absent from these of Lenard, to
+    the end that, although R&ouml;ntgen has not been working in an
+    entirely new field, he has by common accord been freely granted
+    all the honors of a great
+    discovery.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page406"
+       id="page406"></a>[pg 406]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/406-1.jpg"
+             name="fig406-1"
+             id="fig406-1"><img src="images/406-1.jpg"
+             alt="SKELETON OF A FROG, PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH. THE SHADINGS INDICATE, IN ADDITION TO THE BONES, ALSO THE LUNGS AND THE CEREBRAL LOBES." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>SKELETON OF A FROG, PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH. THE
+        SHADINGS INDICATE, IN ADDITION TO THE BONES, ALSO THE LUNGS
+        AND THE CEREBRAL LOBES.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by Professors Imbert and Bertin-Sans;
+        reproduced by the courtesy of the "Presse Medicale," Paris.
+        In taking this photograph the experiment was tried of using
+        a diaphragm interposed between the Crookes tube and the
+        plate; and the superior clearness obtained is thought to
+        result from this.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/406-2.jpg"
+             name="fig406-2"
+             id="fig406-2"><img src="images/406-2.jpg"
+             alt="RAZOR-BLADE PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH A LEATHER CASE AND THE RAZOR-HANDLE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>RAZOR-BLADE PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH A LEATHER CASE AND THE
+        RAZOR-HANDLE.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph taken by Dr. W.L. Robb of Trinity
+        College. The shading in the picture indicates, what was the
+        actual fact, that the blade, which was hollow ground, was
+        thinner in the middle than near the edge.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page407"
+       id="page407"></a>[pg 407]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/407.jpg"
+             name="fig407"
+             id="fig407"><img src="images/407.jpg"
+             alt="SKELETON OF A FISH PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>SKELETON OF A FISH PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street,
+        London. Exposure, four minutes.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Exactly what kind of a force Professor R&ouml;ntgen has
+    discovered he does not know. As will be seen below, he declines
+    to call it a new kind of light, or a new form of electricity.
+    He has given it the name of the X rays. Others speak of it as
+    the R&ouml;ntgen rays. Thus far its results only, and not its
+    essence, are known. In the terminology of science it is
+    generally called "a new mode of motion," or, in other words, a
+    new force. As to whether it is or not actually a force new to
+    science, or one of the known forces masquerading under strange
+    conditions, weighty authorities are already arguing. More than
+    one eminent scientist has already affected to see in it a key
+    to the great mystery of the law of gravity. All who have
+    expressed themselves in print have admitted, with more or less
+    frankness, that, in view of R&ouml;ntgen's discovery, science
+    must forth-with revise, possibly to a revolutionary degree, the
+    long accepted theories concerning the phenomena of light and
+    sound. That the X rays, in their mode of action, combine a
+    strange resemblance to both sound and light vibrations, and are
+    destined to materially affect, if they do not greatly alter,
+    our views of both phenomena, is already certain; and beyond
+    this is the opening into a new and unknown field of physical
+    knowledge, concerning which speculation is already eager, and
+    experimental investigation already in hand, in London, Paris,
+    Berlin, and, perhaps, to a greater or less extent, in every
+    well-equipped physical laboratory in Europe.</p>
+
+    <p>This is the present scientific aspect of the discovery. But,
+    unlike most epoch-making results from laboratories, this
+    discovery is one which, to a very unusual degree, is within the
+    grasp of the popular and non-technical imagination. Among the
+    other kinds of matter which these rays penetrate with ease is
+    the human flesh. That a new photography has suddenly arisen
+    which can photograph the bones, and, before long, the organs of
+    the human body; that a light has been found which can
+    penetrate, so as to make a photographic record, through
+    everything from a purse or a pocket to the walls of a room or a
+    house, is news which cannot fail to startle everybody. That the
+    eye of the physician or surgeon, long baffled by the skin, and
+    vainly seeking to penetrate the unfortunate darkness of the
+    human body, is now to be supplemented by a camera, making all
+    the parts of the human body as visible, in a way, as the
+    exterior, appears certainly to be a greater blessing to
+    humanity than even the Listerian antiseptic system of surgery;
+    and its benefits must inevitably be greater than those
+    conferred by Lister, great as the latter have been. Already, in
+    the few weeks since R&ouml;ntgen's announcement, the results of
+    surgical operations under the new system are growing
+    voluminous. In Berlin, not only new bone fractures are being
+    immediately photographed, but joined fractures, as well, in
+    order to examine the results of recent surgical work. In
+    Vienna, imbedded bullets are being photographed, instead of
+    being probed for, and extracted with comparative ease. In
+    London, a wounded sailor, completely paralyzed, whose injury
+    was a mystery, has been saved by the photographing of an object
+    imbedded in the spine, which, upon extraction, proved to be a
+    small knife-blade. Operations for malformations, hitherto
+    obscure, but now clearly revealed by the new photography, are
+    already becoming common, and are being reported from all
+    directions. Professor Czermark of Graz has photographed the
+    living skull, denuded of flesh and hair, and has begun the
+    adaptation of the new photography to brain study. The relation
+    of the new rays to thought rays is being eagerly discussed in
+    what may be called the non-exact circles and journals; and all
+    that numerous group of inquirers into the occult, the believers
+    in clairvoyance, spiritualism, telepathy, and kindred orders of
+    alleged phenomena, are confident of finding in the new force
+    long-sought facts in proof of their claims. Professor Neusser
+    in Vienna has photographed gall-stones in the liver of one
+    patient (the stone showing snow-white in the negative), and a
+    stone in the bladder of another patient. His results so far
+    induce him to announce that all the organs of the human body
+    can, and will, shortly, be photographed. Lannelougue of Paris
+    has exhibited to the Academy of Science photographs of bones
+    showing inherited tuberculosis which had not otherwise revealed
+    itself. Berlin has already formed a society of forty for the
+    immediate prosecution of researches into both the character of
+    the new force and its physiological possibilities. In the next
+    few weeks these strange announcements will be trebled or
+    quadrupled, giving the best evidence from all quarters of the
+    great future that awaits the R&ouml;ntgen rays, and the
+    startling impetus to the universal search for knowledge that
+    has come at the close of the nineteenth century from the modest
+    little laboratory in the Pleicher Ring at
+    W&uuml;rzburg.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page408"
+       id="page408"></a>[pg 408]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/408.jpg"
+             name="fig408"
+             id="fig408"><img src="images/408.jpg"
+             alt="A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE SOLE OF A SHOE. THE SHADING SHOWS THE PEGS OF THE SHOE, AS WELL AS TRACES OF THE FOOT." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE SOLE OF A SHOE.
+        THE SHADING SHOWS THE PEGS OF THE SHOE, AS WELL AS TRACES
+        OF THE FOOT.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by Dr. W.L. Robb of Trinity
+        College.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page409"
+       id="page409"></a>[pg 409]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/409.jpg"
+             name="fig409"
+             id="fig409"><img src="images/409.jpg"
+             alt="PHOTOGRAPHING A FOOT IN ITS SHOE BY THE R&Ouml;NTGEN PROCESS.&mdash;A PICTURE OF THE ACTUAL OPERATION WHICH PRODUCED THE PHOTOGRAPH SHOWN ON PAGE 408." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PHOTOGRAPHING A FOOT IN ITS SHOE BY THE R&Ouml;NTGEN
+        PROCESS.&mdash;A PICTURE OF THE ACTUAL OPERATION WHICH
+        PRODUCED THE PHOTOGRAPH SHOWN ON PAGE 408.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by Dr. W.L. Robb of Trinity College.
+        The subject's foot rests on the photographic plate.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>On instruction by cable from the editor of this magazine, on
+    the first announcement of the discovery, I set out for
+    W&uuml;rzburg to see the discoverer and his laboratory. I found
+    a neat and thriving Bavarian city of forty-five thousand
+    inhabitants, which, for some ten centuries, has made no salient
+    claim upon the admiration of the world, except for the
+    elaborateness of its medi&aelig;val castle and the excellence
+    of its local beer. Its streets were adorned with large numbers
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page410"
+       id="page410"></a>[pg 410]</span> of students, all wearing
+       either scarlet, green, or blue caps, and an extremely
+       serious expression, suggesting much intensity either in the
+       contemplation of R&ouml;ntgen rays or of the beer aforesaid.
+       All knew the residence of Professor R&ouml;ntgen
+       (pronunciation: "Renken"), and directed me to the "Pleicher
+       Ring." The various buildings of the university are scattered
+       in different parts of W&uuml;rzburg, the majority being in
+       the Pleicher Ring, which is a fine avenue, with a park along
+       one side of it, in the centre of the town. The Physical
+       Institute, Professor R&ouml;ntgen's particular domain, is a
+       modest building of two stories and basement, the upper story
+       constituting his private residence, and the remainder of the
+       building being given over to lecture rooms, laboratories,
+       and their attendant offices. At the door I was met by an old
+       serving-man of the idolatrous order, whose pain was apparent
+       when I asked for "Professor" R&ouml;ntgen, and he gently
+       corrected me with "Herr Doctor R&ouml;ntgen." As it was
+       evident, however, that we referred to the same person, he
+       conducted me along a wide, bare hall, running the length of
+       the building, with blackboards and charts on the walls. At
+       the end he showed me into a small room on the right. This
+       contained a large table desk, and a small table by the
+       window, covered with photographs, while the walls held rows
+       of shelves laden with laboratory and other records. An open
+       door led into a somewhat larger room, perhaps twenty feet by
+       fifteen, and I found myself gazing into a laboratory which
+       was the scene of the discovery&mdash;a laboratory which,
+       though in all ways modest, is destined to be enduringly
+       historical.</p>
+
+    <p>There was a wide table shelf running along the farther side,
+    in front of the two windows, which were high, and gave plenty
+    of light. In the centre was a stove; on the left, a small
+    cabinet, whose shelves held the small objects which the
+    professor had been using. There was a table in the left-hand
+    corner; and another small table&mdash;the one on which living
+    bones were first photographed&mdash;was near the stove, and a
+    Rhumkorff coil was on the right. The lesson of the laboratory
+    was eloquent. Compared, for instance, with the elaborate,
+    expensive, and complete apparatus of, say, the University of
+    London, or of any of the great American universities, it was
+    bare and unassuming to a degree. It mutely said that in the
+    great march of science it is the genius of man, and not the
+    perfection of appliances, that breaks new ground in the great
+    territory of the unknown. It also caused one to wonder at and
+    endeavor to imagine the great things which are to be done
+    through elaborate appliances with the R&ouml;ntgen rays&mdash;a
+    field in which the United States, with its foremost genius in
+    invention, will very possibly, if not probably, take the
+    lead&mdash;when the discoverer himself had done so much with so
+    little. Already, in a few weeks, a skilled London operator, Mr.
+    A.A.C. Swinton, has reduced the necessary time of exposure for
+    R&ouml;ntgen photographs from fifteen minutes to four. He used,
+    however, a Tesla oil coil, discharged by twelve half-gallon
+    Leyden jars, with an alternating current of twenty thousand
+    volts' pressure. Here were no oil coils, Leyden jars, or
+    specially elaborate and expensive machines. There were only a
+    Rhumkorff coil and Crookes (vacuum) tube and the man
+    himself.</p>
+
+    <p>Professor R&ouml;ntgen entered hurriedly, something like an
+    amiable gust of wind. He is a tall, slender, and loose-limbed
+    man, whose whole appearance bespeaks enthusiasm and energy. He
+    wore a dark blue sack suit, and his long, dark hair stood
+    straight up from his forehead, as if he were permanently
+    electrified by his own enthusiasm. His voice is full and deep,
+    he speaks rapidly, and, altogether, he seems clearly a man who,
+    once upon the track of a mystery which appealed to him, would
+    pursue it with unremitting vigor. His eyes are kind, quick, and
+    penetrating; and there is no doubt that he much prefers gazing
+    at a Crookes tube to beholding a visitor, visitors at present
+    robbing him of much valued time. The meeting was by
+    appointment, however, and his greeting was cordial and hearty.
+    In addition to his own language he speaks French well and
+    English scientifically, which is different from speaking it
+    popularly. These three tongues being more or less within the
+    equipment of his visitor, the conversation proceeded on an
+    international or polyglot basis, so to speak, varying at
+    necessity's demand.</p>
+
+    <p>It transpired, in the course of inquiry, that the professor
+    is a married man and fifty years of age, though his eyes have
+    the enthusiasm of twenty-five. He was born near Zurich, and
+    educated there, and completed his studies and took his degree
+    at Utrecht. He has been at W&uuml;rzburg about seven years, and
+    had made no discoveries which he considered of great importance
+    prior to the one under consideration. These details were given
+    under good-natured protest, he failing to understand why his
+    personality should interest the public. He declined to admire
+    himself or his results in any degree, and laughed at the idea
+    of being famous. The professor is too deeply interested in
+    science to waste any time in thinking about himself. His
+    emperor had <i>f&ecirc;ted</i>, flattered, and decorated him,
+    and he was loyally grateful. It was evident, however, that fame
+    and applause had small attractions for him, compared to the
+    mysteries still hidden in the vacuum tubes of the other
+    room.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page411"
+       id="page411"></a>[pg 411]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/411.jpg"
+             name="fig411"
+             id="fig411"><img src="images/411.jpg"
+             alt="BONES OF A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>BONES OF A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE
+        FLESH.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street,
+        London. Exposure, fifty-five seconds.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"Now, then," said he, smiling, and with some impatience,
+    when the preliminary questions at which he chafed were over,
+    "you have come to see the invisible rays."</p>
+
+    <p>"Is the invisible visible?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Not to the eye; but its results are. Come in here."</p>
+
+    <p>He led the way to the other square room mentioned, and
+    indicated the induction coil with which his researches were
+    made, an ordinary Rhumkorff coil, with a spark of from four to
+    six inches, charged by a current of twenty amperes. Two wires
+    led from the coil, through an open door, into a smaller room on
+    the right. In this room was a small table carrying a Crookes
+    tube connected with the coil. The most striking object in the
+    room, however, was a huge and mysterious tin box about seven
+    feet high and four feet square. It stood on end, like a huge
+    packing-case, its side being perhaps five inches from the
+    Crookes tube.</p>
+
+    <p>The professor explained the mystery of the tin box, to the
+    effect that it was a device of his own for obtaining a portable
+    dark-room. When he began his investigations he used the whole
+    room, as was shown by the heavy blinds and curtains so arranged
+    as to exclude the entrance of all interfering light from the
+    windows. In the side of the tin box, at the point immediately
+    against the tube, was a circular sheet of aluminium one
+    millimetre in thickness, and perhaps eighteen inches in
+    diameter, soldered to the surrounding tin. To study his rays
+    the professor had only to turn on the current, enter the box,
+    close the door, and in perfect darkness inspect only such light
+    or light effects as he had a right to consider his own, hiding
+    his light, in fact, not under the Biblical bushel, but in a
+    more commodious box.</p>
+
+    <p>"Step inside," said he, opening the door, which was on the
+    side of the box farthest from the tube. I immediately did so,
+    not altogether certain whether my skeleton was to be
+    photographed for general inspection, or my secret thoughts held
+    up to light on a glass plate. "You will find a sheet of barium
+    paper on the shelf," he added, and then went away to the coil.
+    The door was closed, and the interior of the
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page412"
+       id="page412"></a>[pg 412]</span> box became black darkness.
+       The first thing I found was a wooden stool, on which I
+       resolved to sit. Then I found the shelf on the side next the
+       tube, and then the sheet of paper prepared with barium
+       platino-cyanide. I was thus being shown the first phenomenon
+       which attracted the discoverer's attention and led to the
+       discovery, namely, the passage of rays, themselves wholly
+       invisible, whose presence was only indicated by the effect
+       they produced on a piece of sensitized photographic
+       paper.</p>
+
+    <p>A moment later, the black darkness was penetrated by the
+    rapid snapping sound of the high-pressure current in action,
+    and I knew that the tube outside was glowing. I held the sheet
+    vertically on the shelf, perhaps four inches from the plate.
+    There was no change, however, and nothing was visible.</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you see anything?" he called.</p>
+
+    <p>"No."</p>
+
+    <p>"The tension is not high enough;" and he proceeded to
+    increase the pressure by operating an apparatus of mercury in
+    long vertical tubes acted upon automatically by a weight lever
+    which stood near the coil. In a few moments the sound of the
+    discharge again began, and then I made my first acquaintance
+    with the R&ouml;ntgen rays.</p>
+
+    <p>The moment the current passed, the paper began to glow. A
+    yellowish-green light spread all over its surface in clouds,
+    waves, and flashes. The yellow-green luminescence, all the
+    stranger and stronger in the darkness, trembled, wavered, and
+    floated over the paper, in rhythm with the snapping of the
+    discharge. Through the metal plate, the paper, myself, and the
+    tin box, the invisible rays were flying, with an effect
+    strange, interesting, and uncanny. The metal plate seemed to
+    offer no appreciable resistance to the flying force, and the
+    light was as rich and full as if nothing lay between the paper
+    and the tube.</p>
+
+    <p>"Put the book up," said the professor.</p>
+
+    <p>I felt upon the shelf, in the darkness, a heavy book, two
+    inches in thickness, and placed this against the plate. It made
+    no difference. The rays flew through the metal and the book as
+    if neither had been there, and the waves of light, rolling
+    cloud-like over the paper, showed no change in brightness. It
+    was a clear, material illustration of the ease with which paper
+    and wood are penetrated. And then I laid book and paper down,
+    and put my eyes against the rays. All was blackness, and I
+    neither saw nor felt anything. The discharge was in full force,
+    and the rays were flying through my head, and, for all I knew,
+    through the side of the box behind me. But they were invisible
+    and impalpable. They gave no sensation whatever. Whatever the
+    mysterious rays may be, they are not to be seen, and are to be
+    judged only by their works.</p>
+
+    <p>I was loath to leave this historical tin box, but time
+    pressed. I thanked the professor, who was happy in the reality
+    of his discovery and the music of his sparks. Then I said:
+    "Where did you first photograph living bones?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Here," he said, leading the way into the room where the
+    coil stood. He pointed to a table on which was
+    another&mdash;the latter a small short-legged wooden one with
+    more the shape and size of a wooden seat. It was two feet
+    square and painted coal black. I viewed it with interest. I
+    would have bought it, for the little table on which light was
+    first sent through the human body will some day be a great
+    historical curiosity; but it was "nicht zu verkaufen." A
+    photograph of it would have been a consolation, but for several
+    reasons one was not to be had at present. However, the
+    historical table was there, and was duly inspected.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/412.jpg"
+             name="fig412"
+             id="fig412"><img src="images/412.jpg" width="258"
+             alt="CORK-SCREW, KEY, PENCIL WITH METALLIC PROTECTOR, AND PIECE OF COIN, AS PHOTOGRAPHED WHILE INSIDE A CALICO POCKET." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>CORK-SCREW, KEY, PENCIL WITH METALLIC PROTECTOR, AND
+        PIECE OF COIN, AS PHOTOGRAPHED WHILE INSIDE A CALICO
+        POCKET.</h5>From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria
+        Street, London.<br />
+         Four minutes' exposure through a sheet of aluminium.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"How did you take the first hand photograph?" I
+    asked.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page413"
+       id="page413"></a>[pg 413]</span>
+
+    <p>The professor went over to a shelf by the window, where lay
+    a number of prepared glass plates, closely wrapped in black
+    paper. He put a Crookes tube underneath the table, a few inches
+    from the under side of its top. Then he laid his hand flat on
+    the top of the table, and placed the glass plate loosely on his
+    hand.</p>
+
+    <p>"You ought to have your portrait painted in that attitude,"
+    I suggested.</p>
+
+    <p>"No, that is nonsense," said he, smiling.</p>
+
+    <p>"Or be photographed." This suggestion was made with a deeply
+    hidden purpose.</p>
+
+    <p>The rays from the R&ouml;ntgen eyes instantly penetrated the
+    deeply hidden purpose. "Oh, no," said he; "I can't let you make
+    pictures of me. I am too busy." Clearly the professor was
+    entirely too modest to gratify the wishes of the curious
+    world.</p>
+
+    <p>"Now, Professor," said I, "will you tell me the history of
+    the discovery?"</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:50%;">
+        <a href="images/413.jpg"
+             name="fig413"
+             id="fig413"><img src="images/413.jpg"
+             width="290"
+             alt="COINS PHOTOGRAPHED INSIDE A PURSE." /></a>
+
+        <h5>COINS PHOTOGRAPHED INSIDE A PURSE.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street,
+        London.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"There is no history," he said. "I have been for a long time
+    interested in the problem of the cathode rays from a vacuum
+    tube as studied by Hertz and Lenard. I had followed theirs and
+    other researches with great interest, and determined, as soon
+    as I had the time, to make some researches of my own. This time
+    I found at the close of last October. I had been at work for
+    some days when I discovered something new."</p>
+
+    <p>"What was the date?"</p>
+
+    <p>"The eighth of November."</p>
+
+    <p>"And what was the discovery?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I was working with a Crookes tube covered by a shield of
+    black cardboard. A piece of barium platino-cyanide paper lay on
+    the bench there. I had been passing a current through the tube,
+    and I noticed a peculiar black line across the paper."</p>
+
+    <p>"What of that?"</p>
+
+    <p>"The effect was one which could only be produced, in
+    ordinary parlance, by the passage of light. No light could come
+    from the tube, because the shield which covered it was
+    impervious to any light known, even that of the electric
+    arc."</p>
+
+    <p>"And what did you think?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I did not think; I investigated. I assumed that the effect
+    must have come from the tube, since its character indicated
+    that it could come from nowhere else. I tested it. In a few
+    minutes there was no doubt about it. Rays were coming from the
+    tube which had a luminescent effect upon the paper. I tried it
+    successfully at greater and greater distances, even at two
+    metres. It seemed at first a new kind of invisible light. It
+    was clearly something new, something unrecorded."</p>
+
+    <p>"Is it light?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No."</p>
+
+    <p>"Is it electricity?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Not in any known form."</p>
+
+    <p>"What is it?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I don't know."</p>
+
+    <p>And the discoverer of the X rays thus stated as calmly his
+    ignorance of their essence as has everybody else who has
+    written on the phenomena thus far.</p>
+
+    <p>"Having discovered the existence of a new kind of rays, I of
+    course began to investigate what they would do." He took up a
+    series of cabinet-sized photographs. "It soon appeared from
+    tests that the rays had penetrative power to a degree hitherto
+    unknown. They penetrated paper, wood, and cloth with ease; and
+    the thickness of the substance made no perceptible difference,
+    within reasonable limits." He showed photographs of a box of
+    laboratory weights of platinum, aluminium, and brass, they and
+    the brass hinges all having been photographed from a closed
+    box, without any indication of the box. Also a photograph of a
+    coil of fine wire, wound on a wooden spool, the wire having
+    been photographed, and the wood
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page414"
+       id="page414"></a>[pg 414]</span> omitted. "The rays," he
+       continued, "passed through all the metals tested, with a
+       facility varying, roughly speaking, with the density of the
+       metal. These phenomena I have discussed carefully in my
+       report to the W&uuml;rzburg society, and you will find all
+       the technical results therein stated." He showed a
+       photograph of a small sheet of zinc. This was composed of
+       smaller plates soldered laterally with solders of different
+       metallic proportions. The differing lines of shadow, caused
+       by the difference in the solders, were visible evidence that
+       a new means of detecting flaws and chemical variations in
+       metals had been found. A photograph of a compass showed the
+       needle and dial taken through the closed brass cover. The
+       markings of the dial were in red metallic paint, and thus
+       interfered with the rays, and were reproduced. "Since the
+       rays had this great penetrative power, it seemed natural
+       that they should penetrate flesh, and so it proved in
+       photographing the hand, as I showed you."</p>
+
+    <p>A detailed discussion of the characteristics of his rays the
+    professor considered unprofitable and unnecessary. He believes,
+    though, that these mysterious radiations are not light, because
+    their behavior is essentially different from that of light
+    rays, even those light rays which are themselves invisible. The
+    R&ouml;ntgen rays cannot be reflected by reflecting surfaces,
+    concentrated by lenses, or refracted or diffracted. They
+    produce photographic action on a sensitive film, but their
+    action is weak as yet, and herein lies the first important
+    field of their development. The professor's exposures were
+    comparatively long&mdash;an average of fifteen minutes in
+    easily penetrable media, and half an hour or more in
+    photographing the bones of the hand. Concerning vacuum tubes,
+    he said that he preferred the Hittorf, because it had the most
+    perfect vacuum, the highest degree of air exhaustion being the
+    consummation most desirable. In answer to a question, "What of
+    the future?" he said:</p>
+
+    <p>"I am not a prophet, and I am opposed to prophesying. I am
+    pursuing my investigations, and as fast as my results are
+    verified I shall make them public."</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you think the rays can be so modified as to photograph
+    the organs of the human body?"</p>
+
+    <p>In answer he took up the photograph of the box of weights.
+    "Here are already modifications," he said, indicating the
+    various degrees of shadow produced by the aluminium, platinum,
+    and brass weights, the brass hinges, and even the metallic
+    stamped lettering on the cover of the box, which was faintly
+    perceptible.</p>
+
+    <p>"But Professor Neusser has already announced that the
+    photographing of the various organs is possible."</p>
+
+    <p>"We shall see what we shall see," he said. We have the start
+    now; the developments will follow in time."</p>
+
+    <p>"You know the apparatus for introducing the electric light
+    into the stomach?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes."</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you think that this electric light will become a vacuum
+    tube for photographing, from the stomach, any part of the
+    abdomen or thorax?"</p>
+
+    <p>The idea of swallowing a Crookes tube, and sending a high
+    frequency current down into one's stomach, seemed to him
+    exceedingly funny. "When I have done it, I will tell you," he
+    said, smiling, resolute in abiding by results.</p>
+
+    <p>"There is much to do, and I am busy, very busy," he said in
+    conclusion. He extended his hand in farewell, his eyes already
+    wandering toward his work in the inside room. And his visitor
+    promptly left him; the words, "I am busy," said in all
+    sincerity, seeming to describe in a single phrase the essence
+    of his character and the watchword of a very unusual man.</p>
+
+    <p>Returning by way of Berlin, I called upon Herr Spies of the
+    Urania, whose photographs after the R&ouml;ntgen method were
+    the first made public, and have been the best seen thus far.
+    The Urania is a peculiar institution, and one which it seems
+    might be profitably duplicated in other countries. It is a
+    scientific theatre. By means of the lantern and an admirable
+    equipment of scientific appliances, all new discoveries, as
+    well as ordinary interesting and picturesque phenomena, when
+    new discoveries are lacking, are described and illustrated
+    daily to the public, who pay for seats as in an ordinary
+    theatre, and keep the Urania profitably filled all the year
+    round. Professor Spies is a young man of great mental alertness
+    and mechanical resource. It is the photograph of a hand, his
+    wife's hand, which illustrates, perhaps better than any other
+    illustration in this article, the clear delineation of the
+    bones which can be obtained by the R&ouml;ntgen rays. In
+    speaking of the discovery he said:</p>
+
+    <p>"I applied it, as soon as the penetration of flesh was
+    apparent, to the photograph of a man's hand. Something in it
+    had pained him for years, and the photograph at once exhibited
+    a small foreign object, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page415"
+       id="page415"></a>[pg 415]</span> as you can see;" and he
+       exhibited a copy of the photograph in question. "The speck
+       there is a small piece of glass, which was immediately
+       extracted, and which, in all probability, would have
+       otherwise remained in the man's hand to the end of his
+       days." All of which indicates that the needle which has
+       pursued its travels in so many persons, through so many
+       years, will be suppressed by the camera.</p>
+
+    <p>"My next object is to photograph the bones of the entire
+    leg," continued Herr Spies. "I anticipate no difficulty, though
+    it requires some thought in manipulation."</p>
+
+    <p>It will be seen that the R&ouml;ntgen rays and their
+    marvellous practical possibilities are still in their infancy.
+    The first successful modification of the action of the rays so
+    that the varying densities of bodily organs will enable them to
+    be photographed, will bring all such morbid growths as tumors
+    and cancers into the photographic field, to say nothing of
+    vital organs which may be abnormally developed or degenerate.
+    How much this means to medical and surgical practice it
+    requires little imagination to conceive. Diagnosis, long a
+    painfully uncertain science, has received an unexpected and
+    wonderful assistant; and how greatly the world will benefit
+    thereby, how much pain will be saved, and how many lives saved,
+    the future can only determine. In science a new door has been
+    opened where none was known to exist, and a side-light on
+    phenomena has appeared, of which the results may prove as
+    penetrating and astonishing as the R&ouml;ntgen rays
+    themselves. The most agreeable feature of the discovery is the
+    opportunity it gives for other hands to help; and the work of
+    these hands will add many new words to the dictionaries, many
+    new facts to science, and, in the years long ahead of us, fill
+    many more volumes than there are paragraphs in this brief and
+    imperfect account.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>THE R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS IN AMERICA.</h2>
+
+    <h4>By Cleveland Moffett.</h4>
+
+    <p class="cap">AT the top of the great Sloane laboratory of
+    Yale University, in an experimenting room lined with curious
+    apparatus, I found Professor Arthur W. Wright experimenting
+    with the wonderful R&ouml;ntgen rays. Professor Wright, a
+    small, low-voiced man, of modest manner, has achieved, in his
+    experiments in photographing through solid substances, some of
+    the most interesting and remarkable results thus far attained
+    in this country. His success is, no doubt, largely due to the
+    fact that for years he had been experimenting constantly with
+    vacuum tubes similar to the Crookes tubes used in producing the
+    cathode rays.</p>
+
+    <p>When I arrived, Professor Wright was at work with a Crookes
+    tube, nearly spherical in shape, and about five inches in
+    diameter&mdash;the one with which he has taken all his shadow
+    pictures. His best results have been obtained with long
+    exposures&mdash;an hour or an hour and a half&mdash;and he
+    regards it as of the first importance that the objects through
+    which the R&ouml;ntgen rays are to be projected be placed as
+    near as possible to the sensitized plate.</p>
+
+    <p>It is from a failure to observe this precaution that so many
+    of the shadow pictures show blurred outlines. It is with these
+    pictures as with a shadow of the hand thrown on the
+    wall&mdash;the nearer the hand is to the wall, the more
+    distinct becomes the shadow; and this consideration makes
+    Professor Wright doubt whether it will be possible, with the
+    present facilities, to get clearly cut shadow images of very
+    thick objects, or in cases where the pictures are taken through
+    a thick board or other obstacle. The R&ouml;ntgen rays will
+    doubtless traverse the board, and shadows will be formed upon
+    the plate, but there will be an uncertainty or dimness of
+    outline that will render the results unsatisfactory. It is for
+    this reason that Professor Wright has taken most of his shadow
+    pictures through only the thickness of ebonite in his
+    plate-holder. A most successful shadow picture taken by
+    Professor Wright in this way, shows five objects laid side by
+    side on a large plate&mdash;a saw, a case of pocket tools in
+    their cover, a pocket lense opened out as for use, a pair of
+    eye-glasses inside their leather case, and an awl. As will be
+    seen from the accompanying reproduction of this picture, all
+    the objects are photographed with remarkable distinctness, the
+    leather case of the eye-glasses being almost transparent, the
+    wood of the handles of the awl and saw being a little less so,
+    while the glass in the eye-glasses is less transparent than
+    either. In <span class="pagenum"><a name="page416"
+       id="page416"></a>[pg 416]</span> the case of the awl and the
+       saw, the iron stem of the tool shows plainly inside the
+       wooden handle. This photograph is similar to a dozen that
+       have been taken by Professor Wright with equal success. The
+       exposure here was fifty-five minutes.</p>
+
+    <p>A more remarkable picture is one taken in the same way, but
+    with a somewhat longer exposure&mdash;of a rabbit laid upon the
+    ebonite plate, and so successfully pierced with the
+    R&ouml;ntgen rays that not only the bones of the body show
+    plainly, but also the six grains of shot with which the animal
+    was killed. The bones of the fore legs show with beautiful
+    distinctness inside the shadowy flesh, while a closer
+    inspection makes visible the ribs, the cartilages of the ear,
+    and a lighter region in the centre of the body, which marks the
+    location of the heart.</p>
+
+    <p>Like most experimenters, Professor Wright has taken numerous
+    shadow pictures of the human hand, showing the bones within,
+    and he has made a great number of experiments in photographing
+    various metals and different varieties of quartz and glass,
+    with a view to studying characteristic differences in the
+    shadows produced. A photograph of the latter sort is reproduced
+    on page 401. Aluminium shows a remarkable degree of
+    transparency to the R&ouml;ntgen rays; so much so that
+    Professor Wright was able to photograph a medal of this metal,
+    showing in the same picture the designs and lettering on both
+    sides of the medal, presented simultaneously in superimposed
+    images. The denser metals, however, give in the main black
+    shadows, which offer little opportunity of distinguishing
+    between them.</p>
+
+    <p>As to the nature of the R&ouml;ntgen rays, Professor Wright
+    is inclined to regard them as a mode of motion through the
+    ether, in longitudinal stresses; and he thinks that, while they
+    are in many ways similar to the rays discovered by Lenard a
+    year or so ago, they still present important characteristics of
+    their own. It may be, he thinks, that the R&ouml;ntgen rays are
+    the ordinary cathode rays produced in a Crookes tube, filtered,
+    if one may so express it, of the metallic particles carried in
+    their electrical stream from the metal terminal, on passing
+    through the glass. It is well known that the metal terminals of
+    a Crookes tube are steadily worn away while the current is
+    passing; so much so that sometimes portions of the interior of
+    the tube become coated with a metallic deposit almost
+    mirror-like.</p>
+
+    <p>As to the future, Professor Wright feels convinced that
+    important results will be achieved in surgery and medicine by
+    the use of these new rays, while in physical science they point
+    to an entirely new field of investigation. The most necessary
+    thing now is to find some means of producing streams of
+    R&ouml;ntgen rays of greater volume and intensity, so as to
+    make possible greater penetration and distinctness in the
+    images. Thus far only small Crookes tubes have been used, and
+    much is to be expected when larger ones become available; but
+    there is great difficulty in the manufacture of them. It might
+    be possible, Professor Wright thinks, to get good results by
+    using, instead of the Crookes tube, a large sphere of
+    aluminium, which is more transparent to the new rays than glass
+    and possesses considerable strength. It is a delicate question,
+    however, whether the increased thickness of metal necessary to
+    resist the air pressure upon a vacuum would not offset the
+    advantage gained from the greater size. Moreover, it is a
+    matter for experiment still to determine, what kind of an
+    electric current would be necessary to excite such a larger
+    tube with the best results.</p>
+
+    <p>Among the most important experiments in shadow photography
+    made thus far in America are those of Dr. William J. Morton of
+    New York, who was the first in this country to use the
+    disruptive discharges of static electricity in connection with
+    the R&ouml;ntgen discovery, and to demonstrate that shadow
+    pictures may be successfully taken without the use of Crookes
+    tubes. It was the well-known photographic properties of
+    ordinary lightning that made Dr. Morton suspect that cathode
+    rays are produced freely in the air when there is an electric
+    discharge from the heavens. Reasoning thus, he resolved to
+    search for cathode rays in the ten-inch lightning flash he was
+    able to produce between the poles of his immense Holtz machine,
+    probably the largest in this country.</p>
+
+    <p>On January 30th he suspended a glass plate, with a circular
+    window in the middle, between the two poles. Cemented to this
+    plate of glass was one of hard rubber, about equal in size,
+    which of course covered the window in the glass. Back of the
+    rubber plate was suspended a photographic plate in the
+    plate-holder, and outside of this, between it and the rubber
+    surface, were ten letters cut from thin copper. Dr. Morton
+    proposed to see if he could not prove the existence of cathode
+    rays between the poles by causing them to picture in shadow,
+    upon the sensitized plate, the letters thus exposed.</p>
+
+    <p>In order to do this it was necessary to separate the
+    ordinary electric sparks from
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page417"
+       id="page417"></a>[pg 417]</span> the invisible cathode rays
+       which, as Dr. Morton believed, accompanied them. It was to
+       accomplish this that he used the double plates of glass and
+       hard rubber placed, as already described, between the two
+       poles; for while the ordinary electric spark would not
+       traverse the rubber, any cathode rays that might be present
+       would do so with great ease, the circular window in the
+       glass plate allowing them passage there.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/417.jpg"
+             name="fig417"
+             id="fig417"><img src="images/417.jpg"
+             alt="DR. WILLIAM J. MORTON PHOTOGRAPHING HIS OWN HAND UNDER R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>DR. WILLIAM J. MORTON PHOTOGRAPHING HIS OWN HAND UNDER
+        R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS.</h5>
+
+        <p>In this case the vacuum bulb is charged from Leyden jars
+        which, in their turn, are excited by an induction coil.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The current being turned on, it was found that the powerful
+    electric sparks visible to the eye, unable to follow a straight
+    course on account of the intervening rubber plate, jumped
+    around the two plates in jagged, lightning-like lines, and thus
+    reached the other pole of the machine. But it was noticed that
+    at the same time a faint spray of purplish light was streaming
+    straight through the rubber between the two holes, as if its
+    passage was not interfered with by the rubber plate. It was in
+    company with this stream of violet rays, known as the brush
+    discharge, that the doctor conceived the invisible R&ouml;ntgen
+    rays to be projected at each spark discharge around the plate;
+    and presently, when the photographic plate was developed, it
+    was found that his conception was based on fact. For there, dim
+    in outline, but unmistakable, were shadow pictures of the ten
+    letters which stand as historic, since they were probably the
+    first shadow pictures in the world taken without any bulb or
+    vacuum tube whatever. These shadow pictures Dr. Morton
+    carefully distinguished from the ordinary blackening effects on
+    the film produced by electrified objects.</p>
+
+    <p>Pursuing his experiments with static electricity, Dr. Morton
+    soon found that better results could be obtained by the use of
+    Leyden jars influenced by the Holtz machine, and discharging
+    into a vacuum bulb, as shown in the illustration on this page.
+    This arrangement of the apparatus has the advantage of making
+    it much easier to regulate the electric supply and to modify
+    its intensity, and Dr. Morton finds that in this way large
+    vacuum tubes, perhaps twenty inches in diameter, may be excited
+    to the point of doing practical work without danger of breaking
+    the glass walls. But certain precautions are necessary. When he
+    uses tin-foil electrodes on the outside of the bulb, he
+    protects the tin-foil edges, and,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page418"
+       id="page418"></a>[pg 418]</span> what is more essential,
+       uses extremely small Leyden jars and a short spark gap
+       between the poles of the discharging rods. The philosophy of
+       this is, that the smaller the jars, the greater their number
+       of oscillations per second (easily fifteen million,
+       according to Dr. Lodge's computations), the shorter the wave
+       length, and, therefore, the greater the intensity of
+       effects.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/418.jpg"
+             name="fig418"
+             id="fig418"><img src="images/418.jpg"
+             alt="A GROUP OF FAMILIAR ARTICLES UNDER THE R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A GROUP OF FAMILIAR ARTICLES UNDER THE R&Ouml;NTGEN
+        RAYS.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by Professor Arthur W. Wright of Yale
+        College, taken through an ebonite plate-holder with
+        fifty-five minutes exposure. It shows a pair of spectacles
+        in their leather case; an awl and a saw, with the iron
+        stem, plainly visible through the wooden handles; a
+        magnifying-glass; and a combination wooden tool-handle with
+        metallic tools stored in the head, and the metallic clamp
+        visible through the lower half.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The next step was to bring more energy into play, still
+    using Leyden jars; and for this purpose Dr. Morton placed
+    within the circuit between the jars a Tesla oscillating coil.
+    He was thus able to use in his shadow pictures the most
+    powerful sparks the machine was capable of producing (twelve
+    inches), sending the Leyden-jar discharge through the primary
+    of the coil, and employing for the excitation of the vacuum
+    tube the "step up" current of the secondary coil with a
+    potential incalculably increased.</p>
+
+    <p>While Dr. Morton has in some of his experiments excited his
+    Leyden jars from an induction coil, he thinks the best promise
+    lies in the use of powerful Holtz machines; and he now uses no
+    Leyden jars or converters, thus greatly adding to the
+    simplicity of operations.</p>
+
+    <p>In regard to the bulb, Dr. Morton has tested various kinds
+    of vacuum tubes, the ordinary Crookes tubes, the Geissler
+    tubes, and has obtained excellent results from the use of a
+    special vacuum lamp adapted by himself to the purpose. One of
+    his ingenious expedients was to turn to use an ordinary
+    radiometer of large bulb, and, having fitted this with tin-foil
+    electrodes, he found that he was able to get strongly marked
+    shadow pictures. This application of the R&ouml;ntgen principle
+    will commend itself to many students who, being unable to
+    provide themselves with the rare and expensive Crookes tubes,
+    may buy a radiometer which will serve their purpose excellently
+    in any laboratory supply store, the cost being only a few
+    dollars, while the application of the tin foil electrodes is
+    perfectly simple.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page419"
+       id="page419"></a>[pg 419]</span>
+
+    <p>In the-well equipped Jackson laboratory at Trinity College,
+    Hartford, I found Dr. W.L. Robb, the professor of physics,
+    surrounded by enthusiastic students, who were assisting him in
+    some experiments with the new rays. Dr. Robb is the better
+    qualified for this work from the fact that he pursued his
+    electrical studies at the W&uuml;rzburg University, in the very
+    laboratory where Professor R&ouml;ntgen made his great
+    discovery. The picture reproduced herewith, showing a human
+    foot inside the shoe, was taken by Dr. Robb. The Crookes tubes
+    used in this and in most of Dr. Robb's experiments are
+    considerably larger than any I have seen elsewhere, being
+    pear-shaped, about eight inches long, and four inches wide at
+    the widest part. It is, perhaps, to the excellence of this tube
+    that Dr. Robb owes part of his success. At any rate, in the
+    foot picture the bones are outlined through shoe and stocking,
+    while every nail in the sole of the shoe shows plainly,
+    although the rays came from above, striking the top of the foot
+    first, the sole resting upon the plate-holder. In other of Dr.
+    Robb's pictures equally fine results were obtained; notably in
+    one of a fish, reproduced herewith, and showing the bony
+    structure of the body; one of a razor, where the lighter shadow
+    proves that the hollow ground portion is almost as thin as the
+    edge; and one of a man's hand, taken for use in a lawsuit, to
+    prove that the bones of the thumb, which had been crushed and
+    broken in an accident, had been improperly set by the attending
+    physician.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright">
+        <a href="images/419.jpg"
+             name="fig419"
+             id="fig419"><img src="images/419.jpg"
+             width="345"
+             alt="THOMAS A. EDISON EXPERIMENTING WITH THER&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THOMAS A. EDISON EXPERIMENTING WITH THE<br />
+        R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Dr. Robb has made a series of novel and important
+    experiments with tubes from which the air has been exhausted in
+    varying degrees, and has concluded from these that it is
+    impossible to produce the R&ouml;ntgen phenomena unless there
+    is present in the tube an almost perfect vacuum. Through a tube
+    half exhausted, on connecting it with an induction coil, he
+    obtained merely the ordinary series of sparks; in a tube
+    three-quarters exhausted, he obtained a reddish
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page420"
+       id="page420"></a>[pg 420]</span> glow from end to end, a
+       torpedo-shaped stream of fire; through a tube exhausted to a
+       fairly high degree&mdash;what the electric companies would
+       call "not bad"&mdash;he obtained a beautiful steaked effect
+       of bluish stri&aelig; in transverse layers. Finally, in a
+       tube exhausted as highly as possible, he obtained a faint
+       fluorescent glow, like that produced in a Crookes tube. This
+       fluorescence of the glass, according to Dr. Robb, invariably
+       accompanies the discharge of R&ouml;ntgen rays, and it is
+       likely that these rays are produced more abundantly as the
+       fluorescence increases. Just how perfect a vacuum is needed
+       to give the best results remains a matter of conjecture. It
+       is possible, of course, as Tesla believes, that with an
+       absolutely perfect vacuum no results whatever would be
+       obtained.</p>
+
+    <p>Dr. Robb has discovered that in order to get the best
+    results with shadow pictures it is necessary to use special
+    developers for the plates, and a different process in the
+    dark-room from the one known to ordinary photographers. In a
+    general way, it is necessary to use solutions designed to
+    affect the ultra-violet rays, and not the visible rays of the
+    spectrum. Having succeeded, after much experiment, in thus
+    modifying his developing process to meet the needs of the case,
+    Dr. Robb finds that he makes a great gain in time of exposure,
+    fifteen minutes being sufficient for the average shadow picture
+    taken through a layer of wood or leather, and half an hour
+    representing an extreme case. In some shadow pictures, as, for
+    instance, in taking a lead-pencil, it is a great mistake to
+    give an exposure exceeding two or three minutes; for the wood
+    is so transparent that with a long exposure it does not show at
+    all, and the effect of the picture is spoiled. Indeed, Dr. Robb
+    finds that there is a constant tendency to shorten the time of
+    exposure, and with good results. For instance, one of the best
+    shadow pictures he had taken was of a box of instruments
+    covered by two thicknesses of leather, two thicknesses of
+    velvet, and two thicknesses of wood; and yet the time of
+    exposure, owing to an accident to the coil, was only five
+    minutes.</p>
+
+    <p>Dr. Robb made one very interesting experiment a few days ago
+    in the interest of a large bicycle company which sent to him
+    specimens of carbon steel and nickel steel for the purpose of
+    having him test them with the R&ouml;ntgen rays, and see if
+    they showed any radical differences in the crystalline
+    structure. Photographs were taken as desired, but at the time
+    of my visit only negative results had been obtained.</p>
+
+    <p>Dr. Robb realizes the great desirability of finding a
+    stronger source of R&ouml;ntgen rays, and has himself begun
+    experimenting with exhaustive bulbs made of aluminium. One of
+    these he has already finished, and has obtained some results
+    with it, but not such as are entirely satisfactory, owing to
+    the great difficulty in obtaining a high vacuum without special
+    facilities.</p>
+
+    <p>I also visited Professor U.I. Pupin of Columbia College, who
+    has been making numerous experiments with the R&ouml;ntgen
+    rays, and has produced at least one very remarkable shadow
+    picture. This is of the hand of a gentleman resident in New
+    York, who, while on a hunting trip in England a few months ago,
+    was so unfortunate as to discharge his gun into his right hand,
+    no less than forty shot lodging in the palm and fingers. The
+    hand has since healed completely; but the shot remain in it,
+    the doctors being unable to remove them, because unable to
+    determine their exact location. The result is that the hand is
+    almost useless, and often painful.</p>
+
+    <p>Hearing of this case, Professor Pupin induced the gentleman
+    to allow him to attempt a photograph of the hand. He used a
+    Crookes tube. The distance from the tube to the plate was only
+    five inches, and the hand lay between. After waiting fifty
+    minutes the plate was examined. Not only did every bone of the
+    hand show with beautiful distinctness, but each one of the
+    forty shot was to be seen almost as plainly as if it lay there
+    on the table; and, most remarkable of all, a number of shot
+    were seen through the bones of the fingers, showing that the
+    bones were transparent to the lead.</p>
+
+    <p>In making this picture, Professor Pupin excited his tube by
+    means of a powerful Holtz machine, thus following Dr. Morton in
+    the substitution of statical electricity for the more common
+    induction coil.</p>
+
+    <p>Professor Pupin sees no reason why the whole skeleton of the
+    human body should not be shown completely in a photograph as
+    soon as sufficiently powerful bulbs can be obtained. He thinks
+    that it would be possible to make Crookes tubes two feet in
+    diameter instead of a few inches, as at present.</p>
+
+    <p>Thomas A. Edison has also been devoting himself, with his
+    usual energy, to experiments with the R&ouml;ntgen rays, and
+    announces confidently that in the near future he will be able
+    to photograph the human brain, through the heavy bones of the
+    skull, and perhaps even to get a shadow picture showing the
+    human skeleton through the tissues of the body.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page421"
+       id="page421"></a>[pg 421]</span>
+
+    <h2>THE HOUSEHOLDERS.</h2>
+
+    <h4>BY "Q,"</h4>
+
+    <h5>Author of "Dead Man's Rock," "The Roll-Call of the Reef,"
+    etc.</h5>
+
+    <div class="figletter">
+        <a href="images/LetterI.jpg"
+             name="fig421-l"
+             id="fig421-l"><img src="images/LetterI.jpg"
+             alt="Letter I" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="hang">WILL say this&mdash;speaking as accurately as a
+    man may, so long afterwards&mdash;that when first I spied the
+    house it put no desire in me but just to give thanks.</p>
+
+    <p>For conceive my case. It was near midnight by this; and ever
+    since dusk I had been tracking the naked moors a-foot, in the
+    teeth of as vicious a nor'wester as ever drenched a man to the
+    skin, and then blew the cold home to his marrow. My clothes
+    were sodden; my coat-tails flapped with a noise like pistol
+    shots; my boots squeaked as I went. Overhead the October moon
+    was in her last quarter, and might have been a slice of
+    finger-nail for all the light she afforded. Two-thirds of the
+    time the wrack blotted her out altogether; and I, with my stick
+    clipped tight under my arm-pit, eyes puckered up, and head bent
+    like a butting ram's, but a little aslant, had to keep my wits
+    agog to distinguish the glimmer of the road from the black
+    heath to right and left. For three hours I had met neither man
+    nor man's dwelling, and (for all I knew) was desperately lost.
+    Indeed, at the cross roads, two miles back, there had been
+    nothing for me but to choose the way that kept the wind on my
+    face, and it gnawed me like a dog.</p>
+
+    <p>Mainly to allay the stinging of my eyes, I pulled up at
+    last, turned right-about face, leant back against the blast
+    with a hand on my hat, and surveyed the blackness I had
+    traversed. It was at this instant that, far away to the left, a
+    point of light caught my notice, faint but steady; and at once
+    I felt sure it burnt in the window of a house. "The house,"
+    thought I, "is a good mile off, beside the other road, and the
+    light must have been an inch over my hat-brim for the last half
+    hour," for my head had been sloped that way. This
+    reflection&mdash;that on so wide a moor I had come near missing
+    the information I wanted (and perhaps a supper) by one
+    inch&mdash;sent a strong thrill down my back.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:35%;">
+        <a href="images/421.jpg"
+             name="fig421"
+             id="fig421"><img src="images/421.jpg"
+             width="241"
+             alt="&quot;I ... TRIED A STEP TOWARD THE STAIRS, WITH EYES ALERT&quot;" />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"I ... TRIED A STEP TOWARD THE STAIRS, WITH EYES ALERT
+        FOR ANY MOVEMENT OF THE MASTIFF."</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>I cut straight across the heather towards the light, risking
+    quags and pitfalls. Nay, so heartening was the chance to hear a
+    fellow-creature's voice that I broke into a run, skipping over
+    the stunted gorse that cropped up here and there, and dreading
+    every moment to see the light quenched. "Suppose it burns in an
+    upper window, and the family is going to bed, as would be
+    likely at this hour"&mdash;the apprehension kept my eyes fixed
+    on the bright spot, to the frequent scandal of my legs, that
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page422"
+       id="page422"></a>[pg 422]</span> within five minutes were
+       stuck full of gorse-prickles.</p>
+
+    <p>But the light did not go out, and soon a flicker of
+    moonlight gave me a glimpse of the house's outline. It proved
+    to be a deal more imposing than I looked for&mdash;the outline,
+    in fact, of a tall-square barrack with a cluster of chimneys at
+    either end, like ears, and a high wall, topped by the roofs of
+    some outbuildings, concealing the lower windows. There was no
+    gate in this wall, and presently I guessed the reason. I was
+    approaching the place from behind, and the light came from a
+    back window on the first floor.</p>
+
+    <p>The faintness of the light also was explained by this time.
+    It shone behind a drab-colored blind, and in shape resembled
+    the stem of a wine-glass, broadening out at the foot&mdash;an
+    effect produced by the half-drawn curtains within. I came to a
+    halt, waiting for the next ray of moonlight. At the same moment
+    a rush of wind swept over the chimney-stacks, and on the wind
+    there seemed to ride a human sigh.</p>
+
+    <p>On this last point I may err. The gust had passed some
+    seconds before I caught myself detecting this peculiar note,
+    and trying to disengage it from the natural chords of the
+    storm. From the next gust it was absent. And then, to my
+    dismay, the light faded from the window.</p>
+
+    <p>I was half-minded to call out when it appeared again, this
+    time in two windows&mdash;those next on the right to that where
+    it had shone before. Almost at once it increased in brilliance,
+    as if the person who carried it from the smaller room to the
+    larger were lighting more candles; and now the illumination was
+    strong enough to make fine gold threads of the rain that fell
+    within its radiance, and fling two shafts of warm yellow over
+    the coping of the back wall into the night. During the minute
+    or more that I stood watching, no shadow fell on either
+    blind.</p>
+
+    <p>Between me and the wall ran a ditch, into the black
+    obscurity of which the ground at my feet broke sharply away.
+    Setting my back to the storm again, I followed the lip of this
+    ditch around the wall's angle. Here was shelter, and here the
+    ditch seemed to grow shallower. Not wishing, however, to
+    mistake a bed of nettles or any such pitfall for solid earth, I
+    kept pretty wide as I went on. The house was dark on this side,
+    and the wall, as before, had no opening. Close beside the next
+    angle grew a mass of thick gorse bushes, and pushing through
+    these I found myself suddenly on a sound high road, with the
+    wind tearing at me as furiously as ever.</p>
+
+    <p>But here was the front; and I now perceived that the
+    surrounding wall advanced some way before the house, so as to
+    form a narrow curtilage. So much of it, too, as faced the road
+    had been whitewashed; which made it an easy matter to find the
+    gate. But as I laid hand on its latch, I had a surprise.</p>
+
+    <p>A line of paving-stones led from the gate to the heavy
+    porch; and along the wet surface of these fell a streak of
+    light from the front door, which stood ajar.</p>
+
+    <p>That a door should remain six inches open on such a night
+    was astonishing enough, until I entered the court and found it
+    was as still as a room, owing to the high wall, and doubtless
+    the porch gave additional protection. But looking up and
+    assuring myself that all the rest of <i>fa&ccedil;ade</i> was
+    black as ink, I wondered at the inmates who could be thus
+    careless of their property.</p>
+
+    <p>It was here that my professional instincts received the
+    first jog. Abating the sound of my feet on the paving-stones, I
+    went up to the door and pushed it softly. It opened without
+    noise.</p>
+
+    <p>I stepped into a fair-sized hall of modern build, paved with
+    red tiles and lit with a small hanging lamp. To right and left
+    were doors leading to the ground-floor rooms. Along the wall by
+    my shoulder ran a line of pegs, on which hung half a dozen hats
+    and great coats, every one of clerical shape; and full in front
+    of me a broad staircase ran up, with a staring Brussels carpet,
+    the colors and pattern of which I can recall as well as
+    to-day's breakfast. Under this staircase was set a stand full
+    of walking-sticks, and a table littered with gloves, brushes, a
+    hand-bell, a riding-crop, one or two dog-whistles, and a
+    bed-room candle, with tinder-box beside it. This, with one
+    notable exception, was all the furniture.</p>
+
+    <p>The exception&mdash;which turned me cold&mdash;was the form
+    of a yellow mastiff dog, curled on a mat beneath the table. The
+    arch of his back was towards me, and one forepaw lay over his
+    nose in a natural posture of sleep. I leant back on the
+    wainscoting, with my eyes tightly fixed on him, and my thoughts
+    flying back, with something of regret, to the storm I had come
+    through.</p>
+
+    <p>But a man's habits are not easily denied. At the end of
+    three minutes the dog had not moved, and I was down on the
+    doormat unlacing my soaked boots.
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page423"
+       id="page423"></a>[pg 423]</span> Slipping them off, and
+       taking them in my left hand, I stood up, and tried a step
+       towards the stairs, with eyes alert for any movement of the
+       mastiff; but he never stirred. I was glad enough, however,
+       on reaching the stairs, to find them newly built and the
+       carpet thick. Up I went with a glance at every step for the
+       table which now hid the brute's form from me, and never a
+       creak did I wake out of that staircase till I was almost at
+       the first landing, when my toe caught a loose stair-rod, and
+       rattled it in a way that stopped my heart for a moment, and
+       then set it going in double-quick time.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/423.jpg"
+             name="fig423"
+             id="fig423"><img src="images/423.jpg"
+             alt="&quot;HE STOOD SIDEWAYS, ... AND LOOKED AT ME OVER HIS LEFT SHOULDER..&quot;" />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"HE STOOD SIDEWAYS, ... AND LOOKED AT ME OVER HIS LEFT
+        SHOULDER.."</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>I stood still, with a hand on the rail. My eyes were now on
+    a level with the floor of the landing, out of which branched
+    two passages&mdash;one by my right hand, the other to the left,
+    at the foot of the next flight, so placed that I was gazing
+    down the length of it. And almost at the end there fell a
+    parallelogram of light across it from an open door.</p>
+
+    <p>A man who has once felt it knows there is only one kind of
+    silence that can fitly be called "dead." This is only to be
+    found in a great house at midnight. I declare that for a few
+    seconds after I rattled the stair-rod you might have cut the
+    silence with a knife. If the house held a clock it ticked
+    inaudibly.</p>
+
+    <p>Upon this silence, at the end of a minute, broke a light
+    sound&mdash;the <i>clink, clink</i> of a decanter on the rim of
+    a wine-glass. It came from the room where the light was.</p>
+
+    <p>Now, perhaps it was that the very thought of liquor put
+    warmth into my cold bones. It is certain that all of a sudden I
+    straightened my back, took the remaining stairs at two strides,
+    and walked down the passage, as bold as brass, with out caring
+    a jot for the noise I made.</p>
+
+    <p>In the doorway I halted. The room was long, lined for the
+    most part with books bound in what they call "divinity calf,"
+    and littered with papers like a barrister's table on assize
+    day. Before the fireplace, where a few coals burned sulkily,
+    was drawn a leathern elbow chair, and beside it, on the corner
+    of a writing-table, were set an unlit candle and a pile of
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page424"
+       id="page424"></a>[pg 424]</span> manuscripts. At the
+       opposite end of the room a curtained door led (I guessed) to
+       the chamber that I had first seen illuminated. All this I
+       took in with the tail of my eye, while staring straight in
+       front, where, in the middle of a great square of carpet
+       between me and the windows, was a table with a red cloth
+       upon it. On this cloth were a couple of wax candles, lit, in
+       silver stands, a tray, and a decanter three parts full of
+       brandy. And between me and the table stood a man.</p>
+
+    <p>He stood sideways, leaning a little back, as if to keep his
+    shadow off the threshold, and looked at me over his left
+    shoulder&mdash;a bald, grave man, slightly under the common
+    height, with a long clerical coat of preposterous fit hanging
+    loosely from his shoulders, a white cravat, black breeches, and
+    black stockings. His feet were loosely thrust into
+    carpet-slippers. I judged his age at fifty, or thereabouts; but
+    his face rested in the shadow, and I could only note a pair of
+    eyes, very small and alert, twinkling above a large expanse of
+    cheek.</p>
+
+    <p>He was lifting a wine-glass from the table at the moment
+    when I appeared, and it trembled now in his right hand. I heard
+    a spilt drop or two fall on the carpet, and this was all the
+    evidence he showed of discomposure.</p>
+
+    <p>Setting the glass back, he felt in his breast-pocket for a
+    handkerchief, failed to find one, and rubbed his hands together
+    to get the liquor off his fingers.</p>
+
+    <p>"You startled me," he said, in a matter-of-fact tone,
+    turning his eyes upon me, as he lifted his glass again, and
+    emptied it. "How did you find your way in?"</p>
+
+    <p>"By the front door," said I, wondering at his unconcern.</p>
+
+    <p>He nodded his head slowly.</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah! yes; I forgot to lock it. You came to steal, I
+    suppose?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I came because I lost my way. I've been travelling this
+    God-forsaken moor since dusk&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"With your boots in your hand," he put in quietly.</p>
+
+    <p>"I took them off out of respect to the yellow dog you
+    keep."</p>
+
+    <p>"He lies in a very natural attitude&mdash;eh?"</p>
+
+    <p>"You don't tell me he was <i>stuffed</i>!"</p>
+
+    <p>The old man's eyes beamed a contemptuous pity.</p>
+
+    <p>"You are indifferently sharp, my dear sir, for a
+    housebreaker. Come in. Set down those convicting boots, and
+    don't drip pools of water in the very doorway, of all places.
+    If I must entertain a burglar, I prefer him tidy."</p>
+
+    <p>He walked to the fire, picked up a poker, and knocked the
+    coals into a blaze. This done, he turned round on me with the
+    poker still in his hand. The serenest gravity sat on his large,
+    pale features.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why have I done this?" he asked.</p>
+
+    <p>"I suppose to get possession of the poker."</p>
+
+    <p>"Quite right. May I inquire your next move?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Why," said I, feeling in my tail pocket, "I carry a
+    pistol."</p>
+
+    <p>"Which I suppose to be damp?"</p>
+
+    <p>"By no means. I carry it, as you see, in an oil-cloth
+    case."</p>
+
+    <p>He stopped, and laid the poker carefully in the fender.</p>
+
+    <p>"That is a stronger card than I possess. I might urge that
+    by pulling the trigger you would certainly alarm the house and
+    the neighborhood, and put a halter round your neck. I say, I
+    <i>might</i> urge this, and assume you to be an intelligent
+    auditor. But it strikes me as safer to assume you capable of
+    using a pistol with effect at three paces. With what might
+    happen subsequently I will not pretend to be concerned. It is
+    sufficient that I dislike the notion of being perforated. The
+    fate of your neck&mdash;" He waved a hand. "Well, I have known
+    you for just five minutes, and feel but moderate interest in
+    your neck. As for the inmates of this house, it will refresh
+    you to hear that there are none. I have lived here two years
+    with a butler and a female cook, both of whom I dismissed
+    yesterday at a moment's notice for conduct which I will not
+    shock your ears by explicitly naming. Suffice it to say, I
+    carried them off yesterday to my parish church, two miles away,
+    married them, and dismissed them in the vestry without
+    characters. I wish you had known that butler&mdash;but excuse
+    me; with the information I have supplied, you ought to find no
+    difficulty in fixing the price you will take to clear out of my
+    house instanter."</p>
+
+    <p>"Sir," I answered, "I have held a pistol at one or two heads
+    in my time; but never at one stuffed with nobler discretion.
+    Your chivalry does not, indeed, disarm me, but prompts me to
+    desire more of your acquaintance. I have found a gentleman, and
+    must sup with him before I make terms."</p>
+
+    <p>The address seemed to please him. He shuffled across the
+    room to a sideboard, and produced a plate of biscuits, another
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page425"
+       id="page425"></a>[pg 425]</span> of almonds and dried
+       raisins, a glass and two decanters.</p>
+
+    <p>"Sherry and Madeira," he said. "There is also a cold pie in
+    the larder, if you care for it."</p>
+
+    <p>"A biscuit will serve," I replied. "To tell the truth, I'm
+    more for the bucket than the manger, as the grooms say; and, by
+    your leave, the brandy you were testing just now is more to my
+    mind than wine."</p>
+
+    <p>"There is no water handy."</p>
+
+    <p>"There was plenty out of doors to last me with this
+    bottle."</p>
+
+    <p>I pulled over a chair, and laid my pistol on the table, and
+    held out the glass for him to fill. Having done so, he helped
+    himself to a glass and a chair, and sat down facing me.</p>
+
+    <p>"I was talking, just now, of my late butler," he began, with
+    a sip at his brandy. "Has it struck you that, when confronted
+    with moral delinquency, I am apt to let my indignation get the
+    better of me?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Not at all," I answered heartily, refilling my glass.</p>
+
+    <p>It appeared that another reply would have pleased him
+    better.</p>
+
+    <p>"H'm. I was hoping that, perhaps, I had visited his offence
+    too strongly. As a clergyman, you see, I was bound to be
+    severe; but upon my word, sir, since he went I have felt like a
+    man who has lost a limb."</p>
+
+    <p>He drummed with his fingers on the cloth for a few moments,
+    and went on:</p>
+
+    <p>"One has a natural disposition to forgive
+    butlers&mdash;Pharaoh, for instance, felt it. There hovers
+    around butlers that peculiar atmosphere which Shakespeare
+    noticed as encircling kings, an atmosphere in which common
+    ethics lose their pertinence. But mine was a rare bird&mdash;a
+    black swan among butlers. He was more than a butler: he was a
+    quick and brightly-gifted man. Of the accuracy of his taste,
+    and the unusual scope of his endeavor, you will be able to form
+    some opinion when I assure you he modelled himself upon
+    <i>me</i>."</p>
+
+    <p>I bowed over my brandy.</p>
+
+    <p>"I am a scholar; yet I employed him to read aloud to me, and
+    derived pleasure from his intonation. I talk as a scholar; yet
+    he learned to answer me in language as precise as my own. My
+    cast-off garments fitted him not more irreproachably than did
+    my amenities of manner. Divest him of his tray, and you would
+    find his mode of entering a room hardly distinguishable from my
+    own&mdash;the same urbanity, the same alertness of carriage,
+    the same superfine deference towards the weaker sex.
+    All&mdash;all my idiosyncrasies I saw reflected in this my
+    mirror; and can you doubt that I was gratified? He was my
+    <i>alter ego</i>&mdash;which, by the way, makes it the more
+    extraordinary that it should have been necessary to marry him
+    to the cook."</p>
+
+    <p>"Look here," I broke in; "you want a butler."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, you really grasp that fact, do you?" he retorted.</p>
+
+    <p>"And you wish to get rid of me as soon as may be."</p>
+
+    <p>"I hope there is no impoliteness in complimenting you on
+    your discernment."</p>
+
+    <p>"Your two wishes," said I, "may be reconciled. Let me cease
+    to be your burglar, and let me continue here as your
+    butler."</p>
+
+    <p>He leant back, spreading out the fingers of each hand as if
+    the table's edge was a harpsichord, and he stretching octaves
+    upon it.</p>
+
+    <p>"Believe me," I went on, "you might do worse. I have been a
+    demy of Magdalen College, Oxford, in my time, and retain some
+    Greek and Latin. I'll undertake to read the Fathers with an
+    accent that shall not offend you. My knowledge of wine is none
+    the worse for having been cultivated in other men's cellars.
+    Moreover, you shall engage the ugliest cook in Christendom, so
+    long as I'm your butler. I've taken a liking to
+    you&mdash;that's flat&mdash;and I apply for the post."</p>
+
+    <p>"I give forty pounds a year," said he.</p>
+
+    <p>"And I'm cheap at that price."</p>
+
+    <p>He filled up his glass, looking up at me while he did so
+    with the air of one digesting a problem. From first to last his
+    face was grave as a judge's.</p>
+
+    <p>"We are too impulsive, I think," was his answer, after a
+    minute's silence. "And your speech smacks of the amateur. You
+    say, 'Let me cease to be your burglar, and let me be your
+    butler.' The mere aspiration is respectable; but a man might as
+    well say, 'Let me cease to write poems; let me paint pictures.'
+    And truly, sir, you impressed me as no expert in your present
+    trade, but a journeyman-housebreaker, if I may say so."</p>
+
+    <p>"On the other hand," I argued, "consider the moderation of
+    my demands; that alone should convince you of my desire to turn
+    over a new leaf. I ask for a month's trial; if, at the end of
+    that time, I don't suit, you shall say so, and I'll march from
+    your door with nothing in my pocket but my month's wages. Be
+    hanged, sir! but <span class="pagenum"><a name="page426"
+       id="page426"></a>[pg 426]</span> when I reflect on the
+       amount you'll have to pay to get me to face to-night's storm
+       again, you seem to be getting off dirt-cheap!" cried I,
+       slapping my palm on the table.</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, if you had only known Adolphus!" he exclaimed.</p>
+
+    <p>Now, the third glass of clean spirits has always a
+    deplorable effect on me. It turns me from bright to black, from
+    lightness of spirits to extreme sulkiness. I have done more
+    wickedness over this third tumbler than in all the other states
+    of comparative inebriety within my experience. So now I
+    glowered at my companion and rapped out a curse.</p>
+
+    <p>"Look here, I don't want to hear any more of Adolphus, and
+    I've a pretty clear notion of the game you're playing. You want
+    to make me drunk, and you're ready to sit prattling there till
+    I drop under the table."</p>
+
+    <p>"Do me the favor to remember that you came, and are staying,
+    at your own invitation. As for the brandy, I would remind you
+    that I suggested a milder drink. Try some Madeira."</p>
+
+    <p>He handed me the decanter, as he spoke, and I poured out a
+    glass.</p>
+
+    <p>"Madeira!" said I, taking a gulp. "Ugh! it's the commonest
+    Marsala!"</p>
+
+    <p>I had no sooner said the words than he rose up, and
+    stretched a hand gravely across to me.</p>
+
+    <p>"I hope you'll shake it," he said; "though, as a man who
+    after three glasses of neat spirit can distinguish between
+    Madeira and Marsala, you have every right to refuse me. Two
+    minutes ago you offered to become my butler, and I demurred. I
+    now beg you to repeat that offer. Say the word, and I employ
+    you gladly; you shall even have the second decanter (which
+    contains genuine Madeira) to take to bed with you."</p>
+
+    <p>We shook hands on our bargain, and catching up a
+    candlestick, he led the way from the room.</p>
+
+    <p>Picking up my boots, I followed him along the passage and
+    down the silent staircase. In the hall he paused to stand on
+    tiptoe, and turn up the lamp, which was burning low. As he did
+    so, I found time to fling a glance at my old enemy, the
+    mastiff. He lay as I had first seen him&mdash;a stuffed dog, if
+    ever there was one. "Decidedly," thought I, "my wits are to
+    seek, to-night;" and with the same, a sudden suspicion made me
+    turn to my conductor, who had advanced to the left-hand door,
+    and was waiting for me, with hand on the knob.</p>
+
+    <p>"One moment," I said; "this is all very pretty, but how am I
+    to know you're not sending me to bed while you fetch in all the
+    countryside to lay me by the heels?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I'm afraid," was his answer, "you must be content with my
+    word, as a gentleman, that never, to-night or hereafter, will I
+    breathe a syllable about the circumstances of your visit.
+    However, if you choose, we will return upstairs."</p>
+
+    <p>"No; I'll trust you," said I; and he opened the door.</p>
+
+    <p>It led into a broad passage, paved with slate, upon which
+    three or four rooms opened. He paused by the second, and
+    ushered me into a sleeping-chamber which, though narrow, was
+    comfortable enough&mdash;a vast improvement, at any rate, on
+    the mumper's lodgings I had been used to for many months
+    past.</p>
+
+    <p>"You can undress here," he said. "The sheets are aired, and
+    if you'll wait a moment I'll fetch a nightshirt&mdash;one of my
+    own."</p>
+
+    <p>"Sir, you heap coals of fire on me."</p>
+
+    <p>"Believe me that for ninety-nine of your qualities I do not
+    care a tinker's curse: but as a man who, after three tumblers
+    of neat brandy, can tell Marsala from Madeira you are to be
+    taken care of."</p>
+
+    <p>He shuffled away, but came back in a couple of minutes with
+    the nightshirt.</p>
+
+    <p>"Good-night," he called to me, flinging it in at the door;
+    and without giving me time to return the wish, went his way
+    upstairs.</p>
+
+    <p>Now it might be supposed that I was only too glad to toss
+    off my clothes and climb into the bed I had so unexpectedly
+    acquired a right to. But, as a matter of fact, I did nothing of
+    the kind. Instead, I drew on my boots and sat on the bed's
+    edge, blinking at my candle till it died down in its socket,
+    and afterwards at the purple square of window as it slowly
+    changed to gray with the coming of dawn. I was cold to the
+    heart, and my teeth chattered with an ague. Certainly I never
+    suspected my host's word; but was even occupied in framing good
+    resolutions and shaping out an excellent future, when I heard
+    the front door gently pulled to, and a man's footsteps moving
+    quietly to the gate.</p>
+
+    <p>The treachery knocked me in a heap for the moment. Then
+    leaping up and flinging my door wide, I stumbled through the
+    uncertain light of the passage into the front hall.</p>
+
+    <p>There was a fan-shaped light over the door, and the place
+    was very still and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page427"
+       id="page427"></a>[pg 427]</span> gray. A quick thought, or
+       rather a sudden prophetic guess at the truth, made me turn
+       to the figure of the mastiff curled under the hall
+       table.</p>
+
+    <p>I laid my hand on the scruff of his neck. He was quite limp,
+    and my fingers sank into the flesh on either side of the
+    vertebrae. Digging them deeper, I dragged him out into the
+    middle of the hall, and pulled the front door open to see the
+    better.</p>
+
+    <p>His throat was gashed from ear to ear.</p>
+
+    <p>How many seconds passed after I dropped the senseless lump
+    on the floor, and before I made another movement, it would
+    puzzle me to say. Twice I stirred a foot as if to run out at
+    the door. Then, changing my mind, I stepped over the mastiff,
+    and ran up the staircase. The light no longer shone out into
+    the left-hand passage; but groping down it, I found the study
+    door open, as before, and passed in. A sick light stole through
+    the blinds&mdash;enough for me to distinguish the glasses and
+    decanters on the table, and find my way to the curtain that
+    hung before the room where the light had first attracted
+    me.</p>
+
+    <p>I pushed the curtain aside, paused for a moment, and
+    listened to the violent beat of my heart; then felt for the
+    door handle and turned it.</p>
+
+    <p>All I could see at first; was that the chamber was small;
+    next, that the light patch in a line with the window was the
+    white coverlet of a bed; and next, that somebody, or something,
+    lay on the bed.</p>
+
+    <p>I listened again. There was no sound in the room; no heart
+    beating but my own. I reached out a hand to pull up the blind,
+    and drew it back again. I dared not.</p>
+
+    <p>The daylight grew, minute by minute, on the dull
+    parallelogram of the blind, and minute by minute that horrible
+    thing on the bed took something of distinctness. The strain
+    beat me at last. I fetched a veritable yell to give myself
+    courage, and, reaching for the cord, pulled up the blind as
+    fast as it would go.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft">
+        <a href="images/427.jpg"
+             name="fig427"
+             id="fig427"><img src="images/427.jpg"
+             width="226"
+             alt="&quot;FACE TO FACE WITH THE REAL HOUSEHOLDER.&quot;" />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"FACE TO FACE WITH THE REAL<br />
+        HOUSEHOLDER."</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The face on the pillow was that of an old man&mdash;a face
+    waxen and peaceful, with quiet lines about the month and eyes,
+    and long lines of gray hair falling back from the temples. The
+    body was turned a little on one side, and one hand lay outside
+    the bedclothes in a very natural manner. But there were two
+    dark spots on the coverlet.</p>
+
+    <p>Then I knew I was face to face with the real householder;
+    and it flashed on me that I had been indiscreet in taking
+    service as his butler, and that I knew the face his ex-butler
+    wore.</p>
+
+    <p>And, being by this time awake to the responsibilities of the
+    post, I quitted it three steps at a time, not once looking
+    behind me. Outside the house the storm had died, and white
+    sunlight broke over the sodden moors. But my bones were cold,
+    and I ran faster and faster.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page428"
+       id="page428"></a>[pg 428]</span>
+
+    <h2>ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</h2>
+
+    <h4>By Ida M. Tarbell.</h4>
+
+    <h3>LINCOLN'S PROMINENCE AS A WHIG POLITICIAN AT
+    THIRTY-TWO.&mdash;STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS'S REMOVAL TO
+    SPRINGFIELD.&mdash;BEGINNING OF THE RIVALRY BETWEEN LINCOLN AND
+    DOUGLAS.&mdash;LINCOLN'S PART IN THE CAMPAIGN OF
+    1840.&mdash;MARY TODD AND HER ENGAGEMENT TO
+    LINCOLN.&mdash;FALSE STORIES REGARDING LINCOLN'S
+    COURTSHIP.&mdash;THE LINCOLN AND SHIELDS DUEL.&mdash;LINCOLN'S
+    MARRIAGE.</h3>
+
+    <div class="figletter">
+        <a href="images/LetterB.jpg"
+             name="fig428-l"
+             id="fig428-l"><img src="images/LetterB.jpg"
+             alt="Letter B" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="hang">Y the time Abraham Lincoln was thirty-two years
+    old&mdash;that is, in 1841&mdash;he was one of the leading Whig
+    politicians of Illinois. Four times in succession he had been
+    elected to the General Assembly of the State&mdash;in 1834,
+    1836, 1838, and 1840. Twice he had been a candidate for Speaker
+    of the House&mdash;in 1838 and in 1840&mdash;both times against
+    William L.D. Ewing; and though both times defeated, the vote
+    had in each instance been close. In 1841 he had been talked of
+    as a candidate for governor, a suggestion to which he would not
+    listen.</p>
+
+    <p>He had not taken this prominent position because the Whig
+    party lacked material. Edward Dickinson Baker, Colonel John J.
+    Hardin, John T. Stuart, Ninian W. Edwards, Jesse K. Dubois,
+    O.H. Browning, were but a few of the brilliant men who were
+    throwing all their ability and ambition into the contest for
+    political honors in the State. Nor were the Whigs a whit
+    superior to the Democrats. William L.D. Ewing, Ebenezer Peck,
+    William Thomas, James Shields, John Calhoun, were in every
+    respect as able as the best men of the Whig party. Indeed, one
+    of the prominent Democrats with whom Lincoln came often in
+    contact, was popularly regarded as the most brilliant and
+    promising politician of the State&mdash;Stephen A. Douglas. His
+    record had been phenomenal. He had amazed both parties, in
+    1834, by securing appointment by the legislature to the office
+    of State Attorney for the first judicial circuit, over John J.
+    Hardin. In 1836 he had been elected to the legislature, and
+    although he was at that time but twenty-three years of age, he
+    had shown himself one of the most vigorous, capable, and
+    intelligent members. Indeed, Douglas's work in the Tenth
+    Assembly gave him about the same position in the Democratic
+    party of the State at large that Lincoln's work in the same
+    body gave him in the Whig party of his own district. In 1837 he
+    had had no difficulty in being appointed register of the land
+    office, a position which compelled him to make his home in
+    Springfield. It was only a few months after Lincoln rode into
+    town, all his earthly possessions in a pair of saddle-bags,
+    that Douglas appeared. Handsome, polished, and always with an
+    air of prosperity, the advent of the young Democratic official
+    was in striking contrast to that of the sad-eyed, ill-clad,
+    poverty-stricken young lawyer from New Salem.</p>
+
+    <p>From the first, Lincoln and Douglas were thrown constantly
+    together in the social life of the town, and often pitted
+    against each other in what were the real forums of the State at
+    that day&mdash;the space around the huge "Franklin" stove of
+    some obliging store-keeper, the steps of somebody's law office,
+    a pile of lumber, or a long timber, lying in the public square,
+    where the new State-house was going up.</p>
+
+    <p>In the fall of 1837 Douglas was nominated for Congress on
+    the Democratic ticket. His Whig opponent was Lincoln's law
+    partner, John T. Stuart. The campaign which the two conducted
+    was one of the most remarkable in the history of the State. For
+    five months of the spring and summer of 1838 they rode together
+    from town to town all over the northern part of Illinois
+    (Illinois at that time was divided into but three congressional
+    districts; the third, in which Sangamon County was included,
+    being made up of the twenty-two northernmost counties),
+    speaking six days out of seven. When the election came off in
+    August, 1838, out of thirty-six thousand votes cast, Stuart
+    received a majority of only fourteen; but even that majority
+    the Democrats always contended was won unfairly. The campaign
+    was watched with intense interest by the young politicians of
+    Springfield; <span class="pagenum"><a name="page429"
+       id="page429"></a>[pg 429]</span> no one of them felt a
+       deeper interest in it than Lincoln, who was himself at the
+       same time a candidate for member of the State
+       legislature.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/429.jpg"
+             name="fig429"
+             id="fig429"><img src="images/429.jpg"
+             alt="OLD STATE-HOUSE AT SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS." /></a>
+
+
+        <h5>OLD STATE-HOUSE AT SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a recent photograph made for MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE.
+        The corner-stone was laid July 4, 1837, about four months
+        after the passage of the act removing the capital to
+        Springfield. The event was attended with elaborate
+        ceremonies. The orator of the day was Colonel E.D. Baker.
+        It was nearly four years before the building was finally
+        completed, at a cost of two hundred and forty thousand
+        dollars. It was first occupied by the legislature during
+        the regular session of 1840-1841, that body, at two
+        previous special sessions, being obliged to use the
+        Methodist church for the Senate, and the Second
+        Presbyterian church for the House. The Supreme Court found
+        a meeting place in the Episcopal church. The legislative
+        committees met in rooms in private houses about town. This
+        building was the State capitol for more than thirty years,
+        becoming, upon the completion of the present State-house,
+        the court-house of Sangamon County.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Lincoln must have learned by the end of 1840, if not before,
+    something of the power of the "Little Giant," as Douglas was
+    called. Certainly no man in public life between 1837 and 1860
+    had a greater hold on his followers. The reasons for this grasp
+    are not hard to find. Douglas was by nature buoyant,
+    enthusiastic, impetuous. He had that sunny boyishness which is
+    so irresistible to young and old. With it he had great natural
+    eloquence. When his deep, rich voice rolled out fervid periods
+    in support of the sub-treasury and the convention system, or in
+    opposition to internal improvements by the federal government,
+    the people applauded out of sheer joy at the pleasure of
+    hearing him. He was one of the few men in Illinois whom the
+    epithet of "Yankee" never hurt. He might be a Yankee, but when
+    he sat down on the knee of some surly lawyer, and
+    confidentially told him his plans; or, at a political meeting,
+    took off his coat, and rolled up his sleeves, and "pitched
+    into" his opponent, the sons of Illinois forgot his origin in
+    love for the man.</p>
+
+    <p>Lincoln undoubtedly understood the charm of Douglas, and
+    realized his power. But he already had an insight into one of
+    his political characteristics that few people recognized at
+    that day. In writing to Stuart in 1839, while the latter was
+    attending Congress, Lincoln said: "Douglas has not been here
+    since you left. A report is in circulation here now that he has
+    abandoned the idea of going to Washington, though the report
+    does not come in a very authentic form, so far as I can learn.
+    Though, by the way, speaking of authenticity, you know that if
+    we had heard Douglas say that he had abandoned the contest, it
+    would not be very authentic."</p>
+
+    <p>In the campaign of 1840 Lincoln and Douglas came more
+    frequently than ever into conflict. At that time the local
+    issues, which had formerly engaged Illinois candidates almost
+    entirely, were lost sight of in
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page430"
+       id="page430"></a>[pg 430]</span> national questions. In
+       Springfield, where the leaders of the parties were living,
+       many hot debates were held in private. Out of these grew, in
+       December, 1839, a series of public discussions, extending
+       over eight evenings, and in which several of the first
+       orators of the State took part. Lincoln was the last man on
+       the list. The people were nearly worn out before his turn
+       came, and his audience was small. He began his speech with
+       some melancholy, self-deprecatory reflections, complaining
+       that the small audience cast a damp upon his spirits which
+       he was sure he would be unable to overcome during the
+       evening. He did better than he expected, overcoming the damp
+       on his spirits so effectually that he made what was regarded
+       as the best speech of the series; and by a general request,
+       it was printed for distribution. The speech is peculiarly
+       interesting from the fact that while there is a little of
+       the perfervid eloquence of 1840 in it, as well as a good
+       deal of the rather boisterous humor of the time, a part of
+       it is devoted to a careful examination of the statements of
+       his opponents, and a refutation of them by means of public
+       documents.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:35%;">
+        <a href="images/430-1.jpg"
+             name="fig430-1"
+             id="fig430-1"><img src="images/430-1.jpg"
+             width="192"
+             alt="A HARRISON BADGE OF 1840." /></a>
+
+        <h5>A HARRISON BADGE OF 1840.</h5>
+
+        <p>From the collection of Mr. O.H. Oldroyd of Washington,
+        D.C.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/430-2.jpg"
+             name="fig430-2"
+             id="fig430-2"><img src="images/430-2.jpg"
+             width="284"
+             alt="A HARRISON BUTTON OF 1840." /></a>
+
+        <h5>A HARRISON BUTTON OF 1840.</h5>
+
+        <p>From the collection of Mr. John C. Browne of
+        Philadelphia.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>As a good Democrat was expected to do, Douglas had explained
+    with plausibility why the Van Buren administration had in 1838
+    spent $40,000,000. Lincoln takes up his statements one by one,
+    and proves, as he says, that "the majority of them are wholly
+    untrue." Douglas had attributed a part of the expenditures to
+    the purchase of public lands from the Indians.</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"Now it happens," says Lincoln, "that no such purchase
+        was made during that year. It is true that some money was
+        paid that year in pursuance of Indian treaties; but no
+        more, or rather not as much, as had been paid on the same
+        account in each of several preceding years.... Again, Mr.
+        Douglas says that the removal of the Indians to the country
+        west of the Mississippi created much of the expenditure of
+        1838. I have examined the public documents in relation to
+        this matter, and find that less was paid for the removal of
+        the Indians in that than in some former years. The whole
+        sum expended on that account in that year did not exceed
+        one quarter of a million. For this small sum, although we
+        do not think the administration entitled to credit, because
+        large sums have been expended in the same way in former
+        years, we consent it may take one and make the most of
+        it.</p>
+
+        <p>"Next, Mr. Douglas says that five millions of the
+        expenditures of 1838 consisted of the payment of the French
+        indemnity money to its individual claimants. I have
+        carefully examined the public documents, and thereby find
+        this statement to be wholly untrue. Of the forty millions
+        of dollars expended in 1838, I am enabled to say positively
+        that not one dollar consisted of payments on the French
+        indemnities. So much for that
+        excuse.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page431"
+           id="page431"></a>[pg 431]</span>
+
+        <p>"Next comes the post-office. He says that five millions
+        were expended during that year to sustain that department.
+        By a like examination of public documents, I find this also
+        wholly untrue. Of the so often mentioned forty millions,
+        not one dollar went to the post-office....</p>
+
+        <p>"I return to another of Mr. Douglas's excuses for the
+        expenditures of 1838, at the same time announcing the
+        pleasing intelligence that this is the last one. He says
+        that ten millions of that year's expenditure was a
+        contingent appropriation, to prosecute an anticipated war
+        with Great Britain on the Maine boundary question. Few
+        words will settle this. First, that the ten millions
+        appropriated was not made till 1839, and consequently could
+        not have been expended in 1838; second, although it was
+        appropriated, it has never been expended at all. Those who
+        heard Mr. Douglas, recollect that he indulged himself in a
+        contemptuous expression of pity for me. 'Now he's got me,'
+        thought I. But when he went on to say that five millions of
+        the expenditure of 1838 were payments of the French
+        indemnities, which I knew to be untrue; that five millions
+        had been for the post-office, which I knew to be untrue;
+        that ten millions had been for the Maine boundary war,
+        which I not only knew to be untrue, but supremely
+        ridiculous also; and when I saw that he was stupid enough
+        to hope that I would permit such groundless and audacious
+        assertions to go unexposed,&mdash;I readily consented that,
+        on the score both of veracity and sagacity, the audience
+        should judge whether he or I were the more deserving of the
+        world's contempt."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/431.jpg"
+             name="fig431"
+             id="fig431"><img src="images/431.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN IN 1860.&mdash;NOW FIRST PUBLISHED." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN IN 1860.&mdash;NOW FIRST PUBLISHED.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a first-state proof of an engraving of the Cooper
+        Institute picture of Lincoln (see McCLURE'S MAGAZINE for
+        February, 1896, first frontispiece). Made by John C.
+        Buttre, and now in the collection of W.C. Crane of New York
+        City, through whose courtesy it is here reproduced.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>These citations show that Lincoln had already learned to
+    handle public documents, and to depend for at least a part of
+    his success with an audience upon a careful statement of facts.
+    The methods used in at least a portion of this speech are
+    exactly those which made the irresistible strength of his
+    speeches in 1858 and 1859.</p>
+
+    <h4>LINCOLN IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1840.</h4>
+
+    <p>But there was little of as good work done in the campaign of
+    1840, by Lincoln or anybody else, as is found in this speech.
+    It was a campaign of noise and fun, and nowhere
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page432"
+       id="page432"></a>[pg 432]</span> more so than in Illinois.
+       Lincoln was one of the five Whig Presidential electors, and
+       he flung himself into the campaign with confidence. "The
+       nomination of Harrison takes first rate," he wrote to his
+       partner Stuart, then in Washington. "You know I am never
+       sanguine, but I believe we will carry the State. The chance
+       of doing so appears to me twenty-five per cent, better than
+       it did for you to beat Douglas." The Whigs, in spite of
+       their dislike of the convention system, organized as they
+       never had before, and even sent out a "confidential"
+       circular of which Lincoln was the author.</p>
+
+    <p>Every weapon he thought of possible use in the contest he
+    secured. "Be sure to send me as many copies of the 'Life of
+    Harrison' as you can spare from other uses," he wrote Stuart.
+    "Be very sure to procure and send me the 'Senate Journal' of
+    New York, of September, 1814. I have a newspaper article which
+    says that that document proves that Van Buren voted against
+    raising troops in the last war. And, in general, send me
+    everything you think will be a good 'war-club.'"</p>
+
+    <p>Every sign of success he quoted to Stuart; the number of
+    subscribers to the "Old Soldier," a campaign newspaper which
+    the Whig committee had informed the Whigs of the State that
+    they "<i>must take</i>;" the names of Van Buren men who were
+    weakening, and to whom he wanted Stuart to send documents; the
+    name of every theretofore doubtful person who had declared
+    himself for Harrison. "Japh Bell has come out for Harrison," he
+    put in a postscript to one letter; "ain't that a caution?"</p>
+
+    <p>The monster political meetings held throughout the State did
+    much to widen Lincoln's reputation, particularly one held in
+    June in Springfield. Twenty thousand people attended this
+    meeting, delegations coming from every direction. It took
+    fourteen teams to haul the delegation from Chicago, and they
+    were three weeks on their journey. Each party carried some huge
+    symbolic piece&mdash;the log cabin being the favorite. One of
+    the cabins taken to Springfield was drawn by thirty yokes of
+    oxen. In a hickory tree which was planted beside this cabin,
+    coons were seen playing, and a barrel of hard cider stood by
+    the door, continually on tap. Instead of a log cabin, the
+    Chicago delegation dragged across country a government yawl
+    rigged up as a two-masted ship, with a band of music and a
+    six-pounder cannon on board.</p>
+
+    <p>There are many reminiscences of this great celebration, and
+    Lincoln's part in it, still afloat in Illinois. General T.J.
+    Henderson writes, in the entertaining reminiscences of Lincoln
+    prepared for this biography:</p>
+
+    <p>"The first time I remember to have seen Abraham Lincoln was
+    during the memorable campaign of 1840, when I was a boy fifteen
+    years of age. It was at an immense Whig mass-meeting held at
+    Springfield, Illinois, in the month of June of that year. The
+    Whigs attended this meeting from all parts of the State in
+    large numbers, and it was estimated that from forty to fifty
+    thousand people were present. They came in carriages and
+    wagons, on horseback and on foot. They came with log cabins
+    drawn on wheels by oxen, and with coons, coon-skins, and hard
+    cider. They came with music and banners; and thousands of them
+    came from long distances. It was the first political meeting I
+    had ever attended, and it made a very strong impression upon my
+    youthful mind.</p>
+
+    <p>"My father, William H. Henderson, then a resident of Stark
+    County, Illinois, was an ardent Whig; and having served under
+    General William Henry Harrison, the then Whig candidate for
+    President, in the war of 1812-1815, he felt a deep interest in
+    his election. And although he lived about a hundred miles from
+    Springfield, he went with a delegation from Stark County to
+    this political meeting, and took me along with him. I remember
+    that at this great meeting of the supporters of Harrison and
+    Tyler there were a number of able and distinguished speakers of
+    the Whig party of the State of Illinois present. Among them
+    were Colonel E.D. Baker, who was killed at Ball's Bluff, on the
+    Potomac, in the late war, and who was one of the most eloquent
+    speakers in the State; Colonel John J. Hardin, who was killed
+    at the battle of Buena Vista, in the Mexican War; Fletcher
+    Webster, a son of Daniel Webster, who was killed in the late
+    war; S. Leslie Smith, a brilliant orator of Chicago; Rev. John
+    Hogan, Ben Bond, and Abraham Lincoln. I heard all of these men
+    speak on that occasion. And while I was too young to be a judge
+    of their speeches, yet I thought them all to be great men, and
+    none of them greater than Abraham Lincoln."</p>
+
+    <p>One of the most prominent members of the Illinois bar has
+    written out especially for this work his impressions of
+    Lincoln's speech at that
+    gathering.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page433"
+       id="page433"></a>[pg 433]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/433.jpg"
+             name="fig433"
+             id="fig433"><img src="images/433.jpg"
+             alt="ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN 1861." /></a>
+
+        <h5>ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN 1861.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by Klauber of Louisville, Kentucky.
+        From a photograph owned by Mr. James B. Speed of
+        Louisville, Kentucky, to whose courtesy we owe the right to
+        reproduce it here. When Lincoln was visiting Joshua F.
+        Speed in 1841, Mrs. Speed, the mother of his friend, became
+        much interested in him. His melancholy was profound, and
+        she tried by kindness and gentleness to arouse him to new
+        interest in life. One day before his departure she asked
+        one of her daughters for the latter's Oxford Bible, telling
+        her she wanted it for Mr. Lincoln, and promising to get
+        another in its place. The gift touched Lincoln deeply, and
+        after he became President he remembered the giver with the
+        above portrait&mdash;one he had had taken especially for
+        her, he wrote.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page434"
+       id="page434"></a>[pg 434]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/434.jpg"
+             name="fig434"
+             id="fig434"><img src="images/434.jpg"
+             alt="WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
+        STATES.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a painting. William Henry Harrison was born at
+        Berkeley, Virginia, February 9, 1773. He was educated at
+        Hampden Sidney College, and began to study medicine, but,
+        excited by Indian outrages, gave it up to enter the army.
+        He was sent against the Indians of the West, and at once
+        distinguished himself. After peace was made in 1798, he was
+        appointed secretary of the Northwest Territory. In 1799 he
+        was a territorial delegate to Congress, and from 1801 to
+        1813, territorial governor of Indiana. In the war of 1812
+        he gained the battles of Tippecanoe and the Thames. From
+        1816 to 1819 he was a delegate to Congress from Ohio; from
+        1825 to 1828, a United State Senator; and in 1828 and 1829,
+        United States Minister to Colombia. In 1836 he was the Whig
+        candidate for the Presidency, but was defeated. Four years
+        later (1840) he was elected, but lived for only one month
+        after his inauguration.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"Mr. Lincoln stood in a wagon, from which he addressed the
+    mass of people that surrounded it. The meeting was one of
+    unusual interest because of him who was to make the principal
+    address. It was at the time of his greatest physical strength.
+    He was tall, and perhaps a little more slender than in later
+    life, and more homely than after he became stouter in person.
+    He was then only thirty-one years of age, and yet he was
+    regarded as one of the ablest of the Whig speakers in that
+    campaign. There was that in him that attracted and held public
+    attention. Even then he was the subject of popular regard
+    because of his candid and simple mode of discussing and
+    illustrating political questions. At times he was intensely
+    logical, and was always most convincing in his arguments. The
+    questions involved in that canvass had relation to the tariff,
+    internal public improvements by the federal government, the
+    distribution of the proceeds of the sales of public lands among
+    the several States, and other questions that divided the
+    political parties of that day. They were not such questions as
+    enlisted and engaged his best thoughts; they did not take hold
+    of his great nature, and had no tendency to develop it. At
+    times he discussed the questions of the time in a logical way,
+    but much time was devoted to telling stories to illustrate some
+    phase of his argument, though more often the telling of these
+    stories was resorted to for the purpose of rendering his
+    opponents ridiculous. That was a style of speaking much
+    appreciated at that early day. In that kind of oratory he
+    excelled most of his contemporaries&mdash;indeed, he had no
+    equals in the State. One story he told on that occasion was
+    full of salient points, and well illustrated the argument he
+    was making. It was not an impure story, yet it was not one it
+    would be seemly to publish; but rendered, as it was, in his
+    inimitable way, it contained nothing that was offensive to a
+    refined taste. The same story might have been told by another
+    in such a way that it would probably have been regarded as
+    transcending the proprieties of popular address. One
+    characterizing feature of all the stories told by Mr. Lincoln,
+    on the stump and elsewhere, was that although the subject
+    matter of some of them might not have been entirely
+    unobjectionable, yet the manner of telling them was so
+    peculiarly his own that they gave no offence even to refined
+    and cultured people. On the contrary, they were much enjoyed.
+    The story he told on this occasion was much liked by the vast
+    assembly that surrounded the temporary platform from which he
+    spoke, and was received with loud bursts of laughter and
+    applause. It served to place the opposing party and its
+    speakers in a most ludicrous position in respect to the
+    question being considered, and gave him a most favorable
+    hearing for the arguments he later made in support of the
+    measures he was
+    sustaining."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page435"
+       id="page435"></a>[pg 435]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/435.jpg"
+             name="fig435"
+             id="fig435"><img src="images/435.jpg"
+             alt="JOSHUA F. SPEED AND WIFE." /></a>
+
+        <h5>JOSHUA F. SPEED AND WIFE.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a painting by Healy, owned by Mrs, Joshua F. Speed
+        of Louisville, Kentucky, and reproduced here by permission.
+        Joshua F. Speed was a Kentuckian. At the time Lincoln went
+        to Springfield he was one of the leading merchants of the
+        town, and it was he who befriended the young lawyer on his
+        arrival (see MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE for March). Towards the end
+        of 1840 Mr. Speed sold his store, and soon after returned
+        to Louisville. At his urgent invitation Lincoln visited him
+        in the summer of 1841. He seems not to have gone back with
+        Speed, as many biographers have stated, for in a letter of
+        June 19, 1841, to Speed, Lincoln says: "I stick to my
+        promise to come to Louisville." He seems, too, to have
+        stayed a much shorter time than has frequently been stated,
+        for he wrote back to Speed's sister, on September 27th, of
+        his safe arrival in Springfield. The letters quoted from in
+        this article were given by Speed himself to Mr. Herndon to
+        publish in his "Life of Lincoln." Mr. Herndon turned them
+        over to Lamon, who used them in his volume published in
+        1872. Joshua Speed and Lincoln remained intimate friends
+        through life. Although they differed radically in 1855 on
+        the policy to be pursued in regard to slavery, Lincoln, in
+        writing Speed a long letter explaining his views, closes:
+        "And yet let me say I am your friend forever."</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <h4>LINCOLN'S ENGAGEMENT TO MISS TODD.</h4>
+
+    <p>Lincoln had been busy with politics and law in the years
+    since he left New Salem, but he had by no means neglected the
+    social side of life. Indeed, he had gone so far as to become
+    engaged to be married to one of the favorite young women of
+    Springfield, Miss Mary Todd, the sister-in-law of one of his
+    political friends, a member of the "Long Nine" and a prominent
+    citizen, Ninian W.
+    Edwards.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page436"
+       id="page436"></a>[pg 436]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/436.jpg"
+             name="fig436"
+             id="fig436"><img src="images/436.jpg"
+             alt="MARY TODD LINCOLN." /></a>
+
+        <h5>MARY TODD LINCOLN.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a carbon enlargement, by Sherman and McHugh of New
+        York, of a photograph by Brady. Mary Todd was born in
+        Lexington, Kentucky, December 13, 1818. Her mother died
+        when she was young, and she was educated at one of the
+        best-known schools of the State&mdash;Madame Mantelli's.
+        She remained there some four years, and as the school was
+        conducted entirely in French, she spoke the language
+        fluently. She was afterwards some time in the Ward Academy
+        of Lexington. Miss Todd first visited Springfield in 1837,
+        but remained only a few months. In 1839 she returned to
+        make her home with her sister, Mrs. Edwards. She had two
+        other sisters in the town, Mrs. William Wallace and Mrs.
+        C.M. Smith. The story of her life will, of course, be told
+        in connection with that of Mr. Lincoln in the forthcoming
+        articles. The photograph used for this reproduction was
+        kindly loaned by Mrs. S.J. Withington, Warner, New
+        Hampshire.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Miss Todd came from a well-known family of Lexington,
+    Kentucky; her father, Robert S. Todd, being one of the leading
+    citizens of his State. She had come to Springfield in 1839 to
+    live with her sister, Mrs. Edwards. She was a brilliant, witty,
+    highly-educated girl, ambitious and spirited, with a touch of
+    audacity which only made her more attractive, and she at once
+    took a leading position in Springfield society. There were many
+    young unmarried men in the town, drawn there by politics, and
+    Mr. Edwards's handsome home was opened to them in the
+    hospitable Southern way. After Mary Todd became an inmate of
+    the Edwards house, the place was gayer than ever. She received
+    much attention from Douglas, Shields, Lincoln, and several
+    others. It was soon apparent, however, that Miss Todd preferred
+    Lincoln. As the intimacy between them increased, Mr. and Mrs.
+    Edwards protested. However honorable and able a man Lincoln
+    might be, he was still a "plebeian." His family were humble and
+    poor; he was self-educated, without address or polish, careless
+    of forms, indifferent to society. How could Mary Todd, brought
+    up in a cultured home, accustomed to the refinements of life,
+    and with ambition for social position, accommodate herself to
+    so grave a nature, so dull an exterior? Miss Todd knew her own
+    mind, however. She loved Lincoln, and seems to have believed
+    from the first in his future. Some time in 1840 they became
+    engaged.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page437"
+       id="page437"></a>[pg 437]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/437.jpg"
+             name="fig437"
+             id="fig437"><img src="images/437.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN IN 1858.&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN IN 1858.&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph, by Harrison, Galesburg, Illinois, of
+        an ambrotype owned by Mrs. W.J. Thomson of Monmouth,
+        Illinois. This picture was taken at Monmouth on October 11,
+        1858, by W.J. Thomson, after a speech made in the town by
+        Lincoln that day, and four days after the debate between
+        Lincoln and Douglas at Galesburg, Illinois, on October 7,
+        1858.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>But it was not long before there came the clashing
+    inevitable between two persons whose tastes and ambitions were
+    so different. Miss Todd was jealous and exacting. Lincoln
+    frequently failed to accompany her to the merry-makings which
+    she wanted to attend. She resented this indifference, which
+    seemed to her a purposed slight, instead of simply a lack of
+    thought on his part, and sometimes she went with Mr. Douglas or
+    any other escort who offered. Reproaches and tears and
+    misunderstanding followed. If the lovers made up, it was only
+    to fall out again. At last Lincoln became convinced that they
+    were incompatible, and resolved that he must break the
+    engagement. But the knowledge that the
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page438"
+       id="page438"></a>[pg 438]</span> girl loved him took away
+       his courage. He felt that he must not draw back, and he
+       became profoundly miserable.</p>
+
+    <p>"Whatever woman may cast her lot with mine, should any ever
+    do so, it is my intention to do all in my power to make her
+    happy and contented; and there is nothing I can imagine that
+    would make me more unhappy than to fail in the effort," Lincoln
+    had written Miss Owens three years before. How could he make
+    this brilliant, passionate creature to whom he was betrothed
+    happy?</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/438-2.jpg"
+             name="fig438-2"
+             id="fig438-2"><img src="images/438-2.jpg"
+             width="201"
+             alt="MISS JULIA JAYNE, ONE OF MISS TODD'S BRIDESMAIDS." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>MISS JULIA JAYNE, ONE OF MISS TODD'S BRIDESMAIDS.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph loaned by Mr. Jesse W. Weik. Miss
+        Jayne afterward became Mrs. Lyman Trumbull.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/438-1.jpg"
+             name="fig438-1"
+             id="fig438-1"><img width="226"
+             src="images/438-1.jpg"
+             alt="ROBERT S. TODD." /></a>
+
+        <h5>ROBERT S. TODD.</h5>
+
+        <p>Robert S. Todd, father of Mrs. Lincoln, came of
+        distinguished ancestors. He was the seventh son of
+        Major-General Levi Todd, and was born at Lexington,
+        Kentucky, February 25, 1791. He was prominent in the
+        politics of Kentucky for nearly thirty years. For many
+        years he was clerk of the Kentucky House of
+        Representatives; he was three times elected Representative
+        from Fayette County, and was a State Senator at the time of
+        his death, which occurred July 15, 1849. He was twice
+        married&mdash;the first time to his near relative, Eliza
+        Ann Parker, the mother of Mary Todd.</p>
+    </div><br clear="all" />
+
+
+    <p>A mortal dread of the result of the marriage, a harrowing
+    doubt of his own feelings, possessed him. The experience is not
+    so rare in the lives of lovers that it should be regarded, as
+    it often has been, as something exceptional and abnormal in
+    Lincoln's case. A reflective nature founded in melancholy, like
+    Lincoln's, rarely undertakes even the simpler affairs of life
+    without misgivings. He certainly experienced dread and doubt
+    before entering on any new relation. When it came to forming
+    the most delicate and intimate of all human relations, he
+    staggered under a storm of uncertainty and suffering, and
+    finally broke the engagement.</p>
+
+    <p>So horrible a breach of honor did this seem to him that he
+    called the day when it occurred the "fatal first of January,
+    1841," and months afterward he wrote to his intimate friend
+    Speed: "I must regain my confidence in my own ability to keep
+    my resolves when they are made. In that ability I once prided
+    myself as the only or chief gem of my character; that gem I
+    lost&mdash;how and where you know too well. I have not yet
+    regained it, and, until I do, I cannot trust myself in any
+    matter of much importance."</p>
+
+    <p>The breaking of the engagement between Miss Todd and Mr.
+    Lincoln was naturally known at the time to all their friends.
+    Lincoln's melancholy was evident to them all, nor did he,
+    indeed, attempt to disguise it. He wrote and spoke freely to
+    his intimates of the despair which possessed him, and of his
+    sense of dishonor. The episode caused a great amount of gossip,
+    as was to be expected. After Mr. Lincoln's assassination and
+    Mrs. Lincoln's sad death, various accounts of the courtship and
+    marriage were circulated. It remained, however, for one of
+    Lincoln's law partners, Mr. W.H. Herndon, to develop and
+    circulate the most sensational of all the versions of the
+    rupture. His story would not be referred to here were it not
+    that it has been generally accepted as truthful by even his
+    most conservative biographers, including Mr. John T. Morse and
+    Mr. Carl Schurz. According to Mr. Herndon, the engagement
+    between the two was broken in the most violent and public way
+    possible, by Mr. Lincoln's failing to appear at the wedding.
+    Mr. Herndon even describes the scene in
+    detail:</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page439"
+       id="page439"></a>[pg 439]</span>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>"The time fixed for the marriage was the first day of
+        January, 1841. Careful preparations for the happy occasion
+        were made at the Edwards mansion. The house underwent the
+        customary renovation; the furniture was properly arranged,
+        the rooms neatly decorated, the supper prepared, and the
+        guests invited. The latter assembled on the evening in
+        question, and awaited in expectant pleasure the interesting
+        ceremony of marriage. The bride, bedecked in veil and
+        silken gown, and nervously toying with the flowers in her
+        hair, sat in the adjoining room. Nothing was lacking but
+        the groom. For some strange reason he had been delayed. An
+        hour passed, and the guests, as well as the bride, were
+        becoming restless. But they were all doomed to
+        disappointment. Another hour passed; messengers were sent
+        out over town, and each returning with the same report, it
+        became apparent that Lincoln, the principal in this little
+        drama, had purposely failed to appear. The bride, in grief,
+        disappeared to her room; the wedding supper was left
+        untouched; the guests quietly and wonderingly withdrew; the
+        lights in the Edwards mansion were blown out, and darkness
+        settled over all for the night. What the feelings of a lady
+        as sensitive, passionate, and proud as Miss Todd were, we
+        can only imagine; no one can ever describe them. By
+        daybreak, after persistent search, Lincoln's friends found
+        him. Restless, gloomy, miserable, desperate, he seemed an
+        object of pity. His friends, Speed among the number,
+        fearing a tragic termination, watched him closely in their
+        rooms day and night. 'Knives and razors, and every
+        instrument that could be used for self-destruction, were
+        removed from his reach.' Mrs. Edwards did not hesitate to
+        regard him as insane, and of course her sister Mary shared
+        in that view."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/439-1.jpg"
+             name="fig439-1"
+             id="fig439-1"><img src="images/439-1.jpg"
+             alt="GENERAL JAMES SHIELDS." /></a>
+
+        <h5>GENERAL JAMES SHIELDS.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph kindly loaned by C.B. Hall, New York.
+        General Shields was born at Dungannon, County of Tyrone,
+        Ireland, in 1810; came to the United States in 1826;
+        located in Randolph County, Illinois, and taught school
+        there; was admitted to the bar in 1832, and practised at
+        Kaskaskia. He was elected to the legislature in 1836, and
+        there became acquainted with Lincoln. In 1841 he was made
+        auditor of public accounts of Illinois, and it was while
+        holding this office that he challenged Lincoln to mortal
+        combat. In 1843 Governor Ford appointed him an associate
+        justice of the Supreme Court&mdash;an office which he
+        resigned two years later to become commissioner of the
+        general land-office. His gallantry in the Mexican War was
+        such that he was brevetted a major-general. The prestige
+        which his military record gave him made him a United States
+        Senator in 1849. Defeated for reelection by Lyman Trumbull
+        in 1855, he removed to Minnesota. There, May 12, 1858, he
+        was elected to the United States Senate to fill a vacancy,
+        serving about ten months. Then he went to California for a
+        year. August 19, 1861, President Lincoln, his old-time
+        enemy, presented him with a brigadier-general's commission;
+        but two years later he gave this up, and settled on a farm
+        in Missouri. He remained in retirement for a while, but
+        eventually emerged to become a member of the legislature, a
+        defeated candidate for Congress, adjutant-general of the
+        State, and finally, in 1879, once more a United States
+        Senator, serving about six weeks of an unexpired term. He
+        thus had the rare distinction to be a United States Senator
+        from three States. In his later years he delivered
+        lectures&mdash;"Reminiscences of the Mexican War" and
+        "Recollections of Eminent Statesmen and Soldiers." He died
+        suddenly at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 1879. General Shields
+        has been variously rated by his contemporaries. That he was
+        a man of considerable ability is conceded, and he possessed
+        the warmth and generosity common to his race.&mdash;<i>J.
+        McCan Davis</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/439-2.jpg"
+             name="fig439-2"
+             id="fig439-2"><img src="images/439-2.jpg"
+             alt="MRS. NINIAN W. EDWARDS." /></a>
+
+        <h5>MRS. NINIAN W. EDWARDS.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a painting by Healy, owned by her son, Mr. A.S.
+        Edwards, Springfield, Illinois. Mrs. Ninian W. Edwards was
+        a sister of Mrs. Lincoln. Her maiden name was Elizabeth P.
+        Todd. She was born at Lexington, Kentucky, in 1813, and
+        died at Springfield, Illinois, her home since 1835,
+        February 22, 1888.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page440"
+       id="page440"></a>[pg 440]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/440.jpg"
+             name="fig440"
+             id="fig440"><img src="images/440.jpg"
+             alt="COURT-HOUSE AT TREMONT WHERE LINCOLN RECEIVED WARNING OF SHIELDS'S CHALLENGE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>COURT-HOUSE AT TREMONT WHERE LINCOLN RECEIVED WARNING
+        OF SHIELDS'S CHALLENGE.</h5>
+
+        <p>Tremont was about fifty miles north of Springfield, in
+        Tazewell County. Although the internal improvements scheme
+        of 1837 ran a railroad through the town, it was only
+        reached in 1842, at the time of the Shields-Lincoln duel,
+        by driving. The court-house is a fair example of those in
+        which Lincoln first practised law.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>No one can read this description in connection with the rest
+    of Mr. Herndon's text, and escape the impression that, if it is
+    true, there must have been a vein of cowardice in Lincoln. The
+    context shows that he was not insane enough to excuse such a
+    public insult to a woman. To break his engagement was, all
+    things considered, not in any way an unusual or abnormal thing;
+    to brood over the rupture, to blame himself, to feel that he
+    had been dishonorable, was to be expected, after such an act,
+    from one of his temperament. Nothing, however, but temporary
+    insanity or constitutional cowardice could explain such conduct
+    as here described. Mr. Herndon does not pretend to found his
+    story on any personal knowledge of the affair. He was in
+    Springfield at the time, a clerk in Speed's store, but did not
+    have then, nor, indeed, did he ever have, any social relations
+    with the families in which Mr. Lincoln was always a welcome
+    guest. His only authority for the story is a remark which he
+    says Mrs. Ninian Edwards made to him in an interview: "Lincoln
+    and Mary were engaged; everything was ready and prepared for
+    the marriage, even to the supper. Mr. Lincoln failed to meet
+    his engagement; cause, insanity." This remark, it should be
+    noted, is not from a manuscript written by Mrs. Edwards, but in
+    a report of an interview with her, written by Mr. Herndon.
+    Supposing, however, that the statement was made exactly as Mr.
+    Herndon reports it, it certainly does not justify any such
+    sensational description as Mr. Herndon gives.</p>
+
+    <p>If such a thing had ever occurred, it could not have failed
+    to be known, of course, even to its smallest details, by all
+    the relatives and friends of both Miss Todd and Mr. Lincoln.
+    Nobody, however, ever heard of this wedding party until Mr.
+    Herndon gave his material to the public.</p>
+
+    <p>One of the closest friends of the Lincolns throughout their
+    lives was a cousin of Mrs. Lincoln's, Mrs. Grimsley, afterwards
+    Mrs. Dr. Brown. Mrs. Grimsley lived in Springfield, on the most
+    intimate and friendly relations with Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln, and
+    the first six months of their life in the White House she spent
+    with them. She was a woman of unusual culture, and of the
+    rarest sweetness and graciousness of character. No one could
+    look on her face without feeling her perfect sincerity and
+    goodness. Some months before Mrs. Brown's death, in August,
+    1895, a copy of Mr. Herndon's story was sent her, with a
+    request that she write for publication her knowledge of the
+    affair. In her reply she said:</p>
+
+    <p>"Did Mr. Lincoln fail to appear when the invitations were
+    out, the guests invited, and the supper ready for the wedding?
+    I will say emphatically,
+    'No.'</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page441"
+       id="page441"></a>[pg 441]</span>
+
+    <p>"There may have been a little shadow of foundation for Mr.
+    Herndon's lively imagination to play upon, in that, the year
+    previous to the marriage, and when Mr. Lincoln and my cousin
+    Mary expected soon to be married, Mr. Lincoln was taken with
+    one of those fearful, overwhelming periods of depression, which
+    induced his friends to persuade him to leave Springfield. This
+    he did for a time; but I am satisfied he was loyal and true to
+    Mary, even though at times he may have doubted whether he was
+    responding as fully as a manly, generous nature should to such
+    affection as he knew my cousin was ready to bestow on him. And
+    this because it had not the overmastering depth of an early
+    love. This everybody here knows; therefore I do not feel as if
+    I were betraying dear friends."</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/441.jpg"
+             name="fig441"
+             id="fig441"><img src="images/441.jpg"
+             alt="RESIDENCE OF NINIAN W. EDWARDS, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>RESIDENCE OF NINIAN W. EDWARDS, SPRINGFIELD,
+        ILLINOIS.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph made for MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE in
+        February, 1896. At this house Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd
+        were married November 4, 1842, and here Mrs. Lincoln died
+        July 16, 1882. The house was built about 1835. It was a
+        brick structure, and there were few handsomer ones in the
+        town. The south half (appearing in the left of this
+        picture) was at first only one story in height; the second
+        story was but recently added. In this part was the
+        dining-room. The parlor, in which the marriage ceremony was
+        performed, was the front room on the first floor of the
+        north half of the house. The house is now occupied by St.
+        Agatha's School (Episcopal).</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Mrs. John Stuart, the wife of Lincoln's law partner at that
+    time, is still living in Springfield, a refined, cultivated,
+    intelligent woman, who remembers perfectly the life and events
+    of that day. When Mr. Herndon's story first came to her
+    attention, her indignation was intense. She protested that she
+    never before had heard of such a thing. Mrs. Stuart was not,
+    however, in Springfield at that particular date, but in
+    Washington, her husband being a member of Congress. She wrote
+    the following statement for this biography:</p>
+
+    <p>"I cannot deny this, as I was not in Springfield for some
+    months before and after this occurrence was said to have taken
+    place; but I was in close correspondence with relatives and
+    friends during all this time, and never heard a word of it. The
+    late Judge Broadwell told me that he had asked Mr. Ninian
+    Edwards about it, and Mr. Edwards told him that no such thing
+    had ever taken place.</p>
+
+    <p>"All I can say is that I unhesitatingly do not believe such
+    an event ever occurred. I thought I had never heard of this
+    till I saw it in Herndon's book. I have since been told that
+    Lamon mentions the same thing. I read Lamon at the time he
+    published, and felt very much disgusted, but did not remember
+    this particular assertion. The first chapters of Lamon's book
+    were purchased from Herndon; so Herndon is responsible for the
+    whole.</p>
+
+    <p>"Mrs. Lincoln told me herself all the circumstances of her
+    engagement to Mr. Lincoln, of his illness, and the breaking off
+    of her engagement, of the renewal, and her marriage. So I say I
+    do not believe one word of this dishonorable story about Mr.
+    Lincoln."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page442"
+       id="page442"></a>[pg 442]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/442.jpg"
+             name="fig442"
+             id="fig442"><img src="images/442.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE LICENSE AND MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE.&mdash;NOW FIRST PUBLISHED." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE LICENSE AND MARRIAGE
+        CERTIFICATE.&mdash;NOW FIRST PUBLISHED.</h5>
+
+        <p>Photographed for MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE from the original,
+        now on file in the county clerk's office, Springfield,
+        Illinois. It has hitherto been commonly supposed that the
+        original marriage license issued to Abraham Lincoln and
+        Mary Todd in 1842, with the officiating-minister's
+        certificate of marriage attached to it, was one of the
+        interesting documents in what was formerly the Keys Lincoln
+        Memorial Collection. Nicolay and Hay reproduced it in their
+        biography of Lincoln, and other publications have made it
+        appear authentic. Messrs. Keys and Munson, who formed the
+        collection in which the certificate was first exhibited,
+        called it a duplicate, and Mr. William H. Lambert of
+        Philadelphia, who owns it now, supposed, in buying it, that
+        it was a duplicate. Mr. Lambert, however, in showing us the
+        certificate, called attention to a suspicious circumstance
+        connected with the license. The seal of the county court
+        stamped upon it was dated "1849." It was difficult to
+        reconcile this with the fact that the marriage occurred in
+        1842. The inconsistency was covered up in certain
+        facsimiles which have been published, by a stroke of the
+        pen; the date of the seal was changed to fit the date of
+        the marriage. Mr. Lambert's suggestion led to an
+        investigation for this Magazine. A search in the county
+        clerk's office at Springfield brought to light the real and
+        only "original" license, stowed away in a dusty
+        pigeon-hole, untouched in thirty years. This is the license
+        which is reproduced above. Beneath the license is the Rev.
+        Charles Dresser's certificate of the marriage. The bogus
+        document was made out on the blank form in use in the
+        county clerk's office in 1865&mdash;a form quite different
+        from that used in 1842. This form was not used prior to
+        1865, and never after February 3, 1866. So it seems most
+        probable that the spurious license was procured soon after
+        Mr. Lincoln's assassination. The handwriting is that of
+        N.W. Matheny, then, as in 1842, the county clerk, a
+        gentleman of high character, who no doubt furnished the
+        copy for a perfectly proper purpose. It will be observed
+        that the genuine license bears no seal. This is due to the
+        fact that prior to 1849 the county court did not have a
+        seal; indeed, before that year, such a tribunal as the
+        "county court" was unknown to the judiciary system of the
+        State. The certificate attached to the counterfeit license,
+        of course, was not written by the Rev. Charles Dresser (for
+        he was then dead), but, like the license itself, was made
+        out by the county clerk.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Another prominent member in the same circle with Mr. Lincoln
+    and Miss Todd is Mrs. B.T. Edwards, the widow of Judge Benjamin
+    T. Edwards, and sister-in-law of Mr. Ninian Edwards, who had
+    married Miss Todd's sister. She came to Springfield in 1839,
+    and was intimately acquainted with Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd,
+    and knew, as well as another could know, their affairs. Mrs.
+    Edwards is still living in Springfield,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page443"
+       id="page443"></a>[pg 443]</span> a woman of the most perfect
+       refinement and trustworthiness. In answer to the question,
+       "Is Mr. Herndon's description true?" she writes:</p>
+
+    <p>"I am impatient to tell you that all that he says about this
+    wedding&mdash;the time for which was 'fixed for the first day
+    of January'&mdash;is a fabrication. He has drawn largely upon
+    his imagination in describing something which never took
+    place.</p>
+
+    <p>"I know the engagement between Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd was
+    interrupted for a time, and it was rumored among her young
+    friends that Mr. Edwards had rather opposed it. But I am sure
+    there had been no 'time fixed' for any wedding; that is, no
+    preparations had ever been made until the day that Mr. Lincoln
+    met Mr. Edwards on the street and told him that he and Mary
+    were going to be married that evening. Upon inquiry, Mr.
+    Lincoln said they would be married in the Episcopal church, to
+    which Mr. Edwards replied: 'No; Mary is my ward, and she must
+    be married at my house.'</p>
+
+    <p>"If I remember rightly, the wedding guests were few, not
+    more than thirty; and it seems to me all are gone now but Mrs.
+    Wallace, Mrs. Levering, and myself, for it was not much more
+    than a family gathering; only two or three of Mary Todd's young
+    friends were present. The 'entertainment' was simple, but in
+    beautiful taste; but the bride had neither veil nor flowers in
+    her hair, with which to 'toy nervously.' There had been no
+    elaborate <i>trousseau</i> for the bride of the future
+    President of the United States, nor even a handsome wedding
+    gown; nor was it a gay wedding."</p>
+
+    <p>Two sisters of Mrs. Lincoln's who are still living, Mrs.
+    Wallace of Springfield, and Mrs. Helm of Elizabethstown,
+    Kentucky, deny emphatically that any wedding was ever arranged
+    between Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd but the one which did take
+    place. That the engagement was broken after a wedding had been
+    talked of, they think possible; but Mr. Herndon's story, they
+    deny emphatically.</p>
+
+    <p>"There is not a word of truth in it!" Mrs. Wallace broke
+    out, impulsively, before the question about the non-appearance
+    of Mr. Lincoln had been finished. "I never was so amazed in my
+    life as when I read that story. Mr. Lincoln never did such a
+    thing. Why, Mary Lincoln never had a silk dress in her life
+    until she went to Washington."</p>
+
+    <div class="figright">
+        <a href="images/443.jpg"
+             name="fig443"
+             id="fig443"><img src="images/443.jpg"
+             alt="REV. CHARLES DRESSER." /></a>
+
+        <h5>REV. CHARLES DRESSER.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a daguerreotype owned by his son, Dr. T.W. Dresser,
+        Springfield, Illinois. The Rev. Charles Dresser, who was
+        the officiating clergyman at the wedding of Abraham Lincoln
+        and Mary Todd, was born at Pomfret, Connecticut, February
+        24, 1800. He was graduated from Brown University in 1823,
+        and went to Virginia, where he studied theology. In 1829 he
+        became an ordained minister in the Protestant Episcopal
+        Church. He was married in 1832 in Dinwiddie County,
+        Virginia, to Louisa W. Withers. Upon his removal to
+        Springfield, Illinois, in 1838, he became the rector of the
+        Protestant Episcopal church there, and remained so until
+        1858, when failing health caused his retirement. In 1855,
+        Jubilee College elected him Professor of Divinity and
+        Belles-Lettres, but he held this position only a short
+        time. He died March 25, 1865.&mdash;<i>J. McCan
+        Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>As Mr. Joshua Speed was, all through this period, Mr.
+    Lincoln's closest friend, no thought or feeling of the one ever
+    being concealed from the other, Mrs. Joshua Speed, who is still
+    living in Louisville, Kentucky, was asked if she knew of the
+    story. Mrs. Speed listened in surprise to Mr. Herndon's tale.
+    "I never heard of it before," she declared. "I never heard of
+    it. If it is true, I never heard of it."</p>
+
+    <p>In all of these cases the opinion of only those persons
+    intimately connected with Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd has been
+    asked. Care has been taken, too, to apply only to persons whose
+    character put them beyond the suspicion of distorting
+    facts.</p>
+
+    <p>Quite unexpectedly, some months ago, a volunteer witness to
+    the falsity of the story appeared. The Hon. H.W. Thornton of
+    Millersburg, Illinois, was a member of the Twelfth General
+    Assembly, which met in Springfield in 1840. During that winter
+    he was boarding near Lincoln, saw him almost every day, was a
+    constant visitor at Mr. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page444"
+       id="page444"></a>[pg 444]</span> Edwards's house, and he
+       knew Miss Todd well. He wrote to this magazine declaring
+       that Mr. Herndon's statement about the wedding must be
+       false, as he was closely associated with Miss Todd and Mr.
+       Lincoln all winter, and never knew anything of it. Mr.
+       Thornton went on to say that he knew beyond a doubt that the
+       sensational account of Lincoln's insanity was untrue, and he
+       quoted from the House journal to show how it was impossible
+       that, as Lamon says, using Herndon's notes, "Lincoln went
+       crazy as a loon, and did not attend the legislature in
+       1841-1842, for this reason;" or, as Herndon says, that he
+       had to be watched constantly. According to the record taken
+       from the journals of the House sent us by Mr. Thornton, and
+       which we have had verified in Springfield, Mr. Lincoln was
+       in his seat in the House on that "fatal first of January"
+       when he is asserted to have been groping in the shadow of
+       madness, and he was also there on the following day. The
+       third of January was Sunday. On Monday, the fourth, he
+       appears not to have been present&mdash;at least he did not
+       vote; but even this is by no means conclusive evidence that
+       he was not there. On the fifth, and on every succeeding day
+       until the thirteenth, he was in his seat. From the
+       thirteenth to the eighteenth, inclusive, he is not recorded
+       on any of the roll-calls, and probably was not present. But
+       on the nineteenth, when "John J. Hardin announced his
+       illness to the House," as Mr. Herndon says (which
+       announcement seems not to have gotten into the journal),
+       Lincoln was again in his place, and voted. On the twentieth
+       he is not recorded; but on every subsequent day, until the
+       close of the session on the first of March, Lincoln was in
+       the House. Thus, during the whole of the two months of
+       January and February, he was absent not more than seven
+       days&mdash;as good a record as to attendance, perhaps, as
+       that made by the average member.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Thornton says further: "Mr. Lincoln boarded at William
+    Butler's, near to Dr. Henry's, where I boarded. The missing
+    days, from January 13th to 19th, Mr. Lincoln spent several
+    hours each day at Dr. Henry's; a part of these days I remained
+    with Mr. Lincoln. His most intimate friends had no fears of his
+    injuring himself. He was very sad and melancholy, but being
+    subject to these spells, nothing serious was apprehended. His
+    being watched, as stated in Herndon's book, was news to me
+    until I saw it there."</p>
+
+    <p>But while Lincoln went about his daily duties, even on the
+    "fatal first of January," his whole being was shrouded in
+    gloom. He did not pretend to conceal this from his friends.
+    Writing to Mr. Stuart on January 23d, he said: "I am now the
+    most miserable man living. If what I feel were equally
+    distributed to the whole human family, there would not be one
+    cheerful face on the earth. Whether I shall ever be better I
+    cannot tell; I awfully forebode I shall not. To remain as I am
+    is impossible. I must die or be better, it appears to me. The
+    matter you speak of on my account you may attend to as you say,
+    unless you shall hear of my condition forbidding it. I say this
+    because I fear I shall be unable to attend to any business
+    here, and a change of scene might help me."</p>
+
+    <p>In the summer he visited his friend Speed, who had sold his
+    store in Springfield, and returned to Louisville, Kentucky. The
+    visit did much to brighten his spirits, for, writing back in
+    September, after his return, to his friend's sister, he was
+    even gay.</p>
+
+    <p>A curious situation arose the next year (1842), which did
+    much to restore Lincoln to a more normal view of his relation
+    to Miss Todd. In the summer of 1841, his friend Speed had
+    become engaged. As his marriage approached, he in turn was
+    attacked by a melancholy not unlike that which Lincoln had
+    suffered. He feared he did not love well enough to marry, and
+    he confided his fear to Lincoln. Full of sympathy for the
+    trouble of his friend, Lincoln tried in every way to persuade
+    him that his "twinges of the soul" were all explained by
+    nervous debility. When Speed returned to Kentucky, Lincoln
+    wrote him several letters, in which he consoled, counselled, or
+    laughed at him. These letters abound in suggestive passages.
+    From what did Speed suffer? From three special causes and a
+    general one, which Lincoln proceeds to enumerate:</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"The general cause is, that you are naturally of a
+        nervous temperament; and this I say from what I have seen
+        of you personally, and what you have told me concerning
+        your mother at various times, and concerning your brother
+        William at the time his wife died. The first special cause
+        is your exposure to bad weather on your journey, which my
+        experience clearly proves to be very severe on defective
+        nerves. The second is the absence of all business and
+        conversation of friends, which might divert your mind, give
+        it occasional rest from the intensity of thought which will
+        sometimes wear the sweetest idea thread-bare and turn it to
+        the bitterness of death. The third is the rapid and near
+        approach of that crisis on which all your thoughts and
+        feelings concentrate."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>Speed writes that his <i>fianc&eacute;e</i> is ill, and his
+    letter is full of gloomy forebodings of an early death. Lincoln
+    hails these fears as an omen of
+    happiness.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page445"
+       id="page445"></a>[pg 445]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/445.jpg"
+             name="fig445"
+             id="fig445"><img src="images/445.jpg"
+             alt="THE GLOBE HOTEL, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS." /></a>
+
+        <h5>THE GLOBE HOTEL, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.</h5>
+
+        <p>In a letter to Joshua R. Speed, dated May 18, 1843,
+        Lincoln wrote: "We are not keeping house, but boarding at
+        the Globe Tavern, which is very well kept now by a widow
+        lady of the name of Beck. Our room (the same that Dr.
+        Wallace occupied there) and boarding only costs us four
+        dollars a week.... I most heartily wish you and your Fanny
+        would not fail to come. Just let us know the time, and we
+        will have a room provided for you at our house, and all be
+        merry together for a while." The Globe Hotel stood in
+        Springfield until about three years ago.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"I hope and believe that your present anxiety and
+        distress about her health and her life must and will
+        forever banish those horrid doubts which I know you
+        sometimes felt as to the truth of your affection for her.
+        If they can once and forever be removed (and I almost feel
+        a presentiment that the Almighty has sent your present
+        affliction expressly for that object), surely nothing can
+        come in their stead to fill their immeasurable measure of
+        misery.... I am now fully convinced that you love her as
+        ardently as you are capable of loving. Your ever being
+        happy in her presence, and your intense anxiety about her
+        health, if there were nothing else, would place this beyond
+        all dispute in my mind. I incline to think it probable that
+        your nerves will fail you occasionally for a while; but
+        once you get them firmly guarded now, that trouble is over
+        forever. I think, if I were you, in case my mind were not
+        exactly right, I would avoid being idle. I would
+        immediately engage in some business or go to making
+        preparations for it, which would be the same thing."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>Mr. Speed's marriage occurred in February, and to the letter
+    announcing it Lincoln replied:</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"I tell you, Speed, our forebodings (for which you and I
+        are peculiar) are all the worst sort of nonsense. I
+        fancied, from the time I received your letter of Saturday,
+        that the one of Wednesday was never to come, and yet it did
+        come, and what is more, it is perfectly clear, both from
+        its tone and handwriting, that you were much happier, or,
+        if you think the term preferable, less miserable, when you
+        wrote it than when you wrote the last one before. You had
+        so obviously improved at the very time I so much fancied
+        you would have grown worse. You say that something
+        indescribably horrible and alarming still haunts you. You
+        will not say that three months from now, I will venture.
+        When your nerves once get steady now, the whole trouble
+        will be over forever. Nor should you become impatient at
+        their being even very slow in becoming steady. Again, you
+        say, you much fear that that Elysium of which you have
+        dreamed so much is never to be realized. Well, if it shall
+        not, I dare swear it will not be the
+        <span class="pagenum"><a name="page446"
+           id="page446"></a>[pg 446]</span> fault of her who is now
+           your wife. I now have no doubt that it is the peculiar
+           misfortune of both you and me to dream dreams of Elysium
+           far exceeding all that anything earthly can
+           realize."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>His prophecy was true. In March Speed wrote him that he was
+    "far happier than he had ever expected to be." Lincoln caught
+    at the letter with an eagerness which is deeply pathetic:</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"It cannot be told how it now thrills me with joy to
+        hear you say you are far happier than you ever expected to
+        be. I know you too well to suppose your expectations were
+        not, at least, sometimes extravagant, and if the reality
+        exceeds them all, I say, Enough, dear Lord! I am not going
+        beyond the truth when I tell you that the short space it
+        took me to read your last letter gave me more pleasure than
+        the total sum of all I have enjoyed since the fatal 1st of
+        January, 1841. Since then, it seems to me, I should have
+        been entirely happy, but for the never absent idea that
+        there is one still unhappy whom I have contributed to make
+        so. That still kills me. I cannot but reproach myself for
+        even wishing to be happy while she is otherwise. She
+        accompanied a large party on the railroad cars to
+        Jacksonville last Monday, and on her return spoke, so that
+        I heard of it, of having enjoyed the trip exceedingly. God
+        be praised for that."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>Evidently Lincoln was still unreconciled to his separation
+    from Miss Todd. In the summer of 1842, only three or four
+    months after the above letter was written, a clever ruse on the
+    part of certain of their friends threw the two unexpectedly
+    together; and an understanding of some kind evidently was come
+    to, for during the season they met secretly at the house of one
+    of Lincoln's friends, Mr. Simeon Francis. It was while these
+    meetings were going on that a burlesque encounter occurred
+    between Lincoln and James Shields, for which Miss Todd was
+    partly responsible, and which no doubt gave just the touch of
+    comedy necessary to relieve their tragedy and restore them to a
+    healthier view of their relations.</p>
+
+    <h4>THE LINCOLN AND SHIELDS DUEL.</h4>
+
+    <p>Among the Democratic officials then living in Springfield
+    was one James Shields, auditor of the State. He was a
+    hot-headed, blustering Irishman, not without ability, and
+    certainly courageous; a good politician, and, on the whole, a
+    very well-liked man. However, the swagger and noise with which
+    he accompanied the execution of his duties, and his habit of
+    being continually on the defensive, made him the butt of Whig
+    ridicule. Nothing could have given greater satisfaction to
+    Lincoln and his friends than having an opponent who, whenever
+    they joked him, flew into a rage and challenged them to
+    fight.</p>
+
+    <p>At the time when Lincoln was visiting Miss Todd at Mr.
+    Francis's house, the Whigs were much excited over the fact that
+    the Democrats had issued an order forbidding the payment of
+    State taxes in State bank-notes. The bank-notes were in fact
+    practically worthless, for the State finances were suffering a
+    violent reaction from the extravagant legislation of 1836 and
+    1837. One of the popular ways of attacking an obnoxious
+    political doctrine in that day was writing letters from some
+    imaginary backwoods settlement, setting forth in homely
+    vernacular the writer's views of the question, and showing how
+    its application affected his part of the world. These letters
+    were really a rude form of the "Bigelow Papers" or "Nasby
+    Letters." Soon after the order was issued by the Illinois
+    officials demanding silver instead of bank-notes in payment of
+    taxes, Lincoln wrote a letter to a Springfield paper from the
+    "Lost Townships," signing it "Aunt Rebecca." In it he described
+    the plight to which the new order had brought the neighborhood,
+    and he intimated that the only reason for issuing such an order
+    was that the State officers might have their salaries paid in
+    silver. Shields was ridiculed unmercifully in the letter for
+    his vanity and his gallantry.</p>
+
+    <p>It happened that there were several young women in
+    Springfield who had received rather too pronounced attention
+    from Mr. Shields, and who were glad to see him tormented. Among
+    them were Miss Todd and her friend Miss Julia Jayne. Lincoln's
+    letter from the "Lost Townships" was such a success that they
+    followed it up with one in which "Aunt Rebecca" proposed to the
+    gallant auditor, and a few days later they published some very
+    bad verses, signed "Cathleen," celebrating the
+    wedding.<a id="footnotetag1"
+       name="footnotetag1"></a>
+       <a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>Springfield was highly entertained, less by the verses than
+    by the fury of Shields. He would have satisfaction, he said,
+    and he sent a friend, one General Whitesides, to the paper, to
+    ask for the name of the writer
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page447"
+       id="page447"></a>[pg 447]</span> of the communications. The
+       editor, in a quandary, went to Lincoln, who, unwilling that
+       Miss Todd and Miss Jayne should figure in the affair,
+       ordered that his own name be given as the author of letters
+       and poem. This was only about ten days after the first
+       letter had appeared, on September 2d, and Lincoln left
+       Springfield in a day or two for a long trip on the circuit.
+       He was at Tremont when, on the morning of the seventeenth,
+       two of his friends, E.H. Merryman and William Butler, drove
+       up hastily. Shields and his friend Whitesides were behind,
+       they said, the irate Irishman vowing that he would challenge
+       Lincoln. They, knowing that Lincoln was "unpractised both as
+       to diplomacy and weapons," had started as soon as they had
+       learned that Shields had left Springfield, had passed him in
+       the night, and were there to see Lincoln through.</p>
+
+    <p>It was not long before Shields and Whitesides arrived, and
+    soon Lincoln received a note in which the indignant auditor
+    said: "I will take the liberty of requiring a full, positive,
+    and absolute retraction of all offensive allusions used by you
+    in these communications in relation to my private character and
+    standing as a man, as an apology for the insults conveyed in
+    them. This may prevent consequences which no one will regret
+    more than myself."</p>
+
+    <p>Lincoln immediately replied that, since Shields had not
+    stopped to inquire whether he really was the author of the
+    articles, had not pointed out what was offensive in them, had
+    assumed facts and hinted at consequences, he could not submit
+    to answer the note. Shields wrote again, but Lincoln simply
+    replied that he could receive nothing but a withdrawal of the
+    first note or a challenge. To this he steadily held, even
+    refusing to answer the question as to the authorship of the
+    letters, which Shields finally put. It was inconsistent with
+    his honor to negotiate for peace with Mr. Shields, he said,
+    unless Mr. Shields withdrew his former offensive letter.
+    Seconds were immediately named: Whitesides by Shields, Merryman
+    by Lincoln; and though they talked of peace, Whitesides
+    declared he could not mention it to his principal. "He would
+    challenge me next, and as soon cut my throat as not."</p>
+
+    <p>This was on the nineteenth, and that night the party
+    returned to Springfield. But in someway the affair had leaked
+    out, and fearing arrest, Lincoln and Merryman left town the
+    next morning. The instructions were left with Butler. If
+    Shields would withdraw his first note, and write another asking
+    if Lincoln was the author of the offensive articles, and, if
+    so, asking for gentlemanly satisfaction, then Lincoln had
+    prepared a letter explaining the whole affair. If Shields would
+    not do this, there was nothing to do but fight. Lincoln left
+    the following preliminaries for the duel:</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"<i>First.</i> Weapons: Cavalry broadswords of the
+        largest size, precisely equal in all respects, and such as
+        now used by the cavalry company at Jacksonville.</p>
+
+        <p>"<i>Second</i>. Position: A plank ten feet long, and
+        from nine to twelve inches broad, to be firmly fixed on
+        edge on the ground, as the line between us, which neither
+        is to pass his foot over on forfeit of his life. Next, a
+        line drawn on the ground on either side of said plank and
+        parallel with it, each at the distance of the whole length
+        of the sword and three feet additional from the plank; and
+        the passing of his own such line by either party during the
+        fight shall be deemed a surrender of the contest.</p>
+
+        <p>"<i>Third</i>. Time: On Thursday evening at five
+        o'clock, if you can get it so; but in no case to be at a
+        greater distance of time than Friday evening at five
+        o'clock.</p>
+
+        <p>"<i>Fourth</i>. Place: Within three miles of Alton, on
+        the opposite side of the river, the particular spot to be
+        agreed upon by you."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>As Mr. Shields refused to withdraw his first note, the
+    entire party started for the rendezvous across the Mississippi.
+    Lincoln and Merryman drove together in a dilapidated old buggy,
+    in the bottom of which rattled a number of broadswords. It was
+    the morning of the 22d of September when the duellists arrived
+    in the town. There are people still living in Alton who
+    remember their coming. "The party arrived about the middle of
+    the morning," says Mr. Edward Levis,<a id="footnotetag2"
+       name="footnotetag2"></a>
+       <a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> "and soon crossed the
+       river to a sand-bar which at the time was, by reason of the
+       low water, a part of the Missouri mainland. The means of
+       conveyance was an old horse-ferry that was operated by a man
+       named Chapman. The weapons were in the keeping of the
+       friends of the principals, and no care was taken to conceal
+       them; in fact, they were openly displayed. Naturally, there
+       was a great desire among the male population to attend the
+       duel, but the managers of the affair would not permit any
+       but their own party to board the ferry-boat. Skiffs were
+       very scarce, and but a few could avail themselves of the
+       opportunity in this way. I had to content myself with
+       standing on the levee and watching proceedings at long
+       range."</p>
+
+    <p>The party had scarcely reached the sand-bar before they were
+    joined by some unexpected friends. Lincoln and Merryman, on
+    their way to Alton, had stopped at White Hall for dinner.
+    Across the street from the hotel lived Mr. Elijah Lott, an
+    acquaintance <span class="pagenum"><a name="page448"
+       id="page448"></a>[pg 448]</span> of Merryman's. Mr. Lott was
+       not long in finding out what was on foot, and as soon as the
+       duellists had departed, he drove to Carrollton, where he
+       knew that Colonel John J. Hardin and several other friends
+       of Lincoln were attending court, and warned them of the
+       trouble. Hardin and one or two others immediately started
+       for Alton. They arrived in time to calm Shields, and to aid
+       the seconds in adjusting matters "with honor to all
+       concerned."</p>
+
+    <p>That the duellists returned in good spirits is evident from
+    Mr. Levis's reminiscences: "It was not very long," says he,
+    "until the boat was seen returning to Alton. As it drew near I
+    saw what was presumably a mortally wounded man lying on the bow
+    of the boat. His shirt appeared to be bathed in blood. I
+    distinguished Jacob Smith, a constable, fanning the supposed
+    victim vigorously. The people on the bank held their breath in
+    suspense, and guesses were freely made as to which of the two
+    men had been so terribly wounded. But suspense was soon turned
+    to chagrin and relief when it transpired that the supposed
+    candidate for another world was nothing more nor less than a
+    log covered with a red shirt. This ruse had been resorted to in
+    order to fool the people on the levee; and it worked to
+    perfection. Lincoln and Shields came off the boat together,
+    chatting in a nonchalant and pleasant manner."</p>
+
+    <h4>MARRIAGE OF LINCOLN AND MISS TODD.</h4>
+
+    <p>The Lincoln-Shields duel had so many farcical features, and
+    Miss Todd had unwittingly been so much to blame for it, that
+    one can easily see that it might have had considerable
+    influence on the relations of the two young people. However
+    that may be, something had made Mr. Lincoln feel that he could
+    renew his engagement. Early in October, not a fortnight after
+    the duel, he wrote Speed: "You have now been the husband of a
+    lovely woman nearly eight months. That you are happier now than
+    the day you married her I well know, for without you would not
+    be living. But I have your word for it, too, and the returning
+    elasticity of spirits which is manifested in your letters. But
+    I want to ask a close question: Are you now in feelings as well
+    as judgment glad that you are married as you are?"</p>
+
+    <p>We do not know Speed's answer, nor the final struggle of the
+    man's heart. We only know that on November 4, 1842, Lincoln was
+    married, the wedding being almost impromptu. Mrs. Dr. Brown,
+    Miss Todd's cousin, in the same letter quoted from above,
+    describes the wedding:</p>
+
+    <p>"One morning, bright and early, my cousin came down in her
+    excited, impetuous way, and said to my father: 'Uncle, you must
+    go up and tell my sister that Mr. Lincoln and I are to be
+    married this evening,' and to me: 'Get on your bonnet and go
+    with me to get my gloves, shoes, etc., and then to Mr.
+    Edwards's.' When we reached there we found some excitement over
+    a wedding being sprung upon them so suddenly. However, my
+    father, in his lovely, pacific way, 'poured oil upon the
+    waters,' and we thought everything was 'ship-shape,' when Mrs.
+    Edwards laughingly said: 'How fortunately you selected this
+    evening, for the Episcopal Sewing Society is to meet here, and
+    my supper is all ordered.'</p>
+
+    <p>"But that comfortable little arrangement would not hold, as
+    Mary declared she would not make a spectacle for gossiping
+    ladies to gaze upon and talk about; there had already been too
+    much talk about her. Then my father was despatched to tell Mr.
+    Lincoln that the wedding would be deferred until the next
+    evening. Clergyman, attendants and intimate friends were
+    notified, and on Friday evening, in the midst of a small circle
+    of friends, with the elements doing their worst in the way of
+    rain, this singular courtship culminated in marriage. This I
+    know to be literally true, as I was one of her bridesmaids,
+    Miss Jayne (afterwards Mrs. Lyman Trumbull) and Miss Rodney
+    being the others."</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote1"
+                    name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Mr. Charles Lamb, now passing his declining years
+        quietly on his farm, a dozen miles from Springfield,
+        Illinois, was a compositor on the "Sangamo Journal" from
+        1836 to 1843, and it was he who put into type the poem by
+        "Cathleen," which, with the "Lost Townships" letters, led
+        General Shields to challenge Lincoln. "This poem," says Mr.
+        Lamb, "was written by Mary Todd and Julia Jayne, afterward
+        the wife of Senator Lyman Trumbull. After I had set up the
+        poem, I took the copy from the hook and put it into my
+        pocket. When Lincoln was informed by Simeon Francis, the
+        editor of the 'Journal,' that Shields had demanded the name
+        of the author of the verses, he came around to the office
+        and asked for the copy. I produced it, and he picked up a
+        pen and wrote his name across the top of the page. This, of
+        course, meant that he assumed the responsibility for the
+        production. I retained this copy until a few years ago,
+        when, unhappily, it was destroyed. My recollection is that
+        the 'Lost Townships' letters were set up by Mr. Francis
+        himself. Mr. Lincoln was a frequent contributor to the
+        'Journal,' and it usually fell to my lot to set up his
+        contributions."&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote2"
+                    name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Interview with Mr. Edward Levis made for this
+        Magazine.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page449"
+       id="page449"></a>[pg 449]</span>
+
+    <h2>"PHROSO."</h2>
+
+    <h3>A TALE OF BRAVE DEEDS AND PERILOUS VENTURES.</h3>
+
+    <h4>By Anthony Hope,</h4>
+
+    <h5>Author of "The Prisoner of Zenda," etc.</h5>
+
+    <h3>CHAPTER I.</h3>
+
+    <h4>A LONG THING ENDING IN POULOS.</h4>
+
+    <p class="cap"><i>QUOT homines, tot sententi&aelig;</i>; so
+    many men, so many fancies. My fancy was for an island. Perhaps
+    boyhood's glamour hung still round sea-girt rocks, and "faery
+    lands forlorn" still beckoned me; perhaps I felt that London
+    was too full, the Highlands rather fuller, the Swiss mountains
+    most insufferably crowded of them all. "Money can buy company,"
+    and it can buy retirement. The latter service I asked now of
+    the moderate wealth with which my poor cousin Tom's death had
+    endowed me. Everybody was good enough to suppose that I
+    rejoiced at Tom's death, whereas I was particularly sorry for
+    it, and was not consoled even by the prospects of the island.
+    My friends understood this wish for an island as little as they
+    appreciated my feelings about poor Tom. Beatrice was most
+    emphatic in declaring that "a horrid little island" had no
+    charms for her, and that she would never set foot in it. This
+    declaration was rather annoying, because I had imagined myself
+    spending my honeymoon with Beatrice on the island; but life is
+    not all honeymoon, and I decided to have the island none the
+    less. In the first place, I was not to be married for a year.
+    Mrs. Kennett Hipgrave had insisted on this delay in order that
+    we might be sure that we knew our own hearts. And as I may say
+    without unfairness that Mrs. Hipgrave was to a considerable
+    degree responsible for the engagement&mdash;she asserted the
+    fact herself with much pride&mdash;I thought that she had a
+    right to some voice in the date of the marriage. Moreover, the
+    postponement gave me exactly time to go over and settle affairs
+    in the island.</p>
+
+    <p>For I had bought it. It cost me seven thousand five hundred
+    and fifty pounds&mdash;rather a fancy price, but I could not
+    haggle with the old lord&mdash;half to be paid to the lord's
+    bankers in London, and the second half to him in Neopalia, when
+    he delivered possession to me. The Turkish government had
+    sanctioned the sale, and I had agreed to pay a hundred pounds
+    yearly as tribute. This sum, I was entitled, in my turn, to
+    levy on the inhabitants.</p>
+
+    <p>"In fact, my dear lord," said old Mason to me when I called
+    on him in Lincoln's Inn Fields, "the whole affair is settled. I
+    congratulate you on having got just what was your whim. You are
+    over a hundred miles from the nearest land&mdash;Rhodes, you
+    see." (He laid a map before me.) "You are off the steamship
+    tracks; the Austrian Lloyds to Alexandria leave you far to the
+    northeast. You are equally remote from any submarine cable;
+    here on the southwest, from Alexandria to Candia, is the
+    nearest. You will have to fetch your letters&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"I shouldn't think of doing such a thing," said I,
+    indignantly.</p>
+
+    <p>"Then you'll only get them once in three months. Neopalia is
+    extremely rugged and picturesque. It is nine miles long and
+    five broad; it grows cotton, wine, oil, and a little corn. The
+    people are quite unsophisticated, but very
+    good-hearted&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"And," said I, "there are only three hundred and seventy of
+    them, all told. I really think I shall do very well there."</p>
+
+    <p>"I have no doubt you will. By the way, treat the old
+    gentleman kindly. He is terribly cut up at having to sell. 'My
+    dear island,' he writes, 'is second to my dead son's honor, and
+    to nothing else.' His son, you know, Lord Wheatley, was a bad
+    lot, a very bad lot indeed."</p>
+
+    <p>"He left a lot of unpaid debts, didn't he?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, gambling debts. He spent his time knocking about Paris
+    and London with his cousin Constantine, by no means an
+    improving companion, if report speaks truly. And your money is
+    to pay the debts, you know."</p>
+
+    <p>"Poor old chap," said I. I sympathized with him in the loss
+    of his island.</p>
+
+    <p>"Here's the house, you see," said Mason, turning to the map,
+    and dismissing the sorrows of the old lord of Neopalia. "About
+    the middle of the island, nearly a
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page450"
+       id="page450"></a>[pg 450]</span> thousand feet above the
+       sea. I'm afraid it's a tumble-down old place, and will
+       swallow a lot of money without looking much better for the
+       dose. To put it into repair for the reception of the future
+       Lady Wheatley would cost&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"The future Lady Wheatley says she won't go there on any
+    account," I interrupted.</p>
+
+    <p>"But, my very dear lord," cried he, aghast, "if she
+    won't&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"She won't, and there's an end of it, Mr. Mason. Well, good
+    day. I'm to have possession in a month?"</p>
+
+    <p>"In a month to the very day&mdash;on the seventh of
+    May."</p>
+
+    <p>"All right, I shall be there to take it;" and escaping from
+    the legal quarter, I made my way to my sister's house in
+    Cavendish Square. She had a party, and I was bound to go by
+    brotherly duty. As luck would have it, however, I was rewarded
+    for my virtue (and if that's not luck in this huddle-muddle
+    world, I don't know what is): the Turkish ambassador dropped
+    in, and presently James came and took me up to him. My
+    brother-in-law, James Cardew, is always anxious that I should
+    know the right people. The pasha received me with great
+    kindness.</p>
+
+    <p>"You are the purchaser of Neopalia, aren't you?" he asked,
+    after a little conversation. "The matter came before me
+    officially."</p>
+
+    <p>"I'm much obliged," said I, "for your ready consent to the
+    transfer."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, it's nothing to us. In fact, our tribute, such as it
+    is, will be safer. Well, I'm sure I hope you'll settle in
+    comfortably."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, I shall be all right. I know the Greeks very well, you
+    know; been there a lot, and, of course, I talk the tongue,
+    because I spent two years hunting antiquities in the Morea and
+    some of the islands."</p>
+
+    <p>The pasha stroked his beard as he observed in a calm
+    tone:</p>
+
+    <p>"The last time a Stefanopoulos tried to sell Neopalia the
+    people killed him, and turned the purchaser&mdash;he was a
+    Frenchman, a Baron d'Ezonville&mdash;adrift in an open boat,
+    with nothing on but his shirt."</p>
+
+    <p>"Good heavens! Was that recently?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No; two hundred years ago. But it's a conservative part of
+    the world, you know." And his excellency smiled.</p>
+
+    <p>"They were described to me as good-hearted folk," said I;
+    "unsophisticated, of course, but good-hearted."</p>
+
+    <p>"They think that the island is theirs, you see," he
+    explained, "and that the lord has no business to sell it. They
+    may be good-hearted, Lord Wheatley, but they are tenacious of
+    their rights."</p>
+
+    <p>"But they can't have any rights," I expostulated.</p>
+
+    <p>"None at all," he assented. "But a man is never so tenacious
+    of his rights as when he hasn't any. However, <i>autres temps,
+    autres moeurs</i>. I don't suppose you'll have any trouble of
+    that kind. Certainly, I hope not, my dear lord."</p>
+
+    <p>"Surely your government will see to that?" I suggested.</p>
+
+    <p>His excellency looked at me; then, although by nature a
+    grave man, he gave a low, humorous chuckle, and regarded me
+    with visible amusement.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, of course, you can rely on that, Lord Wheatley," said
+    he.</p>
+
+    <p>"That is a diplomatic assurance, your excellency?" I
+    ventured to suggest, with a smile.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is unofficial," said he, "but as binding as if it were
+    official. Our governor in that part of the world is a very
+    active man&mdash;yes, a decidedly active man."</p>
+
+    <p>The only result of this conversation was that, when I was
+    buying my sporting guns in St. James's Street the next day, I
+    purchased a couple of pairs of revolvers at the same time. It
+    is well to be on the safe side; and although I attached little
+    importance to the bygone outrage of which the ambassador spoke,
+    I did not suppose that the police service would be very
+    efficient. In fact, I thought it prudent to be ready for any
+    trouble that the Old World notions of the Neopalians might
+    occasion. But in my heart I meant to be very popular with them;
+    for I cherished the generous design of paying the whole tribute
+    out of my own pocket, and of disestablishing in Neopalia what
+    seems to be the only institution in no danger of such treatment
+    here&mdash;the tax-gatherer. If they understood that intention
+    of mine, they would hardly be so shortsighted as to set me
+    adrift in my shirt like a second Baron d'Ezonville, or so
+    unjust as to kill poor old Stefanopoulos as they had killed his
+    ancestor. Besides, as I comforted myself by repeating, they
+    were a good-hearted race; unsophisticated, of course, but
+    thoroughly good-hearted.</p>
+
+    <p>My cousin, young Denny Swinton, was to dine with me that
+    evening at the Optimum. Denny (which is short for Dennis) was
+    the only member of the family who thoroughly sympathized with
+    me about Neopalia. He was wild with interest in the island, and
+    I looked forward to telling
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page451"
+       id="page451"></a>[pg 451]</span> him all I had heard about
+       it. I knew he would listen, for he was to go with me and
+       help me to take possession. The boy had almost wept on my
+       neck when I asked him to come; he had just left Woolwich,
+       and was not to join his regiment for six months. He was
+       thus, as he put it, "at a loose end," and succeeded in
+       persuading his parents that he ought to learn modern Greek.
+       General Swinton was rather cold about the project; he said
+       that Denny had spent ten years on ancient Greek, and knew
+       nothing about it, and would not probably learn much of the
+       newer sort in three months; but his wife thought it would be
+       a nice trip for Denny. Well, it turned out to be a very nice
+       trip for Denny; but if Mrs. Swinton had known&mdash;however,
+       if it comes to that, I might just as well exclaim, "If I had
+       known, myself!"</p>
+
+    <p>Denny had taken a table next but one to the west end of the
+    room, and was drumming his fingers impatiently on the cloth
+    when I entered. He wanted both his dinner and the latest news
+    about Neopalia; so I sat down and made haste to satisfy him in
+    both respects. Travelling with equal steps through the two
+    matters, we had reached the first <i>entr&eacute;e</i> and the
+    fate of the murdered Stefanopoulos (which Denny, for some
+    reason, declared was "a lark") when two people came in and sat
+    down at the table beyond ours and next to the wall, where two
+    chairs had been tilted up in token of pre&euml;ngagement. The
+    man&mdash;for the pair were man and woman&mdash;was tall and
+    powerfully built; his complexion was dark, and he had good,
+    regular features; he looked, also, as if he had a bit of temper
+    somewhere about him. I was conscious of having seen him before,
+    and suddenly recollected that by a curious chance I had run up
+    against him twice in St. James's Street that very day. The lady
+    was handsome; she had an Italian cast of face, and moved with
+    much grace. Her manner was rather elaborate, and when she spoke
+    to the waiter, I detected a pronounced foreign accent. Taken
+    altogether, they were a remarkable couple, and presented a
+    distinguished appearance. I believe I am not a conceited man,
+    but I could not help wondering whether their thoughts paid me a
+    similar compliment, for I certainly detected both of them
+    casting more than one curious glance toward our table; and when
+    the man whispered once to a waiter, I was sure that I formed
+    the subject of his question. Perhaps he, also, remembered our
+    two encounters.</p>
+
+    <p>"I wonder if there's any chance of a row?" said Denny, in a
+    tone that sounded wistful. "Going to take anybody with you,
+    Charlie?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Only Watkins. I must have him; he always knows where
+    everything is; and I've told Hogvardt, my old dragoman, to meet
+    us in Rhodes. He'll talk their own language to the beggars, you
+    know."</p>
+
+    <p>"But he's a German, isn't he?"</p>
+
+    <p>"He thinks so," I answered. "He's not certain, you know.
+    Anyhow, he chatters Greek like a parrot. He's a pretty good man
+    in a row, too. But there won't be a row, you know."</p>
+
+    <p>"I suppose there won't," admitted Denny, ruefully.</p>
+
+    <p>"For my own part," said I meekly, "as I'm going there to be
+    quiet, I hope there won't."</p>
+
+    <p>In the interest of conversation I had forgotten our
+    neighbors; but now, a lull occurring in Denny's questions and
+    surmises, I heard the lady's voice. She began a
+    sentence&mdash;and began it in Greek! That was a little
+    unexpected; but it was more strange that her companion cut her
+    short, saying very peremptorily, "Don't talk Greek; talk
+    Italian." This he said in Italian, and I, though no great hand
+    at that language, understood so much. Now why shouldn't the
+    lady talk Greek, if Greek were the language that came naturally
+    to her tongue? It would be as good a shield against idle
+    listeners as most languages&mdash;unless, indeed, I, who was
+    known to be an amateur of Greece and Greek things, were looked
+    upon as a possible listener. Recollecting the glances which I
+    had detected, recollecting again those chance meetings, I
+    ventured on a covert gaze at the lady. Her handsome face
+    expressed a mixture of anger, alarm, and entreaty. The man was
+    speaking to her now in low, urgent tones; he raised his hand
+    once and brought it down on the table as though to emphasize
+    some declaration&mdash;perhaps some promise&mdash;which he was
+    making. She regarded him with half angry, distrustful eyes. He
+    seemed to repeat his words; and she flung at him, in a tone
+    that suddenly grew louder, and in words that I could translate:
+    "Enough! I'll see to that. I shall come too!"</p>
+
+    <p>Her heat stirred no answering fire in him. He dropped his
+    emphatic manner, shrugged a tolerant "As you will," with
+    eloquent shoulders, smiled at her, and, reaching across the
+    table, patted her hand. She held it up before his eyes, and
+    with the other hand pointed at a ring on her finger.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, yes, my dearest," said he; and he
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page452"
+       id="page452"></a>[pg 452]</span> was about to say more,
+       when, glancing round, he caught my gaze retreating in hasty
+       confusion to my plate. I dared not look up again, but I felt
+       his scowl on me. I suppose that I deserved punishment for my
+       eavesdropping.</p>
+
+    <p>"And when can we get off, Charlie?" asked Denny, in his
+    clear young voice. My thoughts had wandered from him, and I
+    paused for a moment, as a man does when a question takes him
+    unawares. There was silence at the next table also. The fancy
+    seemed absurd; but it occurred to me that there also my answer
+    was being waited for. Well, they could know if they liked; it
+    was no secret.</p>
+
+    <p>"In a fortnight," said I. "We'll travel easily, and get
+    thereon the seventh of next month; that's the day on which I'm
+    entitled to take over my kingdom. We shall go to Rhodes.
+    Hogvardt will have bought me a little yacht, and
+    then&mdash;good-by to all this!" And a great longing for
+    solitude and a natural life came over me as I looked round on
+    the gilded cornices, the gilded mirrors, the gilded
+    flower-vases, and the highly gilded company of the Optimum.</p>
+
+    <p>I was roused from my pleasant dream by a high, vivacious
+    voice, which I knew very well. Looking up, I saw Miss Hipgrave,
+    her mother, and young Bennett Hamlyn standing before me. I
+    disliked young Hamlyn, but he was always very civil to me.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, how early you two have dined!" cried Beatrice. "You're
+    at the savory, aren't you? We've only just come."</p>
+
+    <p>"Are you going to dine?" I asked, rising. "Take this table;
+    we're just off."</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, we may as well, mayn't we?" said my
+    <i>fianc&eacute;e</i>. "Sorry you're going though. Oh, yes,
+    we're going to dine with Mr. Bennett Hamlyn. That's what you're
+    for, isn't it, Mr. Hamlyn? Why, he's not listening!"</p>
+
+    <p>He was not, strange to say, listening, although, as a rule,
+    he listened to Beatrice with infinite attention and the most
+    deferential of smiles. But just now he was engaged in returning
+    a bow which our neighbor at the next table had bestowed on him.
+    The lady there had risen already, and was making for the door.
+    The man lingered and looked at Hamlyn, seeming inclined to back
+    up his bow with a few words of greeting. Hamlyn's air was not,
+    however, encouraging, and the stranger contented himself with a
+    nod and a careless "How are you?" and with that followed his
+    companion. Hamlyn turned round, conscious that he had neglected
+    Beatrice's remark, and full of penitence for his momentary
+    neglect.</p>
+
+    <p>"I beg your pardon," said he, with an apologetic smile.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh," answered she, "I was only saying that men like you
+    were invented to give dinners; you're a sort of automatic
+    feeding-machine. You ought to stand open all day. Really, I
+    often miss you at lunch time."</p>
+
+    <p>"My dear Beatrice!" said Mrs. Kennett Hipgrave, with that
+    peculiar lift of her brows that meant, "How naughty the dear
+    child is! Oh, but how clever!"</p>
+
+    <p>"It's all right," said Hamlyn, meekly. "I'm awfully happy to
+    give you a dinner, anyhow, Miss Beatrice."</p>
+
+    <p>Now, I had nothing to say on this subject, but I thought I
+    would just make this remark:</p>
+
+    <p>"Miss Hipgrave," said I, "is very fond of a dinner."</p>
+
+    <p>Beatrice laughed. She understood my little correction.</p>
+
+    <p>"He doesn't know any better, do you?" said she, pleasantly,
+    to Hamlyn. "We shall civilize him in time, though. Then I
+    believe he'll be nicer than you, Charlie. I really do.
+    You're&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"I shall be uncivilized by then," said I.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, that wretched island!" cried Beatrice. "You're really
+    going?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Most undoubtedly. By the way, Hamlyn, who's your
+    friend?"</p>
+
+    <p>Surely this was an innocent enough question; but little
+    Hamlyn went red from the edge of his clipped whisker on the
+    right to the edge of his mathematically equal whisker on the
+    left.</p>
+
+    <p>"Friend!" said he, in an angry tone. "He's not a friend of
+    mine. I only met him on the Riviera."</p>
+
+    <p>"That," I admitted, "does not, happily, constitute in itself
+    a friendship."</p>
+
+    <p>"And he won a hundred louis of me in the train between
+    Cannes and Monte Carlo."</p>
+
+    <p>"Not bad going, that," observed Denny, in an approving
+    tone.</p>
+
+    <p>"Is he, then, <i>un grec</i>?" asked Mrs. Hipgrave, who
+    loves a scrap of French.</p>
+
+    <p>"In both senses, I believe," answered Hamlyn, viciously.</p>
+
+    <p>"And what's his name?" said I.</p>
+
+    <p>"Really, I don't recollect," said Hamlyn, rather
+    petulantly.</p>
+
+    <p>"It doesn't matter," observed Beatrice, attacking her
+    oysters, which had now made their appearance.</p>
+
+    <p>"My dear Beatrice," I remonstrated, "you are the most
+    charming creature in <span class="pagenum"><a name="page453"
+       id="page453"></a>[pg 453]</span> the world, but not the only
+       one. You mean that it doesn't matter to you."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, don't be tiresome. It doesn't matter to you, either,
+    you know. Do go away, and leave me to dine in peace."</p>
+
+    <p>"Half a minute," said Hamlyn. "I thought I'd got it just
+    now, but it's gone again. Look here, though; I believe it's one
+    of those long things that end in 'poulos.'"</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, it ends in 'poulos,' does it?" said I, in a meditative
+    tone.</p>
+
+    <p>"My dear Charlie," said Beatrice, "I shall end in Bedlam, if
+    you're so very tedious. What in the world I shall do when I'm
+    married, I don't know."</p>
+
+    <p>"My dearest!" said Mrs. Hipgrave; and a stage direction
+    might add: "Business with brows, as before."</p>
+
+    <p>"'Poulos'?" I repeated.</p>
+
+    <p>"Could it be Constantinopoulos?" asked Hamlyn, with a
+    nervous deference to my Hellenic learning.</p>
+
+    <p>"It might, conceivably," I hazarded, "be Constantine
+    Stefanopoulos."</p>
+
+    <p>"Then," said Hamlyn, "I shouldn't wonder if it was. Anyhow,
+    the less you see of him, Wheatley, the better. Take my word for
+    that."</p>
+
+    <p>"But," I objected&mdash;and I must admit that I have a habit
+    of thinking that everybody follows my train of
+    thought&mdash;"it's such a small place that, if he goes, I
+    should be almost bound to meet him."</p>
+
+    <p>"What's such a small place?" cried Beatrice, with emphasized
+    despair.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, Neopalia, of course," said I.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why should anybody except you be so insane as to go there?"
+    she asked.</p>
+
+    <p>"If he's the man I think, he comes from there," I explained,
+    as I rose for the last time; for I had been getting up to go,
+    and sitting down again, several times.</p>
+
+    <p>"Then he'll think twice before he goes back," pronounced
+    Beatrice, decisively; she was irreconcilable about my poor
+    island.</p>
+
+    <p>Denny and I walked off together. As we went he observed:</p>
+
+    <p>"I suppose that chap's got no end of money?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Stefan&mdash;?" I began.</p>
+
+    <p>"No, no. Hang it, you're as bad as Miss Hipgrave says. I
+    mean Bennett Hamlyn."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, yes, absolutely no end to it, I believe."</p>
+
+    <p>Denny looked sagacious.</p>
+
+    <p>"He's very free with his dinners," he observed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Don't let's worry about it," I suggested, taking his arm. I
+    was not worried about it myself. Indeed, for the moment, my
+    island monopolized my mind, and my attachment to Beatrice was
+    not of such a romantic character as to make me ready to be
+    jealous on slight grounds. Mrs. Hipgrave said the engagement
+    was based on "general suitability." Now it is difficult to be
+    very passionate over that.</p>
+
+    <p>"If you don't mind, I don't," said Denny, reasonably.</p>
+
+    <p>"That's right. It's only a little way Beatrice&mdash;" I
+    stopped abruptly. We were now on the steps outside the
+    restaurant, and I had just perceived a scrap of paper lying on
+    the mosaic pavement. I stooped down and picked it up. It proved
+    to be a fragment torn from the menu card. I turned it over.</p>
+
+    <p>"Hullo, what's this?" said I, searching for my eyeglass,
+    which was, as usual, somewhere in the small of my back.</p>
+
+    <p>Denny gave me the glass, and I read what was written on the
+    back. It was written in Greek, and it ran thus:</p>
+
+    <p>"By way of Rhodes&mdash;small yacht there&mdash;arrive
+    seventh."</p>
+
+    <p>I turned the piece of paper over in my hand. I drew a
+    conclusion or two. One was that my tall neighbor was named
+    Stefanopoulos; another, that he had made good use of his
+    ears&mdash;better than I had made of mine; for a third, I
+    guessed that he would go to Neopalia; for a fourth, I fancied
+    that Neopalia was the place to which the lady had declared she
+    would accompany him. Then I fell to wondering why all these
+    things should be so&mdash;why he wished to remember the route
+    of my journey, the date of my arrival, and the fact that I
+    meant to hire a yacht. Finally, those two chance encounters,
+    taken with the rest, assumed a more interesting complexion.</p>
+
+    <p>"When you've done with that bit of paper," observed Denny,
+    in a tone expressive of exaggerated patience, "we might as well
+    go on, old fellow."</p>
+
+    <p>"All right. I've done with it&mdash;for the present," said
+    I. And I took the liberty of slipping Mr. Constantine
+    Stefanopoulos's memorandum into my pocket.</p>
+
+    <p>The general result of the evening was to increase most
+    distinctly my interest in Neopalia. I went to bed, still
+    thinking of my purchase, and I recollect that the last thing
+    which came into my head before I went to sleep was, "What did
+    she mean by pointing to the ring?"</p>
+
+    <p>Well, I found an answer to that later
+    on.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page454"
+       id="page454"></a>[pg 454]</span>
+
+    <h3>CHAPTER II.</h3>
+
+    <h4>A CONSERVATIVE COUNTRY.</h4>
+
+    <p>Until the moment of our parting came, I had no idea that
+    Beatrice Hipgrave felt my going at all. She was not in the
+    habit of displaying emotion, and I was much surprised at the
+    reluctance with which she separated from me. So far, however,
+    was she from reproaching me, that she took all the blame upon
+    herself, saying that if she had been kinder and nicer to me, I
+    should never have thought about my island. In this she was
+    quite wrong; but when I told her so, and assured her that I had
+    no fault to find with her behavior, I was met by an almost
+    passionate assertion of her unworthiness, and an entreaty that
+    I should not spend on her a love that she did not deserve. Her
+    abasement and penitence compelled me to show, and indeed to
+    feel, a good deal of tenderness for her. She was pathetic and
+    pretty in her unusual earnestness and unexplained distress. I
+    went the length of offering to put off my expedition until
+    after our wedding; and, although she besought me to do nothing
+    of the kind, I believe we might in the end have arranged
+    matters on this footing had we been left to ourselves. But Mrs.
+    Hipgrave saw fit to intrude on our interview at this point, and
+    she at once pooh-poohed the notion, declaring that I should be
+    better out of the way for a few months. Beatrice did not resist
+    her mother's conclusion; but when we were alone again, she
+    became very agitated, begging me always to think well of her,
+    and asking if I were really attached to her. I did not
+    understand this mood, which was very unlike her usual manner,
+    but I responded with a hearty and warm avowal of confidence in
+    her; and I met her questions as to my own feelings by pledging
+    my word very solemnly that absence should, so far as I was
+    concerned, make no difference, and that she might rely
+    implicitly on my faithful affection. This assurance seemed to
+    give her very little comfort, although I repeated it more than
+    once; and when I left her, I was in a state of some perplexity,
+    for I could not follow the bent of her thoughts, nor appreciate
+    the feelings that moved her. I was, however, considerably
+    touched, and upbraided myself for not having hitherto done
+    justice to the depth and sincerity of nature which underlay her
+    external frivolity. I expressed this self-condemnation to Denny
+    Swinton, but he met it very coldly, and would not be drawn into
+    any discussion of the subject. Denny was not wont to conceal
+    his opinions, and had never pretended to be enthusiastic about
+    my engagement. This attitude of his had not troubled me before,
+    but I was annoyed at it now, and I retaliated by asseverating
+    my affection for Beatrice in terms of even exaggerated
+    emphasis, and her's for me with no less vehemence.</p>
+
+    <p>These troubles and perplexities vanished before the zest and
+    interest which our preparations and start excited. Denny and I
+    were like a pair of schoolboys off for a holiday, and spent
+    hours in forecasting what we should do and how we should fare
+    in the island. These speculations were extremely amusing, but
+    in the long run they were proved to be, one and all, wide of
+    the mark. Had I known Neopalia then as well as I came to know
+    it afterward, I should have recognized the futility of
+    attempting to prophesy what would happen there. As it was, we
+    spun our cobwebs merrily all the way to Rhodes, where we
+    arrived without event and without accident. There we picked up
+    Hogvardt, and embarked in the smart little steam yacht which he
+    had hired for me. A day or two was spent in arranging our
+    stores and buying what more we wanted, for we could not expect
+    to be able to procure anything in Neopalia. I was rather
+    surprised to find no letter for me from the old lord, but I had
+    no thought of waiting for a formal invitation, and pressed on
+    the hour of departure as much as I could. Here, also, I saw the
+    first of my new subjects, Hogvardt having engaged a couple of
+    men who had come to him, saying they were from Neopalia and
+    were anxious to work their passage back. I was delighted to
+    have them, and fell at once to studying them with immense
+    attention. They were fine, tall, capable-looking fellows, and
+    they, too, with ourselves, made a crew more than large enough
+    for our little boat; for both Denny and I would make ourselves
+    useful on board, and Hogvardt could do something of everything
+    on land or water, whilst Watkins acted as cook and steward. The
+    Neopalians were, as they stated, in answer to my questions,
+    brothers; their names were Spiro and Demetri, and they informed
+    us that their family had served the lords of Neopalia for many
+    generations. Hearing this, I was less inclined to resent the
+    undeniable reserve and even surliness with which they met my
+    advances. I made allowance for their hereditary attachment to
+    the outgoing family; and their natural want of cordiality
+    toward the intruder <span class="pagenum"><a name="page455"
+       id="page455"></a>[pg 455]</span> did not prevent me from
+       plying them with many questions concerning my predecessors
+       on the throne of the island. My perseverance was ill
+       rewarded, but I succeeded in learning that the only member
+       of the family on the island, besides the old lord, was a
+       girl whom they called "the Lady Euphrosyne," the daughter of
+       the lord's brother, who was dead. Next I asked after my
+       friend of the Optimum restaurant, Constantine. He was this
+       lady's cousin once or twice removed&mdash;I did not make out
+       the exact degree of kinship&mdash;but Demetri hastened to
+       inform me that he came very seldom to the island, and had
+       not been there for two years.</p>
+
+    <p>"And he is not expected there now?" I asked.</p>
+
+    <p>"He was not when we left, my lord," answered Demetri, and it
+    seemed to me that he threw an inquiring glance at his brother,
+    who added hastily:</p>
+
+    <p>"What should we poor men know of the Lord Constantine's
+    doings?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you know where he is now?" I asked.</p>
+
+    <p>"No, my lord," they answered together, and with great
+    emphasis.</p>
+
+    <p>I cannot deny that something struck me as peculiar in their
+    manner, but when I mentioned my impression to Denny, he scoffed
+    at me.</p>
+
+    <p>"You've been reading old Byron again," he said, scornfully.
+    "Do you think they're corsairs?"</p>
+
+    <p>Well, a man is not a fool simply because he reads Byron, and
+    I maintained my opinion that the brothers were embarrassed at
+    my questions. Moreover, I caught Spiro, the more
+    truculent-looking of the pair, scowling at me more than once
+    when he did not know I had my eye on him.</p>
+
+    <p>These little mysteries, however, did nothing but add sauce
+    to my delight as we sprang over the blue waters; and my joy was
+    complete when, on the morning of the day I had appointed, the
+    seventh of May, Denny cried "Land," and, looking over the
+    starboard bow, I saw the cloud on the sea that was Neopalia.
+    Day came bright and glorious, and as we drew nearer to our
+    enchanted isle, we distinguished its features and conformation.
+    The coast was rocky, save where a small harbor opened to the
+    sea; and the rocks ran up from the coast, rising higher and
+    higher, till they culminated in a quite respectable peak in the
+    centre. The telescope showed cultivated ground and vineyards,
+    mingled with woods, on the slopes of the mountain; and about
+    half way up, sheltered on three sides, backed by thick woods,
+    and commanding a splendid sea view, stood an old, gray,
+    battlemented house.</p>
+
+    <p>"There's my house!" I cried, in natural exultation, pointing
+    with my finger. It was a moment in my life&mdash;a moment to
+    mark.</p>
+
+    <p>"Hurrah!" cried Denny, throwing up his hat in sympathy.</p>
+
+    <p>Demetri was standing near, and met this ebullition with a
+    grim smile.</p>
+
+    <p>"I hope my lord will find the house comfortable," said
+    he.</p>
+
+    <p>"We shall soon make it comfortable," said Hogvardt. "I dare
+    say it's half a ruin now."</p>
+
+    <p>"It is good enough now for a Stefanopoulos," said the
+    fellow, with a surly frown. The inference we were meant to draw
+    was plain even to incivility.</p>
+
+    <p>At five o'clock in the evening we entered the harbor of
+    Neopalia and brought up alongside a rather crazy wooden jetty
+    that ran some fifty feet out from the shore. Our arrival
+    appeared to create great excitement. Men, women, and children
+    came running down the narrow, steep street which climbed up the
+    hill from the harbor. We heard shrill cries, and a hundred
+    fingers were pointed at us. We landed; nobody came forward to
+    greet us. I looked round, and saw no one who could be the old
+    lord; but I perceived a stout man who wore an air of
+    importance, and, walking up to him, I asked him very politely
+    if he would be so good as to direct me to the inn, for I had
+    discovered from Demetri that there was a modest house where we
+    could lodge that night, and I was too much in love with my
+    island to think of sleeping on board the yacht. The stout man
+    looked at Denny and me; then he looked at Demetri and Spiro,
+    who stood near us, smiling their usual grim smile. And he
+    answered my question by another, a rather abrupt one: "What do
+    you want, sir?" And he slightly lifted his tasselled cap and
+    replaced it on his head.</p>
+
+    <p>"I want to know the way to the inn," I answered.</p>
+
+    <p>"You have come to visit Neopalia?" he asked.</p>
+
+    <p>A number of people had gathered round us now, and all fixed
+    their eyes on my face.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh," I said carelessly, "I am the purchaser of the island,
+    you know. I have come to take possession."</p>
+
+    <p>Nobody spoke. Perfect silence reigned for half a minute.</p>
+
+    <p>"I hope we shall get on well together," I said, with my
+    pleasantest smile.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page456"
+       id="page456"></a>[pg 456]</span>
+
+    <p>Still no answer came. The people round still stared.</p>
+
+    <p>At last the stout man, altogether ignoring my friendly
+    advances, said, curtly:</p>
+
+    <p>"I keep the inn. Come. I will take you to it."</p>
+
+    <p>He turned and led the way up the street. We followed, the
+    people making a lane for us, and still regarding us with stony
+    stares. Denny gave expression to my feelings, as well as his
+    own:</p>
+
+    <p>"It can hardly be described as an ovation," he observed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Surly brutes," muttered Hogvardt.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is not the way to receive his lordship," agreed Watkins,
+    more in sorrow than in anger. Watkins had very high ideas of
+    the deference due to "his lordship."</p>
+
+    <p>The fat innkeeper walked ahead. I quickened my pace and
+    overtook him.</p>
+
+    <p>"The people do not seem very pleased to see me," I
+    remarked.</p>
+
+    <p>He shook his head, but made no answer. Then he stopped
+    before a substantial house. We followed him in, and he led us
+    up-stairs to a large room. It overlooked the street, but,
+    somewhat to my surprise, the windows were heavily barred. The
+    door also was massive, and had large bolts inside and out.</p>
+
+    <p>"You take good care of your houses, my friend," said Denny,
+    with a laugh.</p>
+
+    <p>"We like to keep what we have, in Neopalia," said he.</p>
+
+    <p>I asked him if he would provide us with a meal, and,
+    assenting gruffly, he left us alone. The food was some time in
+    coming, and we stood at the window, peering through our prison
+    bars. Our high spirits were dashed by the unfriendly reception;
+    my island should have been more gracious, it was so
+    beautiful.</p>
+
+    <p>"However, it's a better welcome than we should have got two
+    hundred years ago," I said, with a laugh, trying to make the
+    best of the matter.</p>
+
+    <p>Dinner, which the landlord brought in himself, cheered us
+    again, and we lingered over it till dusk began to fall,
+    discussing whether I ought to visit the lord, or whether,
+    seeing that he had not come to receive me, my dignity did not
+    demand that I should await his visit; and it was on this latter
+    course that we finally decided.</p>
+
+    <p>"But he'll hardly come to-night," said Denny, jumping up. "I
+    wonder if there are any decent beds here!"</p>
+
+    <p>Hogvardt and Watkins had, by my directions, sat down with
+    us; and the former was now smoking his pipe at the window,
+    while Watkins was busy overhauling our luggage. We had brought
+    light bags, the rods, guns, and other smaller articles. The
+    rest was in the yacht. Hearing beds mentioned, Watkins shook
+    his head in dismal presage, saying:</p>
+
+    <p>"We had better sleep on board, my lord."</p>
+
+    <p>"Not I! What, leave the island, now we've got here? No,
+    Watkins!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Very good, my lord," said Watkins, impassively.</p>
+
+    <p>A sudden call came from Hogvardt, and I joined him at the
+    window.</p>
+
+    <p>The scene outside was indeed remarkable. In the narrow,
+    paved street, gloomy now in the failing light; there must have
+    been fifty or sixty men standing in a circle, surrounded by an
+    outer fringe of women and children; and in the centre stood our
+    landlord, his burly figure swaying to and fro, as he poured out
+    a low-voiced but vehement harangue. Sometimes he pointed toward
+    us, oftener along the ascending road that led to the interior.
+    I could not hear a word he said, but presently all his auditors
+    raised their hands toward heaven. I saw that the hands held,
+    some guns, some clubs, some knives; and all the men cried with
+    furious energy: "<i>Nai, nai!</i>" ("Yes, yes!") And then the
+    whole body&mdash;and the greater part of the grown men on the
+    island must have been present&mdash;started off, in compact
+    array, up the road, the innkeeper at their head. By his side
+    walked another man, whom I had not noticed before, and who wore
+    an ordinary suit of tweeds, but carried himself with an
+    assumption of much dignity. His face I did not see.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, what's the meaning of that?" I exclaimed, looking
+    down on the street, empty now, save for groups of white-clothed
+    women, who talked eagerly to one another, gesticulating, and
+    pointing now toward our inn, now toward where the men had
+    gone.</p>
+
+    <p>"Perhaps it's their parliament," suggested Denny. "Or
+    perhaps they've repented of their rudeness, and are going to
+    erect a triumphal arch."</p>
+
+    <p>These conjectures being obviously ironical, did not assist
+    the matter, although they amused their author.</p>
+
+    <p>"Anyhow," said I, "I should like to investigate the thing.
+    Suppose we go for a stroll?"</p>
+
+    <p>The proposal was accepted at once. We put on our hats, took
+    sticks, and prepared to go. Then I glanced at the luggage.</p>
+
+    <p>"Since I was so foolish as to waste my money on revolvers,"
+    said I, with an inquiring glance at
+    Hogvardt.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page457"
+       id="page457"></a>[pg 457]</span>
+
+    <p>"The evening air will not hurt them," said he; and we each
+    stowed a revolver in our pockets. We felt, I think, rather
+    ashamed of our timidity, but the Neopalians certainly looked
+    rough customers. Then I turned the handle of the door. The door
+    did not open. I pulled hard at it. Then I looked at my
+    companions.</p>
+
+    <p>"Queer," said Denny, and he began to whistle.</p>
+
+    <p>Hogvardt got the little lantern, which he always had handy,
+    and carefully inspected the door.</p>
+
+    <p>"Locked," he announced, "and bolted top and bottom. A solid
+    door, too!" and he struck it with his hand. Then he crossed to
+    the window, and looked at the bolts; and finally he said to me:
+    "I don't think we can have our walk, my lord."</p>
+
+    <p>Well, I burst out laughing. The thing was too absurd. Under
+    cover of our animated talk the landlord must have bolted us in.
+    The bars made the window no use. A skilled burglar might have
+    beaten those bolts, and a battering-ram would, no doubt, have
+    smashed the door; we had neither burglar nor ram.</p>
+
+    <p>"We are caught, my boy," said Denny. "Nicely caught. But
+    what's the game?"</p>
+
+    <p>I had asked myself that question already, but had found no
+    answer. To tell the truth, I was wondering whether Neopalia was
+    going to turn out as conservative a country as the Turkish
+    ambassador had hinted. It was Watkins who suggested an
+    answer.</p>
+
+    <p>"I imagine, my lord," said he, "that the natives [Watkins
+    always called the Neopalians "natives"] have gone to speak to
+    the gentleman who sold the island to your lordship."</p>
+
+    <p>"Gad!" said Denny, "I hope it will be a pleasant
+    interview."</p>
+
+    <p>Hogvardt's broad, good-humored face had assumed an anxious
+    look. He knew something about the people of these islands; so
+    did I.</p>
+
+    <p>"Trouble, is it?" I asked him.</p>
+
+    <p>"I'm afraid so," he answered; and then we turned to the
+    window again, except Denny, who wasted some energy and made a
+    useless din by battering at the door, till we beseeched him to
+    let it alone.</p>
+
+    <p>There we sat for nearly two hours. Darkness fell, the women
+    had ceased their gossiping, but still stood about the street,
+    and in the doorways of the house.</p>
+
+    <p>It was nine o'clock before matters showed any progress. Then
+    came shouts from the road above us, the flash of torches, the
+    tread of men's feet in a quick, triumphant march. Then the
+    stalwart figures of the picturesque fellows, with their white
+    kilts gleaming through the darkness, came again into sight,
+    seeming wilder and more imposing in the alternating glare and
+    gloom of the torches and the deepening night. The man in tweeds
+    was no longer visible. Our innkeeper was alone in front. And
+    all, as they marched, sang loudly a rude, barbarous sort of
+    chant, repeating it again and again; and the women and children
+    crowded out to meet the men, catching up the refrain in shrill
+    voices, till the whole air seemed full of it. And so martial
+    and inspiring was the rude tune that our feet began to beat in
+    time with it, and I felt the blood quicken in my veins. I have
+    tried to put the words of it into English, in a shape as rough,
+    I fear, as the rough original. Here it is:</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>"Ours is the land!</p>
+
+            <p>Death to the hand</p>
+
+            <p>That filches the land!</p>
+
+            <p>Dead is that hand,</p>
+
+            <p>Ours is the land!</p>
+
+            <p>Forever we hold it.</p>
+
+            <p>Dead's he that sold it!</p>
+
+            <p>Ours is the land.</p>
+
+            <p>Dead is the hand!"</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Again and again they hurled forth the defiant words, until
+    they stopped at last opposite the inn, with one final,
+    long-drawn shout of savage triumph.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, this is a go!" said Denny, drawing a long breath.
+    "What are the beggars up to?"</p>
+
+    <p>"What have they been up to?" I asked; for I doubted not that
+    the song we had heard had been chanted over a dead
+    Stefanopoulos two hundred years before.</p>
+
+    <p>At this age of the world the idea seemed absurd,
+    preposterous, horrible. But there was no law nearer than
+    Rhodes, and there only Turk's law. The only law here was the
+    law of the Stefanopouloi, and if that law lost its force by the
+    crime of the hand that should wield it, why, strange things
+    might happen even to-day in Neopalia. And we were caught like
+    rats in a trap in the inn!</p>
+
+    <p>"I do not see," remarked old Hogvardt, laying a hand on my
+    shoulders, "any harm in loading our revolvers, my lord."</p>
+
+    <p>I did not see any harm in it either, and we all followed
+    Hogvardt's advice, and also filled our pockets with cartridges.
+    I was determined&mdash;I think we were all determined&mdash;not
+    to be bullied by these islanders and their skull-and-crossbones
+    ditty.</p>
+
+    <p>A quarter of an hour passed, and there
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page458"
+       id="page458"></a>[pg 458]</span> came a knock at the door,
+       while the bolts were shot back.</p>
+
+    <p>"I shall go out," said I, springing to my feet.</p>
+
+    <p>The door opened, and the face of a lad appeared.</p>
+
+    <p>"Vlacho, the innkeeper, bids you descend," said he; and
+    then, catching sight, perhaps, of our revolvers, he turned and
+    ran down-stairs again at his best speed. Following him, we came
+    to the door of the inn. It was ringed round with men, and
+    directly opposite to us stood Vlacho. When he saw me, he
+    commanded silence with his hand, and addressed me in the
+    following surprising style:</p>
+
+    <p>"The Lady Euphrosyne, of her grace, bids you depart in
+    peace. Go, then, to your boat, and depart, thanking God for his
+    mercy."</p>
+
+    <p>"Wait a bit, my man," said I. "Where is the lord of the
+    island?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Did you not know that he died a week ago?" asked Vlacho,
+    with apparent surprise.</p>
+
+    <p>"Died!" we exclaimed, one and all.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, sir. The Lady Euphrosyne, lady of Neopalia, bids you
+    go."</p>
+
+    <p>"What did he die of?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Of a fever," said Vlacho, gravely. And several of the men
+    round him nodded their heads, and murmured, in no less grave
+    assent: "Yes, of a fever."</p>
+
+    <p>"I am very sorry for it," said I. "But as he sold the island
+    to me before he died, I don't see what the lady, with all
+    respect to her, has got to do with it. Nor do I know what this
+    rabble is doing about the door. Send them away."</p>
+
+    <p>This attempt at hauteur was most decidedly thrown away.
+    Vlacho seemed not to hear what I said. He pointed with his
+    finger toward the harbor.</p>
+
+    <p>"There lies your boat. Demetri and Spiro cannot go with you,
+    but you will be able to manage her yourselves. Listen, now!
+    Till six in the morning you are free to go. If you are found in
+    Neopalia one minute after, you will never go. Think and be
+    wise." And he and all the rest of them, as though one spring
+    moved them, wheeled round, and marched off up the hill again,
+    breaking out into the old chant when they had gone about a
+    hundred yards; and we were left alone in the doorway of the
+    inn, looking, I must admit, rather blank.</p>
+
+    <p>Up-stairs again we went, and I sat down by the window and
+    looked out on the night. It was very dark, and seemed darker
+    now that the gleaming torches were gone. Not a soul was to be
+    seen. The islanders, having put matters on a clear footing,
+    were gone to bed. I sat thinking. Presently Denny came to me,
+    and put his hand on my shoulder.</p>
+
+    <p>"Going to cave in, Charlie?" he asked.</p>
+
+    <p>"My dear Denny," said I, "I wish you were at home with your
+    mother."</p>
+
+    <p>He smiled and repeated, "Going to cave in, old chap?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No, by Jove, I'm not!" cried I, leaping up. "They've had my
+    money, and I'm going to have the island."</p>
+
+    <p>"Take the yacht, my lord," counselled Hogvardt, "and come
+    back with enough force from Rhodes."</p>
+
+    <p>Well, that was sense; my impulse was nonsense. We four could
+    not conquer the island. I swallowed my pride.</p>
+
+    <p>"So be it," said I. "But, look here; it's only just twelve.
+    We might have a look round before we go. I want to see the
+    place, you know." For I was very sorely vexed at being turned
+    out of my island.</p>
+
+    <p>Hogvardt grumbled a little at this, but here I overruled
+    him. We took our revolvers again, left the inn, and struck
+    straight up the road. For nearly a mile we mounted, the way
+    becoming steeper with every step. Then there was a sudden turn
+    off the main road.</p>
+
+    <p>"That will lead to the house," said Hogvardt, who had
+    studied the map of Neopalia very carefully.</p>
+
+    <p>"Then we'll have a look at the house. Show us a light,
+    Hogvardt. It's precious dark."</p>
+
+    <p>Hogvardt opened his lantern, and cast its light in the way.
+    But suddenly he extinguished it again, and drew us close in to
+    the rocks that edged the road. We saw coming toward us in the
+    darkness two figures. They rode small horses. Their faces could
+    not be seen; but as they passed our silent, motionless forms,
+    one said in a clear, sweet, girlish voice:</p>
+
+    <p>"Surely they will go?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Ay, they'll go, or pay the penalty," said the other voice,
+    and at the sound of it I started. For it was the voice of my
+    neighbor in the restaurant, Constantine Stefanopoulos.</p>
+
+    <p>"I shall be near at hand, sleeping in the town," said the
+    girl's voice, "and the people will listen to me."</p>
+
+    <p>"The people will kill them, if they do not go," we heard
+    Constantine answer, in tones that witnessed no great horror at
+    the idea. Then the couple disappeared in the darkness.</p>
+
+    <p>"On to the house!" I cried in sudden
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page459"
+       id="page459"></a>[pg 459]</span> excitement. For I was angry
+       now, angry at the utter, humbling scorn with which they
+       treated me.</p>
+
+    <p>Another ten minutes' groping brought us in front of the old
+    gray house which we had seen from the sea. We walked boldly up
+    to it. The door stood open. We went in, and found ourselves in
+    a large hall. The wooden floor was carpeted, here and there,
+    with mats and skins. A long table ran down the middle. The
+    walls were decorated with medi&aelig;val armor and weapons. The
+    windows were but narrow slits, the walls massive and deep. The
+    door was a ponderous, iron-bound affair, that shamed even the
+    stout doors of our inn. I called loudly, "Is any one here?"
+    Nobody answered. The servants must have been drawn off to the
+    town by the excitement of the procession and the singing; or
+    perhaps there were no servants. I could not tell. I sat down in
+    a large armchair by the table. I enjoyed the sense of
+    proprietorship. Denny sat on the table by me, dangling his
+    legs. For a long while none of us spoke. Then I exclaimed,
+    suddenly:</p>
+
+    <p>"By heaven! why shouldn't we see it through?" And I rose and
+    put my hands against the massive door, and closed and bolted
+    it, saying, "Let them open that at six o'clock in the
+    morning."</p>
+
+    <p>"Hurrah!" cried Denny, leaping down from his table, on fire
+    with excitement in a moment.</p>
+
+    <p>I faced Hogvardt. He shook his head, but he smiled. Watkins
+    stood by, with his usual imperturbability. He wanted to know
+    what his lordship decided, that was all; and when I said
+    nothing more, he asked:</p>
+
+    <p>"Then your lordship will sleep here to-night?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I'll stay here to-night, anyhow, Watkins," said I. "I'm not
+    going to be driven out of my own island by anybody!"</p>
+
+    <p>And I brought my fist down with a crash on the table. And
+    then, to our amazement, we heard&mdash;from somewhere in the
+    dark recesses of the hall, where the faint light of Hogvardt's
+    lantern did not reach&mdash;a low, but distinct, groan, as of
+    some one in pain. Watkins shuddered; Hogvardt looked rather
+    uncomfortable; Denny and I listened eagerly. Again the groan
+    came. I seized the lantern from Hogvardt's hand, and rushed in
+    the direction of the sound. There, in the corner of the hall,
+    on a couch, covered with a rug, lay an old man in an uneasy
+    attitude, groaning now and then, and turning restlessly. And by
+    his side sat an old serving-woman in weary, heavy slumber. In a
+    moment I guessed the truth&mdash;part of the truth.</p>
+
+    <p>"He's not dead of that fever yet," said I.</p>
+
+    <h3>CHAPTER III.</h3>
+
+    <h4>THE FEVER OF NEOPALIA.</h4>
+
+    <p>I looked for a moment on the old man's pale, clean-cut,
+    aristocratic face; then I shook his attendant vigorously by the
+    arm. She awoke with a start.</p>
+
+    <p>"What does this mean?" I demanded. "Who is he?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Heaven help us, who are you?" she cried, leaping up in
+    alarm. Indeed, we four, with our eager, fierce faces, may have
+    looked disquieting enough.</p>
+
+    <p>"I am Lord Wheatley; these are my friends," I answered in
+    brisk, sharp tones.</p>
+
+    <p>"What, it is you, then&mdash;?" A wondering gaze ended her
+    question.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, yes, it is I. I have bought the island. We came out
+    for a walk and&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"But he will kill you, if he finds you here."</p>
+
+    <p>"He? Who?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, pardon, my lord&mdash;they will kill you,
+    they&mdash;the people&mdash;the men of the island."</p>
+
+    <p>I gazed at her sternly. She shrank back in confusion. And I
+    spoke at a venture, yet in a well-grounded hazard:</p>
+
+    <p>"You mean that Constantine Stefanopoulos will kill me?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, hush!" she cried. "He may be here! He may be
+    anywhere!"</p>
+
+    <p>"He may thank his stars he's not here," said I grimly, for
+    my blood was up. "Attend, woman! Who is this?"</p>
+
+    <p>"It is the lord of the island, my lord," she answered.
+    "Alas, and he is wounded, I fear, to death. And yet I fell
+    asleep. But I was so weary."</p>
+
+    <p>"Wounded&mdash;by whom?"</p>
+
+    <p>Her face suddenly became vacant and expressionless.</p>
+
+    <p>"I do not know, my lord. It happened in the crowd. It was a
+    mistake. My dear lord had yielded what they asked. Yet some
+    one&mdash;no, by heaven, my lord, I do not know
+    whom&mdash;stabbed him! And he cannot live."</p>
+
+    <p>"Tell me the whole thing," I commanded.</p>
+
+    <p>"They came up here, my lord, all of them&mdash;Vlacho and
+    all, and with them my Lord Constantine. And the Lady Euphrosyne
+    was away; she is often away, down on the rocks by the sea,
+    watching <span class="pagenum"><a name="page460"
+       id="page460"></a>[pg 460]</span> the waves. And they came
+       and said that a man had landed who claimed our island as
+       his&mdash;a man of your name, my lord. And when my dear lord
+       said he had sold the island to save the honor of his house
+       and race, they were furious, and Vlacho raised the death
+       chant that One-eyed Alexander the Bard wrote on the death of
+       Stefan Stefanopoulos long ago. And they came near with
+       knives, demanding that my dear lord should send away the
+       stranger; for the men of Neopalia were not to be bought and
+       sold like bullocks or like pigs. At first my lord would not
+       yield; and they swore they would kill the stranger and my
+       lord also. Then they pressed closer. Vlacho was hard on him
+       with drawn knife, and the Lord Constantine stood by him,
+       praying him to yield, and Constantine drew his own knife,
+       saying to Vlacho that he must fight him also before he
+       killed the old lord. But at that Vlacho smiled&mdash;and
+       then&mdash;and then&mdash;ah, my dear lord!"</p>
+
+    <p>For a moment her voice broke, and sobs supplanted words. But
+    she drew herself up, and, after a glance at the old man, whom
+    her vehement speech had not availed to waken, she went on:</p>
+
+    <p>"And then those behind cried out that there was enough talk.
+    Would he yield or would he die? And they rushed forward,
+    pressing the nearest against him. And he, an old man, frail and
+    feeble&mdash;yet once he was as brave a man as any&mdash;cried,
+    in his weak tones: 'Enough, friends, I yield; I&mdash;' And
+    they fell back. But my lord stood for an instant; then he set
+    his hand to his side, and swayed and tottered and fell, and the
+    blood ran from his side. And the Lord Constantine fell on his
+    knees beside him, crying: 'Who stabbed him?' And Vlacho smiled
+    grimly, and the others looked at one another. And I, who had
+    run out from the doorway whence I had seen it all, knelt by my
+    lord and stanched the blood. Then Vlacho said, fixing his eyes
+    straight and keen on the Lord Constantine, 'It was not I, my
+    lord,' 'Nor I, by heaven!' cried the Lord Constantine; and he
+    rose to his feet, demanding: 'Who struck the blow?' But none
+    answered, and he went on: 'Nay, if it were in error, if it were
+    because he would not yield, speak! There shall be pardon,' But
+    Vlacho, hearing this, turned himself round and faced them all,
+    saying: 'Did he not sell us like oxen and like pigs?' and he
+    broke into the death chant, and they all raised the chant, none
+    caring any more who had struck the blow. And Lord
+    Constantine&mdash;" The impetuous flow of the old woman's story
+    was frozen to sudden silence.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, and Lord Constantine?" said I, in low, stern tones,
+    that quivered with excitement; and I felt Denny's hand, that
+    was on my arm, jump up and down. "And Constantine, woman?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Nay, he did nothing," said she. "He talked with Vlacho a
+    while, and then they went away, and he bade me tend my lord,
+    and went himself to seek the Lady Euphrosyne. And presently he
+    came back with her. Her eyes were red, and she wept afresh when
+    she saw my poor lord, for she loved him. And she sat by him
+    till Constantine came and told her that you would not go, and
+    that you and your friends would be killed if you did not go.
+    And then, weeping to leave my lord, she went, praying heaven
+    she might find him alive when she returned. 'I must go,' she
+    said to me; 'for though it is a shameful thing that the island
+    should have been sold, yet these men must be persuaded to go
+    away and not meet death. Kiss him for me if he awakes.' Thus
+    she went, and left me with my lord, and I fear he will die."
+    And she ended in a burst of sobbing.</p>
+
+    <p>For a moment there was silence. Then I said again:</p>
+
+    <p>"Who struck the blow, woman? Who struck the blow?"</p>
+
+    <p>She shrank from me as though I had struck her. "I do not
+    know, I do not know," she moaned.</p>
+
+    <p>Then a thing happened that seemed strange and awful in the
+    gloomy, dark hall. For the stricken man opened his eyes, his
+    lips moved, and he groaned: "Constantine! You, Constantine!"
+    and the old woman's eyes met mine for a moment, and fell to the
+    ground again.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why&mdash;why, Constantine?" moaned the wounded man. "I had
+    yielded&mdash;I had yielded, Constantine. I would have sent
+    them&mdash;" His words ceased, his eyes closed, his lips met
+    again, but met only to part. A moment later his jaw dropped.
+    The old lord of Neopalia was dead.</p>
+
+    <p>Then I, carried away by anger and by hatred of the man who,
+    for a reason I did not yet understand, had struck so foul a
+    blow against his kinsman and an old man, did a thing so rash
+    that it seems to me now, when I consider it in the cold light
+    of the past, a mad deed. Yet then I could do nothing else; and
+    Denny's face, aye, and the eyes of the others, too, told me
+    that they were with me.</p>
+
+    <p>"Compose this old man's body," I
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page461"
+       id="page461"></a>[pg 461]</span> said, "and we will watch
+       it. And do you go and tell this Constantine Stefanopoulos
+       that I know his crime, that I know who struck that blow, and
+       that what I know all men shall know, and that I will not
+       rest day nor night until he has paid the penalty of this
+       murder. And tell him I swore this on the honor of an English
+       gentleman."</p>
+
+    <p>"And say I swore it, too!" cried Denny; and Hogvardt and
+    Watkins, not making bold to speak, ranged up close to me; and I
+    knew that they also meant what I meant.</p>
+
+    <p>The old woman looked at me with searching eyes.</p>
+
+    <p>"You are a bold man, my lord," said she.</p>
+
+    <p>"I see nothing to be afraid of up to now," said I. "Such
+    courage as is needed to tell a scoundrel what I think of him, I
+    believe I can claim."</p>
+
+    <p>"But he will never let you go now. You would go to Rhodes,
+    and tell his&mdash;tell what you say of him."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, and farther than Rhodes, if need be. He shall die for
+    it as sure as I live."</p>
+
+    <p>A thousand men might have tried in vain to persuade me; the
+    treachery of Constantine had fired my heart and driven out all
+    opposing motives.</p>
+
+    <p>"Do as I bid you," said I, sternly, "and waste no time on
+    it. We will watch here by the old man till you return."</p>
+
+    <p>"My lord," she replied, "you run on your own death. And you
+    are young, and the young man by you is yet younger."</p>
+
+    <p>"We are not dead yet," said Denny; and I had never seen him
+    look as he did then; for the gayety was out of his face, and he
+    spoke from between stern-set lips.</p>
+
+    <p>She raised her hands toward heaven&mdash;whether in prayer
+    or in lamentation, I do not know. We turned away and left her
+    to her sad offices, and going back to our places, waited there
+    till dawn began to break, and from the narrow windows we saw
+    the gray crests of the waves dancing and frolicking in the
+    early dawn. As I watched them the old woman was by my
+    elbow.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is done, my lord," said she. "Are you still of the same
+    mind?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Still of the same," said I.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is death&mdash;death for you all," she said; and without
+    more she went to the great door. Hogvardt opened it for her,
+    and she walked away down the road, between the high rocks that
+    bounded the path on either side. Then we went and carried the
+    old man to a room that opened off the hall, and, returning,
+    stood in the doorway, cooling our brows in the fresh, early
+    air. And while we stood, Hogvardt said suddenly:</p>
+
+    <p>"It is five o'clock."</p>
+
+    <p>"Then we have only an hour to live," said I, smiling, "if we
+    do not make for the yacht."</p>
+
+    <p>"You're not going back to the yacht, my lord?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I'm puzzled," I admitted. "If we go this ruffian will
+    escape. And if we don't go&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, we," Hogvardt ended for me, "may not escape."</p>
+
+    <p>I saw that Hogvardt's sense of responsibility was heavy; he
+    always regarded himself as the shepherd, his employers as the
+    sheep. I believe this attitude of his confirmed my destiny, for
+    I said, without hesitation:</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, we'll chance that. When they know what a villain the
+    fellow is, they'll turn against him. Besides, we said we'd wait
+    here."</p>
+
+    <p>Denny seized on my last words with alacrity. When you are
+    determined to do a rash thing, there is great comfort in
+    feeling that you are already committed to it by some previous
+    act or promise.</p>
+
+    <p>"So we did," he cried. "Then that settles it, Hogvardt."</p>
+
+    <p>"His lordship certainly expressed that intention," observed
+    Watkins, appearing at this moment with a large loaf of bread
+    and a great pitcher of milk. I eyed these viands.</p>
+
+    <p>"I bought the house and its contents," said I. "Come
+    along."</p>
+
+    <p>Watkins's further researches produced a large chunk of
+    native cheese; and when he had set this down, he remarked:</p>
+
+    <p>"In a pen behind the house, close to the kitchen windows,
+    there are two goats; and your lordship sees there, on the right
+    of the front door, two cows tethered."</p>
+
+    <p>I began to laugh, Watkins was so wise and solemn.</p>
+
+    <p>"We can stand a siege, you mean?" I asked. "Well, I hope it
+    won't come to that."</p>
+
+    <p>Hogvardt rose, and began to move round the hall, examining
+    the weapons that decorated the walls. From time to time he
+    grunted disapprovingly; the guns were useless, rusted, out of
+    date, and there was no ammunition for them. But when he had
+    almost completed his circuit, he gave an exclamation of
+    satisfaction, and came to me, holding an excellent modern rifle
+    and a large cartridge case.</p>
+
+    <p>"See!" he grunted, in huge satisfaction. "C.S. on the stock,
+    I suspect you can guess whose it is, my
+    lord."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page462"
+       id="page462"></a>[pg 462]</span>
+
+    <p>"This is very thoughtful of Constantine," observed Denny,
+    who was employing himself in cutting imaginary lemons in two
+    with a fine damascened scimiter that he had taken from the
+    wall.</p>
+
+    <p>"As for the cows," said I, "perhaps they will carry them
+    off."</p>
+
+    <p>"I think not," said Hogvardt, taking an aim with the rifle
+    through the window.</p>
+
+    <p>I looked at my watch. It was five minutes past six.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, we can't go now," said I. "It's settled. What a
+    comfort!" I wonder if I had ever in my heart meant to go!</p>
+
+    <p>The next hour passed very quietly. We sat smoking pipes and
+    cigars, and talking in subdued tones. The recollection of the
+    dead man in the adjoining room sobered the excitement to which
+    our position would otherwise have given occasion. Indeed, I
+    suppose that I, at least, who had led the rest into this
+    <i>imbroglio</i> through my whim, should have been utterly
+    overwhelmed by the burden on me. But I was not. Perhaps
+    Hogvardt's assumption of responsibility relieved me; perhaps I
+    was too full of anger against Constantine to think of the risks
+    we ourselves ran; and I was more than half persuaded that the
+    revelation of what he had done would rob him of his power to
+    hurt us. Moreover, if I might judge from the words I heard on
+    the road, we had on our side an ally of uncertain, but probably
+    considerable, power, in the sweet-voiced girl whom the old
+    woman called the Lady Euphrosyne; and she would not support her
+    uncle's murderer even though he were her cousin.</p>
+
+    <p>Presently Watkins carried me off to view his pen of goats,
+    and, having passed through the lofty, flagged kitchen, I found
+    myself in a sort of compound formed by the rocks. The ground
+    had been levelled for a few yards, and the cliffs rose straight
+    to the height of ten or twelve feet; from the top of this
+    artificial bank they ran again, in wooded slopes, toward the
+    peak of the mountain. I followed their course with my eye, and
+    five hundred or more feet above us, just beneath the summit, I
+    perceived a little wooden <i>chalet</i> or bungalow. Blue smoke
+    issued from the chimneys, and, even while we looked, a figure
+    came out of the door and stood still in front of it, apparently
+    looking down toward the house.</p>
+
+    <p>"It's a woman," I pronounced.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, my lord. A peasant's wife, I suppose."</p>
+
+    <p>"I dare say," said I. But I soon doubted Watkins's
+    opinion&mdash;in the first place, because the woman's dress did
+    not look like that of a peasant woman; and, secondly, because
+    she went into the house, appeared again, and levelled at us
+    what was, if I mistook not, a large pair of binocular glasses.
+    Now, such things were not likely to be in the possession of the
+    peasants of Neopalia. Then she suddenly retreated, and through
+    the silence of those still slopes we heard the door of the
+    cottage closed with violence.</p>
+
+    <p>"She doesn't seem to like the look of us," said I.</p>
+
+    <p>"Possibly," suggested Watkins, with deference, "she did not
+    expect to see your lordship here."</p>
+
+    <p>"I should think that's very likely, Watkins," said I.</p>
+
+    <p>I was recalled from the survey of my new domains&mdash;my
+    satisfaction in the thought that they were mine survived all
+    the disturbing features of the situation&mdash;by a call from
+    Denny. In response to it I hurried back to the hall, and found
+    him at the window, with Constantine's rifle rested on the
+    sill.</p>
+
+    <p>"I could pick him off pat," said Denny, laughingly, and he
+    pointed to a figure which was approaching the house. It was a
+    man riding a stout pony. When he came within about two hundred
+    yards of the house he stopped, took a leisurely look, and then
+    waved a white handkerchief.</p>
+
+    <p>"The laws of war must be observed," said I, smiling. "This
+    is a flag of truce." And I opened the door, stepped out, and
+    waved my handkerchief in return. The man, reassured, began to
+    mop his brow with the flag of truce, and put his pony to a
+    trot. I now perceived him to be the innkeeper Vlacho, and a
+    moment later he reined up beside me, giving an angry jerk at
+    his pony's bridle.</p>
+
+    <p>"I have searched the island for you," he cried. "I am weary
+    and hot. How came you here?"</p>
+
+    <p>I explained to him briefly how I had chanced to take
+    possession of my house, and added, significantly:</p>
+
+    <p>"But has no message come to you from me?"</p>
+
+    <p>He smiled with equal meaning as he answered:</p>
+
+    <p>"No. An old woman came to speak to a gentleman who is in the
+    village."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, to Constantine Stefanopoulos," said I with a nod.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, then, if you will, to the Lord Constantine," he
+    admitted, with a careless shrug; "but her message was for his
+    ear only. He took her aside, and they talked
+    alone."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page463"
+       id="page463"></a>[pg 463]</span>
+
+    <p>"You know what she said, though."</p>
+
+    <p>"That is between my Lord Constantine and me."</p>
+
+    <p>"And the young lady knows it, I hope&mdash;the Lady
+    Euphrosyne?"</p>
+
+    <p>Vlacho smiled broadly.</p>
+
+    <p>"We could not distress her with such a silly tale," he
+    answered; and he leant down toward me. "Nobody has heard the
+    message but the lord and one man he told it to; and nobody
+    will. If that old woman spoke, she&mdash;well, she knows, and
+    will not speak."</p>
+
+    <p>"And you back up this murderer?" I cried.</p>
+
+    <p>"Murderer?" he repeated, questioningly. "Indeed, sir, it was
+    an accident, done in hot blood. It was the old man's fault,
+    because he tried to sell the island."</p>
+
+    <p>"He did sell the island," I corrected. "And a good many
+    other people will hear of what happened to him."</p>
+
+    <p>He looked at me again, smiling.</p>
+
+    <p>"If you shouted in the hearing of every man in Neopalia,
+    what would they do?" he asked, scornfully.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, I should hope," I returned, "that they'd hang
+    Constantine to the tallest tree you've got here."</p>
+
+    <p>"They would do this," he said, with a nod; and he began to
+    sing softly the chant I had heard the night before.</p>
+
+    <p>I was disgusted at his savagery, but I said coolly:</p>
+
+    <p>"And the lady?"</p>
+
+    <p>"The lady believes what she is told, and will do as her
+    cousin bids her. Is she not his affianced wife?"</p>
+
+    <p>"The deuce she is!" I cried in amazement, fixing a keen
+    scrutiny on Vlacho's face. The face told me nothing.</p>
+
+    <p>"Certainly," he said, gently. "And they will rule the island
+    together."</p>
+
+    <p>"Will they, though?" said I. I was becoming rather annoyed.
+    "There are one or two obstacles in the way of that. First, it's
+    my island."</p>
+
+    <p>He shrugged his shoulders again. "That," he seemed to say,
+    "is not worth answering." But I had a second shot in the locker
+    for him, and I let him have it for what it was worth. I knew it
+    might be worth nothing, but I tried it.</p>
+
+    <p>"And secondly," I observed, "how many wives does Constantine
+    propose to have?"</p>
+
+    <p>A hit! A hit! A palpable hit! I could have sung in glee. The
+    fellow was dumb-founded. He turned red, bit his lip, scowled
+    fiercely.</p>
+
+    <p>"What do you mean?" he blurted out, with an attempt at
+    blustering defiance.</p>
+
+    <p>"Never mind what I mean. Something, perhaps, that the Lady
+    Euphrosyne might care to know. And now, my man, what do you
+    want of me?"</p>
+
+    <p>He recovered his composure, and stated his errand with his
+    old, cool assurance; but the cloud of vexation still hung heavy
+    on his brow.</p>
+
+    <p>"On behalf of the lady of the island&mdash;" he began.</p>
+
+    <p>"Or shall we say her cousin?" I interrupted.</p>
+
+    <p>"Which you will," he answered, as though it were not worth
+    while to wear the mask any longer. "On behalf, then, of my Lord
+    Constantine, I am to offer you safe passage to your boat, and a
+    return of the money you have paid."</p>
+
+    <p>"How's he going to pay that?"</p>
+
+    <p>"He will pay it in a year, and give you security
+    meanwhile."</p>
+
+    <p>"And the condition is that I give up the island?" I asked;
+    and I began to think that perhaps I owed it to my companions to
+    acquiesce in this proposal, however distasteful it might be to
+    me.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," said Vlacho; "and there is one other small condition,
+    which will not trouble you."</p>
+
+    <p>"And what's that? You're rich in conditions."</p>
+
+    <p>"You are lucky to be offered any. It is that you mind your
+    own business."</p>
+
+    <p>"I came here for the purpose," I observed.</p>
+
+    <p>"And that you undertake, for yourself and your companions,
+    on your word of honor, to speak not a word of what has passed
+    in the island, or of the affairs of the Lord Constantine."</p>
+
+    <p>"And if I won't give my word?"</p>
+
+    <p>"The yacht is in our hands; Demetri and Spiro are our men;
+    there will be no ship here for two months."</p>
+
+    <p>The fellow paused, smiling at me. I took the liberty of
+    ending his period for him.</p>
+
+    <p>"And there is," I said, returning the smile, "as we know by
+    now, a particularly sudden and fatal form of fever in the
+    island."</p>
+
+    <p>"Certainly; you may chance to find that out," said he.</p>
+
+    <p>"But is there no antidote?" I asked; and I showed him the
+    butt of my revolver in the pocket of my coat.</p>
+
+    <p>"It may keep it off for a day or two; not longer. You have
+    the bottle there, but most of the drug is with your baggage at
+    the inn."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page464"
+       id="page464"></a>[pg 464]</span>
+
+    <p>His parable was true enough; we had only two or three dozen
+    cartridges apiece.</p>
+
+    <p>"But there is plenty of food for Constantine's rifle," said
+    I, pointing to the muzzle of it, which protruded from the
+    window.</p>
+
+    <p>He suddenly became impatient.</p>
+
+    <p>"Your answer, sir?" he demanded, peremptorily.</p>
+
+    <p>"Here it is," said I. "I'll keep the island, and I'll see
+    Constantine hanged."</p>
+
+    <p>"So be it, so be it!" he cried. "You are warned; so be it!"
+    and without another word he turned his pony and trotted rapidly
+    off down the road. And I went back to the house, feeling, I
+    must confess, not in the best of spirits. But when my friends
+    heard all that had passed, they applauded me, and we made up
+    our minds to "see it through," as Denny said.</p>
+
+    <p>That day passed quietly. At noon we carried the old lord out
+    of his house, having wrapped him in a sheet, and we dug for him
+    as good a grave as we could, in a little patch of ground that
+    lay outside the windows of his own chapel, a small erection at
+    the west end of the house. There he must lie for the moment.
+    This sad work done, we came back, and&mdash;so swift are life's
+    changes&mdash;we killed a goat for dinner, and watched Watkins
+    dress it. Thus the afternoon wore away, and when evening came
+    we ate our goat flesh, and Hogvardt milked our cows, and we sat
+    down to consider the position of the garrison.</p>
+
+    <p>But the evening was hot, and we adjourned out of doors,
+    grouping ourselves on the broad marble pavement in front of the
+    door. Hogvardt had just begun to expound a very elaborate
+    scheme of escape, depending, so far as I could make out, on our
+    reaching the other side of the island, and finding there a
+    boat, which we had no reason to suppose would be there, when
+    Denny raised his hand, saying, "Hark!"</p>
+
+    <p>From the direction of the village and the harbor came the
+    sound of a horn, blown long and shrill, and echoed back in
+    strange, protracted shrieks and groans from the hillside behind
+    us; and following on the blast, we heard, low in the distance
+    and indistinct, yet rising and falling, and rising again in
+    savage defiance and exultation, the death chant that One-eyed
+    Alexander the Bard had made on the death of Stefan
+    Stefanopoulos two hundred years ago. For a few minutes we sat
+    listening, and I do not think that any of us were very
+    comfortable. Then I rose to my feet, and I said:</p>
+
+    <p>"Hogvardt, old fellow, I fancy that scheme of yours must
+    wait a little. Unless I'm very much mistaken, we're going to
+    have a lively evening."</p>
+
+    <p>Well, and then we shook hands all round, and went in, and
+    bolted the door, and sat down to wait. We heard the death chant
+    through the walls now, for it was coming nearer.</p>
+
+    <p class="center">(<i>To be continued</i>.)</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/464.jpg"
+             name="fig464"
+             id="fig464"><img width="500"
+             src="images/464.jpg"
+             alt="End of Chapter Graphic." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page465"
+       id="page465"></a>[pg 465]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/465.jpg"
+             name="fig465"
+             id="fig465"><img src="images/465.jpg"
+             alt="A BROOK IN THE DEPARTMENT OF VAR, FRANCE. FROM A PAINTING BY HENRI HARPIGNIES." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A BROOK IN THE DEPARTMENT OF VAR, FRANCE. FROM A
+        PAINTING BY HENRI HARPIGNIES.</h5>
+
+        <p>In the galleries of the Luxembourg, Paris. First
+        exhibited at the Salon of 1888.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <h2>A CENTURY OF PAINTING.</h2>
+
+    <h3>NOTES DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL.&mdash;COROT AND THE MODERN
+    PASTORAL.&mdash;THE MEN OF 1830.&mdash;ROUSSEAU, DIAZ,
+    DUPR&Eacute;, AND DAUBIGNY.&mdash;FOUR FIGURE PAINTERS OF
+    DIFFERING AIMS.</h3>
+
+    <h4>By Will H. Low.</h4>
+
+    <div class="figletter">
+        <a href="images/LetterP.jpg"
+             name="fig465-l"
+             id="fig465-l"><img src="images/LetterP.jpg"
+             alt="Letter P" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="hang">ICTURES?" boasted Turner. "Give me canvas,
+    colors, a room to work in, <i>with a door that will lock</i>,
+    and it is not difficult to paint pictures!" This was the spirit
+    of the older men, against which Constable rose in his might. It
+    was the legacy of the past; the principle, or the lack of it,
+    which permitted Titian (in a picture now in the National
+    Gallery, London) to paint the shadows of his figures falling
+    away from the spectator into the picture, and <i>towards</i>
+    the setting sun in the background. The return to nature,
+    however, was not accomplished at once. It is doubtful, indeed,
+    if a painter can ever arrive at a respectable technical
+    achievement without imbibing certain conventions which prevent
+    complete submission to nature; absolute
+    <i>na&iuml;vet&eacute;</i> thus becoming only theoretically
+    possible. Constable, with all his independence, dared not throw
+    over all received canons of art. And G&eacute;ricault, while
+    daring to paint a modern theme, daring still more to embody it
+    in forms plausibly like average humanity, and refusing to place
+    on a raft in mid-ocean a carefully chosen assortment of antique
+    statues, still did not think, apparently, that the heavily
+    marked shadows prevalent throughout his picture were never seen
+    under the far-reaching arch of the sky, but fell from a studio
+    window. Nor do the early pictures by Corot free themselves from
+    the influences of the academy at once. In the studies which he
+    bequeathed to the Louvre&mdash;two tiny canvases on which are
+    depicted the Coliseum and the Castle of St. Angelo at
+    Rome&mdash;the conventional picking out of detail, the painting
+    of separate objects by themselves, without due relation to each
+    other, is the effect of early study; and it is only in the as
+    yet timid reaching for effect of light and atmosphere that we
+    feel the Corot of the future. These
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page466"
+       id="page466"></a>[pg 466]</span> studies were painted in
+       1826; and as late as 1835 the same influences are manifest
+       in the "Hagar and Ishmael in the Desert," a historical
+       landscape of the kind dear to the academies, but saved and
+       made of interest by the native qualities of the painter
+       struggling to the surface.</p>
+
+    <p>Jean Baptiste Camille Corot was born in Paris, July 28,
+    1796. His father was originally a barber; but, marrying a
+    dressmaker, he joined forces with his wife to such effect that
+    they became the fashionable house of their time; and a "dress
+    from Corot's" found its place in the comedies of the early part
+    of the century, very much as the name of Worth has been potent
+    in later days. The youth's distaste for business (certain
+    unfortunate experiences in selling olive-colored cloth leading
+    directly thereto) at length vanquished the parents' opposition
+    to his choice of a career; and after a solemn family conclave,
+    it was decided that he was to have an allowance of three
+    hundred dollars a year, and be free to follow his own
+    inclinations. Procuring materials for work, Corot sat him down
+    the same day on the bank of the Seine, almost under the windows
+    of his father's shop, and began to paint. It is prettily
+    related that one of the shop-women, Mademoiselle Rose by name,
+    was the only person of his <i>entourage</i> who sympathized
+    with the young fellow, and who came to look at his work to
+    encourage him. Late in life the good Corot said: "Look at my
+    first study; the colors are still bright, the hour and day
+    remain fixed on the canvas; and only the other day Mademoiselle
+    Rose came to see me; and, alas, the old maid and the old man,
+    how faded they are!"</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/466.jpg"
+             name="fig466"
+             id="fig466"><img src="images/466.jpg"
+             alt="JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT. AFTER A PHOTOGRAPH FROM LIFE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT. AFTER A PHOTOGRAPH FROM
+        LIFE.</h5>
+
+        <p>This portrait represents "good Papa Corot," as he was
+        universally known, at work out of doors.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>It was Corot's good fortune to meet at the start a young
+    landscape painter, Michallon, who had lately returned from
+    Rome, where he had gone after winning the prize for historical
+    landscape, which then formed part of the curriculum of the
+    &Eacute;cole des Beaux Arts. Michallon died in 1824, when only
+    twenty-eight years old, too soon to have shown the fruits of an
+    independent spirit which had already revolted against the
+    trammels of the school. Desiring to save Corot from the
+    mistakes which he had himself made, he adjured him to remain
+    <i>na&iuml;f</i>, to paint nature as he saw it, and to
+    disregard the counsels of those who were for the moment in
+    authority. Gentle, almost timid by nature, having met so far in
+    life with little but disapproval, Corot disregarded his
+    friend's advice at first, and placed himself under the guidance
+    of Victor Bertin, a painter then in vogue, and, needless to
+    say, deeply imbued with scholastic tradition. In his company
+    Corot made his first voyage to Italy, in 1825, and thus came
+    for the first time under the true classic influence. The
+    lessons taught in the school of nature, where Claude had
+    studied, were those best fitted for the temperament of Corot,
+    who has been called "a child of the eighteenth century, grown
+    in the midst of that imitation of antiquity so ardent, and so
+    often unintelligent, where the Directory copied Athens, and the
+    Empire forced itself to imitate Rome." It is a curious and
+    interesting fact that when, as in this case, the spirit of
+    classicism reveals itself anew, its never-dying influence can
+    be the motive for work <span class="pagenum"><a name="page467"
+       id="page467"></a>[pg 467]</span> as fresh and modern as that
+       of Corot. It is also true that the rigid enforcement of the
+       study of drawing was a healthy influence on Corot's early
+       life. All the pictures of his early period show the most
+       minute attention to form and modelling; and when he had
+       finally rid himself of the hard manner which it entailed,
+       there remained the substratum of a constructive basis upon
+       which his freer brush played at will.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/467.jpg"
+             name="fig467"
+             id="fig467"><img src="images/467.jpg"
+             alt="A BY-PATH. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A BY-PATH. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE
+        COROT.</h5>
+
+        <p>One of Corot's later works, and treated with greater
+        freedom than the earlier.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Many years, however, Corot was to wait before the memorable
+    day when he bewailed that his complete collection of works had
+    been spoiled, he having sold a picture. Living on his modest
+    income, which his father doubled when, in 1846, the son was
+    given the cross of the Legion of Honor, he was happy with his
+    two loves, nature and painting. Little by little he gained a
+    reputation among the artists, especially when, after 1835, on
+    his return from a second voyage to Italy, he found that the
+    true country of the artist is his native country. After that
+    period his works are nearly all French in subject, many of them
+    painted in the environs of Paris; though, with his Theocritan
+    spirit, he could see the fountain of Jouvence in the woods of
+    S&egrave;vres, and for him the classic nymph dwelt by the pond
+    at Ville d'Avray. His life was long&mdash;he died February 22,
+    1875&mdash;and completely filled with his work.</p>
+
+    <p>After Corot's death, there was exhibited at the &Eacute;cole
+    des Beaux Arts in Paris a collection of several hundred of his
+    pictures, and then, perhaps for the first time, the genius of
+    the man was profoundly felt. To those who were inclined to
+    undervalue the pure, sweet spirit which shone through his work,
+    and to complain of the representation of a world in which no
+    breeze stronger than a zephyr blew, in which the birds always
+    sang, and the shepherd piped to a flock unconscious of the
+    existence of wolves, there were shown efforts in so many and
+    various directions as to forever silence their reproach of
+    monotony, so often directed against Corot's work. There were
+    landscapes, showing the gradual emancipation, due to the most
+    sincere study of nature, hard and precise, in the early period;
+    vaporous and filled with suggestion, as the sentiment of the
+    day and hour represented became important to the painter, and
+    his technical mastery became more certain in later years. There
+    were figures, none too well drawn from the point of view of
+    David or Ingres, but serving, to a painter whose interest in
+    atmospheric problems never ceased, as objects around which the
+    luminous light of day played, and which were bathed in
+    circumambient air.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page468"
+       id="page468"></a>[pg 468]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/468.jpg"
+             name="fig468"
+             id="fig468"><img src="images/468.jpg"
+             alt="EARLY MORNING. JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>EARLY MORNING. JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a painting now in the Louvre. One of the best known
+        of the works of the master, executed during the
+        transitional period, when he still gave great attention to
+        detail. The original is remarkable for its sense of dewy
+        freshness.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page469"
+       id="page469"></a>[pg 469]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/469.jpg"
+             name="fig469"
+             id="fig469"><img src="images/469.jpg"
+             alt="DIANA'S BATH. JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>DIANA'S BATH. JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a painting in the Museum at Bordeaux.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page470"
+       id="page470"></a>[pg 470]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/470.jpg"
+             name="fig470"
+             id="fig470"><img src="images/470.jpg"
+             alt="A SHALLOW RIVER. FROM A PAINTING BY TH&Eacute;ODORE ROUSSEAU." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A SHALLOW RIVER. FROM A PAINTING BY TH&Eacute;ODORE
+        ROUSSEAU.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>With all this variety, however, the true value of Corot's
+    work lies in the expression of the spirit of the man himself.
+    It is often possible, and it is always theoretically desirable,
+    to separate the personality of a painter from his production in
+    any critical consideration of his achievement. It is at least
+    only fair to believe that the light which shines from so many
+    canvases is the true expression of many a life which is clouded
+    to our superficial view. With Corot, however, it is impossible
+    to make this separation. Every added detail of his
+    life&mdash;and they are so numerous that in the difficulty of a
+    choice they must remain unrecorded here&mdash;gives a new
+    perception of his work. A youthful Virgilian spirit to the day
+    of his death, as old at his birth as the classic source from
+    which he sprang, he invented a method essentially his own, in
+    which to express his new-old message. In our work-a-day,
+    materialistic age, like a thrush singing in a boiler-shop, he
+    is the quiet but triumphant vindication of the truth that all
+    great art has its roots firmly implanted in the earth of
+    Hellenic civilization, though its expression may be, as in
+    Corot's case, through an art unknown to the Greeks, and even,
+    as in the case of the one greater man of this century than
+    Corot&mdash;Millet&mdash;by the presentation of types which the
+    beauty-loving sons of Hellas disdained to represent.</p>
+
+    <p>Millet's work must be considered later in these papers, but
+    it is useful here to make this passing comment, that with Corot
+    he represents what is best in our modern art; that the greatest
+    quality of our modern art is its steadfast reliance on nature;
+    and that, paradoxical as it may seem, they are alike in taking
+    only that from nature which is serviceable to the clarity of
+    their expression, being in this both at odds with the common
+    practice of modern painting, which usually adopts a more
+    servile attitude towards nature. Corot painted out of
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page471"
+       id="page471"></a>[pg 471]</span> doors constantly; but in
+       the maturity of his art his work was only based upon the
+       scene before him, a practice dangerous to the student, and
+       fraught with difficulty to the master. In the fever of
+       production; in the almost childish joy which the long
+       neglected painter felt when dealers and collectors besieged
+       his door; and, finally, in the necessity which arose for
+       large sums of money to carry on works of charity, which were
+       his only dissipation, and which it was his pride to sustain
+       without impairing the patrimony which in the course of time
+       he had inherited, and which he left intact to his relatives,
+       Corot undoubtedly weakened his legacy to the future by
+       over-production. In addition, his work became the prey of
+       unscrupulous dealers (as there is nothing easier to imitate
+       superficially than a Corot), and the mediocre pictures
+       signed by his name are not always of his workmanship. Such
+       works apart, his art has given us a message from the purest
+       source of poetry and painting, couched in a language which
+       is thoroughly of our time; and in this year, which is the
+       centenary of his birth, it can be said that no other painter
+       of the century, save the graver Millet, has held fast that
+       which was good in the art of the past, and so enriched it by
+       added truth and beauty as Corot. It was fitting that when he
+       lay dying as cheerfully as he had lived, contented that he
+       had "had good parents and good friends," beautiful
+       landscapes flitted before his eyes, "more beautiful than
+       painting." On the morning of February 22, 1875, his servant
+       urged him to eat to sustain his strength; but he gently
+       shook his head, saying: "Papa Corot will breakfast in heaven
+       to-day."</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/471.jpg"
+             name="fig471"
+             id="fig471"><img src="images/471.jpg"
+             alt="THE EDGE OF THE FOREST (FONTAINEBLEAU). FROM A PAINTING BY TH&Eacute;ODORE ROUSSEAU." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE EDGE OF THE FOREST (FONTAINEBLEAU). FROM A PAINTING
+        BY TH&Eacute;ODORE ROUSSEAU.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Eighteen years before, on December 22, 1867, there had died
+    at Barbizon, Th&eacute;odore Rousseau, who, born in Paris, July
+    15, 1812, had been the leader of the revolution in landscape
+    painting, in which we to-day count Corot, Daubigny,
+    Dupr&eacute;, Troyon, Diaz, Jacque, and others who, with our
+    mania for classification, we call the "Barbizon school." The
+    fact that these men, more than any painters before their time,
+    had, by direct study from nature, developed strongly individual
+    characteristics, makes this title, localized as it is by the
+    name of a village with which a number of them had slight, if
+    any, connection, a misnomer. The French name for the group,
+    "the men of 1830," is more correct; for it was about that time
+    that their influence in the Salon began to be felt, as a result
+    of the pictorial invasion of Constable. Lacking the poetic
+    feeling of Corot, and more realistic in his aims, though not
+    always in result, Rousseau met with instant success when he
+    exhibited for the first time at the Salon in 1834. His picture,
+    "Felled Trees, Forest of Compi&egrave;gne," received a medal,
+    and was purchased by the Due d'Orleans. The following year the
+    jury, presided over by Watelet, a justly forgotten painter,
+    refused Rousseau's pictures, and from that time until 1849,
+    when the overthrow of Louis Philippe had opened the Salon doors
+    to all comers, no picture by Rousseau was exhibited at the
+    Salon.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page472"
+       id="page472"></a>[pg 472]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/472-1.jpg"
+             name="fig472-1"
+             id="fig472-1"><img src="images/472-1.jpg"
+             alt="ON THE RIVER OISE. FROM A PAINTING BY CHARLES FRAN&Ccedil;OIS DAUBIGNY." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>ON THE RIVER OISE. FROM A PAINTING BY CHARLES
+        FRAN&Ccedil;OIS DAUBIGNY.</h5>
+
+        <p>A typical French river, with the familiar figures of
+        peasant women washing linen in the stream. Probably painted
+        during one of the voyages of his house-boat studio "Le
+        Bottin," in which the painter passed many summers.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/472-2.jpg"
+             name="fig472-2"
+             id="fig472-2"><img src="images/472-2.jpg"
+             alt="THE STORMY SEA. FROM A PAINTING BY JULES DUPR&Eacute;." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE STORMY SEA. FROM A PAINTING BY JULES
+        DUPR&Eacute;.</h5>
+
+        <p>This powerful picture gives an idea of the dramatic
+        force of one who has been fitly termed a symphonic
+        painter.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page473"
+       id="page473"></a>[pg 473]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/473.jpg"
+             name="fig473"
+             id="fig473"><img src="images/473.jpg"
+             alt="A SUNLIT GLADE. FROM A PAINTING BY L&Eacute;ON GERMAIN PELOUSE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A SUNLIT GLADE. FROM A PAINTING BY L&Eacute;ON GERMAIN
+        PELOUSE.</h5>
+
+        <p>A remarkable rendering of intricate detail without
+        sacrifice of general effect, this picture, nevertheless,
+        gives somewhat the impression of a photograph from
+        nature.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>In the meantime, however, Rousseau's fame had grown,
+    fostered by the more advanced critics of the time. He lived at
+    Barbizon, on the border of the forest of Fontainebleau; and,
+    basing his work on the most uncompromising study of nature, his
+    pictures bore an impress of simple truth, which to our
+    latter-day vision seems so obvious and easily understood that
+    nothing could show more clearly the depth of error into which
+    his opponents had fallen than the systematic rejection of his
+    work for so many years. He was by nature a leader, and in his
+    country home he was soon joined by Millet and Charles Jacque,
+    while in Paris he had the hearty support of Delacroix and his
+    followers of the Romantic school. While forced by circumstances
+    to find allies in these men, Rousseau had, however, but little
+    of the imaginative temperament. He was, above all, the close
+    student of natural phenomena. He sat, an
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page474"
+       id="page474"></a>[pg 474]</span> impartial recorder of the
+       phases of nature's triumphal procession. Early and late, in
+       the fields, among the rocks, or under the trees of the
+       forest, his cunning hand noted an innumerable variety of
+       facts which before him, through ignorance or disdain, the
+       landscape painter had never seen. It is but fair to say
+       that, like all pioneers in the untrodden fields of art, his
+       means of expression at times failed to keep pace with his
+       intention. His work is occasionally overburdened with
+       detail, through the embarrassment of riches which nature
+       poured at his feet. Then, heir to the processes of painting
+       of former generations, it seemed to him necessary to endow
+       nature with a warmth of coloring, an abuse of the richer
+       tones of the palette, which we may presume he would have
+       discarded but for the fact already noted, that a painter
+       carries through his earthly pilgrimage a baggage of
+       early-formed habits difficult to throw off <i>en route</i>.
+       The belief that color to be beautiful must of necessity be
+       warm, rich, and deep in tone was shared by all painters of
+       Rousseau's time, and lingers still in the minds of many,
+       despite the fact that nature has created the tea-rose as
+       well as the orange. When, however, Rousseau was completely
+       successful&mdash;as, for instance, in the "Hoar-frost," in
+       the Walters gallery in Baltimore&mdash;the reward of his
+       painstaking methods was measurably great. In such works as
+       this the rendition of effect, the certainty of modelling,
+       the sustained power throughout the work, lift it beyond mere
+       transcription of fact into the realm of typical creations
+       which appear more true than average reality.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/474.jpg"
+             name="fig474"
+             id="fig474"><img src="images/474.jpg"
+             alt="A SHEPHERD AND HIS FLOCK. FROM A PAINTING BY CHARLES &Eacute;MILE JACQUE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A SHEPHERD AND HIS FLOCK. FROM A PAINTING BY CHARLES
+        &Eacute;MILE JACQUE.</h5>
+
+        <p>A typical example of the master, solidly painted,
+        though, as was often his habit, somewhat forced in
+        effect.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Of the life of Rousseau as the head of the little colony of
+    painters who for longer or shorter periods resided at Barbizon,
+    much could be said if space permitted. It is pleasant to think
+    that the more prosperous Rousseau helped with purse and
+    influence his comrades, and that, by nature sad and irritable,
+    he was always considerate of them in the many discussions which
+    took place. Corot, ill at ease in the revolutionary atmosphere,
+    made an occasional appearance. Diaz, he of meridional
+    extraction, turbulent and emphatic, stamped his wooden leg, and
+    was as illogical in debate as in
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page475"
+       id="page475"></a>[pg 475]</span> painting. Charles Jacque,
+       with the keen smile and the facility for absorbing ideas
+       from the best of them; Ziem even, who painted Venice for
+       some years in the shades of Fontainebleau; Dupr&eacute;,
+       whose nature expresses itself in deep sunsets gleaming
+       through the oaks of the forest; Daubigny, the youngest of
+       the group, and the more immediate forerunner of landscape as
+       it is to-day, then winning his first success; Decamps, who
+       later sometimes left the Imperial Court, domiciled for the
+       moment at the palace of Fontainebleau, and brought his
+       personality of a great painter who failed through lack of
+       elementary instruction, among them; Daumier, the great
+       caricaturist, and possibly greater painter, but for the
+       engrossing character of the work which first fell in his
+       way&mdash;all these and more made up the constantly shifting
+       group. The first innkeeper of the place and his wife, whose
+       hyphenated name, Luniot-Ganne, commemorated their union,
+       kept for many years on the walls, the panels of the doors,
+       and on odd cabinets and bits of furniture, <i>souvenirs</i>
+       of the passage of all these men, in the shape of sketches
+       made by their hands. This little museum, created in sportive
+       mood, bore all these names and many more, those of men,
+       often celebrated, who from sympathy or curiosity visited the
+       place. Millet was in life, as in art, somewhat apart in the
+       later years; but he was the consistent friend of Rousseau,
+       whose life closed in the darkness of a disordered mind.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/475.jpg"
+             name="fig475"
+             id="fig475"><img src="images/475.jpg"
+             alt="&quot;THE MAN WITH THE LEATHERN BELT.&quot; PORTRAIT OF GUSTAVE COURBET AS" />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"THE MAN WITH THE LEATHERN BELT." PORTRAIT OF GUSTAVE
+        COURBET AS A YOUNG MAN, BY HIMSELF.</h5>
+
+        <p>From the original, in the Louvre.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Narcisco Virgilio Diaz de la Pe&ntilde;a was the noble name
+    of him who, born at Bordeaux in 1807, the son of a Spanish
+    refugee, died at Mentone, November 18, 1876. Left an orphan
+    when very young, he drifted to Paris, and found work, painting
+    on china, in the manufactory at S&egrave;vres. Here he met
+    Dupr&eacute;, employed like himself; and in their work in other
+    fields it is not fanciful to feel the influence of the delight
+    in rich translucent color, of the tones employed with
+    over-emphasis on the surface of <i>fa&iuml;ence</i>. After a
+    bitter acquaintance with poverty, Diaz produced work which
+    brought him great popularity. The earlier pictures were studies
+    in the forest of Fontainebleau, whose venerable tree-trunks,
+    moss-grown; whose lichen-covered rocks, and gleaming pools
+    reflecting the sky, he rendered with force of color and
+    strength of effect. Gradually he began to attempt the figure,
+    which in his hands never attained a higher plane than an
+    assemblage of charming though artificial color; and these
+    little <i>bouquets</i>, which superficially imitated Correggio,
+    Da Vinci, or Prud'hon, as the fancy seized the painter, bathed
+    in a color that is undeniably agreeable, were and are to this
+    day loved by the collector. Of a whimsical temperament, Diaz
+    was the life of artist gatherings; and his facility in work,
+    and its popularity, gave him the means of doing many generous
+    acts, the memory of which lives. But
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page476"
+       id="page476"></a>[pg 476]</span> of the group of men of his
+       time, he has exercised, perhaps, the least influence.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/476.jpg"
+             name="fig476"
+             id="fig476"><img src="images/476.jpg"
+             alt="THE STONE-BREAKERS. FROM A PAINTING BY GUSTAVE COURBET." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE STONE-BREAKERS. FROM A PAINTING BY GUSTAVE
+        COURBET.</h5>
+
+        <p>One of Courbet's early pictures, which, when exhibited
+        at the Salon, excited considerable discussion, certain
+        adverse critics finding in it an appeal to the socialistic
+        elements. It represents a scene common in France, where
+        stones are piled by the roadsides, to be broken up for
+        repairing the route.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Jules Dupr&eacute; rises to a higher plane. But his work,
+    freed from the colder academical bondage, is pitched in a key
+    of color which takes us to a world where the sun shines through
+    smoke; where the clouds float heavily, filled with inky vapors;
+    and the light shoots from behind the trees explosively. It is a
+    grave, rhythmic world, however; and if it lacks the dewy
+    atmosphere of Corot, it has an intensity which the more sanely
+    balanced painter seldom reached. Dupr&eacute;, born at Nantes
+    in 1812, and dying near Paris, at the village of L'Isle-Adam,
+    in 1889, made his first important exhibit at the Salon in 1835,
+    after a visit to England, where he met Constable. This picture,
+    "Environs of Southampton," was typical of the work he was to
+    do. A long waste of land near the sea, the middle distance in
+    deepest shadow, and richly colored storm-clouds racing
+    overhead; the foreground in sunlight, enhanced by the
+    artificial contrast of the rest of the picture; a wooden dyke
+    on which, together with two white horses near by, the gleam of
+    sunlight falls almost with a sound, so intensified is all the
+    effect, make up the picture. Dupr&eacute;'s work is generally
+    keyed up to the highest possible pitch, and it is no little
+    merit that, with the constant insistence on this note, it is
+    seldom or never theatrical.</p>
+
+    <p>Constant Troyon, from sympathy of aim, is commonly included
+    in this group, although it was gradually, and after success
+    achieved in landscape, that his more powerful cattle pictures
+    were produced, which alone entitle him to the place. Born at
+    S&egrave;vres in 1810, where his father was employed at the
+    manufactory of porcelain, he was thrown in contact with
+    Dupr&eacute; and Diaz. He first exhibited at the Salon in 1832,
+    and for nearly twenty years was known as a landscape painter.
+    His work at that time was eclectic, sufficiently in touch with
+    Rousseau, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page477"
+       id="page477"></a>[pg 477]</span> whose acquaintance he had
+       made, to be of interest, but never revolutionary enough to
+       alarm the academical juries of the Salon. In 1849, after a
+       visit to Holland, he turned his attention to animal
+       painting, and became in that field the first of his time. In
+       common with his quondam comrades in the porcelain
+       manufactory, Troyon delighted in warmth and richness of tone
+       and color; but in the rendering of the texture and color of
+       cattle the quality availed him greatly, and as objects in
+       his foreground the landscape environment gained in depth by
+       its judicious use. Troyon will be chiefly remembered by the
+       pictures painted from 1846 to 1858. The later years of his
+       life, until his death in 1865, were passed with a clouded
+       intellect.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/477.jpg"
+             name="fig477"
+             id="fig477"><img src="images/477.jpg"
+             alt="THE GOOD SAMARITAN. FROM A PAINTING BY TH&Eacute;ODULE RIBOT." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE GOOD SAMARITAN. FROM A PAINTING BY TH&Eacute;ODULE
+        RIBOT.</h5>
+
+        <p>From the Salon of 1870; now in the Luxembourg. The story
+        of the man who went down to Jericho and fell among thieves
+        is here treated as a pretext for a forcible effect of light
+        and shade, though it is also a novel and dramatic
+        presentation of the scene.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The youngest of the group proper was Charles Fran&ccedil;ois
+    Daubigny, who was born in Paris in 1817, and died there in
+    1878. He was the son of a well-known miniature painter, and
+    passed his youth in the country, where he imbibed the love for
+    simple nature which he afterwards rendered with less of fervor
+    than Rousseau, with less poetry than either Corot or
+    Dupr&eacute;; but, in his way, with as much or more of truth.
+    His task was easier. In the progress which landscape painting
+    had made, there were hosts of younger painters, each adding a
+    particle of truth, each making an advance in technical skill
+    and daring, and Daubigny profited by it all. Corot, it is true,
+    had never been afflicted with the preoccupation of combining
+    the freshness of nature with the <i>patine</i> with which ages
+    had embrowned the old gallery pictures; but Daubigny, looking
+    at nature with a more literal eye than Corot, ran a gamut of
+    color greater than he. It was Daubigny who said of Corot, in
+    envious admiration: "He puts nothing on the canvas, and
+    everything is there." His own more prosaic nature took delight
+    in enregistering a greater number of facts. Floating quietly
+    down the rivers of France in a house-boat, he diligently
+    reproduced the sedgy banks, the low-lying distances the poplars
+    and clumps of trees lining the shore, and reflected in the
+    waters. He painted the "Springtime," now in the Louvre, with
+    lush grass growing thick
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page478"
+       id="page478"></a>[pg 478]</span> around the apple trees in
+       blossom; with tender greens, soft, fleecy clouds, and the
+       moist, humid atmosphere of France; without preoccupation of
+       rich color, of "brown sauce," of "low tone," of the thousand
+       and one conventions which have enfeebled the work of men
+       stronger than he. Thus he fills a middle place between the
+       men who made an honest effort at painting nature as they saw
+       and felt it, but could not altogether rid themselves of
+       their early education, and the lawless band who, with the
+       purple banner of impressionism, now riot joyously in the
+       fields, with brave show of gleaming color, and fearless
+       attempt to enlist science in their ranks.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/478.jpg"
+             name="fig478"
+             id="fig478"><img src="images/478.jpg"
+             alt="SERVANT AT THE FOUNTAIN. FROM A PAINTING BY FRAN&Ccedil;OIS SAINT BONVIN." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>SERVANT AT THE FOUNTAIN. FROM A PAINTING BY
+        FRAN&Ccedil;OIS SAINT BONVIN.</h5>
+
+        <p>From the Salon of 1863; now in the Luxembourg galleries.
+        A quiet scene, essentially French from the type of the
+        woman to the "fountain" of red copper so often seen in
+        French kitchens, it recalls the work of the old Holland
+        masters, and proves that, in our day, and with material
+        near at hand, one can be thoroughly modern, and yet claim
+        kinship with the great painters of the past.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>It is to these latter that the future must look, and it can
+    do so with confidence. In all the license which runs ahead of
+    progress there is less danger than resides in stagnation. The
+    men of 1830, who by ungrateful youths are now derided, had
+    their turn at derision, and extravagances were committed in
+    their name, according to the beliefs of their time. They
+    carried their work, however, to its full completion, and it
+    remains the greatest achievement of this century in painting,
+    the greatest in landscape
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page479"
+       id="page479"></a>[pg 479]</span> art of all time. What the
+       next century may bring is undoubtedly foreshadowed in the
+       work of impressionistic tendency. It has the merit of being
+       a new direction, one as yet hardly opened before us, but
+       more hopeful, despite certain excesses, than it would be to
+       see the men of our time settle down to an imitation of the
+       works, however great, of those men of 1830. The immediate
+       effect of their example was and can still be seen in the
+       works of men too numerous to be enregistered here.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/479.jpg"
+             name="fig479"
+             id="fig479"><img src="images/479.jpg"
+             alt="AN UNHAPPY FAMILY. FROM A PAINTING BY NICOLAS FRAN&Ccedil;OIS OCTAVE TASSAERT." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>AN UNHAPPY FAMILY. FROM A PAINTING BY NICOLAS
+        FRAN&Ccedil;OIS OCTAVE TASSAERT.</h5>
+
+        <p>In the Luxembourg catalogue, to which museum the picture
+        came from the Salon of 1850, is printed a long quotation
+        from Lamennais's "Les Paroles d'un Croyant" (The Words of a
+        Believer), an emphatic work, of great popularity about the
+        time that the picture was painted. The women represented,
+        having fallen into poverty, are suffering from cold and
+        hunger, the obvious end of the tragedy being explained by
+        these words, "Shortly after there were seen two forms,
+        luminous like souls, which took their flight towards
+        Heaven." The picture, like much of Tassaert's work, affords
+        an instance of misguided and morbid talent.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page480"
+       id="page480"></a>[pg 480]</span>
+
+    <p>In Henri Harpignies, a living painter, though now aged, the
+    influence is felt in the careful attention to form throughout
+    the landscape. The delicate branching of trees is depicted in
+    his work with accuracy tempered by a sense of the beauty of
+    line, which prevents it from becoming photographic. L&eacute;on
+    Germain Pelouse, who was born at Pierrelay in 1838, and died in
+    Paris, 1891, carried somewhat the same qualities to excess. His
+    pictures, though undeniably excellent, are marred by the
+    dangerous facility which degenerates into mere virtuosity.
+    Charles Jacque, who was born in 1813, and lived until 1894, was
+    of the original group living for many years in Barbizon. He
+    was, perhaps, of less original mind than any of the others, but
+    was gifted with a power of assimilation which enabled him to
+    form an eclectic style that is now recognized as his own. His
+    pictures are many in number and varied in character, though his
+    somewhat stereotyped pictures of sheep, done in the later years
+    of his life, are best known.</p>
+
+    <p>The limits of space render it difficult to make even a
+    summary enumeration of certain tendencies in figure painting
+    which marked the years of the growth of this great landscape
+    school. Gustave Courbet (born at Ornans in 1819, died in
+    Switzerland, 1877), who might be classed both as a figure and a
+    landscape painter, would demand by right a longer consideration
+    than can be here given. Of his career as a champion of realism,
+    as a past master in the peculiarly modern art of keeping one's
+    self before the public, culminating in his connection with the
+    Commune in Paris in 1871, and the destruction of the column in
+    the Place Vend&ocirc;me, there could be much to say. Courbet
+    was, as a painter, a powerful individuality; of more force,
+    however, as a painter of the superficial envelope than of the
+    deeper qualities which nature makes pictorial at the bidding of
+    one of finer fibre. His claim to be considered modern can be
+    contested, inasmuch as it was only in subject that his work was
+    novel. In manner of painting he was of a time long past, of a
+    school of greater masters than he showed himself to be. With
+    this reserve, however, as a vigorous painter, both of the
+    figure and landscape, he is interesting; and as one of the
+    first to look about him and find his subjects in our daily
+    life, his work will live.</p>
+
+    <p>Curiously enough, the revival of the art of another epoch in
+    the case of Saint Bonvin remained absolutely modern. By nature
+    or by choice this painter (born at Vaugirard, near Paris, in
+    1817, and dying at St. Germain-en-Laye in 1887) is a modern
+    Pieter de Hooghe; and as the Dutch masters addressed themselves
+    to a painstaking and sincere representation of the life about
+    them, in like manner Bonvin, bringing to his work much the same
+    qualities, choosing as his subjects quiet interiors, with the
+    life of the family pursuing its even tenor (or the still more
+    placid progress of conventual life, like the "Ave Maria in the
+    Convent of Aramont," in the Luxembourg), remains himself while
+    resembling his prototypes. It is instructive to look at his
+    "Servant at the Fountain," reproduced here, compare it with
+    many of the pictures of familiar life like those of Wilkie,
+    Webster, or Mulready, published last month, and note the
+    unconsciousness of the work before us.</p>
+
+    <p>The work of a painter equally able, though suffering
+    somewhat as representing an art with which we moderns have
+    little sympathy, falls into comparison here, and undoubtedly
+    loses by it. The unfortunate painter, Octave Tassaert, who was
+    born in Paris in 1800, and lived there, undergoing constant
+    privation, until he voluntarily ended his life in 1874,
+    possibly found consolation for his hard lot in depicting scenes
+    like that entitled "An Unhappy Family."</p>
+
+    <p>The lesson of the art of the men considered here is that of
+    direct inspiration of nature, of reliance on native qualities
+    rather than those acquired; and the impulse given by them has
+    continued in force until to day. We have before us, as a
+    consequence, two strongly defined tendencies which will control
+    the future of painting. The first and strongest, for the
+    moment, is the impressionistic tendency, with its negation of
+    any pictorial qualities other than those based on direct study
+    from objects actually existing. This would, if carried to a
+    logical conclusion, eliminate the imaginative quality, and
+    render the painter a human photographic camera. The other
+    tendency is that which has existed since art was born, and
+    which, though temporarily and justly ignored in periods when it
+    is necessary to recreate a technical standard, always comes to
+    the surface when men have learned their trade as painters. It
+    is the desire to create; the instinct which impels one to use
+    the language given him to express thought. The two tendencies
+    are not incompatible; and in the end the artist will arise who,
+    with certainty of expression, will express thought.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page481"
+       id="page481"></a>[pg 481]</span>
+
+    <h2>"SOLDIER AN' SAILOR TOO."</h2>
+
+    <h4>By Rudyard Kipling,</h4>
+
+    <h5>Author of "Barrack-Room Ballads," "The Jungle Book,"
+    etc.</h5>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>As I was spittin' into the Ditch aboard o' the
+            "Crocodile,"</p>
+
+            <p>I seed a man on a man-o'-war got up in the Reg'lars'
+            style.</p>
+
+            <p>'E was scrapin' the paint from off of 'er plates,
+            an' I sez to 'im: "Oo are you?"</p>
+
+            <p>Sez 'e: "I'm a Jolly&mdash;'er Majesty's
+            Jolly&mdash;soldier an' sailor too!"</p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>Now 'is work begins by Gawd knows
+            when, and 'is work is never through&mdash;</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>'E isn't one o' the Regular line, nor
+            'e isn't one of the crew&mdash;</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>'E's a kind of a giddy
+            herumfrodite&mdash;soldier an' sailor too</i>!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>An' after I met 'im all over the world, a-doin' all
+            kinds o' things,</p>
+
+            <p>Like landin' 'isself with a Gatling-gun to talk to
+            them 'eathen kings;</p>
+
+            <p>'E sleeps in an 'ammick instead of a cot, an' 'e
+            drills with the deck on a slue,</p>
+
+            <p>An' 'e sweats like a Jolly&mdash;'er Majesty's
+            Jolly&mdash;soldier an' sailor too!</p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>For there isn't a job on the top o'
+            the earth the beggar don't know&mdash;nor do!</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>You can leave 'im at night on a bald
+            man's 'ead to paddle 'is own canoe;</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>'E's a sort of a bloomin'
+            cosmopolot&mdash;soldier an' sailor too</i>.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>We've fought 'em on trooper, we've fought em in
+            dock, an' drunk with 'em in betweens,</p>
+
+            <p>When they called us the sea-sick scull'ry maids, an'
+            we called 'em the Ass Marines;</p>
+
+            <p>But when we was down for a double fatigue, from
+            Woolwich to Bernardmyo,</p>
+
+            <p>We sent for the Jollies&mdash;'er Majesty's
+            Jollies&mdash;soldier an' sailor too!</p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>They think for 'emselves, an they
+            steal for 'emselves, an' they never ask what's to
+            do,</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>But they're camped an fed an' they're
+            up an' fed before our bugle's blew.</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>Ho! they ain't no limpin
+            procrastitutes&mdash;soldier an' sailor too!</i></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>You may say we are fond of an 'arness cut or 'ootin'
+            in barrick-yards,</p>
+
+            <p>Or startin' a Board School mutiny along o' the Onion
+            Guards;</p>
+
+            <p>But once in a while we can finish in style for the
+            ends of the earth to view,</p>
+
+            <p>The same as the Jollies&mdash;'er Majesty's
+            Jollies&mdash;soldier an' sailor
+            too.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page482"
+               id="page482"></a>[pg 482]</span>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>They come of our lot, they was
+            brothers to us, they was beggars we'd met and
+            knew;</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>Yes, barrin' an inch in the chest an'
+            the arms, they was doubles o' me and you,</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>For they weren't no special
+            chrysanthemums&mdash;soldier an' sailor too</i>.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>To take your chance in the thick of a rush with
+            firing all about</p>
+
+            <p>Is nothing so bad when you've cover to 'and, and
+            leave an' likin' to shout;</p>
+
+            <p>But to stand an' be still to the "Birken'ead" drill
+            is a damn tough bullet to chew,</p>
+
+            <p>And they done it, the Jollies&mdash;'er Majesty's
+            Jollies&mdash;soldier an' sailor too.</p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>Their work was done when it 'adn't
+            begun, they was younger nor me an you;</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>Their choice it was plain between
+            drownin in 'eaps an bein mashed by the screw,</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>An' they stood an' was still to the
+            "Birken'ead" drill, soldier an sailor too!</i></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>We're most of us liars, we're 'arf of us thieves,
+            an' the rest are as rank as can be,</p>
+
+            <p>But once in a while we can finish in style (which I
+            'ope it won't 'appen to me);</p>
+
+            <p>But it makes you think better o' you an' your
+            friends an' the work you may 'ave to do</p>
+
+            <p>When you think o' the sinkin' "Victorier's"
+            Jollies&mdash;soldier an' sailor too.</p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>Now there isn't no room for to say you
+            don't know&mdash;they 'ave settled it plain and
+            true&mdash;</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>That whether it's Widow or whether
+            it's ship, Victorier's work is to do,</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>As they done it, the Jollies&mdash;'er
+            Majesty's Jollies&mdash;soldier an sailor too!</i></p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/482.jpg"
+             name="fig482"
+             id="fig482"><img width="400"
+             src="images/482.jpg"
+             alt="End of Chapter Graphic." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page483"
+       id="page483"></a>[pg 483]</span>
+
+    <h2>RACHEL.</h2>
+
+    <h4>By Mrs. E. V. Wilson,</h4>
+
+    <h5>Author of "Barbary," "A Blizzard," and other stories.</h5>
+
+    <p class="cap">IT was the middle of a short December afternoon.
+    From the scholars in the little log school-house in the
+    Stillman district rose a buzzing sound as they bent over their
+    desks, intent on books or mischief, as the case might be. The
+    teacher, a good-looking young man of twenty or thereabouts, was
+    busy with a class in arithmetic when a shrill voice called
+    out:</p>
+
+    <p>"Teacher, Rachel Stillman's readin' a story-book."</p>
+
+    <p>"Bring the book to me," said the teacher quietly; and the
+    delinquent, a girl of about fourteen, slowly rose and, walking
+    to him, placed a much-worn volume in his hands.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why," he said, glancing at the open page, "it is 'The
+    Pilgrim's Progress.' No wonder you are interested. But you must
+    not read it during school hours."</p>
+
+    <p>The child lifted to his face a pair of large blue eyes,
+    beautiful with timid wistfulness, as she replied:</p>
+
+    <p>"I know I oughtn't, sir, but I wanted to see how they got
+    out of Doubting Castle so bad."</p>
+
+    <p>He smiled. "I will give you the book after school; then you
+    can read it at home."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, no," she whispered; "father won't let me read
+    story-books."</p>
+
+    <p>"He surely would not object to this," answered the young
+    teacher; "but I will keep it until recess to-morrow, and, never
+    fear, Christian and Hopeful will outwit the giant yet."</p>
+
+    <p>The wistful eyes brightened, and, with a grateful smile,
+    Rachel returned to her desk.</p>
+
+    <p>"First class in spelling, take your places," called the
+    teacher.</p>
+
+    <p>Rachel belonged to this class, as did all the larger
+    scholars, among whom was her brother, Thomas, two years her
+    elder. The teacher had promised a prize at the end of the term
+    to the member of the class obtaining the greatest number of
+    head marks, and consequently a good deal of interest was taken
+    in the lessons.</p>
+
+    <p>Rachel had been at the head of the class the evening before;
+    therefore she now took her station at its foot. Tom, her
+    brother, now was head, and for some time no change in position
+    was made. But finally "somebody blundered," and Rachel, who was
+    one of the good spellers, went up in the long line. Presently
+    another word was missed, and now Rachel walked to the head. Tom
+    pushed her spitefully.</p>
+
+    <p>"Another mark, Rachel," said the teacher, "for that is the
+    end of the lesson."</p>
+
+    <p>The class resumed their seats, and, a few minutes after,
+    school was dismissed for the day.</p>
+
+    <p>"Good-evening," said the teacher, as Rachel and a younger
+    sister, a pretty, delicate child, passed him at the door. "Now,
+    no worrying about Christian, Rachel."</p>
+
+    <p>"I won't," she laughed. "I guess he'll get out. Didn't he
+    stand up to old Apollyon?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Like a good fellow," was the reply. "Hope I'll come off as
+    well."</p>
+
+    <p>She looked at him inquiringly, but he had turned toward his
+    desk, and the sisters set out on their half-mile walk home.</p>
+
+    <p>Let us precede them and see what manner of home it is to
+    which these children belong.</p>
+
+    <p>The farm is a large one, the buildings substantial, and
+    everything has a prosperous, well-to-do look. Mr. Stillman, the
+    owner of these broad acres and the father of these three, Tom,
+    Rachel, and Susy, as well as of three more girls and another
+    stalwart son, is a stout, comfortable-looking man of forty-five
+    or fifty. A glance at his close, thin lips and keen gray eyes
+    would convince an observant person that he would make it very
+    uncomfortable for any one in his power who might differ from
+    him in opinion or dispute his authority. Just now he is
+    chatting pleasantly with his hired man, and pays no attention
+    to the children, who pass him on the way to the house.</p>
+
+    <p>Indoors Mrs. Stillman, a slender, fair-haired woman, who
+    looks as if she felt she owed the world an apology for living
+    in it, is preparing supper, assisted by her two daughters,
+    Elizabeth, a sad-faced woman of twenty-four, and Margaret, a
+    girl of eighteen, with her father's determined mouth and chin
+    and her mother's large blue eyes and fair hair. The clock
+    struck five as the school-girls entered the kitchen,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page484"
+       id="page484"></a>[pg 484]</span> a large room which in
+       winter did duty as dining-room as well as cooking-room.</p>
+
+    <p>"Run in the sitting-room, girls, and get warm," said the
+    mother. "Supper is almost ready."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, we're not cold; are we, Susy? I got another head mark,
+    mother," said Rachel.</p>
+
+    <p>The mother smiled. "I hope you or Tom will get the prize.
+    Where is he?" She was interrupted by a stamping of feet as the
+    door was thrown open and Mr. Stillman, followed by the hired
+    man and Tom, entered the room.</p>
+
+    <p>"Supper is ready," said Mrs. Stillman. "We were just going
+    to call you."</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, I guess it will keep till we're ready," answered her
+    husband, roughly. "Rachel, get some water; the bucket's empty,
+    of course. Margaret, where's the wash-basin? Nothing in its
+    place, as usual. Pity there wasn't two or three more girls
+    lazyin' around!"</p>
+
+    <p>Nobody replied to this tirade. The hired man picked up the
+    basin, Margaret handed a towel, Rachel brought the water, and
+    soon the family were gathered around the well-spread table.</p>
+
+    <p>"I tell you," said Mr. Stillman, after a few mouthfuls of
+    the savory food had apparently put him in a better humor, "I
+    think we'll have fine weather for hog-killin' next week, and I
+    never did have a finer lot of hogs."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, father," said Margaret, "don't butcher next week.
+    Friday is Christmas day and&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Christmas!" interrupted her father. "Well, we always
+    butcher Christmas week, don't we?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, I know," she said, her lips trembling in spite of her
+    effort to control herself. "But we never have enjoyed the
+    holidays, and I thought maybe this year you&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"We will do this year as we always have," broke in the
+    father, angrily. "I suppose", with a look at his wife from
+    which she shrank as from a blow, "this is one of your plans to
+    have your girls gadding over the country."</p>
+
+    <p>"Mother never said anything about it," said Margaret, her
+    temper getting the better of her; "but nobody else takes
+    Christmas times to do their hardest and dirtiest work."</p>
+
+    <p>"Will you hush?" thundered the father. "What do I care what
+    anybody else does? I am master here."</p>
+
+    <p>No one spoke again. The assertion could not be denied. He
+    was master, and well his wife and daughters knew it.</p>
+
+    <p>Poor Mrs. Stillman! Two fortunate baby girls had died a few
+    weeks after their birth, and the tears that fell over the
+    little coffins were not half so bitter as those she shed when
+    first she held their innocent faces to her heart. When on this
+    evening the father had shown his authority, the two elder
+    daughters rose from the table, and taking a couple of large
+    buckets, went quietly out to the barnyard, and proceeded to
+    milk the half dozen cows awaiting them.</p>
+
+    <p>It was nearly dark and very cold; but no word was spoken
+    except to the animals, as the girls hurried through the work
+    and hastened back to the kitchen, where Rachel and the mother
+    were clearing away the supper-table and making the needful
+    preparations for the early breakfast.</p>
+
+    <p>When all was finished the mother and daughters entered the
+    large room adjoining the kitchen, which served as sitting-room
+    for the family and bed-room for the parents, Mr. Stillman not
+    permitting a fire kept in any other room in the house. Mrs.
+    Stillman sat down with her knitting-work as close in the corner
+    as possible; Elizabeth brought in a large basket of rags, and
+    she and Margaret were soon busy sewing strips and winding balls
+    for a carpet. The younger children were absorbed in their
+    lessons at the table, where the father sat reading his
+    newspaper.</p>
+
+    <p>All were silent, for to have spoken while father was reading
+    would have been an unforgivable offence. At last, however, Mr.
+    Stillman lifted his eyes from the paper, and addressing Tom,
+    said: "Well, how did you get along at school to-day?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, first rate," said the boy; but that lost head mark
+    rankled in his mind, and he added, "Rachel was called up by the
+    teacher."</p>
+
+    <p>"How was that, Rachel?" said her father sharply. Poor
+    girl!&mdash;deep in the mysteries of long division, she did not
+    hear him.</p>
+
+    <p>"Rachel," he repeated, "what were you called up in school
+    for to-day?"</p>
+
+    <p>She glanced reproachfully at Tom. "I read a little in 'The
+    Pilgrim's Progress,' father. It's not a story-book&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Never mind what it is. I send you to school to study, and
+    you're not to touch any but your school-books."</p>
+
+    <p>"May I bring it home?" she faltered.</p>
+
+    <p>"Bring it home, indeed! No, miss. I guess you can find
+    enough to do at home. Not another word more, or you will stay
+    at home for good."</p>
+
+    <p>The child bent over her slate; but tears would come, and at
+    last a sob burst forth.</p>
+
+    <p>"Clear out to bed, Rachel," said her father angrily. "I want
+    no snivelling here."</p>
+
+    <p>Upstairs, in the cold, dark room, what
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page485"
+       id="page485"></a>[pg 485]</span> bitter thoughts surged
+       through the childish brain!</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Stillman loved his wife and children. He wanted them to
+    be happy, but in his way. He must choose their pleasures. If
+    they could not be satisfied with what he chose for them, it was
+    not his fault; it was their perversity. And as no two souls are
+    alike, the attempt to fit a number of them by the same pattern
+    necessarily caused suffering to the souls undergoing the
+    operation.</p>
+
+    <p>Mrs. Stillman's sensitive organization was completely
+    crushed; her eldest daughter's nearly so. Martha, the second
+    daughter, had escaped by marrying a clever young man, who first
+    pitied, then loved the daughter of his employer, and persuaded
+    her to elope with him, assuring her of a happier home than she
+    had with her father.</p>
+
+    <p>The marriage angered Mr. Stillman greatly, and all
+    intercourse with the disobedient daughter was forbidden.</p>
+
+    <p>Margaret, the third daughter, also rebelled at the fitting
+    process; and having a goodly portion of her father's
+    determination, many were the sharp words that passed between
+    them.</p>
+
+    <p>So far Rachel and Susan had given no trouble. He ordered
+    them about as he did his dumb animals, and with no more regard
+    to their feelings. With his sons it was different. They would
+    be men some day. They must be treated with some consideration.
+    At an early age, John, two years older than Elizabeth, was
+    given a share in the stock and land to cultivate; so that when,
+    at the age of twenty-four, he married, he had a "right good
+    start in the world."</p>
+
+    <p>But his sister toiled early and late, washing, ironing,
+    milking, churning, baking, nursing the younger children,
+    sharing her mother's labors, and paid as her mother
+    was&mdash;with her board and a scanty, grudgingly given
+    wardrobe. She was now twenty-four, and had never had a
+    five-dollar bill to spend as she pleased in her life&mdash;for
+    that matter, neither had the mother. There are many Mr.
+    Stillmans, "Are they honest men?" If father and son have the
+    right to be paid for their labor, have not the mother and
+    daughter? I leave the question with you.</p>
+
+    <p>Rachel carried a heavy heart to school next morning. The
+    tinker's wonderful allegory to her was very real, and to leave
+    her hero in that awful dungeon was almost more than she could
+    bear. When at recess the teacher offered her the book, she did
+    not take it.</p>
+
+    <p>"Father said," she began&mdash;then sobs choked her
+    utterance. He understood, and after a moment's silence said: "I
+    am interested in Christian as well as you, Rachel, and if you
+    will sit here I will read to you." In all her after life Rachel
+    never forgot these readings at intermission, which were
+    continued not only until Christian reached the Celestial city,
+    but until Christiana and the children completed their wonderful
+    journey to the same place. Her gratitude to her young teacher
+    would certainly have become love had she been a few years
+    older. As it was, when in March the term closed, not even the
+    prize as the best speller&mdash;a beautiful copy of "Pilgrim's
+    Progress"&mdash;consoled her for the cessation of school.</p>
+
+    <p>As for the teacher, he was glad the winter's
+    work&mdash;which had been undertaken and conscientiously
+    carried through solely for the purpose of obtaining means to
+    pursue the study of his profession&mdash;was over. He liked
+    some of his scholars very much, Rachel especially; she was so
+    interested in her studies, so intelligent and grateful, that
+    when, with eyes swimming in tears, she bade him good-by, he
+    felt a moment's sorrow at leaving her, and comforted her by
+    telling her what a good girl she had been and that he would not
+    forget her.</p>
+
+    <p>"You ought to have seen Rache an' Suse cry when old Gray bid
+    us good-by," said Tom that evening at home.</p>
+
+    <p>"Did you cry?" asked Margaret.</p>
+
+    <p>"Guess not! Glad school's out; an' I'm never goin' any
+    more."</p>
+
+    <p>"I wouldn't if I were you, bub," said Margaret; "you know
+    enough now." She always called him "bub" when she wanted to vex
+    him, "But old Gray, as you call him, will be somebody yet, see
+    if he don't."</p>
+
+    <p>The entrance of Mr. Stillman closed the conversation, and
+    Tom went out, banging the door after him. No wonder Margaret
+    was getting ill-natured.</p>
+
+    <p>The winter was a long, dull season at Stillman's. Even her
+    enjoyment at the few social gatherings she was permitted to
+    attend in the neighborhood was marred by the knowledge that she
+    could not entertain her young friends in return. She had
+    attempted once to fix up the "spare room" and have a fire for
+    some company, but her father had peremptorily forbidden it.
+    "I'd like to know," he said, "why the settin'-room ain't good
+    enough! If your company is too nice to be with the rest of the
+    family they can stay away, miss."</p>
+
+    <p>And "they" generally did stay away after one visit. Mr.
+    Stillman was not a success as a host, young people thought; and
+    a young minister who came home from meeting one Sunday with
+    Elizabeth was so <span class="pagenum"><a name="page486"
+       id="page486"></a>[pg 486]</span> completely abashed by the
+       cool reception he met that not even the daughter's pleading
+       eyes could persuade him to remain in her father's presence.
+       A few weeks after, he went to a distant appointment; and
+       Elizabeth's sad face grew sadder than ever.</p>
+
+    <p>Jim Lansing, the son of a widow who managed a farm and two
+    grown sons with equal skill, was more successful. He usually
+    brought his mother with him; and, while she entertained Mr. and
+    Mrs. Stillman, Jim, the girls, and the carpet rags escaped to
+    the kitchen.</p>
+
+    <p>But spring was near, and Margaret thought: "He can't keep us
+    out of the spare room in summer; and, besides, we can be
+    out-of-doors."</p>
+
+    <p>June came, with her blue skies, her singing birds, her
+    wealth of beauty. But there was no time at Stillman's to enjoy
+    it. A larger crop than usual had been put in, and extra hands
+    employed, but not in the house. Why, there were five women,
+    counting frail little ten-year-old Susy as one, and poor,
+    delicate Mrs. Stillman as another! What extra help could they
+    need, although washing and cooking must be done for all the
+    men? You see, "hands" could be got much cheaper if they were
+    boarded&mdash;and what else had the women to do?</p>
+
+    <p>It was true, mother was not as strong as she used to be; but
+    she did not complain. She was only more shadowy and quiet; and
+    Mr. Stillman told his daughters to "stir around" themselves,
+    and not let their mother do all the work.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, dear," said Margaret one morning, as she and Rachel
+    were bending over the wash-tubs, while Susy labored at the
+    heavy churning and the mother and Elizabeth were preparing
+    dinner. "I wish we could go to the picnic on the Fourth;
+    everybody's going."</p>
+
+    <p>"Maybe we can," said Rachel, hopefully. "I heard father say
+    the wheat was late this year, and he did not believe it would
+    do to cut before the sixth. And oh, Margaret, I heard him say
+    your calf would bring at least ten dollars; and if he gives you
+    the money, you can get a new white dress and give me your old
+    one. It is lots too small for you."</p>
+
+    <p>Margaret laughed. "Yes," she said; "father said if I could
+    raise the calf I might have it. Didn't I have a time with it,
+    though, it was so near dead! Of course I will fix my old dress
+    up for you&mdash;that is, if I get the money. Sometimes I think
+    father's queer; he did not give Elizabeth the money when he
+    sold that colt he had given her." And both girls were
+    silent.</p>
+
+    <p>Out in the barnyard, as the girls worked, Mr. Stillman and
+    Tom were putting the pretty calf in the wagon preparatory to
+    taking it to the butcher in the town a few miles distant. When
+    the girls went in to dinner the men had finished theirs, and
+    were lounging in the shady yard enjoying their nooning.</p>
+
+    <p>As they were about to sit down at the table, Mr. Stillman
+    handed Margaret a package, saying, "There's your share of that
+    spotted calf, Margaret."</p>
+
+    <p>"My share!" she exclaimed. "Why, you gave me the calf; you
+    had no right to it."</p>
+
+    <p>As she spoke she opened the package and unrolled a piece of
+    cheap lawn&mdash;yellow ground dotted with blue. She flung it
+    angrily on the floor, and ran out of the room.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Stillman turned to Rachel after a moment of dumb
+    amazement, and said: "You can have the dress, Rachel. I'll
+    teach Margaret a lesson."</p>
+
+    <p>"I don't want it," she said. "You had no right to take
+    Margaret's money. You did give her the calf, and when you sold
+    Tom's pig you gave him his money."</p>
+
+    <p>"Nice girls you're raising, mother," said Mr. Stillman to
+    his frightened wife. "They'll be turning us out of doors next.
+    You pick up that lawn, miss."</p>
+
+    <p>Rachel did so. As she folded it, he went on: "That calf was
+    mine. I only meant to pay her for caring for it."</p>
+
+    <p>"You should have told her so, then," said his daughter,
+    facing him with eyes keen as his own; "but you told her if she
+    could raise it she might have it, and, of course, she believed
+    you."</p>
+
+    <p>He raised his hand as if to strike her; then, as she did not
+    move or drop her eyes, he turned and left the room.</p>
+
+    <p>July came, but the Stillman girls did not go to the picnic.
+    Tom and the "hands" did; and Mrs. Lansing and her boys stopped
+    at Stillman's on their way and offered the girls seats in their
+    wagon. But Mr. Stillman said his women had to get ready for the
+    harvest hands who were coming next day, and Margaret said to
+    Rachel bitterly: "We have no decent clothes to go in anyhow."
+    And there was much washing, ironing, cooking, and churning done
+    as the days went on. No wonder Mrs. Stillman grew paler and
+    weaker, until even her husband noticed it, and brought her a
+    bottle of bitters, and told the girls to "keep mother out of
+    the kitchen," which they indeed tried to do. But how could the
+    mother rest when there was so much to do? The girls could not
+    manage as she could, and Elizabeth seemed "so poorly;" for the
+    patient elder daughter, as the summer dragged along, had a
+    pitifully hopeless look on her pale face,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page487"
+       id="page487"></a>[pg 487]</span> and went about listlessly,
+       as if life had lost all interest for her.</p>
+
+    <p>At last there came a morning when the mother did not rise
+    for breakfast.</p>
+
+    <p>"Hadn't we better send for Dr. Lewis, father?" said
+    Elizabeth.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, no; your mother did not sleep much, it was so hot last
+    night. She'll be up directly. You keep her out of the kitchen,
+    and see you have dinner on time. We want to finish to-day, for
+    I expect we'll have a storm, from the feel of the air."</p>
+
+    <p>Noon came. Dinner for a dozen hungry men was on the table,
+    and still Mrs. Stillman was in bed. While the men were eating,
+    Rachel slipped in to her mother. She was awake, but her flushed
+    face and wild, bright eyes startled the girl.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, mother!" she cried, "you are very sick; you must have
+    the doctor."</p>
+
+    <p>"No, dear," the mother answered; "father is too busy now.
+    I'll be better after awhile. You go help wait on the
+    table."</p>
+
+    <p>Rachel returned to the dining-room. "Take that fly-brush,
+    Rachel," said her father. "Susy's no account; she's too lazy to
+    keep it going."</p>
+
+    <p>Poor, tired little Susy, who had done a large churning that
+    morning, crimsoned to the roots of her hair as she handed
+    Rachel the brush and hurried out of the room.</p>
+
+    <p>When dinner was over Mr. Stillman glared into the room where
+    his wife lay. "She is asleep," he said. "I guess she's all
+    right."</p>
+
+    <p>"She hasn't eaten a thing to-day," said Rachel. "Hadn't she
+    better have the doctor?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Well," said her father, impatiently, "if she's no better in
+    the morning, I'll send for him;" and he went back to the
+    field.</p>
+
+    <p>Rachel went for Mrs. Lansing, for she and her sisters grew
+    frightened as the mother's fever increased. When that good
+    woman came she saw at once the serious condition of her
+    friend.</p>
+
+    <p>"I saw Dr. Lewis coming down the road in his buggy as I
+    came," she said. "One of you hurry out and stop him."</p>
+
+    <p>When, about five o'clock, the rain began to fall in
+    torrents, Mr. Stillman had the satisfaction of seeing the last
+    load of grain driven inside the barn door; and, taking off his
+    hat, he wiped the moisture from his face, saying: "Well, boys,
+    we beat the rain; and I don't care if it pours down now."</p>
+
+    <p>He walked toward the house, and, to his surprise, saw the
+    well-known figure of Dr. Lewis on the front porch. "Driven in
+    by the rain," he thought. "I'll get him to give mother a little
+    medicine."</p>
+
+    <p>"How are you, doctor?" he said, as he stepped upon the
+    porch. "Lucky getting my wheat in, wasn't I?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Very," said the doctor, gravely; "but I am sorry to say I
+    find Mrs. Stillman a very sick woman. You should have sent for
+    me long ago." The husband was startled.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why," he said, "she has been going about until to-day. I
+    guess it's this weather has made her so weak. She can't be very
+    sick."</p>
+
+    <p>The physician was silent for a moment; then he said: "If
+    there is not a change for the better soon, I fear she will live
+    but a few days. I cannot understand how she has kept up;" and
+    he turned and went into the sick-room.</p>
+
+    <p>For once the men at Stillman's ate a cold supper and did the
+    milking. Mrs. Lansing took things into her own capable hands.
+    John and his wife were sent for and came, and Jim Lansing
+    quietly hitched up a team and went for Martha and her
+    husband&mdash;poor Martha, who had not seen her mother for more
+    than a year!</p>
+
+    <p>All night Mr. Stillman watched by the bedside or walked up
+    and down the long back porch. It could not be she would
+    die&mdash;his wife. It was the hot weather; she was just weak
+    and tired. That was it, Mr. Stillman&mdash;worn out, tired; and
+    rest was coming. When Martha came, the mother who had so longed
+    for her did not recognize her.</p>
+
+    <p>"Mother, only speak to me!" cried the daughter in anguish;
+    but the mother looked at her with dimming eyes that saw no more
+    of earth, and muttered as she turned upon her couch, "Hurry,
+    girls, it's nearly noon. Hurry! Father will be angry if he has
+    to wait."</p>
+
+    <p>Then she grew quiet; only her restless hands, which her
+    daughters vainly strove to hold, kept reaching out as if to
+    grasp that unknown land she was so soon to enter; and before
+    the sun was high in the morning Mrs. Stillman had found
+    rest.</p>
+
+    <p>Her husband was stunned. With haggard face he bent over his
+    dead. "If I had known," he said. "Oh, my wife, if I had known,
+    I would have taken better care of you."</p>
+
+    <p>Ah, Mr. Stillman, you are not the only one who with
+    remorseful heart cries, "If I had only known, if I had only
+    known!"</p>
+
+    <p>Life went on as usual at Stillman's after the mother had
+    left them. For a while the father was kinder, but as time went
+    on the old habit was resumed. Elizabeth went mechanically about
+    her work, and her father did not notice her evidently failing
+    health. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page488"
+       id="page488"></a>[pg 488]</span> Her quietness was a relief
+       to him; for Margaret was growing more defiant toward him,
+       and quarrelled constantly with Tom, who, now that his
+       mother's influence was withdrawn, became more and more
+       meddlesome and overbearing in his conduct toward his
+       sisters. The summer following Mrs. Stillman's death Mrs.
+       Lansing's eldest son, Frank, took unto himself a wife; and
+       late in the fall the neighborhood was electrified by the
+       unexpected marriage of Mrs. Lansing and Mr. Stillman. Her
+       boys, on learning her intention, had remonstrated; but she
+       said: "You boys do not need me, and these girls do. Think of
+       a young girl like Rachel saying, 'God had nothing to do with
+       my mother's death. It was hard work killed her!' And when I
+       tried to tell her of His goodness to His creatures, she
+       said: 'Yes; He is good enough to men. All He cares for women
+       is to create them for men's convenience,' And then there's
+       little Susy, with a face like her mother's. Why, it just
+       haunts me!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Well," said Jim, "things are in a bad fix over there; but
+    it isn't Susy's face that haunts me, by any means."</p>
+
+    <p>His mother laughed. "I shall take care of Margaret," she
+    said; "she and Elizabeth need some one to look after them. They
+    are being worked to death."</p>
+
+    <p>Four years have slipped over the heads of the
+    Stillmans&mdash;years well improved by Rachel and Susy at the
+    academy in the town near their father's farm; years which gave
+    Margaret's happiness into Jim Lansing's keeping, and made Jim a
+    young man of whom his sisters were extremely proud. Even
+    Elizabeth's sad face looks as if life might be worth living;
+    for, under the second wife, life at Stillman's had taken on a
+    different color. The spare room is a pretty sitting-room for
+    the young folks.</p>
+
+    <p>"We don't want them always with us," says Mrs. Stillman, as
+    she shows her husband the change she has made; for one of her
+    peculiarities is that she manages her household affairs as she
+    thinks best, taking it for granted that her husband will
+    approve. As for Rachel, she enjoyed the change for the better;
+    but now, to the bitter feeling which she cherished toward her
+    father, was added a touch of contempt "See," she thought, "how
+    he can be flattered into doing things; if my mother could have
+    managed him so, she might have lived."</p>
+
+    <p>Rachel was mistaken; the new wife did not manoeuvre or
+    flatter, she simply took her proper place as mistress of the
+    house&mdash;not as a sort of upper servant, to be snubbed or
+    praised at the master's humor.</p>
+
+    <p>Another summer had been added to Rachel's years when, one
+    evening, Tom came home from town, and entering the dining-room,
+    where she was preparing the table for supper, exclaimed:
+    "Rachel, do you remember old Gray, as I used to call him, who
+    taught our school the winter before mother died?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," she said, "I remember him. Mother liked him."</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, I met him in town to-day. He's on that Sanders case.
+    He knew me right off, and he's coming out here this evening; so
+    fix up nice and be looking your sweetest. They say he's smart.
+    I heard some of the old lawyers talking about him." And Tom
+    caught his sister about the waist and waltzed her out on the
+    porch.</p>
+
+    <p>"Rachel," said Susy, as in their own room the girls were
+    dressing after supper, "you are very hard to please to-night
+    and you seem nervous. What ails you?"</p>
+
+    <p>Rachel smiled. "I am thinking of old days, that is all," she
+    said. But she entered the little parlor, where Tom and the
+    guest were seated, in a perfectly self-possessed manner,
+    saying, as she held out her hand:</p>
+
+    <p>"Good-evening, teacher. How goes the battle with
+    Apollyon?"</p>
+
+    <p>And the young lawyer sprang to his feet, exclaiming:
+    "Rachel! is it possible?" and he retained her hand and looked
+    into her eyes so long that Susy, who had followed her into the
+    room, and Tom declared that he fell in love then and there.
+    However that may be, it is certain Mr. Gray showed a wonderful
+    interest in Stillman's district. The trial in progress at
+    Meywood was tedious, but his patience did not give out; and
+    when some of the lawyers proposed to hold night sessions of
+    court he objected earnestly, saying: "It would be too hard on
+    the old judge."</p>
+
+    <p>But all things must end, and the case was at last decided in
+    favor of Mr. Gray's client. As Rachel congratulated him on his
+    victory, he said, with a look that brought the color to her
+    face:</p>
+
+    <p>"How long must I stay in Doubting Castle, Rachel?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, dear me," she answered, saucily, "I did not think a
+    promising young lawyer, as father calls you, ever got into such
+    a dismal place!"</p>
+
+    <p>Then Susy came in, and the young man bade her good-by, but
+    he whispered promise of speedy return to Rachel, and as he
+    travelled homeward those wonderful eyes of hers seemed to haunt
+    him.</p>
+
+    <p>"Who would have thought," he said to himself, "she could
+    have become such a woman? No wonder I could not find a
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page489"
+       id="page489"></a>[pg 489]</span> girl to suit me when she
+       has been my ideal."</p>
+
+    <p>You see, he was trying to persuade himself he had thought of
+    her ever since that term of school; and it may be, unknown to
+    himself, those eyes had held him. At any rate, he says they
+    did; and when, time after time, they drew him back to
+    Stillman's, he at last made Rachel believe it, and with the
+    little key of promise she delivered him from Doubting
+    Castle.</p>
+
+    <p>Let us take one more look, two years later, at the Stillman
+    homestead. There is a family gathering, and all the girls are
+    present&mdash;Martha and Margaret, with their sturdy boys and
+    rosy girls; Rachel, with her baby; and Susy, a gay young aunt,
+    flits to and fro, playing with and teasing the little ones.
+    Elizabeth, with unwonted brightness in her eyes, looks on,
+    enjoying the merriment.</p>
+
+    <p>"Doesn't it seem odd," whispers Margaret, "that Lizzie's
+    minister should come back after all these years."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," answers Rachel, in the same low tone. "I am so glad.
+    She seems so happy."</p>
+
+    <p>The husbands are all present in the evening, and the old
+    house is full of light and gayety. Rachel slips upstairs to put
+    baby to bed; and as she sits in the room where so many
+    miserable hours of her childhood were spent, her tears fall,
+    thinking of herself and the dear, patient mother, who had
+    suffered and died; and the old bitterness rises in her heart.
+    Baby stirs and she hushes him, then lays him gently in the old
+    cradle, and goes downstairs. Some impulse prompts her to enter
+    the sitting-room instead of the parlor, where she thinks the
+    family are all gathered.</p>
+
+    <p>As she opens the door she sees her father sitting, as of
+    old, by the table on which the lamp is burning, and she half
+    turns to go out; but something in his attitude touches her. He
+    is not reading, for the newspaper lies untouched&mdash;he is
+    looking at something in his hand.</p>
+
+    <p>She notices how gray his hair is, and how age is tracing
+    lines on his face. "Are you feeling sick, father?" she
+    asks.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, no," he says. "Look here, Rachel;" and he hands her a
+    faded daguerreotype of her mother taken when she was a fair
+    young bride. "I was thinking about her."</p>
+
+    <p>"How much like Susy," she said, with tears falling on the
+    lovely face.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, only she was prettier," he answers. "I have been
+    thinking of her so much lately, Rachel. I am going to do
+    something that would please her. I have bought that pretty
+    little place of Perry's, and I will put Martha and her husband
+    on it. Dick's a good industrious fellow; but it's hard to make
+    anything on a rented farm, and Martha's worried too much. You
+    don't think any of the children will object?" and he looked
+    anxiously in her face.</p>
+
+    <p>"Object? Why, they will be glad, father!" And dropping her
+    head on his shoulder, she puts her arm around him for the first
+    time in her life; and as she slips the little daguerreotype in
+    his hand a sweet peace fills her heart and she thinks: "The
+    bitterness is gone, and love fills its place." After awhile she
+    joins the group in the parlor. They are singing to Susy's
+    accompaniment on the organ.</p>
+
+    <p>"Sing 'Coronation,' Susy," she says, as she sits down beside
+    her husband and glances lovingly in his face.</p>
+
+    <p>"What is it?" he whispers. "You are unusually happy."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," she answers. "I have had a vision of the land of
+    Beulah, where Love is king."</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/489.jpg"
+             name="fig489"
+             id="fig489"><img width="500"
+             src="images/489.jpg"
+             alt="End of Chapter Graphic." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page490"
+       id="page490"></a>[pg 490]</span>
+
+    <h2>CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.</h2>
+
+    <h4>By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps,</h4>
+
+    <h5>Author of "The Gates Ajar," "A Singular Life," etc.</h5>
+
+    <h3>THE BURNING OF THE PEMBERTON MILLS.&mdash;THE STORY OF "THE
+    TENTH OF JANUARY."&mdash;WHITTIER AND HIGGINSON.&mdash;THE
+    WRITING AND PUBLICATION OF "THE GATES AJAR."</h3>
+
+    <p class="cap">THE town of Lawrence was three miles and a half
+    from Andover. Up to the year 1860 we had considered Lawrence
+    chiefly in the light of a place to drive to. To the girlish
+    resources which could, in those days, only include a trip to
+    Boston at the call of some fate too vast to be expected more
+    than two or three times a year, Lawrence offered consolations
+    in the shape of dry goods and restaurant ice-cream, and a slow,
+    delicious drive in the family carryall through sand flats and
+    pine woods, and past the largest bed of the sweetest violets
+    that ever dared the blasts of a New England spring. To the
+    pages of the gazetteer Lawrence would have been known as a
+    manufacturing town of importance. Upon the map of our young
+    fancy the great mills were sketched in lightly; we looked up
+    from the restaurant ice-cream to see the "hands" pour out for
+    dinner, a dark and restless, but a patient, throng; used, in
+    those days, to standing eleven hours and a quarter&mdash;women
+    and girls&mdash;at their looms, six days of the week, and
+    making no audible complaints; for socialism had not reached
+    Lawrence, and anarchy was content to bray in distant parts of
+    the geography at which the factory people had not arrived when
+    they left school.</p>
+
+    <p>Sometimes we counted the great mills as we drove up Essex
+    Street&mdash;having come over the bridge by the roaring dam
+    that tamed the proud Merrimac to spinning cotton&mdash;Pacific,
+    Atlantic, Washington, Pemberton; but this was an idle,
+    &aelig;sthetic pleasure. We did not think about the
+    mill-people; they seemed as far from us as the coal-miners of a
+    vague West, or the down-gatherers on the crags of shores whose
+    names we did not think it worth while to remember. One January
+    evening, we were forced to think about the mills with curdling
+    horror that no one living in that locality when the tragedy
+    happened will forget.</p>
+
+    <p>At five o'clock the Pemberton Mills, all hands being at the
+    time on duty, without a tremor of warning, sank to the
+    ground.</p>
+
+    <p>At the erection of the factory a pillar with a defective
+    core had passed careless inspectors. In technical language, the
+    core had "floated" an eighth of an inch from its position. The
+    weak spot in the too thin wall of the pillar had bided its
+    time, and yielded. The roof, the walls, the machinery, fell
+    upon seven hundred and fifty living men and women, and buried
+    them. Most of these were rescued; but eighty-eight were killed.
+    As the night came on, those watchers on Andover Hill who could
+    not join the rescuing parties, saw a strange and fearful light
+    at the north.</p>
+
+    <p>Where we were used to watching the beautiful belt of the
+    lighted mills blaze,&mdash;a zone of laughing fire from east to
+    west, upon the horizon bar,&mdash;a red and awful glare went
+    up. The mill had taken fire. A lantern, overturned in the hands
+    of a man who was groping to save an imprisoned life, had
+    flashed to the cotton, or the wool, or the oil with which the
+    ruins were saturated. One of the historic conflagrations of New
+    England resulted.</p>
+
+    <p>With blanching cheeks we listened to the whispers that told
+    us how the mill-girls, caught in the ruins beyond hope of
+    escape, began to sing. They were used to singing, poor things,
+    at their looms&mdash;mill-girls always are&mdash;and their
+    young souls took courage from the familiar sound of one
+    another's voices. They sang the hymns and songs which they had
+    learned in the schools and churches. No classical strains, no
+    "music for music's sake," ascended from that furnace; no ditty
+    of love or frolic; but the plain, religious outcries of the
+    people: "Heaven is my home," "Jesus, lover of my soul," and
+    "Shall we gather at the river?" Voice after voice dropped. The
+    fire raced on. A few brave girls sang still:</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>"Shall we gather at the river,</p>
+
+            <p>There to walk and worship ever?"</p>
+        </div>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page491"
+       id="page491"></a>[pg 491]</span>
+
+    <p>But the startled Merrimac rolled by, red as blood beneath
+    the glare of the burning mills, and it was left to the fire and
+    the river to finish the chorus.</p>
+
+    <p>At the time this tragedy occurred, I felt my share of its
+    horror, like other people; but no more than that. My brother,
+    being of the privileged sex, was sent over to see the scene;
+    but I was not allowed to go.</p>
+
+    <p>Years after, I cannot say just how many, the half-effaced
+    negative came back to form under the chemical of some new
+    perception of the significance of human tragedy.</p>
+
+    <p>It occurred to me to use the event as the basis of a story.
+    To this end I set forth to study the subject. I had heard
+    nothing in those days about "material," and conscience in the
+    use of it, and little enough about art. We did not talk about
+    realism then. Of critical phraseology I knew nothing; and of
+    critical standards only what I had observed by reading the best
+    fiction. Poor novels and stories I did not read. I do not
+    remember being forbidden them; but, by that parental art finer
+    than denial, they were absent from my convenience.</p>
+
+    <p>It needed no instruction in the canons of art, however, to
+    teach me that to do a good thing, one must work hard for it. So
+    I gave the best part of a month to the study of the Pemberton
+    Mill tragedy, driving to Lawrence, and investigating every
+    possible avenue of information left at that too long remove of
+    time which might give the data. I visited the rebuilt mills,
+    and studied the machinery. I consulted engineers and officials
+    and physicians, newspaper men, and persons who had been in the
+    mill at the time of its fall. I scoured the files of old local
+    papers, and from these I took certain portions of names,
+    actually involved in the catastrophe; though, of course,
+    fictitiously used. When there was nothing left for me to learn
+    upon the subject, I came home and wrote a little story called
+    "The Tenth of January," and sent it to the "Atlantic Monthly,"
+    where it appeared in due time.</p>
+
+    <p>This story is of more interest to its author than it can
+    possibly be now to any reader, because it distinctly marked for
+    me the first recognition which I received from literary
+    people.</p>
+
+    <p>Whittier, the poet, wrote me his first letter, after having
+    read this story. It was soon followed by a kind note from
+    Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson. Both these distinguished
+    men said the pleasant thing which goes so far towards keeping
+    the courage of young writers above sinking point, and which, to
+    a self-distrustful nature, may be little less than a
+    life-preserver. Both have done similar kindness to many other
+    beginners in our calling; but none of these can have been more
+    grateful for it, or more glad to say so, across this long width
+    of time, than the writer of "The Tenth of January."</p>
+
+    <p>It was a defective enough little story, crude and young; I
+    never glance at it without longing to write it over; but I
+    cannot read it, to this day, without that tingling and numbness
+    down one's spine and through the top of one's head, which
+    exceptional tragedy must produce in any sensitive organization;
+    nor can I ever trust myself to hear it read by professional
+    elocutionists. I attribute the success of the story entirely to
+    the historic and unusual character of the catastrophe on whose
+    movement it was built.</p>
+
+    <p>Of journalism, strictly speaking, I did nothing. But I often
+    wrote for weekly denominational papers, to which I contributed
+    those strictly secular articles so popular with the religious
+    public. My main impression of them now, is a pleasant sense of
+    sitting out in the apple-trees in the wonderful Andover Junes,
+    and "noticing" new books-with which Boston publishers kept me
+    supplied. For whatever reason, the weeklies gave me all I could
+    do at this sort of thing. In its course I formed some pleasant
+    acquaintances; among others that of Jean Ingelow. I have never
+    seen this poet, whom I honor now as much as I admired then; but
+    charming little notes, and books of her own, with her
+    autograph, reached me from time to time for years. I remember
+    when "The Gates Ajar" appeared, that she frankly called it
+    "Your most strange book."</p>
+
+    <p>This brings me to say: I have been so often and so urgently
+    asked to publish some account of the history of this book, that
+    perhaps I need crave no pardon of whatever readers these papers
+    may command, for giving more of our space to the subject than
+    it would otherwise occur to one to do to a book so long behind
+    the day.</p>
+
+    <p>Of what we know as literary ambition, I believe myself to
+    have been as destitute at that time as any girl who ever put
+    pen to paper. I was absorbed in thought and feeling as far
+    removed from the usual class of emotions or motives which move
+    men and women to write, as Wachusett was from the June lilies
+    burning beside the moonlit cross in my father's garden.
+    Literary ambition is a good thing to possess;
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page492"
+       id="page492"></a>[pg 492]</span> and I do not at all suggest
+       that I was superior to it, but simply apart from it. Of its
+       pangs and ecstasies I knew little, and thought less.</p>
+
+    <p>I have been asked, possibly a thousand times, whether I
+    looked upon that little book as in any sense the result of
+    inspiration, whether what is called spiritualistic, or of any
+    other sort. I have always promptly said "No," to this question.
+    Yet sometimes I wonder if that convenient monosyllable in deed
+    and truth covers the whole case.</p>
+
+    <p>When I remember just how the book came to be, perceive the
+    consequences of its being, and recall the complete
+    unconsciousness of the young author as to their probable
+    nature, there are moments when I am fain to answer the question
+    by asking another: "What do we mean by inspiration?"</p>
+
+    <p>That book grew so naturally, it was so inevitable, it was so
+    unpremeditated, it came so plainly from that something not
+    one's self which makes for uses in which one's self is
+    extinguished, that there are times when it seems to me as if I
+    had no more to do with the writing of it than the bough through
+    which the wind cries, or the wave by means of which the tide
+    rises.</p>
+
+    <p>The angel said unto me "Write!" and I wrote.</p>
+
+    <p>It is impossible to remember how or when the idea of the
+    book first visited me. Its publication bears the date of 1869.
+    My impressions are that it may have been towards the close of
+    1864 that the work began; for there was work in it, more than
+    its imperfect and youthful character might lead one ignorant of
+    the art of book-making to suppose.</p>
+
+    <p>It was not until 1863 that I left school, being then just
+    about at my nineteenth birthday. It is probable that the
+    magazine stories and Sunday-school books and hack work occupied
+    from one to two years without interruption; but I have no more
+    temperament for dates in my own affairs than I have for those
+    of history. At the most, I could not have been far from twenty
+    when the book was written; possibly approaching twenty-one.</p>
+
+    <p>At that time, it will be remembered, our country was dark
+    with sorrowing women. The regiments came home, but the mourners
+    went about the streets.</p>
+
+    <p>The Grand Review passed through Washington; four hundred
+    thousand ghosts of murdered men kept invisible march to the
+    drum-beats, and lifted to the stained and tattered flags the
+    proud and unreturned gaze of the dead who have died in their
+    glory.</p>
+
+    <p>Our gayest scenes were black with crape. The drawn faces of
+    bereaved wife, mother, sister, and widowed girl showed
+    piteously everywhere. Gray-haired parents knelt at the grave of
+    the boy whose enviable fortune it was to be brought home in
+    time to die in his mother's room. Towards the nameless mounds
+    of Arlington, of Gettysburg, and the rest, the yearning of
+    desolated homes went out in those waves of anguish which seem
+    to choke the very air that the happier and more fortunate must
+    breathe.</p>
+
+    <p>Is there not an actual occult force in the existence of a
+    general grief? It swells to a tide whose invisible flow covers
+    all the little resistance of common, human joyousness. It is
+    like a material miasma. The gayest man breathes it, if he
+    breathe at all; and the most superficial cannot escape it.</p>
+
+    <p>Into that great world of woe my little book stole forth,
+    trembling. So far as I can remember having had any "object" at
+    all in its creation, I wished to say something that would
+    comfort some few&mdash;I did not think at all about comforting
+    many, not daring to suppose that incredible privilege
+    possible&mdash;of the women whose misery crowded the land. The
+    smoke of their torment ascended, and the sky was blackened by
+    it. I do not think I thought so much about the suffering of
+    men&mdash;the fathers, the brothers, the sons&mdash;bereft; but
+    the women&mdash;the helpless, outnumbering, unconsulted women;
+    they whom war trampled down, without a choice or protest; the
+    patient, limited, domestic women, who thought little, but loved
+    much, and, loving, had lost all&mdash;to them I would have
+    spoken.</p>
+
+    <p>For it came to seem to me, as I pondered these things in my
+    own heart, that even the best and kindest forms of our
+    prevailing beliefs had nothing to say to an afflicted woman
+    that could help her much. Creeds and commentaries and sermons
+    were made by men. What tenderest of men knows how to comfort
+    his own daughter when her heart is broken? What can the
+    doctrines do for the desolated by death? They were chains of
+    rusty iron, eating into raw hearts. The prayer of the preacher
+    were not much better; it sounded like the language of an
+    unknown race to a despairing girl. Listen to the hymn. It falls
+    like icicles on snow. Or, if it happen to be one of the old
+    genuine outcries of the Church, sprung from real human anguish
+    or hope, it maddens the listener,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page493"
+       id="page493"></a>[pg 493]</span> and she flees from it, too
+       sore a thing to bear the touch of holy music.</p>
+
+    <p>At this time, be it said, I had no interest at all in any
+    especial movement for the peculiar needs of women as a class. I
+    was reared in circles which did not concern themselves with
+    what we should probably have called agitators. I was taught the
+    old ideas of womanhood, in the old way, and had not to any
+    important extent begun to resent them.</p>
+
+    <p>Perhaps I am wrong here. Individually, I may have begun to
+    recoil from them, but only in a purely selfish, personal way,
+    beyond which I had evolved neither theory nor conscience; much
+    less the smallest tendency towards sympathy with any public
+    movement of the question.</p>
+
+    <p>In the course of two or three years spent in exceptional
+    solitude, I had read a good deal in the direction of my ruling
+    thoughts and feeling, and came to the writing of my little
+    book, not ignorant of what had been written for and by the
+    mourning. The results of this reading, of course, went into the
+    book, and seemed to me, at the time, by far the most useful
+    part of it.</p>
+
+    <p>How the book grew, who can say? More of nature than of
+    purpose, surely. It moved like a tear or a sigh or a prayer. In
+    a sense I scarcely knew that I wrote it. Yet it signified labor
+    and time, crude and young as it looks to me now; and often as I
+    have wondered, from my soul, why it has known the history that
+    it has, I have at least a certain respect for it, myself, in
+    that it did not represent shiftlessness or sloth, but steady
+    and conscientious toil. There was not a page in it which had
+    not been subjected to such study as the writer then knew how to
+    offer to her manuscripts.</p>
+
+    <p>Every sentence had received the best attention which it was
+    in the power of my inexperience and youth to give. I wrote and
+    rewrote. The book was revised so many times that I could have
+    said it by heart. The process of forming and writing "The Gates
+    Ajar" lasted, I think, nearly two years.</p>
+
+    <p>I had no study or place to myself in those days; only the
+    little room whose one window looked upon the garden cross, and
+    which it was not expected would be warmed in winter.</p>
+
+    <p>The room contained no chimney, and, until I was sixteen, no
+    fire for any purpose. At that time, it being supposed that some
+    delicacy of the lungs had threatened serious results, my
+    father, who always moved the sods beneath him and the skies
+    above him to care for a sick child, had managed to insert a
+    little stove into the room, to soften its chill when needed.
+    But I did not have consumption, only life; and one was not
+    expected to burn wood all day for private convenience in our
+    furnace-heated house. Was there not the great dining-room where
+    the children studied?</p>
+
+    <p>It was not so long since I, too, had learned my lessons off
+    the dining-room table, or in the corner by the register, that
+    it should occur to any member of the family that these
+    opportunities for privacy could not answer my needs.</p>
+
+    <p>Equally, it did not occur to me to ask for any abnormal
+    luxuries. I therefore made the best of my conditions, though I
+    do remember sorely longing for quiet.</p>
+
+    <p>This, at that time, in that house, it was impossible for me
+    to compass. There was a growing family of noisy boys&mdash;four
+    of them&mdash;of whom I was the only sister, as I was the
+    oldest child. When the baby did not cry (I have always
+    maintained that the baby cried pretty steadily both day and
+    night, but this is a point upon which their mother and I have
+    affectionately agreed to differ), the boys were shouting about
+    the grounds, chasing each other through the large house, up and
+    down the cellar stairs, and through the wide halls, a whirlwind
+    of vigor and fun. They were merry, healthy boys, and everything
+    was done to keep them so. I sometimes doubt if there are any
+    happier children growing anywhere than the boys and girls of
+    Andover used to be. I was very fond of the boys, and cherished
+    no objection to their privileges in the house. But when one
+    went down, on a cold day, to the register, to write one's
+    chapter on the nature of amusements in the life to come, and
+    found the dining-room neatly laid out in the form of a church
+    congregation, to which a certain proportion of brothers were
+    enthusiastically performing the duties of an active pastor and
+    parish, the environment was a definite check to
+    inspiration.</p>
+
+    <p>I wonder if all Andover boys played at preaching? It
+    certainly was the one sport in our house which never
+    satiated.</p>
+
+    <p>Coming in one day, I remember, struggling with certain
+    hopeless purposes of my own, for an afternoon's work, I found
+    the dining-room chairs all nicely set in the order of pews; a
+    table, ornamented with Bible and hymn-books, confronted them;
+    behind it, on a cricket, towered the bigger brother, loudly
+    holding forth. The little brother represented the
+    audience&mdash;it was usually the little one who was forced to
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page494"
+       id="page494"></a>[pg 494]</span> play this duller
+       <i>r&ocirc;le</i>&mdash;and, with open mouth, and with
+       wriggling feet turned in on the rounds of the chair,
+       absorbed as much exhortation as he could suffer.</p>
+
+    <p>"My text, brethren," said the little minister, "is, 'Suffer
+    the little children to come unto me.'</p>
+
+    <p>"My subject is, <i>God; Joseph; and Moses in the
+    bulrushes</i>!"</p>
+
+    <p>Discouraged by the alarming breadth of the little preacher's
+    topic, I fled up-stairs again. There an inspiration did,
+    indeed, strike me; for I remembered an old fur cape, or
+    <i>pelisse</i>, of my mother's, out of fashion, but the warmer
+    for that; and straightway I got me into it, and curled up, with
+    my papers, on the chilly bed in the cold room, and went to
+    work.</p>
+
+    <p>It seems to me that a good part of "The Gates Ajar" was
+    written in that old fur cape. Often I stole up into the attic,
+    or into some unfrequented closet, to escape the noise of the
+    house, while at work. I remember, too, writing sometimes in the
+    barn, on the haymow. The book extended over a wide domestic
+    topography.</p>
+
+    <p>I hasten to say that no person was to blame for
+    inconveniences of whose existence I had never complained.
+    Doubtless something would have been done to relieve them had I
+    asked for it; or if the idea that my work could ever be of any
+    consequence had occurred to any of us. Why should it? The girl
+    who is never "domestic" is trial enough at her best. She cannot
+    cook; she will not sew. She washes dishes Mondays and Tuesdays
+    under protest, while the nurse and parlor maid are called off
+    from their natural avocations, and dusts the drawing-room with
+    obedient resentment. She sits cutting out underclothes in the
+    March vacations, when all the schools are closed, and when the
+    heavy wagons from the distant farming region stick in the
+    bottomless Andover mud in front of the professor's house. The
+    big front door is opened, and the dismal, creaking sounds come
+    in.</p>
+
+    <p>The kind and conscientious new mother, to whom I owe many
+    other gentle lessons more valuable than this, teaches how
+    necessary to a lady's education is a neat needle. The girl does
+    not deny this elemental fact; but her eyes wander away to the
+    cold sky above the Andover mud, with passionate entreaty. To
+    this day I cannot hear the thick chu-chunk! of heavy wheels on
+    March mud without a sudden mechanical echo of that wild, young
+    outcry: "Must I cut out underclothes forever? Must I go on
+    tucking the broken end of the thread into the nick in the
+    spool? Is <i>this</i> LIFE?"</p>
+
+    <p>I am more than conscious that I could not have been an easy
+    girl to "bring up," and am sure that for whatever little
+    difficulties beset the earlier time of my ventures as a writer,
+    no person was in any fault. They were doubtless good for me, in
+    their way. We all know that some of the greatest of
+    brain-workers have selected the poorest and barest of spots in
+    which to study. Luxury and bric-a-brac come to easy natures or
+    in easy years. The energy that very early learns to conquer
+    difficulty is always worth its price.</p>
+
+    <p>I used, later, to hear in Boston the story of the gentleman
+    who once took a friend to see the room of his son at Harvard
+    College. The friend was a man of plain life, but of rich mental
+    achievement. He glanced at the Persian rugs and costly
+    draperies of the boy's quarters in silence.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well," cried the fond father, "don't you think my son has a
+    pretty room?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Sir," said the visitor, with gentle candor, "<i>you'll
+    never raise a scholar on that carpet.</i>"</p>
+
+    <p>Out of my discomforts, which were small enough, grew one
+    thing for which I have all my life been grateful&mdash;the
+    formation of fixed habits of work.</p>
+
+    <p>I have seldom waited for inspiration before setting about a
+    task to be done. Life is too short for that. Broken health has
+    too often interrupted a regimen of study which ought to have
+    been more continuous; but, so far as I may venture to offer an
+    opinion from personal experience, I should say that the writers
+    who would be wise to play hide and seek with their own moods
+    are few.</p>
+
+    <p>According to my custom, I said nothing (so far as I can
+    remember) to any person about the book.</p>
+
+    <p>It cannot be said that I had any hope of success with it; or
+    that, in my most irrational dreams, anything like the
+    consequences of its publication ever occurred to my fancy. But
+    I did distinctly understand that I had set forth upon a venture
+    totally dissimilar to the safe and respectable careers of my
+    dozen Sunday-school books.</p>
+
+    <p>I was asked only the other day why it was that, having such
+    a rare critic at first hand as my father, I did not more often
+    submit my manuscripts to his judgment. It would be difficult to
+    say precisely why. The professor of rhetoric was a very busy
+    man; and at that time the illness which condemned him to thirty
+    years of invalid suffering
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page495"
+       id="page495"></a>[pg 495]</span> was beginning to make
+       itself manifest. I can remember more often throwing down my
+       pen to fly out and beg the children to be quiet in the
+       garden while the sleepless man struggled for a few moments'
+       rest in the daytime; or stealing on tiptoe to his locked
+       door, at any hour of the night, to listen for signs of
+       sudden illness or need of help; these things come back more
+       easily than the desire to burden him with what I wrote.</p>
+
+    <p>Yet perhaps that abnormal pride, whose existence I have
+    admitted, had quite as much to do with this restraint.</p>
+
+    <p>When a thing was published, then quickly to him with it! His
+    sympathy and interest were unfailing, and his criticism only
+    too gentle; though it could be a sword of flame when he chose
+    to smite.</p>
+
+    <p>Unknown to himself I had dedicated "The Gates Ajar" to him.
+    In this dedication there was a slip in good English, or, at
+    least, in such English as the professor wrote and spoke. I had
+    used the word "nears" as a verb, instead of its proper synonym,
+    "approaches." He read the dedication quietly, thanked me
+    tenderly for it, and said nothing. It was left for me to find
+    out my blunder for myself, as I did, in due time. He had not
+    the heart to tell me of it then. Nor did he insinuate his
+    consciousness that the dedication might seem to involve
+    him&mdash;as it did in certain citadels of stupidity&mdash;in
+    the views of the book.</p>
+
+    <p>The story was sent to its publishers, Messrs. Ticknor and
+    Fields, and leisurely awaited their verdict. As I had written
+    somewhat for their magazines, "The Atlantic" and "Our Young
+    Folks," I did not come as quite a stranger. Still, the fate of
+    the book hung upon a delicate scale. It was two years from the
+    time the story went to its publishers before it appeared
+    between covers. How much of this period the author was kept in
+    suspense I cannot remember; but, I think, some time.</p>
+
+    <p>I have the impression that the disposal of the book, so far
+    as that firm went, wavered for a while upon the decision of one
+    man, whose wife shared the reading of the manuscript. "Take
+    it," she said at last, decidedly; and the fiat went forth. The
+    lady afterwards became a personal friend, and I hope I may not
+    forfeit the treasure of her affection by this late and public
+    recognition of the pleasant part she bore in the fortunes of my
+    life.</p>
+
+    <p>The book was accepted, and still this piece of good luck did
+    not make my head spin. I had lived among book-makers too much
+    to expect the miracle. I went soberly back to my hack work, and
+    on with my Sunday-school books.</p>
+
+    <p>One autumn day the customary package of gift copies of the
+    new book made its way to Andover Hill; but: I opened it without
+    elation, the experience being so far from my first of its kind.
+    The usual note of thanks was returned to the publishers, and
+    quiet fell again. Unconscious of either hope or fear, I kept on
+    about my business, and the new book was the last thing on earth
+    with which I concerned myself.</p>
+
+    <p>One morning, not many weeks after its publication, I
+    received a letter from Mr. James T. Fields. He, who was the
+    quickest of men to do a kindness, and surest to give to young
+    writers the encouraging word for which they had not hope enough
+    to listen, had hurried himself to break to me the news.</p>
+
+    <p>"Your book is moving grandly," so he wrote. "It has already
+    reached a sale of four thousand copies. We take pleasure in
+    sending you&mdash;" He enclosed a check for six hundred
+    dollars, the largest sum on which I had ever set my startled
+    eyes. It would not, by my contract, have been due me for six
+    months or more to come.</p>
+
+    <p>The little act was like him, and like the courteous and
+    generous house on whose list I have worked for thirty
+    years.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/495.jpg"
+             name="fig495"
+             id="fig495"><img width="70%"
+             src="images/495.jpg"
+             alt="End of Chapter Graphic." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page496"
+       id="page496"></a>[pg 496]</span>
+
+    <h2>EDITORIAL NOTES.</h2>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <h4>TWENTY THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR SHORT STORIES.</h4>
+
+        <p>We find considerable difficulty in getting the two
+        hundred first-class short stories that we require each
+        year. We are delighted to be able to publish so many
+        stories by eminent authors, but we should like to get more
+        good stories from writers whose fame is yet to be made. We
+        therefore announce a liberal policy in regard to payment,
+        and invite contributions from every one who can write a
+        good story. The scale of payment will be such as to please
+        every contributor, whether he is famous or not.</p>
+
+        <p>We need every year about fifty stories of from four to
+        six thousand words in length; about one hundred stories of
+        from two to three thousand words in length, and not less
+        than fifty stories a year for young people, about two
+        thousand words in length. Of these stories thirty or forty
+        are for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE, and the remainder are for the
+        newspaper syndicates controlled by the publishers of this
+        magazine.</p>
+
+        <p>A regular manuscript department has been established by
+        the editors, and it is the intention to report upon every
+        manuscript within a week after it is received. We also
+        welcome contributions to every branch of literature
+        represented in the magazine.</p><br />
+
+
+        <h4>THE McCLURE'S "EARLY LIFE OF LINCOLN."</h4>
+
+        <p>This volume contains all the articles published in the
+        first four Lincoln numbers of McCLURE'S MAGAZINE (November
+        to February, inclusive). These numbers, although repeatedly
+        reprinted, are now out of print, and the "Early Life of
+        Lincoln" was published mainly to meet a demand we could not
+        fill with the magazine. It contains a great deal more, both
+        in text and pictures, than appeared in the magazine. It is
+        mailed to any address for fifty cents; or for one dollar,
+        if bound in cloth. We intend having our own plant, to
+        reprint the March and subsequent numbers whenever
+        necessary.</p><br />
+
+
+        <h4>THE McCLURE'S NEW "LIFE OF GRANT."</h4>
+
+        <p>We have been greatly surprised, in preparing our new
+        "Life of Grant," to find so much new and valuable material,
+        especially about Grant's earlier life. No more fascinating
+        and dramatic story has ever been lived. We have been
+        especially fortunate in securing the collaboration of Mr.
+        Hamlin Garland to write this life of Grant. Mr. Garland was
+        selected for this work for two reasons&mdash;first, he has
+        always loved and admired Grant; second, he is familiar in
+        general with the conditions of life in the middle West, and
+        is especially qualified to tell the truth both in color and
+        fact. The tastes and training of a realistic novelist are
+        an admirable equipment for a biographer, provided the hero
+        of his story and his environment appeal to the
+        novelist.</p>
+
+        <p><i>We propose to publish the best Life of Grant ever
+        written.</i></p>
+
+        <p>We have collected a great quantity of pictures and other
+        illustrations, and we ask our friends to help us as they
+        are helping us in our "Life of Lincoln." Every one who has
+        a contribution, either in picture or incident, to our
+        knowledge of this great man ought to bring it before the
+        two or three million readers that McCLURE'S will have when
+        we begin to publish the "Life of Grant" next
+        November.</p><br />
+
+
+        <h4>NEW PICTURES OF LINCOLN.</h4>
+
+        <p>Almost every week we add to our collection of Lincoln
+        pictures. Many of these ambrotypes and photographs are of
+        the greatest value in adding to our knowledge of Lincoln.
+        We hope to reach one hundred before the end of the year. We
+        had only fifty portraits last November. We have eighty
+        now.</p><br />
+
+
+        <h4>THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND PRACTICAL
+        ARTS.</h4>
+
+        <p>Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, was the scene of one
+        of the most important of the debates between Mr. Lincoln
+        and Mr. Douglas. The debate took place on a platform at the
+        east end of the main college building. At this memorable
+        debate the students carried a banner on which was inscribed
+        "Knox for Lincoln." In April, 1860, before he was nominated
+        for the Presidency, Knox College conferred the degree of
+        LL.D. on Abraham Lincoln. At their recent midwinter
+        meeting, the board of trustees unanimously voted to
+        establish a memorial to Lincoln; and this memorial will be
+        the scientific department of Knox College, and will be
+        called "The Abraham Lincoln School of Science and Practical
+        Arts."</p>
+
+        <p>The founders of this magazine are all alumni of Knox
+        College, and are particularly pleased at this action of
+        their alma mater. Knox College affords a splendid
+        opportunity to young men and women of limited means. The
+        editors of this magazine can afford to pay the living
+        expenses and tuition for one year at this college of any
+        young man or woman who secures five hundred subscribers, as
+        proposed and explained on the second advertising page of
+        this number of the magazine.</p>
+
+        <p>The editors of McCLURE'S MAGAZINE are thoroughly
+        acquainted with Knox College, and can recommend it, knowing
+        that students who go there will live under the best
+        possible influences and receive a sound education. All
+        inquiries should be addressed to the president, John
+        Finley, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois.</p><br />
+
+
+        <h4>THE HOUSE IN WHICH LINCOLN'S PARENTS WERE
+        MARRIED.&mdash;A CORRECTION.</h4>
+
+        <p>The picture of the house in which Thomas Lincoln and
+        Nancy Hanks were married, printed in McCLURE'S MAGAZINE for
+        November, 1895, was credited by mistake to the Oldroyd
+        collection. The photograph from which the reproduction was
+        made came from the Oldroyd collection; but this photograph
+        is, we are informed, from a negative now in the possession
+        of Mr. A.D. Miller of Brazil, Indiana, and credit is
+        therefore due to Mr. Miller.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14663 ***</div>
+</body>
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #14663 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14663)
diff --git a/old/14663-8.txt b/old/14663-8.txt
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, McClure's Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 5, April,
+1896, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 5, April, 1896
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: January 11, 2005  [eBook #14663]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, VOL. 6, NO. 5,
+APRIL, 1896***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Richard J. Shiffer, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 14663-h.htm or 14663-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/6/6/14663/14663-h/14663-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/6/6/14663/14663-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+VOL. VI,  NO. 5, APRIL, 1896
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS.
+  THE NEW MARVEL IN PHOTOGRAPHY. By H.J.W. Dam.
+  THE RÖNTGEN RAYS IN AMERICA. By Cleveland Moffett.
+  THE HOUSEHOLDERS.  By "Q."
+  ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell.
+    Lincoln in the Campaign of 1840.
+    Lincoln's Engagement to Miss Todd.
+    The Lincoln and Shields Duel.
+    Marriage of Lincoln and Miss Todd.
+  "PHROSO." By Anthony Hope.
+    Chapter I. A Long Thing Ending in Poulos.
+    Chapter II. A Conservative Country.
+    Chapter III. The Fever of Neopalia.
+  A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low.
+  "SOLDIER AN' SAILOR TOO." By Rudyard Kipling.
+  RACHEL. By Mrs. E.V. Wilson.
+  CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+  EDITORIAL NOTES.
+    Twenty Thousand Dollars for Short Stories.
+    The McClure's "Early Life of Lincoln."
+    The McClure's New "Life of Grant."
+    New Pictures of Lincoln.
+    The Abraham Lincoln School of Science and Practical Arts.
+    The House in which Lincoln's Parents Were Married--a Correction.
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+  PICTURES SHOWING THE DIFFERENCES IN PENETRABILITY TO THE RÖNTGEN RAYS.
+  DR. WILLIAM KONRAD RÖNTGEN, DISCOVERER OF THE X RAYS.
+  PICTURE OF AN ALUMINIUM CIGAR-CASE, SHOWING CIGARS WITHIN.
+  PHOTOGRAPH OF A LADY'S HAND SHOWING THE BONES, AND A RING ON THE
+    THIRD FINGER.
+  THE PHYSICAL INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG.
+  SKELETON OF A FROG, PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.
+  RAZOR-BLADE PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH A LEATHER CASE AND THE RAZOR-HANDLE.
+  SKELETON OF A FISH PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.
+  A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE SOLE OF A SHOE.
+  PHOTOGRAPHING A FOOT IN ITS SHOE BY THE RÖNTGEN PROCESS.
+  BONES OF A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.
+  CORK-SCREW, KEY, PENCIL WITH METALLIC PROTECTOR, AND PIECE OF COIN.
+  COINS PHOTOGRAPHED INSIDE A PURSE.
+  DR. WILLIAM J. MORTON PHOTOGRAPHING HIS OWN HAND UNDER RÖNTGEN
+  A GROUP OF FAMILIAR ARTICLES UNDER THE RÖNTGEN RAYS.
+  THOMAS A. EDISON EXPERIMENTING WITH THE RÖNTGEN RAYS.
+  "I ... TRIED A STEP TOWARD THE STAIRS, WITH EYES ALERT ..."
+  "HE STOOD SIDEWAYS, ... AND LOOKED AT ME OVER HIS LEFT SHOULDER."
+  "FACE TO FACE WITH THE REAL HOUSEHOLDER."
+  OLD STATE-HOUSE AT SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+  A HARRISON BADGE OF 1840.
+  A HARRISON BUTTON OF 1840.
+  LINCOLN IN 1860.
+  ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN 1861.
+  WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
+  JOSHUA F. SPEED AND WIFE.
+  MARY TODD LINCOLN.
+  LINCOLN IN 1858.
+  ROBERT S. TODD.
+  MISS JULIA JAYNE, ONE OF MISS TODD'S BRIDESMAIDS.
+  GENERAL JAMES SHIELDS.
+  MRS. NINIAN W. EDWARDS.
+  COURT-HOUSE AT TREMONT WHERE LINCOLN RECEIVED WARNING OF SHIELDS'S
+        CHALLENGE.
+  RESIDENCE OF NINIAN W. EDWARDS, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+  LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE LICENSE AND MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE.
+  REV. CHARLES DRESSER.
+  THE GLOBE HOTEL, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+  A BROOK IN THE DEPARTMENT OF VAR, FRANCE.
+  JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT.
+  A BY-PATH.
+  EARLY MORNING.
+  DIANA'S BATH.
+  A SHALLOW RIVER.
+  THE EDGE OF THE FOREST (FONTAINEBLEAU).
+  ON THE RIVER OISE.
+  THE STORMY SEA.
+  A SUNLIT GLADE.
+  A SHEPHERD AND HIS FLOCK.
+  "THE MAN WITH THE LEATHERN BELT."
+  THE STONE-BREAKERS.
+  THE GOOD SAMARITAN.
+  SERVANT AT THE FOUNTAIN.
+  AN UNHAPPY FAMILY.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PICTURES TAKEN BY PROFESSOR ARTHUR W. WRIGHT OF YALE
+COLLEGE, SHOWING THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUBSTANCES IN PENETRABILITY
+TO THE RÖNTGEN RAYS.
+
+1 and 3. Flint glass prism (very opaque).
+
+2. Quartz prism, showing transmission of the rays through the thin
+edges.
+
+4. Prism of heavy glass, more opaque than flint glass.
+
+5. One-cent coin, copper.
+
+6. Five-cent coin, nickel.
+
+7. White-crown glass, 1½ millimetres thick.
+
+8. Blue crown glass, 2 millimetres thick.
+
+9. Yellow crown glass, 1½ millimetres thick.
+
+10. Crown glass, 1 millimetre thick, covered with a very thin layer of
+gold.
+
+11. Red crown glass, 2 millimetres thick.
+
+12. Block of Iceland spar (very transparent to ordinary light, but
+very opaque to Röntgen rays).
+
+13. A bit of tinfoil.
+
+14. Aluminium medal, showing faint traces of the design and lettering
+on both sides, as if it were translucent.
+
+15. Metallic mirror, shows no effect of regular reflection.
+
+16. Bit of sheet-lead, 1 millimetre thick.
+
+17. Quarter-of-a-dollar coin, silver.
+
+18. Piece of thin ebonite, such as is used for photographic
+plate-holder.]
+
+[Illustration: DR. WILLIAM KONRAD RÖNTGEN, DISCOVERER OF THE X RAYS.
+
+From a photograph by Hanfstaenge, Frankfort-on-the-Main.]
+
+
+
+
+
+THE NEW MARVEL IN PHOTOGRAPHY.
+
+A VISIT TO PROFESSOR RÖNTGEN AT HIS LABORATORY IN WÜRZBURG.--HIS OWN
+ACCOUNT OF HIS GREAT DISCOVERY.--INTERESTING EXPERIMENTS WITH THE
+CATHODE RAYS.--PRACTICAL USES OF THE NEW PHOTOGRAPHY.
+
+BY H.J.W. DAM.
+
+
+In all the history of scientific discovery there has never been,
+perhaps, so general, rapid, and dramatic an effect wrought on the
+scientific centres of Europe as has followed, in the past four weeks,
+upon an announcement made to the Würzburg Physico-Medical Society, at
+their December meeting, by Professor William Konrad Röntgen, professor
+of physics at the Royal University of Würzburg. The first news which
+reached London was by telegraph from Vienna to the effect that a
+Professor Röntgen, until then the possessor of only a local fame
+in the town mentioned, had discovered a new kind of light, which
+penetrated and photographed through everything. This news was received
+with a mild interest, some amusement, and much incredulity; and a week
+passed. Then, by mail and telegraph, came daily clear indications
+of the stir which the discovery was making in all the great line of
+universities between Vienna and Berlin. Then Röntgen's own report
+arrived, so cool, so business-like, and so truly scientific in
+character, that it left no doubt either of the truth or of the great
+importance of the preceding reports. To-day, four weeks after the
+announcement, Röntgen's name is apparently in every scientific
+publication issued this week in Europe; and accounts of his
+experiments, of the experiments of others following his method, and
+of theories as to the strange new force which he has been the first
+to observe, fill pages of every scientific journal that comes to
+hand. And before the necessary time elapses for this article to
+attain publication in America, it is in all ways probable that the
+laboratories and lecture-rooms of the United States will also be
+giving full evidence of this contagious arousal of interest over a
+discovery so strange that its importance cannot yet be measured,
+its utility be even prophesied, or its ultimate effect upon
+long-established scientific beliefs be even vaguely foretold.
+
+[Illustration: PICTURE OF AN ALUMINIUM CIGAR-CASE, SHOWING CIGARS
+WITHIN.
+
+From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street, London.
+Exposure, ten minutes.]
+
+[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPH OF A LADY'S HAND SHOWING THE BONES, AND A
+RING ON THE THIRD FINGER, WITH FAINT OUTLINES OF THE FLESH.
+
+From a photograph taken by Mr. P. Spies, director of the "Urania,"
+Berlin.]
+
+[Illustration: THE PHYSICAL INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF
+WÜRZBURG, WHERE PROFESSOR RÖNTGEN HAS HIS RESIDENCE, DELIVERS HIS
+LECTURES, AND CONDUCTS HIS EXPERIMENTS.
+
+From a photograph by G. Glock, Würzburg.]
+
+The Röntgen rays are certain invisible rays resembling, in many
+respects, rays of light, which are set free when a high pressure
+electric current is discharged through a vacuum tube. A vacuum tube
+is a glass tube from which all the air, down to one-millionth of an
+atmosphere, has been exhausted after the insertion of a platinum
+wire in either end of the tube for connection with the two poles of
+a battery or induction coil. When the discharge is sent through
+the tube, there proceeds from the anode--that is, the wire which is
+connected with the positive pole of the battery--certain bands of
+light, varying in color with the color of the glass. But these are
+insignificant in comparison with the brilliant glow which shoots
+from the cathode, or negative wire. This glow excites brilliant
+phosphorescence in glass and many substances, and these "cathode
+rays," as they are called, were observed and studied by Hertz; and
+more deeply by his assistant, Professor Lenard, Lenard having, in
+1894, reported that the cathode rays would penetrate thin films of
+aluminium, wood, and other substances and produce photographic results
+beyond. It was left, however, for Professor Röntgen to discover that
+during the discharge another kind of rays are set free, which differ
+greatly from those described by Lenard as cathode rays The most marked
+difference between the two is the fact that Röntgen rays are not
+deflected by a magnet, indicating a very essential difference, while
+their range and penetrative power are incomparably greater. In fact,
+all those qualities which have lent a sensational character to the
+discovery of Röntgen's rays were mainly absent from these of Lenard,
+to the end that, although Röntgen has not been working in an entirely
+new field, he has by common accord been freely granted all the honors
+of a great discovery.
+
+[Illustration: SKELETON OF A FROG, PHOTOGRAPHED
+THROUGH THE FLESH. THE SHADINGS INDICATE, IN ADDITION TO THE BONES,
+ALSO THE LUNGS AND THE CEREBRAL LOBES.
+
+From a photograph by Professors Imbert and Bertin-Sans; reproduced
+by the courtesy of the "Presse Medicale," Paris. In taking this
+photograph the experiment was tried of using a diaphragm interposed
+between the Crookes tube and the plate; and the superior clearness
+obtained is thought to result from this.]
+
+[Illustration: RAZOR-BLADE PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH A LEATHER CASE AND THE
+RAZOR-HANDLE.
+
+From a photograph taken by Dr. W.L. Robb of Trinity College. The
+shading in the picture indicates, what was the actual fact, that the
+blade, which was hollow ground, was thinner in the middle than near
+the edge.]
+
+[Illustration: SKELETON OF A FISH PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.
+
+From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street, London.
+Exposure, four minutes.]
+
+Exactly what kind of a force Professor Röntgen has discovered he does
+not know. As will be seen below, he declines to call it a new kind of
+light, or a new form of electricity. He has given it the name of the
+X rays. Others speak of it as the Röntgen rays. Thus far its results
+only, and not its essence, are known. In the terminology of science it
+is generally called "a new mode of motion," or, in other words, a new
+force. As to whether it is or not actually a force new to science, or
+one of the known forces masquerading under strange conditions, weighty
+authorities are already arguing. More than one eminent scientist has
+already affected to see in it a key to the great mystery of the law
+of gravity. All who have expressed themselves in print have admitted,
+with more or less frankness, that, in view of Röntgen's discovery,
+science must forth-with revise, possibly to a revolutionary degree,
+the long accepted theories concerning the phenomena of light and
+sound. That the X rays, in their mode of action, combine a strange
+resemblance to both sound and light vibrations, and are destined to
+materially affect, if they do not greatly alter, our views of both
+phenomena, is already certain; and beyond this is the opening into
+a new and unknown field of physical knowledge, concerning which
+speculation is already eager, and experimental investigation already
+in hand, in London, Paris, Berlin, and, perhaps, to a greater or less
+extent, in every well-equipped physical laboratory in Europe.
+
+This is the present scientific aspect of the discovery. But, unlike
+most epoch-making results from laboratories, this discovery is one
+which, to a very unusual degree, is within the grasp of the popular
+and non-technical imagination. Among the other kinds of matter
+which these rays penetrate with ease is the human flesh. That a new
+photography has suddenly arisen which can photograph the bones, and,
+before long, the organs of the human body; that a light has been found
+which can penetrate, so as to make a photographic record, through
+everything from a purse or a pocket to the walls of a room or a house,
+is news which cannot fail to startle everybody. That the eye of the
+physician or surgeon, long baffled by the skin, and vainly seeking
+to penetrate the unfortunate darkness of the human body, is now to be
+supplemented by a camera, making all the parts of the human body as
+visible, in a way, as the exterior, appears certainly to be a greater
+blessing to humanity than even the Listerian antiseptic system of
+surgery; and its benefits must inevitably be greater than those
+conferred by Lister, great as the latter have been. Already, in
+the few weeks since Röntgen's announcement, the results of surgical
+operations under the new system are growing voluminous. In Berlin, not
+only new bone fractures are being immediately photographed, but joined
+fractures, as well, in order to examine the results of recent surgical
+work. In Vienna, imbedded bullets are being photographed, instead of
+being probed for, and extracted with comparative ease. In London, a
+wounded sailor, completely paralyzed, whose injury was a mystery, has
+been saved by the photographing of an object imbedded in the spine,
+which, upon extraction, proved to be a small knife-blade. Operations
+for malformations, hitherto obscure, but now clearly revealed by the
+new photography, are already becoming common, and are being reported
+from all directions. Professor Czermark of Graz has photographed the
+living skull, denuded of flesh and hair, and has begun the adaptation
+of the new photography to brain study. The relation of the new rays
+to thought rays is being eagerly discussed in what may be called
+the non-exact circles and journals; and all that numerous group
+of inquirers into the occult, the believers in clairvoyance,
+spiritualism, telepathy, and kindred orders of alleged phenomena, are
+confident of finding in the new force long-sought facts in proof of
+their claims. Professor Neusser in Vienna has photographed gall-stones
+in the liver of one patient (the stone showing snow-white in the
+negative), and a stone in the bladder of another patient. His results
+so far induce him to announce that all the organs of the human body
+can, and will, shortly, be photographed. Lannelougue of Paris has
+exhibited to the Academy of Science photographs of bones showing
+inherited tuberculosis which had not otherwise revealed itself. Berlin
+has already formed a society of forty for the immediate prosecution
+of researches into both the character of the new force and its
+physiological possibilities. In the next few weeks these strange
+announcements will be trebled or quadrupled, giving the best evidence
+from all quarters of the great future that awaits the Röntgen rays,
+and the startling impetus to the universal search for knowledge that
+has come at the close of the nineteenth century from the modest little
+laboratory in the Pleicher Ring at Würzburg.
+
+[Illustration: A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE SOLE OF A SHOE.
+THE SHADING SHOWS THE PEGS OF THE SHOE, AS WELL AS TRACES OF THE FOOT.
+
+From a photograph by Dr. W.L. Robb of Trinity College.]
+
+[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPHING A FOOT IN ITS SHOE BY THE RÖNTGEN
+PROCESS.--A PICTURE OF THE ACTUAL OPERATION WHICH PRODUCED THE
+PHOTOGRAPH SHOWN ON PAGE 408.
+
+From a photograph by Dr. W.L. Robb of Trinity College. The subject's
+foot rests on the photographic plate.]
+
+On instruction by cable from the editor of this magazine, on the
+first announcement of the discovery, I set out for Würzburg to see the
+discoverer and his laboratory. I found a neat and thriving Bavarian
+city of forty-five thousand inhabitants, which, for some ten
+centuries, has made no salient claim upon the admiration of the world,
+except for the elaborateness of its mediæval castle and the excellence
+of its local beer. Its streets were adorned with large numbers of
+students, all wearing either scarlet, green, or blue caps, and an
+extremely serious expression, suggesting much intensity either in the
+contemplation of Röntgen rays or of the beer aforesaid. All knew the
+residence of Professor Röntgen (pronunciation: "Renken"), and directed
+me to the "Pleicher Ring." The various buildings of the university are
+scattered in different parts of Würzburg, the majority being in the
+Pleicher Ring, which is a fine avenue, with a park along one side
+of it, in the centre of the town. The Physical Institute, Professor
+Röntgen's particular domain, is a modest building of two stories and
+basement, the upper story constituting his private residence, and
+the remainder of the building being given over to lecture rooms,
+laboratories, and their attendant offices. At the door I was met by an
+old serving-man of the idolatrous order, whose pain was apparent when
+I asked for "Professor" Röntgen, and he gently corrected me with "Herr
+Doctor Röntgen." As it was evident, however, that we referred to the
+same person, he conducted me along a wide, bare hall, running the
+length of the building, with blackboards and charts on the walls. At
+the end he showed me into a small room on the right. This contained
+a large table desk, and a small table by the window, covered
+with photographs, while the walls held rows of shelves laden with
+laboratory and other records. An open door led into a somewhat larger
+room, perhaps twenty feet by fifteen, and I found myself gazing into
+a laboratory which was the scene of the discovery--a laboratory which,
+though in all ways modest, is destined to be enduringly historical.
+
+There was a wide table shelf running along the farther side, in front
+of the two windows, which were high, and gave plenty of light. In the
+centre was a stove; on the left, a small cabinet, whose shelves held
+the small objects which the professor had been using. There was a
+table in the left-hand corner; and another small table--the one on
+which living bones were first photographed--was near the stove, and
+a Rhumkorff coil was on the right. The lesson of the laboratory was
+eloquent. Compared, for instance, with the elaborate, expensive, and
+complete apparatus of, say, the University of London, or of any of the
+great American universities, it was bare and unassuming to a degree.
+It mutely said that in the great march of science it is the genius of
+man, and not the perfection of appliances, that breaks new ground in
+the great territory of the unknown. It also caused one to wonder at
+and endeavor to imagine the great things which are to be done through
+elaborate appliances with the Röntgen rays--a field in which the
+United States, with its foremost genius in invention, will very
+possibly, if not probably, take the lead--when the discoverer himself
+had done so much with so little. Already, in a few weeks, a skilled
+London operator, Mr. A.A.C. Swinton, has reduced the necessary time
+of exposure for Röntgen photographs from fifteen minutes to four.
+He used, however, a Tesla oil coil, discharged by twelve half-gallon
+Leyden jars, with an alternating current of twenty thousand volts'
+pressure. Here were no oil coils, Leyden jars, or specially elaborate
+and expensive machines. There were only a Rhumkorff coil and Crookes
+(vacuum) tube and the man himself.
+
+Professor Röntgen entered hurriedly, something like an amiable gust
+of wind. He is a tall, slender, and loose-limbed man, whose whole
+appearance bespeaks enthusiasm and energy. He wore a dark blue sack
+suit, and his long, dark hair stood straight up from his forehead, as
+if he were permanently electrified by his own enthusiasm. His voice is
+full and deep, he speaks rapidly, and, altogether, he seems clearly a
+man who, once upon the track of a mystery which appealed to him,
+would pursue it with unremitting vigor. His eyes are kind, quick, and
+penetrating; and there is no doubt that he much prefers gazing at a
+Crookes tube to beholding a visitor, visitors at present robbing him
+of much valued time. The meeting was by appointment, however, and his
+greeting was cordial and hearty. In addition to his own language he
+speaks French well and English scientifically, which is different from
+speaking it popularly. These three tongues being more or less within
+the equipment of his visitor, the conversation proceeded on an
+international or polyglot basis, so to speak, varying at necessity's
+demand.
+
+It transpired, in the course of inquiry, that the professor is
+a married man and fifty years of age, though his eyes have the
+enthusiasm of twenty-five. He was born near Zurich, and educated
+there, and completed his studies and took his degree at Utrecht. He
+has been at Würzburg about seven years, and had made no discoveries
+which he considered of great importance prior to the one under
+consideration. These details were given under good-natured protest, he
+failing to understand why his personality should interest the public.
+He declined to admire himself or his results in any degree, and
+laughed at the idea of being famous. The professor is too deeply
+interested in science to waste any time in thinking about himself. His
+emperor had _fêted_, flattered, and decorated him, and he was loyally
+grateful. It was evident, however, that fame and applause had small
+attractions for him, compared to the mysteries still hidden in the
+vacuum tubes of the other room.
+
+[Illustration: BONES OF A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.
+
+From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street, London.
+Exposure, fifty-five seconds.]
+
+"Now, then," said he, smiling, and with some impatience, when the
+preliminary questions at which he chafed were over, "you have come to
+see the invisible rays."
+
+"Is the invisible visible?"
+
+"Not to the eye; but its results are. Come in here."
+
+He led the way to the other square room mentioned, and indicated
+the induction coil with which his researches were made, an ordinary
+Rhumkorff coil, with a spark of from four to six inches, charged by
+a current of twenty amperes. Two wires led from the coil, through an
+open door, into a smaller room on the right. In this room was a
+small table carrying a Crookes tube connected with the coil. The most
+striking object in the room, however, was a huge and mysterious tin
+box about seven feet high and four feet square. It stood on end,
+like a huge packing-case, its side being perhaps five inches from the
+Crookes tube.
+
+The professor explained the mystery of the tin box, to the effect that
+it was a device of his own for obtaining a portable dark-room. When he
+began his investigations he used the whole room, as was shown by the
+heavy blinds and curtains so arranged as to exclude the entrance of
+all interfering light from the windows. In the side of the tin box,
+at the point immediately against the tube, was a circular sheet of
+aluminium one millimetre in thickness, and perhaps eighteen inches
+in diameter, soldered to the surrounding tin. To study his rays the
+professor had only to turn on the current, enter the box, close the
+door, and in perfect darkness inspect only such light or light effects
+as he had a right to consider his own, hiding his light, in fact, not
+under the Biblical bushel, but in a more commodious box.
+
+"Step inside," said he, opening the door, which was on the side of
+the box farthest from the tube. I immediately did so, not altogether
+certain whether my skeleton was to be photographed for general
+inspection, or my secret thoughts held up to light on a glass plate.
+"You will find a sheet of barium paper on the shelf," he added, and
+then went away to the coil. The door was closed, and the interior of
+the box became black darkness. The first thing I found was a wooden
+stool, on which I resolved to sit. Then I found the shelf on the
+side next the tube, and then the sheet of paper prepared with barium
+platino-cyanide. I was thus being shown the first phenomenon which
+attracted the discoverer's attention and led to the discovery, namely,
+the passage of rays, themselves wholly invisible, whose presence was
+only indicated by the effect they produced on a piece of sensitized
+photographic paper.
+
+A moment later, the black darkness was penetrated by the rapid
+snapping sound of the high-pressure current in action, and I knew
+that the tube outside was glowing. I held the sheet vertically on
+the shelf, perhaps four inches from the plate. There was no change,
+however, and nothing was visible.
+
+"Do you see anything?" he called.
+
+"No."
+
+"The tension is not high enough;" and he proceeded to increase the
+pressure by operating an apparatus of mercury in long vertical tubes
+acted upon automatically by a weight lever which stood near the coil.
+In a few moments the sound of the discharge again began, and then I
+made my first acquaintance with the Röntgen rays.
+
+The moment the current passed, the paper began to glow. A
+yellowish-green light spread all over its surface in clouds, waves,
+and flashes. The yellow-green luminescence, all the stranger and
+stronger in the darkness, trembled, wavered, and floated over the
+paper, in rhythm with the snapping of the discharge. Through the metal
+plate, the paper, myself, and the tin box, the invisible rays were
+flying, with an effect strange, interesting, and uncanny. The metal
+plate seemed to offer no appreciable resistance to the flying force,
+and the light was as rich and full as if nothing lay between the paper
+and the tube.
+
+"Put the book up," said the professor.
+
+I felt upon the shelf, in the darkness, a heavy book, two inches in
+thickness, and placed this against the plate. It made no difference.
+The rays flew through the metal and the book as if neither had been
+there, and the waves of light, rolling cloud-like over the paper,
+showed no change in brightness. It was a clear, material illustration
+of the ease with which paper and wood are penetrated. And then I
+laid book and paper down, and put my eyes against the rays. All was
+blackness, and I neither saw nor felt anything. The discharge was in
+full force, and the rays were flying through my head, and, for all I
+knew, through the side of the box behind me. But they were invisible
+and impalpable. They gave no sensation whatever. Whatever the
+mysterious rays may be, they are not to be seen, and are to be judged
+only by their works.
+
+I was loath to leave this historical tin box, but time pressed. I
+thanked the professor, who was happy in the reality of his discovery
+and the music of his sparks. Then I said: "Where did you first
+photograph living bones?"
+
+"Here," he said, leading the way into the room where the coil stood.
+He pointed to a table on which was another--the latter a small
+short-legged wooden one with more the shape and size of a wooden
+seat. It was two feet square and painted coal black. I viewed it with
+interest. I would have bought it, for the little table on which
+light was first sent through the human body will some day be a great
+historical curiosity; but it was "nicht zu verkaufen." A photograph of
+it would have been a consolation, but for several reasons one was not
+to be had at present. However, the historical table was there, and was
+duly inspected.
+
+[Illustration: CORK-SCREW, KEY, PENCIL WITH METALLIC PROTECTOR, AND
+PIECE OF COIN, AS PHOTOGRAPHED WHILE INSIDE A CALICO POCKET.
+
+From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street, London. Four
+minutes' exposure through a sheet of aluminium.]
+
+"How did you take the first hand photograph?" I asked.
+
+The professor went over to a shelf by the window, where lay a number
+of prepared glass plates, closely wrapped in black paper. He put a
+Crookes tube underneath the table, a few inches from the under side
+of its top. Then he laid his hand flat on the top of the table, and
+placed the glass plate loosely on his hand.
+
+"You ought to have your portrait painted in that attitude," I
+suggested.
+
+"No, that is nonsense," said he, smiling.
+
+"Or be photographed." This suggestion was made with a deeply hidden
+purpose.
+
+The rays from the Röntgen eyes instantly penetrated the deeply hidden
+purpose. "Oh, no," said he; "I can't let you make pictures of me. I
+am too busy." Clearly the professor was entirely too modest to gratify
+the wishes of the curious world.
+
+"Now, Professor," said I, "will you tell me the history of the
+discovery?"
+
+[Illustration: COINS PHOTOGRAPHED INSIDE A PURSE.
+
+From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street, London.]
+
+"There is no history," he said. "I have been for a long time
+interested in the problem of the cathode rays from a vacuum tube
+as studied by Hertz and Lenard. I had followed theirs and other
+researches with great interest, and determined, as soon as I had the
+time, to make some researches of my own. This time I found at the
+close of last October. I had been at work for some days when I
+discovered something new."
+
+"What was the date?"
+
+"The eighth of November."
+
+"And what was the discovery?"
+
+"I was working with a Crookes tube covered by a shield of black
+cardboard. A piece of barium platino-cyanide paper lay on the bench
+there. I had been passing a current through the tube, and I noticed a
+peculiar black line across the paper."
+
+"What of that?"
+
+"The effect was one which could only be produced, in ordinary
+parlance, by the passage of light. No light could come from the tube,
+because the shield which covered it was impervious to any light known,
+even that of the electric arc."
+
+"And what did you think?"
+
+"I did not think; I investigated. I assumed that the effect must have
+come from the tube, since its character indicated that it could come
+from nowhere else. I tested it. In a few minutes there was no doubt
+about it. Rays were coming from the tube which had a luminescent
+effect upon the paper. I tried it successfully at greater and greater
+distances, even at two metres. It seemed at first a new kind of
+invisible light. It was clearly something new, something unrecorded."
+
+"Is it light?"
+
+"No."
+
+"Is it electricity?"
+
+"Not in any known form."
+
+"What is it?"
+
+"I don't know."
+
+And the discoverer of the X rays thus stated as calmly his ignorance
+of their essence as has everybody else who has written on the
+phenomena thus far.
+
+"Having discovered the existence of a new kind of rays, I of course
+began to investigate what they would do." He took up a series of
+cabinet-sized photographs. "It soon appeared from tests that the rays
+had penetrative power to a degree hitherto unknown. They penetrated
+paper, wood, and cloth with ease; and the thickness of the substance
+made no perceptible difference, within reasonable limits." He showed
+photographs of a box of laboratory weights of platinum, aluminium, and
+brass, they and the brass hinges all having been photographed from a
+closed box, without any indication of the box. Also a photograph of
+a coil of fine wire, wound on a wooden spool, the wire having been
+photographed, and the wood omitted. "The rays," he continued, "passed
+through all the metals tested, with a facility varying, roughly
+speaking, with the density of the metal. These phenomena I have
+discussed carefully in my report to the Würzburg society, and you will
+find all the technical results therein stated." He showed a photograph
+of a small sheet of zinc. This was composed of smaller plates
+soldered laterally with solders of different metallic proportions. The
+differing lines of shadow, caused by the difference in the solders,
+were visible evidence that a new means of detecting flaws and chemical
+variations in metals had been found. A photograph of a compass showed
+the needle and dial taken through the closed brass cover. The markings
+of the dial were in red metallic paint, and thus interfered with the
+rays, and were reproduced. "Since the rays had this great penetrative
+power, it seemed natural that they should penetrate flesh, and so it
+proved in photographing the hand, as I showed you."
+
+A detailed discussion of the characteristics of his rays the professor
+considered unprofitable and unnecessary. He believes, though, that
+these mysterious radiations are not light, because their behavior is
+essentially different from that of light rays, even those light rays
+which are themselves invisible. The Röntgen rays cannot be reflected
+by reflecting surfaces, concentrated by lenses, or refracted or
+diffracted. They produce photographic action on a sensitive film, but
+their action is weak as yet, and herein lies the first important field
+of their development. The professor's exposures were comparatively
+long--an average of fifteen minutes in easily penetrable media,
+and half an hour or more in photographing the bones of the hand.
+Concerning vacuum tubes, he said that he preferred the Hittorf,
+because it had the most perfect vacuum, the highest degree of air
+exhaustion being the consummation most desirable. In answer to a
+question, "What of the future?" he said:
+
+"I am not a prophet, and I am opposed to prophesying. I am pursuing
+my investigations, and as fast as my results are verified I shall make
+them public."
+
+"Do you think the rays can be so modified as to photograph the organs
+of the human body?"
+
+In answer he took up the photograph of the box of weights. "Here are
+already modifications," he said, indicating the various degrees of
+shadow produced by the aluminium, platinum, and brass weights, the
+brass hinges, and even the metallic stamped lettering on the cover of
+the box, which was faintly perceptible.
+
+"But Professor Neusser has already announced that the photographing of
+the various organs is possible."
+
+"We shall see what we shall see," he said. We have the start now; the
+developments will follow in time."
+
+"You know the apparatus for introducing the electric light into the
+stomach?"
+
+"Yes."
+
+"Do you think that this electric light will become a vacuum tube for
+photographing, from the stomach, any part of the abdomen or thorax?"
+
+The idea of swallowing a Crookes tube, and sending a high frequency
+current down into one's stomach, seemed to him exceedingly funny.
+"When I have done it, I will tell you," he said, smiling, resolute in
+abiding by results.
+
+"There is much to do, and I am busy, very busy," he said in
+conclusion. He extended his hand in farewell, his eyes already
+wandering toward his work in the inside room. And his visitor promptly
+left him; the words, "I am busy," said in all sincerity, seeming
+to describe in a single phrase the essence of his character and the
+watchword of a very unusual man.
+
+Returning by way of Berlin, I called upon Herr Spies of the Urania,
+whose photographs after the Röntgen method were the first made
+public, and have been the best seen thus far. The Urania is a peculiar
+institution, and one which it seems might be profitably duplicated in
+other countries. It is a scientific theatre. By means of the
+lantern and an admirable equipment of scientific appliances, all
+new discoveries, as well as ordinary interesting and picturesque
+phenomena, when new discoveries are lacking, are described and
+illustrated daily to the public, who pay for seats as in an ordinary
+theatre, and keep the Urania profitably filled all the year round.
+Professor Spies is a young man of great mental alertness and
+mechanical resource. It is the photograph of a hand, his wife's hand,
+which illustrates, perhaps better than any other illustration in this
+article, the clear delineation of the bones which can be obtained by
+the Röntgen rays. In speaking of the discovery he said:
+
+"I applied it, as soon as the penetration of flesh was apparent, to
+the photograph of a man's hand. Something in it had pained him for
+years, and the photograph at once exhibited a small foreign object, as
+you can see;" and he exhibited a copy of the photograph in question.
+"The speck there is a small piece of glass, which was immediately
+extracted, and which, in all probability, would have otherwise
+remained in the man's hand to the end of his days." All of which
+indicates that the needle which has pursued its travels in so many
+persons, through so many years, will be suppressed by the camera.
+
+"My next object is to photograph the bones of the entire leg,"
+continued Herr Spies. "I anticipate no difficulty, though it requires
+some thought in manipulation."
+
+It will be seen that the Röntgen rays and their marvellous practical
+possibilities are still in their infancy. The first successful
+modification of the action of the rays so that the varying densities
+of bodily organs will enable them to be photographed, will bring all
+such morbid growths as tumors and cancers into the photographic field,
+to say nothing of vital organs which may be abnormally developed or
+degenerate. How much this means to medical and surgical practice it
+requires little imagination to conceive. Diagnosis, long a painfully
+uncertain science, has received an unexpected and wonderful assistant;
+and how greatly the world will benefit thereby, how much pain will
+be saved, and how many lives saved, the future can only determine. In
+science a new door has been opened where none was known to exist, and
+a side-light on phenomena has appeared, of which the results may prove
+as penetrating and astonishing as the Röntgen rays themselves. The
+most agreeable feature of the discovery is the opportunity it gives
+for other hands to help; and the work of these hands will add many
+new words to the dictionaries, many new facts to science, and, in
+the years long ahead of us, fill many more volumes than there are
+paragraphs in this brief and imperfect account.
+
+
+
+
+THE RÖNTGEN RAYS IN AMERICA.
+
+BY CLEVELAND MOFFETT.
+
+
+At the top of the great Sloane laboratory of Yale University, in an
+experimenting room lined with curious apparatus, I found Professor
+Arthur W. Wright experimenting with the wonderful Röntgen rays.
+Professor Wright, a small, low-voiced man, of modest manner,
+has achieved, in his experiments in photographing through solid
+substances, some of the most interesting and remarkable results thus
+far attained in this country. His success is, no doubt, largely due
+to the fact that for years he had been experimenting constantly
+with vacuum tubes similar to the Crookes tubes used in producing the
+cathode rays.
+
+When I arrived, Professor Wright was at work with a Crookes tube,
+nearly spherical in shape, and about five inches in diameter--the one
+with which he has taken all his shadow pictures. His best results have
+been obtained with long exposures--an hour or an hour and a half--and
+he regards it as of the first importance that the objects through
+which the Röntgen rays are to be projected be placed as near as
+possible to the sensitized plate.
+
+It is from a failure to observe this precaution that so many of the
+shadow pictures show blurred outlines. It is with these pictures as
+with a shadow of the hand thrown on the wall--the nearer the hand
+is to the wall, the more distinct becomes the shadow; and this
+consideration makes Professor Wright doubt whether it will be
+possible, with the present facilities, to get clearly cut shadow
+images of very thick objects, or in cases where the pictures are
+taken through a thick board or other obstacle. The Röntgen rays will
+doubtless traverse the board, and shadows will be formed upon the
+plate, but there will be an uncertainty or dimness of outline that
+will render the results unsatisfactory. It is for this reason that
+Professor Wright has taken most of his shadow pictures through only
+the thickness of ebonite in his plate-holder. A most successful shadow
+picture taken by Professor Wright in this way, shows five objects laid
+side by side on a large plate--a saw, a case of pocket tools in their
+cover, a pocket lense opened out as for use, a pair of eye-glasses
+inside their leather case, and an awl. As will be seen from the
+accompanying reproduction of this picture, all the objects are
+photographed with remarkable distinctness, the leather case of the
+eye-glasses being almost transparent, the wood of the handles of the
+awl and saw being a little less so, while the glass in the eye-glasses
+is less transparent than either. In the case of the awl and the saw,
+the iron stem of the tool shows plainly inside the wooden handle. This
+photograph is similar to a dozen that have been taken by Professor
+Wright with equal success. The exposure here was fifty-five minutes.
+
+A more remarkable picture is one taken in the same way, but with a
+somewhat longer exposure--of a rabbit laid upon the ebonite plate, and
+so successfully pierced with the Röntgen rays that not only the bones
+of the body show plainly, but also the six grains of shot with which
+the animal was killed. The bones of the fore legs show with beautiful
+distinctness inside the shadowy flesh, while a closer inspection makes
+visible the ribs, the cartilages of the ear, and a lighter region in
+the centre of the body, which marks the location of the heart.
+
+Like most experimenters, Professor Wright has taken numerous shadow
+pictures of the human hand, showing the bones within, and he has made
+a great number of experiments in photographing various metals and
+different varieties of quartz and glass, with a view to studying
+characteristic differences in the shadows produced. A photograph
+of the latter sort is reproduced on page 401. Aluminium shows a
+remarkable degree of transparency to the Röntgen rays; so much so that
+Professor Wright was able to photograph a medal of this metal, showing
+in the same picture the designs and lettering on both sides of the
+medal, presented simultaneously in superimposed images. The denser
+metals, however, give in the main black shadows, which offer little
+opportunity of distinguishing between them.
+
+As to the nature of the Röntgen rays, Professor Wright is inclined
+to regard them as a mode of motion through the ether, in longitudinal
+stresses; and he thinks that, while they are in many ways similar to
+the rays discovered by Lenard a year or so ago, they still present
+important characteristics of their own. It may be, he thinks, that the
+Röntgen rays are the ordinary cathode rays produced in a Crookes tube,
+filtered, if one may so express it, of the metallic particles carried
+in their electrical stream from the metal terminal, on passing through
+the glass. It is well known that the metal terminals of a Crookes tube
+are steadily worn away while the current is passing; so much so that
+sometimes portions of the interior of the tube become coated with a
+metallic deposit almost mirror-like.
+
+As to the future, Professor Wright feels convinced that important
+results will be achieved in surgery and medicine by the use of these
+new rays, while in physical science they point to an entirely new
+field of investigation. The most necessary thing now is to find some
+means of producing streams of Röntgen rays of greater volume and
+intensity, so as to make possible greater penetration and distinctness
+in the images. Thus far only small Crookes tubes have been used, and
+much is to be expected when larger ones become available; but there
+is great difficulty in the manufacture of them. It might be possible,
+Professor Wright thinks, to get good results by using, instead of the
+Crookes tube, a large sphere of aluminium, which is more transparent
+to the new rays than glass and possesses considerable strength. It is
+a delicate question, however, whether the increased thickness of metal
+necessary to resist the air pressure upon a vacuum would not offset
+the advantage gained from the greater size. Moreover, it is a matter
+for experiment still to determine, what kind of an electric current
+would be necessary to excite such a larger tube with the best results.
+
+Among the most important experiments in shadow photography made thus
+far in America are those of Dr. William J. Morton of New York, who was
+the first in this country to use the disruptive discharges of
+static electricity in connection with the Röntgen discovery, and to
+demonstrate that shadow pictures may be successfully taken without the
+use of Crookes tubes. It was the well-known photographic properties of
+ordinary lightning that made Dr. Morton suspect that cathode rays are
+produced freely in the air when there is an electric discharge from
+the heavens. Reasoning thus, he resolved to search for cathode rays in
+the ten-inch lightning flash he was able to produce between the poles
+of his immense Holtz machine, probably the largest in this country.
+
+On January 30th he suspended a glass plate, with a circular window in
+the middle, between the two poles. Cemented to this plate of glass was
+one of hard rubber, about equal in size, which of course covered
+the window in the glass. Back of the rubber plate was suspended a
+photographic plate in the plate-holder, and outside of this, between
+it and the rubber surface, were ten letters cut from thin copper. Dr.
+Morton proposed to see if he could not prove the existence of cathode
+rays between the poles by causing them to picture in shadow, upon the
+sensitized plate, the letters thus exposed.
+
+In order to do this it was necessary to separate the ordinary electric
+sparks from the invisible cathode rays which, as Dr. Morton believed,
+accompanied them. It was to accomplish this that he used the double
+plates of glass and hard rubber placed, as already described, between
+the two poles; for while the ordinary electric spark would not
+traverse the rubber, any cathode rays that might be present would do
+so with great ease, the circular window in the glass plate allowing
+them passage there.
+
+[Illustration: DR. WILLIAM J. MORTON PHOTOGRAPHING HIS OWN HAND UNDER
+RÖNTGEN RAYS.
+
+In this case the vacuum bulb is charged from Leyden jars which, in
+their turn, are excited by an induction coil.]
+
+The current being turned on, it was found that the powerful electric
+sparks visible to the eye, unable to follow a straight course on
+account of the intervening rubber plate, jumped around the two plates
+in jagged, lightning-like lines, and thus reached the other pole of
+the machine. But it was noticed that at the same time a faint spray of
+purplish light was streaming straight through the rubber between the
+two holes, as if its passage was not interfered with by the rubber
+plate. It was in company with this stream of violet rays, known as the
+brush discharge, that the doctor conceived the invisible Röntgen
+rays to be projected at each spark discharge around the plate; and
+presently, when the photographic plate was developed, it was found
+that his conception was based on fact. For there, dim in outline, but
+unmistakable, were shadow pictures of the ten letters which stand as
+historic, since they were probably the first shadow pictures in the
+world taken without any bulb or vacuum tube whatever. These shadow
+pictures Dr. Morton carefully distinguished from the ordinary
+blackening effects on the film produced by electrified objects.
+
+Pursuing his experiments with static electricity, Dr. Morton soon
+found that better results could be obtained by the use of Leyden jars
+influenced by the Holtz machine, and discharging into a vacuum bulb,
+as shown in the illustration on this page. This arrangement of the
+apparatus has the advantage of making it much easier to regulate the
+electric supply and to modify its intensity, and Dr. Morton finds that
+in this way large vacuum tubes, perhaps twenty inches in diameter,
+may be excited to the point of doing practical work without danger of
+breaking the glass walls. But certain precautions are necessary. When
+he uses tin-foil electrodes on the outside of the bulb, he protects
+the tin-foil edges, and, what is more essential, uses extremely small
+Leyden jars and a short spark gap between the poles of the discharging
+rods. The philosophy of this is, that the smaller the jars, the
+greater their number of oscillations per second (easily fifteen
+million, according to Dr. Lodge's computations), the shorter the wave
+length, and, therefore, the greater the intensity of effects.
+
+[Illustration: A GROUP OF FAMILIAR ARTICLES UNDER THE RÖNTGEN RAYS.
+
+From a photograph by Professor Arthur W. Wright of Yale College, taken
+through an ebonite plate-holder with fifty-five minutes exposure. It
+shows a pair of spectacles in their leather case; an awl and a saw,
+with the iron stem, plainly visible through the wooden handles; a
+magnifying-glass; and a combination wooden tool-handle with metallic
+tools stored in the head, and the metallic clamp visible through the
+lower half.]
+
+The next step was to bring more energy into play, still using Leyden
+jars; and for this purpose Dr. Morton placed within the circuit
+between the jars a Tesla oscillating coil. He was thus able to use in
+his shadow pictures the most powerful sparks the machine was capable
+of producing (twelve inches), sending the Leyden-jar discharge through
+the primary of the coil, and employing for the excitation of the
+vacuum tube the "step up" current of the secondary coil with a
+potential incalculably increased.
+
+While Dr. Morton has in some of his experiments excited his Leyden
+jars from an induction coil, he thinks the best promise lies in the
+use of powerful Holtz machines; and he now uses no Leyden jars or
+converters, thus greatly adding to the simplicity of operations.
+
+In regard to the bulb, Dr. Morton has tested various kinds of vacuum
+tubes, the ordinary Crookes tubes, the Geissler tubes, and has
+obtained excellent results from the use of a special vacuum lamp
+adapted by himself to the purpose. One of his ingenious expedients
+was to turn to use an ordinary radiometer of large bulb, and, having
+fitted this with tin-foil electrodes, he found that he was able to
+get strongly marked shadow pictures. This application of the Röntgen
+principle will commend itself to many students who, being unable to
+provide themselves with the rare and expensive Crookes tubes, may
+buy a radiometer which will serve their purpose excellently in any
+laboratory supply store, the cost being only a few dollars, while the
+application of the tin foil electrodes is perfectly simple.
+
+In the-well equipped Jackson laboratory at Trinity College, Hartford,
+I found Dr. W.L. Robb, the professor of physics, surrounded by
+enthusiastic students, who were assisting him in some experiments with
+the new rays. Dr. Robb is the better qualified for this work from
+the fact that he pursued his electrical studies at the Würzburg
+University, in the very laboratory where Professor Röntgen made his
+great discovery. The picture reproduced herewith, showing a human foot
+inside the shoe, was taken by Dr. Robb. The Crookes tubes used in this
+and in most of Dr. Robb's experiments are considerably larger than any
+I have seen elsewhere, being pear-shaped, about eight inches long, and
+four inches wide at the widest part. It is, perhaps, to the excellence
+of this tube that Dr. Robb owes part of his success. At any rate, in
+the foot picture the bones are outlined through shoe and stocking,
+while every nail in the sole of the shoe shows plainly, although the
+rays came from above, striking the top of the foot first, the sole
+resting upon the plate-holder. In other of Dr. Robb's pictures equally
+fine results were obtained; notably in one of a fish, reproduced
+herewith, and showing the bony structure of the body; one of a razor,
+where the lighter shadow proves that the hollow ground portion is
+almost as thin as the edge; and one of a man's hand, taken for use
+in a lawsuit, to prove that the bones of the thumb, which had been
+crushed and broken in an accident, had been improperly set by the
+attending physician.
+
+[Illustration: THOMAS A. EDISON EXPERIMENTING WITH THE RÖNTGEN RAYS.]
+
+Dr. Robb has made a series of novel and important experiments with
+tubes from which the air has been exhausted in varying degrees, and
+has concluded from these that it is impossible to produce the Röntgen
+phenomena unless there is present in the tube an almost perfect
+vacuum. Through a tube half exhausted, on connecting it with an
+induction coil, he obtained merely the ordinary series of sparks; in a
+tube three-quarters exhausted, he obtained a reddish glow from end to
+end, a torpedo-shaped stream of fire; through a tube exhausted to
+a fairly high degree--what the electric companies would call "not
+bad"--he obtained a beautiful steaked effect of bluish striæ in
+transverse layers. Finally, in a tube exhausted as highly as possible,
+he obtained a faint fluorescent glow, like that produced in a
+Crookes tube. This fluorescence of the glass, according to Dr. Robb,
+invariably accompanies the discharge of Röntgen rays, and it is likely
+that these rays are produced more abundantly as the fluorescence
+increases. Just how perfect a vacuum is needed to give the best
+results remains a matter of conjecture. It is possible, of course,
+as Tesla believes, that with an absolutely perfect vacuum no results
+whatever would be obtained.
+
+Dr. Robb has discovered that in order to get the best results with
+shadow pictures it is necessary to use special developers for the
+plates, and a different process in the dark-room from the one known
+to ordinary photographers. In a general way, it is necessary to
+use solutions designed to affect the ultra-violet rays, and not the
+visible rays of the spectrum. Having succeeded, after much experiment,
+in thus modifying his developing process to meet the needs of the
+case, Dr. Robb finds that he makes a great gain in time of exposure,
+fifteen minutes being sufficient for the average shadow picture taken
+through a layer of wood or leather, and half an hour representing an
+extreme case. In some shadow pictures, as, for instance, in taking a
+lead-pencil, it is a great mistake to give an exposure exceeding two
+or three minutes; for the wood is so transparent that with a long
+exposure it does not show at all, and the effect of the picture is
+spoiled. Indeed, Dr. Robb finds that there is a constant tendency to
+shorten the time of exposure, and with good results. For instance, one
+of the best shadow pictures he had taken was of a box of instruments
+covered by two thicknesses of leather, two thicknesses of velvet, and
+two thicknesses of wood; and yet the time of exposure, owing to an
+accident to the coil, was only five minutes.
+
+Dr. Robb made one very interesting experiment a few days ago in the
+interest of a large bicycle company which sent to him specimens of
+carbon steel and nickel steel for the purpose of having him test them
+with the Röntgen rays, and see if they showed any radical differences
+in the crystalline structure. Photographs were taken as desired, but
+at the time of my visit only negative results had been obtained.
+
+Dr. Robb realizes the great desirability of finding a stronger source
+of Röntgen rays, and has himself begun experimenting with exhaustive
+bulbs made of aluminium. One of these he has already finished, and
+has obtained some results with it, but not such as are entirely
+satisfactory, owing to the great difficulty in obtaining a high vacuum
+without special facilities.
+
+I also visited Professor U.I. Pupin of Columbia College, who has been
+making numerous experiments with the Röntgen rays, and has produced
+at least one very remarkable shadow picture. This is of the hand of
+a gentleman resident in New York, who, while on a hunting trip in
+England a few months ago, was so unfortunate as to discharge his gun
+into his right hand, no less than forty shot lodging in the palm and
+fingers. The hand has since healed completely; but the shot remain
+in it, the doctors being unable to remove them, because unable to
+determine their exact location. The result is that the hand is almost
+useless, and often painful.
+
+Hearing of this case, Professor Pupin induced the gentleman to allow
+him to attempt a photograph of the hand. He used a Crookes tube. The
+distance from the tube to the plate was only five inches, and the hand
+lay between. After waiting fifty minutes the plate was examined. Not
+only did every bone of the hand show with beautiful distinctness, but
+each one of the forty shot was to be seen almost as plainly as if it
+lay there on the table; and, most remarkable of all, a number of shot
+were seen through the bones of the fingers, showing that the bones
+were transparent to the lead.
+
+In making this picture, Professor Pupin excited his tube by means of a
+powerful Holtz machine, thus following Dr. Morton in the substitution
+of statical electricity for the more common induction coil.
+
+Professor Pupin sees no reason why the whole skeleton of the human
+body should not be shown completely in a photograph as soon as
+sufficiently powerful bulbs can be obtained. He thinks that it would
+be possible to make Crookes tubes two feet in diameter instead of a
+few inches, as at present.
+
+Thomas A. Edison has also been devoting himself, with his usual
+energy, to experiments with the Röntgen rays, and announces
+confidently that in the near future he will be able to photograph the
+human brain, through the heavy bones of the skull, and perhaps even to
+get a shadow picture showing the human skeleton through the tissues of
+the body.
+
+
+
+
+THE HOUSEHOLDERS.
+
+BY "Q,"
+
+AUTHOR OF "DEAD MAN'S ROCK," "THE ROLL-CALL OF THE REEF," ETC.
+
+
+I will say this--speaking as accurately as a man may, so long
+afterwards--that when first I spied the house it put no desire in me
+but just to give thanks.
+
+For conceive my case. It was near midnight by this; and ever since
+dusk I had been tracking the naked moors a-foot, in the teeth of as
+vicious a nor'wester as ever drenched a man to the skin, and then blew
+the cold home to his marrow. My clothes were sodden; my coat-tails
+flapped with a noise like pistol shots; my boots squeaked as I went.
+Overhead the October moon was in her last quarter, and might have been
+a slice of finger-nail for all the light she afforded. Two-thirds of
+the time the wrack blotted her out altogether; and I, with my stick
+clipped tight under my arm-pit, eyes puckered up, and head bent like
+a butting ram's, but a little aslant, had to keep my wits agog to
+distinguish the glimmer of the road from the black heath to right and
+left. For three hours I had met neither man nor man's dwelling, and
+(for all I knew) was desperately lost. Indeed, at the cross roads, two
+miles back, there had been nothing for me but to choose the way that
+kept the wind on my face, and it gnawed me like a dog.
+
+Mainly to allay the stinging of my eyes, I pulled up at last, turned
+right-about face, leant back against the blast with a hand on my hat,
+and surveyed the blackness I had traversed. It was at this instant
+that, far away to the left, a point of light caught my notice, faint
+but steady; and at once I felt sure it burnt in the window of a house.
+"The house," thought I, "is a good mile off, beside the other road,
+and the light must have been an inch over my hat-brim for the
+last half hour," for my head had been sloped that way. This
+reflection--that on so wide a moor I had come near missing the
+information I wanted (and perhaps a supper) by one inch--sent a strong
+thrill down my back.
+
+[Illustration: "I ... TRIED A STEP TOWARD THE STAIRS, WITH EYES ALERT
+FOR ANY MOVEMENT OF THE MASTIFF."]
+
+I cut straight across the heather towards the light, risking quags
+and pitfalls. Nay, so heartening was the chance to hear a
+fellow-creature's voice that I broke into a run, skipping over the
+stunted gorse that cropped up here and there, and dreading every
+moment to see the light quenched. "Suppose it burns in an upper
+window, and the family is going to bed, as would be likely at this
+hour"--the apprehension kept my eyes fixed on the bright spot, to the
+frequent scandal of my legs, that within five minutes were stuck full
+of gorse-prickles.
+
+But the light did not go out, and soon a flicker of moonlight gave me
+a glimpse of the house's outline. It proved to be a deal more imposing
+than I looked for--the outline, in fact, of a tall-square barrack
+with a cluster of chimneys at either end, like ears, and a high
+wall, topped by the roofs of some outbuildings, concealing the lower
+windows. There was no gate in this wall, and presently I guessed the
+reason. I was approaching the place from behind, and the light came
+from a back window on the first floor.
+
+The faintness of the light also was explained by this time. It shone
+behind a drab-colored blind, and in shape resembled the stem of a
+wine-glass, broadening out at the foot--an effect produced by the
+half-drawn curtains within. I came to a halt, waiting for the next
+ray of moonlight. At the same moment a rush of wind swept over the
+chimney-stacks, and on the wind there seemed to ride a human sigh.
+
+On this last point I may err. The gust had passed some seconds before
+I caught myself detecting this peculiar note, and trying to disengage
+it from the natural chords of the storm. From the next gust it was
+absent. And then, to my dismay, the light faded from the window.
+
+I was half-minded to call out when it appeared again, this time in two
+windows--those next on the right to that where it had shone before.
+Almost at once it increased in brilliance, as if the person who
+carried it from the smaller room to the larger were lighting more
+candles; and now the illumination was strong enough to make fine
+gold threads of the rain that fell within its radiance, and fling two
+shafts of warm yellow over the coping of the back wall into the night.
+During the minute or more that I stood watching, no shadow fell on
+either blind.
+
+Between me and the wall ran a ditch, into the black obscurity of which
+the ground at my feet broke sharply away. Setting my back to the storm
+again, I followed the lip of this ditch around the wall's angle. Here
+was shelter, and here the ditch seemed to grow shallower. Not wishing,
+however, to mistake a bed of nettles or any such pitfall for solid
+earth, I kept pretty wide as I went on. The house was dark on this
+side, and the wall, as before, had no opening. Close beside the next
+angle grew a mass of thick gorse bushes, and pushing through these I
+found myself suddenly on a sound high road, with the wind tearing at
+me as furiously as ever.
+
+But here was the front; and I now perceived that the surrounding wall
+advanced some way before the house, so as to form a narrow curtilage.
+So much of it, too, as faced the road had been whitewashed; which made
+it an easy matter to find the gate. But as I laid hand on its latch, I
+had a surprise.
+
+A line of paving-stones led from the gate to the heavy porch; and
+along the wet surface of these fell a streak of light from the front
+door, which stood ajar.
+
+That a door should remain six inches open on such a night was
+astonishing enough, until I entered the court and found it was as
+still as a room, owing to the high wall, and doubtless the porch gave
+additional protection. But looking up and assuring myself that all the
+rest of _façade_ was black as ink, I wondered at the inmates who could
+be thus careless of their property.
+
+It was here that my professional instincts received the first jog.
+Abating the sound of my feet on the paving-stones, I went up to the
+door and pushed it softly. It opened without noise.
+
+I stepped into a fair-sized hall of modern build, paved with red
+tiles and lit with a small hanging lamp. To right and left were doors
+leading to the ground-floor rooms. Along the wall by my shoulder ran
+a line of pegs, on which hung half a dozen hats and great coats, every
+one of clerical shape; and full in front of me a broad staircase ran
+up, with a staring Brussels carpet, the colors and pattern of which I
+can recall as well as to-day's breakfast. Under this staircase was
+set a stand full of walking-sticks, and a table littered with gloves,
+brushes, a hand-bell, a riding-crop, one or two dog-whistles, and a
+bed-room candle, with tinder-box beside it. This, with one notable
+exception, was all the furniture.
+
+The exception--which turned me cold--was the form of a yellow mastiff
+dog, curled on a mat beneath the table. The arch of his back was
+towards me, and one forepaw lay over his nose in a natural posture of
+sleep. I leant back on the wainscoting, with my eyes tightly fixed
+on him, and my thoughts flying back, with something of regret, to the
+storm I had come through.
+
+But a man's habits are not easily denied. At the end of three minutes
+the dog had not moved, and I was down on the doormat unlacing my
+soaked boots. Slipping them off, and taking them in my left hand, I
+stood up, and tried a step towards the stairs, with eyes alert for
+any movement of the mastiff; but he never stirred. I was glad enough,
+however, on reaching the stairs, to find them newly built and the
+carpet thick. Up I went with a glance at every step for the table
+which now hid the brute's form from me, and never a creak did I wake
+out of that staircase till I was almost at the first landing, when my
+toe caught a loose stair-rod, and rattled it in a way that stopped my
+heart for a moment, and then set it going in double-quick time.
+
+[Illustration: "HE STOOD SIDEWAYS, ... AND LOOKED AT ME OVER HIS LEFT
+SHOULDER."]
+
+I stood still, with a hand on the rail. My eyes were now on a level
+with the floor of the landing, out of which branched two passages--one
+by my right hand, the other to the left, at the foot of the next
+flight, so placed that I was gazing down the length of it. And almost
+at the end there fell a parallelogram of light across it from an open
+door.
+
+A man who has once felt it knows there is only one kind of silence
+that can fitly be called "dead." This is only to be found in a great
+house at midnight. I declare that for a few seconds after I rattled
+the stair-rod you might have cut the silence with a knife. If the
+house held a clock it ticked inaudibly.
+
+Upon this silence, at the end of a minute, broke a light sound--the
+_clink, clink_ of a decanter on the rim of a wine-glass. It came from
+the room where the light was.
+
+Now, perhaps it was that the very thought of liquor put warmth into my
+cold bones. It is certain that all of a sudden I straightened my back,
+took the remaining stairs at two strides, and walked down the passage,
+as bold as brass, with out caring a jot for the noise I made.
+
+In the doorway I halted. The room was long, lined for the most part
+with books bound in what they call "divinity calf," and littered with
+papers like a barrister's table on assize day. Before the fireplace,
+where a few coals burned sulkily, was drawn a leathern elbow chair,
+and beside it, on the corner of a writing-table, were set an unlit
+candle and a pile of manuscripts. At the opposite end of the room a
+curtained door led (I guessed) to the chamber that I had first seen
+illuminated. All this I took in with the tail of my eye, while staring
+straight in front, where, in the middle of a great square of carpet
+between me and the windows, was a table with a red cloth upon it.
+On this cloth were a couple of wax candles, lit, in silver stands, a
+tray, and a decanter three parts full of brandy. And between me and
+the table stood a man.
+
+He stood sideways, leaning a little back, as if to keep his shadow off
+the threshold, and looked at me over his left shoulder--a bald, grave
+man, slightly under the common height, with a long clerical coat of
+preposterous fit hanging loosely from his shoulders, a white cravat,
+black breeches, and black stockings. His feet were loosely thrust into
+carpet-slippers. I judged his age at fifty, or thereabouts; but his
+face rested in the shadow, and I could only note a pair of eyes, very
+small and alert, twinkling above a large expanse of cheek.
+
+He was lifting a wine-glass from the table at the moment when I
+appeared, and it trembled now in his right hand. I heard a spilt drop
+or two fall on the carpet, and this was all the evidence he showed of
+discomposure.
+
+Setting the glass back, he felt in his breast-pocket for a
+handkerchief, failed to find one, and rubbed his hands together to get
+the liquor off his fingers.
+
+"You startled me," he said, in a matter-of-fact tone, turning his eyes
+upon me, as he lifted his glass again, and emptied it. "How did you
+find your way in?"
+
+"By the front door," said I, wondering at his unconcern.
+
+He nodded his head slowly.
+
+"Ah! yes; I forgot to lock it. You came to steal, I suppose?"
+
+"I came because I lost my way. I've been travelling this God-forsaken
+moor since dusk--"
+
+"With your boots in your hand," he put in quietly.
+
+"I took them off out of respect to the yellow dog you keep."
+
+"He lies in a very natural attitude--eh?"
+
+"You don't tell me he was _stuffed_!"
+
+The old man's eyes beamed a contemptuous pity.
+
+"You are indifferently sharp, my dear sir, for a housebreaker. Come
+in. Set down those convicting boots, and don't drip pools of water
+in the very doorway, of all places. If I must entertain a burglar, I
+prefer him tidy."
+
+He walked to the fire, picked up a poker, and knocked the coals into
+a blaze. This done, he turned round on me with the poker still in his
+hand. The serenest gravity sat on his large, pale features.
+
+"Why have I done this?" he asked.
+
+"I suppose to get possession of the poker."
+
+"Quite right. May I inquire your next move?"
+
+"Why," said I, feeling in my tail pocket, "I carry a pistol."
+
+"Which I suppose to be damp?"
+
+"By no means. I carry it, as you see, in an oil-cloth case."
+
+He stopped, and laid the poker carefully in the fender.
+
+"That is a stronger card than I possess. I might urge that by pulling
+the trigger you would certainly alarm the house and the neighborhood,
+and put a halter round your neck. I say, I _might_ urge this, and
+assume you to be an intelligent auditor. But it strikes me as safer to
+assume you capable of using a pistol with effect at three paces. With
+what might happen subsequently I will not pretend to be concerned. It
+is sufficient that I dislike the notion of being perforated. The fate
+of your neck--" He waved a hand. "Well, I have known you for just
+five minutes, and feel but moderate interest in your neck. As for
+the inmates of this house, it will refresh you to hear that there are
+none. I have lived here two years with a butler and a female cook,
+both of whom I dismissed yesterday at a moment's notice for conduct
+which I will not shock your ears by explicitly naming. Suffice it to
+say, I carried them off yesterday to my parish church, two miles away,
+married them, and dismissed them in the vestry without characters. I
+wish you had known that butler--but excuse me; with the information I
+have supplied, you ought to find no difficulty in fixing the price you
+will take to clear out of my house instanter."
+
+"Sir," I answered, "I have held a pistol at one or two heads in my
+time; but never at one stuffed with nobler discretion. Your chivalry
+does not, indeed, disarm me, but prompts me to desire more of your
+acquaintance. I have found a gentleman, and must sup with him before I
+make terms."
+
+The address seemed to please him. He shuffled across the room to a
+sideboard, and produced a plate of biscuits, another of almonds and
+dried raisins, a glass and two decanters.
+
+"Sherry and Madeira," he said. "There is also a cold pie in the
+larder, if you care for it."
+
+"A biscuit will serve," I replied. "To tell the truth, I'm more for
+the bucket than the manger, as the grooms say; and, by your leave, the
+brandy you were testing just now is more to my mind than wine."
+
+"There is no water handy."
+
+"There was plenty out of doors to last me with this bottle."
+
+I pulled over a chair, and laid my pistol on the table, and held out
+the glass for him to fill. Having done so, he helped himself to a
+glass and a chair, and sat down facing me.
+
+"I was talking, just now, of my late butler," he began, with a sip
+at his brandy. "Has it struck you that, when confronted with moral
+delinquency, I am apt to let my indignation get the better of me?"
+
+"Not at all," I answered heartily, refilling my glass.
+
+It appeared that another reply would have pleased him better.
+
+"H'm. I was hoping that, perhaps, I had visited his offence too
+strongly. As a clergyman, you see, I was bound to be severe; but upon
+my word, sir, since he went I have felt like a man who has lost a
+limb."
+
+He drummed with his fingers on the cloth for a few moments, and went
+on:
+
+"One has a natural disposition to forgive butlers--Pharaoh, for
+instance, felt it. There hovers around butlers that peculiar
+atmosphere which Shakespeare noticed as encircling kings, an
+atmosphere in which common ethics lose their pertinence. But mine was
+a rare bird--a black swan among butlers. He was more than a butler: he
+was a quick and brightly-gifted man. Of the accuracy of his taste,
+and the unusual scope of his endeavor, you will be able to form some
+opinion when I assure you he modelled himself upon _me_."
+
+I bowed over my brandy.
+
+"I am a scholar; yet I employed him to read aloud to me, and derived
+pleasure from his intonation. I talk as a scholar; yet he learned
+to answer me in language as precise as my own. My cast-off garments
+fitted him not more irreproachably than did my amenities of manner.
+Divest him of his tray, and you would find his mode of entering a
+room hardly distinguishable from my own--the same urbanity, the same
+alertness of carriage, the same superfine deference towards the weaker
+sex. All--all my idiosyncrasies I saw reflected in this my mirror; and
+can you doubt that I was gratified? He was my _alter ego_--which,
+by the way, makes it the more extraordinary that it should have been
+necessary to marry him to the cook."
+
+"Look here," I broke in; "you want a butler."
+
+"Oh, you really grasp that fact, do you?" he retorted.
+
+"And you wish to get rid of me as soon as may be."
+
+"I hope there is no impoliteness in complimenting you on your
+discernment."
+
+"Your two wishes," said I, "may be reconciled. Let me cease to be your
+burglar, and let me continue here as your butler."
+
+He leant back, spreading out the fingers of each hand as if the
+table's edge was a harpsichord, and he stretching octaves upon it.
+
+"Believe me," I went on, "you might do worse. I have been a demy of
+Magdalen College, Oxford, in my time, and retain some Greek and Latin.
+I'll undertake to read the Fathers with an accent that shall not
+offend you. My knowledge of wine is none the worse for having been
+cultivated in other men's cellars. Moreover, you shall engage the
+ugliest cook in Christendom, so long as I'm your butler. I've taken a
+liking to you--that's flat--and I apply for the post."
+
+"I give forty pounds a year," said he.
+
+"And I'm cheap at that price."
+
+He filled up his glass, looking up at me while he did so with the air
+of one digesting a problem. From first to last his face was grave as a
+judge's.
+
+"We are too impulsive, I think," was his answer, after a minute's
+silence. "And your speech smacks of the amateur. You say, 'Let
+me cease to be your burglar, and let me be your butler.' The mere
+aspiration is respectable; but a man might as well say, 'Let me cease
+to write poems; let me paint pictures.' And truly, sir, you impressed
+me as no expert in your present trade, but a journeyman-housebreaker,
+if I may say so."
+
+"On the other hand," I argued, "consider the moderation of my demands;
+that alone should convince you of my desire to turn over a new leaf.
+I ask for a month's trial; if, at the end of that time, I don't suit,
+you shall say so, and I'll march from your door with nothing in my
+pocket but my month's wages. Be hanged, sir! but when I reflect on the
+amount you'll have to pay to get me to face to-night's storm again,
+you seem to be getting off dirt-cheap!" cried I, slapping my palm on
+the table.
+
+"Ah, if you had only known Adolphus!" he exclaimed.
+
+Now, the third glass of clean spirits has always a deplorable effect
+on me. It turns me from bright to black, from lightness of spirits to
+extreme sulkiness. I have done more wickedness over this third tumbler
+than in all the other states of comparative inebriety within my
+experience. So now I glowered at my companion and rapped out a curse.
+
+"Look here, I don't want to hear any more of Adolphus, and I've a
+pretty clear notion of the game you're playing. You want to make me
+drunk, and you're ready to sit prattling there till I drop under the
+table."
+
+"Do me the favor to remember that you came, and are staying, at your
+own invitation. As for the brandy, I would remind you that I suggested
+a milder drink. Try some Madeira."
+
+He handed me the decanter, as he spoke, and I poured out a glass.
+
+"Madeira!" said I, taking a gulp. "Ugh! it's the commonest Marsala!"
+
+I had no sooner said the words than he rose up, and stretched a hand
+gravely across to me.
+
+"I hope you'll shake it," he said; "though, as a man who after three
+glasses of neat spirit can distinguish between Madeira and Marsala,
+you have every right to refuse me. Two minutes ago you offered to
+become my butler, and I demurred. I now beg you to repeat that offer.
+Say the word, and I employ you gladly; you shall even have the second
+decanter (which contains genuine Madeira) to take to bed with you."
+
+We shook hands on our bargain, and catching up a candlestick, he led
+the way from the room.
+
+Picking up my boots, I followed him along the passage and down the
+silent staircase. In the hall he paused to stand on tiptoe, and turn
+up the lamp, which was burning low. As he did so, I found time to
+fling a glance at my old enemy, the mastiff. He lay as I had first
+seen him--a stuffed dog, if ever there was one. "Decidedly," thought
+I, "my wits are to seek, to-night;" and with the same, a sudden
+suspicion made me turn to my conductor, who had advanced to the
+left-hand door, and was waiting for me, with hand on the knob.
+
+"One moment," I said; "this is all very pretty, but how am I to know
+you're not sending me to bed while you fetch in all the countryside to
+lay me by the heels?"
+
+"I'm afraid," was his answer, "you must be content with my word, as
+a gentleman, that never, to-night or hereafter, will I breathe a
+syllable about the circumstances of your visit. However, if you
+choose, we will return upstairs."
+
+"No; I'll trust you," said I; and he opened the door.
+
+It led into a broad passage, paved with slate, upon which three or
+four rooms opened. He paused by the second, and ushered me into a
+sleeping-chamber which, though narrow, was comfortable enough--a vast
+improvement, at any rate, on the mumper's lodgings I had been used to
+for many months past.
+
+"You can undress here," he said. "The sheets are aired, and if you'll
+wait a moment I'll fetch a nightshirt--one of my own."
+
+"Sir, you heap coals of fire on me."
+
+"Believe me that for ninety-nine of your qualities I do not care a
+tinker's curse: but as a man who, after three tumblers of neat brandy,
+can tell Marsala from Madeira you are to be taken care of."
+
+He shuffled away, but came back in a couple of minutes with the
+nightshirt.
+
+"Good-night," he called to me, flinging it in at the door; and without
+giving me time to return the wish, went his way upstairs.
+
+Now it might be supposed that I was only too glad to toss off my
+clothes and climb into the bed I had so unexpectedly acquired a right
+to. But, as a matter of fact, I did nothing of the kind. Instead, I
+drew on my boots and sat on the bed's edge, blinking at my candle till
+it died down in its socket, and afterwards at the purple square of
+window as it slowly changed to gray with the coming of dawn. I was
+cold to the heart, and my teeth chattered with an ague. Certainly I
+never suspected my host's word; but was even occupied in framing good
+resolutions and shaping out an excellent future, when I heard the
+front door gently pulled to, and a man's footsteps moving quietly to
+the gate.
+
+The treachery knocked me in a heap for the moment. Then leaping up and
+flinging my door wide, I stumbled through the uncertain light of the
+passage into the front hall.
+
+There was a fan-shaped light over the door, and the place was very
+still and gray. A quick thought, or rather a sudden prophetic guess at
+the truth, made me turn to the figure of the mastiff curled under the
+hall table.
+
+I laid my hand on the scruff of his neck. He was quite limp, and my
+fingers sank into the flesh on either side of the vertebrae. Digging
+them deeper, I dragged him out into the middle of the hall, and pulled
+the front door open to see the better.
+
+His throat was gashed from ear to ear.
+
+How many seconds passed after I dropped the senseless lump on the
+floor, and before I made another movement, it would puzzle me to say.
+Twice I stirred a foot as if to run out at the door. Then, changing my
+mind, I stepped over the mastiff, and ran up the staircase. The light
+no longer shone out into the left-hand passage; but groping down it,
+I found the study door open, as before, and passed in. A sick light
+stole through the blinds--enough for me to distinguish the glasses
+and decanters on the table, and find my way to the curtain that hung
+before the room where the light had first attracted me.
+
+I pushed the curtain aside, paused for a moment, and listened to the
+violent beat of my heart; then felt for the door handle and turned it.
+
+All I could see at first; was that the chamber was small; next, that
+the light patch in a line with the window was the white coverlet of a
+bed; and next, that somebody, or something, lay on the bed.
+
+I listened again. There was no sound in the room; no heart beating but
+my own. I reached out a hand to pull up the blind, and drew it back
+again. I dared not.
+
+The daylight grew, minute by minute, on the dull parallelogram of
+the blind, and minute by minute that horrible thing on the bed took
+something of distinctness. The strain beat me at last. I fetched a
+veritable yell to give myself courage, and, reaching for the cord,
+pulled up the blind as fast as it would go.
+
+The face on the pillow was that of an old man--a face waxen and
+peaceful, with quiet lines about the month and eyes, and long lines of
+gray hair falling back from the temples. The body was turned a little
+on one side, and one hand lay outside the bedclothes in a very natural
+manner. But there were two dark spots on the coverlet.
+
+Then I knew I was face to face with the real householder; and it
+flashed on me that I had been indiscreet in taking service as his
+butler, and that I knew the face his ex-butler wore.
+
+[Illustration: "FACE TO FACE WITH THE REAL HOUSEHOLDER."]
+
+And, being by this time awake to the responsibilities of the post, I
+quitted it three steps at a time, not once looking behind me. Outside
+the house the storm had died, and white sunlight broke over the sodden
+moors. But my bones were cold, and I ran faster and faster.
+
+
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+BY IDA M. TARBELL.
+
+LINCOLN'S PROMINENCE AS A WHIG POLITICIAN AT THIRTY-TWO.--STEPHEN A.
+DOUGLAS'S REMOVAL TO SPRINGFIELD.--BEGINNING OF THE RIVALRY BETWEEN
+LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS.--LINCOLN'S PART IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1840.--MARY
+TODD AND HER ENGAGEMENT TO LINCOLN.--FALSE STORIES REGARDING LINCOLN'S
+COURTSHIP.--THE LINCOLN AND SHIELDS DUEL.--LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE.
+
+
+By the time Abraham Lincoln was thirty-two years old--that is, in
+1841--he was one of the leading Whig politicians of Illinois. Four
+times in succession he had been elected to the General Assembly of the
+State--in 1834, 1836, 1838, and 1840. Twice he had been a candidate
+for Speaker of the House--in 1838 and in 1840--both times against
+William L.D. Ewing; and though both times defeated, the vote had in
+each instance been close. In 1841 he had been talked of as a candidate
+for governor, a suggestion to which he would not listen.
+
+He had not taken this prominent position because the Whig party lacked
+material. Edward Dickinson Baker, Colonel John J. Hardin, John T.
+Stuart, Ninian W. Edwards, Jesse K. Dubois, O.H. Browning, were but
+a few of the brilliant men who were throwing all their ability and
+ambition into the contest for political honors in the State. Nor
+were the Whigs a whit superior to the Democrats. William L.D. Ewing,
+Ebenezer Peck, William Thomas, James Shields, John Calhoun, were in
+every respect as able as the best men of the Whig party. Indeed, one
+of the prominent Democrats with whom Lincoln came often in contact,
+was popularly regarded as the most brilliant and promising politician
+of the State--Stephen A. Douglas. His record had been phenomenal.
+He had amazed both parties, in 1834, by securing appointment by the
+legislature to the office of State Attorney for the first judicial
+circuit, over John J. Hardin. In 1836 he had been elected to the
+legislature, and although he was at that time but twenty-three years
+of age, he had shown himself one of the most vigorous, capable, and
+intelligent members. Indeed, Douglas's work in the Tenth Assembly gave
+him about the same position in the Democratic party of the State at
+large that Lincoln's work in the same body gave him in the Whig
+party of his own district. In 1837 he had had no difficulty in being
+appointed register of the land office, a position which compelled
+him to make his home in Springfield. It was only a few months after
+Lincoln rode into town, all his earthly possessions in a pair of
+saddle-bags, that Douglas appeared. Handsome, polished, and always
+with an air of prosperity, the advent of the young Democratic
+official was in striking contrast to that of the sad-eyed, ill-clad,
+poverty-stricken young lawyer from New Salem.
+
+From the first, Lincoln and Douglas were thrown constantly together
+in the social life of the town, and often pitted against each other in
+what were the real forums of the State at that day--the space around
+the huge "Franklin" stove of some obliging store-keeper, the steps of
+somebody's law office, a pile of lumber, or a long timber, lying in
+the public square, where the new State-house was going up.
+
+In the fall of 1837 Douglas was nominated for Congress on the
+Democratic ticket. His Whig opponent was Lincoln's law partner, John
+T. Stuart. The campaign which the two conducted was one of the most
+remarkable in the history of the State. For five months of the spring
+and summer of 1838 they rode together from town to town all over the
+northern part of Illinois (Illinois at that time was divided into but
+three congressional districts; the third, in which Sangamon County
+was included, being made up of the twenty-two northernmost counties),
+speaking six days out of seven. When the election came off in August,
+1838, out of thirty-six thousand votes cast, Stuart received a
+majority of only fourteen; but even that majority the Democrats always
+contended was won unfairly. The campaign was watched with intense
+interest by the young politicians of Springfield; no one of them felt
+a deeper interest in it than Lincoln, who was himself at the same time
+a candidate for member of the State legislature.
+
+[Illustration: OLD STATE-HOUSE AT SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+
+From a recent photograph made for MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE. The corner-stone
+was laid July 4, 1837, about four months after the passage of the
+act removing the capital to Springfield. The event was attended with
+elaborate ceremonies. The orator of the day was Colonel E.D. Baker. It
+was nearly four years before the building was finally completed, at a
+cost of two hundred and forty thousand dollars. It was first occupied
+by the legislature during the regular session of 1840-1841, that body,
+at two previous special sessions, being obliged to use the Methodist
+church for the Senate, and the Second Presbyterian church for the
+House. The Supreme Court found a meeting place in the Episcopal
+church. The legislative committees met in rooms in private houses
+about town. This building was the State capitol for more than thirty
+years, becoming, upon the completion of the present State-house, the
+court-house of Sangamon County.]
+
+Lincoln must have learned by the end of 1840, if not before, something
+of the power of the "Little Giant," as Douglas was called. Certainly
+no man in public life between 1837 and 1860 had a greater hold on his
+followers. The reasons for this grasp are not hard to find. Douglas
+was by nature buoyant, enthusiastic, impetuous. He had that sunny
+boyishness which is so irresistible to young and old. With it he had
+great natural eloquence. When his deep, rich voice rolled out fervid
+periods in support of the sub-treasury and the convention system, or
+in opposition to internal improvements by the federal government, the
+people applauded out of sheer joy at the pleasure of hearing him. He
+was one of the few men in Illinois whom the epithet of "Yankee" never
+hurt. He might be a Yankee, but when he sat down on the knee of
+some surly lawyer, and confidentially told him his plans; or, at a
+political meeting, took off his coat, and rolled up his sleeves, and
+"pitched into" his opponent, the sons of Illinois forgot his origin in
+love for the man.
+
+Lincoln undoubtedly understood the charm of Douglas, and realized
+his power. But he already had an insight into one of his political
+characteristics that few people recognized at that day. In writing to
+Stuart in 1839, while the latter was attending Congress, Lincoln said:
+"Douglas has not been here since you left. A report is in circulation
+here now that he has abandoned the idea of going to Washington, though
+the report does not come in a very authentic form, so far as I can
+learn. Though, by the way, speaking of authenticity, you know that if
+we had heard Douglas say that he had abandoned the contest, it would
+not be very authentic."
+
+In the campaign of 1840 Lincoln and Douglas came more frequently than
+ever into conflict. At that time the local issues, which had formerly
+engaged Illinois candidates almost entirely, were lost sight of in
+national questions. In Springfield, where the leaders of the parties
+were living, many hot debates were held in private. Out of these grew,
+in December, 1839, a series of public discussions, extending over
+eight evenings, and in which several of the first orators of the
+State took part. Lincoln was the last man on the list. The people were
+nearly worn out before his turn came, and his audience was small. He
+began his speech with some melancholy, self-deprecatory reflections,
+complaining that the small audience cast a damp upon his spirits which
+he was sure he would be unable to overcome during the evening. He
+did better than he expected, overcoming the damp on his spirits so
+effectually that he made what was regarded as the best speech of the
+series; and by a general request, it was printed for distribution. The
+speech is peculiarly interesting from the fact that while there is
+a little of the perfervid eloquence of 1840 in it, as well as a good
+deal of the rather boisterous humor of the time, a part of it is
+devoted to a careful examination of the statements of his opponents,
+and a refutation of them by means of public documents.
+
+[Illustration: A HARRISON BADGE OF 1840.
+
+From the collection of Mr. O.H. Oldroyd of Washington, D.C.]
+
+[Illustration: A HARRISON BUTTON OF 1840.
+
+From the collection of Mr. John C. Browne of Philadelphia.]
+
+As a good Democrat was expected to do, Douglas had explained with
+plausibility why the Van Buren administration had in 1838 spent
+$40,000,000. Lincoln takes up his statements one by one, and proves,
+as he says, that "the majority of them are wholly untrue." Douglas had
+attributed a part of the expenditures to the purchase of public lands
+from the Indians.
+
+    "Now it happens," says Lincoln, "that no such purchase was
+    made during that year. It is true that some money was paid
+    that year in pursuance of Indian treaties; but no more, or
+    rather not as much, as had been paid on the same account in
+    each of several preceding years.... Again, Mr. Douglas says
+    that the removal of the Indians to the country west of the
+    Mississippi created much of the expenditure of 1838. I have
+    examined the public documents in relation to this matter, and
+    find that less was paid for the removal of the Indians in
+    that than in some former years. The whole sum expended on that
+    account in that year did not exceed one quarter of a
+    million. For this small sum, although we do not think the
+    administration entitled to credit, because large sums have
+    been expended in the same way in former years, we consent it
+    may take one and make the most of it.
+
+    "Next, Mr. Douglas says that five millions of the expenditures
+    of 1838 consisted of the payment of the French indemnity money
+    to its individual claimants. I have carefully examined the
+    public documents, and thereby find this statement to be wholly
+    untrue. Of the forty millions of dollars expended in 1838, I
+    am enabled to say positively that not one dollar consisted of
+    payments on the French indemnities. So much for that excuse.
+
+    "Next comes the post-office. He says that five millions were
+    expended during that year to sustain that department. By a
+    like examination of public documents, I find this also wholly
+    untrue. Of the so often mentioned forty millions, not one
+    dollar went to the post-office....
+
+    "I return to another of Mr. Douglas's excuses for the
+    expenditures of 1838, at the same time announcing the pleasing
+    intelligence that this is the last one. He says that
+    ten millions of that year's expenditure was a contingent
+    appropriation, to prosecute an anticipated war with Great
+    Britain on the Maine boundary question. Few words will settle
+    this. First, that the ten millions appropriated was not made
+    till 1839, and consequently could not have been expended in
+    1838; second, although it was appropriated, it has never been
+    expended at all. Those who heard Mr. Douglas, recollect that
+    he indulged himself in a contemptuous expression of pity for
+    me. 'Now he's got me,' thought I. But when he went on to say
+    that five millions of the expenditure of 1838 were payments of
+    the French indemnities, which I knew to be untrue; that five
+    millions had been for the post-office, which I knew to be
+    untrue; that ten millions had been for the Maine boundary war,
+    which I not only knew to be untrue, but supremely ridiculous
+    also; and when I saw that he was stupid enough to hope that
+    I would permit such groundless and audacious assertions to
+    go unexposed,--I readily consented that, on the score both of
+    veracity and sagacity, the audience should judge whether he or
+    I were the more deserving of the world's contempt."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1860.--NOW FIRST PUBLISHED.
+
+From a first-state proof of an engraving of the Cooper Institute
+picture of Lincoln (see McCLURE'S MAGAZINE for February, 1896, first
+frontispiece). Made by John C. Buttre, and now in the collection
+of W.C. Crane of New York City, through whose courtesy it is here
+reproduced.]
+
+These citations show that Lincoln had already learned to handle public
+documents, and to depend for at least a part of his success with an
+audience upon a careful statement of facts. The methods used in
+at least a portion of this speech are exactly those which made the
+irresistible strength of his speeches in 1858 and 1859.
+
+
+LINCOLN IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1840.
+
+But there was little of as good work done in the campaign of 1840, by
+Lincoln or anybody else, as is found in this speech. It was a campaign
+of noise and fun, and nowhere more so than in Illinois. Lincoln was
+one of the five Whig Presidential electors, and he flung himself into
+the campaign with confidence. "The nomination of Harrison takes first
+rate," he wrote to his partner Stuart, then in Washington. "You know
+I am never sanguine, but I believe we will carry the State. The chance
+of doing so appears to me twenty-five per cent, better than it did
+for you to beat Douglas." The Whigs, in spite of their dislike of the
+convention system, organized as they never had before, and even sent
+out a "confidential" circular of which Lincoln was the author.
+
+Every weapon he thought of possible use in the contest he secured. "Be
+sure to send me as many copies of the 'Life of Harrison' as you can
+spare from other uses," he wrote Stuart. "Be very sure to procure and
+send me the 'Senate Journal' of New York, of September, 1814. I have a
+newspaper article which says that that document proves that Van Buren
+voted against raising troops in the last war. And, in general, send me
+everything you think will be a good 'war-club.'"
+
+Every sign of success he quoted to Stuart; the number of subscribers
+to the "Old Soldier," a campaign newspaper which the Whig committee
+had informed the Whigs of the State that they "_must take_;" the names
+of Van Buren men who were weakening, and to whom he wanted Stuart to
+send documents; the name of every theretofore doubtful person who had
+declared himself for Harrison. "Japh Bell has come out for Harrison,"
+he put in a postscript to one letter; "ain't that a caution?"
+
+The monster political meetings held throughout the State did much
+to widen Lincoln's reputation, particularly one held in June in
+Springfield. Twenty thousand people attended this meeting, delegations
+coming from every direction. It took fourteen teams to haul the
+delegation from Chicago, and they were three weeks on their journey.
+Each party carried some huge symbolic piece--the log cabin being the
+favorite. One of the cabins taken to Springfield was drawn by thirty
+yokes of oxen. In a hickory tree which was planted beside this cabin,
+coons were seen playing, and a barrel of hard cider stood by the door,
+continually on tap. Instead of a log cabin, the Chicago delegation
+dragged across country a government yawl rigged up as a two-masted
+ship, with a band of music and a six-pounder cannon on board.
+
+There are many reminiscences of this great celebration, and Lincoln's
+part in it, still afloat in Illinois. General T.J. Henderson writes,
+in the entertaining reminiscences of Lincoln prepared for this
+biography:
+
+"The first time I remember to have seen Abraham Lincoln was during the
+memorable campaign of 1840, when I was a boy fifteen years of age. It
+was at an immense Whig mass-meeting held at Springfield, Illinois, in
+the month of June of that year. The Whigs attended this meeting from
+all parts of the State in large numbers, and it was estimated that
+from forty to fifty thousand people were present. They came in
+carriages and wagons, on horseback and on foot. They came with log
+cabins drawn on wheels by oxen, and with coons, coon-skins, and hard
+cider. They came with music and banners; and thousands of them came
+from long distances. It was the first political meeting I had ever
+attended, and it made a very strong impression upon my youthful mind.
+
+"My father, William H. Henderson, then a resident of Stark County,
+Illinois, was an ardent Whig; and having served under General William
+Henry Harrison, the then Whig candidate for President, in the war of
+1812-1815, he felt a deep interest in his election. And although
+he lived about a hundred miles from Springfield, he went with a
+delegation from Stark County to this political meeting, and took
+me along with him. I remember that at this great meeting of the
+supporters of Harrison and Tyler there were a number of able and
+distinguished speakers of the Whig party of the State of Illinois
+present. Among them were Colonel E.D. Baker, who was killed at Ball's
+Bluff, on the Potomac, in the late war, and who was one of the most
+eloquent speakers in the State; Colonel John J. Hardin, who was killed
+at the battle of Buena Vista, in the Mexican War; Fletcher Webster,
+a son of Daniel Webster, who was killed in the late war; S. Leslie
+Smith, a brilliant orator of Chicago; Rev. John Hogan, Ben Bond, and
+Abraham Lincoln. I heard all of these men speak on that occasion. And
+while I was too young to be a judge of their speeches, yet I thought
+them all to be great men, and none of them greater than Abraham
+Lincoln."
+
+One of the most prominent members of the Illinois bar has written out
+especially for this work his impressions of Lincoln's speech at that
+gathering.
+
+[Illustration: ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN 1861.
+
+From a photograph by Klauber of Louisville, Kentucky. From a
+photograph owned by Mr. James B. Speed of Louisville, Kentucky, to
+whose courtesy we owe the right to reproduce it here. When Lincoln
+was visiting Joshua F. Speed in 1841, Mrs. Speed, the mother of his
+friend, became much interested in him. His melancholy was profound,
+and she tried by kindness and gentleness to arouse him to new interest
+in life. One day before his departure she asked one of her daughters
+for the latter's Oxford Bible, telling her she wanted it for Mr.
+Lincoln, and promising to get another in its place. The gift touched
+Lincoln deeply, and after he became President he remembered the giver
+with the above portrait--one he had had taken especially for her, he
+wrote.]
+
+[Transcriber's Note: The following is handwritten beneath the
+photograph: "For Mrs. Lucy G. Speed, from whose pious hands I accepted
+the present of an Oxford Bible twenty years ago. Washington, D.C.
+October 5, 1861 A. Lincoln"]
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
+STATES.
+
+From a painting. William Henry Harrison was born at Berkeley,
+Virginia, February 9, 1773. He was educated at Hampden Sidney College,
+and began to study medicine, but, excited by Indian outrages, gave it
+up to enter the army. He was sent against the Indians of the West, and
+at once distinguished himself. After peace was made in 1798, he was
+appointed secretary of the Northwest Territory. In 1799 he was a
+territorial delegate to Congress, and from 1801 to 1813, territorial
+governor of Indiana. In the war of 1812 he gained the battles of
+Tippecanoe and the Thames. From 1816 to 1819 he was a delegate to
+Congress from Ohio; from 1825 to 1828, a United State Senator; and in
+1828 and 1829, United States Minister to Colombia. In 1836 he was the
+Whig candidate for the Presidency, but was defeated. Four years
+later (1840) he was elected, but lived for only one month after his
+inauguration.]
+
+"Mr. Lincoln stood in a wagon, from which he addressed the mass of
+people that surrounded it. The meeting was one of unusual interest
+because of him who was to make the principal address. It was at the
+time of his greatest physical strength. He was tall, and perhaps a
+little more slender than in later life, and more homely than after he
+became stouter in person. He was then only thirty-one years of age,
+and yet he was regarded as one of the ablest of the Whig speakers in
+that campaign. There was that in him that attracted and held public
+attention. Even then he was the subject of popular regard because of
+his candid and simple mode of discussing and illustrating political
+questions. At times he was intensely logical, and was always most
+convincing in his arguments. The questions involved in that canvass
+had relation to the tariff, internal public improvements by the
+federal government, the distribution of the proceeds of the sales
+of public lands among the several States, and other questions
+that divided the political parties of that day. They were not such
+questions as enlisted and engaged his best thoughts; they did not take
+hold of his great nature, and had no tendency to develop it. At times
+he discussed the questions of the time in a logical way, but much
+time was devoted to telling stories to illustrate some phase of his
+argument, though more often the telling of these stories was resorted
+to for the purpose of rendering his opponents ridiculous. That was a
+style of speaking much appreciated at that early day. In that kind
+of oratory he excelled most of his contemporaries--indeed, he had no
+equals in the State. One story he told on that occasion was full of
+salient points, and well illustrated the argument he was making. It
+was not an impure story, yet it was not one it would be seemly to
+publish; but rendered, as it was, in his inimitable way, it contained
+nothing that was offensive to a refined taste. The same story might
+have been told by another in such a way that it would probably have
+been regarded as transcending the proprieties of popular address. One
+characterizing feature of all the stories told by Mr. Lincoln, on the
+stump and elsewhere, was that although the subject matter of some of
+them might not have been entirely unobjectionable, yet the manner of
+telling them was so peculiarly his own that they gave no offence
+even to refined and cultured people. On the contrary, they were much
+enjoyed. The story he told on this occasion was much liked by the vast
+assembly that surrounded the temporary platform from which he spoke,
+and was received with loud bursts of laughter and applause. It served
+to place the opposing party and its speakers in a most ludicrous
+position in respect to the question being considered, and gave him a
+most favorable hearing for the arguments he later made in support of
+the measures he was sustaining."
+
+[Illustration: JOSHUA F. SPEED AND WIFE.
+
+From a painting by Healy, owned by Mrs, Joshua F. Speed of Louisville,
+Kentucky, and reproduced here by permission. Joshua F. Speed was a
+Kentuckian. At the time Lincoln went to Springfield he was one of the
+leading merchants of the town, and it was he who befriended the young
+lawyer on his arrival (see MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE for March). Towards
+the end of 1840 Mr. Speed sold his store, and soon after returned to
+Louisville. At his urgent invitation Lincoln visited him in the
+summer of 1841. He seems not to have gone back with Speed, as many
+biographers have stated, for in a letter of June 19, 1841, to Speed,
+Lincoln says: "I stick to my promise to come to Louisville." He seems,
+too, to have stayed a much shorter time than has frequently been
+stated, for he wrote back to Speed's sister, on September 27th, of his
+safe arrival in Springfield. The letters quoted from in this article
+were given by Speed himself to Mr. Herndon to publish in his "Life of
+Lincoln." Mr. Herndon turned them over to Lamon, who used them in his
+volume published in 1872. Joshua Speed and Lincoln remained intimate
+friends through life. Although they differed radically in 1855 on the
+policy to be pursued in regard to slavery, Lincoln, in writing Speed
+a long letter explaining his views, closes: "And yet let me say I am
+your friend forever."]
+
+
+LINCOLN'S ENGAGEMENT TO MISS TODD.
+
+Lincoln had been busy with politics and law in the years since he left
+New Salem, but he had by no means neglected the social side of life.
+Indeed, he had gone so far as to become engaged to be married to
+one of the favorite young women of Springfield, Miss Mary Todd, the
+sister-in-law of one of his political friends, a member of the "Long
+Nine" and a prominent citizen, Ninian W. Edwards.
+
+[Illustration: MARY TODD LINCOLN.
+
+From a carbon enlargement, by Sherman and McHugh of New York, of
+a photograph by Brady. Mary Todd was born in Lexington, Kentucky,
+December 13, 1818. Her mother died when she was young, and she
+was educated at one of the best-known schools of the State--Madame
+Mantelli's. She remained there some four years, and as the school was
+conducted entirely in French, she spoke the language fluently. She was
+afterwards some time in the Ward Academy of Lexington. Miss Todd first
+visited Springfield in 1837, but remained only a few months. In 1839
+she returned to make her home with her sister, Mrs. Edwards. She had
+two other sisters in the town, Mrs. William Wallace and Mrs. C.M.
+Smith. The story of her life will, of course, be told in connection
+with that of Mr. Lincoln in the forthcoming articles. The photograph
+used for this reproduction was kindly loaned by Mrs. S.J. Withington,
+Warner, New Hampshire.]
+
+Miss Todd came from a well-known family of Lexington, Kentucky; her
+father, Robert S. Todd, being one of the leading citizens of his
+State. She had come to Springfield in 1839 to live with her sister,
+Mrs. Edwards. She was a brilliant, witty, highly-educated girl,
+ambitious and spirited, with a touch of audacity which only made
+her more attractive, and she at once took a leading position in
+Springfield society. There were many young unmarried men in the town,
+drawn there by politics, and Mr. Edwards's handsome home was opened to
+them in the hospitable Southern way. After Mary Todd became an inmate
+of the Edwards house, the place was gayer than ever. She received much
+attention from Douglas, Shields, Lincoln, and several others. It
+was soon apparent, however, that Miss Todd preferred Lincoln. As
+the intimacy between them increased, Mr. and Mrs. Edwards protested.
+However honorable and able a man Lincoln might be, he was still a
+"plebeian." His family were humble and poor; he was self-educated,
+without address or polish, careless of forms, indifferent to society.
+How could Mary Todd, brought up in a cultured home, accustomed to
+the refinements of life, and with ambition for social position,
+accommodate herself to so grave a nature, so dull an exterior? Miss
+Todd knew her own mind, however. She loved Lincoln, and seems to have
+believed from the first in his future. Some time in 1840 they became
+engaged.
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1858.--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.
+
+From a photograph, by Harrison, Galesburg, Illinois, of an ambrotype
+owned by Mrs. W.J. Thomson of Monmouth, Illinois. This picture was
+taken at Monmouth on October 11, 1858, by W.J. Thomson, after a speech
+made in the town by Lincoln that day, and four days after the debate
+between Lincoln and Douglas at Galesburg, Illinois, on October 7,
+1858.]
+
+But it was not long before there came the clashing inevitable between
+two persons whose tastes and ambitions were so different. Miss Todd
+was jealous and exacting. Lincoln frequently failed to accompany her
+to the merry-makings which she wanted to attend. She resented this
+indifference, which seemed to her a purposed slight, instead of simply
+a lack of thought on his part, and sometimes she went with Mr.
+Douglas or any other escort who offered. Reproaches and tears and
+misunderstanding followed. If the lovers made up, it was only to
+fall out again. At last Lincoln became convinced that they were
+incompatible, and resolved that he must break the engagement. But the
+knowledge that the girl loved him took away his courage. He felt that
+he must not draw back, and he became profoundly miserable.
+
+"Whatever woman may cast her lot with mine, should any ever do so, it
+is my intention to do all in my power to make her happy and contented;
+and there is nothing I can imagine that would make me more unhappy
+than to fail in the effort," Lincoln had written Miss Owens three
+years before. How could he make this brilliant, passionate creature to
+whom he was betrothed happy?
+
+A mortal dread of the result of the marriage, a harrowing doubt of
+his own feelings, possessed him. The experience is not so rare in the
+lives of lovers that it should be regarded, as it often has been, as
+something exceptional and abnormal in Lincoln's case. A reflective
+nature founded in melancholy, like Lincoln's, rarely undertakes
+even the simpler affairs of life without misgivings. He certainly
+experienced dread and doubt before entering on any new relation.
+When it came to forming the most delicate and intimate of all human
+relations, he staggered under a storm of uncertainty and suffering,
+and finally broke the engagement.
+
+So horrible a breach of honor did this seem to him that he called the
+day when it occurred the "fatal first of January, 1841," and months
+afterward he wrote to his intimate friend Speed: "I must regain my
+confidence in my own ability to keep my resolves when they are made.
+In that ability I once prided myself as the only or chief gem of my
+character; that gem I lost--how and where you know too well. I have
+not yet regained it, and, until I do, I cannot trust myself in any
+matter of much importance."
+
+[Illustration: ROBERT S. TODD.
+
+Robert S. Todd, father of Mrs. Lincoln, came of distinguished
+ancestors. He was the seventh son of Major-General Levi Todd, and was
+born at Lexington, Kentucky, February 25, 1791. He was prominent in
+the politics of Kentucky for nearly thirty years. For many years he
+was clerk of the Kentucky House of Representatives; he was three times
+elected Representative from Fayette County, and was a State Senator
+at the time of his death, which occurred July 15, 1849. He was twice
+married--the first time to his near relative, Eliza Ann Parker, the
+mother of Mary Todd.]
+
+[Illustration: MISS JULIA JAYNE, ONE OF MISS TODD'S BRIDESMAIDS.
+
+From a photograph loaned by Mr. Jesse W. Weik. Miss Jayne afterward
+became Mrs. Lyman Trumbull.]
+
+The breaking of the engagement between Miss Todd and Mr. Lincoln was
+naturally known at the time to all their friends. Lincoln's melancholy
+was evident to them all, nor did he, indeed, attempt to disguise
+it. He wrote and spoke freely to his intimates of the despair which
+possessed him, and of his sense of dishonor. The episode caused a
+great amount of gossip, as was to be expected. After Mr. Lincoln's
+assassination and Mrs. Lincoln's sad death, various accounts of the
+courtship and marriage were circulated. It remained, however, for one
+of Lincoln's law partners, Mr. W.H. Herndon, to develop and circulate
+the most sensational of all the versions of the rupture. His story
+would not be referred to here were it not that it has been generally
+accepted as truthful by even his most conservative biographers,
+including Mr. John T. Morse and Mr. Carl Schurz. According to Mr.
+Herndon, the engagement between the two was broken in the most violent
+and public way possible, by Mr. Lincoln's failing to appear at the
+wedding. Mr. Herndon even describes the scene in detail:
+
+    "The time fixed for the marriage was the first day of
+    January, 1841. Careful preparations for the happy occasion
+    were made at the Edwards mansion. The house underwent the
+    customary renovation; the furniture was properly arranged,
+    the rooms neatly decorated, the supper prepared, and the
+    guests invited. The latter assembled on the evening in
+    question, and awaited in expectant pleasure the interesting
+    ceremony of marriage. The bride, bedecked in veil and
+    silken gown, and nervously toying with the flowers in her
+    hair, sat in the adjoining room. Nothing was lacking but
+    the groom. For some strange reason he had been delayed. An
+    hour passed, and the guests, as well as the bride, were
+    becoming restless. But they were all doomed to
+    disappointment. Another hour passed; messengers were sent
+    out over town, and each returning with the same report, it
+    became apparent that Lincoln, the principal in this little
+    drama, had purposely failed to appear. The bride, in grief,
+    disappeared to her room; the wedding supper was left
+    untouched; the guests quietly and wonderingly withdrew; the
+    lights in the Edwards mansion were blown out, and darkness
+    settled over all for the night. What the feelings of a lady
+    as sensitive, passionate, and proud as Miss Todd were, we
+    can only imagine; no one can ever describe them. By
+    daybreak, after persistent search, Lincoln's friends found
+    him. Restless, gloomy, miserable, desperate, he seemed an
+    object of pity. His friends, Speed among the number,
+    fearing a tragic termination, watched him closely in their
+    rooms day and night. 'Knives and razors, and every
+    instrument that could be used for self-destruction, were
+    removed from his reach.' Mrs. Edwards did not hesitate to
+    regard him as insane, and of course her sister Mary shared
+    in that view."
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL JAMES SHIELDS.
+
+From a photograph kindly loaned by C.B. Hall, New York. General
+Shields was born at Dungannon, County of Tyrone, Ireland, in 1810;
+came to the United States in 1826; located in Randolph County,
+Illinois, and taught school there; was admitted to the bar in 1832,
+and practised at Kaskaskia. He was elected to the legislature in 1836,
+and there became acquainted with Lincoln. In 1841 he was made auditor
+of public accounts of Illinois, and it was while holding this office
+that he challenged Lincoln to mortal combat. In 1843 Governor Ford
+appointed him an associate justice of the Supreme Court--an office
+which he resigned two years later to become commissioner of the
+general land-office. His gallantry in the Mexican War was such that he
+was brevetted a major-general. The prestige which his military record
+gave him made him a United States Senator in 1849. Defeated for
+reelection by Lyman Trumbull in 1855, he removed to Minnesota. There,
+May 12, 1858, he was elected to the United States Senate to fill a
+vacancy, serving about ten months. Then he went to California for
+a year. August 19, 1861, President Lincoln, his old-time enemy,
+presented him with a brigadier-general's commission; but two years
+later he gave this up, and settled on a farm in Missouri. He remained
+in retirement for a while, but eventually emerged to become a
+member of the legislature, a defeated candidate for Congress,
+adjutant-general of the State, and finally, in 1879, once more a
+United States Senator, serving about six weeks of an unexpired term.
+He thus had the rare distinction to be a United States Senator from
+three States. In his later years he delivered lectures--"Reminiscences
+of the Mexican War" and "Recollections of Eminent Statesmen and
+Soldiers." He died suddenly at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 1879. General
+Shields has been variously rated by his contemporaries. That he was a
+man of considerable ability is conceded, and he possessed the warmth
+and generosity common to his race.--_J. McCan Davis_.]
+
+[Illustration: MRS. NINIAN W. EDWARDS.
+
+From a painting by Healy, owned by her son, Mr. A.S. Edwards,
+Springfield, Illinois. Mrs. Ninian W. Edwards was a sister of Mrs.
+Lincoln. Her maiden name was Elizabeth P. Todd. She was born at
+Lexington, Kentucky, in 1813, and died at Springfield, Illinois, her
+home since 1835, February 22, 1888.]
+
+[Illustration: COURT-HOUSE AT TREMONT WHERE LINCOLN RECEIVED WARNING
+OF SHIELDS'S CHALLENGE.
+
+Tremont was about fifty miles north of Springfield, in Tazewell
+County. Although the internal improvements scheme of 1837 ran a
+railroad through the town, it was only reached in 1842, at the time
+of the Shields-Lincoln duel, by driving. The court-house is a fair
+example of those in which Lincoln first practised law.]
+
+No one can read this description in connection with the rest of Mr.
+Herndon's text, and escape the impression that, if it is true, there
+must have been a vein of cowardice in Lincoln. The context shows that
+he was not insane enough to excuse such a public insult to a woman.
+To break his engagement was, all things considered, not in any way
+an unusual or abnormal thing; to brood over the rupture, to blame
+himself, to feel that he had been dishonorable, was to be expected,
+after such an act, from one of his temperament. Nothing, however,
+but temporary insanity or constitutional cowardice could explain such
+conduct as here described. Mr. Herndon does not pretend to found his
+story on any personal knowledge of the affair. He was in Springfield
+at the time, a clerk in Speed's store, but did not have then, nor,
+indeed, did he ever have, any social relations with the families in
+which Mr. Lincoln was always a welcome guest. His only authority for
+the story is a remark which he says Mrs. Ninian Edwards made to him in
+an interview: "Lincoln and Mary were engaged; everything was ready and
+prepared for the marriage, even to the supper. Mr. Lincoln failed
+to meet his engagement; cause, insanity." This remark, it should be
+noted, is not from a manuscript written by Mrs. Edwards, but in a
+report of an interview with her, written by Mr. Herndon. Supposing,
+however, that the statement was made exactly as Mr. Herndon reports
+it, it certainly does not justify any such sensational description as
+Mr. Herndon gives.
+
+If such a thing had ever occurred, it could not have failed to be
+known, of course, even to its smallest details, by all the relatives
+and friends of both Miss Todd and Mr. Lincoln. Nobody, however, ever
+heard of this wedding party until Mr. Herndon gave his material to the
+public.
+
+One of the closest friends of the Lincolns throughout their lives was
+a cousin of Mrs. Lincoln's, Mrs. Grimsley, afterwards Mrs. Dr. Brown.
+Mrs. Grimsley lived in Springfield, on the most intimate and friendly
+relations with Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln, and the first six months of
+their life in the White House she spent with them. She was a woman
+of unusual culture, and of the rarest sweetness and graciousness of
+character. No one could look on her face without feeling her perfect
+sincerity and goodness. Some months before Mrs. Brown's death, in
+August, 1895, a copy of Mr. Herndon's story was sent her, with a
+request that she write for publication her knowledge of the affair. In
+her reply she said:
+
+"Did Mr. Lincoln fail to appear when the invitations were out, the
+guests invited, and the supper ready for the wedding? I will say
+emphatically, 'No.'
+
+"There may have been a little shadow of foundation for Mr. Herndon's
+lively imagination to play upon, in that, the year previous to the
+marriage, and when Mr. Lincoln and my cousin Mary expected soon to be
+married, Mr. Lincoln was taken with one of those fearful, overwhelming
+periods of depression, which induced his friends to persuade him to
+leave Springfield. This he did for a time; but I am satisfied he
+was loyal and true to Mary, even though at times he may have doubted
+whether he was responding as fully as a manly, generous nature should
+to such affection as he knew my cousin was ready to bestow on him. And
+this because it had not the overmastering depth of an early love. This
+everybody here knows; therefore I do not feel as if I were betraying
+dear friends."
+
+[Illustration: RESIDENCE OF NINIAN W. EDWARDS, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+
+From a photograph made for MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE in February, 1896. At
+this house Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd were married November 4,
+1842, and here Mrs. Lincoln died July 16, 1882. The house was built
+about 1835. It was a brick structure, and there were few handsomer
+ones in the town. The south half (appearing in the left of this
+picture) was at first only one story in height; the second story was
+but recently added. In this part was the dining-room. The parlor, in
+which the marriage ceremony was performed, was the front room on the
+first floor of the north half of the house. The house is now occupied
+by St. Agatha's School (Episcopal).]
+
+Mrs. John Stuart, the wife of Lincoln's law partner at that time, is
+still living in Springfield, a refined, cultivated, intelligent woman,
+who remembers perfectly the life and events of that day. When Mr.
+Herndon's story first came to her attention, her indignation was
+intense. She protested that she never before had heard of such a
+thing. Mrs. Stuart was not, however, in Springfield at that particular
+date, but in Washington, her husband being a member of Congress. She
+wrote the following statement for this biography:
+
+"I cannot deny this, as I was not in Springfield for some months
+before and after this occurrence was said to have taken place; but I
+was in close correspondence with relatives and friends during all this
+time, and never heard a word of it. The late Judge Broadwell told me
+that he had asked Mr. Ninian Edwards about it, and Mr. Edwards told
+him that no such thing had ever taken place.
+
+"All I can say is that I unhesitatingly do not believe such an event
+ever occurred. I thought I had never heard of this till I saw it in
+Herndon's book. I have since been told that Lamon mentions the same
+thing. I read Lamon at the time he published, and felt very much
+disgusted, but did not remember this particular assertion. The first
+chapters of Lamon's book were purchased from Herndon; so Herndon is
+responsible for the whole.
+
+"Mrs. Lincoln told me herself all the circumstances of her engagement
+to Mr. Lincoln, of his illness, and the breaking off of her
+engagement, of the renewal, and her marriage. So I say I do not
+believe one word of this dishonorable story about Mr. Lincoln."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE LICENSE AND MARRIAGE
+CERTIFICATE.--NOW FIRST PUBLISHED.
+
+Photographed for MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE from the original, now on file in
+the county clerk's office, Springfield, Illinois. It has hitherto been
+commonly supposed that the original marriage license issued to
+Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd in 1842, with the officiating-minister's
+certificate of marriage attached to it, was one of the interesting
+documents in what was formerly the Keys Lincoln Memorial Collection.
+Nicolay and Hay reproduced it in their biography of Lincoln, and other
+publications have made it appear authentic. Messrs. Keys and
+Munson, who formed the collection in which the certificate was first
+exhibited, called it a duplicate, and Mr. William H. Lambert of
+Philadelphia, who owns it now, supposed, in buying it, that it was a
+duplicate. Mr. Lambert, however, in showing us the certificate, called
+attention to a suspicious circumstance connected with the license.
+The seal of the county court stamped upon it was dated "1849." It was
+difficult to reconcile this with the fact that the marriage occurred
+in 1842. The inconsistency was covered up in certain facsimiles which
+have been published, by a stroke of the pen; the date of the seal was
+changed to fit the date of the marriage. Mr. Lambert's suggestion led
+to an investigation for this Magazine. A search in the county clerk's
+office at Springfield brought to light the real and only "original"
+license, stowed away in a dusty pigeon-hole, untouched in thirty
+years. This is the license which is reproduced above. Beneath the
+license is the Rev. Charles Dresser's certificate of the marriage.
+The bogus document was made out on the blank form in use in the county
+clerk's office in 1865--a form quite different from that used in 1842.
+This form was not used prior to 1865, and never after February 3,
+1866. So it seems most probable that the spurious license was procured
+soon after Mr. Lincoln's assassination. The handwriting is that of
+N.W. Matheny, then, as in 1842, the county clerk, a gentleman of high
+character, who no doubt furnished the copy for a perfectly proper
+purpose. It will be observed that the genuine license bears no seal.
+This is due to the fact that prior to 1849 the county court did not
+have a seal; indeed, before that year, such a tribunal as the
+"county court" was unknown to the judiciary system of the State. The
+certificate attached to the counterfeit license, of course, was not
+written by the Rev. Charles Dresser (for he was then dead), but,
+like the license itself, was made out by the county clerk.--_J. McCan
+Davis._]
+
+Another prominent member in the same circle with Mr. Lincoln and Miss
+Todd is Mrs. B.T. Edwards, the widow of Judge Benjamin T. Edwards,
+and sister-in-law of Mr. Ninian Edwards, who had married Miss Todd's
+sister. She came to Springfield in 1839, and was intimately acquainted
+with Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd, and knew, as well as another could
+know, their affairs. Mrs. Edwards is still living in Springfield, a
+woman of the most perfect refinement and trustworthiness. In answer to
+the question, "Is Mr. Herndon's description true?" she writes:
+
+"I am impatient to tell you that all that he says about this
+wedding--the time for which was 'fixed for the first day of
+January'--is a fabrication. He has drawn largely upon his imagination
+in describing something which never took place.
+
+"I know the engagement between Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd was
+interrupted for a time, and it was rumored among her young friends
+that Mr. Edwards had rather opposed it. But I am sure there had been
+no 'time fixed' for any wedding; that is, no preparations had ever
+been made until the day that Mr. Lincoln met Mr. Edwards on the street
+and told him that he and Mary were going to be married that evening.
+Upon inquiry, Mr. Lincoln said they would be married in the Episcopal
+church, to which Mr. Edwards replied: 'No; Mary is my ward, and she
+must be married at my house.'
+
+"If I remember rightly, the wedding guests were few, not more than
+thirty; and it seems to me all are gone now but Mrs. Wallace,
+Mrs. Levering, and myself, for it was not much more than a family
+gathering; only two or three of Mary Todd's young friends were
+present. The 'entertainment' was simple, but in beautiful taste; but
+the bride had neither veil nor flowers in her hair, with which to 'toy
+nervously.' There had been no elaborate _trousseau_ for the bride of
+the future President of the United States, nor even a handsome wedding
+gown; nor was it a gay wedding."
+
+Two sisters of Mrs. Lincoln's who are still living, Mrs. Wallace
+of Springfield, and Mrs. Helm of Elizabethstown, Kentucky, deny
+emphatically that any wedding was ever arranged between Mr. Lincoln
+and Miss Todd but the one which did take place. That the engagement
+was broken after a wedding had been talked of, they think possible;
+but Mr. Herndon's story, they deny emphatically.
+
+"There is not a word of truth in it!" Mrs. Wallace broke out,
+impulsively, before the question about the non-appearance of Mr.
+Lincoln had been finished. "I never was so amazed in my life as when I
+read that story. Mr. Lincoln never did such a thing. Why, Mary Lincoln
+never had a silk dress in her life until she went to Washington."
+
+[Illustration: REV. CHARLES DRESSER.
+
+From a daguerreotype owned by his son, Dr. T.W. Dresser, Springfield,
+Illinois. The Rev. Charles Dresser, who was the officiating clergyman
+at the wedding of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd, was born at Pomfret,
+Connecticut, February 24, 1800. He was graduated from Brown University
+in 1823, and went to Virginia, where he studied theology. In 1829 he
+became an ordained minister in the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was
+married in 1832 in Dinwiddie County, Virginia, to Louisa W. Withers.
+Upon his removal to Springfield, Illinois, in 1838, he became the
+rector of the Protestant Episcopal church there, and remained so until
+1858, when failing health caused his retirement. In 1855, Jubilee
+College elected him Professor of Divinity and Belles-Lettres, but he
+held this position only a short time. He died March 25, 1865.--_J.
+McCan Davis._]
+
+As Mr. Joshua Speed was, all through this period, Mr. Lincoln's
+closest friend, no thought or feeling of the one ever being concealed
+from the other, Mrs. Joshua Speed, who is still living in Louisville,
+Kentucky, was asked if she knew of the story. Mrs. Speed listened
+in surprise to Mr. Herndon's tale. "I never heard of it before," she
+declared. "I never heard of it. If it is true, I never heard of it."
+
+In all of these cases the opinion of only those persons intimately
+connected with Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd has been asked. Care has been
+taken, too, to apply only to persons whose character put them beyond
+the suspicion of distorting facts.
+
+Quite unexpectedly, some months ago, a volunteer witness to the
+falsity of the story appeared. The Hon. H.W. Thornton of Millersburg,
+Illinois, was a member of the Twelfth General Assembly, which met in
+Springfield in 1840. During that winter he was boarding near Lincoln,
+saw him almost every day, was a constant visitor at Mr. Edwards's
+house, and he knew Miss Todd well. He wrote to this magazine declaring
+that Mr. Herndon's statement about the wedding must be false, as he
+was closely associated with Miss Todd and Mr. Lincoln all winter, and
+never knew anything of it. Mr. Thornton went on to say that he knew
+beyond a doubt that the sensational account of Lincoln's insanity
+was untrue, and he quoted from the House journal to show how it was
+impossible that, as Lamon says, using Herndon's notes, "Lincoln went
+crazy as a loon, and did not attend the legislature in 1841-1842,
+for this reason;" or, as Herndon says, that he had to be watched
+constantly. According to the record taken from the journals of the
+House sent us by Mr. Thornton, and which we have had verified in
+Springfield, Mr. Lincoln was in his seat in the House on that "fatal
+first of January" when he is asserted to have been groping in the
+shadow of madness, and he was also there on the following day. The
+third of January was Sunday. On Monday, the fourth, he appears not to
+have been present--at least he did not vote; but even this is by no
+means conclusive evidence that he was not there. On the fifth, and on
+every succeeding day until the thirteenth, he was in his seat. From
+the thirteenth to the eighteenth, inclusive, he is not recorded on
+any of the roll-calls, and probably was not present. But on the
+nineteenth, when "John J. Hardin announced his illness to the House,"
+as Mr. Herndon says (which announcement seems not to have gotten
+into the journal), Lincoln was again in his place, and voted. On the
+twentieth he is not recorded; but on every subsequent day, until the
+close of the session on the first of March, Lincoln was in the House.
+Thus, during the whole of the two months of January and February,
+he was absent not more than seven days--as good a record as to
+attendance, perhaps, as that made by the average member.
+
+Mr. Thornton says further: "Mr. Lincoln boarded at William Butler's,
+near to Dr. Henry's, where I boarded. The missing days, from January
+13th to 19th, Mr. Lincoln spent several hours each day at Dr. Henry's;
+a part of these days I remained with Mr. Lincoln. His most intimate
+friends had no fears of his injuring himself. He was very sad and
+melancholy, but being subject to these spells, nothing serious was
+apprehended. His being watched, as stated in Herndon's book, was news
+to me until I saw it there."
+
+But while Lincoln went about his daily duties, even on the "fatal
+first of January," his whole being was shrouded in gloom. He did not
+pretend to conceal this from his friends. Writing to Mr. Stuart on
+January 23d, he said: "I am now the most miserable man living. If what
+I feel were equally distributed to the whole human family, there would
+not be one cheerful face on the earth. Whether I shall ever be better
+I cannot tell; I awfully forebode I shall not. To remain as I am is
+impossible. I must die or be better, it appears to me. The matter you
+speak of on my account you may attend to as you say, unless you shall
+hear of my condition forbidding it. I say this because I fear I shall
+be unable to attend to any business here, and a change of scene might
+help me."
+
+In the summer he visited his friend Speed, who had sold his store in
+Springfield, and returned to Louisville, Kentucky. The visit did much
+to brighten his spirits, for, writing back in September, after his
+return, to his friend's sister, he was even gay.
+
+A curious situation arose the next year (1842), which did much to
+restore Lincoln to a more normal view of his relation to Miss Todd.
+In the summer of 1841, his friend Speed had become engaged. As his
+marriage approached, he in turn was attacked by a melancholy not
+unlike that which Lincoln had suffered. He feared he did not love well
+enough to marry, and he confided his fear to Lincoln. Full of sympathy
+for the trouble of his friend, Lincoln tried in every way to persuade
+him that his "twinges of the soul" were all explained by nervous
+debility. When Speed returned to Kentucky, Lincoln wrote him several
+letters, in which he consoled, counselled, or laughed at him. These
+letters abound in suggestive passages. From what did Speed suffer?
+From three special causes and a general one, which Lincoln proceeds to
+enumerate:
+
+    "The general cause is, that you are naturally of a nervous
+    temperament; and this I say from what I have seen of you
+    personally, and what you have told me concerning your mother
+    at various times, and concerning your brother William at the
+    time his wife died. The first special cause is your exposure
+    to bad weather on your journey, which my experience clearly
+    proves to be very severe on defective nerves. The second is
+    the absence of all business and conversation of friends,
+    which might divert your mind, give it occasional rest from the
+    intensity of thought which will sometimes wear the sweetest
+    idea thread-bare and turn it to the bitterness of death. The
+    third is the rapid and near approach of that crisis on which
+    all your thoughts and feelings concentrate."
+
+Speed writes that his _fiancée_ is ill, and his letter is full of
+gloomy forebodings of an early death. Lincoln hails these fears as an
+omen of happiness.
+
+[Illustration: THE GLOBE HOTEL, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+
+In a letter to Joshua R. Speed, dated May 18, 1843, Lincoln wrote: "We
+are not keeping house, but boarding at the Globe Tavern, which is very
+well kept now by a widow lady of the name of Beck. Our room (the
+same that Dr. Wallace occupied there) and boarding only costs us four
+dollars a week.... I most heartily wish you and your Fanny would
+not fail to come. Just let us know the time, and we will have a room
+provided for you at our house, and all be merry together for a while."
+The Globe Hotel stood in Springfield until about three years ago.]
+
+    "I hope and believe that your present anxiety and distress
+    about her health and her life must and will forever banish
+    those horrid doubts which I know you sometimes felt as to the
+    truth of your affection for her. If they can once and forever
+    be removed (and I almost feel a presentiment that the Almighty
+    has sent your present affliction expressly for that object),
+    surely nothing can come in their stead to fill their
+    immeasurable measure of misery.... I am now fully convinced
+    that you love her as ardently as you are capable of loving.
+    Your ever being happy in her presence, and your intense
+    anxiety about her health, if there were nothing else, would
+    place this beyond all dispute in my mind. I incline to think
+    it probable that your nerves will fail you occasionally for a
+    while; but once you get them firmly guarded now, that trouble
+    is over forever. I think, if I were you, in case my mind
+    were not exactly right, I would avoid being idle. I
+    would immediately engage in some business or go to making
+    preparations for it, which would be the same thing."
+
+Mr. Speed's marriage occurred in February, and to the letter
+announcing it Lincoln replied:
+
+    "I tell you, Speed, our forebodings (for which you and I are
+    peculiar) are all the worst sort of nonsense. I fancied, from
+    the time I received your letter of Saturday, that the one of
+    Wednesday was never to come, and yet it did come, and what
+    is more, it is perfectly clear, both from its tone and
+    handwriting, that you were much happier, or, if you think the
+    term preferable, less miserable, when you wrote it than when
+    you wrote the last one before. You had so obviously improved
+    at the very time I so much fancied you would have grown worse.
+    You say that something indescribably horrible and alarming
+    still haunts you. You will not say that three months from
+    now, I will venture. When your nerves once get steady now,
+    the whole trouble will be over forever. Nor should you become
+    impatient at their being even very slow in becoming steady.
+    Again, you say, you much fear that that Elysium of which you
+    have dreamed so much is never to be realized. Well, if it
+    shall not, I dare swear it will not be the fault of her who
+    is now your wife. I now have no doubt that it is the peculiar
+    misfortune of both you and me to dream dreams of Elysium far
+    exceeding all that anything earthly can realize."
+
+His prophecy was true. In March Speed wrote him that he was "far
+happier than he had ever expected to be." Lincoln caught at the letter
+with an eagerness which is deeply pathetic:
+
+    "It cannot be told how it now thrills me with joy to hear you
+    say you are far happier than you ever expected to be. I know
+    you too well to suppose your expectations were not, at least,
+    sometimes extravagant, and if the reality exceeds them all, I
+    say, Enough, dear Lord! I am not going beyond the truth when
+    I tell you that the short space it took me to read your last
+    letter gave me more pleasure than the total sum of all I have
+    enjoyed since the fatal 1st of January, 1841. Since then, it
+    seems to me, I should have been entirely happy, but for the
+    never absent idea that there is one still unhappy whom I have
+    contributed to make so. That still kills me. I cannot but
+    reproach myself for even wishing to be happy while she is
+    otherwise. She accompanied a large party on the railroad cars
+    to Jacksonville last Monday, and on her return spoke, so that
+    I heard of it, of having enjoyed the trip exceedingly. God be
+    praised for that."
+
+Evidently Lincoln was still unreconciled to his separation from Miss
+Todd. In the summer of 1842, only three or four months after the above
+letter was written, a clever ruse on the part of certain of their
+friends threw the two unexpectedly together; and an understanding
+of some kind evidently was come to, for during the season they met
+secretly at the house of one of Lincoln's friends, Mr. Simeon Francis.
+It was while these meetings were going on that a burlesque encounter
+occurred between Lincoln and James Shields, for which Miss Todd was
+partly responsible, and which no doubt gave just the touch of comedy
+necessary to relieve their tragedy and restore them to a healthier
+view of their relations.
+
+
+THE LINCOLN AND SHIELDS DUEL.
+
+Among the Democratic officials then living in Springfield was one
+James Shields, auditor of the State. He was a hot-headed, blustering
+Irishman, not without ability, and certainly courageous; a good
+politician, and, on the whole, a very well-liked man. However, the
+swagger and noise with which he accompanied the execution of his
+duties, and his habit of being continually on the defensive, made
+him the butt of Whig ridicule. Nothing could have given greater
+satisfaction to Lincoln and his friends than having an opponent who,
+whenever they joked him, flew into a rage and challenged them to
+fight.
+
+At the time when Lincoln was visiting Miss Todd at Mr. Francis's
+house, the Whigs were much excited over the fact that the Democrats
+had issued an order forbidding the payment of State taxes in State
+bank-notes. The bank-notes were in fact practically worthless, for the
+State finances were suffering a violent reaction from the extravagant
+legislation of 1836 and 1837. One of the popular ways of attacking an
+obnoxious political doctrine in that day was writing letters from some
+imaginary backwoods settlement, setting forth in homely vernacular
+the writer's views of the question, and showing how its application
+affected his part of the world. These letters were really a rude form
+of the "Bigelow Papers" or "Nasby Letters." Soon after the order
+was issued by the Illinois officials demanding silver instead
+of bank-notes in payment of taxes, Lincoln wrote a letter to a
+Springfield paper from the "Lost Townships," signing it "Aunt
+Rebecca." In it he described the plight to which the new order had
+brought the neighborhood, and he intimated that the only reason for
+issuing such an order was that the State officers might have their
+salaries paid in silver. Shields was ridiculed unmercifully in the
+letter for his vanity and his gallantry.
+
+It happened that there were several young women in Springfield who
+had received rather too pronounced attention from Mr. Shields, and
+who were glad to see him tormented. Among them were Miss Todd and her
+friend Miss Julia Jayne. Lincoln's letter from the "Lost Townships"
+was such a success that they followed it up with one in which "Aunt
+Rebecca" proposed to the gallant auditor, and a few days later they
+published some very bad verses, signed "Cathleen," celebrating the
+wedding.[1]
+
+Springfield was highly entertained, less by the verses than by the
+fury of Shields. He would have satisfaction, he said, and he sent a
+friend, one General Whitesides, to the paper, to ask for the name of
+the writer of the communications. The editor, in a quandary, went to
+Lincoln, who, unwilling that Miss Todd and Miss Jayne should figure
+in the affair, ordered that his own name be given as the author of
+letters and poem. This was only about ten days after the first letter
+had appeared, on September 2d, and Lincoln left Springfield in a day
+or two for a long trip on the circuit. He was at Tremont when, on
+the morning of the seventeenth, two of his friends, E.H. Merryman and
+William Butler, drove up hastily. Shields and his friend Whitesides
+were behind, they said, the irate Irishman vowing that he would
+challenge Lincoln. They, knowing that Lincoln was "unpractised both
+as to diplomacy and weapons," had started as soon as they had learned
+that Shields had left Springfield, had passed him in the night, and
+were there to see Lincoln through.
+
+It was not long before Shields and Whitesides arrived, and soon
+Lincoln received a note in which the indignant auditor said: "I
+will take the liberty of requiring a full, positive, and absolute
+retraction of all offensive allusions used by you in these
+communications in relation to my private character and standing as a
+man, as an apology for the insults conveyed in them. This may prevent
+consequences which no one will regret more than myself."
+
+Lincoln immediately replied that, since Shields had not stopped to
+inquire whether he really was the author of the articles, had not
+pointed out what was offensive in them, had assumed facts and hinted
+at consequences, he could not submit to answer the note. Shields wrote
+again, but Lincoln simply replied that he could receive nothing but a
+withdrawal of the first note or a challenge. To this he steadily
+held, even refusing to answer the question as to the authorship of the
+letters, which Shields finally put. It was inconsistent with his honor
+to negotiate for peace with Mr. Shields, he said, unless Mr. Shields
+withdrew his former offensive letter. Seconds were immediately named:
+Whitesides by Shields, Merryman by Lincoln; and though they talked of
+peace, Whitesides declared he could not mention it to his principal.
+"He would challenge me next, and as soon cut my throat as not."
+
+This was on the nineteenth, and that night the party returned to
+Springfield. But in someway the affair had leaked out, and fearing
+arrest, Lincoln and Merryman left town the next morning. The
+instructions were left with Butler. If Shields would withdraw his
+first note, and write another asking if Lincoln was the author of the
+offensive articles, and, if so, asking for gentlemanly satisfaction,
+then Lincoln had prepared a letter explaining the whole affair. If
+Shields would not do this, there was nothing to do but fight. Lincoln
+left the following preliminaries for the duel:
+
+    "_First._ Weapons: Cavalry broadswords of the largest size,
+    precisely equal in all respects, and such as now used by the
+    cavalry company at Jacksonville.
+
+    "_Second_. Position: A plank ten feet long, and from nine to
+    twelve inches broad, to be firmly fixed on edge on the ground,
+    as the line between us, which neither is to pass his foot over
+    on forfeit of his life. Next, a line drawn on the ground on
+    either side of said plank and parallel with it, each at the
+    distance of the whole length of the sword and three feet
+    additional from the plank; and the passing of his own such
+    line by either party during the fight shall be deemed a
+    surrender of the contest.
+
+    "_Third_. Time: On Thursday evening at five o'clock, if you
+    can get it so; but in no case to be at a greater distance of
+    time than Friday evening at five o'clock.
+
+    "_Fourth_. Place: Within three miles of Alton, on the opposite
+    side of the river, the particular spot to be agreed upon by
+    you."
+
+As Mr. Shields refused to withdraw his first note, the entire party
+started for the rendezvous across the Mississippi. Lincoln and
+Merryman drove together in a dilapidated old buggy, in the bottom of
+which rattled a number of broadswords. It was the morning of the 22d
+of September when the duellists arrived in the town. There are people
+still living in Alton who remember their coming. "The party arrived
+about the middle of the morning," says Mr. Edward Levis,[2] "and soon
+crossed the river to a sand-bar which at the time was, by reason
+of the low water, a part of the Missouri mainland. The means of
+conveyance was an old horse-ferry that was operated by a man named
+Chapman. The weapons were in the keeping of the friends of the
+principals, and no care was taken to conceal them; in fact, they were
+openly displayed. Naturally, there was a great desire among the male
+population to attend the duel, but the managers of the affair would
+not permit any but their own party to board the ferry-boat. Skiffs
+were very scarce, and but a few could avail themselves of the
+opportunity in this way. I had to content myself with standing on the
+levee and watching proceedings at long range."
+
+The party had scarcely reached the sand-bar before they were joined by
+some unexpected friends. Lincoln and Merryman, on their way to Alton,
+had stopped at White Hall for dinner. Across the street from the hotel
+lived Mr. Elijah Lott, an acquaintance of Merryman's. Mr. Lott was not
+long in finding out what was on foot, and as soon as the duellists had
+departed, he drove to Carrollton, where he knew that Colonel John J.
+Hardin and several other friends of Lincoln were attending court, and
+warned them of the trouble. Hardin and one or two others immediately
+started for Alton. They arrived in time to calm Shields, and to aid
+the seconds in adjusting matters "with honor to all concerned."
+
+That the duellists returned in good spirits is evident from Mr.
+Levis's reminiscences: "It was not very long," says he, "until the
+boat was seen returning to Alton. As it drew near I saw what was
+presumably a mortally wounded man lying on the bow of the boat. His
+shirt appeared to be bathed in blood. I distinguished Jacob Smith, a
+constable, fanning the supposed victim vigorously. The people on the
+bank held their breath in suspense, and guesses were freely made as
+to which of the two men had been so terribly wounded. But suspense was
+soon turned to chagrin and relief when it transpired that the supposed
+candidate for another world was nothing more nor less than a log
+covered with a red shirt. This ruse had been resorted to in order to
+fool the people on the levee; and it worked to perfection. Lincoln
+and Shields came off the boat together, chatting in a nonchalant and
+pleasant manner."
+
+
+MARRIAGE OF LINCOLN AND MISS TODD.
+
+The Lincoln-Shields duel had so many farcical features, and Miss Todd
+had unwittingly been so much to blame for it, that one can easily see
+that it might have had considerable influence on the relations of the
+two young people. However that may be, something had made Mr. Lincoln
+feel that he could renew his engagement. Early in October, not a
+fortnight after the duel, he wrote Speed: "You have now been the
+husband of a lovely woman nearly eight months. That you are happier
+now than the day you married her I well know, for without you would
+not be living. But I have your word for it, too, and the returning
+elasticity of spirits which is manifested in your letters. But I want
+to ask a close question: Are you now in feelings as well as judgment
+glad that you are married as you are?"
+
+We do not know Speed's answer, nor the final struggle of the man's
+heart. We only know that on November 4, 1842, Lincoln was married, the
+wedding being almost impromptu. Mrs. Dr. Brown, Miss Todd's cousin, in
+the same letter quoted from above, describes the wedding:
+
+"One morning, bright and early, my cousin came down in her excited,
+impetuous way, and said to my father: 'Uncle, you must go up and tell
+my sister that Mr. Lincoln and I are to be married this evening,' and
+to me: 'Get on your bonnet and go with me to get my gloves, shoes,
+etc., and then to Mr. Edwards's.' When we reached there we found some
+excitement over a wedding being sprung upon them so suddenly. However,
+my father, in his lovely, pacific way, 'poured oil upon the waters,'
+and we thought everything was 'ship-shape,' when Mrs. Edwards
+laughingly said: 'How fortunately you selected this evening, for
+the Episcopal Sewing Society is to meet here, and my supper is all
+ordered.'
+
+"But that comfortable little arrangement would not hold, as Mary
+declared she would not make a spectacle for gossiping ladies to gaze
+upon and talk about; there had already been too much talk about her.
+Then my father was despatched to tell Mr. Lincoln that the wedding
+would be deferred until the next evening. Clergyman, attendants and
+intimate friends were notified, and on Friday evening, in the midst of
+a small circle of friends, with the elements doing their worst in the
+way of rain, this singular courtship culminated in marriage. This I
+know to be literally true, as I was one of her bridesmaids, Miss Jayne
+(afterwards Mrs. Lyman Trumbull) and Miss Rodney being the others."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Footnote 1: Mr. Charles Lamb, now passing his declining years
+quietly on his farm, a dozen miles from Springfield, Illinois, was a
+compositor on the "Sangamo Journal" from 1836 to 1843, and it was
+he who put into type the poem by "Cathleen," which, with the "Lost
+Townships" letters, led General Shields to challenge Lincoln. "This
+poem," says Mr. Lamb, "was written by Mary Todd and Julia Jayne,
+afterward the wife of Senator Lyman Trumbull. After I had set up the
+poem, I took the copy from the hook and put it into my pocket. When
+Lincoln was informed by Simeon Francis, the editor of the 'Journal,'
+that Shields had demanded the name of the author of the verses, he
+came around to the office and asked for the copy. I produced it, and
+he picked up a pen and wrote his name across the top of the page.
+This, of course, meant that he assumed the responsibility for
+the production. I retained this copy until a few years ago, when,
+unhappily, it was destroyed. My recollection is that the 'Lost
+Townships' letters were set up by Mr. Francis himself. Mr. Lincoln was
+a frequent contributor to the 'Journal,' and it usually fell to my lot
+to set up his contributions."--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+[Footnote 2: Interview with Mr. Edward Levis made for this Magazine.]
+
+
+
+
+"PHROSO."
+
+A TALE OF BRAVE DEEDS AND PERILOUS VENTURES.
+
+BY ANTHONY HOPE, AUTHOR OF "THE PRISONER OF ZENDA," ETC.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+A LONG THING ENDING IN POULOS.
+
+_Quot homines, tot sententiæ_; so many men, so many fancies. My fancy
+was for an island. Perhaps boyhood's glamour hung still round sea-girt
+rocks, and "faery lands forlorn" still beckoned me; perhaps I felt
+that London was too full, the Highlands rather fuller, the Swiss
+mountains most insufferably crowded of them all. "Money can buy
+company," and it can buy retirement. The latter service I asked now of
+the moderate wealth with which my poor cousin Tom's death had endowed
+me. Everybody was good enough to suppose that I rejoiced at Tom's
+death, whereas I was particularly sorry for it, and was not consoled
+even by the prospects of the island. My friends understood this wish
+for an island as little as they appreciated my feelings about poor
+Tom. Beatrice was most emphatic in declaring that "a horrid little
+island" had no charms for her, and that she would never set foot
+in it. This declaration was rather annoying, because I had imagined
+myself spending my honeymoon with Beatrice on the island; but life is
+not all honeymoon, and I decided to have the island none the less.
+In the first place, I was not to be married for a year. Mrs. Kennett
+Hipgrave had insisted on this delay in order that we might be sure
+that we knew our own hearts. And as I may say without unfairness
+that Mrs. Hipgrave was to a considerable degree responsible for the
+engagement--she asserted the fact herself with much pride--I thought
+that she had a right to some voice in the date of the marriage.
+Moreover, the postponement gave me exactly time to go over and settle
+affairs in the island.
+
+For I had bought it. It cost me seven thousand five hundred and fifty
+pounds--rather a fancy price, but I could not haggle with the old
+lord--half to be paid to the lord's bankers in London, and the second
+half to him in Neopalia, when he delivered possession to me. The
+Turkish government had sanctioned the sale, and I had agreed to pay
+a hundred pounds yearly as tribute. This sum, I was entitled, in my
+turn, to levy on the inhabitants.
+
+"In fact, my dear lord," said old Mason to me when I called on him in
+Lincoln's Inn Fields, "the whole affair is settled. I congratulate you
+on having got just what was your whim. You are over a hundred miles
+from the nearest land--Rhodes, you see." (He laid a map before me.)
+"You are off the steamship tracks; the Austrian Lloyds to Alexandria
+leave you far to the northeast. You are equally remote from any
+submarine cable; here on the southwest, from Alexandria to Candia, is
+the nearest. You will have to fetch your letters--"
+
+"I shouldn't think of doing such a thing," said I, indignantly.
+
+"Then you'll only get them once in three months. Neopalia is extremely
+rugged and picturesque. It is nine miles long and five broad; it
+grows cotton, wine, oil, and a little corn. The people are quite
+unsophisticated, but very good-hearted--"
+
+"And," said I, "there are only three hundred and seventy of them, all
+told. I really think I shall do very well there."
+
+"I have no doubt you will. By the way, treat the old gentleman kindly.
+He is terribly cut up at having to sell. 'My dear island,' he writes,
+'is second to my dead son's honor, and to nothing else.' His son, you
+know, Lord Wheatley, was a bad lot, a very bad lot indeed."
+
+"He left a lot of unpaid debts, didn't he?"
+
+"Yes, gambling debts. He spent his time knocking about Paris
+and London with his cousin Constantine, by no means an improving
+companion, if report speaks truly. And your money is to pay the debts,
+you know."
+
+"Poor old chap," said I. I sympathized with him in the loss of his
+island.
+
+"Here's the house, you see," said Mason, turning to the map, and
+dismissing the sorrows of the old lord of Neopalia. "About the middle
+of the island, nearly a thousand feet above the sea. I'm afraid it's a
+tumble-down old place, and will swallow a lot of money without looking
+much better for the dose. To put it into repair for the reception of
+the future Lady Wheatley would cost--"
+
+"The future Lady Wheatley says she won't go there on any account," I
+interrupted.
+
+"But, my very dear lord," cried he, aghast, "if she won't--"
+
+"She won't, and there's an end of it, Mr. Mason. Well, good day. I'm
+to have possession in a month?"
+
+"In a month to the very day--on the seventh of May."
+
+"All right, I shall be there to take it;" and escaping from the legal
+quarter, I made my way to my sister's house in Cavendish Square. She
+had a party, and I was bound to go by brotherly duty. As luck would
+have it, however, I was rewarded for my virtue (and if that's not
+luck in this huddle-muddle world, I don't know what is): the Turkish
+ambassador dropped in, and presently James came and took me up to him.
+My brother-in-law, James Cardew, is always anxious that I should know
+the right people. The pasha received me with great kindness.
+
+"You are the purchaser of Neopalia, aren't you?" he asked, after a
+little conversation. "The matter came before me officially."
+
+"I'm much obliged," said I, "for your ready consent to the transfer."
+
+"Oh, it's nothing to us. In fact, our tribute, such as it is, will be
+safer. Well, I'm sure I hope you'll settle in comfortably."
+
+"Oh, I shall be all right. I know the Greeks very well, you know; been
+there a lot, and, of course, I talk the tongue, because I spent two
+years hunting antiquities in the Morea and some of the islands."
+
+The pasha stroked his beard as he observed in a calm tone:
+
+"The last time a Stefanopoulos tried to sell Neopalia the people
+killed him, and turned the purchaser--he was a Frenchman, a Baron
+d'Ezonville--adrift in an open boat, with nothing on but his shirt."
+
+"Good heavens! Was that recently?"
+
+"No; two hundred years ago. But it's a conservative part of the world,
+you know." And his excellency smiled.
+
+"They were described to me as good-hearted folk," said I;
+"unsophisticated, of course, but good-hearted."
+
+"They think that the island is theirs, you see," he explained, "and
+that the lord has no business to sell it. They may be good-hearted,
+Lord Wheatley, but they are tenacious of their rights."
+
+"But they can't have any rights," I expostulated.
+
+"None at all," he assented. "But a man is never so tenacious of his
+rights as when he hasn't any. However, _autres temps, autres moeurs_.
+I don't suppose you'll have any trouble of that kind. Certainly, I
+hope not, my dear lord."
+
+"Surely your government will see to that?" I suggested.
+
+His excellency looked at me; then, although by nature a grave man, he
+gave a low, humorous chuckle, and regarded me with visible amusement.
+
+"Oh, of course, you can rely on that, Lord Wheatley," said he.
+
+"That is a diplomatic assurance, your excellency?" I ventured to
+suggest, with a smile.
+
+"It is unofficial," said he, "but as binding as if it were official.
+Our governor in that part of the world is a very active man--yes, a
+decidedly active man."
+
+The only result of this conversation was that, when I was buying my
+sporting guns in St. James's Street the next day, I purchased a couple
+of pairs of revolvers at the same time. It is well to be on the safe
+side; and although I attached little importance to the bygone outrage
+of which the ambassador spoke, I did not suppose that the police
+service would be very efficient. In fact, I thought it prudent to be
+ready for any trouble that the Old World notions of the Neopalians
+might occasion. But in my heart I meant to be very popular with them;
+for I cherished the generous design of paying the whole tribute out of
+my own pocket, and of disestablishing in Neopalia what seems to be
+the only institution in no danger of such treatment here--the
+tax-gatherer. If they understood that intention of mine, they would
+hardly be so shortsighted as to set me adrift in my shirt like
+a second Baron d'Ezonville, or so unjust as to kill poor old
+Stefanopoulos as they had killed his ancestor. Besides, as I comforted
+myself by repeating, they were a good-hearted race; unsophisticated,
+of course, but thoroughly good-hearted.
+
+My cousin, young Denny Swinton, was to dine with me that evening at
+the Optimum. Denny (which is short for Dennis) was the only member of
+the family who thoroughly sympathized with me about Neopalia. He was
+wild with interest in the island, and I looked forward to telling him
+all I had heard about it. I knew he would listen, for he was to go
+with me and help me to take possession. The boy had almost wept on my
+neck when I asked him to come; he had just left Woolwich, and was not
+to join his regiment for six months. He was thus, as he put it, "at a
+loose end," and succeeded in persuading his parents that he ought to
+learn modern Greek. General Swinton was rather cold about the project;
+he said that Denny had spent ten years on ancient Greek, and knew
+nothing about it, and would not probably learn much of the newer sort
+in three months; but his wife thought it would be a nice trip for
+Denny. Well, it turned out to be a very nice trip for Denny; but if
+Mrs. Swinton had known--however, if it comes to that, I might just as
+well exclaim, "If I had known, myself!"
+
+Denny had taken a table next but one to the west end of the room, and
+was drumming his fingers impatiently on the cloth when I entered. He
+wanted both his dinner and the latest news about Neopalia; so I sat
+down and made haste to satisfy him in both respects. Travelling with
+equal steps through the two matters, we had reached the first _entrée_
+and the fate of the murdered Stefanopoulos (which Denny, for some
+reason, declared was "a lark") when two people came in and sat down at
+the table beyond ours and next to the wall, where two chairs had been
+tilted up in token of preëngagement. The man--for the pair were man
+and woman--was tall and powerfully built; his complexion was dark, and
+he had good, regular features; he looked, also, as if he had a bit of
+temper somewhere about him. I was conscious of having seen him before,
+and suddenly recollected that by a curious chance I had run up against
+him twice in St. James's Street that very day. The lady was handsome;
+she had an Italian cast of face, and moved with much grace. Her manner
+was rather elaborate, and when she spoke to the waiter, I detected a
+pronounced foreign accent. Taken altogether, they were a remarkable
+couple, and presented a distinguished appearance. I believe I am not
+a conceited man, but I could not help wondering whether their thoughts
+paid me a similar compliment, for I certainly detected both of them
+casting more than one curious glance toward our table; and when the
+man whispered once to a waiter, I was sure that I formed the subject
+of his question. Perhaps he, also, remembered our two encounters.
+
+"I wonder if there's any chance of a row?" said Denny, in a tone that
+sounded wistful. "Going to take anybody with you, Charlie?"
+
+"Only Watkins. I must have him; he always knows where everything is;
+and I've told Hogvardt, my old dragoman, to meet us in Rhodes. He'll
+talk their own language to the beggars, you know."
+
+"But he's a German, isn't he?"
+
+"He thinks so," I answered. "He's not certain, you know. Anyhow, he
+chatters Greek like a parrot. He's a pretty good man in a row, too.
+But there won't be a row, you know."
+
+"I suppose there won't," admitted Denny, ruefully.
+
+"For my own part," said I meekly, "as I'm going there to be quiet, I
+hope there won't."
+
+In the interest of conversation I had forgotten our neighbors; but
+now, a lull occurring in Denny's questions and surmises, I heard the
+lady's voice. She began a sentence--and began it in Greek! That was a
+little unexpected; but it was more strange that her companion cut her
+short, saying very peremptorily, "Don't talk Greek; talk Italian."
+This he said in Italian, and I, though no great hand at that language,
+understood so much. Now why shouldn't the lady talk Greek, if Greek
+were the language that came naturally to her tongue? It would be
+as good a shield against idle listeners as most languages--unless,
+indeed, I, who was known to be an amateur of Greece and Greek things,
+were looked upon as a possible listener. Recollecting the glances
+which I had detected, recollecting again those chance meetings, I
+ventured on a covert gaze at the lady. Her handsome face expressed a
+mixture of anger, alarm, and entreaty. The man was speaking to her now
+in low, urgent tones; he raised his hand once and brought it down
+on the table as though to emphasize some declaration--perhaps some
+promise--which he was making. She regarded him with half angry,
+distrustful eyes. He seemed to repeat his words; and she flung at
+him, in a tone that suddenly grew louder, and in words that I could
+translate: "Enough! I'll see to that. I shall come too!"
+
+Her heat stirred no answering fire in him. He dropped his emphatic
+manner, shrugged a tolerant "As you will," with eloquent shoulders,
+smiled at her, and, reaching across the table, patted her hand. She
+held it up before his eyes, and with the other hand pointed at a ring
+on her finger.
+
+"Yes, yes, my dearest," said he; and he was about to say more, when,
+glancing round, he caught my gaze retreating in hasty confusion to
+my plate. I dared not look up again, but I felt his scowl on me. I
+suppose that I deserved punishment for my eavesdropping.
+
+"And when can we get off, Charlie?" asked Denny, in his clear young
+voice. My thoughts had wandered from him, and I paused for a moment,
+as a man does when a question takes him unawares. There was silence
+at the next table also. The fancy seemed absurd; but it occurred to me
+that there also my answer was being waited for. Well, they could know
+if they liked; it was no secret.
+
+"In a fortnight," said I. "We'll travel easily, and get thereon the
+seventh of next month; that's the day on which I'm entitled to take
+over my kingdom. We shall go to Rhodes. Hogvardt will have bought me a
+little yacht, and then--good-by to all this!" And a great longing
+for solitude and a natural life came over me as I looked round on the
+gilded cornices, the gilded mirrors, the gilded flower-vases, and the
+highly gilded company of the Optimum.
+
+I was roused from my pleasant dream by a high, vivacious voice, which
+I knew very well. Looking up, I saw Miss Hipgrave, her mother, and
+young Bennett Hamlyn standing before me. I disliked young Hamlyn, but
+he was always very civil to me.
+
+"Why, how early you two have dined!" cried Beatrice. "You're at the
+savory, aren't you? We've only just come."
+
+"Are you going to dine?" I asked, rising. "Take this table; we're just
+off."
+
+"Well, we may as well, mayn't we?" said my _fiancée_. "Sorry you're
+going though. Oh, yes, we're going to dine with Mr. Bennett
+Hamlyn. That's what you're for, isn't it, Mr. Hamlyn? Why, he's not
+listening!"
+
+He was not, strange to say, listening, although, as a rule, he
+listened to Beatrice with infinite attention and the most deferential
+of smiles. But just now he was engaged in returning a bow which our
+neighbor at the next table had bestowed on him. The lady there had
+risen already, and was making for the door. The man lingered and
+looked at Hamlyn, seeming inclined to back up his bow with a few
+words of greeting. Hamlyn's air was not, however, encouraging, and the
+stranger contented himself with a nod and a careless "How are you?"
+and with that followed his companion. Hamlyn turned round, conscious
+that he had neglected Beatrice's remark, and full of penitence for his
+momentary neglect.
+
+"I beg your pardon," said he, with an apologetic smile.
+
+"Oh," answered she, "I was only saying that men like you were invented
+to give dinners; you're a sort of automatic feeding-machine. You ought
+to stand open all day. Really, I often miss you at lunch time."
+
+"My dear Beatrice!" said Mrs. Kennett Hipgrave, with that peculiar
+lift of her brows that meant, "How naughty the dear child is! Oh, but
+how clever!"
+
+"It's all right," said Hamlyn, meekly. "I'm awfully happy to give you
+a dinner, anyhow, Miss Beatrice."
+
+Now, I had nothing to say on this subject, but I thought I would just
+make this remark:
+
+"Miss Hipgrave," said I, "is very fond of a dinner."
+
+Beatrice laughed. She understood my little correction.
+
+"He doesn't know any better, do you?" said she, pleasantly, to Hamlyn.
+"We shall civilize him in time, though. Then I believe he'll be nicer
+than you, Charlie. I really do. You're--"
+
+"I shall be uncivilized by then," said I.
+
+"Oh, that wretched island!" cried Beatrice. "You're really going?"
+
+"Most undoubtedly. By the way, Hamlyn, who's your friend?"
+
+Surely this was an innocent enough question; but little Hamlyn went
+red from the edge of his clipped whisker on the right to the edge of
+his mathematically equal whisker on the left.
+
+"Friend!" said he, in an angry tone. "He's not a friend of mine. I
+only met him on the Riviera."
+
+"That," I admitted, "does not, happily, constitute in itself a
+friendship."
+
+"And he won a hundred louis of me in the train between Cannes and
+Monte Carlo."
+
+"Not bad going, that," observed Denny, in an approving tone.
+
+"Is he, then, _un grec_?" asked Mrs. Hipgrave, who loves a scrap of
+French.
+
+"In both senses, I believe," answered Hamlyn, viciously.
+
+"And what's his name?" said I.
+
+"Really, I don't recollect," said Hamlyn, rather petulantly.
+
+"It doesn't matter," observed Beatrice, attacking her oysters, which
+had now made their appearance.
+
+"My dear Beatrice," I remonstrated, "you are the most charming
+creature in the world, but not the only one. You mean that it doesn't
+matter to you."
+
+"Oh, don't be tiresome. It doesn't matter to you, either, you know. Do
+go away, and leave me to dine in peace."
+
+"Half a minute," said Hamlyn. "I thought I'd got it just now, but it's
+gone again. Look here, though; I believe it's one of those long things
+that end in 'poulos.'"
+
+"Oh, it ends in 'poulos,' does it?" said I, in a meditative tone.
+
+"My dear Charlie," said Beatrice, "I shall end in Bedlam, if you're so
+very tedious. What in the world I shall do when I'm married, I don't
+know."
+
+"My dearest!" said Mrs. Hipgrave; and a stage direction might add:
+"Business with brows, as before."
+
+"'Poulos'?" I repeated.
+
+"Could it be Constantinopoulos?" asked Hamlyn, with a nervous
+deference to my Hellenic learning.
+
+"It might, conceivably," I hazarded, "be Constantine Stefanopoulos."
+
+"Then," said Hamlyn, "I shouldn't wonder if it was. Anyhow, the less
+you see of him, Wheatley, the better. Take my word for that."
+
+"But," I objected--and I must admit that I have a habit of thinking
+that everybody follows my train of thought--"it's such a small place
+that, if he goes, I should be almost bound to meet him."
+
+"What's such a small place?" cried Beatrice, with emphasized despair.
+
+"Why, Neopalia, of course," said I.
+
+"Why should anybody except you be so insane as to go there?" she
+asked.
+
+"If he's the man I think, he comes from there," I explained, as I rose
+for the last time; for I had been getting up to go, and sitting down
+again, several times.
+
+"Then he'll think twice before he goes back," pronounced Beatrice,
+decisively; she was irreconcilable about my poor island.
+
+Denny and I walked off together. As we went he observed:
+
+"I suppose that chap's got no end of money?"
+
+"Stefan--?" I began.
+
+"No, no. Hang it, you're as bad as Miss Hipgrave says. I mean Bennett
+Hamlyn."
+
+"Oh, yes, absolutely no end to it, I believe."
+
+Denny looked sagacious.
+
+"He's very free with his dinners," he observed.
+
+"Don't let's worry about it," I suggested, taking his arm. I was not
+worried about it myself. Indeed, for the moment, my island monopolized
+my mind, and my attachment to Beatrice was not of such a romantic
+character as to make me ready to be jealous on slight grounds. Mrs.
+Hipgrave said the engagement was based on "general suitability." Now
+it is difficult to be very passionate over that.
+
+"If you don't mind, I don't," said Denny, reasonably.
+
+"That's right. It's only a little way Beatrice--" I stopped abruptly.
+We were now on the steps outside the restaurant, and I had just
+perceived a scrap of paper lying on the mosaic pavement. I stooped
+down and picked it up. It proved to be a fragment torn from the menu
+card. I turned it over.
+
+"Hullo, what's this?" said I, searching for my eyeglass, which was, as
+usual, somewhere in the small of my back.
+
+Denny gave me the glass, and I read what was written on the back. It
+was written in Greek, and it ran thus:
+
+"By way of Rhodes--small yacht there--arrive seventh."
+
+I turned the piece of paper over in my hand. I drew a conclusion or
+two. One was that my tall neighbor was named Stefanopoulos; another,
+that he had made good use of his ears--better than I had made of mine;
+for a third, I guessed that he would go to Neopalia; for a fourth, I
+fancied that Neopalia was the place to which the lady had declared
+she would accompany him. Then I fell to wondering why all these things
+should be so--why he wished to remember the route of my journey,
+the date of my arrival, and the fact that I meant to hire a yacht.
+Finally, those two chance encounters, taken with the rest, assumed a
+more interesting complexion.
+
+"When you've done with that bit of paper," observed Denny, in a tone
+expressive of exaggerated patience, "we might as well go on, old
+fellow."
+
+"All right. I've done with it--for the present," said I. And I took
+the liberty of slipping Mr. Constantine Stefanopoulos's memorandum
+into my pocket.
+
+The general result of the evening was to increase most distinctly my
+interest in Neopalia. I went to bed, still thinking of my purchase,
+and I recollect that the last thing which came into my head before I
+went to sleep was, "What did she mean by pointing to the ring?"
+
+Well, I found an answer to that later on.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+A CONSERVATIVE COUNTRY.
+
+Until the moment of our parting came, I had no idea that Beatrice
+Hipgrave felt my going at all. She was not in the habit of displaying
+emotion, and I was much surprised at the reluctance with which she
+separated from me. So far, however, was she from reproaching me,
+that she took all the blame upon herself, saying that if she had been
+kinder and nicer to me, I should never have thought about my island.
+In this she was quite wrong; but when I told her so, and assured her
+that I had no fault to find with her behavior, I was met by an almost
+passionate assertion of her unworthiness, and an entreaty that I
+should not spend on her a love that she did not deserve. Her abasement
+and penitence compelled me to show, and indeed to feel, a good deal
+of tenderness for her. She was pathetic and pretty in her unusual
+earnestness and unexplained distress. I went the length of offering
+to put off my expedition until after our wedding; and, although she
+besought me to do nothing of the kind, I believe we might in the end
+have arranged matters on this footing had we been left to ourselves.
+But Mrs. Hipgrave saw fit to intrude on our interview at this point,
+and she at once pooh-poohed the notion, declaring that I should be
+better out of the way for a few months. Beatrice did not resist her
+mother's conclusion; but when we were alone again, she became very
+agitated, begging me always to think well of her, and asking if I were
+really attached to her. I did not understand this mood, which was very
+unlike her usual manner, but I responded with a hearty and warm avowal
+of confidence in her; and I met her questions as to my own feelings
+by pledging my word very solemnly that absence should, so far as I was
+concerned, make no difference, and that she might rely implicitly on
+my faithful affection. This assurance seemed to give her very little
+comfort, although I repeated it more than once; and when I left her, I
+was in a state of some perplexity, for I could not follow the bent
+of her thoughts, nor appreciate the feelings that moved her. I was,
+however, considerably touched, and upbraided myself for not having
+hitherto done justice to the depth and sincerity of nature which
+underlay her external frivolity. I expressed this self-condemnation to
+Denny Swinton, but he met it very coldly, and would not be drawn
+into any discussion of the subject. Denny was not wont to conceal
+his opinions, and had never pretended to be enthusiastic about my
+engagement. This attitude of his had not troubled me before, but I was
+annoyed at it now, and I retaliated by asseverating my affection for
+Beatrice in terms of even exaggerated emphasis, and her's for me with
+no less vehemence.
+
+These troubles and perplexities vanished before the zest and interest
+which our preparations and start excited. Denny and I were like a pair
+of schoolboys off for a holiday, and spent hours in forecasting what
+we should do and how we should fare in the island. These speculations
+were extremely amusing, but in the long run they were proved to be,
+one and all, wide of the mark. Had I known Neopalia then as well as
+I came to know it afterward, I should have recognized the futility of
+attempting to prophesy what would happen there. As it was, we spun our
+cobwebs merrily all the way to Rhodes, where we arrived without event
+and without accident. There we picked up Hogvardt, and embarked in the
+smart little steam yacht which he had hired for me. A day or two was
+spent in arranging our stores and buying what more we wanted, for we
+could not expect to be able to procure anything in Neopalia. I was
+rather surprised to find no letter for me from the old lord, but I had
+no thought of waiting for a formal invitation, and pressed on the hour
+of departure as much as I could. Here, also, I saw the first of my new
+subjects, Hogvardt having engaged a couple of men who had come to him,
+saying they were from Neopalia and were anxious to work their passage
+back. I was delighted to have them, and fell at once to studying them
+with immense attention. They were fine, tall, capable-looking fellows,
+and they, too, with ourselves, made a crew more than large enough for
+our little boat; for both Denny and I would make ourselves useful on
+board, and Hogvardt could do something of everything on land or water,
+whilst Watkins acted as cook and steward. The Neopalians were, as they
+stated, in answer to my questions, brothers; their names were Spiro
+and Demetri, and they informed us that their family had served the
+lords of Neopalia for many generations. Hearing this, I was less
+inclined to resent the undeniable reserve and even surliness with
+which they met my advances. I made allowance for their hereditary
+attachment to the outgoing family; and their natural want of
+cordiality toward the intruder did not prevent me from plying them
+with many questions concerning my predecessors on the throne of the
+island. My perseverance was ill rewarded, but I succeeded in learning
+that the only member of the family on the island, besides the old
+lord, was a girl whom they called "the Lady Euphrosyne," the daughter
+of the lord's brother, who was dead. Next I asked after my friend of
+the Optimum restaurant, Constantine. He was this lady's cousin once
+or twice removed--I did not make out the exact degree of kinship--but
+Demetri hastened to inform me that he came very seldom to the island,
+and had not been there for two years.
+
+"And he is not expected there now?" I asked.
+
+"He was not when we left, my lord," answered Demetri, and it seemed
+to me that he threw an inquiring glance at his brother, who added
+hastily:
+
+"What should we poor men know of the Lord Constantine's doings?"
+
+"Do you know where he is now?" I asked.
+
+"No, my lord," they answered together, and with great emphasis.
+
+I cannot deny that something struck me as peculiar in their manner,
+but when I mentioned my impression to Denny, he scoffed at me.
+
+"You've been reading old Byron again," he said, scornfully. "Do you
+think they're corsairs?"
+
+Well, a man is not a fool simply because he reads Byron, and I
+maintained my opinion that the brothers were embarrassed at my
+questions. Moreover, I caught Spiro, the more truculent-looking of the
+pair, scowling at me more than once when he did not know I had my eye
+on him.
+
+These little mysteries, however, did nothing but add sauce to my
+delight as we sprang over the blue waters; and my joy was complete
+when, on the morning of the day I had appointed, the seventh of May,
+Denny cried "Land," and, looking over the starboard bow, I saw the
+cloud on the sea that was Neopalia. Day came bright and glorious, and
+as we drew nearer to our enchanted isle, we distinguished its features
+and conformation. The coast was rocky, save where a small harbor
+opened to the sea; and the rocks ran up from the coast, rising higher
+and higher, till they culminated in a quite respectable peak in the
+centre. The telescope showed cultivated ground and vineyards, mingled
+with woods, on the slopes of the mountain; and about half way up,
+sheltered on three sides, backed by thick woods, and commanding a
+splendid sea view, stood an old, gray, battlemented house.
+
+"There's my house!" I cried, in natural exultation, pointing with my
+finger. It was a moment in my life--a moment to mark.
+
+"Hurrah!" cried Denny, throwing up his hat in sympathy.
+
+Demetri was standing near, and met this ebullition with a grim smile.
+
+"I hope my lord will find the house comfortable," said he.
+
+"We shall soon make it comfortable," said Hogvardt. "I dare say it's
+half a ruin now."
+
+"It is good enough now for a Stefanopoulos," said the fellow, with
+a surly frown. The inference we were meant to draw was plain even to
+incivility.
+
+At five o'clock in the evening we entered the harbor of Neopalia and
+brought up alongside a rather crazy wooden jetty that ran some
+fifty feet out from the shore. Our arrival appeared to create great
+excitement. Men, women, and children came running down the narrow,
+steep street which climbed up the hill from the harbor. We heard
+shrill cries, and a hundred fingers were pointed at us. We landed;
+nobody came forward to greet us. I looked round, and saw no one who
+could be the old lord; but I perceived a stout man who wore an air of
+importance, and, walking up to him, I asked him very politely if he
+would be so good as to direct me to the inn, for I had discovered from
+Demetri that there was a modest house where we could lodge that night,
+and I was too much in love with my island to think of sleeping on
+board the yacht. The stout man looked at Denny and me; then he looked
+at Demetri and Spiro, who stood near us, smiling their usual grim
+smile. And he answered my question by another, a rather abrupt one:
+"What do you want, sir?" And he slightly lifted his tasselled cap and
+replaced it on his head.
+
+"I want to know the way to the inn," I answered.
+
+"You have come to visit Neopalia?" he asked.
+
+A number of people had gathered round us now, and all fixed their eyes
+on my face.
+
+"Oh," I said carelessly, "I am the purchaser of the island, you know.
+I have come to take possession."
+
+Nobody spoke. Perfect silence reigned for half a minute.
+
+"I hope we shall get on well together," I said, with my pleasantest
+smile.
+
+Still no answer came. The people round still stared.
+
+At last the stout man, altogether ignoring my friendly advances, said,
+curtly:
+
+"I keep the inn. Come. I will take you to it."
+
+He turned and led the way up the street. We followed, the people
+making a lane for us, and still regarding us with stony stares. Denny
+gave expression to my feelings, as well as his own:
+
+"It can hardly be described as an ovation," he observed.
+
+"Surly brutes," muttered Hogvardt.
+
+"It is not the way to receive his lordship," agreed Watkins, more in
+sorrow than in anger. Watkins had very high ideas of the deference due
+to "his lordship."
+
+The fat innkeeper walked ahead. I quickened my pace and overtook him.
+
+"The people do not seem very pleased to see me," I remarked.
+
+He shook his head, but made no answer. Then he stopped before a
+substantial house. We followed him in, and he led us up-stairs to a
+large room. It overlooked the street, but, somewhat to my surprise,
+the windows were heavily barred. The door also was massive, and had
+large bolts inside and out.
+
+"You take good care of your houses, my friend," said Denny, with a
+laugh.
+
+"We like to keep what we have, in Neopalia," said he.
+
+I asked him if he would provide us with a meal, and, assenting
+gruffly, he left us alone. The food was some time in coming, and we
+stood at the window, peering through our prison bars. Our high spirits
+were dashed by the unfriendly reception; my island should have been
+more gracious, it was so beautiful.
+
+"However, it's a better welcome than we should have got two hundred
+years ago," I said, with a laugh, trying to make the best of the
+matter.
+
+Dinner, which the landlord brought in himself, cheered us again, and
+we lingered over it till dusk began to fall, discussing whether I
+ought to visit the lord, or whether, seeing that he had not come to
+receive me, my dignity did not demand that I should await his visit;
+and it was on this latter course that we finally decided.
+
+"But he'll hardly come to-night," said Denny, jumping up. "I wonder if
+there are any decent beds here!"
+
+Hogvardt and Watkins had, by my directions, sat down with us; and the
+former was now smoking his pipe at the window, while Watkins was busy
+overhauling our luggage. We had brought light bags, the rods, guns,
+and other smaller articles. The rest was in the yacht. Hearing beds
+mentioned, Watkins shook his head in dismal presage, saying:
+
+"We had better sleep on board, my lord."
+
+"Not I! What, leave the island, now we've got here? No, Watkins!"
+
+"Very good, my lord," said Watkins, impassively.
+
+A sudden call came from Hogvardt, and I joined him at the window.
+
+The scene outside was indeed remarkable. In the narrow, paved street,
+gloomy now in the failing light; there must have been fifty or sixty
+men standing in a circle, surrounded by an outer fringe of women
+and children; and in the centre stood our landlord, his burly figure
+swaying to and fro, as he poured out a low-voiced but vehement
+harangue. Sometimes he pointed toward us, oftener along the ascending
+road that led to the interior. I could not hear a word he said, but
+presently all his auditors raised their hands toward heaven. I saw
+that the hands held, some guns, some clubs, some knives; and all the
+men cried with furious energy: "_Nai, nai!_" ("Yes, yes!") And then
+the whole body--and the greater part of the grown men on the island
+must have been present--started off, in compact array, up the road,
+the innkeeper at their head. By his side walked another man, whom I
+had not noticed before, and who wore an ordinary suit of tweeds, but
+carried himself with an assumption of much dignity. His face I did not
+see.
+
+"Well, what's the meaning of that?" I exclaimed, looking down on the
+street, empty now, save for groups of white-clothed women, who talked
+eagerly to one another, gesticulating, and pointing now toward our
+inn, now toward where the men had gone.
+
+"Perhaps it's their parliament," suggested Denny. "Or perhaps they've
+repented of their rudeness, and are going to erect a triumphal arch."
+
+These conjectures being obviously ironical, did not assist the matter,
+although they amused their author.
+
+"Anyhow," said I, "I should like to investigate the thing. Suppose we
+go for a stroll?"
+
+The proposal was accepted at once. We put on our hats, took sticks,
+and prepared to go. Then I glanced at the luggage.
+
+"Since I was so foolish as to waste my money on revolvers," said I,
+with an inquiring glance at Hogvardt.
+
+"The evening air will not hurt them," said he; and we each stowed
+a revolver in our pockets. We felt, I think, rather ashamed of our
+timidity, but the Neopalians certainly looked rough customers. Then I
+turned the handle of the door. The door did not open. I pulled hard at
+it. Then I looked at my companions.
+
+"Queer," said Denny, and he began to whistle.
+
+Hogvardt got the little lantern, which he always had handy, and
+carefully inspected the door.
+
+"Locked," he announced, "and bolted top and bottom. A solid door,
+too!" and he struck it with his hand. Then he crossed to the window,
+and looked at the bolts; and finally he said to me: "I don't think we
+can have our walk, my lord."
+
+Well, I burst out laughing. The thing was too absurd. Under cover of
+our animated talk the landlord must have bolted us in. The bars made
+the window no use. A skilled burglar might have beaten those bolts,
+and a battering-ram would, no doubt, have smashed the door; we had
+neither burglar nor ram.
+
+"We are caught, my boy," said Denny. "Nicely caught. But what's the
+game?"
+
+I had asked myself that question already, but had found no answer. To
+tell the truth, I was wondering whether Neopalia was going to turn out
+as conservative a country as the Turkish ambassador had hinted. It was
+Watkins who suggested an answer.
+
+"I imagine, my lord," said he, "that the natives [Watkins always
+called the Neopalians "natives"] have gone to speak to the gentleman
+who sold the island to your lordship."
+
+"Gad!" said Denny, "I hope it will be a pleasant interview."
+
+Hogvardt's broad, good-humored face had assumed an anxious look. He
+knew something about the people of these islands; so did I.
+
+"Trouble, is it?" I asked him.
+
+"I'm afraid so," he answered; and then we turned to the window
+again, except Denny, who wasted some energy and made a useless din by
+battering at the door, till we beseeched him to let it alone.
+
+There we sat for nearly two hours. Darkness fell, the women had ceased
+their gossiping, but still stood about the street, and in the doorways
+of the house.
+
+It was nine o'clock before matters showed any progress. Then came
+shouts from the road above us, the flash of torches, the tread of
+men's feet in a quick, triumphant march. Then the stalwart figures of
+the picturesque fellows, with their white kilts gleaming through the
+darkness, came again into sight, seeming wilder and more imposing
+in the alternating glare and gloom of the torches and the deepening
+night. The man in tweeds was no longer visible. Our innkeeper
+was alone in front. And all, as they marched, sang loudly a rude,
+barbarous sort of chant, repeating it again and again; and the women
+and children crowded out to meet the men, catching up the refrain in
+shrill voices, till the whole air seemed full of it. And so martial
+and inspiring was the rude tune that our feet began to beat in time
+with it, and I felt the blood quicken in my veins. I have tried to
+put the words of it into English, in a shape as rough, I fear, as the
+rough original. Here it is:
+
+  "Ours is the land!
+  Death to the hand
+  That filches the land!
+  Dead is that hand,
+  Ours is the land!
+  Forever we hold it.
+  Dead's he that sold it!
+  Ours is the land.
+  Dead is the hand!"
+
+Again and again they hurled forth the defiant words, until they
+stopped at last opposite the inn, with one final, long-drawn shout of
+savage triumph.
+
+"Well, this is a go!" said Denny, drawing a long breath. "What are the
+beggars up to?"
+
+"What have they been up to?" I asked; for I doubted not that the song
+we had heard had been chanted over a dead Stefanopoulos two hundred
+years before.
+
+At this age of the world the idea seemed absurd, preposterous,
+horrible. But there was no law nearer than Rhodes, and there only
+Turk's law. The only law here was the law of the Stefanopouloi, and if
+that law lost its force by the crime of the hand that should wield it,
+why, strange things might happen even to-day in Neopalia. And we were
+caught like rats in a trap in the inn!
+
+"I do not see," remarked old Hogvardt, laying a hand on my shoulders,
+"any harm in loading our revolvers, my lord."
+
+I did not see any harm in it either, and we all followed Hogvardt's
+advice, and also filled our pockets with cartridges. I was
+determined--I think we were all determined--not to be bullied by these
+islanders and their skull-and-crossbones ditty.
+
+A quarter of an hour passed, and there came a knock at the door, while
+the bolts were shot back.
+
+"I shall go out," said I, springing to my feet.
+
+The door opened, and the face of a lad appeared.
+
+"Vlacho, the innkeeper, bids you descend," said he; and then, catching
+sight, perhaps, of our revolvers, he turned and ran down-stairs again
+at his best speed. Following him, we came to the door of the inn. It
+was ringed round with men, and directly opposite to us stood Vlacho.
+When he saw me, he commanded silence with his hand, and addressed me
+in the following surprising style:
+
+"The Lady Euphrosyne, of her grace, bids you depart in peace. Go,
+then, to your boat, and depart, thanking God for his mercy."
+
+"Wait a bit, my man," said I. "Where is the lord of the island?"
+
+"Did you not know that he died a week ago?" asked Vlacho, with
+apparent surprise.
+
+"Died!" we exclaimed, one and all.
+
+"Yes, sir. The Lady Euphrosyne, lady of Neopalia, bids you go."
+
+"What did he die of?"
+
+"Of a fever," said Vlacho, gravely. And several of the men round him
+nodded their heads, and murmured, in no less grave assent: "Yes, of a
+fever."
+
+"I am very sorry for it," said I. "But as he sold the island to me
+before he died, I don't see what the lady, with all respect to her,
+has got to do with it. Nor do I know what this rabble is doing about
+the door. Send them away."
+
+This attempt at hauteur was most decidedly thrown away. Vlacho seemed
+not to hear what I said. He pointed with his finger toward the harbor.
+
+"There lies your boat. Demetri and Spiro cannot go with you, but you
+will be able to manage her yourselves. Listen, now! Till six in the
+morning you are free to go. If you are found in Neopalia one minute
+after, you will never go. Think and be wise." And he and all the rest
+of them, as though one spring moved them, wheeled round, and marched
+off up the hill again, breaking out into the old chant when they had
+gone about a hundred yards; and we were left alone in the doorway of
+the inn, looking, I must admit, rather blank.
+
+Up-stairs again we went, and I sat down by the window and looked
+out on the night. It was very dark, and seemed darker now that the
+gleaming torches were gone. Not a soul was to be seen. The islanders,
+having put matters on a clear footing, were gone to bed. I sat
+thinking. Presently Denny came to me, and put his hand on my shoulder.
+
+"Going to cave in, Charlie?" he asked.
+
+"My dear Denny," said I, "I wish you were at home with your mother."
+
+He smiled and repeated, "Going to cave in, old chap?"
+
+"No, by Jove, I'm not!" cried I, leaping up. "They've had my money,
+and I'm going to have the island."
+
+"Take the yacht, my lord," counselled Hogvardt, "and come back with
+enough force from Rhodes."
+
+Well, that was sense; my impulse was nonsense. We four could not
+conquer the island. I swallowed my pride.
+
+"So be it," said I. "But, look here; it's only just twelve. We might
+have a look round before we go. I want to see the place, you know."
+For I was very sorely vexed at being turned out of my island.
+
+Hogvardt grumbled a little at this, but here I overruled him. We took
+our revolvers again, left the inn, and struck straight up the road.
+For nearly a mile we mounted, the way becoming steeper with every
+step. Then there was a sudden turn off the main road.
+
+"That will lead to the house," said Hogvardt, who had studied the map
+of Neopalia very carefully.
+
+"Then we'll have a look at the house. Show us a light, Hogvardt. It's
+precious dark."
+
+Hogvardt opened his lantern, and cast its light in the way. But
+suddenly he extinguished it again, and drew us close in to the rocks
+that edged the road. We saw coming toward us in the darkness two
+figures. They rode small horses. Their faces could not be seen; but as
+they passed our silent, motionless forms, one said in a clear, sweet,
+girlish voice:
+
+"Surely they will go?"
+
+"Ay, they'll go, or pay the penalty," said the other voice, and at
+the sound of it I started. For it was the voice of my neighbor in the
+restaurant, Constantine Stefanopoulos.
+
+"I shall be near at hand, sleeping in the town," said the girl's
+voice, "and the people will listen to me."
+
+"The people will kill them, if they do not go," we heard Constantine
+answer, in tones that witnessed no great horror at the idea. Then the
+couple disappeared in the darkness.
+
+"On to the house!" I cried in sudden excitement. For I was angry now,
+angry at the utter, humbling scorn with which they treated me.
+
+Another ten minutes' groping brought us in front of the old gray house
+which we had seen from the sea. We walked boldly up to it. The door
+stood open. We went in, and found ourselves in a large hall. The
+wooden floor was carpeted, here and there, with mats and skins. A
+long table ran down the middle. The walls were decorated with mediæval
+armor and weapons. The windows were but narrow slits, the walls
+massive and deep. The door was a ponderous, iron-bound affair, that
+shamed even the stout doors of our inn. I called loudly, "Is any one
+here?" Nobody answered. The servants must have been drawn off to the
+town by the excitement of the procession and the singing; or perhaps
+there were no servants. I could not tell. I sat down in a large
+armchair by the table. I enjoyed the sense of proprietorship. Denny
+sat on the table by me, dangling his legs. For a long while none of us
+spoke. Then I exclaimed, suddenly:
+
+"By heaven! why shouldn't we see it through?" And I rose and put my
+hands against the massive door, and closed and bolted it, saying, "Let
+them open that at six o'clock in the morning."
+
+"Hurrah!" cried Denny, leaping down from his table, on fire with
+excitement in a moment.
+
+I faced Hogvardt. He shook his head, but he smiled. Watkins stood by,
+with his usual imperturbability. He wanted to know what his lordship
+decided, that was all; and when I said nothing more, he asked:
+
+"Then your lordship will sleep here to-night?"
+
+"I'll stay here to-night, anyhow, Watkins," said I. "I'm not going to
+be driven out of my own island by anybody!"
+
+And I brought my fist down with a crash on the table. And then, to our
+amazement, we heard--from somewhere in the dark recesses of the hall,
+where the faint light of Hogvardt's lantern did not reach--a low, but
+distinct, groan, as of some one in pain. Watkins shuddered; Hogvardt
+looked rather uncomfortable; Denny and I listened eagerly. Again the
+groan came. I seized the lantern from Hogvardt's hand, and rushed in
+the direction of the sound. There, in the corner of the hall, on
+a couch, covered with a rug, lay an old man in an uneasy attitude,
+groaning now and then, and turning restlessly. And by his side sat an
+old serving-woman in weary, heavy slumber. In a moment I guessed the
+truth--part of the truth.
+
+"He's not dead of that fever yet," said I.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE FEVER OF NEOPALIA.
+
+I looked for a moment on the old man's pale, clean-cut, aristocratic
+face; then I shook his attendant vigorously by the arm. She awoke with
+a start.
+
+"What does this mean?" I demanded. "Who is he?"
+
+"Heaven help us, who are you?" she cried, leaping up in alarm. Indeed,
+we four, with our eager, fierce faces, may have looked disquieting
+enough.
+
+"I am Lord Wheatley; these are my friends," I answered in brisk, sharp
+tones.
+
+"What, it is you, then--?" A wondering gaze ended her question.
+
+"Yes, yes, it is I. I have bought the island. We came out for a walk
+and--"
+
+"But he will kill you, if he finds you here."
+
+"He? Who?"
+
+"Ah, pardon, my lord--they will kill you, they--the people--the men of
+the island."
+
+I gazed at her sternly. She shrank back in confusion. And I spoke at a
+venture, yet in a well-grounded hazard:
+
+"You mean that Constantine Stefanopoulos will kill me?"
+
+"Ah, hush!" she cried. "He may be here! He may be anywhere!"
+
+"He may thank his stars he's not here," said I grimly, for my blood
+was up. "Attend, woman! Who is this?"
+
+"It is the lord of the island, my lord," she answered. "Alas, and
+he is wounded, I fear, to death. And yet I fell asleep. But I was so
+weary."
+
+"Wounded--by whom?"
+
+Her face suddenly became vacant and expressionless.
+
+"I do not know, my lord. It happened in the crowd. It was a mistake.
+My dear lord had yielded what they asked. Yet some one--no, by heaven,
+my lord, I do not know whom--stabbed him! And he cannot live."
+
+"Tell me the whole thing," I commanded.
+
+"They came up here, my lord, all of them--Vlacho and all, and with
+them my Lord Constantine. And the Lady Euphrosyne was away; she is
+often away, down on the rocks by the sea, watching the waves. And they
+came and said that a man had landed who claimed our island as his--a
+man of your name, my lord. And when my dear lord said he had sold the
+island to save the honor of his house and race, they were furious, and
+Vlacho raised the death chant that One-eyed Alexander the Bard wrote
+on the death of Stefan Stefanopoulos long ago. And they came near with
+knives, demanding that my dear lord should send away the stranger; for
+the men of Neopalia were not to be bought and sold like bullocks or
+like pigs. At first my lord would not yield; and they swore they would
+kill the stranger and my lord also. Then they pressed closer. Vlacho
+was hard on him with drawn knife, and the Lord Constantine stood by
+him, praying him to yield, and Constantine drew his own knife, saying
+to Vlacho that he must fight him also before he killed the old lord.
+But at that Vlacho smiled--and then--and then--ah, my dear lord!"
+
+For a moment her voice broke, and sobs supplanted words. But she drew
+herself up, and, after a glance at the old man, whom her vehement
+speech had not availed to waken, she went on:
+
+"And then those behind cried out that there was enough talk. Would he
+yield or would he die? And they rushed forward, pressing the nearest
+against him. And he, an old man, frail and feeble--yet once he was
+as brave a man as any--cried, in his weak tones: 'Enough, friends, I
+yield; I--' And they fell back. But my lord stood for an instant; then
+he set his hand to his side, and swayed and tottered and fell, and the
+blood ran from his side. And the Lord Constantine fell on his knees
+beside him, crying: 'Who stabbed him?' And Vlacho smiled grimly, and
+the others looked at one another. And I, who had run out from the
+doorway whence I had seen it all, knelt by my lord and stanched the
+blood. Then Vlacho said, fixing his eyes straight and keen on the Lord
+Constantine, 'It was not I, my lord,' 'Nor I, by heaven!' cried the
+Lord Constantine; and he rose to his feet, demanding: 'Who struck the
+blow?' But none answered, and he went on: 'Nay, if it were in error,
+if it were because he would not yield, speak! There shall be pardon,'
+But Vlacho, hearing this, turned himself round and faced them all,
+saying: 'Did he not sell us like oxen and like pigs?' and he broke
+into the death chant, and they all raised the chant, none caring any
+more who had struck the blow. And Lord Constantine--" The impetuous
+flow of the old woman's story was frozen to sudden silence.
+
+"Well, and Lord Constantine?" said I, in low, stern tones, that
+quivered with excitement; and I felt Denny's hand, that was on my arm,
+jump up and down. "And Constantine, woman?"
+
+"Nay, he did nothing," said she. "He talked with Vlacho a while, and
+then they went away, and he bade me tend my lord, and went himself
+to seek the Lady Euphrosyne. And presently he came back with her. Her
+eyes were red, and she wept afresh when she saw my poor lord, for she
+loved him. And she sat by him till Constantine came and told her that
+you would not go, and that you and your friends would be killed if
+you did not go. And then, weeping to leave my lord, she went, praying
+heaven she might find him alive when she returned. 'I must go,' she
+said to me; 'for though it is a shameful thing that the island should
+have been sold, yet these men must be persuaded to go away and not
+meet death. Kiss him for me if he awakes.' Thus she went, and left
+me with my lord, and I fear he will die." And she ended in a burst of
+sobbing.
+
+For a moment there was silence. Then I said again:
+
+"Who struck the blow, woman? Who struck the blow?"
+
+She shrank from me as though I had struck her. "I do not know, I do
+not know," she moaned.
+
+Then a thing happened that seemed strange and awful in the gloomy,
+dark hall. For the stricken man opened his eyes, his lips moved, and
+he groaned: "Constantine! You, Constantine!" and the old woman's eyes
+met mine for a moment, and fell to the ground again.
+
+"Why--why, Constantine?" moaned the wounded man. "I had yielded--I had
+yielded, Constantine. I would have sent them--" His words ceased, his
+eyes closed, his lips met again, but met only to part. A moment later
+his jaw dropped. The old lord of Neopalia was dead.
+
+Then I, carried away by anger and by hatred of the man who, for a
+reason I did not yet understand, had struck so foul a blow against his
+kinsman and an old man, did a thing so rash that it seems to me now,
+when I consider it in the cold light of the past, a mad deed. Yet then
+I could do nothing else; and Denny's face, aye, and the eyes of the
+others, too, told me that they were with me.
+
+"Compose this old man's body," I said, "and we will watch it. And do
+you go and tell this Constantine Stefanopoulos that I know his crime,
+that I know who struck that blow, and that what I know all men shall
+know, and that I will not rest day nor night until he has paid the
+penalty of this murder. And tell him I swore this on the honor of an
+English gentleman."
+
+"And say I swore it, too!" cried Denny; and Hogvardt and Watkins, not
+making bold to speak, ranged up close to me; and I knew that they also
+meant what I meant.
+
+The old woman looked at me with searching eyes.
+
+"You are a bold man, my lord," said she.
+
+"I see nothing to be afraid of up to now," said I. "Such courage as
+is needed to tell a scoundrel what I think of him, I believe I can
+claim."
+
+"But he will never let you go now. You would go to Rhodes, and tell
+his--tell what you say of him."
+
+"Yes, and farther than Rhodes, if need be. He shall die for it as sure
+as I live."
+
+A thousand men might have tried in vain to persuade me; the treachery
+of Constantine had fired my heart and driven out all opposing motives.
+
+"Do as I bid you," said I, sternly, "and waste no time on it. We will
+watch here by the old man till you return."
+
+"My lord," she replied, "you run on your own death. And you are young,
+and the young man by you is yet younger."
+
+"We are not dead yet," said Denny; and I had never seen him look as
+he did then; for the gayety was out of his face, and he spoke from
+between stern-set lips.
+
+She raised her hands toward heaven--whether in prayer or in
+lamentation, I do not know. We turned away and left her to her sad
+offices, and going back to our places, waited there till dawn began to
+break, and from the narrow windows we saw the gray crests of the waves
+dancing and frolicking in the early dawn. As I watched them the old
+woman was by my elbow.
+
+"It is done, my lord," said she. "Are you still of the same mind?"
+
+"Still of the same," said I.
+
+"It is death--death for you all," she said; and without more she went
+to the great door. Hogvardt opened it for her, and she walked away
+down the road, between the high rocks that bounded the path on either
+side. Then we went and carried the old man to a room that opened off
+the hall, and, returning, stood in the doorway, cooling our brows in
+the fresh, early air. And while we stood, Hogvardt said suddenly:
+
+"It is five o'clock."
+
+"Then we have only an hour to live," said I, smiling, "if we do not
+make for the yacht."
+
+"You're not going back to the yacht, my lord?"
+
+"I'm puzzled," I admitted. "If we go this ruffian will escape. And if
+we don't go--"
+
+"Why, we," Hogvardt ended for me, "may not escape."
+
+I saw that Hogvardt's sense of responsibility was heavy; he always
+regarded himself as the shepherd, his employers as the sheep. I
+believe this attitude of his confirmed my destiny, for I said, without
+hesitation:
+
+"Oh, we'll chance that. When they know what a villain the fellow is,
+they'll turn against him. Besides, we said we'd wait here."
+
+Denny seized on my last words with alacrity. When you are determined
+to do a rash thing, there is great comfort in feeling that you are
+already committed to it by some previous act or promise.
+
+"So we did," he cried. "Then that settles it, Hogvardt."
+
+"His lordship certainly expressed that intention," observed Watkins,
+appearing at this moment with a large loaf of bread and a great
+pitcher of milk. I eyed these viands.
+
+"I bought the house and its contents," said I. "Come along."
+
+Watkins's further researches produced a large chunk of native cheese;
+and when he had set this down, he remarked:
+
+"In a pen behind the house, close to the kitchen windows, there are
+two goats; and your lordship sees there, on the right of the front
+door, two cows tethered."
+
+I began to laugh, Watkins was so wise and solemn.
+
+"We can stand a siege, you mean?" I asked. "Well, I hope it won't come
+to that."
+
+Hogvardt rose, and began to move round the hall, examining the weapons
+that decorated the walls. From time to time he grunted disapprovingly;
+the guns were useless, rusted, out of date, and there was no
+ammunition for them. But when he had almost completed his circuit,
+he gave an exclamation of satisfaction, and came to me, holding an
+excellent modern rifle and a large cartridge case.
+
+"See!" he grunted, in huge satisfaction. "C.S. on the stock, I suspect
+you can guess whose it is, my lord."
+
+"This is very thoughtful of Constantine," observed Denny, who was
+employing himself in cutting imaginary lemons in two with a fine
+damascened scimiter that he had taken from the wall.
+
+"As for the cows," said I, "perhaps they will carry them off."
+
+"I think not," said Hogvardt, taking an aim with the rifle through the
+window.
+
+I looked at my watch. It was five minutes past six.
+
+"Well, we can't go now," said I. "It's settled. What a comfort!" I
+wonder if I had ever in my heart meant to go!
+
+The next hour passed very quietly. We sat smoking pipes and cigars,
+and talking in subdued tones. The recollection of the dead man in
+the adjoining room sobered the excitement to which our position would
+otherwise have given occasion. Indeed, I suppose that I, at least, who
+had led the rest into this _imbroglio_ through my whim, should have
+been utterly overwhelmed by the burden on me. But I was not. Perhaps
+Hogvardt's assumption of responsibility relieved me; perhaps I was too
+full of anger against Constantine to think of the risks we ourselves
+ran; and I was more than half persuaded that the revelation of what he
+had done would rob him of his power to hurt us. Moreover, if I might
+judge from the words I heard on the road, we had on our side an ally
+of uncertain, but probably considerable, power, in the sweet-voiced
+girl whom the old woman called the Lady Euphrosyne; and she would not
+support her uncle's murderer even though he were her cousin.
+
+Presently Watkins carried me off to view his pen of goats, and, having
+passed through the lofty, flagged kitchen, I found myself in a sort of
+compound formed by the rocks. The ground had been levelled for a few
+yards, and the cliffs rose straight to the height of ten or twelve
+feet; from the top of this artificial bank they ran again, in wooded
+slopes, toward the peak of the mountain. I followed their course
+with my eye, and five hundred or more feet above us, just beneath the
+summit, I perceived a little wooden _chalet_ or bungalow. Blue smoke
+issued from the chimneys, and, even while we looked, a figure came out
+of the door and stood still in front of it, apparently looking down
+toward the house.
+
+"It's a woman," I pronounced.
+
+"Yes, my lord. A peasant's wife, I suppose."
+
+"I dare say," said I. But I soon doubted Watkins's opinion--in the
+first place, because the woman's dress did not look like that of
+a peasant woman; and, secondly, because she went into the house,
+appeared again, and levelled at us what was, if I mistook not, a large
+pair of binocular glasses. Now, such things were not likely to be
+in the possession of the peasants of Neopalia. Then she suddenly
+retreated, and through the silence of those still slopes we heard the
+door of the cottage closed with violence.
+
+"She doesn't seem to like the look of us," said I.
+
+"Possibly," suggested Watkins, with deference, "she did not expect to
+see your lordship here."
+
+"I should think that's very likely, Watkins," said I.
+
+I was recalled from the survey of my new domains--my satisfaction in
+the thought that they were mine survived all the disturbing features
+of the situation--by a call from Denny. In response to it I hurried
+back to the hall, and found him at the window, with Constantine's
+rifle rested on the sill.
+
+"I could pick him off pat," said Denny, laughingly, and he pointed to
+a figure which was approaching the house. It was a man riding a stout
+pony. When he came within about two hundred yards of the house he
+stopped, took a leisurely look, and then waved a white handkerchief.
+
+"The laws of war must be observed," said I, smiling. "This is a
+flag of truce." And I opened the door, stepped out, and waved my
+handkerchief in return. The man, reassured, began to mop his brow with
+the flag of truce, and put his pony to a trot. I now perceived him to
+be the innkeeper Vlacho, and a moment later he reined up beside me,
+giving an angry jerk at his pony's bridle.
+
+"I have searched the island for you," he cried. "I am weary and hot.
+How came you here?"
+
+I explained to him briefly how I had chanced to take possession of my
+house, and added, significantly:
+
+"But has no message come to you from me?"
+
+He smiled with equal meaning as he answered:
+
+"No. An old woman came to speak to a gentleman who is in the village."
+
+"Yes, to Constantine Stefanopoulos," said I with a nod.
+
+"Well, then, if you will, to the Lord Constantine," he admitted, with
+a careless shrug; "but her message was for his ear only. He took her
+aside, and they talked alone."
+
+"You know what she said, though."
+
+"That is between my Lord Constantine and me."
+
+"And the young lady knows it, I hope--the Lady Euphrosyne?"
+
+Vlacho smiled broadly.
+
+"We could not distress her with such a silly tale," he answered; and
+he leant down toward me. "Nobody has heard the message but the lord
+and one man he told it to; and nobody will. If that old woman spoke,
+she--well, she knows, and will not speak."
+
+"And you back up this murderer?" I cried.
+
+"Murderer?" he repeated, questioningly. "Indeed, sir, it was an
+accident, done in hot blood. It was the old man's fault, because he
+tried to sell the island."
+
+"He did sell the island," I corrected. "And a good many other people
+will hear of what happened to him."
+
+He looked at me again, smiling.
+
+"If you shouted in the hearing of every man in Neopalia, what would
+they do?" he asked, scornfully.
+
+"Well, I should hope," I returned, "that they'd hang Constantine to
+the tallest tree you've got here."
+
+"They would do this," he said, with a nod; and he began to sing softly
+the chant I had heard the night before.
+
+I was disgusted at his savagery, but I said coolly:
+
+"And the lady?"
+
+"The lady believes what she is told, and will do as her cousin bids
+her. Is she not his affianced wife?"
+
+"The deuce she is!" I cried in amazement, fixing a keen scrutiny on
+Vlacho's face. The face told me nothing.
+
+"Certainly," he said, gently. "And they will rule the island
+together."
+
+"Will they, though?" said I. I was becoming rather annoyed. "There are
+one or two obstacles in the way of that. First, it's my island."
+
+He shrugged his shoulders again. "That," he seemed to say, "is not
+worth answering." But I had a second shot in the locker for him, and
+I let him have it for what it was worth. I knew it might be worth
+nothing, but I tried it.
+
+"And secondly," I observed, "how many wives does Constantine propose
+to have?"
+
+A hit! A hit! A palpable hit! I could have sung in glee. The fellow
+was dumb-founded. He turned red, bit his lip, scowled fiercely.
+
+"What do you mean?" he blurted out, with an attempt at blustering
+defiance.
+
+"Never mind what I mean. Something, perhaps, that the Lady Euphrosyne
+might care to know. And now, my man, what do you want of me?"
+
+He recovered his composure, and stated his errand with his old, cool
+assurance; but the cloud of vexation still hung heavy on his brow.
+
+"On behalf of the lady of the island--" he began.
+
+"Or shall we say her cousin?" I interrupted.
+
+"Which you will," he answered, as though it were not worth while to
+wear the mask any longer. "On behalf, then, of my Lord Constantine, I
+am to offer you safe passage to your boat, and a return of the money
+you have paid."
+
+"How's he going to pay that?"
+
+"He will pay it in a year, and give you security meanwhile."
+
+"And the condition is that I give up the island?" I asked; and I began
+to think that perhaps I owed it to my companions to acquiesce in this
+proposal, however distasteful it might be to me.
+
+"Yes," said Vlacho; "and there is one other small condition, which
+will not trouble you."
+
+"And what's that? You're rich in conditions."
+
+"You are lucky to be offered any. It is that you mind your own
+business."
+
+"I came here for the purpose," I observed.
+
+"And that you undertake, for yourself and your companions, on your
+word of honor, to speak not a word of what has passed in the island,
+or of the affairs of the Lord Constantine."
+
+"And if I won't give my word?"
+
+"The yacht is in our hands; Demetri and Spiro are our men; there will
+be no ship here for two months."
+
+The fellow paused, smiling at me. I took the liberty of ending his
+period for him.
+
+"And there is," I said, returning the smile, "as we know by now, a
+particularly sudden and fatal form of fever in the island."
+
+"Certainly; you may chance to find that out," said he.
+
+"But is there no antidote?" I asked; and I showed him the butt of my
+revolver in the pocket of my coat.
+
+"It may keep it off for a day or two; not longer. You have the bottle
+there, but most of the drug is with your baggage at the inn."
+
+His parable was true enough; we had only two or three dozen cartridges
+apiece.
+
+"But there is plenty of food for Constantine's rifle," said I,
+pointing to the muzzle of it, which protruded from the window.
+
+He suddenly became impatient.
+
+"Your answer, sir?" he demanded, peremptorily.
+
+"Here it is," said I. "I'll keep the island, and I'll see Constantine
+hanged."
+
+"So be it, so be it!" he cried. "You are warned; so be it!" and
+without another word he turned his pony and trotted rapidly off down
+the road. And I went back to the house, feeling, I must confess, not
+in the best of spirits. But when my friends heard all that had passed,
+they applauded me, and we made up our minds to "see it through," as
+Denny said.
+
+That day passed quietly. At noon we carried the old lord out of his
+house, having wrapped him in a sheet, and we dug for him as good a
+grave as we could, in a little patch of ground that lay outside the
+windows of his own chapel, a small erection at the west end of the
+house. There he must lie for the moment. This sad work done, we came
+back, and--so swift are life's changes--we killed a goat for dinner,
+and watched Watkins dress it. Thus the afternoon wore away, and when
+evening came we ate our goat flesh, and Hogvardt milked our cows, and
+we sat down to consider the position of the garrison.
+
+But the evening was hot, and we adjourned out of doors, grouping
+ourselves on the broad marble pavement in front of the door.
+Hogvardt had just begun to expound a very elaborate scheme of escape,
+depending, so far as I could make out, on our reaching the other side
+of the island, and finding there a boat, which we had no reason to
+suppose would be there, when Denny raised his hand, saying, "Hark!"
+
+From the direction of the village and the harbor came the sound of a
+horn, blown long and shrill, and echoed back in strange, protracted
+shrieks and groans from the hillside behind us; and following on the
+blast, we heard, low in the distance and indistinct, yet rising and
+falling, and rising again in savage defiance and exultation, the death
+chant that One-eyed Alexander the Bard had made on the death of
+Stefan Stefanopoulos two hundred years ago. For a few minutes we sat
+listening, and I do not think that any of us were very comfortable.
+Then I rose to my feet, and I said:
+
+"Hogvardt, old fellow, I fancy that scheme of yours must wait a
+little. Unless I'm very much mistaken, we're going to have a lively
+evening."
+
+Well, and then we shook hands all round, and went in, and bolted the
+door, and sat down to wait. We heard the death chant through the walls
+now, for it was coming nearer.
+
+(_To be continued._)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: A BROOK IN THE DEPARTMENT OF VAR, FRANCE. FROM A
+PAINTING BY HENRI HARPIGNIES.
+
+In the galleries of the Luxembourg, Paris. First exhibited at the
+Salon of 1888.]
+
+
+
+
+A CENTURY OF PAINTING.
+
+NOTES DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL.--COROT AND THE MODERN PASTORAL.--THE
+MEN OF 1830.--ROUSSEAU, DIAZ, DUPRÉ, AND DAUBIGNY.--FOUR FIGURE
+PAINTERS OF DIFFERING AIMS.
+
+BY WILL H. LOW.
+
+
+"Pictures?" boasted Turner. "Give me canvas, colors, a room to work
+in, _with a door that will lock_, and it is not difficult to paint
+pictures!" This was the spirit of the older men, against which
+Constable rose in his might. It was the legacy of the past; the
+principle, or the lack of it, which permitted Titian (in a picture now
+in the National Gallery, London) to paint the shadows of his figures
+falling away from the spectator into the picture, and _towards_ the
+setting sun in the background. The return to nature, however, was not
+accomplished at once. It is doubtful, indeed, if a painter can ever
+arrive at a respectable technical achievement without imbibing certain
+conventions which prevent complete submission to nature; absolute
+_naïveté_ thus becoming only theoretically possible. Constable, with
+all his independence, dared not throw over all received canons of art.
+And Géricault, while daring to paint a modern theme, daring still more
+to embody it in forms plausibly like average humanity, and refusing to
+place on a raft in mid-ocean a carefully chosen assortment of antique
+statues, still did not think, apparently, that the heavily marked
+shadows prevalent throughout his picture were never seen under the
+far-reaching arch of the sky, but fell from a studio window. Nor do
+the early pictures by Corot free themselves from the influences of the
+academy at once. In the studies which he bequeathed to the Louvre--two
+tiny canvases on which are depicted the Coliseum and the Castle of St.
+Angelo at Rome--the conventional picking out of detail, the painting
+of separate objects by themselves, without due relation to each other,
+is the effect of early study; and it is only in the as yet timid
+reaching for effect of light and atmosphere that we feel the Corot of
+the future. These studies were painted in 1826; and as late as 1835
+the same influences are manifest in the "Hagar and Ishmael in the
+Desert," a historical landscape of the kind dear to the academies,
+but saved and made of interest by the native qualities of the painter
+struggling to the surface.
+
+Jean Baptiste Camille Corot was born in Paris, July 28, 1796. His
+father was originally a barber; but, marrying a dressmaker, he joined
+forces with his wife to such effect that they became the fashionable
+house of their time; and a "dress from Corot's" found its place in the
+comedies of the early part of the century, very much as the name of
+Worth has been potent in later days. The youth's distaste for business
+(certain unfortunate experiences in selling olive-colored cloth
+leading directly thereto) at length vanquished the parents' opposition
+to his choice of a career; and after a solemn family conclave, it was
+decided that he was to have an allowance of three hundred dollars a
+year, and be free to follow his own inclinations. Procuring materials
+for work, Corot sat him down the same day on the bank of the Seine,
+almost under the windows of his father's shop, and began to paint. It
+is prettily related that one of the shop-women, Mademoiselle Rose by
+name, was the only person of his _entourage_ who sympathized with the
+young fellow, and who came to look at his work to encourage him. Late
+in life the good Corot said: "Look at my first study; the colors are
+still bright, the hour and day remain fixed on the canvas; and only
+the other day Mademoiselle Rose came to see me; and, alas, the old
+maid and the old man, how faded they are!"
+
+[Illustration: JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT. AFTER A PHOTOGRAPH FROM
+LIFE.
+
+This portrait represents "good Papa Corot," as he was universally
+known, at work out of doors.]
+
+It was Corot's good fortune to meet at the start a young landscape
+painter, Michallon, who had lately returned from Rome, where he had
+gone after winning the prize for historical landscape, which then
+formed part of the curriculum of the École des Beaux Arts. Michallon
+died in 1824, when only twenty-eight years old, too soon to have shown
+the fruits of an independent spirit which had already revolted against
+the trammels of the school. Desiring to save Corot from the mistakes
+which he had himself made, he adjured him to remain _naïf_, to paint
+nature as he saw it, and to disregard the counsels of those who were
+for the moment in authority. Gentle, almost timid by nature, having
+met so far in life with little but disapproval, Corot disregarded his
+friend's advice at first, and placed himself under the guidance of
+Victor Bertin, a painter then in vogue, and, needless to say, deeply
+imbued with scholastic tradition. In his company Corot made his first
+voyage to Italy, in 1825, and thus came for the first time under the
+true classic influence. The lessons taught in the school of nature,
+where Claude had studied, were those best fitted for the temperament
+of Corot, who has been called "a child of the eighteenth century,
+grown in the midst of that imitation of antiquity so ardent, and so
+often unintelligent, where the Directory copied Athens, and the Empire
+forced itself to imitate Rome." It is a curious and interesting fact
+that when, as in this case, the spirit of classicism reveals itself
+anew, its never-dying influence can be the motive for work as
+fresh and modern as that of Corot. It is also true that the rigid
+enforcement of the study of drawing was a healthy influence on Corot's
+early life. All the pictures of his early period show the most minute
+attention to form and modelling; and when he had finally rid himself
+of the hard manner which it entailed, there remained the substratum of
+a constructive basis upon which his freer brush played at will.
+
+[Illustration: A BY-PATH. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE
+COROT.
+
+One of Corot's later works, and treated with greater freedom than the
+earlier.]
+
+Many years, however, Corot was to wait before the memorable day when
+he bewailed that his complete collection of works had been spoiled, he
+having sold a picture. Living on his modest income, which his father
+doubled when, in 1846, the son was given the cross of the Legion of
+Honor, he was happy with his two loves, nature and painting. Little
+by little he gained a reputation among the artists, especially when,
+after 1835, on his return from a second voyage to Italy, he found
+that the true country of the artist is his native country. After
+that period his works are nearly all French in subject, many of them
+painted in the environs of Paris; though, with his Theocritan spirit,
+he could see the fountain of Jouvence in the woods of Sèvres, and for
+him the classic nymph dwelt by the pond at Ville d'Avray. His life was
+long--he died February 22, 1875--and completely filled with his work.
+
+After Corot's death, there was exhibited at the École des Beaux Arts
+in Paris a collection of several hundred of his pictures, and then,
+perhaps for the first time, the genius of the man was profoundly felt.
+To those who were inclined to undervalue the pure, sweet spirit which
+shone through his work, and to complain of the representation of a
+world in which no breeze stronger than a zephyr blew, in which the
+birds always sang, and the shepherd piped to a flock unconscious
+of the existence of wolves, there were shown efforts in so many and
+various directions as to forever silence their reproach of monotony,
+so often directed against Corot's work. There were landscapes, showing
+the gradual emancipation, due to the most sincere study of nature,
+hard and precise, in the early period; vaporous and filled with
+suggestion, as the sentiment of the day and hour represented became
+important to the painter, and his technical mastery became more
+certain in later years. There were figures, none too well drawn from
+the point of view of David or Ingres, but serving, to a painter whose
+interest in atmospheric problems never ceased, as objects around
+which the luminous light of day played, and which were bathed in
+circumambient air.
+
+[Illustration: EARLY MORNING. JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT.
+
+From a painting now in the Louvre. One of the best known of the works
+of the master, executed during the transitional period, when he still
+gave great attention to detail. The original is remarkable for its
+sense of dewy freshness.]
+
+[Illustration: DIANA'S BATH. JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT.
+
+From a painting in the Museum at Bordeaux.]
+
+[Illustration: A SHALLOW RIVER. FROM A PAINTING BY THÉODORE ROUSSEAU.]
+
+With all this variety, however, the true value of Corot's work lies in
+the expression of the spirit of the man himself. It is often possible,
+and it is always theoretically desirable, to separate the personality
+of a painter from his production in any critical consideration of his
+achievement. It is at least only fair to believe that the light which
+shines from so many canvases is the true expression of many a life
+which is clouded to our superficial view. With Corot, however, it
+is impossible to make this separation. Every added detail of his
+life--and they are so numerous that in the difficulty of a choice they
+must remain unrecorded here--gives a new perception of his work. A
+youthful Virgilian spirit to the day of his death, as old at his
+birth as the classic source from which he sprang, he invented a method
+essentially his own, in which to express his new-old message. In our
+work-a-day, materialistic age, like a thrush singing in a boiler-shop,
+he is the quiet but triumphant vindication of the truth that all
+great art has its roots firmly implanted in the earth of Hellenic
+civilization, though its expression may be, as in Corot's case,
+through an art unknown to the Greeks, and even, as in the case of
+the one greater man of this century than Corot--Millet--by the
+presentation of types which the beauty-loving sons of Hellas disdained
+to represent.
+
+Millet's work must be considered later in these papers, but it
+is useful here to make this passing comment, that with Corot he
+represents what is best in our modern art; that the greatest quality
+of our modern art is its steadfast reliance on nature; and that,
+paradoxical as it may seem, they are alike in taking only that from
+nature which is serviceable to the clarity of their expression, being
+in this both at odds with the common practice of modern painting,
+which usually adopts a more servile attitude towards nature. Corot
+painted out of doors constantly; but in the maturity of his art his
+work was only based upon the scene before him, a practice dangerous to
+the student, and fraught with difficulty to the master. In the fever
+of production; in the almost childish joy which the long neglected
+painter felt when dealers and collectors besieged his door; and,
+finally, in the necessity which arose for large sums of money to carry
+on works of charity, which were his only dissipation, and which it
+was his pride to sustain without impairing the patrimony which in
+the course of time he had inherited, and which he left intact to his
+relatives, Corot undoubtedly weakened his legacy to the future by
+over-production. In addition, his work became the prey of unscrupulous
+dealers (as there is nothing easier to imitate superficially than a
+Corot), and the mediocre pictures signed by his name are not always of
+his workmanship. Such works apart, his art has given us a message from
+the purest source of poetry and painting, couched in a language which
+is thoroughly of our time; and in this year, which is the centenary of
+his birth, it can be said that no other painter of the century, save
+the graver Millet, has held fast that which was good in the art of the
+past, and so enriched it by added truth and beauty as Corot. It
+was fitting that when he lay dying as cheerfully as he had lived,
+contented that he had "had good parents and good friends," beautiful
+landscapes flitted before his eyes, "more beautiful than painting."
+On the morning of February 22, 1875, his servant urged him to eat
+to sustain his strength; but he gently shook his head, saying: "Papa
+Corot will breakfast in heaven to-day."
+
+[Illustration: THE EDGE OF THE FOREST (FONTAINEBLEAU). FROM A PAINTING
+BY THÉODORE ROUSSEAU.]
+
+Eighteen years before, on December 22, 1867, there had died at
+Barbizon, Théodore Rousseau, who, born in Paris, July 15, 1812, had
+been the leader of the revolution in landscape painting, in which we
+to-day count Corot, Daubigny, Dupré, Troyon, Diaz, Jacque, and others
+who, with our mania for classification, we call the "Barbizon school."
+The fact that these men, more than any painters before their time,
+had, by direct study from nature, developed strongly individual
+characteristics, makes this title, localized as it is by the name of a
+village with which a number of them had slight, if any, connection,
+a misnomer. The French name for the group, "the men of 1830," is more
+correct; for it was about that time that their influence in the Salon
+began to be felt, as a result of the pictorial invasion of Constable.
+Lacking the poetic feeling of Corot, and more realistic in his aims,
+though not always in result, Rousseau met with instant success when
+he exhibited for the first time at the Salon in 1834. His picture,
+"Felled Trees, Forest of Compiègne," received a medal, and was
+purchased by the Due d'Orleans. The following year the jury, presided
+over by Watelet, a justly forgotten painter, refused Rousseau's
+pictures, and from that time until 1849, when the overthrow of Louis
+Philippe had opened the Salon doors to all comers, no picture by
+Rousseau was exhibited at the Salon.
+
+[Illustration: ON THE RIVER OISE. FROM A PAINTING BY CHARLES FRANÇOIS
+DAUBIGNY.
+
+A typical French river, with the familiar figures of peasant women
+washing linen in the stream. Probably painted during one of the
+voyages of his house-boat studio "Le Bottin," in which the painter
+passed many summers.]
+
+[Illustration: THE STORMY SEA. FROM A PAINTING BY JULES DUPRÉ.
+
+This powerful picture gives an idea of the dramatic force of one who
+has been fitly termed a symphonic painter.]
+
+[Illustration: A SUNLIT GLADE. FROM A PAINTING BY LÉON GERMAIN
+PELOUSE.
+
+A remarkable rendering of intricate detail without sacrifice of
+general effect, this picture, nevertheless, gives somewhat the
+impression of a photograph from nature.]
+
+In the meantime, however, Rousseau's fame had grown, fostered by the
+more advanced critics of the time. He lived at Barbizon, on the border
+of the forest of Fontainebleau; and, basing his work on the most
+uncompromising study of nature, his pictures bore an impress of simple
+truth, which to our latter-day vision seems so obvious and easily
+understood that nothing could show more clearly the depth of error
+into which his opponents had fallen than the systematic rejection
+of his work for so many years. He was by nature a leader, and in his
+country home he was soon joined by Millet and Charles Jacque, while in
+Paris he had the hearty support of Delacroix and his followers of the
+Romantic school. While forced by circumstances to find allies in these
+men, Rousseau had, however, but little of the imaginative temperament.
+He was, above all, the close student of natural phenomena. He sat,
+an impartial recorder of the phases of nature's triumphal procession.
+Early and late, in the fields, among the rocks, or under the trees
+of the forest, his cunning hand noted an innumerable variety of facts
+which before him, through ignorance or disdain, the landscape painter
+had never seen. It is but fair to say that, like all pioneers in the
+untrodden fields of art, his means of expression at times failed to
+keep pace with his intention. His work is occasionally overburdened
+with detail, through the embarrassment of riches which nature poured
+at his feet. Then, heir to the processes of painting of former
+generations, it seemed to him necessary to endow nature with a warmth
+of coloring, an abuse of the richer tones of the palette, which we may
+presume he would have discarded but for the fact already noted, that
+a painter carries through his earthly pilgrimage a baggage of
+early-formed habits difficult to throw off _en route_. The belief that
+color to be beautiful must of necessity be warm, rich, and deep in
+tone was shared by all painters of Rousseau's time, and lingers still
+in the minds of many, despite the fact that nature has created the
+tea-rose as well as the orange. When, however, Rousseau was completely
+successful--as, for instance, in the "Hoar-frost," in the Walters
+gallery in Baltimore--the reward of his painstaking methods was
+measurably great. In such works as this the rendition of effect, the
+certainty of modelling, the sustained power throughout the work,
+lift it beyond mere transcription of fact into the realm of typical
+creations which appear more true than average reality.
+
+[Illustration: A SHEPHERD AND HIS FLOCK. FROM A PAINTING BY CHARLES
+ÉMILE JACQUE.
+
+A typical example of the master, solidly painted, though, as was often
+his habit, somewhat forced in effect.]
+
+Of the life of Rousseau as the head of the little colony of painters
+who for longer or shorter periods resided at Barbizon, much could
+be said if space permitted. It is pleasant to think that the more
+prosperous Rousseau helped with purse and influence his comrades, and
+that, by nature sad and irritable, he was always considerate of them
+in the many discussions which took place. Corot, ill at ease in the
+revolutionary atmosphere, made an occasional appearance. Diaz, he of
+meridional extraction, turbulent and emphatic, stamped his wooden leg,
+and was as illogical in debate as in painting. Charles Jacque, with
+the keen smile and the facility for absorbing ideas from the best of
+them; Ziem even, who painted Venice for some years in the shades of
+Fontainebleau; Dupré, whose nature expresses itself in deep sunsets
+gleaming through the oaks of the forest; Daubigny, the youngest of the
+group, and the more immediate forerunner of landscape as it is to-day,
+then winning his first success; Decamps, who later sometimes left
+the Imperial Court, domiciled for the moment at the palace of
+Fontainebleau, and brought his personality of a great painter who
+failed through lack of elementary instruction, among them; Daumier,
+the great caricaturist, and possibly greater painter, but for the
+engrossing character of the work which first fell in his way--all
+these and more made up the constantly shifting group. The first
+innkeeper of the place and his wife, whose hyphenated name,
+Luniot-Ganne, commemorated their union, kept for many years on the
+walls, the panels of the doors, and on odd cabinets and bits of
+furniture, _souvenirs_ of the passage of all these men, in the shape
+of sketches made by their hands. This little museum, created in
+sportive mood, bore all these names and many more, those of men, often
+celebrated, who from sympathy or curiosity visited the place. Millet
+was in life, as in art, somewhat apart in the later years; but he was
+the consistent friend of Rousseau, whose life closed in the darkness
+of a disordered mind.
+
+[Illustration: "THE MAN WITH THE LEATHERN BELT." PORTRAIT OF GUSTAVE
+COURBET AS A YOUNG MAN, BY HIMSELF.
+
+From the original, in the Louvre.]
+
+Narcisco Virgilio Diaz de la Peña was the noble name of him who, born
+at Bordeaux in 1807, the son of a Spanish refugee, died at Mentone,
+November 18, 1876. Left an orphan when very young, he drifted to
+Paris, and found work, painting on china, in the manufactory at
+Sèvres. Here he met Dupré, employed like himself; and in their work in
+other fields it is not fanciful to feel the influence of the delight
+in rich translucent color, of the tones employed with over-emphasis
+on the surface of _faïence_. After a bitter acquaintance with poverty,
+Diaz produced work which brought him great popularity. The earlier
+pictures were studies in the forest of Fontainebleau, whose venerable
+tree-trunks, moss-grown; whose lichen-covered rocks, and gleaming
+pools reflecting the sky, he rendered with force of color and strength
+of effect. Gradually he began to attempt the figure, which in his
+hands never attained a higher plane than an assemblage of charming
+though artificial color; and these little _bouquets_, which
+superficially imitated Correggio, Da Vinci, or Prud'hon, as the fancy
+seized the painter, bathed in a color that is undeniably agreeable,
+were and are to this day loved by the collector. Of a whimsical
+temperament, Diaz was the life of artist gatherings; and his facility
+in work, and its popularity, gave him the means of doing many generous
+acts, the memory of which lives. But of the group of men of his time,
+he has exercised, perhaps, the least influence.
+
+[Illustration: THE STONE-BREAKERS. FROM A PAINTING BY GUSTAVE COURBET.
+
+One of Courbet's early pictures, which, when exhibited at the Salon,
+excited considerable discussion, certain adverse critics finding in it
+an appeal to the socialistic elements. It represents a scene common in
+France, where stones are piled by the roadsides, to be broken up for
+repairing the route.]
+
+Jules Dupré rises to a higher plane. But his work, freed from the
+colder academical bondage, is pitched in a key of color which takes us
+to a world where the sun shines through smoke; where the clouds float
+heavily, filled with inky vapors; and the light shoots from behind the
+trees explosively. It is a grave, rhythmic world, however; and if it
+lacks the dewy atmosphere of Corot, it has an intensity which the more
+sanely balanced painter seldom reached. Dupré, born at Nantes in 1812,
+and dying near Paris, at the village of L'Isle-Adam, in 1889, made
+his first important exhibit at the Salon in 1835, after a visit
+to England, where he met Constable. This picture, "Environs of
+Southampton," was typical of the work he was to do. A long waste of
+land near the sea, the middle distance in deepest shadow, and richly
+colored storm-clouds racing overhead; the foreground in sunlight,
+enhanced by the artificial contrast of the rest of the picture; a
+wooden dyke on which, together with two white horses near by, the
+gleam of sunlight falls almost with a sound, so intensified is all the
+effect, make up the picture. Dupré's work is generally keyed up to
+the highest possible pitch, and it is no little merit that, with the
+constant insistence on this note, it is seldom or never theatrical.
+
+Constant Troyon, from sympathy of aim, is commonly included in this
+group, although it was gradually, and after success achieved in
+landscape, that his more powerful cattle pictures were produced, which
+alone entitle him to the place. Born at Sèvres in 1810, where his
+father was employed at the manufactory of porcelain, he was thrown in
+contact with Dupré and Diaz. He first exhibited at the Salon in 1832,
+and for nearly twenty years was known as a landscape painter. His work
+at that time was eclectic, sufficiently in touch with Rousseau, whose
+acquaintance he had made, to be of interest, but never revolutionary
+enough to alarm the academical juries of the Salon. In 1849, after
+a visit to Holland, he turned his attention to animal painting, and
+became in that field the first of his time. In common with his quondam
+comrades in the porcelain manufactory, Troyon delighted in warmth and
+richness of tone and color; but in the rendering of the texture and
+color of cattle the quality availed him greatly, and as objects in his
+foreground the landscape environment gained in depth by its judicious
+use. Troyon will be chiefly remembered by the pictures painted from
+1846 to 1858. The later years of his life, until his death in 1865,
+were passed with a clouded intellect.
+
+[Illustration: THE GOOD SAMARITAN. FROM A PAINTING BY THÉODULE RIBOT.
+
+From the Salon of 1870; now in the Luxembourg. The story of the man
+who went down to Jericho and fell among thieves is here treated as a
+pretext for a forcible effect of light and shade, though it is also a
+novel and dramatic presentation of the scene.]
+
+The youngest of the group proper was Charles François Daubigny, who
+was born in Paris in 1817, and died there in 1878. He was the son of
+a well-known miniature painter, and passed his youth in the country,
+where he imbibed the love for simple nature which he afterwards
+rendered with less of fervor than Rousseau, with less poetry than
+either Corot or Dupré; but, in his way, with as much or more of truth.
+His task was easier. In the progress which landscape painting had
+made, there were hosts of younger painters, each adding a particle
+of truth, each making an advance in technical skill and daring,
+and Daubigny profited by it all. Corot, it is true, had never been
+afflicted with the preoccupation of combining the freshness of nature
+with the _patine_ with which ages had embrowned the old gallery
+pictures; but Daubigny, looking at nature with a more literal eye than
+Corot, ran a gamut of color greater than he. It was Daubigny who said
+of Corot, in envious admiration: "He puts nothing on the canvas, and
+everything is there." His own more prosaic nature took delight in
+enregistering a greater number of facts. Floating quietly down the
+rivers of France in a house-boat, he diligently reproduced the sedgy
+banks, the low-lying distances the poplars and clumps of trees lining
+the shore, and reflected in the waters. He painted the "Springtime,"
+now in the Louvre, with lush grass growing thick around the apple
+trees in blossom; with tender greens, soft, fleecy clouds, and the
+moist, humid atmosphere of France; without preoccupation of rich
+color, of "brown sauce," of "low tone," of the thousand and one
+conventions which have enfeebled the work of men stronger than he.
+Thus he fills a middle place between the men who made an honest effort
+at painting nature as they saw and felt it, but could not altogether
+rid themselves of their early education, and the lawless band who,
+with the purple banner of impressionism, now riot joyously in the
+fields, with brave show of gleaming color, and fearless attempt to
+enlist science in their ranks.
+
+[Illustration: SERVANT AT THE FOUNTAIN. FROM A PAINTING BY FRANÇOIS
+SAINT BONVIN.
+
+From the Salon of 1863; now in the Luxembourg galleries. A quiet
+scene, essentially French from the type of the woman to the "fountain"
+of red copper so often seen in French kitchens, it recalls the work
+of the old Holland masters, and proves that, in our day, and with
+material near at hand, one can be thoroughly modern, and yet claim
+kinship with the great painters of the past.]
+
+It is to these latter that the future must look, and it can do so with
+confidence. In all the license which runs ahead of progress there
+is less danger than resides in stagnation. The men of 1830, who by
+ungrateful youths are now derided, had their turn at derision, and
+extravagances were committed in their name, according to the
+beliefs of their time. They carried their work, however, to its full
+completion, and it remains the greatest achievement of this century
+in painting, the greatest in landscape art of all time. What the
+next century may bring is undoubtedly foreshadowed in the work of
+impressionistic tendency. It has the merit of being a new direction,
+one as yet hardly opened before us, but more hopeful, despite certain
+excesses, than it would be to see the men of our time settle down to
+an imitation of the works, however great, of those men of 1830. The
+immediate effect of their example was and can still be seen in the
+works of men too numerous to be enregistered here.
+
+[Illustration: AN UNHAPPY FAMILY. FROM A PAINTING BY NICOLAS FRANÇOIS
+OCTAVE TASSAERT.
+
+In the Luxembourg catalogue, to which museum the picture came from
+the Salon of 1850, is printed a long quotation from Lamennais's "Les
+Paroles d'un Croyant" (The Words of a Believer), an emphatic work,
+of great popularity about the time that the picture was painted. The
+women represented, having fallen into poverty, are suffering from cold
+and hunger, the obvious end of the tragedy being explained by these
+words, "Shortly after there were seen two forms, luminous like souls,
+which took their flight towards Heaven." The picture, like much of
+Tassaert's work, affords an instance of misguided and morbid talent.]
+
+In Henri Harpignies, a living painter, though now aged, the influence
+is felt in the careful attention to form throughout the landscape.
+The delicate branching of trees is depicted in his work with accuracy
+tempered by a sense of the beauty of line, which prevents it from
+becoming photographic. Léon Germain Pelouse, who was born at Pierrelay
+in 1838, and died in Paris, 1891, carried somewhat the same qualities
+to excess. His pictures, though undeniably excellent, are marred by
+the dangerous facility which degenerates into mere virtuosity.
+Charles Jacque, who was born in 1813, and lived until 1894, was of the
+original group living for many years in Barbizon. He was, perhaps, of
+less original mind than any of the others, but was gifted with a power
+of assimilation which enabled him to form an eclectic style that is
+now recognized as his own. His pictures are many in number and varied
+in character, though his somewhat stereotyped pictures of sheep, done
+in the later years of his life, are best known.
+
+The limits of space render it difficult to make even a summary
+enumeration of certain tendencies in figure painting which marked the
+years of the growth of this great landscape school. Gustave Courbet
+(born at Ornans in 1819, died in Switzerland, 1877), who might be
+classed both as a figure and a landscape painter, would demand by
+right a longer consideration than can be here given. Of his career as
+a champion of realism, as a past master in the peculiarly modern art
+of keeping one's self before the public, culminating in his connection
+with the Commune in Paris in 1871, and the destruction of the column
+in the Place Vendôme, there could be much to say. Courbet was, as
+a painter, a powerful individuality; of more force, however, as a
+painter of the superficial envelope than of the deeper qualities which
+nature makes pictorial at the bidding of one of finer fibre. His claim
+to be considered modern can be contested, inasmuch as it was only in
+subject that his work was novel. In manner of painting he was of a
+time long past, of a school of greater masters than he showed himself
+to be. With this reserve, however, as a vigorous painter, both of the
+figure and landscape, he is interesting; and as one of the first to
+look about him and find his subjects in our daily life, his work will
+live.
+
+Curiously enough, the revival of the art of another epoch in the case
+of Saint Bonvin remained absolutely modern. By nature or by choice
+this painter (born at Vaugirard, near Paris, in 1817, and dying at
+St. Germain-en-Laye in 1887) is a modern Pieter de Hooghe; and as
+the Dutch masters addressed themselves to a painstaking and sincere
+representation of the life about them, in like manner Bonvin, bringing
+to his work much the same qualities, choosing as his subjects quiet
+interiors, with the life of the family pursuing its even tenor (or the
+still more placid progress of conventual life, like the "Ave Maria
+in the Convent of Aramont," in the Luxembourg), remains himself while
+resembling his prototypes. It is instructive to look at his "Servant
+at the Fountain," reproduced here, compare it with many of the
+pictures of familiar life like those of Wilkie, Webster, or Mulready,
+published last month, and note the unconsciousness of the work before
+us.
+
+The work of a painter equally able, though suffering somewhat as
+representing an art with which we moderns have little sympathy, falls
+into comparison here, and undoubtedly loses by it. The unfortunate
+painter, Octave Tassaert, who was born in Paris in 1800, and lived
+there, undergoing constant privation, until he voluntarily ended his
+life in 1874, possibly found consolation for his hard lot in depicting
+scenes like that entitled "An Unhappy Family."
+
+The lesson of the art of the men considered here is that of direct
+inspiration of nature, of reliance on native qualities rather than
+those acquired; and the impulse given by them has continued in force
+until to day. We have before us, as a consequence, two strongly
+defined tendencies which will control the future of painting. The
+first and strongest, for the moment, is the impressionistic tendency,
+with its negation of any pictorial qualities other than those based on
+direct study from objects actually existing. This would, if carried
+to a logical conclusion, eliminate the imaginative quality, and render
+the painter a human photographic camera. The other tendency is that
+which has existed since art was born, and which, though temporarily
+and justly ignored in periods when it is necessary to recreate a
+technical standard, always comes to the surface when men have learned
+their trade as painters. It is the desire to create; the instinct
+which impels one to use the language given him to express thought. The
+two tendencies are not incompatible; and in the end the artist will
+arise who, with certainty of expression, will express thought.
+
+
+
+
+"SOLDIER AN' SAILOR TOO."
+
+BY RUDYARD KIPLING,
+
+AUTHOR OF "BARRACK-ROOM BALLADS," "THE JUNGLE BOOK," ETC.
+
+
+As I was spittin' into the Ditch aboard o' the "Crocodile,"
+I seed a man on a man-o'-war got up in the Reg'lars' style.
+'E was scrapin' the paint from off of 'er plates, an' I sez to 'im:
+           "Oo are you?"
+Sez 'e: "I'm a Jolly--'er Majesty's Jolly--soldier an' sailor too!"
+  _Now 'is work begins by Gawd knows when, and 'is work is never
+           through--
+  'E isn't one o' the Regular line, nor 'e isn't one of the crew--
+  'E's a kind of a giddy herumfrodite--soldier an' sailor too_!
+
+An' after I met 'im all over the world, a-doin' all kinds o' things,
+Like landin' 'isself with a Gatling-gun to talk to them 'eathen kings;
+'E sleeps in an 'ammick instead of a cot, an' 'e drills with the deck
+           on a slue,
+An' 'e sweats like a Jolly--'er Majesty's Jolly--soldier an' sailor too!
+  _For there isn't a job on the top o' the earth the beggar don't
+           know--nor do!
+  You can leave 'im at night on a bald man's 'ead to paddle 'is own
+           canoe;
+  'E's a sort of a bloomin' cosmopolot--soldier an' sailor too_.
+
+We've fought 'em on trooper, we've fought em in dock, an' drunk with
+           'em in betweens,
+When they called us the sea-sick scull'ry maids, an' we called 'em the
+           Ass Marines;
+But when we was down for a double fatigue, from Woolwich to Bernardmyo,
+We sent for the Jollies--'er Majesty's Jollies--soldier an' sailor too!
+  _They think for 'emselves, an they steal for 'emselves, an' they never
+           ask what's to do,
+  But they're camped an fed an' they're up an' fed before our bugle's
+           blew.
+  Ho! they ain't no limpin procrastitutes--soldier an' sailor too_!
+
+You may say we are fond of an 'arness cut or 'ootin' in barrick-yards,
+Or startin' a Board School mutiny along o' the Onion Guards;
+But once in a while we can finish in style for the ends of the earth to
+           view,
+The same as the Jollies--'er Majesty's Jollies--soldier an' sailor too.
+  _They come of our lot, they was brothers to us, they was beggars we'd
+           met and knew;
+  Yes, barrin' an inch in the chest an' the arms, they was doubles o'
+           me and you,
+  For they weren't no special chrysanthemums--soldier an' sailor too_.
+
+To take your chance in the thick of a rush with firing all about
+Is nothing so bad when you've cover to 'and, and leave an' likin' to
+           shout;
+But to stand an' be still to the "Birken'ead" drill is a damn tough
+           bullet to chew,
+And they done it, the Jollies--'er Majesty's Jollies--soldier an'
+           sailor too.
+  _Their work was done when it 'adn't begun, they was younger nor me an
+           you;
+  Their choice it was plain between drownin in 'eaps an bein mashed by
+           the screw,
+  An' they stood an' was still to the "Birken'ead" drill, soldier an
+           sailor too_!
+
+We're most of us liars, we're 'arf of us thieves, an' the rest are as
+           rank as can be,
+But once in a while we can finish in style (which I 'ope it won't
+          'appen to me);
+But it makes you think better o' you an' your friends an' the work you
+          may 'ave to do
+When you think o' the sinkin' "Victorier's" Jollies--soldier an' sailor
+          too.
+  _Now there isn't no room for to say you don't know--they 'ave settled
+          it plain and true--
+  That whether it's Widow or whether it's ship, Victorier's work is to
+          do,
+  As they done it, the Jollies--'er Majesty's Jollies--soldier an sailor
+          too_!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+RACHEL.
+
+BY MRS. E.V. WILSON,
+
+AUTHOR OF "BARBARY," "A BLIZZARD," AND OTHER STORIES.
+
+
+It was the middle of a short December afternoon. From the scholars in
+the little log school-house in the Stillman district rose a buzzing
+sound as they bent over their desks, intent on books or mischief, as
+the case might be. The teacher, a good-looking young man of twenty or
+thereabouts, was busy with a class in arithmetic when a shrill voice
+called out:
+
+"Teacher, Rachel Stillman's readin' a story-book."
+
+"Bring the book to me," said the teacher quietly; and the delinquent,
+a girl of about fourteen, slowly rose and, walking to him, placed a
+much-worn volume in his hands.
+
+"Why," he said, glancing at the open page, "it is 'The Pilgrim's
+Progress.' No wonder you are interested. But you must not read it
+during school hours."
+
+The child lifted to his face a pair of large blue eyes, beautiful with
+timid wistfulness, as she replied:
+
+"I know I oughtn't, sir, but I wanted to see how they got out of
+Doubting Castle so bad."
+
+He smiled. "I will give you the book after school; then you can read
+it at home."
+
+"Oh, no," she whispered; "father won't let me read story-books."
+
+"He surely would not object to this," answered the young teacher; "but
+I will keep it until recess to-morrow, and, never fear, Christian and
+Hopeful will outwit the giant yet."
+
+The wistful eyes brightened, and, with a grateful smile, Rachel
+returned to her desk.
+
+"First class in spelling, take your places," called the teacher.
+
+Rachel belonged to this class, as did all the larger scholars, among
+whom was her brother, Thomas, two years her elder. The teacher had
+promised a prize at the end of the term to the member of the class
+obtaining the greatest number of head marks, and consequently a good
+deal of interest was taken in the lessons.
+
+Rachel had been at the head of the class the evening before; therefore
+she now took her station at its foot. Tom, her brother, now was
+head, and for some time no change in position was made. But finally
+"somebody blundered," and Rachel, who was one of the good spellers,
+went up in the long line. Presently another word was missed, and now
+Rachel walked to the head. Tom pushed her spitefully.
+
+"Another mark, Rachel," said the teacher, "for that is the end of the
+lesson."
+
+The class resumed their seats, and, a few minutes after, school was
+dismissed for the day.
+
+"Good-evening," said the teacher, as Rachel and a younger sister,
+a pretty, delicate child, passed him at the door. "Now, no worrying
+about Christian, Rachel."
+
+"I won't," she laughed. "I guess he'll get out. Didn't he stand up to
+old Apollyon?"
+
+"Like a good fellow," was the reply. "Hope I'll come off as well."
+
+She looked at him inquiringly, but he had turned toward his desk, and
+the sisters set out on their half-mile walk home.
+
+Let us precede them and see what manner of home it is to which these
+children belong.
+
+The farm is a large one, the buildings substantial, and everything has
+a prosperous, well-to-do look. Mr. Stillman, the owner of these broad
+acres and the father of these three, Tom, Rachel, and Susy, as well
+as of three more girls and another stalwart son, is a stout,
+comfortable-looking man of forty-five or fifty. A glance at his close,
+thin lips and keen gray eyes would convince an observant person that
+he would make it very uncomfortable for any one in his power who might
+differ from him in opinion or dispute his authority. Just now he is
+chatting pleasantly with his hired man, and pays no attention to the
+children, who pass him on the way to the house.
+
+Indoors Mrs. Stillman, a slender, fair-haired woman, who looks as if
+she felt she owed the world an apology for living in it, is preparing
+supper, assisted by her two daughters, Elizabeth, a sad-faced woman
+of twenty-four, and Margaret, a girl of eighteen, with her father's
+determined mouth and chin and her mother's large blue eyes and fair
+hair. The clock struck five as the school-girls entered the kitchen,
+a large room which in winter did duty as dining-room as well as
+cooking-room.
+
+"Run in the sitting-room, girls, and get warm," said the mother.
+"Supper is almost ready."
+
+"Oh, we're not cold; are we, Susy? I got another head mark, mother,"
+said Rachel.
+
+The mother smiled. "I hope you or Tom will get the prize. Where is
+he?" She was interrupted by a stamping of feet as the door was thrown
+open and Mr. Stillman, followed by the hired man and Tom, entered the
+room.
+
+"Supper is ready," said Mrs. Stillman. "We were just going to call
+you."
+
+"Well, I guess it will keep till we're ready," answered her husband,
+roughly. "Rachel, get some water; the bucket's empty, of course.
+Margaret, where's the wash-basin? Nothing in its place, as usual. Pity
+there wasn't two or three more girls lazyin' around!"
+
+Nobody replied to this tirade. The hired man picked up the basin,
+Margaret handed a towel, Rachel brought the water, and soon the family
+were gathered around the well-spread table.
+
+"I tell you," said Mr. Stillman, after a few mouthfuls of the savory
+food had apparently put him in a better humor, "I think we'll have
+fine weather for hog-killin' next week, and I never did have a finer
+lot of hogs."
+
+"Oh, father," said Margaret, "don't butcher next week. Friday is
+Christmas day and--"
+
+"Christmas!" interrupted her father. "Well, we always butcher
+Christmas week, don't we?"
+
+"Yes, I know," she said, her lips trembling in spite of her effort
+to control herself. "But we never have enjoyed the holidays, and I
+thought maybe this year you--"
+
+"We will do this year as we always have," broke in the father,
+angrily. "I suppose", with a look at his wife from which she shrank
+as from a blow, "this is one of your plans to have your girls gadding
+over the country."
+
+"Mother never said anything about it," said Margaret, her temper
+getting the better of her; "but nobody else takes Christmas times to
+do their hardest and dirtiest work."
+
+"Will you hush?" thundered the father. "What do I care what anybody
+else does? I am master here."
+
+No one spoke again. The assertion could not be denied. He was master,
+and well his wife and daughters knew it.
+
+Poor Mrs. Stillman! Two fortunate baby girls had died a few weeks
+after their birth, and the tears that fell over the little coffins
+were not half so bitter as those she shed when first she held their
+innocent faces to her heart. When on this evening the father had shown
+his authority, the two elder daughters rose from the table, and taking
+a couple of large buckets, went quietly out to the barnyard, and
+proceeded to milk the half dozen cows awaiting them.
+
+It was nearly dark and very cold; but no word was spoken except to the
+animals, as the girls hurried through the work and hastened back
+to the kitchen, where Rachel and the mother were clearing away
+the supper-table and making the needful preparations for the early
+breakfast.
+
+When all was finished the mother and daughters entered the large room
+adjoining the kitchen, which served as sitting-room for the family and
+bed-room for the parents, Mr. Stillman not permitting a fire kept
+in any other room in the house. Mrs. Stillman sat down with her
+knitting-work as close in the corner as possible; Elizabeth brought
+in a large basket of rags, and she and Margaret were soon busy sewing
+strips and winding balls for a carpet. The younger children were
+absorbed in their lessons at the table, where the father sat reading
+his newspaper.
+
+All were silent, for to have spoken while father was reading would
+have been an unforgivable offence. At last, however, Mr. Stillman
+lifted his eyes from the paper, and addressing Tom, said: "Well, how
+did you get along at school to-day?"
+
+"Oh, first rate," said the boy; but that lost head mark rankled in his
+mind, and he added, "Rachel was called up by the teacher."
+
+"How was that, Rachel?" said her father sharply. Poor girl!--deep in
+the mysteries of long division, she did not hear him.
+
+"Rachel," he repeated, "what were you called up in school for to-day?"
+
+She glanced reproachfully at Tom. "I read a little in 'The Pilgrim's
+Progress,' father. It's not a story-book--"
+
+"Never mind what it is. I send you to school to study, and you're not
+to touch any but your school-books."
+
+"May I bring it home?" she faltered.
+
+"Bring it home, indeed! No, miss. I guess you can find enough to do at
+home. Not another word more, or you will stay at home for good."
+
+The child bent over her slate; but tears would come, and at last a sob
+burst forth.
+
+"Clear out to bed, Rachel," said her father angrily. "I want no
+snivelling here."
+
+Upstairs, in the cold, dark room, what bitter thoughts surged through
+the childish brain!
+
+Mr. Stillman loved his wife and children. He wanted them to be happy,
+but in his way. He must choose their pleasures. If they could not be
+satisfied with what he chose for them, it was not his fault; it was
+their perversity. And as no two souls are alike, the attempt to fit a
+number of them by the same pattern necessarily caused suffering to the
+souls undergoing the operation.
+
+Mrs. Stillman's sensitive organization was completely crushed; her
+eldest daughter's nearly so. Martha, the second daughter, had escaped
+by marrying a clever young man, who first pitied, then loved the
+daughter of his employer, and persuaded her to elope with him,
+assuring her of a happier home than she had with her father.
+
+The marriage angered Mr. Stillman greatly, and all intercourse with
+the disobedient daughter was forbidden.
+
+Margaret, the third daughter, also rebelled at the fitting process;
+and having a goodly portion of her father's determination, many were
+the sharp words that passed between them.
+
+So far Rachel and Susan had given no trouble. He ordered them about
+as he did his dumb animals, and with no more regard to their feelings.
+With his sons it was different. They would be men some day. They must
+be treated with some consideration. At an early age, John, two years
+older than Elizabeth, was given a share in the stock and land to
+cultivate; so that when, at the age of twenty-four, he married, he had
+a "right good start in the world."
+
+But his sister toiled early and late, washing, ironing, milking,
+churning, baking, nursing the younger children, sharing her mother's
+labors, and paid as her mother was--with her board and a scanty,
+grudgingly given wardrobe. She was now twenty-four, and had never
+had a five-dollar bill to spend as she pleased in her life--for that
+matter, neither had the mother. There are many Mr. Stillmans, "Are
+they honest men?" If father and son have the right to be paid for
+their labor, have not the mother and daughter? I leave the question
+with you.
+
+Rachel carried a heavy heart to school next morning. The tinker's
+wonderful allegory to her was very real, and to leave her hero in that
+awful dungeon was almost more than she could bear. When at recess the
+teacher offered her the book, she did not take it.
+
+"Father said," she began--then sobs choked her utterance. He
+understood, and after a moment's silence said: "I am interested in
+Christian as well as you, Rachel, and if you will sit here I will read
+to you." In all her after life Rachel never forgot these readings at
+intermission, which were continued not only until Christian reached
+the Celestial city, but until Christiana and the children completed
+their wonderful journey to the same place. Her gratitude to her young
+teacher would certainly have become love had she been a few years
+older. As it was, when in March the term closed, not even the prize as
+the best speller--a beautiful copy of "Pilgrim's Progress"--consoled
+her for the cessation of school.
+
+As for the teacher, he was glad the winter's work--which had been
+undertaken and conscientiously carried through solely for the purpose
+of obtaining means to pursue the study of his profession--was over.
+He liked some of his scholars very much, Rachel especially; she was
+so interested in her studies, so intelligent and grateful, that when,
+with eyes swimming in tears, she bade him good-by, he felt a moment's
+sorrow at leaving her, and comforted her by telling her what a good
+girl she had been and that he would not forget her.
+
+"You ought to have seen Rache an' Suse cry when old Gray bid us
+good-by," said Tom that evening at home.
+
+"Did you cry?" asked Margaret.
+
+"Guess not! Glad school's out; an' I'm never goin' any more."
+
+"I wouldn't if I were you, bub," said Margaret; "you know enough now."
+She always called him "bub" when she wanted to vex him, "But old Gray,
+as you call him, will be somebody yet, see if he don't."
+
+The entrance of Mr. Stillman closed the conversation, and Tom went
+out, banging the door after him. No wonder Margaret was getting
+ill-natured.
+
+The winter was a long, dull season at Stillman's. Even her enjoyment
+at the few social gatherings she was permitted to attend in the
+neighborhood was marred by the knowledge that she could not entertain
+her young friends in return. She had attempted once to fix up the
+"spare room" and have a fire for some company, but her father had
+peremptorily forbidden it. "I'd like to know," he said, "why the
+settin'-room ain't good enough! If your company is too nice to be with
+the rest of the family they can stay away, miss."
+
+And "they" generally did stay away after one visit. Mr. Stillman was
+not a success as a host, young people thought; and a young minister
+who came home from meeting one Sunday with Elizabeth was so completely
+abashed by the cool reception he met that not even the daughter's
+pleading eyes could persuade him to remain in her father's presence. A
+few weeks after, he went to a distant appointment; and Elizabeth's sad
+face grew sadder than ever.
+
+Jim Lansing, the son of a widow who managed a farm and two grown sons
+with equal skill, was more successful. He usually brought his mother
+with him; and, while she entertained Mr. and Mrs. Stillman, Jim, the
+girls, and the carpet rags escaped to the kitchen.
+
+But spring was near, and Margaret thought: "He can't keep us out of
+the spare room in summer; and, besides, we can be out-of-doors."
+
+June came, with her blue skies, her singing birds, her wealth of
+beauty. But there was no time at Stillman's to enjoy it. A larger crop
+than usual had been put in, and extra hands employed, but not in the
+house. Why, there were five women, counting frail little ten-year-old
+Susy as one, and poor, delicate Mrs. Stillman as another! What extra
+help could they need, although washing and cooking must be done for
+all the men? You see, "hands" could be got much cheaper if they were
+boarded--and what else had the women to do?
+
+It was true, mother was not as strong as she used to be; but she did
+not complain. She was only more shadowy and quiet; and Mr. Stillman
+told his daughters to "stir around" themselves, and not let their
+mother do all the work.
+
+"Oh, dear," said Margaret one morning, as she and Rachel were bending
+over the wash-tubs, while Susy labored at the heavy churning and the
+mother and Elizabeth were preparing dinner. "I wish we could go to the
+picnic on the Fourth; everybody's going."
+
+"Maybe we can," said Rachel, hopefully. "I heard father say the wheat
+was late this year, and he did not believe it would do to cut before
+the sixth. And oh, Margaret, I heard him say your calf would bring at
+least ten dollars; and if he gives you the money, you can get a new
+white dress and give me your old one. It is lots too small for you."
+
+Margaret laughed. "Yes," she said; "father said if I could raise the
+calf I might have it. Didn't I have a time with it, though, it was so
+near dead! Of course I will fix my old dress up for you--that is, if
+I get the money. Sometimes I think father's queer; he did not give
+Elizabeth the money when he sold that colt he had given her." And both
+girls were silent.
+
+Out in the barnyard, as the girls worked, Mr. Stillman and Tom were
+putting the pretty calf in the wagon preparatory to taking it to the
+butcher in the town a few miles distant. When the girls went in to
+dinner the men had finished theirs, and were lounging in the shady
+yard enjoying their nooning.
+
+As they were about to sit down at the table, Mr. Stillman handed
+Margaret a package, saying, "There's your share of that spotted calf,
+Margaret."
+
+"My share!" she exclaimed. "Why, you gave me the calf; you had no
+right to it."
+
+As she spoke she opened the package and unrolled a piece of cheap
+lawn--yellow ground dotted with blue. She flung it angrily on the
+floor, and ran out of the room.
+
+Mr. Stillman turned to Rachel after a moment of dumb amazement, and
+said: "You can have the dress, Rachel. I'll teach Margaret a lesson."
+
+"I don't want it," she said. "You had no right to take Margaret's
+money. You did give her the calf, and when you sold Tom's pig you gave
+him his money."
+
+"Nice girls you're raising, mother," said Mr. Stillman to his
+frightened wife. "They'll be turning us out of doors next. You pick up
+that lawn, miss."
+
+Rachel did so. As she folded it, he went on: "That calf was mine. I
+only meant to pay her for caring for it."
+
+"You should have told her so, then," said his daughter, facing him
+with eyes keen as his own; "but you told her if she could raise it she
+might have it, and, of course, she believed you."
+
+He raised his hand as if to strike her; then, as she did not move or
+drop her eyes, he turned and left the room.
+
+July came, but the Stillman girls did not go to the picnic. Tom and
+the "hands" did; and Mrs. Lansing and her boys stopped at Stillman's
+on their way and offered the girls seats in their wagon. But Mr.
+Stillman said his women had to get ready for the harvest hands who
+were coming next day, and Margaret said to Rachel bitterly: "We
+have no decent clothes to go in anyhow." And there was much washing,
+ironing, cooking, and churning done as the days went on. No wonder
+Mrs. Stillman grew paler and weaker, until even her husband noticed
+it, and brought her a bottle of bitters, and told the girls to "keep
+mother out of the kitchen," which they indeed tried to do. But how
+could the mother rest when there was so much to do? The girls could
+not manage as she could, and Elizabeth seemed "so poorly;" for the
+patient elder daughter, as the summer dragged along, had a pitifully
+hopeless look on her pale face, and went about listlessly, as if life
+had lost all interest for her.
+
+At last there came a morning when the mother did not rise for
+breakfast.
+
+"Hadn't we better send for Dr. Lewis, father?" said Elizabeth.
+
+"Oh, no; your mother did not sleep much, it was so hot last night.
+She'll be up directly. You keep her out of the kitchen, and see you
+have dinner on time. We want to finish to-day, for I expect we'll have
+a storm, from the feel of the air."
+
+Noon came. Dinner for a dozen hungry men was on the table, and still
+Mrs. Stillman was in bed. While the men were eating, Rachel slipped
+in to her mother. She was awake, but her flushed face and wild, bright
+eyes startled the girl.
+
+"Oh, mother!" she cried, "you are very sick; you must have the
+doctor."
+
+"No, dear," the mother answered; "father is too busy now. I'll be
+better after awhile. You go help wait on the table."
+
+Rachel returned to the dining-room. "Take that fly-brush, Rachel,"
+said her father. "Susy's no account; she's too lazy to keep it going."
+
+Poor, tired little Susy, who had done a large churning that morning,
+crimsoned to the roots of her hair as she handed Rachel the brush and
+hurried out of the room.
+
+When dinner was over Mr. Stillman glared into the room where his wife
+lay. "She is asleep," he said. "I guess she's all right."
+
+"She hasn't eaten a thing to-day," said Rachel. "Hadn't she better
+have the doctor?"
+
+"Well," said her father, impatiently, "if she's no better in the
+morning, I'll send for him;" and he went back to the field.
+
+Rachel went for Mrs. Lansing, for she and her sisters grew frightened
+as the mother's fever increased. When that good woman came she saw at
+once the serious condition of her friend.
+
+"I saw Dr. Lewis coming down the road in his buggy as I came," she
+said. "One of you hurry out and stop him."
+
+When, about five o'clock, the rain began to fall in torrents, Mr.
+Stillman had the satisfaction of seeing the last load of grain driven
+inside the barn door; and, taking off his hat, he wiped the moisture
+from his face, saying: "Well, boys, we beat the rain; and I don't care
+if it pours down now."
+
+He walked toward the house, and, to his surprise, saw the well-known
+figure of Dr. Lewis on the front porch. "Driven in by the rain," he
+thought. "I'll get him to give mother a little medicine."
+
+"How are you, doctor?" he said, as he stepped upon the porch. "Lucky
+getting my wheat in, wasn't I?"
+
+"Very," said the doctor, gravely; "but I am sorry to say I find Mrs.
+Stillman a very sick woman. You should have sent for me long ago." The
+husband was startled.
+
+"Why," he said, "she has been going about until to-day. I guess it's
+this weather has made her so weak. She can't be very sick."
+
+The physician was silent for a moment; then he said: "If there is not
+a change for the better soon, I fear she will live but a few days. I
+cannot understand how she has kept up;" and he turned and went into
+the sick-room.
+
+For once the men at Stillman's ate a cold supper and did the milking.
+Mrs. Lansing took things into her own capable hands. John and his wife
+were sent for and came, and Jim Lansing quietly hitched up a team and
+went for Martha and her husband--poor Martha, who had not seen her
+mother for more than a year!
+
+All night Mr. Stillman watched by the bedside or walked up and down
+the long back porch. It could not be she would die--his wife. It
+was the hot weather; she was just weak and tired. That was it, Mr.
+Stillman--worn out, tired; and rest was coming. When Martha came, the
+mother who had so longed for her did not recognize her.
+
+"Mother, only speak to me!" cried the daughter in anguish; but the
+mother looked at her with dimming eyes that saw no more of earth,
+and muttered as she turned upon her couch, "Hurry, girls, it's nearly
+noon. Hurry! Father will be angry if he has to wait."
+
+Then she grew quiet; only her restless hands, which her daughters
+vainly strove to hold, kept reaching out as if to grasp that unknown
+land she was so soon to enter; and before the sun was high in the
+morning Mrs. Stillman had found rest.
+
+Her husband was stunned. With haggard face he bent over his dead.
+"If I had known," he said. "Oh, my wife, if I had known, I would have
+taken better care of you."
+
+Ah, Mr. Stillman, you are not the only one who with remorseful heart
+cries, "If I had only known, if I had only known!"
+
+Life went on as usual at Stillman's after the mother had left them.
+For a while the father was kinder, but as time went on the old habit
+was resumed. Elizabeth went mechanically about her work, and her
+father did not notice her evidently failing health. Her quietness was
+a relief to him; for Margaret was growing more defiant toward him, and
+quarrelled constantly with Tom, who, now that his mother's influence
+was withdrawn, became more and more meddlesome and overbearing in his
+conduct toward his sisters. The summer following Mrs. Stillman's death
+Mrs. Lansing's eldest son, Frank, took unto himself a wife; and
+late in the fall the neighborhood was electrified by the unexpected
+marriage of Mrs. Lansing and Mr. Stillman. Her boys, on learning her
+intention, had remonstrated; but she said: "You boys do not need me,
+and these girls do. Think of a young girl like Rachel saying, 'God had
+nothing to do with my mother's death. It was hard work killed her!'
+And when I tried to tell her of His goodness to His creatures, she
+said: 'Yes; He is good enough to men. All He cares for women is to
+create them for men's convenience,' And then there's little Susy, with
+a face like her mother's. Why, it just haunts me!"
+
+"Well," said Jim, "things are in a bad fix over there; but it isn't
+Susy's face that haunts me, by any means."
+
+His mother laughed. "I shall take care of Margaret," she said; "she
+and Elizabeth need some one to look after them. They are being worked
+to death."
+
+Four years have slipped over the heads of the Stillmans--years well
+improved by Rachel and Susy at the academy in the town near their
+father's farm; years which gave Margaret's happiness into Jim
+Lansing's keeping, and made Jim a young man of whom his sisters were
+extremely proud. Even Elizabeth's sad face looks as if life might be
+worth living; for, under the second wife, life at Stillman's had taken
+on a different color. The spare room is a pretty sitting-room for the
+young folks.
+
+"We don't want them always with us," says Mrs. Stillman, as she shows
+her husband the change she has made; for one of her peculiarities is
+that she manages her household affairs as she thinks best, taking it
+for granted that her husband will approve. As for Rachel, she enjoyed
+the change for the better; but now, to the bitter feeling which she
+cherished toward her father, was added a touch of contempt "See,"
+she thought, "how he can be flattered into doing things; if my mother
+could have managed him so, she might have lived."
+
+Rachel was mistaken; the new wife did not manoeuvre or flatter, she
+simply took her proper place as mistress of the house--not as a sort
+of upper servant, to be snubbed or praised at the master's humor.
+
+Another summer had been added to Rachel's years when, one evening,
+Tom came home from town, and entering the dining-room, where she was
+preparing the table for supper, exclaimed: "Rachel, do you remember
+old Gray, as I used to call him, who taught our school the winter
+before mother died?"
+
+"Yes," she said, "I remember him. Mother liked him."
+
+"Well, I met him in town to-day. He's on that Sanders case. He knew me
+right off, and he's coming out here this evening; so fix up nice and
+be looking your sweetest. They say he's smart. I heard some of the old
+lawyers talking about him." And Tom caught his sister about the waist
+and waltzed her out on the porch.
+
+"Rachel," said Susy, as in their own room the girls were dressing
+after supper, "you are very hard to please to-night and you seem
+nervous. What ails you?"
+
+Rachel smiled. "I am thinking of old days, that is all," she said. But
+she entered the little parlor, where Tom and the guest were seated, in
+a perfectly self-possessed manner, saying, as she held out her hand:
+
+"Good-evening, teacher. How goes the battle with Apollyon?"
+
+And the young lawyer sprang to his feet, exclaiming: "Rachel! is it
+possible?" and he retained her hand and looked into her eyes so long
+that Susy, who had followed her into the room, and Tom declared that
+he fell in love then and there. However that may be, it is certain Mr.
+Gray showed a wonderful interest in Stillman's district. The trial in
+progress at Meywood was tedious, but his patience did not give out;
+and when some of the lawyers proposed to hold night sessions of
+court he objected earnestly, saying: "It would be too hard on the old
+judge."
+
+But all things must end, and the case was at last decided in favor
+of Mr. Gray's client. As Rachel congratulated him on his victory, he
+said, with a look that brought the color to her face:
+
+"How long must I stay in Doubting Castle, Rachel?"
+
+"Why, dear me," she answered, saucily, "I did not think a promising
+young lawyer, as father calls you, ever got into such a dismal place!"
+
+Then Susy came in, and the young man bade her good-by, but he
+whispered promise of speedy return to Rachel, and as he travelled
+homeward those wonderful eyes of hers seemed to haunt him.
+
+"Who would have thought," he said to himself, "she could have become
+such a woman? No wonder I could not find a girl to suit me when she
+has been my ideal."
+
+You see, he was trying to persuade himself he had thought of her ever
+since that term of school; and it may be, unknown to himself, those
+eyes had held him. At any rate, he says they did; and when, time after
+time, they drew him back to Stillman's, he at last made Rachel believe
+it, and with the little key of promise she delivered him from Doubting
+Castle.
+
+Let us take one more look, two years later, at the Stillman homestead.
+There is a family gathering, and all the girls are present--Martha
+and Margaret, with their sturdy boys and rosy girls; Rachel, with her
+baby; and Susy, a gay young aunt, flits to and fro, playing with and
+teasing the little ones. Elizabeth, with unwonted brightness in her
+eyes, looks on, enjoying the merriment.
+
+"Doesn't it seem odd," whispers Margaret, "that Lizzie's minister
+should come back after all these years."
+
+"Yes," answers Rachel, in the same low tone. "I am so glad. She seems
+so happy."
+
+The husbands are all present in the evening, and the old house is full
+of light and gayety. Rachel slips upstairs to put baby to bed; and as
+she sits in the room where so many miserable hours of her childhood
+were spent, her tears fall, thinking of herself and the dear, patient
+mother, who had suffered and died; and the old bitterness rises in her
+heart. Baby stirs and she hushes him, then lays him gently in the old
+cradle, and goes downstairs. Some impulse prompts her to enter the
+sitting-room instead of the parlor, where she thinks the family are
+all gathered.
+
+As she opens the door she sees her father sitting, as of old, by the
+table on which the lamp is burning, and she half turns to go out;
+but something in his attitude touches her. He is not reading, for the
+newspaper lies untouched--he is looking at something in his hand.
+
+She notices how gray his hair is, and how age is tracing lines on his
+face. "Are you feeling sick, father?" she asks.
+
+"Oh, no," he says. "Look here, Rachel;" and he hands her a faded
+daguerreotype of her mother taken when she was a fair young bride. "I
+was thinking about her."
+
+"How much like Susy," she said, with tears falling on the lovely face.
+
+"Yes, only she was prettier," he answers. "I have been thinking of her
+so much lately, Rachel. I am going to do something that would please
+her. I have bought that pretty little place of Perry's, and I will put
+Martha and her husband on it. Dick's a good industrious fellow; but
+it's hard to make anything on a rented farm, and Martha's worried too
+much. You don't think any of the children will object?" and he looked
+anxiously in her face.
+
+"Object? Why, they will be glad, father!" And dropping her head on his
+shoulder, she puts her arm around him for the first time in her life;
+and as she slips the little daguerreotype in his hand a sweet peace
+fills her heart and she thinks: "The bitterness is gone, and love
+fills its place." After awhile she joins the group in the parlor. They
+are singing to Susy's accompaniment on the organ.
+
+"Sing 'Coronation,' Susy," she says, as she sits down beside her
+husband and glances lovingly in his face.
+
+"What is it?" he whispers. "You are unusually happy."
+
+"Yes," she answers. "I have had a vision of the land of Beulah, where
+Love is king."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.
+
+BY ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS,
+
+AUTHOR OF "THE GATES AJAR," "A SINGULAR LIFE," ETC.
+
+THE BURNING OF THE PEMBERTON MILLS.--THE STORY OF "THE TENTH OF
+JANUARY."--WHITTIER AND HIGGINSON.--THE WRITING AND PUBLICATION OF
+"THE GATES AJAR."
+
+
+The town of Lawrence was three miles and a half from Andover. Up to
+the year 1860 we had considered Lawrence chiefly in the light of a
+place to drive to. To the girlish resources which could, in those
+days, only include a trip to Boston at the call of some fate too vast
+to be expected more than two or three times a year, Lawrence offered
+consolations in the shape of dry goods and restaurant ice-cream, and
+a slow, delicious drive in the family carryall through sand flats and
+pine woods, and past the largest bed of the sweetest violets that
+ever dared the blasts of a New England spring. To the pages of the
+gazetteer Lawrence would have been known as a manufacturing town
+of importance. Upon the map of our young fancy the great mills were
+sketched in lightly; we looked up from the restaurant ice-cream to see
+the "hands" pour out for dinner, a dark and restless, but a
+patient, throng; used, in those days, to standing eleven hours and a
+quarter--women and girls--at their looms, six days of the week, and
+making no audible complaints; for socialism had not reached Lawrence,
+and anarchy was content to bray in distant parts of the geography at
+which the factory people had not arrived when they left school.
+
+Sometimes we counted the great mills as we drove up Essex
+Street--having come over the bridge by the roaring dam that tamed
+the proud Merrimac to spinning cotton--Pacific, Atlantic, Washington,
+Pemberton; but this was an idle, æsthetic pleasure. We did not think
+about the mill-people; they seemed as far from us as the coal-miners
+of a vague West, or the down-gatherers on the crags of shores whose
+names we did not think it worth while to remember. One January
+evening, we were forced to think about the mills with curdling horror
+that no one living in that locality when the tragedy happened will
+forget.
+
+At five o'clock the Pemberton Mills, all hands being at the time on
+duty, without a tremor of warning, sank to the ground.
+
+At the erection of the factory a pillar with a defective core had
+passed careless inspectors. In technical language, the core had
+"floated" an eighth of an inch from its position. The weak spot in the
+too thin wall of the pillar had bided its time, and yielded. The roof,
+the walls, the machinery, fell upon seven hundred and fifty living
+men and women, and buried them. Most of these were rescued; but
+eighty-eight were killed. As the night came on, those watchers on
+Andover Hill who could not join the rescuing parties, saw a strange
+and fearful light at the north.
+
+Where we were used to watching the beautiful belt of the lighted mills
+blaze,--a zone of laughing fire from east to west, upon the horizon
+bar,--a red and awful glare went up. The mill had taken fire. A
+lantern, overturned in the hands of a man who was groping to save an
+imprisoned life, had flashed to the cotton, or the wool, or the
+oil with which the ruins were saturated. One of the historic
+conflagrations of New England resulted.
+
+With blanching cheeks we listened to the whispers that told us how the
+mill-girls, caught in the ruins beyond hope of escape, began to sing.
+They were used to singing, poor things, at their looms--mill-girls
+always are--and their young souls took courage from the familiar sound
+of one another's voices. They sang the hymns and songs which they had
+learned in the schools and churches. No classical strains, no "music
+for music's sake," ascended from that furnace; no ditty of love or
+frolic; but the plain, religious outcries of the people: "Heaven is my
+home," "Jesus, lover of my soul," and "Shall we gather at the river?"
+Voice after voice dropped. The fire raced on. A few brave girls sang
+still:
+
+  "Shall we gather at the river,
+  There to walk and worship ever?"
+
+But the startled Merrimac rolled by, red as blood beneath the glare of
+the burning mills, and it was left to the fire and the river to finish
+the chorus.
+
+At the time this tragedy occurred, I felt my share of its horror,
+like other people; but no more than that. My brother, being of the
+privileged sex, was sent over to see the scene; but I was not allowed
+to go.
+
+Years after, I cannot say just how many, the half-effaced negative
+came back to form under the chemical of some new perception of the
+significance of human tragedy.
+
+It occurred to me to use the event as the basis of a story. To this
+end I set forth to study the subject. I had heard nothing in those
+days about "material," and conscience in the use of it, and little
+enough about art. We did not talk about realism then. Of critical
+phraseology I knew nothing; and of critical standards only what I had
+observed by reading the best fiction. Poor novels and stories I
+did not read. I do not remember being forbidden them; but, by that
+parental art finer than denial, they were absent from my convenience.
+
+It needed no instruction in the canons of art, however, to teach me
+that to do a good thing, one must work hard for it. So I gave the best
+part of a month to the study of the Pemberton Mill tragedy, driving to
+Lawrence, and investigating every possible avenue of information left
+at that too long remove of time which might give the data. I visited
+the rebuilt mills, and studied the machinery. I consulted engineers
+and officials and physicians, newspaper men, and persons who had been
+in the mill at the time of its fall. I scoured the files of old local
+papers, and from these I took certain portions of names, actually
+involved in the catastrophe; though, of course, fictitiously used.
+When there was nothing left for me to learn upon the subject, I came
+home and wrote a little story called "The Tenth of January," and sent
+it to the "Atlantic Monthly," where it appeared in due time.
+
+This story is of more interest to its author than it can possibly
+be now to any reader, because it distinctly marked for me the first
+recognition which I received from literary people.
+
+Whittier, the poet, wrote me his first letter, after having read
+this story. It was soon followed by a kind note from Colonel Thomas
+Wentworth Higginson. Both these distinguished men said the pleasant
+thing which goes so far towards keeping the courage of young writers
+above sinking point, and which, to a self-distrustful nature, may be
+little less than a life-preserver. Both have done similar kindness to
+many other beginners in our calling; but none of these can have been
+more grateful for it, or more glad to say so, across this long width
+of time, than the writer of "The Tenth of January."
+
+It was a defective enough little story, crude and young; I never
+glance at it without longing to write it over; but I cannot read it,
+to this day, without that tingling and numbness down one's spine and
+through the top of one's head, which exceptional tragedy must produce
+in any sensitive organization; nor can I ever trust myself to hear
+it read by professional elocutionists. I attribute the success of
+the story entirely to the historic and unusual character of the
+catastrophe on whose movement it was built.
+
+Of journalism, strictly speaking, I did nothing. But I often wrote for
+weekly denominational papers, to which I contributed those strictly
+secular articles so popular with the religious public. My main
+impression of them now, is a pleasant sense of sitting out in the
+apple-trees in the wonderful Andover Junes, and "noticing" new
+books-with which Boston publishers kept me supplied. For whatever
+reason, the weeklies gave me all I could do at this sort of thing. In
+its course I formed some pleasant acquaintances; among others that of
+Jean Ingelow. I have never seen this poet, whom I honor now as much as
+I admired then; but charming little notes, and books of her own, with
+her autograph, reached me from time to time for years. I remember
+when "The Gates Ajar" appeared, that she frankly called it "Your most
+strange book."
+
+This brings me to say: I have been so often and so urgently asked to
+publish some account of the history of this book, that perhaps I need
+crave no pardon of whatever readers these papers may command, for
+giving more of our space to the subject than it would otherwise occur
+to one to do to a book so long behind the day.
+
+Of what we know as literary ambition, I believe myself to have been
+as destitute at that time as any girl who ever put pen to paper. I was
+absorbed in thought and feeling as far removed from the usual class
+of emotions or motives which move men and women to write, as Wachusett
+was from the June lilies burning beside the moonlit cross in my
+father's garden. Literary ambition is a good thing to possess; and I
+do not at all suggest that I was superior to it, but simply apart from
+it. Of its pangs and ecstasies I knew little, and thought less.
+
+I have been asked, possibly a thousand times, whether I looked upon
+that little book as in any sense the result of inspiration, whether
+what is called spiritualistic, or of any other sort. I have always
+promptly said "No," to this question. Yet sometimes I wonder if that
+convenient monosyllable in deed and truth covers the whole case.
+
+When I remember just how the book came to be, perceive the
+consequences of its being, and recall the complete unconsciousness of
+the young author as to their probable nature, there are moments when I
+am fain to answer the question by asking another: "What do we mean by
+inspiration?"
+
+That book grew so naturally, it was so inevitable, it was so
+unpremeditated, it came so plainly from that something not one's self
+which makes for uses in which one's self is extinguished, that there
+are times when it seems to me as if I had no more to do with the
+writing of it than the bough through which the wind cries, or the wave
+by means of which the tide rises.
+
+The angel said unto me "Write!" and I wrote.
+
+It is impossible to remember how or when the idea of the book first
+visited me. Its publication bears the date of 1869. My impressions are
+that it may have been towards the close of 1864 that the work began;
+for there was work in it, more than its imperfect and youthful
+character might lead one ignorant of the art of book-making to
+suppose.
+
+It was not until 1863 that I left school, being then just about at
+my nineteenth birthday. It is probable that the magazine stories
+and Sunday-school books and hack work occupied from one to two years
+without interruption; but I have no more temperament for dates in my
+own affairs than I have for those of history. At the most, I could
+not have been far from twenty when the book was written; possibly
+approaching twenty-one.
+
+At that time, it will be remembered, our country was dark with
+sorrowing women. The regiments came home, but the mourners went about
+the streets.
+
+The Grand Review passed through Washington; four hundred thousand
+ghosts of murdered men kept invisible march to the drum-beats, and
+lifted to the stained and tattered flags the proud and unreturned gaze
+of the dead who have died in their glory.
+
+Our gayest scenes were black with crape. The drawn faces of bereaved
+wife, mother, sister, and widowed girl showed piteously everywhere.
+Gray-haired parents knelt at the grave of the boy whose enviable
+fortune it was to be brought home in time to die in his mother's room.
+Towards the nameless mounds of Arlington, of Gettysburg, and the rest,
+the yearning of desolated homes went out in those waves of anguish
+which seem to choke the very air that the happier and more fortunate
+must breathe.
+
+Is there not an actual occult force in the existence of a general
+grief? It swells to a tide whose invisible flow covers all the little
+resistance of common, human joyousness. It is like a material miasma.
+The gayest man breathes it, if he breathe at all; and the most
+superficial cannot escape it.
+
+Into that great world of woe my little book stole forth, trembling. So
+far as I can remember having had any "object" at all in its creation,
+I wished to say something that would comfort some few--I did not think
+at all about comforting many, not daring to suppose that incredible
+privilege possible--of the women whose misery crowded the land. The
+smoke of their torment ascended, and the sky was blackened by it. I do
+not think I thought so much about the suffering of men--the fathers,
+the brothers, the sons--bereft; but the women--the helpless,
+outnumbering, unconsulted women; they whom war trampled down, without
+a choice or protest; the patient, limited, domestic women, who thought
+little, but loved much, and, loving, had lost all--to them I would
+have spoken.
+
+For it came to seem to me, as I pondered these things in my own heart,
+that even the best and kindest forms of our prevailing beliefs had
+nothing to say to an afflicted woman that could help her much. Creeds
+and commentaries and sermons were made by men. What tenderest of men
+knows how to comfort his own daughter when her heart is broken? What
+can the doctrines do for the desolated by death? They were chains of
+rusty iron, eating into raw hearts. The prayer of the preacher were
+not much better; it sounded like the language of an unknown race to
+a despairing girl. Listen to the hymn. It falls like icicles on snow.
+Or, if it happen to be one of the old genuine outcries of the Church,
+sprung from real human anguish or hope, it maddens the listener, and
+she flees from it, too sore a thing to bear the touch of holy music.
+
+At this time, be it said, I had no interest at all in any especial
+movement for the peculiar needs of women as a class. I was reared in
+circles which did not concern themselves with what we should probably
+have called agitators. I was taught the old ideas of womanhood, in the
+old way, and had not to any important extent begun to resent them.
+
+Perhaps I am wrong here. Individually, I may have begun to recoil from
+them, but only in a purely selfish, personal way, beyond which I had
+evolved neither theory nor conscience; much less the smallest tendency
+towards sympathy with any public movement of the question.
+
+In the course of two or three years spent in exceptional solitude,
+I had read a good deal in the direction of my ruling thoughts and
+feeling, and came to the writing of my little book, not ignorant of
+what had been written for and by the mourning. The results of this
+reading, of course, went into the book, and seemed to me, at the time,
+by far the most useful part of it.
+
+How the book grew, who can say? More of nature than of purpose,
+surely. It moved like a tear or a sigh or a prayer. In a sense I
+scarcely knew that I wrote it. Yet it signified labor and time, crude
+and young as it looks to me now; and often as I have wondered, from
+my soul, why it has known the history that it has, I have at least
+a certain respect for it, myself, in that it did not represent
+shiftlessness or sloth, but steady and conscientious toil. There was
+not a page in it which had not been subjected to such study as the
+writer then knew how to offer to her manuscripts.
+
+Every sentence had received the best attention which it was in the
+power of my inexperience and youth to give. I wrote and rewrote. The
+book was revised so many times that I could have said it by heart.
+The process of forming and writing "The Gates Ajar" lasted, I think,
+nearly two years.
+
+I had no study or place to myself in those days; only the little room
+whose one window looked upon the garden cross, and which it was not
+expected would be warmed in winter.
+
+The room contained no chimney, and, until I was sixteen, no fire for
+any purpose. At that time, it being supposed that some delicacy of the
+lungs had threatened serious results, my father, who always moved the
+sods beneath him and the skies above him to care for a sick child, had
+managed to insert a little stove into the room, to soften its chill
+when needed. But I did not have consumption, only life; and one was
+not expected to burn wood all day for private convenience in our
+furnace-heated house. Was there not the great dining-room where the
+children studied?
+
+It was not so long since I, too, had learned my lessons off the
+dining-room table, or in the corner by the register, that it should
+occur to any member of the family that these opportunities for privacy
+could not answer my needs.
+
+Equally, it did not occur to me to ask for any abnormal luxuries. I
+therefore made the best of my conditions, though I do remember sorely
+longing for quiet.
+
+This, at that time, in that house, it was impossible for me to
+compass. There was a growing family of noisy boys--four of them--of
+whom I was the only sister, as I was the oldest child. When the baby
+did not cry (I have always maintained that the baby cried pretty
+steadily both day and night, but this is a point upon which their
+mother and I have affectionately agreed to differ), the boys were
+shouting about the grounds, chasing each other through the large
+house, up and down the cellar stairs, and through the wide halls,
+a whirlwind of vigor and fun. They were merry, healthy boys, and
+everything was done to keep them so. I sometimes doubt if there are
+any happier children growing anywhere than the boys and girls of
+Andover used to be. I was very fond of the boys, and cherished no
+objection to their privileges in the house. But when one went down, on
+a cold day, to the register, to write one's chapter on the nature of
+amusements in the life to come, and found the dining-room neatly
+laid out in the form of a church congregation, to which a certain
+proportion of brothers were enthusiastically performing the duties of
+an active pastor and parish, the environment was a definite check to
+inspiration.
+
+I wonder if all Andover boys played at preaching? It certainly was the
+one sport in our house which never satiated.
+
+Coming in one day, I remember, struggling with certain hopeless
+purposes of my own, for an afternoon's work, I found the dining-room
+chairs all nicely set in the order of pews; a table, ornamented
+with Bible and hymn-books, confronted them; behind it, on a cricket,
+towered the bigger brother, loudly holding forth. The little brother
+represented the audience--it was usually the little one who was forced
+to play this duller _rôle_--and, with open mouth, and with wriggling
+feet turned in on the rounds of the chair, absorbed as much
+exhortation as he could suffer.
+
+"My text, brethren," said the little minister, "is, 'Suffer the little
+children to come unto me.'
+
+"My subject is, _God; Joseph; and Moses in the bulrushes_!"
+
+Discouraged by the alarming breadth of the little preacher's topic, I
+fled up-stairs again. There an inspiration did, indeed, strike me;
+for I remembered an old fur cape, or _pelisse_, of my mother's, out
+of fashion, but the warmer for that; and straightway I got me into it,
+and curled up, with my papers, on the chilly bed in the cold room, and
+went to work.
+
+It seems to me that a good part of "The Gates Ajar" was written in
+that old fur cape. Often I stole up into the attic, or into some
+unfrequented closet, to escape the noise of the house, while at work.
+I remember, too, writing sometimes in the barn, on the haymow. The
+book extended over a wide domestic topography.
+
+I hasten to say that no person was to blame for inconveniences of
+whose existence I had never complained. Doubtless something would have
+been done to relieve them had I asked for it; or if the idea that my
+work could ever be of any consequence had occurred to any of us. Why
+should it? The girl who is never "domestic" is trial enough at her
+best. She cannot cook; she will not sew. She washes dishes Mondays and
+Tuesdays under protest, while the nurse and parlor maid are called
+off from their natural avocations, and dusts the drawing-room with
+obedient resentment. She sits cutting out underclothes in the March
+vacations, when all the schools are closed, and when the heavy wagons
+from the distant farming region stick in the bottomless Andover mud in
+front of the professor's house. The big front door is opened, and the
+dismal, creaking sounds come in.
+
+The kind and conscientious new mother, to whom I owe many other gentle
+lessons more valuable than this, teaches how necessary to a lady's
+education is a neat needle. The girl does not deny this elemental
+fact; but her eyes wander away to the cold sky above the Andover
+mud, with passionate entreaty. To this day I cannot hear the thick
+chu-chunk! of heavy wheels on March mud without a sudden mechanical
+echo of that wild, young outcry: "Must I cut out underclothes forever?
+Must I go on tucking the broken end of the thread into the nick in the
+spool? Is _this_ LIFE?"
+
+I am more than conscious that I could not have been an easy girl to
+"bring up," and am sure that for whatever little difficulties beset
+the earlier time of my ventures as a writer, no person was in any
+fault. They were doubtless good for me, in their way. We all know that
+some of the greatest of brain-workers have selected the poorest and
+barest of spots in which to study. Luxury and bric-a-brac come to easy
+natures or in easy years. The energy that very early learns to conquer
+difficulty is always worth its price.
+
+I used, later, to hear in Boston the story of the gentleman who once
+took a friend to see the room of his son at Harvard College. The
+friend was a man of plain life, but of rich mental achievement. He
+glanced at the Persian rugs and costly draperies of the boy's quarters
+in silence.
+
+"Well," cried the fond father, "don't you think my son has a pretty
+room?"
+
+"Sir," said the visitor, with gentle candor, "_you'll never raise a
+scholar on that carpet._"
+
+Out of my discomforts, which were small enough, grew one thing for
+which I have all my life been grateful--the formation of fixed habits
+of work.
+
+I have seldom waited for inspiration before setting about a task to
+be done. Life is too short for that. Broken health has too often
+interrupted a regimen of study which ought to have been more
+continuous; but, so far as I may venture to offer an opinion from
+personal experience, I should say that the writers who would be wise
+to play hide and seek with their own moods are few.
+
+According to my custom, I said nothing (so far as I can remember) to
+any person about the book.
+
+It cannot be said that I had any hope of success with it; or that,
+in my most irrational dreams, anything like the consequences of its
+publication ever occurred to my fancy. But I did distinctly understand
+that I had set forth upon a venture totally dissimilar to the safe and
+respectable careers of my dozen Sunday-school books.
+
+I was asked only the other day why it was that, having such a rare
+critic at first hand as my father, I did not more often submit my
+manuscripts to his judgment. It would be difficult to say precisely
+why. The professor of rhetoric was a very busy man; and at that time
+the illness which condemned him to thirty years of invalid suffering
+was beginning to make itself manifest. I can remember more often
+throwing down my pen to fly out and beg the children to be quiet in
+the garden while the sleepless man struggled for a few moments' rest
+in the daytime; or stealing on tiptoe to his locked door, at any hour
+of the night, to listen for signs of sudden illness or need of help;
+these things come back more easily than the desire to burden him with
+what I wrote.
+
+Yet perhaps that abnormal pride, whose existence I have admitted, had
+quite as much to do with this restraint.
+
+When a thing was published, then quickly to him with it! His sympathy
+and interest were unfailing, and his criticism only too gentle; though
+it could be a sword of flame when he chose to smite.
+
+Unknown to himself I had dedicated "The Gates Ajar" to him. In this
+dedication there was a slip in good English, or, at least, in such
+English as the professor wrote and spoke. I had used the word "nears"
+as a verb, instead of its proper synonym, "approaches." He read the
+dedication quietly, thanked me tenderly for it, and said nothing. It
+was left for me to find out my blunder for myself, as I did, in due
+time. He had not the heart to tell me of it then. Nor did he insinuate
+his consciousness that the dedication might seem to involve him--as it
+did in certain citadels of stupidity--in the views of the book.
+
+The story was sent to its publishers, Messrs. Ticknor and Fields, and
+leisurely awaited their verdict. As I had written somewhat for their
+magazines, "The Atlantic" and "Our Young Folks," I did not come as
+quite a stranger. Still, the fate of the book hung upon a delicate
+scale. It was two years from the time the story went to its publishers
+before it appeared between covers. How much of this period the author
+was kept in suspense I cannot remember; but, I think, some time.
+
+I have the impression that the disposal of the book, so far as that
+firm went, wavered for a while upon the decision of one man, whose
+wife shared the reading of the manuscript. "Take it," she said at
+last, decidedly; and the fiat went forth. The lady afterwards became
+a personal friend, and I hope I may not forfeit the treasure of her
+affection by this late and public recognition of the pleasant part she
+bore in the fortunes of my life.
+
+The book was accepted, and still this piece of good luck did not make
+my head spin. I had lived among book-makers too much to expect
+the miracle. I went soberly back to my hack work, and on with my
+Sunday-school books.
+
+One autumn day the customary package of gift copies of the new book
+made its way to Andover Hill; but: I opened it without elation, the
+experience being so far from my first of its kind. The usual note
+of thanks was returned to the publishers, and quiet fell again.
+Unconscious of either hope or fear, I kept on about my business,
+and the new book was the last thing on earth with which I concerned
+myself.
+
+One morning, not many weeks after its publication, I received a letter
+from Mr. James T. Fields. He, who was the quickest of men to do a
+kindness, and surest to give to young writers the encouraging word for
+which they had not hope enough to listen, had hurried himself to break
+to me the news.
+
+"Your book is moving grandly," so he wrote. "It has already reached
+a sale of four thousand copies. We take pleasure in sending you--" He
+enclosed a check for six hundred dollars, the largest sum on which I
+had ever set my startled eyes. It would not, by my contract, have been
+due me for six months or more to come.
+
+The little act was like him, and like the courteous and generous house
+on whose list I have worked for thirty years.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+EDITORIAL NOTES.
+
+
+TWENTY THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR SHORT STORIES.
+
+We find considerable difficulty in getting the two hundred first-class
+short stories that we require each year. We are delighted to be able
+to publish so many stories by eminent authors, but we should like to
+get more good stories from writers whose fame is yet to be made. We
+therefore announce a liberal policy in regard to payment, and invite
+contributions from every one who can write a good story. The scale
+of payment will be such as to please every contributor, whether he is
+famous or not.
+
+We need every year about fifty stories of from four to six thousand
+words in length; about one hundred stories of from two to three
+thousand words in length, and not less than fifty stories a year for
+young people, about two thousand words in length. Of these stories
+thirty or forty are for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE, and the remainder are
+for the newspaper syndicates controlled by the publishers of this
+magazine.
+
+A regular manuscript department has been established by the editors,
+and it is the intention to report upon every manuscript within a week
+after it is received. We also welcome contributions to every branch of
+literature represented in the magazine.
+
+
+THE McCLURE'S "EARLY LIFE OF LINCOLN."
+
+This volume contains all the articles published in the first
+four Lincoln numbers of McCLURE'S MAGAZINE (November to February,
+inclusive). These numbers, although repeatedly reprinted, are now out
+of print, and the "Early Life of Lincoln" was published mainly to meet
+a demand we could not fill with the magazine. It contains a great deal
+more, both in text and pictures, than appeared in the magazine. It is
+mailed to any address for fifty cents; or for one dollar, if bound
+in cloth. We intend having our own plant, to reprint the March and
+subsequent numbers whenever necessary.
+
+
+THE McCLURE'S NEW "LIFE OF GRANT."
+
+We have been greatly surprised, in preparing our new "Life of Grant,"
+to find so much new and valuable material, especially about Grant's
+earlier life. No more fascinating and dramatic story has ever been
+lived. We have been especially fortunate in securing the collaboration
+of Mr. Hamlin Garland to write this life of Grant. Mr. Garland was
+selected for this work for two reasons--first, he has always loved and
+admired Grant; second, he is familiar in general with the conditions
+of life in the middle West, and is especially qualified to tell the
+truth both in color and fact. The tastes and training of a realistic
+novelist are an admirable equipment for a biographer, provided the
+hero of his story and his environment appeal to the novelist.
+
+_We propose to publish the best Life of Grant ever written._
+
+We have collected a great quantity of pictures and other
+illustrations, and we ask our friends to help us as they are helping
+us in our "Life of Lincoln." Every one who has a contribution, either
+in picture or incident, to our knowledge of this great man ought to
+bring it before the two or three million readers that McCLURE'S will
+have when we begin to publish the "Life of Grant" next November.
+
+
+NEW PICTURES OF LINCOLN.
+
+Almost every week we add to our collection of Lincoln pictures. Many
+of these ambrotypes and photographs are of the greatest value in
+adding to our knowledge of Lincoln. We hope to reach one hundred
+before the end of the year. We had only fifty portraits last November.
+We have eighty now.
+
+
+THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND PRACTICAL ARTS.
+
+Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, was the scene of one of the most
+important of the debates between Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Douglas. The
+debate took place on a platform at the east end of the main college
+building. At this memorable debate the students carried a banner on
+which was inscribed "Knox for Lincoln." In April, 1860, before he was
+nominated for the Presidency, Knox College conferred the degree of
+LL.D. on Abraham Lincoln. At their recent midwinter meeting, the board
+of trustees unanimously voted to establish a memorial to Lincoln; and
+this memorial will be the scientific department of Knox College, and
+will be called "The Abraham Lincoln School of Science and Practical
+Arts."
+
+The founders of this magazine are all alumni of Knox College, and are
+particularly pleased at this action of their alma mater. Knox College
+affords a splendid opportunity to young men and women of limited
+means. The editors of this magazine can afford to pay the living
+expenses and tuition for one year at this college of any young man or
+woman who secures five hundred subscribers, as proposed and explained
+on the second advertising page of this number of the magazine.
+
+The editors of McCLURE'S MAGAZINE are thoroughly acquainted with Knox
+College, and can recommend it, knowing that students who go there will
+live under the best possible influences and receive a sound education.
+All inquiries should be addressed to the president, John Finley, Knox
+College, Galesburg, Illinois.
+
+
+THE HOUSE IN WHICH LINCOLN'S PARENTS WERE MARRIED.--A CORRECTION.
+
+The picture of the house in which Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks
+were married, printed in McCLURE'S MAGAZINE for November, 1895, was
+credited by mistake to the Oldroyd collection. The photograph from
+which the reproduction was made came from the Oldroyd collection;
+but this photograph is, we are informed, from a negative now in
+the possession of Mr. A.D. Miller of Brazil, Indiana, and credit is
+therefore due to Mr. Miller.
+
+
+
+[Note: The Table of Contents and the list of illustrations were added
+       by the transcriber.]
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, VOL. 6, NO. 5,
+APRIL, 1896***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 14663-8.txt or 14663-8.zip *******
+
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+<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, McClure's Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 5, April,
+1896, by Various</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: McClure's Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 5, April, 1896</p>
+<p>Author: Various</p>
+<p>Release Date: January 11, 2005  [eBook #14663]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, VOL. 6, NO. 5, APRIL, 1896***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3 class="pg">E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Richard J. Shiffer,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+    <div class="trans-note">
+        Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents and the list of
+        illustrations were added by the transcriber.
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h1>McClure's Magazine</h1>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h4>April, 1896.</h4>
+
+    <h4>Vol. VI. No. 5</h4>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <h3>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h3>
+
+    <div class="toc">
+        <p><a href="#illustrations">ILLUSTRATIONS</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE NEW MARVEL IN PHOTOGRAPHY. By H.J.W. Dam.
+        <a href="#page403">403</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS IN AMERICA. By Cleveland Moffett.
+        <a href="#page415">415</a></p>
+
+        <p>THE HOUSEHOLDERS. By "Q." <a href="#page421">421</a></p>
+
+        <p>ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell.
+        <a href="#page428">428</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Lincoln in the Campaign of 1840.
+        <a href="#page431">431</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Lincoln's Engagement to Miss Todd.
+        <a href="#page435">435</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The Lincoln and Shields Duel.
+        <a href="#page446">446</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Marriage of Lincoln and Miss Todd.
+        <a href="#page448">448</a></p>
+
+        <p>"PHROSO." By Anthony Hope.
+        <a href="#page449">449</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Chapter I. A Long Thing Ending in Poulos.
+        <a href="#page449">449</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Chapter II. A Conservative Country.
+        <a href="#page454">454</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Chapter III. The Fever of Neopalia.
+        <a href="#page459">459</a></p>
+
+        <p>A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low.
+        <a href="#page465">465</a></p>
+
+        <p>"SOLDIER AN' SAILOR TOO." By Rudyard Kipling.
+        <a href="#page481">481</a></p>
+
+        <p>RACHEL. By Mrs. E.V. Wilson.
+        <a href="#page483">483</a></p>
+
+        <p>CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+        <a href="#page490">490</a></p>
+
+        <p>EDITORIAL NOTES. <a href="#page496">496</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">Twenty Thousand Dollars for Short
+        Stories.<a href="#page496">496</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The McClure's "Early Life of Lincoln."
+        <a href="#page496">496</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The McClure's New "Life of Grant."
+        <a href="#page496">496</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">New Pictures of Lincoln.
+        <a href="#page496">496</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The Abraham Lincoln School of Science and
+        Practical Arts. <a href="#page496">496</a></p>
+
+        <p class="i4">The House in which Lincoln's Parents Were
+        Married--a Correction. <a href="#page496">496</a></p>
+        <hr />
+        <a name="illustrations"
+             id="illustrations"></a>
+
+        <h4>ILLUSTRATIONS</h4>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig401">PICTURES SHOWING
+        THE DIFFERENCES IN PENETRABILITY TO THE R&Ouml;NTGEN
+        RAYS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig402">DR. WILLIAM
+        KONRAD R&Ouml;NTGEN, DISCOVERER OF THE X RAYS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig403">PICTURE OF AN
+        ALUMINIUM CIGAR-CASE, SHOWING CIGARS WITHIN.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig404">PHOTOGRAPH OF A
+        LADY'S HAND SHOWING THE BONES, AND A RING ON THE THIRD
+        FINGER.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig405">THE PHYSICAL
+        INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF W&Uuml;RZBURG.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig406-1">SKELETON OF A
+        FROG, PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig406-2">RAZOR-BLADE
+        PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH A LEATHER CASE AND THE
+        RAZOR-HANDLE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig407">SKELETON OF A
+        FISH PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig408">A HUMAN FOOT
+        PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE SOLE OF A SHOE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig409">PHOTOGRAPHING A
+        FOOT IN ITS SHOE BY THE R&Ouml;NTGEN PROCESS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig411">BONES OF A HUMAN
+        FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig412">CORK-SCREW, KEY,
+        PENCIL WITH METALLIC PROTECTOR, AND PIECE OF COIN.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig413">COINS
+        PHOTOGRAPHED INSIDE A PURSE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig417">DR. WILLIAM J.
+        MORTON PHOTOGRAPHING HIS OWN HAND UNDER
+        R&Ouml;NTGEN.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig418">A GROUP OF
+        FAMILIAR ARTICLES UNDER THE R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig419">THOMAS A. EDISON
+        EXPERIMENTING WITH THE R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig421">"I ... TRIED A
+        STEP TOWARD THE STAIRS, WITH EYES ALERT"</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig423">"HE STOOD
+        SIDEWAYS, ... AND LOOKED AT ME OVER HIS LEFT
+        SHOULDER."</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig427">"FACE TO FACE
+        WITH THE REAL HOUSEHOLDER."</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig429">OLD STATE-HOUSE
+        AT SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig430-1">A HARRISON
+        BADGE OF 1840.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig430-2">A HARRISON
+        BUTTON OF 1840.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig431">LINCOLN IN
+        1860.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig433">ABRAHAM LINCOLN
+        IN 1861.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig434">WILLIAM HENRY
+        HARRISON, NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig435">JOSHUA F. SPEED
+        AND WIFE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig436">MARY TODD
+        LINCOLN.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig437">LINCOLN IN
+        1858.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig438-1">ROBERT S.
+        TODD.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig438-2">MISS JULIA
+        JAYNE, ONE OF MISS TODD'S BRIDESMAIDS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig439-1">GENERAL JAMES
+        SHIELDS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig439-2">MRS. NINIAN W.
+        EDWARDS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig440">COURT-HOUSE AT
+        TREMONT WHERE LINCOLN RECEIVED WARNING OF SHIELDS'S
+        CHALLENGE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig441">RESIDENCE OF
+        NINIAN W. EDWARDS, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig442">LINCOLN'S
+        MARRIAGE LICENSE AND MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig443">REV. CHARLES
+        DRESSER.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig445">THE GLOBE HOTEL,
+        SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig465">A BROOK IN THE
+        DEPARTMENT OF VAR, FRANCE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig466">JEAN BAPTISTE
+        CAMILLE COROT.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig467">A
+        BY-PATH.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig468">EARLY
+        MORNING.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig469">DIANA'S
+        BATH.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig470">A SHALLOW
+        RIVER.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig471">THE EDGE OF THE
+        FOREST (FONTAINEBLEAU).</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig472-1">ON THE RIVER
+        OISE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig472-2">THE STORMY
+        SEA.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig473">A SUNLIT
+        GLADE.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig474">A SHEPHERD AND
+        HIS FLOCK.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig475">"THE MAN WITH
+        THE LEATHERN BELT."</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig476">THE
+        STONE-BREAKERS.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig477">THE GOOD
+        SAMARITAN.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig478">SERVANT AT THE
+        FOUNTAIN.</a></p>
+
+        <p class="illustrations"><a href="#fig479">AN UNHAPPY
+        FAMILY.</a></p>
+    </div>
+    <hr />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page401"
+       id="page401"></a>[pg 401]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/401.jpg"
+             name="fig401"
+             id="fig401"><img src="images/401.jpg"
+             alt="PICTURES TAKEN BY PROFESSOR ARTHUR W. WRIGHT OF YALE COLLEGE, SHOWING THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUBSTANCES IN PENETRABILITY TO THE R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PICTURES TAKEN BY PROFESSOR ARTHUR W. WRIGHT OF YALE
+        COLLEGE, SHOWING THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUBSTANCES IN
+        PENETRABILITY TO THE R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>1 and 3. Flint glass prism (very opaque).</p>
+
+    <p>2. Quartz prism, showing transmission of the rays through
+    the thin edges.</p>
+
+    <p>4. Prism of heavy glass, more opaque than flint glass.</p>
+
+    <p>5. One-cent coin, copper.</p>
+
+    <p>6. Five-cent coin, nickel.</p>
+
+    <p>7. White-crown glass, 1-1/2 millimetres thick.</p>
+
+    <p>8. Blue crown glass, 2 millimetres thick.</p>
+
+    <p>9. Yellow crown glass, 1-1/2 millimetres thick.</p>
+
+    <p>10. Crown glass, 1 millimetre thick, covered with a very
+    thin layer of gold.</p>
+
+    <p>11. Red crown glass, 2 millimetres thick.</p>
+
+    <p>12. Block of Iceland spar (very transparent to ordinary
+    light, but very opaque to R&ouml;ntgen rays).</p>
+
+    <p>13. A bit of tinfoil.</p>
+
+    <p>14. Aluminium medal, showing faint traces of the design and
+    lettering on both sides, as if it were translucent.</p>
+
+    <p>15. Metallic mirror, shows no effect of regular
+    reflection.</p>
+
+    <p>16. Bit of sheet-lead, 1 millimetre thick.</p>
+
+    <p>17. Quarter-of-a-dollar coin, silver.</p>
+
+    <p>18. Piece of thin ebonite, such as is used for photographic
+    plate-holder.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page402"
+       id="page402"></a>[pg 402]</span>
+    <hr />
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/402.jpg"
+             name="fig402"
+             id="fig402"><img src="images/402.jpg"
+             alt="DR. WILLIAM KONRAD R&Ouml;NTGEN, DISCOVERER OF THE X RAYS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>DR. WILLIAM KONRAD R&Ouml;NTGEN, DISCOVERER OF THE X
+        RAYS.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by Hanfstaenge,
+        Frankfort-on-the-Main.</p>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page403"
+       id="page403"></a>[pg 403]</span>
+
+    <h2>THE NEW MARVEL IN PHOTOGRAPHY.</h2>
+
+    <h3>A VISIT TO PROFESSOR R&Ouml;NTGEN AT HIS LABORATORY IN
+    W&Uuml;RZBURG.&mdash;HIS OWN ACCOUNT OF HIS GREAT
+    DISCOVERY.&mdash;INTERESTING EXPERIMENTS WITH THE CATHODE
+    RAYS.&mdash;PRACTICAL USES OF THE NEW PHOTOGRAPHY.</h3>
+
+    <h4>By H.J.W. Dam.</h4>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/403.jpg"
+             name="fig403"
+             id="fig403"><img src="images/403.jpg"
+             alt="PICTURE OF AN ALUMINIUM CIGAR-CASE, SHOWING CIGARS WITHIN." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PICTURE OF AN ALUMINIUM CIGAR-CASE, SHOWING CIGARS
+        WITHIN.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street,
+        London. Exposure, ten minutes.</p>
+    </div><br />
+
+
+    <div class="figletter">
+        <a href="images/LetterI.jpg"
+             name="fig403-l"
+             id="fig403-l"><img src="images/LetterI.jpg"
+             alt="Letter I" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="hang">N all the history of scientific discovery there
+    has never been, perhaps, so general, rapid, and dramatic an
+    effect wrought on the scientific centres of Europe as has
+    followed, in the past four weeks, upon an announcement made to
+    the W&uuml;rzburg Physico-Medical Society, at their December
+    meeting, by Professor William Konrad R&ouml;ntgen, professor of
+    physics at the Royal University of W&uuml;rzburg. The first
+    news which reached London was by telegraph from Vienna to the
+    effect that a Professor R&ouml;ntgen, until then the possessor
+    of only a local fame in the town mentioned, had discovered a
+    new kind of light, which penetrated and photographed through
+    everything. This news was received with a mild interest, some
+    amusement, and much incredulity; and a week passed. Then, by
+    mail and telegraph, came daily clear indications of the stir
+    which the discovery was making in all the great line of
+    universities between Vienna and Berlin. Then R&ouml;ntgen's own
+    report arrived, so cool, so business-like, and so truly
+    scientific in character, that it left no doubt either of the
+    truth or of the great importance of the preceding reports.
+    To-day, four weeks after the announcement, R&ouml;ntgen's name
+    is apparently in every scientific publication issued this week
+    in Europe; and accounts of his experiments, of the experiments
+    of others following his method, and of theories as to the
+    strange new force which he has been the first to observe, fill
+    pages of every scientific journal that comes to hand. And
+    before the necessary time elapses for this article to attain
+    publication in America, it is in all ways probable that the
+    laboratories and lecture-rooms of the United States will also
+    be giving full evidence of this contagious arousal of interest
+    over a discovery so strange that its importance cannot yet be
+    measured, its utility be even prophesied, or its ultimate
+    effect upon long-established scientific beliefs be even vaguely
+    foretold.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page404"
+       id="page404"></a>[pg 404]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/404.jpg"
+             name="fig404"
+             id="fig404"><img src="images/404.jpg"
+             alt="PHOTOGRAPH OF A LADY'S HAND SHOWING THE BONES, AND A RING ON THE THIRD FINGER, WITH FAINT OUTLINES OF THE FLESH." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PHOTOGRAPH OF A LADY'S HAND SHOWING THE BONES, AND A
+        RING ON THE THIRD FINGER, WITH FAINT OUTLINES OF THE
+        FLESH.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph taken by Mr. P. Spies, director of the
+        "Urania," Berlin.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page405"
+       id="page405"></a>[pg 405]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/405.jpg"
+             name="fig405"
+             id="fig405"><img src="images/405.jpg"
+             alt="THE PHYSICAL INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF W&Uuml;RZBURG, WHERE PROFESSOR R&Ouml;NTGEN HAS HIS RESIDENCE, DELIVERS HIS LECTURES, AND CONDUCTS HIS EXPERIMENTS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE PHYSICAL INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF W&Uuml;RZBURG,
+        WHERE PROFESSOR R&Ouml;NTGEN HAS HIS RESIDENCE, DELIVERS
+        HIS LECTURES, AND CONDUCTS HIS EXPERIMENTS.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by G. Glock, W&uuml;rzburg.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The R&ouml;ntgen rays are certain invisible rays resembling,
+    in many respects, rays of light, which are set free when a high
+    pressure electric current is discharged through a vacuum tube.
+    A vacuum tube is a glass tube from which all the air, down to
+    one-millionth of an atmosphere, has been exhausted after the
+    insertion of a platinum wire in either end of the tube for
+    connection with the two poles of a battery or induction coil.
+    When the discharge is sent through the tube, there proceeds
+    from the anode&mdash;that is, the wire which is connected with
+    the positive pole of the battery&mdash;certain bands of light,
+    varying in color with the color of the glass. But these are
+    insignificant in comparison with the brilliant glow which
+    shoots from the cathode, or negative wire. This glow excites
+    brilliant phosphorescence in glass and many substances, and
+    these "cathode rays," as they are called, were observed and
+    studied by Hertz; and more deeply by his assistant, Professor
+    Lenard, Lenard having, in 1894, reported that the cathode rays
+    would penetrate thin films of aluminium, wood, and other
+    substances and produce photographic results beyond. It was
+    left, however, for Professor R&ouml;ntgen to discover that
+    during the discharge another kind of rays are set free, which
+    differ greatly from those described by Lenard as cathode rays
+    The most marked difference between the two is the fact that
+    R&ouml;ntgen rays are not deflected by a magnet, indicating a
+    very essential difference, while their range and penetrative
+    power are incomparably greater. In fact, all those qualities
+    which have lent a sensational character to the discovery of
+    R&ouml;ntgen's rays were mainly absent from these of Lenard, to
+    the end that, although R&ouml;ntgen has not been working in an
+    entirely new field, he has by common accord been freely granted
+    all the honors of a great
+    discovery.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page406"
+       id="page406"></a>[pg 406]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/406-1.jpg"
+             name="fig406-1"
+             id="fig406-1"><img src="images/406-1.jpg"
+             alt="SKELETON OF A FROG, PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH. THE SHADINGS INDICATE, IN ADDITION TO THE BONES, ALSO THE LUNGS AND THE CEREBRAL LOBES." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>SKELETON OF A FROG, PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH. THE
+        SHADINGS INDICATE, IN ADDITION TO THE BONES, ALSO THE LUNGS
+        AND THE CEREBRAL LOBES.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by Professors Imbert and Bertin-Sans;
+        reproduced by the courtesy of the "Presse Medicale," Paris.
+        In taking this photograph the experiment was tried of using
+        a diaphragm interposed between the Crookes tube and the
+        plate; and the superior clearness obtained is thought to
+        result from this.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/406-2.jpg"
+             name="fig406-2"
+             id="fig406-2"><img src="images/406-2.jpg"
+             alt="RAZOR-BLADE PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH A LEATHER CASE AND THE RAZOR-HANDLE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>RAZOR-BLADE PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH A LEATHER CASE AND THE
+        RAZOR-HANDLE.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph taken by Dr. W.L. Robb of Trinity
+        College. The shading in the picture indicates, what was the
+        actual fact, that the blade, which was hollow ground, was
+        thinner in the middle than near the edge.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page407"
+       id="page407"></a>[pg 407]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/407.jpg"
+             name="fig407"
+             id="fig407"><img src="images/407.jpg"
+             alt="SKELETON OF A FISH PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>SKELETON OF A FISH PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street,
+        London. Exposure, four minutes.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Exactly what kind of a force Professor R&ouml;ntgen has
+    discovered he does not know. As will be seen below, he declines
+    to call it a new kind of light, or a new form of electricity.
+    He has given it the name of the X rays. Others speak of it as
+    the R&ouml;ntgen rays. Thus far its results only, and not its
+    essence, are known. In the terminology of science it is
+    generally called "a new mode of motion," or, in other words, a
+    new force. As to whether it is or not actually a force new to
+    science, or one of the known forces masquerading under strange
+    conditions, weighty authorities are already arguing. More than
+    one eminent scientist has already affected to see in it a key
+    to the great mystery of the law of gravity. All who have
+    expressed themselves in print have admitted, with more or less
+    frankness, that, in view of R&ouml;ntgen's discovery, science
+    must forth-with revise, possibly to a revolutionary degree, the
+    long accepted theories concerning the phenomena of light and
+    sound. That the X rays, in their mode of action, combine a
+    strange resemblance to both sound and light vibrations, and are
+    destined to materially affect, if they do not greatly alter,
+    our views of both phenomena, is already certain; and beyond
+    this is the opening into a new and unknown field of physical
+    knowledge, concerning which speculation is already eager, and
+    experimental investigation already in hand, in London, Paris,
+    Berlin, and, perhaps, to a greater or less extent, in every
+    well-equipped physical laboratory in Europe.</p>
+
+    <p>This is the present scientific aspect of the discovery. But,
+    unlike most epoch-making results from laboratories, this
+    discovery is one which, to a very unusual degree, is within the
+    grasp of the popular and non-technical imagination. Among the
+    other kinds of matter which these rays penetrate with ease is
+    the human flesh. That a new photography has suddenly arisen
+    which can photograph the bones, and, before long, the organs of
+    the human body; that a light has been found which can
+    penetrate, so as to make a photographic record, through
+    everything from a purse or a pocket to the walls of a room or a
+    house, is news which cannot fail to startle everybody. That the
+    eye of the physician or surgeon, long baffled by the skin, and
+    vainly seeking to penetrate the unfortunate darkness of the
+    human body, is now to be supplemented by a camera, making all
+    the parts of the human body as visible, in a way, as the
+    exterior, appears certainly to be a greater blessing to
+    humanity than even the Listerian antiseptic system of surgery;
+    and its benefits must inevitably be greater than those
+    conferred by Lister, great as the latter have been. Already, in
+    the few weeks since R&ouml;ntgen's announcement, the results of
+    surgical operations under the new system are growing
+    voluminous. In Berlin, not only new bone fractures are being
+    immediately photographed, but joined fractures, as well, in
+    order to examine the results of recent surgical work. In
+    Vienna, imbedded bullets are being photographed, instead of
+    being probed for, and extracted with comparative ease. In
+    London, a wounded sailor, completely paralyzed, whose injury
+    was a mystery, has been saved by the photographing of an object
+    imbedded in the spine, which, upon extraction, proved to be a
+    small knife-blade. Operations for malformations, hitherto
+    obscure, but now clearly revealed by the new photography, are
+    already becoming common, and are being reported from all
+    directions. Professor Czermark of Graz has photographed the
+    living skull, denuded of flesh and hair, and has begun the
+    adaptation of the new photography to brain study. The relation
+    of the new rays to thought rays is being eagerly discussed in
+    what may be called the non-exact circles and journals; and all
+    that numerous group of inquirers into the occult, the believers
+    in clairvoyance, spiritualism, telepathy, and kindred orders of
+    alleged phenomena, are confident of finding in the new force
+    long-sought facts in proof of their claims. Professor Neusser
+    in Vienna has photographed gall-stones in the liver of one
+    patient (the stone showing snow-white in the negative), and a
+    stone in the bladder of another patient. His results so far
+    induce him to announce that all the organs of the human body
+    can, and will, shortly, be photographed. Lannelougue of Paris
+    has exhibited to the Academy of Science photographs of bones
+    showing inherited tuberculosis which had not otherwise revealed
+    itself. Berlin has already formed a society of forty for the
+    immediate prosecution of researches into both the character of
+    the new force and its physiological possibilities. In the next
+    few weeks these strange announcements will be trebled or
+    quadrupled, giving the best evidence from all quarters of the
+    great future that awaits the R&ouml;ntgen rays, and the
+    startling impetus to the universal search for knowledge that
+    has come at the close of the nineteenth century from the modest
+    little laboratory in the Pleicher Ring at
+    W&uuml;rzburg.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page408"
+       id="page408"></a>[pg 408]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/408.jpg"
+             name="fig408"
+             id="fig408"><img src="images/408.jpg"
+             alt="A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE SOLE OF A SHOE. THE SHADING SHOWS THE PEGS OF THE SHOE, AS WELL AS TRACES OF THE FOOT." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE SOLE OF A SHOE.
+        THE SHADING SHOWS THE PEGS OF THE SHOE, AS WELL AS TRACES
+        OF THE FOOT.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by Dr. W.L. Robb of Trinity
+        College.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page409"
+       id="page409"></a>[pg 409]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/409.jpg"
+             name="fig409"
+             id="fig409"><img src="images/409.jpg"
+             alt="PHOTOGRAPHING A FOOT IN ITS SHOE BY THE R&Ouml;NTGEN PROCESS.&mdash;A PICTURE OF THE ACTUAL OPERATION WHICH PRODUCED THE PHOTOGRAPH SHOWN ON PAGE 408." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>PHOTOGRAPHING A FOOT IN ITS SHOE BY THE R&Ouml;NTGEN
+        PROCESS.&mdash;A PICTURE OF THE ACTUAL OPERATION WHICH
+        PRODUCED THE PHOTOGRAPH SHOWN ON PAGE 408.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by Dr. W.L. Robb of Trinity College.
+        The subject's foot rests on the photographic plate.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>On instruction by cable from the editor of this magazine, on
+    the first announcement of the discovery, I set out for
+    W&uuml;rzburg to see the discoverer and his laboratory. I found
+    a neat and thriving Bavarian city of forty-five thousand
+    inhabitants, which, for some ten centuries, has made no salient
+    claim upon the admiration of the world, except for the
+    elaborateness of its medi&aelig;val castle and the excellence
+    of its local beer. Its streets were adorned with large numbers
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page410"
+       id="page410"></a>[pg 410]</span> of students, all wearing
+       either scarlet, green, or blue caps, and an extremely
+       serious expression, suggesting much intensity either in the
+       contemplation of R&ouml;ntgen rays or of the beer aforesaid.
+       All knew the residence of Professor R&ouml;ntgen
+       (pronunciation: "Renken"), and directed me to the "Pleicher
+       Ring." The various buildings of the university are scattered
+       in different parts of W&uuml;rzburg, the majority being in
+       the Pleicher Ring, which is a fine avenue, with a park along
+       one side of it, in the centre of the town. The Physical
+       Institute, Professor R&ouml;ntgen's particular domain, is a
+       modest building of two stories and basement, the upper story
+       constituting his private residence, and the remainder of the
+       building being given over to lecture rooms, laboratories,
+       and their attendant offices. At the door I was met by an old
+       serving-man of the idolatrous order, whose pain was apparent
+       when I asked for "Professor" R&ouml;ntgen, and he gently
+       corrected me with "Herr Doctor R&ouml;ntgen." As it was
+       evident, however, that we referred to the same person, he
+       conducted me along a wide, bare hall, running the length of
+       the building, with blackboards and charts on the walls. At
+       the end he showed me into a small room on the right. This
+       contained a large table desk, and a small table by the
+       window, covered with photographs, while the walls held rows
+       of shelves laden with laboratory and other records. An open
+       door led into a somewhat larger room, perhaps twenty feet by
+       fifteen, and I found myself gazing into a laboratory which
+       was the scene of the discovery&mdash;a laboratory which,
+       though in all ways modest, is destined to be enduringly
+       historical.</p>
+
+    <p>There was a wide table shelf running along the farther side,
+    in front of the two windows, which were high, and gave plenty
+    of light. In the centre was a stove; on the left, a small
+    cabinet, whose shelves held the small objects which the
+    professor had been using. There was a table in the left-hand
+    corner; and another small table&mdash;the one on which living
+    bones were first photographed&mdash;was near the stove, and a
+    Rhumkorff coil was on the right. The lesson of the laboratory
+    was eloquent. Compared, for instance, with the elaborate,
+    expensive, and complete apparatus of, say, the University of
+    London, or of any of the great American universities, it was
+    bare and unassuming to a degree. It mutely said that in the
+    great march of science it is the genius of man, and not the
+    perfection of appliances, that breaks new ground in the great
+    territory of the unknown. It also caused one to wonder at and
+    endeavor to imagine the great things which are to be done
+    through elaborate appliances with the R&ouml;ntgen rays&mdash;a
+    field in which the United States, with its foremost genius in
+    invention, will very possibly, if not probably, take the
+    lead&mdash;when the discoverer himself had done so much with so
+    little. Already, in a few weeks, a skilled London operator, Mr.
+    A.A.C. Swinton, has reduced the necessary time of exposure for
+    R&ouml;ntgen photographs from fifteen minutes to four. He used,
+    however, a Tesla oil coil, discharged by twelve half-gallon
+    Leyden jars, with an alternating current of twenty thousand
+    volts' pressure. Here were no oil coils, Leyden jars, or
+    specially elaborate and expensive machines. There were only a
+    Rhumkorff coil and Crookes (vacuum) tube and the man
+    himself.</p>
+
+    <p>Professor R&ouml;ntgen entered hurriedly, something like an
+    amiable gust of wind. He is a tall, slender, and loose-limbed
+    man, whose whole appearance bespeaks enthusiasm and energy. He
+    wore a dark blue sack suit, and his long, dark hair stood
+    straight up from his forehead, as if he were permanently
+    electrified by his own enthusiasm. His voice is full and deep,
+    he speaks rapidly, and, altogether, he seems clearly a man who,
+    once upon the track of a mystery which appealed to him, would
+    pursue it with unremitting vigor. His eyes are kind, quick, and
+    penetrating; and there is no doubt that he much prefers gazing
+    at a Crookes tube to beholding a visitor, visitors at present
+    robbing him of much valued time. The meeting was by
+    appointment, however, and his greeting was cordial and hearty.
+    In addition to his own language he speaks French well and
+    English scientifically, which is different from speaking it
+    popularly. These three tongues being more or less within the
+    equipment of his visitor, the conversation proceeded on an
+    international or polyglot basis, so to speak, varying at
+    necessity's demand.</p>
+
+    <p>It transpired, in the course of inquiry, that the professor
+    is a married man and fifty years of age, though his eyes have
+    the enthusiasm of twenty-five. He was born near Zurich, and
+    educated there, and completed his studies and took his degree
+    at Utrecht. He has been at W&uuml;rzburg about seven years, and
+    had made no discoveries which he considered of great importance
+    prior to the one under consideration. These details were given
+    under good-natured protest, he failing to understand why his
+    personality should interest the public. He declined to admire
+    himself or his results in any degree, and laughed at the idea
+    of being famous. The professor is too deeply interested in
+    science to waste any time in thinking about himself. His
+    emperor had <i>f&ecirc;ted</i>, flattered, and decorated him,
+    and he was loyally grateful. It was evident, however, that fame
+    and applause had small attractions for him, compared to the
+    mysteries still hidden in the vacuum tubes of the other
+    room.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page411"
+       id="page411"></a>[pg 411]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/411.jpg"
+             name="fig411"
+             id="fig411"><img src="images/411.jpg"
+             alt="BONES OF A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>BONES OF A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE
+        FLESH.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street,
+        London. Exposure, fifty-five seconds.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"Now, then," said he, smiling, and with some impatience,
+    when the preliminary questions at which he chafed were over,
+    "you have come to see the invisible rays."</p>
+
+    <p>"Is the invisible visible?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Not to the eye; but its results are. Come in here."</p>
+
+    <p>He led the way to the other square room mentioned, and
+    indicated the induction coil with which his researches were
+    made, an ordinary Rhumkorff coil, with a spark of from four to
+    six inches, charged by a current of twenty amperes. Two wires
+    led from the coil, through an open door, into a smaller room on
+    the right. In this room was a small table carrying a Crookes
+    tube connected with the coil. The most striking object in the
+    room, however, was a huge and mysterious tin box about seven
+    feet high and four feet square. It stood on end, like a huge
+    packing-case, its side being perhaps five inches from the
+    Crookes tube.</p>
+
+    <p>The professor explained the mystery of the tin box, to the
+    effect that it was a device of his own for obtaining a portable
+    dark-room. When he began his investigations he used the whole
+    room, as was shown by the heavy blinds and curtains so arranged
+    as to exclude the entrance of all interfering light from the
+    windows. In the side of the tin box, at the point immediately
+    against the tube, was a circular sheet of aluminium one
+    millimetre in thickness, and perhaps eighteen inches in
+    diameter, soldered to the surrounding tin. To study his rays
+    the professor had only to turn on the current, enter the box,
+    close the door, and in perfect darkness inspect only such light
+    or light effects as he had a right to consider his own, hiding
+    his light, in fact, not under the Biblical bushel, but in a
+    more commodious box.</p>
+
+    <p>"Step inside," said he, opening the door, which was on the
+    side of the box farthest from the tube. I immediately did so,
+    not altogether certain whether my skeleton was to be
+    photographed for general inspection, or my secret thoughts held
+    up to light on a glass plate. "You will find a sheet of barium
+    paper on the shelf," he added, and then went away to the coil.
+    The door was closed, and the interior of the
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page412"
+       id="page412"></a>[pg 412]</span> box became black darkness.
+       The first thing I found was a wooden stool, on which I
+       resolved to sit. Then I found the shelf on the side next the
+       tube, and then the sheet of paper prepared with barium
+       platino-cyanide. I was thus being shown the first phenomenon
+       which attracted the discoverer's attention and led to the
+       discovery, namely, the passage of rays, themselves wholly
+       invisible, whose presence was only indicated by the effect
+       they produced on a piece of sensitized photographic
+       paper.</p>
+
+    <p>A moment later, the black darkness was penetrated by the
+    rapid snapping sound of the high-pressure current in action,
+    and I knew that the tube outside was glowing. I held the sheet
+    vertically on the shelf, perhaps four inches from the plate.
+    There was no change, however, and nothing was visible.</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you see anything?" he called.</p>
+
+    <p>"No."</p>
+
+    <p>"The tension is not high enough;" and he proceeded to
+    increase the pressure by operating an apparatus of mercury in
+    long vertical tubes acted upon automatically by a weight lever
+    which stood near the coil. In a few moments the sound of the
+    discharge again began, and then I made my first acquaintance
+    with the R&ouml;ntgen rays.</p>
+
+    <p>The moment the current passed, the paper began to glow. A
+    yellowish-green light spread all over its surface in clouds,
+    waves, and flashes. The yellow-green luminescence, all the
+    stranger and stronger in the darkness, trembled, wavered, and
+    floated over the paper, in rhythm with the snapping of the
+    discharge. Through the metal plate, the paper, myself, and the
+    tin box, the invisible rays were flying, with an effect
+    strange, interesting, and uncanny. The metal plate seemed to
+    offer no appreciable resistance to the flying force, and the
+    light was as rich and full as if nothing lay between the paper
+    and the tube.</p>
+
+    <p>"Put the book up," said the professor.</p>
+
+    <p>I felt upon the shelf, in the darkness, a heavy book, two
+    inches in thickness, and placed this against the plate. It made
+    no difference. The rays flew through the metal and the book as
+    if neither had been there, and the waves of light, rolling
+    cloud-like over the paper, showed no change in brightness. It
+    was a clear, material illustration of the ease with which paper
+    and wood are penetrated. And then I laid book and paper down,
+    and put my eyes against the rays. All was blackness, and I
+    neither saw nor felt anything. The discharge was in full force,
+    and the rays were flying through my head, and, for all I knew,
+    through the side of the box behind me. But they were invisible
+    and impalpable. They gave no sensation whatever. Whatever the
+    mysterious rays may be, they are not to be seen, and are to be
+    judged only by their works.</p>
+
+    <p>I was loath to leave this historical tin box, but time
+    pressed. I thanked the professor, who was happy in the reality
+    of his discovery and the music of his sparks. Then I said:
+    "Where did you first photograph living bones?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Here," he said, leading the way into the room where the
+    coil stood. He pointed to a table on which was
+    another&mdash;the latter a small short-legged wooden one with
+    more the shape and size of a wooden seat. It was two feet
+    square and painted coal black. I viewed it with interest. I
+    would have bought it, for the little table on which light was
+    first sent through the human body will some day be a great
+    historical curiosity; but it was "nicht zu verkaufen." A
+    photograph of it would have been a consolation, but for several
+    reasons one was not to be had at present. However, the
+    historical table was there, and was duly inspected.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/412.jpg"
+             name="fig412"
+             id="fig412"><img src="images/412.jpg" width="258"
+             alt="CORK-SCREW, KEY, PENCIL WITH METALLIC PROTECTOR, AND PIECE OF COIN, AS PHOTOGRAPHED WHILE INSIDE A CALICO POCKET." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>CORK-SCREW, KEY, PENCIL WITH METALLIC PROTECTOR, AND
+        PIECE OF COIN, AS PHOTOGRAPHED WHILE INSIDE A CALICO
+        POCKET.</h5>From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria
+        Street, London.<br />
+         Four minutes' exposure through a sheet of aluminium.
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"How did you take the first hand photograph?" I
+    asked.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page413"
+       id="page413"></a>[pg 413]</span>
+
+    <p>The professor went over to a shelf by the window, where lay
+    a number of prepared glass plates, closely wrapped in black
+    paper. He put a Crookes tube underneath the table, a few inches
+    from the under side of its top. Then he laid his hand flat on
+    the top of the table, and placed the glass plate loosely on his
+    hand.</p>
+
+    <p>"You ought to have your portrait painted in that attitude,"
+    I suggested.</p>
+
+    <p>"No, that is nonsense," said he, smiling.</p>
+
+    <p>"Or be photographed." This suggestion was made with a deeply
+    hidden purpose.</p>
+
+    <p>The rays from the R&ouml;ntgen eyes instantly penetrated the
+    deeply hidden purpose. "Oh, no," said he; "I can't let you make
+    pictures of me. I am too busy." Clearly the professor was
+    entirely too modest to gratify the wishes of the curious
+    world.</p>
+
+    <p>"Now, Professor," said I, "will you tell me the history of
+    the discovery?"</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:50%;">
+        <a href="images/413.jpg"
+             name="fig413"
+             id="fig413"><img src="images/413.jpg"
+             width="290"
+             alt="COINS PHOTOGRAPHED INSIDE A PURSE." /></a>
+
+        <h5>COINS PHOTOGRAPHED INSIDE A PURSE.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street,
+        London.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"There is no history," he said. "I have been for a long time
+    interested in the problem of the cathode rays from a vacuum
+    tube as studied by Hertz and Lenard. I had followed theirs and
+    other researches with great interest, and determined, as soon
+    as I had the time, to make some researches of my own. This time
+    I found at the close of last October. I had been at work for
+    some days when I discovered something new."</p>
+
+    <p>"What was the date?"</p>
+
+    <p>"The eighth of November."</p>
+
+    <p>"And what was the discovery?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I was working with a Crookes tube covered by a shield of
+    black cardboard. A piece of barium platino-cyanide paper lay on
+    the bench there. I had been passing a current through the tube,
+    and I noticed a peculiar black line across the paper."</p>
+
+    <p>"What of that?"</p>
+
+    <p>"The effect was one which could only be produced, in
+    ordinary parlance, by the passage of light. No light could come
+    from the tube, because the shield which covered it was
+    impervious to any light known, even that of the electric
+    arc."</p>
+
+    <p>"And what did you think?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I did not think; I investigated. I assumed that the effect
+    must have come from the tube, since its character indicated
+    that it could come from nowhere else. I tested it. In a few
+    minutes there was no doubt about it. Rays were coming from the
+    tube which had a luminescent effect upon the paper. I tried it
+    successfully at greater and greater distances, even at two
+    metres. It seemed at first a new kind of invisible light. It
+    was clearly something new, something unrecorded."</p>
+
+    <p>"Is it light?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No."</p>
+
+    <p>"Is it electricity?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Not in any known form."</p>
+
+    <p>"What is it?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I don't know."</p>
+
+    <p>And the discoverer of the X rays thus stated as calmly his
+    ignorance of their essence as has everybody else who has
+    written on the phenomena thus far.</p>
+
+    <p>"Having discovered the existence of a new kind of rays, I of
+    course began to investigate what they would do." He took up a
+    series of cabinet-sized photographs. "It soon appeared from
+    tests that the rays had penetrative power to a degree hitherto
+    unknown. They penetrated paper, wood, and cloth with ease; and
+    the thickness of the substance made no perceptible difference,
+    within reasonable limits." He showed photographs of a box of
+    laboratory weights of platinum, aluminium, and brass, they and
+    the brass hinges all having been photographed from a closed
+    box, without any indication of the box. Also a photograph of a
+    coil of fine wire, wound on a wooden spool, the wire having
+    been photographed, and the wood
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page414"
+       id="page414"></a>[pg 414]</span> omitted. "The rays," he
+       continued, "passed through all the metals tested, with a
+       facility varying, roughly speaking, with the density of the
+       metal. These phenomena I have discussed carefully in my
+       report to the W&uuml;rzburg society, and you will find all
+       the technical results therein stated." He showed a
+       photograph of a small sheet of zinc. This was composed of
+       smaller plates soldered laterally with solders of different
+       metallic proportions. The differing lines of shadow, caused
+       by the difference in the solders, were visible evidence that
+       a new means of detecting flaws and chemical variations in
+       metals had been found. A photograph of a compass showed the
+       needle and dial taken through the closed brass cover. The
+       markings of the dial were in red metallic paint, and thus
+       interfered with the rays, and were reproduced. "Since the
+       rays had this great penetrative power, it seemed natural
+       that they should penetrate flesh, and so it proved in
+       photographing the hand, as I showed you."</p>
+
+    <p>A detailed discussion of the characteristics of his rays the
+    professor considered unprofitable and unnecessary. He believes,
+    though, that these mysterious radiations are not light, because
+    their behavior is essentially different from that of light
+    rays, even those light rays which are themselves invisible. The
+    R&ouml;ntgen rays cannot be reflected by reflecting surfaces,
+    concentrated by lenses, or refracted or diffracted. They
+    produce photographic action on a sensitive film, but their
+    action is weak as yet, and herein lies the first important
+    field of their development. The professor's exposures were
+    comparatively long&mdash;an average of fifteen minutes in
+    easily penetrable media, and half an hour or more in
+    photographing the bones of the hand. Concerning vacuum tubes,
+    he said that he preferred the Hittorf, because it had the most
+    perfect vacuum, the highest degree of air exhaustion being the
+    consummation most desirable. In answer to a question, "What of
+    the future?" he said:</p>
+
+    <p>"I am not a prophet, and I am opposed to prophesying. I am
+    pursuing my investigations, and as fast as my results are
+    verified I shall make them public."</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you think the rays can be so modified as to photograph
+    the organs of the human body?"</p>
+
+    <p>In answer he took up the photograph of the box of weights.
+    "Here are already modifications," he said, indicating the
+    various degrees of shadow produced by the aluminium, platinum,
+    and brass weights, the brass hinges, and even the metallic
+    stamped lettering on the cover of the box, which was faintly
+    perceptible.</p>
+
+    <p>"But Professor Neusser has already announced that the
+    photographing of the various organs is possible."</p>
+
+    <p>"We shall see what we shall see," he said. We have the start
+    now; the developments will follow in time."</p>
+
+    <p>"You know the apparatus for introducing the electric light
+    into the stomach?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes."</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you think that this electric light will become a vacuum
+    tube for photographing, from the stomach, any part of the
+    abdomen or thorax?"</p>
+
+    <p>The idea of swallowing a Crookes tube, and sending a high
+    frequency current down into one's stomach, seemed to him
+    exceedingly funny. "When I have done it, I will tell you," he
+    said, smiling, resolute in abiding by results.</p>
+
+    <p>"There is much to do, and I am busy, very busy," he said in
+    conclusion. He extended his hand in farewell, his eyes already
+    wandering toward his work in the inside room. And his visitor
+    promptly left him; the words, "I am busy," said in all
+    sincerity, seeming to describe in a single phrase the essence
+    of his character and the watchword of a very unusual man.</p>
+
+    <p>Returning by way of Berlin, I called upon Herr Spies of the
+    Urania, whose photographs after the R&ouml;ntgen method were
+    the first made public, and have been the best seen thus far.
+    The Urania is a peculiar institution, and one which it seems
+    might be profitably duplicated in other countries. It is a
+    scientific theatre. By means of the lantern and an admirable
+    equipment of scientific appliances, all new discoveries, as
+    well as ordinary interesting and picturesque phenomena, when
+    new discoveries are lacking, are described and illustrated
+    daily to the public, who pay for seats as in an ordinary
+    theatre, and keep the Urania profitably filled all the year
+    round. Professor Spies is a young man of great mental alertness
+    and mechanical resource. It is the photograph of a hand, his
+    wife's hand, which illustrates, perhaps better than any other
+    illustration in this article, the clear delineation of the
+    bones which can be obtained by the R&ouml;ntgen rays. In
+    speaking of the discovery he said:</p>
+
+    <p>"I applied it, as soon as the penetration of flesh was
+    apparent, to the photograph of a man's hand. Something in it
+    had pained him for years, and the photograph at once exhibited
+    a small foreign object, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page415"
+       id="page415"></a>[pg 415]</span> as you can see;" and he
+       exhibited a copy of the photograph in question. "The speck
+       there is a small piece of glass, which was immediately
+       extracted, and which, in all probability, would have
+       otherwise remained in the man's hand to the end of his
+       days." All of which indicates that the needle which has
+       pursued its travels in so many persons, through so many
+       years, will be suppressed by the camera.</p>
+
+    <p>"My next object is to photograph the bones of the entire
+    leg," continued Herr Spies. "I anticipate no difficulty, though
+    it requires some thought in manipulation."</p>
+
+    <p>It will be seen that the R&ouml;ntgen rays and their
+    marvellous practical possibilities are still in their infancy.
+    The first successful modification of the action of the rays so
+    that the varying densities of bodily organs will enable them to
+    be photographed, will bring all such morbid growths as tumors
+    and cancers into the photographic field, to say nothing of
+    vital organs which may be abnormally developed or degenerate.
+    How much this means to medical and surgical practice it
+    requires little imagination to conceive. Diagnosis, long a
+    painfully uncertain science, has received an unexpected and
+    wonderful assistant; and how greatly the world will benefit
+    thereby, how much pain will be saved, and how many lives saved,
+    the future can only determine. In science a new door has been
+    opened where none was known to exist, and a side-light on
+    phenomena has appeared, of which the results may prove as
+    penetrating and astonishing as the R&ouml;ntgen rays
+    themselves. The most agreeable feature of the discovery is the
+    opportunity it gives for other hands to help; and the work of
+    these hands will add many new words to the dictionaries, many
+    new facts to science, and, in the years long ahead of us, fill
+    many more volumes than there are paragraphs in this brief and
+    imperfect account.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+
+    <h2>THE R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS IN AMERICA.</h2>
+
+    <h4>By Cleveland Moffett.</h4>
+
+    <p class="cap">AT the top of the great Sloane laboratory of
+    Yale University, in an experimenting room lined with curious
+    apparatus, I found Professor Arthur W. Wright experimenting
+    with the wonderful R&ouml;ntgen rays. Professor Wright, a
+    small, low-voiced man, of modest manner, has achieved, in his
+    experiments in photographing through solid substances, some of
+    the most interesting and remarkable results thus far attained
+    in this country. His success is, no doubt, largely due to the
+    fact that for years he had been experimenting constantly with
+    vacuum tubes similar to the Crookes tubes used in producing the
+    cathode rays.</p>
+
+    <p>When I arrived, Professor Wright was at work with a Crookes
+    tube, nearly spherical in shape, and about five inches in
+    diameter&mdash;the one with which he has taken all his shadow
+    pictures. His best results have been obtained with long
+    exposures&mdash;an hour or an hour and a half&mdash;and he
+    regards it as of the first importance that the objects through
+    which the R&ouml;ntgen rays are to be projected be placed as
+    near as possible to the sensitized plate.</p>
+
+    <p>It is from a failure to observe this precaution that so many
+    of the shadow pictures show blurred outlines. It is with these
+    pictures as with a shadow of the hand thrown on the
+    wall&mdash;the nearer the hand is to the wall, the more
+    distinct becomes the shadow; and this consideration makes
+    Professor Wright doubt whether it will be possible, with the
+    present facilities, to get clearly cut shadow images of very
+    thick objects, or in cases where the pictures are taken through
+    a thick board or other obstacle. The R&ouml;ntgen rays will
+    doubtless traverse the board, and shadows will be formed upon
+    the plate, but there will be an uncertainty or dimness of
+    outline that will render the results unsatisfactory. It is for
+    this reason that Professor Wright has taken most of his shadow
+    pictures through only the thickness of ebonite in his
+    plate-holder. A most successful shadow picture taken by
+    Professor Wright in this way, shows five objects laid side by
+    side on a large plate&mdash;a saw, a case of pocket tools in
+    their cover, a pocket lense opened out as for use, a pair of
+    eye-glasses inside their leather case, and an awl. As will be
+    seen from the accompanying reproduction of this picture, all
+    the objects are photographed with remarkable distinctness, the
+    leather case of the eye-glasses being almost transparent, the
+    wood of the handles of the awl and saw being a little less so,
+    while the glass in the eye-glasses is less transparent than
+    either. In <span class="pagenum"><a name="page416"
+       id="page416"></a>[pg 416]</span> the case of the awl and the
+       saw, the iron stem of the tool shows plainly inside the
+       wooden handle. This photograph is similar to a dozen that
+       have been taken by Professor Wright with equal success. The
+       exposure here was fifty-five minutes.</p>
+
+    <p>A more remarkable picture is one taken in the same way, but
+    with a somewhat longer exposure&mdash;of a rabbit laid upon the
+    ebonite plate, and so successfully pierced with the
+    R&ouml;ntgen rays that not only the bones of the body show
+    plainly, but also the six grains of shot with which the animal
+    was killed. The bones of the fore legs show with beautiful
+    distinctness inside the shadowy flesh, while a closer
+    inspection makes visible the ribs, the cartilages of the ear,
+    and a lighter region in the centre of the body, which marks the
+    location of the heart.</p>
+
+    <p>Like most experimenters, Professor Wright has taken numerous
+    shadow pictures of the human hand, showing the bones within,
+    and he has made a great number of experiments in photographing
+    various metals and different varieties of quartz and glass,
+    with a view to studying characteristic differences in the
+    shadows produced. A photograph of the latter sort is reproduced
+    on page 401. Aluminium shows a remarkable degree of
+    transparency to the R&ouml;ntgen rays; so much so that
+    Professor Wright was able to photograph a medal of this metal,
+    showing in the same picture the designs and lettering on both
+    sides of the medal, presented simultaneously in superimposed
+    images. The denser metals, however, give in the main black
+    shadows, which offer little opportunity of distinguishing
+    between them.</p>
+
+    <p>As to the nature of the R&ouml;ntgen rays, Professor Wright
+    is inclined to regard them as a mode of motion through the
+    ether, in longitudinal stresses; and he thinks that, while they
+    are in many ways similar to the rays discovered by Lenard a
+    year or so ago, they still present important characteristics of
+    their own. It may be, he thinks, that the R&ouml;ntgen rays are
+    the ordinary cathode rays produced in a Crookes tube, filtered,
+    if one may so express it, of the metallic particles carried in
+    their electrical stream from the metal terminal, on passing
+    through the glass. It is well known that the metal terminals of
+    a Crookes tube are steadily worn away while the current is
+    passing; so much so that sometimes portions of the interior of
+    the tube become coated with a metallic deposit almost
+    mirror-like.</p>
+
+    <p>As to the future, Professor Wright feels convinced that
+    important results will be achieved in surgery and medicine by
+    the use of these new rays, while in physical science they point
+    to an entirely new field of investigation. The most necessary
+    thing now is to find some means of producing streams of
+    R&ouml;ntgen rays of greater volume and intensity, so as to
+    make possible greater penetration and distinctness in the
+    images. Thus far only small Crookes tubes have been used, and
+    much is to be expected when larger ones become available; but
+    there is great difficulty in the manufacture of them. It might
+    be possible, Professor Wright thinks, to get good results by
+    using, instead of the Crookes tube, a large sphere of
+    aluminium, which is more transparent to the new rays than glass
+    and possesses considerable strength. It is a delicate question,
+    however, whether the increased thickness of metal necessary to
+    resist the air pressure upon a vacuum would not offset the
+    advantage gained from the greater size. Moreover, it is a
+    matter for experiment still to determine, what kind of an
+    electric current would be necessary to excite such a larger
+    tube with the best results.</p>
+
+    <p>Among the most important experiments in shadow photography
+    made thus far in America are those of Dr. William J. Morton of
+    New York, who was the first in this country to use the
+    disruptive discharges of static electricity in connection with
+    the R&ouml;ntgen discovery, and to demonstrate that shadow
+    pictures may be successfully taken without the use of Crookes
+    tubes. It was the well-known photographic properties of
+    ordinary lightning that made Dr. Morton suspect that cathode
+    rays are produced freely in the air when there is an electric
+    discharge from the heavens. Reasoning thus, he resolved to
+    search for cathode rays in the ten-inch lightning flash he was
+    able to produce between the poles of his immense Holtz machine,
+    probably the largest in this country.</p>
+
+    <p>On January 30th he suspended a glass plate, with a circular
+    window in the middle, between the two poles. Cemented to this
+    plate of glass was one of hard rubber, about equal in size,
+    which of course covered the window in the glass. Back of the
+    rubber plate was suspended a photographic plate in the
+    plate-holder, and outside of this, between it and the rubber
+    surface, were ten letters cut from thin copper. Dr. Morton
+    proposed to see if he could not prove the existence of cathode
+    rays between the poles by causing them to picture in shadow,
+    upon the sensitized plate, the letters thus exposed.</p>
+
+    <p>In order to do this it was necessary to separate the
+    ordinary electric sparks from
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page417"
+       id="page417"></a>[pg 417]</span> the invisible cathode rays
+       which, as Dr. Morton believed, accompanied them. It was to
+       accomplish this that he used the double plates of glass and
+       hard rubber placed, as already described, between the two
+       poles; for while the ordinary electric spark would not
+       traverse the rubber, any cathode rays that might be present
+       would do so with great ease, the circular window in the
+       glass plate allowing them passage there.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/417.jpg"
+             name="fig417"
+             id="fig417"><img src="images/417.jpg"
+             alt="DR. WILLIAM J. MORTON PHOTOGRAPHING HIS OWN HAND UNDER R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>DR. WILLIAM J. MORTON PHOTOGRAPHING HIS OWN HAND UNDER
+        R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS.</h5>
+
+        <p>In this case the vacuum bulb is charged from Leyden jars
+        which, in their turn, are excited by an induction coil.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The current being turned on, it was found that the powerful
+    electric sparks visible to the eye, unable to follow a straight
+    course on account of the intervening rubber plate, jumped
+    around the two plates in jagged, lightning-like lines, and thus
+    reached the other pole of the machine. But it was noticed that
+    at the same time a faint spray of purplish light was streaming
+    straight through the rubber between the two holes, as if its
+    passage was not interfered with by the rubber plate. It was in
+    company with this stream of violet rays, known as the brush
+    discharge, that the doctor conceived the invisible R&ouml;ntgen
+    rays to be projected at each spark discharge around the plate;
+    and presently, when the photographic plate was developed, it
+    was found that his conception was based on fact. For there, dim
+    in outline, but unmistakable, were shadow pictures of the ten
+    letters which stand as historic, since they were probably the
+    first shadow pictures in the world taken without any bulb or
+    vacuum tube whatever. These shadow pictures Dr. Morton
+    carefully distinguished from the ordinary blackening effects on
+    the film produced by electrified objects.</p>
+
+    <p>Pursuing his experiments with static electricity, Dr. Morton
+    soon found that better results could be obtained by the use of
+    Leyden jars influenced by the Holtz machine, and discharging
+    into a vacuum bulb, as shown in the illustration on this page.
+    This arrangement of the apparatus has the advantage of making
+    it much easier to regulate the electric supply and to modify
+    its intensity, and Dr. Morton finds that in this way large
+    vacuum tubes, perhaps twenty inches in diameter, may be excited
+    to the point of doing practical work without danger of breaking
+    the glass walls. But certain precautions are necessary. When he
+    uses tin-foil electrodes on the outside of the bulb, he
+    protects the tin-foil edges, and,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page418"
+       id="page418"></a>[pg 418]</span> what is more essential,
+       uses extremely small Leyden jars and a short spark gap
+       between the poles of the discharging rods. The philosophy of
+       this is, that the smaller the jars, the greater their number
+       of oscillations per second (easily fifteen million,
+       according to Dr. Lodge's computations), the shorter the wave
+       length, and, therefore, the greater the intensity of
+       effects.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/418.jpg"
+             name="fig418"
+             id="fig418"><img src="images/418.jpg"
+             alt="A GROUP OF FAMILIAR ARTICLES UNDER THE R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A GROUP OF FAMILIAR ARTICLES UNDER THE R&Ouml;NTGEN
+        RAYS.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by Professor Arthur W. Wright of Yale
+        College, taken through an ebonite plate-holder with
+        fifty-five minutes exposure. It shows a pair of spectacles
+        in their leather case; an awl and a saw, with the iron
+        stem, plainly visible through the wooden handles; a
+        magnifying-glass; and a combination wooden tool-handle with
+        metallic tools stored in the head, and the metallic clamp
+        visible through the lower half.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The next step was to bring more energy into play, still
+    using Leyden jars; and for this purpose Dr. Morton placed
+    within the circuit between the jars a Tesla oscillating coil.
+    He was thus able to use in his shadow pictures the most
+    powerful sparks the machine was capable of producing (twelve
+    inches), sending the Leyden-jar discharge through the primary
+    of the coil, and employing for the excitation of the vacuum
+    tube the "step up" current of the secondary coil with a
+    potential incalculably increased.</p>
+
+    <p>While Dr. Morton has in some of his experiments excited his
+    Leyden jars from an induction coil, he thinks the best promise
+    lies in the use of powerful Holtz machines; and he now uses no
+    Leyden jars or converters, thus greatly adding to the
+    simplicity of operations.</p>
+
+    <p>In regard to the bulb, Dr. Morton has tested various kinds
+    of vacuum tubes, the ordinary Crookes tubes, the Geissler
+    tubes, and has obtained excellent results from the use of a
+    special vacuum lamp adapted by himself to the purpose. One of
+    his ingenious expedients was to turn to use an ordinary
+    radiometer of large bulb, and, having fitted this with tin-foil
+    electrodes, he found that he was able to get strongly marked
+    shadow pictures. This application of the R&ouml;ntgen principle
+    will commend itself to many students who, being unable to
+    provide themselves with the rare and expensive Crookes tubes,
+    may buy a radiometer which will serve their purpose excellently
+    in any laboratory supply store, the cost being only a few
+    dollars, while the application of the tin foil electrodes is
+    perfectly simple.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page419"
+       id="page419"></a>[pg 419]</span>
+
+    <p>In the-well equipped Jackson laboratory at Trinity College,
+    Hartford, I found Dr. W.L. Robb, the professor of physics,
+    surrounded by enthusiastic students, who were assisting him in
+    some experiments with the new rays. Dr. Robb is the better
+    qualified for this work from the fact that he pursued his
+    electrical studies at the W&uuml;rzburg University, in the very
+    laboratory where Professor R&ouml;ntgen made his great
+    discovery. The picture reproduced herewith, showing a human
+    foot inside the shoe, was taken by Dr. Robb. The Crookes tubes
+    used in this and in most of Dr. Robb's experiments are
+    considerably larger than any I have seen elsewhere, being
+    pear-shaped, about eight inches long, and four inches wide at
+    the widest part. It is, perhaps, to the excellence of this tube
+    that Dr. Robb owes part of his success. At any rate, in the
+    foot picture the bones are outlined through shoe and stocking,
+    while every nail in the sole of the shoe shows plainly,
+    although the rays came from above, striking the top of the foot
+    first, the sole resting upon the plate-holder. In other of Dr.
+    Robb's pictures equally fine results were obtained; notably in
+    one of a fish, reproduced herewith, and showing the bony
+    structure of the body; one of a razor, where the lighter shadow
+    proves that the hollow ground portion is almost as thin as the
+    edge; and one of a man's hand, taken for use in a lawsuit, to
+    prove that the bones of the thumb, which had been crushed and
+    broken in an accident, had been improperly set by the attending
+    physician.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright">
+        <a href="images/419.jpg"
+             name="fig419"
+             id="fig419"><img src="images/419.jpg"
+             width="345"
+             alt="THOMAS A. EDISON EXPERIMENTING WITH THER&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THOMAS A. EDISON EXPERIMENTING WITH THE<br />
+        R&Ouml;NTGEN RAYS.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Dr. Robb has made a series of novel and important
+    experiments with tubes from which the air has been exhausted in
+    varying degrees, and has concluded from these that it is
+    impossible to produce the R&ouml;ntgen phenomena unless there
+    is present in the tube an almost perfect vacuum. Through a tube
+    half exhausted, on connecting it with an induction coil, he
+    obtained merely the ordinary series of sparks; in a tube
+    three-quarters exhausted, he obtained a reddish
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page420"
+       id="page420"></a>[pg 420]</span> glow from end to end, a
+       torpedo-shaped stream of fire; through a tube exhausted to a
+       fairly high degree&mdash;what the electric companies would
+       call "not bad"&mdash;he obtained a beautiful steaked effect
+       of bluish stri&aelig; in transverse layers. Finally, in a
+       tube exhausted as highly as possible, he obtained a faint
+       fluorescent glow, like that produced in a Crookes tube. This
+       fluorescence of the glass, according to Dr. Robb, invariably
+       accompanies the discharge of R&ouml;ntgen rays, and it is
+       likely that these rays are produced more abundantly as the
+       fluorescence increases. Just how perfect a vacuum is needed
+       to give the best results remains a matter of conjecture. It
+       is possible, of course, as Tesla believes, that with an
+       absolutely perfect vacuum no results whatever would be
+       obtained.</p>
+
+    <p>Dr. Robb has discovered that in order to get the best
+    results with shadow pictures it is necessary to use special
+    developers for the plates, and a different process in the
+    dark-room from the one known to ordinary photographers. In a
+    general way, it is necessary to use solutions designed to
+    affect the ultra-violet rays, and not the visible rays of the
+    spectrum. Having succeeded, after much experiment, in thus
+    modifying his developing process to meet the needs of the case,
+    Dr. Robb finds that he makes a great gain in time of exposure,
+    fifteen minutes being sufficient for the average shadow picture
+    taken through a layer of wood or leather, and half an hour
+    representing an extreme case. In some shadow pictures, as, for
+    instance, in taking a lead-pencil, it is a great mistake to
+    give an exposure exceeding two or three minutes; for the wood
+    is so transparent that with a long exposure it does not show at
+    all, and the effect of the picture is spoiled. Indeed, Dr. Robb
+    finds that there is a constant tendency to shorten the time of
+    exposure, and with good results. For instance, one of the best
+    shadow pictures he had taken was of a box of instruments
+    covered by two thicknesses of leather, two thicknesses of
+    velvet, and two thicknesses of wood; and yet the time of
+    exposure, owing to an accident to the coil, was only five
+    minutes.</p>
+
+    <p>Dr. Robb made one very interesting experiment a few days ago
+    in the interest of a large bicycle company which sent to him
+    specimens of carbon steel and nickel steel for the purpose of
+    having him test them with the R&ouml;ntgen rays, and see if
+    they showed any radical differences in the crystalline
+    structure. Photographs were taken as desired, but at the time
+    of my visit only negative results had been obtained.</p>
+
+    <p>Dr. Robb realizes the great desirability of finding a
+    stronger source of R&ouml;ntgen rays, and has himself begun
+    experimenting with exhaustive bulbs made of aluminium. One of
+    these he has already finished, and has obtained some results
+    with it, but not such as are entirely satisfactory, owing to
+    the great difficulty in obtaining a high vacuum without special
+    facilities.</p>
+
+    <p>I also visited Professor U.I. Pupin of Columbia College, who
+    has been making numerous experiments with the R&ouml;ntgen
+    rays, and has produced at least one very remarkable shadow
+    picture. This is of the hand of a gentleman resident in New
+    York, who, while on a hunting trip in England a few months ago,
+    was so unfortunate as to discharge his gun into his right hand,
+    no less than forty shot lodging in the palm and fingers. The
+    hand has since healed completely; but the shot remain in it,
+    the doctors being unable to remove them, because unable to
+    determine their exact location. The result is that the hand is
+    almost useless, and often painful.</p>
+
+    <p>Hearing of this case, Professor Pupin induced the gentleman
+    to allow him to attempt a photograph of the hand. He used a
+    Crookes tube. The distance from the tube to the plate was only
+    five inches, and the hand lay between. After waiting fifty
+    minutes the plate was examined. Not only did every bone of the
+    hand show with beautiful distinctness, but each one of the
+    forty shot was to be seen almost as plainly as if it lay there
+    on the table; and, most remarkable of all, a number of shot
+    were seen through the bones of the fingers, showing that the
+    bones were transparent to the lead.</p>
+
+    <p>In making this picture, Professor Pupin excited his tube by
+    means of a powerful Holtz machine, thus following Dr. Morton in
+    the substitution of statical electricity for the more common
+    induction coil.</p>
+
+    <p>Professor Pupin sees no reason why the whole skeleton of the
+    human body should not be shown completely in a photograph as
+    soon as sufficiently powerful bulbs can be obtained. He thinks
+    that it would be possible to make Crookes tubes two feet in
+    diameter instead of a few inches, as at present.</p>
+
+    <p>Thomas A. Edison has also been devoting himself, with his
+    usual energy, to experiments with the R&ouml;ntgen rays, and
+    announces confidently that in the near future he will be able
+    to photograph the human brain, through the heavy bones of the
+    skull, and perhaps even to get a shadow picture showing the
+    human skeleton through the tissues of the body.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page421"
+       id="page421"></a>[pg 421]</span>
+
+    <h2>THE HOUSEHOLDERS.</h2>
+
+    <h4>BY "Q,"</h4>
+
+    <h5>Author of "Dead Man's Rock," "The Roll-Call of the Reef,"
+    etc.</h5>
+
+    <div class="figletter">
+        <a href="images/LetterI.jpg"
+             name="fig421-l"
+             id="fig421-l"><img src="images/LetterI.jpg"
+             alt="Letter I" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="hang">WILL say this&mdash;speaking as accurately as a
+    man may, so long afterwards&mdash;that when first I spied the
+    house it put no desire in me but just to give thanks.</p>
+
+    <p>For conceive my case. It was near midnight by this; and ever
+    since dusk I had been tracking the naked moors a-foot, in the
+    teeth of as vicious a nor'wester as ever drenched a man to the
+    skin, and then blew the cold home to his marrow. My clothes
+    were sodden; my coat-tails flapped with a noise like pistol
+    shots; my boots squeaked as I went. Overhead the October moon
+    was in her last quarter, and might have been a slice of
+    finger-nail for all the light she afforded. Two-thirds of the
+    time the wrack blotted her out altogether; and I, with my stick
+    clipped tight under my arm-pit, eyes puckered up, and head bent
+    like a butting ram's, but a little aslant, had to keep my wits
+    agog to distinguish the glimmer of the road from the black
+    heath to right and left. For three hours I had met neither man
+    nor man's dwelling, and (for all I knew) was desperately lost.
+    Indeed, at the cross roads, two miles back, there had been
+    nothing for me but to choose the way that kept the wind on my
+    face, and it gnawed me like a dog.</p>
+
+    <p>Mainly to allay the stinging of my eyes, I pulled up at
+    last, turned right-about face, leant back against the blast
+    with a hand on my hat, and surveyed the blackness I had
+    traversed. It was at this instant that, far away to the left, a
+    point of light caught my notice, faint but steady; and at once
+    I felt sure it burnt in the window of a house. "The house,"
+    thought I, "is a good mile off, beside the other road, and the
+    light must have been an inch over my hat-brim for the last half
+    hour," for my head had been sloped that way. This
+    reflection&mdash;that on so wide a moor I had come near missing
+    the information I wanted (and perhaps a supper) by one
+    inch&mdash;sent a strong thrill down my back.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:35%;">
+        <a href="images/421.jpg"
+             name="fig421"
+             id="fig421"><img src="images/421.jpg"
+             width="241"
+             alt="&quot;I ... TRIED A STEP TOWARD THE STAIRS, WITH EYES ALERT&quot;" />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"I ... TRIED A STEP TOWARD THE STAIRS, WITH EYES ALERT
+        FOR ANY MOVEMENT OF THE MASTIFF."</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>I cut straight across the heather towards the light, risking
+    quags and pitfalls. Nay, so heartening was the chance to hear a
+    fellow-creature's voice that I broke into a run, skipping over
+    the stunted gorse that cropped up here and there, and dreading
+    every moment to see the light quenched. "Suppose it burns in an
+    upper window, and the family is going to bed, as would be
+    likely at this hour"&mdash;the apprehension kept my eyes fixed
+    on the bright spot, to the frequent scandal of my legs, that
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page422"
+       id="page422"></a>[pg 422]</span> within five minutes were
+       stuck full of gorse-prickles.</p>
+
+    <p>But the light did not go out, and soon a flicker of
+    moonlight gave me a glimpse of the house's outline. It proved
+    to be a deal more imposing than I looked for&mdash;the outline,
+    in fact, of a tall-square barrack with a cluster of chimneys at
+    either end, like ears, and a high wall, topped by the roofs of
+    some outbuildings, concealing the lower windows. There was no
+    gate in this wall, and presently I guessed the reason. I was
+    approaching the place from behind, and the light came from a
+    back window on the first floor.</p>
+
+    <p>The faintness of the light also was explained by this time.
+    It shone behind a drab-colored blind, and in shape resembled
+    the stem of a wine-glass, broadening out at the foot&mdash;an
+    effect produced by the half-drawn curtains within. I came to a
+    halt, waiting for the next ray of moonlight. At the same moment
+    a rush of wind swept over the chimney-stacks, and on the wind
+    there seemed to ride a human sigh.</p>
+
+    <p>On this last point I may err. The gust had passed some
+    seconds before I caught myself detecting this peculiar note,
+    and trying to disengage it from the natural chords of the
+    storm. From the next gust it was absent. And then, to my
+    dismay, the light faded from the window.</p>
+
+    <p>I was half-minded to call out when it appeared again, this
+    time in two windows&mdash;those next on the right to that where
+    it had shone before. Almost at once it increased in brilliance,
+    as if the person who carried it from the smaller room to the
+    larger were lighting more candles; and now the illumination was
+    strong enough to make fine gold threads of the rain that fell
+    within its radiance, and fling two shafts of warm yellow over
+    the coping of the back wall into the night. During the minute
+    or more that I stood watching, no shadow fell on either
+    blind.</p>
+
+    <p>Between me and the wall ran a ditch, into the black
+    obscurity of which the ground at my feet broke sharply away.
+    Setting my back to the storm again, I followed the lip of this
+    ditch around the wall's angle. Here was shelter, and here the
+    ditch seemed to grow shallower. Not wishing, however, to
+    mistake a bed of nettles or any such pitfall for solid earth, I
+    kept pretty wide as I went on. The house was dark on this side,
+    and the wall, as before, had no opening. Close beside the next
+    angle grew a mass of thick gorse bushes, and pushing through
+    these I found myself suddenly on a sound high road, with the
+    wind tearing at me as furiously as ever.</p>
+
+    <p>But here was the front; and I now perceived that the
+    surrounding wall advanced some way before the house, so as to
+    form a narrow curtilage. So much of it, too, as faced the road
+    had been whitewashed; which made it an easy matter to find the
+    gate. But as I laid hand on its latch, I had a surprise.</p>
+
+    <p>A line of paving-stones led from the gate to the heavy
+    porch; and along the wet surface of these fell a streak of
+    light from the front door, which stood ajar.</p>
+
+    <p>That a door should remain six inches open on such a night
+    was astonishing enough, until I entered the court and found it
+    was as still as a room, owing to the high wall, and doubtless
+    the porch gave additional protection. But looking up and
+    assuring myself that all the rest of <i>fa&ccedil;ade</i> was
+    black as ink, I wondered at the inmates who could be thus
+    careless of their property.</p>
+
+    <p>It was here that my professional instincts received the
+    first jog. Abating the sound of my feet on the paving-stones, I
+    went up to the door and pushed it softly. It opened without
+    noise.</p>
+
+    <p>I stepped into a fair-sized hall of modern build, paved with
+    red tiles and lit with a small hanging lamp. To right and left
+    were doors leading to the ground-floor rooms. Along the wall by
+    my shoulder ran a line of pegs, on which hung half a dozen hats
+    and great coats, every one of clerical shape; and full in front
+    of me a broad staircase ran up, with a staring Brussels carpet,
+    the colors and pattern of which I can recall as well as
+    to-day's breakfast. Under this staircase was set a stand full
+    of walking-sticks, and a table littered with gloves, brushes, a
+    hand-bell, a riding-crop, one or two dog-whistles, and a
+    bed-room candle, with tinder-box beside it. This, with one
+    notable exception, was all the furniture.</p>
+
+    <p>The exception&mdash;which turned me cold&mdash;was the form
+    of a yellow mastiff dog, curled on a mat beneath the table. The
+    arch of his back was towards me, and one forepaw lay over his
+    nose in a natural posture of sleep. I leant back on the
+    wainscoting, with my eyes tightly fixed on him, and my thoughts
+    flying back, with something of regret, to the storm I had come
+    through.</p>
+
+    <p>But a man's habits are not easily denied. At the end of
+    three minutes the dog had not moved, and I was down on the
+    doormat unlacing my soaked boots.
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page423"
+       id="page423"></a>[pg 423]</span> Slipping them off, and
+       taking them in my left hand, I stood up, and tried a step
+       towards the stairs, with eyes alert for any movement of the
+       mastiff; but he never stirred. I was glad enough, however,
+       on reaching the stairs, to find them newly built and the
+       carpet thick. Up I went with a glance at every step for the
+       table which now hid the brute's form from me, and never a
+       creak did I wake out of that staircase till I was almost at
+       the first landing, when my toe caught a loose stair-rod, and
+       rattled it in a way that stopped my heart for a moment, and
+       then set it going in double-quick time.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/423.jpg"
+             name="fig423"
+             id="fig423"><img src="images/423.jpg"
+             alt="&quot;HE STOOD SIDEWAYS, ... AND LOOKED AT ME OVER HIS LEFT SHOULDER..&quot;" />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"HE STOOD SIDEWAYS, ... AND LOOKED AT ME OVER HIS LEFT
+        SHOULDER.."</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>I stood still, with a hand on the rail. My eyes were now on
+    a level with the floor of the landing, out of which branched
+    two passages&mdash;one by my right hand, the other to the left,
+    at the foot of the next flight, so placed that I was gazing
+    down the length of it. And almost at the end there fell a
+    parallelogram of light across it from an open door.</p>
+
+    <p>A man who has once felt it knows there is only one kind of
+    silence that can fitly be called "dead." This is only to be
+    found in a great house at midnight. I declare that for a few
+    seconds after I rattled the stair-rod you might have cut the
+    silence with a knife. If the house held a clock it ticked
+    inaudibly.</p>
+
+    <p>Upon this silence, at the end of a minute, broke a light
+    sound&mdash;the <i>clink, clink</i> of a decanter on the rim of
+    a wine-glass. It came from the room where the light was.</p>
+
+    <p>Now, perhaps it was that the very thought of liquor put
+    warmth into my cold bones. It is certain that all of a sudden I
+    straightened my back, took the remaining stairs at two strides,
+    and walked down the passage, as bold as brass, with out caring
+    a jot for the noise I made.</p>
+
+    <p>In the doorway I halted. The room was long, lined for the
+    most part with books bound in what they call "divinity calf,"
+    and littered with papers like a barrister's table on assize
+    day. Before the fireplace, where a few coals burned sulkily,
+    was drawn a leathern elbow chair, and beside it, on the corner
+    of a writing-table, were set an unlit candle and a pile of
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page424"
+       id="page424"></a>[pg 424]</span> manuscripts. At the
+       opposite end of the room a curtained door led (I guessed) to
+       the chamber that I had first seen illuminated. All this I
+       took in with the tail of my eye, while staring straight in
+       front, where, in the middle of a great square of carpet
+       between me and the windows, was a table with a red cloth
+       upon it. On this cloth were a couple of wax candles, lit, in
+       silver stands, a tray, and a decanter three parts full of
+       brandy. And between me and the table stood a man.</p>
+
+    <p>He stood sideways, leaning a little back, as if to keep his
+    shadow off the threshold, and looked at me over his left
+    shoulder&mdash;a bald, grave man, slightly under the common
+    height, with a long clerical coat of preposterous fit hanging
+    loosely from his shoulders, a white cravat, black breeches, and
+    black stockings. His feet were loosely thrust into
+    carpet-slippers. I judged his age at fifty, or thereabouts; but
+    his face rested in the shadow, and I could only note a pair of
+    eyes, very small and alert, twinkling above a large expanse of
+    cheek.</p>
+
+    <p>He was lifting a wine-glass from the table at the moment
+    when I appeared, and it trembled now in his right hand. I heard
+    a spilt drop or two fall on the carpet, and this was all the
+    evidence he showed of discomposure.</p>
+
+    <p>Setting the glass back, he felt in his breast-pocket for a
+    handkerchief, failed to find one, and rubbed his hands together
+    to get the liquor off his fingers.</p>
+
+    <p>"You startled me," he said, in a matter-of-fact tone,
+    turning his eyes upon me, as he lifted his glass again, and
+    emptied it. "How did you find your way in?"</p>
+
+    <p>"By the front door," said I, wondering at his unconcern.</p>
+
+    <p>He nodded his head slowly.</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah! yes; I forgot to lock it. You came to steal, I
+    suppose?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I came because I lost my way. I've been travelling this
+    God-forsaken moor since dusk&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"With your boots in your hand," he put in quietly.</p>
+
+    <p>"I took them off out of respect to the yellow dog you
+    keep."</p>
+
+    <p>"He lies in a very natural attitude&mdash;eh?"</p>
+
+    <p>"You don't tell me he was <i>stuffed</i>!"</p>
+
+    <p>The old man's eyes beamed a contemptuous pity.</p>
+
+    <p>"You are indifferently sharp, my dear sir, for a
+    housebreaker. Come in. Set down those convicting boots, and
+    don't drip pools of water in the very doorway, of all places.
+    If I must entertain a burglar, I prefer him tidy."</p>
+
+    <p>He walked to the fire, picked up a poker, and knocked the
+    coals into a blaze. This done, he turned round on me with the
+    poker still in his hand. The serenest gravity sat on his large,
+    pale features.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why have I done this?" he asked.</p>
+
+    <p>"I suppose to get possession of the poker."</p>
+
+    <p>"Quite right. May I inquire your next move?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Why," said I, feeling in my tail pocket, "I carry a
+    pistol."</p>
+
+    <p>"Which I suppose to be damp?"</p>
+
+    <p>"By no means. I carry it, as you see, in an oil-cloth
+    case."</p>
+
+    <p>He stopped, and laid the poker carefully in the fender.</p>
+
+    <p>"That is a stronger card than I possess. I might urge that
+    by pulling the trigger you would certainly alarm the house and
+    the neighborhood, and put a halter round your neck. I say, I
+    <i>might</i> urge this, and assume you to be an intelligent
+    auditor. But it strikes me as safer to assume you capable of
+    using a pistol with effect at three paces. With what might
+    happen subsequently I will not pretend to be concerned. It is
+    sufficient that I dislike the notion of being perforated. The
+    fate of your neck&mdash;" He waved a hand. "Well, I have known
+    you for just five minutes, and feel but moderate interest in
+    your neck. As for the inmates of this house, it will refresh
+    you to hear that there are none. I have lived here two years
+    with a butler and a female cook, both of whom I dismissed
+    yesterday at a moment's notice for conduct which I will not
+    shock your ears by explicitly naming. Suffice it to say, I
+    carried them off yesterday to my parish church, two miles away,
+    married them, and dismissed them in the vestry without
+    characters. I wish you had known that butler&mdash;but excuse
+    me; with the information I have supplied, you ought to find no
+    difficulty in fixing the price you will take to clear out of my
+    house instanter."</p>
+
+    <p>"Sir," I answered, "I have held a pistol at one or two heads
+    in my time; but never at one stuffed with nobler discretion.
+    Your chivalry does not, indeed, disarm me, but prompts me to
+    desire more of your acquaintance. I have found a gentleman, and
+    must sup with him before I make terms."</p>
+
+    <p>The address seemed to please him. He shuffled across the
+    room to a sideboard, and produced a plate of biscuits, another
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page425"
+       id="page425"></a>[pg 425]</span> of almonds and dried
+       raisins, a glass and two decanters.</p>
+
+    <p>"Sherry and Madeira," he said. "There is also a cold pie in
+    the larder, if you care for it."</p>
+
+    <p>"A biscuit will serve," I replied. "To tell the truth, I'm
+    more for the bucket than the manger, as the grooms say; and, by
+    your leave, the brandy you were testing just now is more to my
+    mind than wine."</p>
+
+    <p>"There is no water handy."</p>
+
+    <p>"There was plenty out of doors to last me with this
+    bottle."</p>
+
+    <p>I pulled over a chair, and laid my pistol on the table, and
+    held out the glass for him to fill. Having done so, he helped
+    himself to a glass and a chair, and sat down facing me.</p>
+
+    <p>"I was talking, just now, of my late butler," he began, with
+    a sip at his brandy. "Has it struck you that, when confronted
+    with moral delinquency, I am apt to let my indignation get the
+    better of me?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Not at all," I answered heartily, refilling my glass.</p>
+
+    <p>It appeared that another reply would have pleased him
+    better.</p>
+
+    <p>"H'm. I was hoping that, perhaps, I had visited his offence
+    too strongly. As a clergyman, you see, I was bound to be
+    severe; but upon my word, sir, since he went I have felt like a
+    man who has lost a limb."</p>
+
+    <p>He drummed with his fingers on the cloth for a few moments,
+    and went on:</p>
+
+    <p>"One has a natural disposition to forgive
+    butlers&mdash;Pharaoh, for instance, felt it. There hovers
+    around butlers that peculiar atmosphere which Shakespeare
+    noticed as encircling kings, an atmosphere in which common
+    ethics lose their pertinence. But mine was a rare bird&mdash;a
+    black swan among butlers. He was more than a butler: he was a
+    quick and brightly-gifted man. Of the accuracy of his taste,
+    and the unusual scope of his endeavor, you will be able to form
+    some opinion when I assure you he modelled himself upon
+    <i>me</i>."</p>
+
+    <p>I bowed over my brandy.</p>
+
+    <p>"I am a scholar; yet I employed him to read aloud to me, and
+    derived pleasure from his intonation. I talk as a scholar; yet
+    he learned to answer me in language as precise as my own. My
+    cast-off garments fitted him not more irreproachably than did
+    my amenities of manner. Divest him of his tray, and you would
+    find his mode of entering a room hardly distinguishable from my
+    own&mdash;the same urbanity, the same alertness of carriage,
+    the same superfine deference towards the weaker sex.
+    All&mdash;all my idiosyncrasies I saw reflected in this my
+    mirror; and can you doubt that I was gratified? He was my
+    <i>alter ego</i>&mdash;which, by the way, makes it the more
+    extraordinary that it should have been necessary to marry him
+    to the cook."</p>
+
+    <p>"Look here," I broke in; "you want a butler."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, you really grasp that fact, do you?" he retorted.</p>
+
+    <p>"And you wish to get rid of me as soon as may be."</p>
+
+    <p>"I hope there is no impoliteness in complimenting you on
+    your discernment."</p>
+
+    <p>"Your two wishes," said I, "may be reconciled. Let me cease
+    to be your burglar, and let me continue here as your
+    butler."</p>
+
+    <p>He leant back, spreading out the fingers of each hand as if
+    the table's edge was a harpsichord, and he stretching octaves
+    upon it.</p>
+
+    <p>"Believe me," I went on, "you might do worse. I have been a
+    demy of Magdalen College, Oxford, in my time, and retain some
+    Greek and Latin. I'll undertake to read the Fathers with an
+    accent that shall not offend you. My knowledge of wine is none
+    the worse for having been cultivated in other men's cellars.
+    Moreover, you shall engage the ugliest cook in Christendom, so
+    long as I'm your butler. I've taken a liking to
+    you&mdash;that's flat&mdash;and I apply for the post."</p>
+
+    <p>"I give forty pounds a year," said he.</p>
+
+    <p>"And I'm cheap at that price."</p>
+
+    <p>He filled up his glass, looking up at me while he did so
+    with the air of one digesting a problem. From first to last his
+    face was grave as a judge's.</p>
+
+    <p>"We are too impulsive, I think," was his answer, after a
+    minute's silence. "And your speech smacks of the amateur. You
+    say, 'Let me cease to be your burglar, and let me be your
+    butler.' The mere aspiration is respectable; but a man might as
+    well say, 'Let me cease to write poems; let me paint pictures.'
+    And truly, sir, you impressed me as no expert in your present
+    trade, but a journeyman-housebreaker, if I may say so."</p>
+
+    <p>"On the other hand," I argued, "consider the moderation of
+    my demands; that alone should convince you of my desire to turn
+    over a new leaf. I ask for a month's trial; if, at the end of
+    that time, I don't suit, you shall say so, and I'll march from
+    your door with nothing in my pocket but my month's wages. Be
+    hanged, sir! but <span class="pagenum"><a name="page426"
+       id="page426"></a>[pg 426]</span> when I reflect on the
+       amount you'll have to pay to get me to face to-night's storm
+       again, you seem to be getting off dirt-cheap!" cried I,
+       slapping my palm on the table.</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, if you had only known Adolphus!" he exclaimed.</p>
+
+    <p>Now, the third glass of clean spirits has always a
+    deplorable effect on me. It turns me from bright to black, from
+    lightness of spirits to extreme sulkiness. I have done more
+    wickedness over this third tumbler than in all the other states
+    of comparative inebriety within my experience. So now I
+    glowered at my companion and rapped out a curse.</p>
+
+    <p>"Look here, I don't want to hear any more of Adolphus, and
+    I've a pretty clear notion of the game you're playing. You want
+    to make me drunk, and you're ready to sit prattling there till
+    I drop under the table."</p>
+
+    <p>"Do me the favor to remember that you came, and are staying,
+    at your own invitation. As for the brandy, I would remind you
+    that I suggested a milder drink. Try some Madeira."</p>
+
+    <p>He handed me the decanter, as he spoke, and I poured out a
+    glass.</p>
+
+    <p>"Madeira!" said I, taking a gulp. "Ugh! it's the commonest
+    Marsala!"</p>
+
+    <p>I had no sooner said the words than he rose up, and
+    stretched a hand gravely across to me.</p>
+
+    <p>"I hope you'll shake it," he said; "though, as a man who
+    after three glasses of neat spirit can distinguish between
+    Madeira and Marsala, you have every right to refuse me. Two
+    minutes ago you offered to become my butler, and I demurred. I
+    now beg you to repeat that offer. Say the word, and I employ
+    you gladly; you shall even have the second decanter (which
+    contains genuine Madeira) to take to bed with you."</p>
+
+    <p>We shook hands on our bargain, and catching up a
+    candlestick, he led the way from the room.</p>
+
+    <p>Picking up my boots, I followed him along the passage and
+    down the silent staircase. In the hall he paused to stand on
+    tiptoe, and turn up the lamp, which was burning low. As he did
+    so, I found time to fling a glance at my old enemy, the
+    mastiff. He lay as I had first seen him&mdash;a stuffed dog, if
+    ever there was one. "Decidedly," thought I, "my wits are to
+    seek, to-night;" and with the same, a sudden suspicion made me
+    turn to my conductor, who had advanced to the left-hand door,
+    and was waiting for me, with hand on the knob.</p>
+
+    <p>"One moment," I said; "this is all very pretty, but how am I
+    to know you're not sending me to bed while you fetch in all the
+    countryside to lay me by the heels?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I'm afraid," was his answer, "you must be content with my
+    word, as a gentleman, that never, to-night or hereafter, will I
+    breathe a syllable about the circumstances of your visit.
+    However, if you choose, we will return upstairs."</p>
+
+    <p>"No; I'll trust you," said I; and he opened the door.</p>
+
+    <p>It led into a broad passage, paved with slate, upon which
+    three or four rooms opened. He paused by the second, and
+    ushered me into a sleeping-chamber which, though narrow, was
+    comfortable enough&mdash;a vast improvement, at any rate, on
+    the mumper's lodgings I had been used to for many months
+    past.</p>
+
+    <p>"You can undress here," he said. "The sheets are aired, and
+    if you'll wait a moment I'll fetch a nightshirt&mdash;one of my
+    own."</p>
+
+    <p>"Sir, you heap coals of fire on me."</p>
+
+    <p>"Believe me that for ninety-nine of your qualities I do not
+    care a tinker's curse: but as a man who, after three tumblers
+    of neat brandy, can tell Marsala from Madeira you are to be
+    taken care of."</p>
+
+    <p>He shuffled away, but came back in a couple of minutes with
+    the nightshirt.</p>
+
+    <p>"Good-night," he called to me, flinging it in at the door;
+    and without giving me time to return the wish, went his way
+    upstairs.</p>
+
+    <p>Now it might be supposed that I was only too glad to toss
+    off my clothes and climb into the bed I had so unexpectedly
+    acquired a right to. But, as a matter of fact, I did nothing of
+    the kind. Instead, I drew on my boots and sat on the bed's
+    edge, blinking at my candle till it died down in its socket,
+    and afterwards at the purple square of window as it slowly
+    changed to gray with the coming of dawn. I was cold to the
+    heart, and my teeth chattered with an ague. Certainly I never
+    suspected my host's word; but was even occupied in framing good
+    resolutions and shaping out an excellent future, when I heard
+    the front door gently pulled to, and a man's footsteps moving
+    quietly to the gate.</p>
+
+    <p>The treachery knocked me in a heap for the moment. Then
+    leaping up and flinging my door wide, I stumbled through the
+    uncertain light of the passage into the front hall.</p>
+
+    <p>There was a fan-shaped light over the door, and the place
+    was very still and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page427"
+       id="page427"></a>[pg 427]</span> gray. A quick thought, or
+       rather a sudden prophetic guess at the truth, made me turn
+       to the figure of the mastiff curled under the hall
+       table.</p>
+
+    <p>I laid my hand on the scruff of his neck. He was quite limp,
+    and my fingers sank into the flesh on either side of the
+    vertebrae. Digging them deeper, I dragged him out into the
+    middle of the hall, and pulled the front door open to see the
+    better.</p>
+
+    <p>His throat was gashed from ear to ear.</p>
+
+    <p>How many seconds passed after I dropped the senseless lump
+    on the floor, and before I made another movement, it would
+    puzzle me to say. Twice I stirred a foot as if to run out at
+    the door. Then, changing my mind, I stepped over the mastiff,
+    and ran up the staircase. The light no longer shone out into
+    the left-hand passage; but groping down it, I found the study
+    door open, as before, and passed in. A sick light stole through
+    the blinds&mdash;enough for me to distinguish the glasses and
+    decanters on the table, and find my way to the curtain that
+    hung before the room where the light had first attracted
+    me.</p>
+
+    <p>I pushed the curtain aside, paused for a moment, and
+    listened to the violent beat of my heart; then felt for the
+    door handle and turned it.</p>
+
+    <p>All I could see at first; was that the chamber was small;
+    next, that the light patch in a line with the window was the
+    white coverlet of a bed; and next, that somebody, or something,
+    lay on the bed.</p>
+
+    <p>I listened again. There was no sound in the room; no heart
+    beating but my own. I reached out a hand to pull up the blind,
+    and drew it back again. I dared not.</p>
+
+    <p>The daylight grew, minute by minute, on the dull
+    parallelogram of the blind, and minute by minute that horrible
+    thing on the bed took something of distinctness. The strain
+    beat me at last. I fetched a veritable yell to give myself
+    courage, and, reaching for the cord, pulled up the blind as
+    fast as it would go.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft">
+        <a href="images/427.jpg"
+             name="fig427"
+             id="fig427"><img src="images/427.jpg"
+             width="226"
+             alt="&quot;FACE TO FACE WITH THE REAL HOUSEHOLDER.&quot;" />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"FACE TO FACE WITH THE REAL<br />
+        HOUSEHOLDER."</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The face on the pillow was that of an old man&mdash;a face
+    waxen and peaceful, with quiet lines about the month and eyes,
+    and long lines of gray hair falling back from the temples. The
+    body was turned a little on one side, and one hand lay outside
+    the bedclothes in a very natural manner. But there were two
+    dark spots on the coverlet.</p>
+
+    <p>Then I knew I was face to face with the real householder;
+    and it flashed on me that I had been indiscreet in taking
+    service as his butler, and that I knew the face his ex-butler
+    wore.</p>
+
+    <p>And, being by this time awake to the responsibilities of the
+    post, I quitted it three steps at a time, not once looking
+    behind me. Outside the house the storm had died, and white
+    sunlight broke over the sodden moors. But my bones were cold,
+    and I ran faster and faster.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page428"
+       id="page428"></a>[pg 428]</span>
+
+    <h2>ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</h2>
+
+    <h4>By Ida M. Tarbell.</h4>
+
+    <h3>LINCOLN'S PROMINENCE AS A WHIG POLITICIAN AT
+    THIRTY-TWO.&mdash;STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS'S REMOVAL TO
+    SPRINGFIELD.&mdash;BEGINNING OF THE RIVALRY BETWEEN LINCOLN AND
+    DOUGLAS.&mdash;LINCOLN'S PART IN THE CAMPAIGN OF
+    1840.&mdash;MARY TODD AND HER ENGAGEMENT TO
+    LINCOLN.&mdash;FALSE STORIES REGARDING LINCOLN'S
+    COURTSHIP.&mdash;THE LINCOLN AND SHIELDS DUEL.&mdash;LINCOLN'S
+    MARRIAGE.</h3>
+
+    <div class="figletter">
+        <a href="images/LetterB.jpg"
+             name="fig428-l"
+             id="fig428-l"><img src="images/LetterB.jpg"
+             alt="Letter B" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="hang">Y the time Abraham Lincoln was thirty-two years
+    old&mdash;that is, in 1841&mdash;he was one of the leading Whig
+    politicians of Illinois. Four times in succession he had been
+    elected to the General Assembly of the State&mdash;in 1834,
+    1836, 1838, and 1840. Twice he had been a candidate for Speaker
+    of the House&mdash;in 1838 and in 1840&mdash;both times against
+    William L.D. Ewing; and though both times defeated, the vote
+    had in each instance been close. In 1841 he had been talked of
+    as a candidate for governor, a suggestion to which he would not
+    listen.</p>
+
+    <p>He had not taken this prominent position because the Whig
+    party lacked material. Edward Dickinson Baker, Colonel John J.
+    Hardin, John T. Stuart, Ninian W. Edwards, Jesse K. Dubois,
+    O.H. Browning, were but a few of the brilliant men who were
+    throwing all their ability and ambition into the contest for
+    political honors in the State. Nor were the Whigs a whit
+    superior to the Democrats. William L.D. Ewing, Ebenezer Peck,
+    William Thomas, James Shields, John Calhoun, were in every
+    respect as able as the best men of the Whig party. Indeed, one
+    of the prominent Democrats with whom Lincoln came often in
+    contact, was popularly regarded as the most brilliant and
+    promising politician of the State&mdash;Stephen A. Douglas. His
+    record had been phenomenal. He had amazed both parties, in
+    1834, by securing appointment by the legislature to the office
+    of State Attorney for the first judicial circuit, over John J.
+    Hardin. In 1836 he had been elected to the legislature, and
+    although he was at that time but twenty-three years of age, he
+    had shown himself one of the most vigorous, capable, and
+    intelligent members. Indeed, Douglas's work in the Tenth
+    Assembly gave him about the same position in the Democratic
+    party of the State at large that Lincoln's work in the same
+    body gave him in the Whig party of his own district. In 1837 he
+    had had no difficulty in being appointed register of the land
+    office, a position which compelled him to make his home in
+    Springfield. It was only a few months after Lincoln rode into
+    town, all his earthly possessions in a pair of saddle-bags,
+    that Douglas appeared. Handsome, polished, and always with an
+    air of prosperity, the advent of the young Democratic official
+    was in striking contrast to that of the sad-eyed, ill-clad,
+    poverty-stricken young lawyer from New Salem.</p>
+
+    <p>From the first, Lincoln and Douglas were thrown constantly
+    together in the social life of the town, and often pitted
+    against each other in what were the real forums of the State at
+    that day&mdash;the space around the huge "Franklin" stove of
+    some obliging store-keeper, the steps of somebody's law office,
+    a pile of lumber, or a long timber, lying in the public square,
+    where the new State-house was going up.</p>
+
+    <p>In the fall of 1837 Douglas was nominated for Congress on
+    the Democratic ticket. His Whig opponent was Lincoln's law
+    partner, John T. Stuart. The campaign which the two conducted
+    was one of the most remarkable in the history of the State. For
+    five months of the spring and summer of 1838 they rode together
+    from town to town all over the northern part of Illinois
+    (Illinois at that time was divided into but three congressional
+    districts; the third, in which Sangamon County was included,
+    being made up of the twenty-two northernmost counties),
+    speaking six days out of seven. When the election came off in
+    August, 1838, out of thirty-six thousand votes cast, Stuart
+    received a majority of only fourteen; but even that majority
+    the Democrats always contended was won unfairly. The campaign
+    was watched with intense interest by the young politicians of
+    Springfield; <span class="pagenum"><a name="page429"
+       id="page429"></a>[pg 429]</span> no one of them felt a
+       deeper interest in it than Lincoln, who was himself at the
+       same time a candidate for member of the State
+       legislature.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/429.jpg"
+             name="fig429"
+             id="fig429"><img src="images/429.jpg"
+             alt="OLD STATE-HOUSE AT SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS." /></a>
+
+
+        <h5>OLD STATE-HOUSE AT SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a recent photograph made for MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE.
+        The corner-stone was laid July 4, 1837, about four months
+        after the passage of the act removing the capital to
+        Springfield. The event was attended with elaborate
+        ceremonies. The orator of the day was Colonel E.D. Baker.
+        It was nearly four years before the building was finally
+        completed, at a cost of two hundred and forty thousand
+        dollars. It was first occupied by the legislature during
+        the regular session of 1840-1841, that body, at two
+        previous special sessions, being obliged to use the
+        Methodist church for the Senate, and the Second
+        Presbyterian church for the House. The Supreme Court found
+        a meeting place in the Episcopal church. The legislative
+        committees met in rooms in private houses about town. This
+        building was the State capitol for more than thirty years,
+        becoming, upon the completion of the present State-house,
+        the court-house of Sangamon County.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Lincoln must have learned by the end of 1840, if not before,
+    something of the power of the "Little Giant," as Douglas was
+    called. Certainly no man in public life between 1837 and 1860
+    had a greater hold on his followers. The reasons for this grasp
+    are not hard to find. Douglas was by nature buoyant,
+    enthusiastic, impetuous. He had that sunny boyishness which is
+    so irresistible to young and old. With it he had great natural
+    eloquence. When his deep, rich voice rolled out fervid periods
+    in support of the sub-treasury and the convention system, or in
+    opposition to internal improvements by the federal government,
+    the people applauded out of sheer joy at the pleasure of
+    hearing him. He was one of the few men in Illinois whom the
+    epithet of "Yankee" never hurt. He might be a Yankee, but when
+    he sat down on the knee of some surly lawyer, and
+    confidentially told him his plans; or, at a political meeting,
+    took off his coat, and rolled up his sleeves, and "pitched
+    into" his opponent, the sons of Illinois forgot his origin in
+    love for the man.</p>
+
+    <p>Lincoln undoubtedly understood the charm of Douglas, and
+    realized his power. But he already had an insight into one of
+    his political characteristics that few people recognized at
+    that day. In writing to Stuart in 1839, while the latter was
+    attending Congress, Lincoln said: "Douglas has not been here
+    since you left. A report is in circulation here now that he has
+    abandoned the idea of going to Washington, though the report
+    does not come in a very authentic form, so far as I can learn.
+    Though, by the way, speaking of authenticity, you know that if
+    we had heard Douglas say that he had abandoned the contest, it
+    would not be very authentic."</p>
+
+    <p>In the campaign of 1840 Lincoln and Douglas came more
+    frequently than ever into conflict. At that time the local
+    issues, which had formerly engaged Illinois candidates almost
+    entirely, were lost sight of in
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page430"
+       id="page430"></a>[pg 430]</span> national questions. In
+       Springfield, where the leaders of the parties were living,
+       many hot debates were held in private. Out of these grew, in
+       December, 1839, a series of public discussions, extending
+       over eight evenings, and in which several of the first
+       orators of the State took part. Lincoln was the last man on
+       the list. The people were nearly worn out before his turn
+       came, and his audience was small. He began his speech with
+       some melancholy, self-deprecatory reflections, complaining
+       that the small audience cast a damp upon his spirits which
+       he was sure he would be unable to overcome during the
+       evening. He did better than he expected, overcoming the damp
+       on his spirits so effectually that he made what was regarded
+       as the best speech of the series; and by a general request,
+       it was printed for distribution. The speech is peculiarly
+       interesting from the fact that while there is a little of
+       the perfervid eloquence of 1840 in it, as well as a good
+       deal of the rather boisterous humor of the time, a part of
+       it is devoted to a careful examination of the statements of
+       his opponents, and a refutation of them by means of public
+       documents.</p>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:35%;">
+        <a href="images/430-1.jpg"
+             name="fig430-1"
+             id="fig430-1"><img src="images/430-1.jpg"
+             width="192"
+             alt="A HARRISON BADGE OF 1840." /></a>
+
+        <h5>A HARRISON BADGE OF 1840.</h5>
+
+        <p>From the collection of Mr. O.H. Oldroyd of Washington,
+        D.C.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/430-2.jpg"
+             name="fig430-2"
+             id="fig430-2"><img src="images/430-2.jpg"
+             width="284"
+             alt="A HARRISON BUTTON OF 1840." /></a>
+
+        <h5>A HARRISON BUTTON OF 1840.</h5>
+
+        <p>From the collection of Mr. John C. Browne of
+        Philadelphia.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>As a good Democrat was expected to do, Douglas had explained
+    with plausibility why the Van Buren administration had in 1838
+    spent $40,000,000. Lincoln takes up his statements one by one,
+    and proves, as he says, that "the majority of them are wholly
+    untrue." Douglas had attributed a part of the expenditures to
+    the purchase of public lands from the Indians.</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"Now it happens," says Lincoln, "that no such purchase
+        was made during that year. It is true that some money was
+        paid that year in pursuance of Indian treaties; but no
+        more, or rather not as much, as had been paid on the same
+        account in each of several preceding years.... Again, Mr.
+        Douglas says that the removal of the Indians to the country
+        west of the Mississippi created much of the expenditure of
+        1838. I have examined the public documents in relation to
+        this matter, and find that less was paid for the removal of
+        the Indians in that than in some former years. The whole
+        sum expended on that account in that year did not exceed
+        one quarter of a million. For this small sum, although we
+        do not think the administration entitled to credit, because
+        large sums have been expended in the same way in former
+        years, we consent it may take one and make the most of
+        it.</p>
+
+        <p>"Next, Mr. Douglas says that five millions of the
+        expenditures of 1838 consisted of the payment of the French
+        indemnity money to its individual claimants. I have
+        carefully examined the public documents, and thereby find
+        this statement to be wholly untrue. Of the forty millions
+        of dollars expended in 1838, I am enabled to say positively
+        that not one dollar consisted of payments on the French
+        indemnities. So much for that
+        excuse.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page431"
+           id="page431"></a>[pg 431]</span>
+
+        <p>"Next comes the post-office. He says that five millions
+        were expended during that year to sustain that department.
+        By a like examination of public documents, I find this also
+        wholly untrue. Of the so often mentioned forty millions,
+        not one dollar went to the post-office....</p>
+
+        <p>"I return to another of Mr. Douglas's excuses for the
+        expenditures of 1838, at the same time announcing the
+        pleasing intelligence that this is the last one. He says
+        that ten millions of that year's expenditure was a
+        contingent appropriation, to prosecute an anticipated war
+        with Great Britain on the Maine boundary question. Few
+        words will settle this. First, that the ten millions
+        appropriated was not made till 1839, and consequently could
+        not have been expended in 1838; second, although it was
+        appropriated, it has never been expended at all. Those who
+        heard Mr. Douglas, recollect that he indulged himself in a
+        contemptuous expression of pity for me. 'Now he's got me,'
+        thought I. But when he went on to say that five millions of
+        the expenditure of 1838 were payments of the French
+        indemnities, which I knew to be untrue; that five millions
+        had been for the post-office, which I knew to be untrue;
+        that ten millions had been for the Maine boundary war,
+        which I not only knew to be untrue, but supremely
+        ridiculous also; and when I saw that he was stupid enough
+        to hope that I would permit such groundless and audacious
+        assertions to go unexposed,&mdash;I readily consented that,
+        on the score both of veracity and sagacity, the audience
+        should judge whether he or I were the more deserving of the
+        world's contempt."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/431.jpg"
+             name="fig431"
+             id="fig431"><img src="images/431.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN IN 1860.&mdash;NOW FIRST PUBLISHED." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN IN 1860.&mdash;NOW FIRST PUBLISHED.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a first-state proof of an engraving of the Cooper
+        Institute picture of Lincoln (see McCLURE'S MAGAZINE for
+        February, 1896, first frontispiece). Made by John C.
+        Buttre, and now in the collection of W.C. Crane of New York
+        City, through whose courtesy it is here reproduced.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>These citations show that Lincoln had already learned to
+    handle public documents, and to depend for at least a part of
+    his success with an audience upon a careful statement of facts.
+    The methods used in at least a portion of this speech are
+    exactly those which made the irresistible strength of his
+    speeches in 1858 and 1859.</p>
+
+    <h4>LINCOLN IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1840.</h4>
+
+    <p>But there was little of as good work done in the campaign of
+    1840, by Lincoln or anybody else, as is found in this speech.
+    It was a campaign of noise and fun, and nowhere
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page432"
+       id="page432"></a>[pg 432]</span> more so than in Illinois.
+       Lincoln was one of the five Whig Presidential electors, and
+       he flung himself into the campaign with confidence. "The
+       nomination of Harrison takes first rate," he wrote to his
+       partner Stuart, then in Washington. "You know I am never
+       sanguine, but I believe we will carry the State. The chance
+       of doing so appears to me twenty-five per cent, better than
+       it did for you to beat Douglas." The Whigs, in spite of
+       their dislike of the convention system, organized as they
+       never had before, and even sent out a "confidential"
+       circular of which Lincoln was the author.</p>
+
+    <p>Every weapon he thought of possible use in the contest he
+    secured. "Be sure to send me as many copies of the 'Life of
+    Harrison' as you can spare from other uses," he wrote Stuart.
+    "Be very sure to procure and send me the 'Senate Journal' of
+    New York, of September, 1814. I have a newspaper article which
+    says that that document proves that Van Buren voted against
+    raising troops in the last war. And, in general, send me
+    everything you think will be a good 'war-club.'"</p>
+
+    <p>Every sign of success he quoted to Stuart; the number of
+    subscribers to the "Old Soldier," a campaign newspaper which
+    the Whig committee had informed the Whigs of the State that
+    they "<i>must take</i>;" the names of Van Buren men who were
+    weakening, and to whom he wanted Stuart to send documents; the
+    name of every theretofore doubtful person who had declared
+    himself for Harrison. "Japh Bell has come out for Harrison," he
+    put in a postscript to one letter; "ain't that a caution?"</p>
+
+    <p>The monster political meetings held throughout the State did
+    much to widen Lincoln's reputation, particularly one held in
+    June in Springfield. Twenty thousand people attended this
+    meeting, delegations coming from every direction. It took
+    fourteen teams to haul the delegation from Chicago, and they
+    were three weeks on their journey. Each party carried some huge
+    symbolic piece&mdash;the log cabin being the favorite. One of
+    the cabins taken to Springfield was drawn by thirty yokes of
+    oxen. In a hickory tree which was planted beside this cabin,
+    coons were seen playing, and a barrel of hard cider stood by
+    the door, continually on tap. Instead of a log cabin, the
+    Chicago delegation dragged across country a government yawl
+    rigged up as a two-masted ship, with a band of music and a
+    six-pounder cannon on board.</p>
+
+    <p>There are many reminiscences of this great celebration, and
+    Lincoln's part in it, still afloat in Illinois. General T.J.
+    Henderson writes, in the entertaining reminiscences of Lincoln
+    prepared for this biography:</p>
+
+    <p>"The first time I remember to have seen Abraham Lincoln was
+    during the memorable campaign of 1840, when I was a boy fifteen
+    years of age. It was at an immense Whig mass-meeting held at
+    Springfield, Illinois, in the month of June of that year. The
+    Whigs attended this meeting from all parts of the State in
+    large numbers, and it was estimated that from forty to fifty
+    thousand people were present. They came in carriages and
+    wagons, on horseback and on foot. They came with log cabins
+    drawn on wheels by oxen, and with coons, coon-skins, and hard
+    cider. They came with music and banners; and thousands of them
+    came from long distances. It was the first political meeting I
+    had ever attended, and it made a very strong impression upon my
+    youthful mind.</p>
+
+    <p>"My father, William H. Henderson, then a resident of Stark
+    County, Illinois, was an ardent Whig; and having served under
+    General William Henry Harrison, the then Whig candidate for
+    President, in the war of 1812-1815, he felt a deep interest in
+    his election. And although he lived about a hundred miles from
+    Springfield, he went with a delegation from Stark County to
+    this political meeting, and took me along with him. I remember
+    that at this great meeting of the supporters of Harrison and
+    Tyler there were a number of able and distinguished speakers of
+    the Whig party of the State of Illinois present. Among them
+    were Colonel E.D. Baker, who was killed at Ball's Bluff, on the
+    Potomac, in the late war, and who was one of the most eloquent
+    speakers in the State; Colonel John J. Hardin, who was killed
+    at the battle of Buena Vista, in the Mexican War; Fletcher
+    Webster, a son of Daniel Webster, who was killed in the late
+    war; S. Leslie Smith, a brilliant orator of Chicago; Rev. John
+    Hogan, Ben Bond, and Abraham Lincoln. I heard all of these men
+    speak on that occasion. And while I was too young to be a judge
+    of their speeches, yet I thought them all to be great men, and
+    none of them greater than Abraham Lincoln."</p>
+
+    <p>One of the most prominent members of the Illinois bar has
+    written out especially for this work his impressions of
+    Lincoln's speech at that
+    gathering.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page433"
+       id="page433"></a>[pg 433]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/433.jpg"
+             name="fig433"
+             id="fig433"><img src="images/433.jpg"
+             alt="ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN 1861." /></a>
+
+        <h5>ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN 1861.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph by Klauber of Louisville, Kentucky.
+        From a photograph owned by Mr. James B. Speed of
+        Louisville, Kentucky, to whose courtesy we owe the right to
+        reproduce it here. When Lincoln was visiting Joshua F.
+        Speed in 1841, Mrs. Speed, the mother of his friend, became
+        much interested in him. His melancholy was profound, and
+        she tried by kindness and gentleness to arouse him to new
+        interest in life. One day before his departure she asked
+        one of her daughters for the latter's Oxford Bible, telling
+        her she wanted it for Mr. Lincoln, and promising to get
+        another in its place. The gift touched Lincoln deeply, and
+        after he became President he remembered the giver with the
+        above portrait&mdash;one he had had taken especially for
+        her, he wrote.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page434"
+       id="page434"></a>[pg 434]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/434.jpg"
+             name="fig434"
+             id="fig434"><img src="images/434.jpg"
+             alt="WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
+        STATES.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a painting. William Henry Harrison was born at
+        Berkeley, Virginia, February 9, 1773. He was educated at
+        Hampden Sidney College, and began to study medicine, but,
+        excited by Indian outrages, gave it up to enter the army.
+        He was sent against the Indians of the West, and at once
+        distinguished himself. After peace was made in 1798, he was
+        appointed secretary of the Northwest Territory. In 1799 he
+        was a territorial delegate to Congress, and from 1801 to
+        1813, territorial governor of Indiana. In the war of 1812
+        he gained the battles of Tippecanoe and the Thames. From
+        1816 to 1819 he was a delegate to Congress from Ohio; from
+        1825 to 1828, a United State Senator; and in 1828 and 1829,
+        United States Minister to Colombia. In 1836 he was the Whig
+        candidate for the Presidency, but was defeated. Four years
+        later (1840) he was elected, but lived for only one month
+        after his inauguration.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>"Mr. Lincoln stood in a wagon, from which he addressed the
+    mass of people that surrounded it. The meeting was one of
+    unusual interest because of him who was to make the principal
+    address. It was at the time of his greatest physical strength.
+    He was tall, and perhaps a little more slender than in later
+    life, and more homely than after he became stouter in person.
+    He was then only thirty-one years of age, and yet he was
+    regarded as one of the ablest of the Whig speakers in that
+    campaign. There was that in him that attracted and held public
+    attention. Even then he was the subject of popular regard
+    because of his candid and simple mode of discussing and
+    illustrating political questions. At times he was intensely
+    logical, and was always most convincing in his arguments. The
+    questions involved in that canvass had relation to the tariff,
+    internal public improvements by the federal government, the
+    distribution of the proceeds of the sales of public lands among
+    the several States, and other questions that divided the
+    political parties of that day. They were not such questions as
+    enlisted and engaged his best thoughts; they did not take hold
+    of his great nature, and had no tendency to develop it. At
+    times he discussed the questions of the time in a logical way,
+    but much time was devoted to telling stories to illustrate some
+    phase of his argument, though more often the telling of these
+    stories was resorted to for the purpose of rendering his
+    opponents ridiculous. That was a style of speaking much
+    appreciated at that early day. In that kind of oratory he
+    excelled most of his contemporaries&mdash;indeed, he had no
+    equals in the State. One story he told on that occasion was
+    full of salient points, and well illustrated the argument he
+    was making. It was not an impure story, yet it was not one it
+    would be seemly to publish; but rendered, as it was, in his
+    inimitable way, it contained nothing that was offensive to a
+    refined taste. The same story might have been told by another
+    in such a way that it would probably have been regarded as
+    transcending the proprieties of popular address. One
+    characterizing feature of all the stories told by Mr. Lincoln,
+    on the stump and elsewhere, was that although the subject
+    matter of some of them might not have been entirely
+    unobjectionable, yet the manner of telling them was so
+    peculiarly his own that they gave no offence even to refined
+    and cultured people. On the contrary, they were much enjoyed.
+    The story he told on this occasion was much liked by the vast
+    assembly that surrounded the temporary platform from which he
+    spoke, and was received with loud bursts of laughter and
+    applause. It served to place the opposing party and its
+    speakers in a most ludicrous position in respect to the
+    question being considered, and gave him a most favorable
+    hearing for the arguments he later made in support of the
+    measures he was
+    sustaining."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page435"
+       id="page435"></a>[pg 435]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/435.jpg"
+             name="fig435"
+             id="fig435"><img src="images/435.jpg"
+             alt="JOSHUA F. SPEED AND WIFE." /></a>
+
+        <h5>JOSHUA F. SPEED AND WIFE.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a painting by Healy, owned by Mrs, Joshua F. Speed
+        of Louisville, Kentucky, and reproduced here by permission.
+        Joshua F. Speed was a Kentuckian. At the time Lincoln went
+        to Springfield he was one of the leading merchants of the
+        town, and it was he who befriended the young lawyer on his
+        arrival (see MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE for March). Towards the end
+        of 1840 Mr. Speed sold his store, and soon after returned
+        to Louisville. At his urgent invitation Lincoln visited him
+        in the summer of 1841. He seems not to have gone back with
+        Speed, as many biographers have stated, for in a letter of
+        June 19, 1841, to Speed, Lincoln says: "I stick to my
+        promise to come to Louisville." He seems, too, to have
+        stayed a much shorter time than has frequently been stated,
+        for he wrote back to Speed's sister, on September 27th, of
+        his safe arrival in Springfield. The letters quoted from in
+        this article were given by Speed himself to Mr. Herndon to
+        publish in his "Life of Lincoln." Mr. Herndon turned them
+        over to Lamon, who used them in his volume published in
+        1872. Joshua Speed and Lincoln remained intimate friends
+        through life. Although they differed radically in 1855 on
+        the policy to be pursued in regard to slavery, Lincoln, in
+        writing Speed a long letter explaining his views, closes:
+        "And yet let me say I am your friend forever."</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <h4>LINCOLN'S ENGAGEMENT TO MISS TODD.</h4>
+
+    <p>Lincoln had been busy with politics and law in the years
+    since he left New Salem, but he had by no means neglected the
+    social side of life. Indeed, he had gone so far as to become
+    engaged to be married to one of the favorite young women of
+    Springfield, Miss Mary Todd, the sister-in-law of one of his
+    political friends, a member of the "Long Nine" and a prominent
+    citizen, Ninian W.
+    Edwards.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page436"
+       id="page436"></a>[pg 436]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/436.jpg"
+             name="fig436"
+             id="fig436"><img src="images/436.jpg"
+             alt="MARY TODD LINCOLN." /></a>
+
+        <h5>MARY TODD LINCOLN.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a carbon enlargement, by Sherman and McHugh of New
+        York, of a photograph by Brady. Mary Todd was born in
+        Lexington, Kentucky, December 13, 1818. Her mother died
+        when she was young, and she was educated at one of the
+        best-known schools of the State&mdash;Madame Mantelli's.
+        She remained there some four years, and as the school was
+        conducted entirely in French, she spoke the language
+        fluently. She was afterwards some time in the Ward Academy
+        of Lexington. Miss Todd first visited Springfield in 1837,
+        but remained only a few months. In 1839 she returned to
+        make her home with her sister, Mrs. Edwards. She had two
+        other sisters in the town, Mrs. William Wallace and Mrs.
+        C.M. Smith. The story of her life will, of course, be told
+        in connection with that of Mr. Lincoln in the forthcoming
+        articles. The photograph used for this reproduction was
+        kindly loaned by Mrs. S.J. Withington, Warner, New
+        Hampshire.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Miss Todd came from a well-known family of Lexington,
+    Kentucky; her father, Robert S. Todd, being one of the leading
+    citizens of his State. She had come to Springfield in 1839 to
+    live with her sister, Mrs. Edwards. She was a brilliant, witty,
+    highly-educated girl, ambitious and spirited, with a touch of
+    audacity which only made her more attractive, and she at once
+    took a leading position in Springfield society. There were many
+    young unmarried men in the town, drawn there by politics, and
+    Mr. Edwards's handsome home was opened to them in the
+    hospitable Southern way. After Mary Todd became an inmate of
+    the Edwards house, the place was gayer than ever. She received
+    much attention from Douglas, Shields, Lincoln, and several
+    others. It was soon apparent, however, that Miss Todd preferred
+    Lincoln. As the intimacy between them increased, Mr. and Mrs.
+    Edwards protested. However honorable and able a man Lincoln
+    might be, he was still a "plebeian." His family were humble and
+    poor; he was self-educated, without address or polish, careless
+    of forms, indifferent to society. How could Mary Todd, brought
+    up in a cultured home, accustomed to the refinements of life,
+    and with ambition for social position, accommodate herself to
+    so grave a nature, so dull an exterior? Miss Todd knew her own
+    mind, however. She loved Lincoln, and seems to have believed
+    from the first in his future. Some time in 1840 they became
+    engaged.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page437"
+       id="page437"></a>[pg 437]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/437.jpg"
+             name="fig437"
+             id="fig437"><img src="images/437.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN IN 1858.&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN IN 1858.&mdash;HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph, by Harrison, Galesburg, Illinois, of
+        an ambrotype owned by Mrs. W.J. Thomson of Monmouth,
+        Illinois. This picture was taken at Monmouth on October 11,
+        1858, by W.J. Thomson, after a speech made in the town by
+        Lincoln that day, and four days after the debate between
+        Lincoln and Douglas at Galesburg, Illinois, on October 7,
+        1858.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>But it was not long before there came the clashing
+    inevitable between two persons whose tastes and ambitions were
+    so different. Miss Todd was jealous and exacting. Lincoln
+    frequently failed to accompany her to the merry-makings which
+    she wanted to attend. She resented this indifference, which
+    seemed to her a purposed slight, instead of simply a lack of
+    thought on his part, and sometimes she went with Mr. Douglas or
+    any other escort who offered. Reproaches and tears and
+    misunderstanding followed. If the lovers made up, it was only
+    to fall out again. At last Lincoln became convinced that they
+    were incompatible, and resolved that he must break the
+    engagement. But the knowledge that the
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page438"
+       id="page438"></a>[pg 438]</span> girl loved him took away
+       his courage. He felt that he must not draw back, and he
+       became profoundly miserable.</p>
+
+    <p>"Whatever woman may cast her lot with mine, should any ever
+    do so, it is my intention to do all in my power to make her
+    happy and contented; and there is nothing I can imagine that
+    would make me more unhappy than to fail in the effort," Lincoln
+    had written Miss Owens three years before. How could he make
+    this brilliant, passionate creature to whom he was betrothed
+    happy?</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/438-2.jpg"
+             name="fig438-2"
+             id="fig438-2"><img src="images/438-2.jpg"
+             width="201"
+             alt="MISS JULIA JAYNE, ONE OF MISS TODD'S BRIDESMAIDS." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>MISS JULIA JAYNE, ONE OF MISS TODD'S BRIDESMAIDS.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph loaned by Mr. Jesse W. Weik. Miss
+        Jayne afterward became Mrs. Lyman Trumbull.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figleft"
+         style="width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/438-1.jpg"
+             name="fig438-1"
+             id="fig438-1"><img width="226"
+             src="images/438-1.jpg"
+             alt="ROBERT S. TODD." /></a>
+
+        <h5>ROBERT S. TODD.</h5>
+
+        <p>Robert S. Todd, father of Mrs. Lincoln, came of
+        distinguished ancestors. He was the seventh son of
+        Major-General Levi Todd, and was born at Lexington,
+        Kentucky, February 25, 1791. He was prominent in the
+        politics of Kentucky for nearly thirty years. For many
+        years he was clerk of the Kentucky House of
+        Representatives; he was three times elected Representative
+        from Fayette County, and was a State Senator at the time of
+        his death, which occurred July 15, 1849. He was twice
+        married&mdash;the first time to his near relative, Eliza
+        Ann Parker, the mother of Mary Todd.</p>
+    </div><br clear="all" />
+
+
+    <p>A mortal dread of the result of the marriage, a harrowing
+    doubt of his own feelings, possessed him. The experience is not
+    so rare in the lives of lovers that it should be regarded, as
+    it often has been, as something exceptional and abnormal in
+    Lincoln's case. A reflective nature founded in melancholy, like
+    Lincoln's, rarely undertakes even the simpler affairs of life
+    without misgivings. He certainly experienced dread and doubt
+    before entering on any new relation. When it came to forming
+    the most delicate and intimate of all human relations, he
+    staggered under a storm of uncertainty and suffering, and
+    finally broke the engagement.</p>
+
+    <p>So horrible a breach of honor did this seem to him that he
+    called the day when it occurred the "fatal first of January,
+    1841," and months afterward he wrote to his intimate friend
+    Speed: "I must regain my confidence in my own ability to keep
+    my resolves when they are made. In that ability I once prided
+    myself as the only or chief gem of my character; that gem I
+    lost&mdash;how and where you know too well. I have not yet
+    regained it, and, until I do, I cannot trust myself in any
+    matter of much importance."</p>
+
+    <p>The breaking of the engagement between Miss Todd and Mr.
+    Lincoln was naturally known at the time to all their friends.
+    Lincoln's melancholy was evident to them all, nor did he,
+    indeed, attempt to disguise it. He wrote and spoke freely to
+    his intimates of the despair which possessed him, and of his
+    sense of dishonor. The episode caused a great amount of gossip,
+    as was to be expected. After Mr. Lincoln's assassination and
+    Mrs. Lincoln's sad death, various accounts of the courtship and
+    marriage were circulated. It remained, however, for one of
+    Lincoln's law partners, Mr. W.H. Herndon, to develop and
+    circulate the most sensational of all the versions of the
+    rupture. His story would not be referred to here were it not
+    that it has been generally accepted as truthful by even his
+    most conservative biographers, including Mr. John T. Morse and
+    Mr. Carl Schurz. According to Mr. Herndon, the engagement
+    between the two was broken in the most violent and public way
+    possible, by Mr. Lincoln's failing to appear at the wedding.
+    Mr. Herndon even describes the scene in
+    detail:</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page439"
+       id="page439"></a>[pg 439]</span>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <p>"The time fixed for the marriage was the first day of
+        January, 1841. Careful preparations for the happy occasion
+        were made at the Edwards mansion. The house underwent the
+        customary renovation; the furniture was properly arranged,
+        the rooms neatly decorated, the supper prepared, and the
+        guests invited. The latter assembled on the evening in
+        question, and awaited in expectant pleasure the interesting
+        ceremony of marriage. The bride, bedecked in veil and
+        silken gown, and nervously toying with the flowers in her
+        hair, sat in the adjoining room. Nothing was lacking but
+        the groom. For some strange reason he had been delayed. An
+        hour passed, and the guests, as well as the bride, were
+        becoming restless. But they were all doomed to
+        disappointment. Another hour passed; messengers were sent
+        out over town, and each returning with the same report, it
+        became apparent that Lincoln, the principal in this little
+        drama, had purposely failed to appear. The bride, in grief,
+        disappeared to her room; the wedding supper was left
+        untouched; the guests quietly and wonderingly withdrew; the
+        lights in the Edwards mansion were blown out, and darkness
+        settled over all for the night. What the feelings of a lady
+        as sensitive, passionate, and proud as Miss Todd were, we
+        can only imagine; no one can ever describe them. By
+        daybreak, after persistent search, Lincoln's friends found
+        him. Restless, gloomy, miserable, desperate, he seemed an
+        object of pity. His friends, Speed among the number,
+        fearing a tragic termination, watched him closely in their
+        rooms day and night. 'Knives and razors, and every
+        instrument that could be used for self-destruction, were
+        removed from his reach.' Mrs. Edwards did not hesitate to
+        regard him as insane, and of course her sister Mary shared
+        in that view."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/439-1.jpg"
+             name="fig439-1"
+             id="fig439-1"><img src="images/439-1.jpg"
+             alt="GENERAL JAMES SHIELDS." /></a>
+
+        <h5>GENERAL JAMES SHIELDS.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph kindly loaned by C.B. Hall, New York.
+        General Shields was born at Dungannon, County of Tyrone,
+        Ireland, in 1810; came to the United States in 1826;
+        located in Randolph County, Illinois, and taught school
+        there; was admitted to the bar in 1832, and practised at
+        Kaskaskia. He was elected to the legislature in 1836, and
+        there became acquainted with Lincoln. In 1841 he was made
+        auditor of public accounts of Illinois, and it was while
+        holding this office that he challenged Lincoln to mortal
+        combat. In 1843 Governor Ford appointed him an associate
+        justice of the Supreme Court&mdash;an office which he
+        resigned two years later to become commissioner of the
+        general land-office. His gallantry in the Mexican War was
+        such that he was brevetted a major-general. The prestige
+        which his military record gave him made him a United States
+        Senator in 1849. Defeated for reelection by Lyman Trumbull
+        in 1855, he removed to Minnesota. There, May 12, 1858, he
+        was elected to the United States Senate to fill a vacancy,
+        serving about ten months. Then he went to California for a
+        year. August 19, 1861, President Lincoln, his old-time
+        enemy, presented him with a brigadier-general's commission;
+        but two years later he gave this up, and settled on a farm
+        in Missouri. He remained in retirement for a while, but
+        eventually emerged to become a member of the legislature, a
+        defeated candidate for Congress, adjutant-general of the
+        State, and finally, in 1879, once more a United States
+        Senator, serving about six weeks of an unexpired term. He
+        thus had the rare distinction to be a United States Senator
+        from three States. In his later years he delivered
+        lectures&mdash;"Reminiscences of the Mexican War" and
+        "Recollections of Eminent Statesmen and Soldiers." He died
+        suddenly at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 1879. General Shields
+        has been variously rated by his contemporaries. That he was
+        a man of considerable ability is conceded, and he possessed
+        the warmth and generosity common to his race.&mdash;<i>J.
+        McCan Davis</i>.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/439-2.jpg"
+             name="fig439-2"
+             id="fig439-2"><img src="images/439-2.jpg"
+             alt="MRS. NINIAN W. EDWARDS." /></a>
+
+        <h5>MRS. NINIAN W. EDWARDS.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a painting by Healy, owned by her son, Mr. A.S.
+        Edwards, Springfield, Illinois. Mrs. Ninian W. Edwards was
+        a sister of Mrs. Lincoln. Her maiden name was Elizabeth P.
+        Todd. She was born at Lexington, Kentucky, in 1813, and
+        died at Springfield, Illinois, her home since 1835,
+        February 22, 1888.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page440"
+       id="page440"></a>[pg 440]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/440.jpg"
+             name="fig440"
+             id="fig440"><img src="images/440.jpg"
+             alt="COURT-HOUSE AT TREMONT WHERE LINCOLN RECEIVED WARNING OF SHIELDS'S CHALLENGE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>COURT-HOUSE AT TREMONT WHERE LINCOLN RECEIVED WARNING
+        OF SHIELDS'S CHALLENGE.</h5>
+
+        <p>Tremont was about fifty miles north of Springfield, in
+        Tazewell County. Although the internal improvements scheme
+        of 1837 ran a railroad through the town, it was only
+        reached in 1842, at the time of the Shields-Lincoln duel,
+        by driving. The court-house is a fair example of those in
+        which Lincoln first practised law.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>No one can read this description in connection with the rest
+    of Mr. Herndon's text, and escape the impression that, if it is
+    true, there must have been a vein of cowardice in Lincoln. The
+    context shows that he was not insane enough to excuse such a
+    public insult to a woman. To break his engagement was, all
+    things considered, not in any way an unusual or abnormal thing;
+    to brood over the rupture, to blame himself, to feel that he
+    had been dishonorable, was to be expected, after such an act,
+    from one of his temperament. Nothing, however, but temporary
+    insanity or constitutional cowardice could explain such conduct
+    as here described. Mr. Herndon does not pretend to found his
+    story on any personal knowledge of the affair. He was in
+    Springfield at the time, a clerk in Speed's store, but did not
+    have then, nor, indeed, did he ever have, any social relations
+    with the families in which Mr. Lincoln was always a welcome
+    guest. His only authority for the story is a remark which he
+    says Mrs. Ninian Edwards made to him in an interview: "Lincoln
+    and Mary were engaged; everything was ready and prepared for
+    the marriage, even to the supper. Mr. Lincoln failed to meet
+    his engagement; cause, insanity." This remark, it should be
+    noted, is not from a manuscript written by Mrs. Edwards, but in
+    a report of an interview with her, written by Mr. Herndon.
+    Supposing, however, that the statement was made exactly as Mr.
+    Herndon reports it, it certainly does not justify any such
+    sensational description as Mr. Herndon gives.</p>
+
+    <p>If such a thing had ever occurred, it could not have failed
+    to be known, of course, even to its smallest details, by all
+    the relatives and friends of both Miss Todd and Mr. Lincoln.
+    Nobody, however, ever heard of this wedding party until Mr.
+    Herndon gave his material to the public.</p>
+
+    <p>One of the closest friends of the Lincolns throughout their
+    lives was a cousin of Mrs. Lincoln's, Mrs. Grimsley, afterwards
+    Mrs. Dr. Brown. Mrs. Grimsley lived in Springfield, on the most
+    intimate and friendly relations with Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln, and
+    the first six months of their life in the White House she spent
+    with them. She was a woman of unusual culture, and of the
+    rarest sweetness and graciousness of character. No one could
+    look on her face without feeling her perfect sincerity and
+    goodness. Some months before Mrs. Brown's death, in August,
+    1895, a copy of Mr. Herndon's story was sent her, with a
+    request that she write for publication her knowledge of the
+    affair. In her reply she said:</p>
+
+    <p>"Did Mr. Lincoln fail to appear when the invitations were
+    out, the guests invited, and the supper ready for the wedding?
+    I will say emphatically,
+    'No.'</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page441"
+       id="page441"></a>[pg 441]</span>
+
+    <p>"There may have been a little shadow of foundation for Mr.
+    Herndon's lively imagination to play upon, in that, the year
+    previous to the marriage, and when Mr. Lincoln and my cousin
+    Mary expected soon to be married, Mr. Lincoln was taken with
+    one of those fearful, overwhelming periods of depression, which
+    induced his friends to persuade him to leave Springfield. This
+    he did for a time; but I am satisfied he was loyal and true to
+    Mary, even though at times he may have doubted whether he was
+    responding as fully as a manly, generous nature should to such
+    affection as he knew my cousin was ready to bestow on him. And
+    this because it had not the overmastering depth of an early
+    love. This everybody here knows; therefore I do not feel as if
+    I were betraying dear friends."</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/441.jpg"
+             name="fig441"
+             id="fig441"><img src="images/441.jpg"
+             alt="RESIDENCE OF NINIAN W. EDWARDS, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>RESIDENCE OF NINIAN W. EDWARDS, SPRINGFIELD,
+        ILLINOIS.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a photograph made for MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE in
+        February, 1896. At this house Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd
+        were married November 4, 1842, and here Mrs. Lincoln died
+        July 16, 1882. The house was built about 1835. It was a
+        brick structure, and there were few handsomer ones in the
+        town. The south half (appearing in the left of this
+        picture) was at first only one story in height; the second
+        story was but recently added. In this part was the
+        dining-room. The parlor, in which the marriage ceremony was
+        performed, was the front room on the first floor of the
+        north half of the house. The house is now occupied by St.
+        Agatha's School (Episcopal).</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Mrs. John Stuart, the wife of Lincoln's law partner at that
+    time, is still living in Springfield, a refined, cultivated,
+    intelligent woman, who remembers perfectly the life and events
+    of that day. When Mr. Herndon's story first came to her
+    attention, her indignation was intense. She protested that she
+    never before had heard of such a thing. Mrs. Stuart was not,
+    however, in Springfield at that particular date, but in
+    Washington, her husband being a member of Congress. She wrote
+    the following statement for this biography:</p>
+
+    <p>"I cannot deny this, as I was not in Springfield for some
+    months before and after this occurrence was said to have taken
+    place; but I was in close correspondence with relatives and
+    friends during all this time, and never heard a word of it. The
+    late Judge Broadwell told me that he had asked Mr. Ninian
+    Edwards about it, and Mr. Edwards told him that no such thing
+    had ever taken place.</p>
+
+    <p>"All I can say is that I unhesitatingly do not believe such
+    an event ever occurred. I thought I had never heard of this
+    till I saw it in Herndon's book. I have since been told that
+    Lamon mentions the same thing. I read Lamon at the time he
+    published, and felt very much disgusted, but did not remember
+    this particular assertion. The first chapters of Lamon's book
+    were purchased from Herndon; so Herndon is responsible for the
+    whole.</p>
+
+    <p>"Mrs. Lincoln told me herself all the circumstances of her
+    engagement to Mr. Lincoln, of his illness, and the breaking off
+    of her engagement, of the renewal, and her marriage. So I say I
+    do not believe one word of this dishonorable story about Mr.
+    Lincoln."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page442"
+       id="page442"></a>[pg 442]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/442.jpg"
+             name="fig442"
+             id="fig442"><img src="images/442.jpg"
+             alt="LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE LICENSE AND MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE.&mdash;NOW FIRST PUBLISHED." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE LICENSE AND MARRIAGE
+        CERTIFICATE.&mdash;NOW FIRST PUBLISHED.</h5>
+
+        <p>Photographed for MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE from the original,
+        now on file in the county clerk's office, Springfield,
+        Illinois. It has hitherto been commonly supposed that the
+        original marriage license issued to Abraham Lincoln and
+        Mary Todd in 1842, with the officiating-minister's
+        certificate of marriage attached to it, was one of the
+        interesting documents in what was formerly the Keys Lincoln
+        Memorial Collection. Nicolay and Hay reproduced it in their
+        biography of Lincoln, and other publications have made it
+        appear authentic. Messrs. Keys and Munson, who formed the
+        collection in which the certificate was first exhibited,
+        called it a duplicate, and Mr. William H. Lambert of
+        Philadelphia, who owns it now, supposed, in buying it, that
+        it was a duplicate. Mr. Lambert, however, in showing us the
+        certificate, called attention to a suspicious circumstance
+        connected with the license. The seal of the county court
+        stamped upon it was dated "1849." It was difficult to
+        reconcile this with the fact that the marriage occurred in
+        1842. The inconsistency was covered up in certain
+        facsimiles which have been published, by a stroke of the
+        pen; the date of the seal was changed to fit the date of
+        the marriage. Mr. Lambert's suggestion led to an
+        investigation for this Magazine. A search in the county
+        clerk's office at Springfield brought to light the real and
+        only "original" license, stowed away in a dusty
+        pigeon-hole, untouched in thirty years. This is the license
+        which is reproduced above. Beneath the license is the Rev.
+        Charles Dresser's certificate of the marriage. The bogus
+        document was made out on the blank form in use in the
+        county clerk's office in 1865&mdash;a form quite different
+        from that used in 1842. This form was not used prior to
+        1865, and never after February 3, 1866. So it seems most
+        probable that the spurious license was procured soon after
+        Mr. Lincoln's assassination. The handwriting is that of
+        N.W. Matheny, then, as in 1842, the county clerk, a
+        gentleman of high character, who no doubt furnished the
+        copy for a perfectly proper purpose. It will be observed
+        that the genuine license bears no seal. This is due to the
+        fact that prior to 1849 the county court did not have a
+        seal; indeed, before that year, such a tribunal as the
+        "county court" was unknown to the judiciary system of the
+        State. The certificate attached to the counterfeit license,
+        of course, was not written by the Rev. Charles Dresser (for
+        he was then dead), but, like the license itself, was made
+        out by the county clerk.&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Another prominent member in the same circle with Mr. Lincoln
+    and Miss Todd is Mrs. B.T. Edwards, the widow of Judge Benjamin
+    T. Edwards, and sister-in-law of Mr. Ninian Edwards, who had
+    married Miss Todd's sister. She came to Springfield in 1839,
+    and was intimately acquainted with Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd,
+    and knew, as well as another could know, their affairs. Mrs.
+    Edwards is still living in Springfield,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page443"
+       id="page443"></a>[pg 443]</span> a woman of the most perfect
+       refinement and trustworthiness. In answer to the question,
+       "Is Mr. Herndon's description true?" she writes:</p>
+
+    <p>"I am impatient to tell you that all that he says about this
+    wedding&mdash;the time for which was 'fixed for the first day
+    of January'&mdash;is a fabrication. He has drawn largely upon
+    his imagination in describing something which never took
+    place.</p>
+
+    <p>"I know the engagement between Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd was
+    interrupted for a time, and it was rumored among her young
+    friends that Mr. Edwards had rather opposed it. But I am sure
+    there had been no 'time fixed' for any wedding; that is, no
+    preparations had ever been made until the day that Mr. Lincoln
+    met Mr. Edwards on the street and told him that he and Mary
+    were going to be married that evening. Upon inquiry, Mr.
+    Lincoln said they would be married in the Episcopal church, to
+    which Mr. Edwards replied: 'No; Mary is my ward, and she must
+    be married at my house.'</p>
+
+    <p>"If I remember rightly, the wedding guests were few, not
+    more than thirty; and it seems to me all are gone now but Mrs.
+    Wallace, Mrs. Levering, and myself, for it was not much more
+    than a family gathering; only two or three of Mary Todd's young
+    friends were present. The 'entertainment' was simple, but in
+    beautiful taste; but the bride had neither veil nor flowers in
+    her hair, with which to 'toy nervously.' There had been no
+    elaborate <i>trousseau</i> for the bride of the future
+    President of the United States, nor even a handsome wedding
+    gown; nor was it a gay wedding."</p>
+
+    <p>Two sisters of Mrs. Lincoln's who are still living, Mrs.
+    Wallace of Springfield, and Mrs. Helm of Elizabethstown,
+    Kentucky, deny emphatically that any wedding was ever arranged
+    between Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd but the one which did take
+    place. That the engagement was broken after a wedding had been
+    talked of, they think possible; but Mr. Herndon's story, they
+    deny emphatically.</p>
+
+    <p>"There is not a word of truth in it!" Mrs. Wallace broke
+    out, impulsively, before the question about the non-appearance
+    of Mr. Lincoln had been finished. "I never was so amazed in my
+    life as when I read that story. Mr. Lincoln never did such a
+    thing. Why, Mary Lincoln never had a silk dress in her life
+    until she went to Washington."</p>
+
+    <div class="figright">
+        <a href="images/443.jpg"
+             name="fig443"
+             id="fig443"><img src="images/443.jpg"
+             alt="REV. CHARLES DRESSER." /></a>
+
+        <h5>REV. CHARLES DRESSER.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a daguerreotype owned by his son, Dr. T.W. Dresser,
+        Springfield, Illinois. The Rev. Charles Dresser, who was
+        the officiating clergyman at the wedding of Abraham Lincoln
+        and Mary Todd, was born at Pomfret, Connecticut, February
+        24, 1800. He was graduated from Brown University in 1823,
+        and went to Virginia, where he studied theology. In 1829 he
+        became an ordained minister in the Protestant Episcopal
+        Church. He was married in 1832 in Dinwiddie County,
+        Virginia, to Louisa W. Withers. Upon his removal to
+        Springfield, Illinois, in 1838, he became the rector of the
+        Protestant Episcopal church there, and remained so until
+        1858, when failing health caused his retirement. In 1855,
+        Jubilee College elected him Professor of Divinity and
+        Belles-Lettres, but he held this position only a short
+        time. He died March 25, 1865.&mdash;<i>J. McCan
+        Davis.</i></p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>As Mr. Joshua Speed was, all through this period, Mr.
+    Lincoln's closest friend, no thought or feeling of the one ever
+    being concealed from the other, Mrs. Joshua Speed, who is still
+    living in Louisville, Kentucky, was asked if she knew of the
+    story. Mrs. Speed listened in surprise to Mr. Herndon's tale.
+    "I never heard of it before," she declared. "I never heard of
+    it. If it is true, I never heard of it."</p>
+
+    <p>In all of these cases the opinion of only those persons
+    intimately connected with Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd has been
+    asked. Care has been taken, too, to apply only to persons whose
+    character put them beyond the suspicion of distorting
+    facts.</p>
+
+    <p>Quite unexpectedly, some months ago, a volunteer witness to
+    the falsity of the story appeared. The Hon. H.W. Thornton of
+    Millersburg, Illinois, was a member of the Twelfth General
+    Assembly, which met in Springfield in 1840. During that winter
+    he was boarding near Lincoln, saw him almost every day, was a
+    constant visitor at Mr. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page444"
+       id="page444"></a>[pg 444]</span> Edwards's house, and he
+       knew Miss Todd well. He wrote to this magazine declaring
+       that Mr. Herndon's statement about the wedding must be
+       false, as he was closely associated with Miss Todd and Mr.
+       Lincoln all winter, and never knew anything of it. Mr.
+       Thornton went on to say that he knew beyond a doubt that the
+       sensational account of Lincoln's insanity was untrue, and he
+       quoted from the House journal to show how it was impossible
+       that, as Lamon says, using Herndon's notes, "Lincoln went
+       crazy as a loon, and did not attend the legislature in
+       1841-1842, for this reason;" or, as Herndon says, that he
+       had to be watched constantly. According to the record taken
+       from the journals of the House sent us by Mr. Thornton, and
+       which we have had verified in Springfield, Mr. Lincoln was
+       in his seat in the House on that "fatal first of January"
+       when he is asserted to have been groping in the shadow of
+       madness, and he was also there on the following day. The
+       third of January was Sunday. On Monday, the fourth, he
+       appears not to have been present&mdash;at least he did not
+       vote; but even this is by no means conclusive evidence that
+       he was not there. On the fifth, and on every succeeding day
+       until the thirteenth, he was in his seat. From the
+       thirteenth to the eighteenth, inclusive, he is not recorded
+       on any of the roll-calls, and probably was not present. But
+       on the nineteenth, when "John J. Hardin announced his
+       illness to the House," as Mr. Herndon says (which
+       announcement seems not to have gotten into the journal),
+       Lincoln was again in his place, and voted. On the twentieth
+       he is not recorded; but on every subsequent day, until the
+       close of the session on the first of March, Lincoln was in
+       the House. Thus, during the whole of the two months of
+       January and February, he was absent not more than seven
+       days&mdash;as good a record as to attendance, perhaps, as
+       that made by the average member.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Thornton says further: "Mr. Lincoln boarded at William
+    Butler's, near to Dr. Henry's, where I boarded. The missing
+    days, from January 13th to 19th, Mr. Lincoln spent several
+    hours each day at Dr. Henry's; a part of these days I remained
+    with Mr. Lincoln. His most intimate friends had no fears of his
+    injuring himself. He was very sad and melancholy, but being
+    subject to these spells, nothing serious was apprehended. His
+    being watched, as stated in Herndon's book, was news to me
+    until I saw it there."</p>
+
+    <p>But while Lincoln went about his daily duties, even on the
+    "fatal first of January," his whole being was shrouded in
+    gloom. He did not pretend to conceal this from his friends.
+    Writing to Mr. Stuart on January 23d, he said: "I am now the
+    most miserable man living. If what I feel were equally
+    distributed to the whole human family, there would not be one
+    cheerful face on the earth. Whether I shall ever be better I
+    cannot tell; I awfully forebode I shall not. To remain as I am
+    is impossible. I must die or be better, it appears to me. The
+    matter you speak of on my account you may attend to as you say,
+    unless you shall hear of my condition forbidding it. I say this
+    because I fear I shall be unable to attend to any business
+    here, and a change of scene might help me."</p>
+
+    <p>In the summer he visited his friend Speed, who had sold his
+    store in Springfield, and returned to Louisville, Kentucky. The
+    visit did much to brighten his spirits, for, writing back in
+    September, after his return, to his friend's sister, he was
+    even gay.</p>
+
+    <p>A curious situation arose the next year (1842), which did
+    much to restore Lincoln to a more normal view of his relation
+    to Miss Todd. In the summer of 1841, his friend Speed had
+    become engaged. As his marriage approached, he in turn was
+    attacked by a melancholy not unlike that which Lincoln had
+    suffered. He feared he did not love well enough to marry, and
+    he confided his fear to Lincoln. Full of sympathy for the
+    trouble of his friend, Lincoln tried in every way to persuade
+    him that his "twinges of the soul" were all explained by
+    nervous debility. When Speed returned to Kentucky, Lincoln
+    wrote him several letters, in which he consoled, counselled, or
+    laughed at him. These letters abound in suggestive passages.
+    From what did Speed suffer? From three special causes and a
+    general one, which Lincoln proceeds to enumerate:</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"The general cause is, that you are naturally of a
+        nervous temperament; and this I say from what I have seen
+        of you personally, and what you have told me concerning
+        your mother at various times, and concerning your brother
+        William at the time his wife died. The first special cause
+        is your exposure to bad weather on your journey, which my
+        experience clearly proves to be very severe on defective
+        nerves. The second is the absence of all business and
+        conversation of friends, which might divert your mind, give
+        it occasional rest from the intensity of thought which will
+        sometimes wear the sweetest idea thread-bare and turn it to
+        the bitterness of death. The third is the rapid and near
+        approach of that crisis on which all your thoughts and
+        feelings concentrate."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>Speed writes that his <i>fianc&eacute;e</i> is ill, and his
+    letter is full of gloomy forebodings of an early death. Lincoln
+    hails these fears as an omen of
+    happiness.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page445"
+       id="page445"></a>[pg 445]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/445.jpg"
+             name="fig445"
+             id="fig445"><img src="images/445.jpg"
+             alt="THE GLOBE HOTEL, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS." /></a>
+
+        <h5>THE GLOBE HOTEL, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.</h5>
+
+        <p>In a letter to Joshua R. Speed, dated May 18, 1843,
+        Lincoln wrote: "We are not keeping house, but boarding at
+        the Globe Tavern, which is very well kept now by a widow
+        lady of the name of Beck. Our room (the same that Dr.
+        Wallace occupied there) and boarding only costs us four
+        dollars a week.... I most heartily wish you and your Fanny
+        would not fail to come. Just let us know the time, and we
+        will have a room provided for you at our house, and all be
+        merry together for a while." The Globe Hotel stood in
+        Springfield until about three years ago.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"I hope and believe that your present anxiety and
+        distress about her health and her life must and will
+        forever banish those horrid doubts which I know you
+        sometimes felt as to the truth of your affection for her.
+        If they can once and forever be removed (and I almost feel
+        a presentiment that the Almighty has sent your present
+        affliction expressly for that object), surely nothing can
+        come in their stead to fill their immeasurable measure of
+        misery.... I am now fully convinced that you love her as
+        ardently as you are capable of loving. Your ever being
+        happy in her presence, and your intense anxiety about her
+        health, if there were nothing else, would place this beyond
+        all dispute in my mind. I incline to think it probable that
+        your nerves will fail you occasionally for a while; but
+        once you get them firmly guarded now, that trouble is over
+        forever. I think, if I were you, in case my mind were not
+        exactly right, I would avoid being idle. I would
+        immediately engage in some business or go to making
+        preparations for it, which would be the same thing."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>Mr. Speed's marriage occurred in February, and to the letter
+    announcing it Lincoln replied:</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"I tell you, Speed, our forebodings (for which you and I
+        are peculiar) are all the worst sort of nonsense. I
+        fancied, from the time I received your letter of Saturday,
+        that the one of Wednesday was never to come, and yet it did
+        come, and what is more, it is perfectly clear, both from
+        its tone and handwriting, that you were much happier, or,
+        if you think the term preferable, less miserable, when you
+        wrote it than when you wrote the last one before. You had
+        so obviously improved at the very time I so much fancied
+        you would have grown worse. You say that something
+        indescribably horrible and alarming still haunts you. You
+        will not say that three months from now, I will venture.
+        When your nerves once get steady now, the whole trouble
+        will be over forever. Nor should you become impatient at
+        their being even very slow in becoming steady. Again, you
+        say, you much fear that that Elysium of which you have
+        dreamed so much is never to be realized. Well, if it shall
+        not, I dare swear it will not be the
+        <span class="pagenum"><a name="page446"
+           id="page446"></a>[pg 446]</span> fault of her who is now
+           your wife. I now have no doubt that it is the peculiar
+           misfortune of both you and me to dream dreams of Elysium
+           far exceeding all that anything earthly can
+           realize."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>His prophecy was true. In March Speed wrote him that he was
+    "far happier than he had ever expected to be." Lincoln caught
+    at the letter with an eagerness which is deeply pathetic:</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"It cannot be told how it now thrills me with joy to
+        hear you say you are far happier than you ever expected to
+        be. I know you too well to suppose your expectations were
+        not, at least, sometimes extravagant, and if the reality
+        exceeds them all, I say, Enough, dear Lord! I am not going
+        beyond the truth when I tell you that the short space it
+        took me to read your last letter gave me more pleasure than
+        the total sum of all I have enjoyed since the fatal 1st of
+        January, 1841. Since then, it seems to me, I should have
+        been entirely happy, but for the never absent idea that
+        there is one still unhappy whom I have contributed to make
+        so. That still kills me. I cannot but reproach myself for
+        even wishing to be happy while she is otherwise. She
+        accompanied a large party on the railroad cars to
+        Jacksonville last Monday, and on her return spoke, so that
+        I heard of it, of having enjoyed the trip exceedingly. God
+        be praised for that."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>Evidently Lincoln was still unreconciled to his separation
+    from Miss Todd. In the summer of 1842, only three or four
+    months after the above letter was written, a clever ruse on the
+    part of certain of their friends threw the two unexpectedly
+    together; and an understanding of some kind evidently was come
+    to, for during the season they met secretly at the house of one
+    of Lincoln's friends, Mr. Simeon Francis. It was while these
+    meetings were going on that a burlesque encounter occurred
+    between Lincoln and James Shields, for which Miss Todd was
+    partly responsible, and which no doubt gave just the touch of
+    comedy necessary to relieve their tragedy and restore them to a
+    healthier view of their relations.</p>
+
+    <h4>THE LINCOLN AND SHIELDS DUEL.</h4>
+
+    <p>Among the Democratic officials then living in Springfield
+    was one James Shields, auditor of the State. He was a
+    hot-headed, blustering Irishman, not without ability, and
+    certainly courageous; a good politician, and, on the whole, a
+    very well-liked man. However, the swagger and noise with which
+    he accompanied the execution of his duties, and his habit of
+    being continually on the defensive, made him the butt of Whig
+    ridicule. Nothing could have given greater satisfaction to
+    Lincoln and his friends than having an opponent who, whenever
+    they joked him, flew into a rage and challenged them to
+    fight.</p>
+
+    <p>At the time when Lincoln was visiting Miss Todd at Mr.
+    Francis's house, the Whigs were much excited over the fact that
+    the Democrats had issued an order forbidding the payment of
+    State taxes in State bank-notes. The bank-notes were in fact
+    practically worthless, for the State finances were suffering a
+    violent reaction from the extravagant legislation of 1836 and
+    1837. One of the popular ways of attacking an obnoxious
+    political doctrine in that day was writing letters from some
+    imaginary backwoods settlement, setting forth in homely
+    vernacular the writer's views of the question, and showing how
+    its application affected his part of the world. These letters
+    were really a rude form of the "Bigelow Papers" or "Nasby
+    Letters." Soon after the order was issued by the Illinois
+    officials demanding silver instead of bank-notes in payment of
+    taxes, Lincoln wrote a letter to a Springfield paper from the
+    "Lost Townships," signing it "Aunt Rebecca." In it he described
+    the plight to which the new order had brought the neighborhood,
+    and he intimated that the only reason for issuing such an order
+    was that the State officers might have their salaries paid in
+    silver. Shields was ridiculed unmercifully in the letter for
+    his vanity and his gallantry.</p>
+
+    <p>It happened that there were several young women in
+    Springfield who had received rather too pronounced attention
+    from Mr. Shields, and who were glad to see him tormented. Among
+    them were Miss Todd and her friend Miss Julia Jayne. Lincoln's
+    letter from the "Lost Townships" was such a success that they
+    followed it up with one in which "Aunt Rebecca" proposed to the
+    gallant auditor, and a few days later they published some very
+    bad verses, signed "Cathleen," celebrating the
+    wedding.<a id="footnotetag1"
+       name="footnotetag1"></a>
+       <a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
+
+    <p>Springfield was highly entertained, less by the verses than
+    by the fury of Shields. He would have satisfaction, he said,
+    and he sent a friend, one General Whitesides, to the paper, to
+    ask for the name of the writer
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page447"
+       id="page447"></a>[pg 447]</span> of the communications. The
+       editor, in a quandary, went to Lincoln, who, unwilling that
+       Miss Todd and Miss Jayne should figure in the affair,
+       ordered that his own name be given as the author of letters
+       and poem. This was only about ten days after the first
+       letter had appeared, on September 2d, and Lincoln left
+       Springfield in a day or two for a long trip on the circuit.
+       He was at Tremont when, on the morning of the seventeenth,
+       two of his friends, E.H. Merryman and William Butler, drove
+       up hastily. Shields and his friend Whitesides were behind,
+       they said, the irate Irishman vowing that he would challenge
+       Lincoln. They, knowing that Lincoln was "unpractised both as
+       to diplomacy and weapons," had started as soon as they had
+       learned that Shields had left Springfield, had passed him in
+       the night, and were there to see Lincoln through.</p>
+
+    <p>It was not long before Shields and Whitesides arrived, and
+    soon Lincoln received a note in which the indignant auditor
+    said: "I will take the liberty of requiring a full, positive,
+    and absolute retraction of all offensive allusions used by you
+    in these communications in relation to my private character and
+    standing as a man, as an apology for the insults conveyed in
+    them. This may prevent consequences which no one will regret
+    more than myself."</p>
+
+    <p>Lincoln immediately replied that, since Shields had not
+    stopped to inquire whether he really was the author of the
+    articles, had not pointed out what was offensive in them, had
+    assumed facts and hinted at consequences, he could not submit
+    to answer the note. Shields wrote again, but Lincoln simply
+    replied that he could receive nothing but a withdrawal of the
+    first note or a challenge. To this he steadily held, even
+    refusing to answer the question as to the authorship of the
+    letters, which Shields finally put. It was inconsistent with
+    his honor to negotiate for peace with Mr. Shields, he said,
+    unless Mr. Shields withdrew his former offensive letter.
+    Seconds were immediately named: Whitesides by Shields, Merryman
+    by Lincoln; and though they talked of peace, Whitesides
+    declared he could not mention it to his principal. "He would
+    challenge me next, and as soon cut my throat as not."</p>
+
+    <p>This was on the nineteenth, and that night the party
+    returned to Springfield. But in someway the affair had leaked
+    out, and fearing arrest, Lincoln and Merryman left town the
+    next morning. The instructions were left with Butler. If
+    Shields would withdraw his first note, and write another asking
+    if Lincoln was the author of the offensive articles, and, if
+    so, asking for gentlemanly satisfaction, then Lincoln had
+    prepared a letter explaining the whole affair. If Shields would
+    not do this, there was nothing to do but fight. Lincoln left
+    the following preliminaries for the duel:</p>
+
+    <blockquote>
+        <p>"<i>First.</i> Weapons: Cavalry broadswords of the
+        largest size, precisely equal in all respects, and such as
+        now used by the cavalry company at Jacksonville.</p>
+
+        <p>"<i>Second</i>. Position: A plank ten feet long, and
+        from nine to twelve inches broad, to be firmly fixed on
+        edge on the ground, as the line between us, which neither
+        is to pass his foot over on forfeit of his life. Next, a
+        line drawn on the ground on either side of said plank and
+        parallel with it, each at the distance of the whole length
+        of the sword and three feet additional from the plank; and
+        the passing of his own such line by either party during the
+        fight shall be deemed a surrender of the contest.</p>
+
+        <p>"<i>Third</i>. Time: On Thursday evening at five
+        o'clock, if you can get it so; but in no case to be at a
+        greater distance of time than Friday evening at five
+        o'clock.</p>
+
+        <p>"<i>Fourth</i>. Place: Within three miles of Alton, on
+        the opposite side of the river, the particular spot to be
+        agreed upon by you."</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>As Mr. Shields refused to withdraw his first note, the
+    entire party started for the rendezvous across the Mississippi.
+    Lincoln and Merryman drove together in a dilapidated old buggy,
+    in the bottom of which rattled a number of broadswords. It was
+    the morning of the 22d of September when the duellists arrived
+    in the town. There are people still living in Alton who
+    remember their coming. "The party arrived about the middle of
+    the morning," says Mr. Edward Levis,<a id="footnotetag2"
+       name="footnotetag2"></a>
+       <a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a> "and soon crossed the
+       river to a sand-bar which at the time was, by reason of the
+       low water, a part of the Missouri mainland. The means of
+       conveyance was an old horse-ferry that was operated by a man
+       named Chapman. The weapons were in the keeping of the
+       friends of the principals, and no care was taken to conceal
+       them; in fact, they were openly displayed. Naturally, there
+       was a great desire among the male population to attend the
+       duel, but the managers of the affair would not permit any
+       but their own party to board the ferry-boat. Skiffs were
+       very scarce, and but a few could avail themselves of the
+       opportunity in this way. I had to content myself with
+       standing on the levee and watching proceedings at long
+       range."</p>
+
+    <p>The party had scarcely reached the sand-bar before they were
+    joined by some unexpected friends. Lincoln and Merryman, on
+    their way to Alton, had stopped at White Hall for dinner.
+    Across the street from the hotel lived Mr. Elijah Lott, an
+    acquaintance <span class="pagenum"><a name="page448"
+       id="page448"></a>[pg 448]</span> of Merryman's. Mr. Lott was
+       not long in finding out what was on foot, and as soon as the
+       duellists had departed, he drove to Carrollton, where he
+       knew that Colonel John J. Hardin and several other friends
+       of Lincoln were attending court, and warned them of the
+       trouble. Hardin and one or two others immediately started
+       for Alton. They arrived in time to calm Shields, and to aid
+       the seconds in adjusting matters "with honor to all
+       concerned."</p>
+
+    <p>That the duellists returned in good spirits is evident from
+    Mr. Levis's reminiscences: "It was not very long," says he,
+    "until the boat was seen returning to Alton. As it drew near I
+    saw what was presumably a mortally wounded man lying on the bow
+    of the boat. His shirt appeared to be bathed in blood. I
+    distinguished Jacob Smith, a constable, fanning the supposed
+    victim vigorously. The people on the bank held their breath in
+    suspense, and guesses were freely made as to which of the two
+    men had been so terribly wounded. But suspense was soon turned
+    to chagrin and relief when it transpired that the supposed
+    candidate for another world was nothing more nor less than a
+    log covered with a red shirt. This ruse had been resorted to in
+    order to fool the people on the levee; and it worked to
+    perfection. Lincoln and Shields came off the boat together,
+    chatting in a nonchalant and pleasant manner."</p>
+
+    <h4>MARRIAGE OF LINCOLN AND MISS TODD.</h4>
+
+    <p>The Lincoln-Shields duel had so many farcical features, and
+    Miss Todd had unwittingly been so much to blame for it, that
+    one can easily see that it might have had considerable
+    influence on the relations of the two young people. However
+    that may be, something had made Mr. Lincoln feel that he could
+    renew his engagement. Early in October, not a fortnight after
+    the duel, he wrote Speed: "You have now been the husband of a
+    lovely woman nearly eight months. That you are happier now than
+    the day you married her I well know, for without you would not
+    be living. But I have your word for it, too, and the returning
+    elasticity of spirits which is manifested in your letters. But
+    I want to ask a close question: Are you now in feelings as well
+    as judgment glad that you are married as you are?"</p>
+
+    <p>We do not know Speed's answer, nor the final struggle of the
+    man's heart. We only know that on November 4, 1842, Lincoln was
+    married, the wedding being almost impromptu. Mrs. Dr. Brown,
+    Miss Todd's cousin, in the same letter quoted from above,
+    describes the wedding:</p>
+
+    <p>"One morning, bright and early, my cousin came down in her
+    excited, impetuous way, and said to my father: 'Uncle, you must
+    go up and tell my sister that Mr. Lincoln and I are to be
+    married this evening,' and to me: 'Get on your bonnet and go
+    with me to get my gloves, shoes, etc., and then to Mr.
+    Edwards's.' When we reached there we found some excitement over
+    a wedding being sprung upon them so suddenly. However, my
+    father, in his lovely, pacific way, 'poured oil upon the
+    waters,' and we thought everything was 'ship-shape,' when Mrs.
+    Edwards laughingly said: 'How fortunately you selected this
+    evening, for the Episcopal Sewing Society is to meet here, and
+    my supper is all ordered.'</p>
+
+    <p>"But that comfortable little arrangement would not hold, as
+    Mary declared she would not make a spectacle for gossiping
+    ladies to gaze upon and talk about; there had already been too
+    much talk about her. Then my father was despatched to tell Mr.
+    Lincoln that the wedding would be deferred until the next
+    evening. Clergyman, attendants and intimate friends were
+    notified, and on Friday evening, in the midst of a small circle
+    of friends, with the elements doing their worst in the way of
+    rain, this singular courtship culminated in marriage. This I
+    know to be literally true, as I was one of her bridesmaids,
+    Miss Jayne (afterwards Mrs. Lyman Trumbull) and Miss Rodney
+    being the others."</p>
+    <hr class="short" />
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote1"
+                    name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag1">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Mr. Charles Lamb, now passing his declining years
+        quietly on his farm, a dozen miles from Springfield,
+        Illinois, was a compositor on the "Sangamo Journal" from
+        1836 to 1843, and it was he who put into type the poem by
+        "Cathleen," which, with the "Lost Townships" letters, led
+        General Shields to challenge Lincoln. "This poem," says Mr.
+        Lamb, "was written by Mary Todd and Julia Jayne, afterward
+        the wife of Senator Lyman Trumbull. After I had set up the
+        poem, I took the copy from the hook and put it into my
+        pocket. When Lincoln was informed by Simeon Francis, the
+        editor of the 'Journal,' that Shields had demanded the name
+        of the author of the verses, he came around to the office
+        and asked for the copy. I produced it, and he picked up a
+        pen and wrote his name across the top of the page. This, of
+        course, meant that he assumed the responsibility for the
+        production. I retained this copy until a few years ago,
+        when, unhappily, it was destroyed. My recollection is that
+        the 'Lost Townships' letters were set up by Mr. Francis
+        himself. Mr. Lincoln was a frequent contributor to the
+        'Journal,' and it usually fell to my lot to set up his
+        contributions."&mdash;<i>J. McCan Davis.</i></p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <blockquote class="footnote">
+        <a id="footnote2"
+                    name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2:</b>
+                    <a href="#footnotetag2">(return)</a>
+
+        <p>Interview with Mr. Edward Levis made for this
+        Magazine.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page449"
+       id="page449"></a>[pg 449]</span>
+
+    <h2>"PHROSO."</h2>
+
+    <h3>A TALE OF BRAVE DEEDS AND PERILOUS VENTURES.</h3>
+
+    <h4>By Anthony Hope,</h4>
+
+    <h5>Author of "The Prisoner of Zenda," etc.</h5>
+
+    <h3>CHAPTER I.</h3>
+
+    <h4>A LONG THING ENDING IN POULOS.</h4>
+
+    <p class="cap"><i>QUOT homines, tot sententi&aelig;</i>; so
+    many men, so many fancies. My fancy was for an island. Perhaps
+    boyhood's glamour hung still round sea-girt rocks, and "faery
+    lands forlorn" still beckoned me; perhaps I felt that London
+    was too full, the Highlands rather fuller, the Swiss mountains
+    most insufferably crowded of them all. "Money can buy company,"
+    and it can buy retirement. The latter service I asked now of
+    the moderate wealth with which my poor cousin Tom's death had
+    endowed me. Everybody was good enough to suppose that I
+    rejoiced at Tom's death, whereas I was particularly sorry for
+    it, and was not consoled even by the prospects of the island.
+    My friends understood this wish for an island as little as they
+    appreciated my feelings about poor Tom. Beatrice was most
+    emphatic in declaring that "a horrid little island" had no
+    charms for her, and that she would never set foot in it. This
+    declaration was rather annoying, because I had imagined myself
+    spending my honeymoon with Beatrice on the island; but life is
+    not all honeymoon, and I decided to have the island none the
+    less. In the first place, I was not to be married for a year.
+    Mrs. Kennett Hipgrave had insisted on this delay in order that
+    we might be sure that we knew our own hearts. And as I may say
+    without unfairness that Mrs. Hipgrave was to a considerable
+    degree responsible for the engagement&mdash;she asserted the
+    fact herself with much pride&mdash;I thought that she had a
+    right to some voice in the date of the marriage. Moreover, the
+    postponement gave me exactly time to go over and settle affairs
+    in the island.</p>
+
+    <p>For I had bought it. It cost me seven thousand five hundred
+    and fifty pounds&mdash;rather a fancy price, but I could not
+    haggle with the old lord&mdash;half to be paid to the lord's
+    bankers in London, and the second half to him in Neopalia, when
+    he delivered possession to me. The Turkish government had
+    sanctioned the sale, and I had agreed to pay a hundred pounds
+    yearly as tribute. This sum, I was entitled, in my turn, to
+    levy on the inhabitants.</p>
+
+    <p>"In fact, my dear lord," said old Mason to me when I called
+    on him in Lincoln's Inn Fields, "the whole affair is settled. I
+    congratulate you on having got just what was your whim. You are
+    over a hundred miles from the nearest land&mdash;Rhodes, you
+    see." (He laid a map before me.) "You are off the steamship
+    tracks; the Austrian Lloyds to Alexandria leave you far to the
+    northeast. You are equally remote from any submarine cable;
+    here on the southwest, from Alexandria to Candia, is the
+    nearest. You will have to fetch your letters&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"I shouldn't think of doing such a thing," said I,
+    indignantly.</p>
+
+    <p>"Then you'll only get them once in three months. Neopalia is
+    extremely rugged and picturesque. It is nine miles long and
+    five broad; it grows cotton, wine, oil, and a little corn. The
+    people are quite unsophisticated, but very
+    good-hearted&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"And," said I, "there are only three hundred and seventy of
+    them, all told. I really think I shall do very well there."</p>
+
+    <p>"I have no doubt you will. By the way, treat the old
+    gentleman kindly. He is terribly cut up at having to sell. 'My
+    dear island,' he writes, 'is second to my dead son's honor, and
+    to nothing else.' His son, you know, Lord Wheatley, was a bad
+    lot, a very bad lot indeed."</p>
+
+    <p>"He left a lot of unpaid debts, didn't he?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, gambling debts. He spent his time knocking about Paris
+    and London with his cousin Constantine, by no means an
+    improving companion, if report speaks truly. And your money is
+    to pay the debts, you know."</p>
+
+    <p>"Poor old chap," said I. I sympathized with him in the loss
+    of his island.</p>
+
+    <p>"Here's the house, you see," said Mason, turning to the map,
+    and dismissing the sorrows of the old lord of Neopalia. "About
+    the middle of the island, nearly a
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page450"
+       id="page450"></a>[pg 450]</span> thousand feet above the
+       sea. I'm afraid it's a tumble-down old place, and will
+       swallow a lot of money without looking much better for the
+       dose. To put it into repair for the reception of the future
+       Lady Wheatley would cost&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"The future Lady Wheatley says she won't go there on any
+    account," I interrupted.</p>
+
+    <p>"But, my very dear lord," cried he, aghast, "if she
+    won't&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"She won't, and there's an end of it, Mr. Mason. Well, good
+    day. I'm to have possession in a month?"</p>
+
+    <p>"In a month to the very day&mdash;on the seventh of
+    May."</p>
+
+    <p>"All right, I shall be there to take it;" and escaping from
+    the legal quarter, I made my way to my sister's house in
+    Cavendish Square. She had a party, and I was bound to go by
+    brotherly duty. As luck would have it, however, I was rewarded
+    for my virtue (and if that's not luck in this huddle-muddle
+    world, I don't know what is): the Turkish ambassador dropped
+    in, and presently James came and took me up to him. My
+    brother-in-law, James Cardew, is always anxious that I should
+    know the right people. The pasha received me with great
+    kindness.</p>
+
+    <p>"You are the purchaser of Neopalia, aren't you?" he asked,
+    after a little conversation. "The matter came before me
+    officially."</p>
+
+    <p>"I'm much obliged," said I, "for your ready consent to the
+    transfer."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, it's nothing to us. In fact, our tribute, such as it
+    is, will be safer. Well, I'm sure I hope you'll settle in
+    comfortably."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, I shall be all right. I know the Greeks very well, you
+    know; been there a lot, and, of course, I talk the tongue,
+    because I spent two years hunting antiquities in the Morea and
+    some of the islands."</p>
+
+    <p>The pasha stroked his beard as he observed in a calm
+    tone:</p>
+
+    <p>"The last time a Stefanopoulos tried to sell Neopalia the
+    people killed him, and turned the purchaser&mdash;he was a
+    Frenchman, a Baron d'Ezonville&mdash;adrift in an open boat,
+    with nothing on but his shirt."</p>
+
+    <p>"Good heavens! Was that recently?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No; two hundred years ago. But it's a conservative part of
+    the world, you know." And his excellency smiled.</p>
+
+    <p>"They were described to me as good-hearted folk," said I;
+    "unsophisticated, of course, but good-hearted."</p>
+
+    <p>"They think that the island is theirs, you see," he
+    explained, "and that the lord has no business to sell it. They
+    may be good-hearted, Lord Wheatley, but they are tenacious of
+    their rights."</p>
+
+    <p>"But they can't have any rights," I expostulated.</p>
+
+    <p>"None at all," he assented. "But a man is never so tenacious
+    of his rights as when he hasn't any. However, <i>autres temps,
+    autres moeurs</i>. I don't suppose you'll have any trouble of
+    that kind. Certainly, I hope not, my dear lord."</p>
+
+    <p>"Surely your government will see to that?" I suggested.</p>
+
+    <p>His excellency looked at me; then, although by nature a
+    grave man, he gave a low, humorous chuckle, and regarded me
+    with visible amusement.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, of course, you can rely on that, Lord Wheatley," said
+    he.</p>
+
+    <p>"That is a diplomatic assurance, your excellency?" I
+    ventured to suggest, with a smile.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is unofficial," said he, "but as binding as if it were
+    official. Our governor in that part of the world is a very
+    active man&mdash;yes, a decidedly active man."</p>
+
+    <p>The only result of this conversation was that, when I was
+    buying my sporting guns in St. James's Street the next day, I
+    purchased a couple of pairs of revolvers at the same time. It
+    is well to be on the safe side; and although I attached little
+    importance to the bygone outrage of which the ambassador spoke,
+    I did not suppose that the police service would be very
+    efficient. In fact, I thought it prudent to be ready for any
+    trouble that the Old World notions of the Neopalians might
+    occasion. But in my heart I meant to be very popular with them;
+    for I cherished the generous design of paying the whole tribute
+    out of my own pocket, and of disestablishing in Neopalia what
+    seems to be the only institution in no danger of such treatment
+    here&mdash;the tax-gatherer. If they understood that intention
+    of mine, they would hardly be so shortsighted as to set me
+    adrift in my shirt like a second Baron d'Ezonville, or so
+    unjust as to kill poor old Stefanopoulos as they had killed his
+    ancestor. Besides, as I comforted myself by repeating, they
+    were a good-hearted race; unsophisticated, of course, but
+    thoroughly good-hearted.</p>
+
+    <p>My cousin, young Denny Swinton, was to dine with me that
+    evening at the Optimum. Denny (which is short for Dennis) was
+    the only member of the family who thoroughly sympathized with
+    me about Neopalia. He was wild with interest in the island, and
+    I looked forward to telling
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page451"
+       id="page451"></a>[pg 451]</span> him all I had heard about
+       it. I knew he would listen, for he was to go with me and
+       help me to take possession. The boy had almost wept on my
+       neck when I asked him to come; he had just left Woolwich,
+       and was not to join his regiment for six months. He was
+       thus, as he put it, "at a loose end," and succeeded in
+       persuading his parents that he ought to learn modern Greek.
+       General Swinton was rather cold about the project; he said
+       that Denny had spent ten years on ancient Greek, and knew
+       nothing about it, and would not probably learn much of the
+       newer sort in three months; but his wife thought it would be
+       a nice trip for Denny. Well, it turned out to be a very nice
+       trip for Denny; but if Mrs. Swinton had known&mdash;however,
+       if it comes to that, I might just as well exclaim, "If I had
+       known, myself!"</p>
+
+    <p>Denny had taken a table next but one to the west end of the
+    room, and was drumming his fingers impatiently on the cloth
+    when I entered. He wanted both his dinner and the latest news
+    about Neopalia; so I sat down and made haste to satisfy him in
+    both respects. Travelling with equal steps through the two
+    matters, we had reached the first <i>entr&eacute;e</i> and the
+    fate of the murdered Stefanopoulos (which Denny, for some
+    reason, declared was "a lark") when two people came in and sat
+    down at the table beyond ours and next to the wall, where two
+    chairs had been tilted up in token of pre&euml;ngagement. The
+    man&mdash;for the pair were man and woman&mdash;was tall and
+    powerfully built; his complexion was dark, and he had good,
+    regular features; he looked, also, as if he had a bit of temper
+    somewhere about him. I was conscious of having seen him before,
+    and suddenly recollected that by a curious chance I had run up
+    against him twice in St. James's Street that very day. The lady
+    was handsome; she had an Italian cast of face, and moved with
+    much grace. Her manner was rather elaborate, and when she spoke
+    to the waiter, I detected a pronounced foreign accent. Taken
+    altogether, they were a remarkable couple, and presented a
+    distinguished appearance. I believe I am not a conceited man,
+    but I could not help wondering whether their thoughts paid me a
+    similar compliment, for I certainly detected both of them
+    casting more than one curious glance toward our table; and when
+    the man whispered once to a waiter, I was sure that I formed
+    the subject of his question. Perhaps he, also, remembered our
+    two encounters.</p>
+
+    <p>"I wonder if there's any chance of a row?" said Denny, in a
+    tone that sounded wistful. "Going to take anybody with you,
+    Charlie?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Only Watkins. I must have him; he always knows where
+    everything is; and I've told Hogvardt, my old dragoman, to meet
+    us in Rhodes. He'll talk their own language to the beggars, you
+    know."</p>
+
+    <p>"But he's a German, isn't he?"</p>
+
+    <p>"He thinks so," I answered. "He's not certain, you know.
+    Anyhow, he chatters Greek like a parrot. He's a pretty good man
+    in a row, too. But there won't be a row, you know."</p>
+
+    <p>"I suppose there won't," admitted Denny, ruefully.</p>
+
+    <p>"For my own part," said I meekly, "as I'm going there to be
+    quiet, I hope there won't."</p>
+
+    <p>In the interest of conversation I had forgotten our
+    neighbors; but now, a lull occurring in Denny's questions and
+    surmises, I heard the lady's voice. She began a
+    sentence&mdash;and began it in Greek! That was a little
+    unexpected; but it was more strange that her companion cut her
+    short, saying very peremptorily, "Don't talk Greek; talk
+    Italian." This he said in Italian, and I, though no great hand
+    at that language, understood so much. Now why shouldn't the
+    lady talk Greek, if Greek were the language that came naturally
+    to her tongue? It would be as good a shield against idle
+    listeners as most languages&mdash;unless, indeed, I, who was
+    known to be an amateur of Greece and Greek things, were looked
+    upon as a possible listener. Recollecting the glances which I
+    had detected, recollecting again those chance meetings, I
+    ventured on a covert gaze at the lady. Her handsome face
+    expressed a mixture of anger, alarm, and entreaty. The man was
+    speaking to her now in low, urgent tones; he raised his hand
+    once and brought it down on the table as though to emphasize
+    some declaration&mdash;perhaps some promise&mdash;which he was
+    making. She regarded him with half angry, distrustful eyes. He
+    seemed to repeat his words; and she flung at him, in a tone
+    that suddenly grew louder, and in words that I could translate:
+    "Enough! I'll see to that. I shall come too!"</p>
+
+    <p>Her heat stirred no answering fire in him. He dropped his
+    emphatic manner, shrugged a tolerant "As you will," with
+    eloquent shoulders, smiled at her, and, reaching across the
+    table, patted her hand. She held it up before his eyes, and
+    with the other hand pointed at a ring on her finger.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, yes, my dearest," said he; and he
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page452"
+       id="page452"></a>[pg 452]</span> was about to say more,
+       when, glancing round, he caught my gaze retreating in hasty
+       confusion to my plate. I dared not look up again, but I felt
+       his scowl on me. I suppose that I deserved punishment for my
+       eavesdropping.</p>
+
+    <p>"And when can we get off, Charlie?" asked Denny, in his
+    clear young voice. My thoughts had wandered from him, and I
+    paused for a moment, as a man does when a question takes him
+    unawares. There was silence at the next table also. The fancy
+    seemed absurd; but it occurred to me that there also my answer
+    was being waited for. Well, they could know if they liked; it
+    was no secret.</p>
+
+    <p>"In a fortnight," said I. "We'll travel easily, and get
+    thereon the seventh of next month; that's the day on which I'm
+    entitled to take over my kingdom. We shall go to Rhodes.
+    Hogvardt will have bought me a little yacht, and
+    then&mdash;good-by to all this!" And a great longing for
+    solitude and a natural life came over me as I looked round on
+    the gilded cornices, the gilded mirrors, the gilded
+    flower-vases, and the highly gilded company of the Optimum.</p>
+
+    <p>I was roused from my pleasant dream by a high, vivacious
+    voice, which I knew very well. Looking up, I saw Miss Hipgrave,
+    her mother, and young Bennett Hamlyn standing before me. I
+    disliked young Hamlyn, but he was always very civil to me.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, how early you two have dined!" cried Beatrice. "You're
+    at the savory, aren't you? We've only just come."</p>
+
+    <p>"Are you going to dine?" I asked, rising. "Take this table;
+    we're just off."</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, we may as well, mayn't we?" said my
+    <i>fianc&eacute;e</i>. "Sorry you're going though. Oh, yes,
+    we're going to dine with Mr. Bennett Hamlyn. That's what you're
+    for, isn't it, Mr. Hamlyn? Why, he's not listening!"</p>
+
+    <p>He was not, strange to say, listening, although, as a rule,
+    he listened to Beatrice with infinite attention and the most
+    deferential of smiles. But just now he was engaged in returning
+    a bow which our neighbor at the next table had bestowed on him.
+    The lady there had risen already, and was making for the door.
+    The man lingered and looked at Hamlyn, seeming inclined to back
+    up his bow with a few words of greeting. Hamlyn's air was not,
+    however, encouraging, and the stranger contented himself with a
+    nod and a careless "How are you?" and with that followed his
+    companion. Hamlyn turned round, conscious that he had neglected
+    Beatrice's remark, and full of penitence for his momentary
+    neglect.</p>
+
+    <p>"I beg your pardon," said he, with an apologetic smile.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh," answered she, "I was only saying that men like you
+    were invented to give dinners; you're a sort of automatic
+    feeding-machine. You ought to stand open all day. Really, I
+    often miss you at lunch time."</p>
+
+    <p>"My dear Beatrice!" said Mrs. Kennett Hipgrave, with that
+    peculiar lift of her brows that meant, "How naughty the dear
+    child is! Oh, but how clever!"</p>
+
+    <p>"It's all right," said Hamlyn, meekly. "I'm awfully happy to
+    give you a dinner, anyhow, Miss Beatrice."</p>
+
+    <p>Now, I had nothing to say on this subject, but I thought I
+    would just make this remark:</p>
+
+    <p>"Miss Hipgrave," said I, "is very fond of a dinner."</p>
+
+    <p>Beatrice laughed. She understood my little correction.</p>
+
+    <p>"He doesn't know any better, do you?" said she, pleasantly,
+    to Hamlyn. "We shall civilize him in time, though. Then I
+    believe he'll be nicer than you, Charlie. I really do.
+    You're&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"I shall be uncivilized by then," said I.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, that wretched island!" cried Beatrice. "You're really
+    going?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Most undoubtedly. By the way, Hamlyn, who's your
+    friend?"</p>
+
+    <p>Surely this was an innocent enough question; but little
+    Hamlyn went red from the edge of his clipped whisker on the
+    right to the edge of his mathematically equal whisker on the
+    left.</p>
+
+    <p>"Friend!" said he, in an angry tone. "He's not a friend of
+    mine. I only met him on the Riviera."</p>
+
+    <p>"That," I admitted, "does not, happily, constitute in itself
+    a friendship."</p>
+
+    <p>"And he won a hundred louis of me in the train between
+    Cannes and Monte Carlo."</p>
+
+    <p>"Not bad going, that," observed Denny, in an approving
+    tone.</p>
+
+    <p>"Is he, then, <i>un grec</i>?" asked Mrs. Hipgrave, who
+    loves a scrap of French.</p>
+
+    <p>"In both senses, I believe," answered Hamlyn, viciously.</p>
+
+    <p>"And what's his name?" said I.</p>
+
+    <p>"Really, I don't recollect," said Hamlyn, rather
+    petulantly.</p>
+
+    <p>"It doesn't matter," observed Beatrice, attacking her
+    oysters, which had now made their appearance.</p>
+
+    <p>"My dear Beatrice," I remonstrated, "you are the most
+    charming creature in <span class="pagenum"><a name="page453"
+       id="page453"></a>[pg 453]</span> the world, but not the only
+       one. You mean that it doesn't matter to you."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, don't be tiresome. It doesn't matter to you, either,
+    you know. Do go away, and leave me to dine in peace."</p>
+
+    <p>"Half a minute," said Hamlyn. "I thought I'd got it just
+    now, but it's gone again. Look here, though; I believe it's one
+    of those long things that end in 'poulos.'"</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, it ends in 'poulos,' does it?" said I, in a meditative
+    tone.</p>
+
+    <p>"My dear Charlie," said Beatrice, "I shall end in Bedlam, if
+    you're so very tedious. What in the world I shall do when I'm
+    married, I don't know."</p>
+
+    <p>"My dearest!" said Mrs. Hipgrave; and a stage direction
+    might add: "Business with brows, as before."</p>
+
+    <p>"'Poulos'?" I repeated.</p>
+
+    <p>"Could it be Constantinopoulos?" asked Hamlyn, with a
+    nervous deference to my Hellenic learning.</p>
+
+    <p>"It might, conceivably," I hazarded, "be Constantine
+    Stefanopoulos."</p>
+
+    <p>"Then," said Hamlyn, "I shouldn't wonder if it was. Anyhow,
+    the less you see of him, Wheatley, the better. Take my word for
+    that."</p>
+
+    <p>"But," I objected&mdash;and I must admit that I have a habit
+    of thinking that everybody follows my train of
+    thought&mdash;"it's such a small place that, if he goes, I
+    should be almost bound to meet him."</p>
+
+    <p>"What's such a small place?" cried Beatrice, with emphasized
+    despair.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, Neopalia, of course," said I.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why should anybody except you be so insane as to go there?"
+    she asked.</p>
+
+    <p>"If he's the man I think, he comes from there," I explained,
+    as I rose for the last time; for I had been getting up to go,
+    and sitting down again, several times.</p>
+
+    <p>"Then he'll think twice before he goes back," pronounced
+    Beatrice, decisively; she was irreconcilable about my poor
+    island.</p>
+
+    <p>Denny and I walked off together. As we went he observed:</p>
+
+    <p>"I suppose that chap's got no end of money?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Stefan&mdash;?" I began.</p>
+
+    <p>"No, no. Hang it, you're as bad as Miss Hipgrave says. I
+    mean Bennett Hamlyn."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, yes, absolutely no end to it, I believe."</p>
+
+    <p>Denny looked sagacious.</p>
+
+    <p>"He's very free with his dinners," he observed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Don't let's worry about it," I suggested, taking his arm. I
+    was not worried about it myself. Indeed, for the moment, my
+    island monopolized my mind, and my attachment to Beatrice was
+    not of such a romantic character as to make me ready to be
+    jealous on slight grounds. Mrs. Hipgrave said the engagement
+    was based on "general suitability." Now it is difficult to be
+    very passionate over that.</p>
+
+    <p>"If you don't mind, I don't," said Denny, reasonably.</p>
+
+    <p>"That's right. It's only a little way Beatrice&mdash;" I
+    stopped abruptly. We were now on the steps outside the
+    restaurant, and I had just perceived a scrap of paper lying on
+    the mosaic pavement. I stooped down and picked it up. It proved
+    to be a fragment torn from the menu card. I turned it over.</p>
+
+    <p>"Hullo, what's this?" said I, searching for my eyeglass,
+    which was, as usual, somewhere in the small of my back.</p>
+
+    <p>Denny gave me the glass, and I read what was written on the
+    back. It was written in Greek, and it ran thus:</p>
+
+    <p>"By way of Rhodes&mdash;small yacht there&mdash;arrive
+    seventh."</p>
+
+    <p>I turned the piece of paper over in my hand. I drew a
+    conclusion or two. One was that my tall neighbor was named
+    Stefanopoulos; another, that he had made good use of his
+    ears&mdash;better than I had made of mine; for a third, I
+    guessed that he would go to Neopalia; for a fourth, I fancied
+    that Neopalia was the place to which the lady had declared she
+    would accompany him. Then I fell to wondering why all these
+    things should be so&mdash;why he wished to remember the route
+    of my journey, the date of my arrival, and the fact that I
+    meant to hire a yacht. Finally, those two chance encounters,
+    taken with the rest, assumed a more interesting complexion.</p>
+
+    <p>"When you've done with that bit of paper," observed Denny,
+    in a tone expressive of exaggerated patience, "we might as well
+    go on, old fellow."</p>
+
+    <p>"All right. I've done with it&mdash;for the present," said
+    I. And I took the liberty of slipping Mr. Constantine
+    Stefanopoulos's memorandum into my pocket.</p>
+
+    <p>The general result of the evening was to increase most
+    distinctly my interest in Neopalia. I went to bed, still
+    thinking of my purchase, and I recollect that the last thing
+    which came into my head before I went to sleep was, "What did
+    she mean by pointing to the ring?"</p>
+
+    <p>Well, I found an answer to that later
+    on.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page454"
+       id="page454"></a>[pg 454]</span>
+
+    <h3>CHAPTER II.</h3>
+
+    <h4>A CONSERVATIVE COUNTRY.</h4>
+
+    <p>Until the moment of our parting came, I had no idea that
+    Beatrice Hipgrave felt my going at all. She was not in the
+    habit of displaying emotion, and I was much surprised at the
+    reluctance with which she separated from me. So far, however,
+    was she from reproaching me, that she took all the blame upon
+    herself, saying that if she had been kinder and nicer to me, I
+    should never have thought about my island. In this she was
+    quite wrong; but when I told her so, and assured her that I had
+    no fault to find with her behavior, I was met by an almost
+    passionate assertion of her unworthiness, and an entreaty that
+    I should not spend on her a love that she did not deserve. Her
+    abasement and penitence compelled me to show, and indeed to
+    feel, a good deal of tenderness for her. She was pathetic and
+    pretty in her unusual earnestness and unexplained distress. I
+    went the length of offering to put off my expedition until
+    after our wedding; and, although she besought me to do nothing
+    of the kind, I believe we might in the end have arranged
+    matters on this footing had we been left to ourselves. But Mrs.
+    Hipgrave saw fit to intrude on our interview at this point, and
+    she at once pooh-poohed the notion, declaring that I should be
+    better out of the way for a few months. Beatrice did not resist
+    her mother's conclusion; but when we were alone again, she
+    became very agitated, begging me always to think well of her,
+    and asking if I were really attached to her. I did not
+    understand this mood, which was very unlike her usual manner,
+    but I responded with a hearty and warm avowal of confidence in
+    her; and I met her questions as to my own feelings by pledging
+    my word very solemnly that absence should, so far as I was
+    concerned, make no difference, and that she might rely
+    implicitly on my faithful affection. This assurance seemed to
+    give her very little comfort, although I repeated it more than
+    once; and when I left her, I was in a state of some perplexity,
+    for I could not follow the bent of her thoughts, nor appreciate
+    the feelings that moved her. I was, however, considerably
+    touched, and upbraided myself for not having hitherto done
+    justice to the depth and sincerity of nature which underlay her
+    external frivolity. I expressed this self-condemnation to Denny
+    Swinton, but he met it very coldly, and would not be drawn into
+    any discussion of the subject. Denny was not wont to conceal
+    his opinions, and had never pretended to be enthusiastic about
+    my engagement. This attitude of his had not troubled me before,
+    but I was annoyed at it now, and I retaliated by asseverating
+    my affection for Beatrice in terms of even exaggerated
+    emphasis, and her's for me with no less vehemence.</p>
+
+    <p>These troubles and perplexities vanished before the zest and
+    interest which our preparations and start excited. Denny and I
+    were like a pair of schoolboys off for a holiday, and spent
+    hours in forecasting what we should do and how we should fare
+    in the island. These speculations were extremely amusing, but
+    in the long run they were proved to be, one and all, wide of
+    the mark. Had I known Neopalia then as well as I came to know
+    it afterward, I should have recognized the futility of
+    attempting to prophesy what would happen there. As it was, we
+    spun our cobwebs merrily all the way to Rhodes, where we
+    arrived without event and without accident. There we picked up
+    Hogvardt, and embarked in the smart little steam yacht which he
+    had hired for me. A day or two was spent in arranging our
+    stores and buying what more we wanted, for we could not expect
+    to be able to procure anything in Neopalia. I was rather
+    surprised to find no letter for me from the old lord, but I had
+    no thought of waiting for a formal invitation, and pressed on
+    the hour of departure as much as I could. Here, also, I saw the
+    first of my new subjects, Hogvardt having engaged a couple of
+    men who had come to him, saying they were from Neopalia and
+    were anxious to work their passage back. I was delighted to
+    have them, and fell at once to studying them with immense
+    attention. They were fine, tall, capable-looking fellows, and
+    they, too, with ourselves, made a crew more than large enough
+    for our little boat; for both Denny and I would make ourselves
+    useful on board, and Hogvardt could do something of everything
+    on land or water, whilst Watkins acted as cook and steward. The
+    Neopalians were, as they stated, in answer to my questions,
+    brothers; their names were Spiro and Demetri, and they informed
+    us that their family had served the lords of Neopalia for many
+    generations. Hearing this, I was less inclined to resent the
+    undeniable reserve and even surliness with which they met my
+    advances. I made allowance for their hereditary attachment to
+    the outgoing family; and their natural want of cordiality
+    toward the intruder <span class="pagenum"><a name="page455"
+       id="page455"></a>[pg 455]</span> did not prevent me from
+       plying them with many questions concerning my predecessors
+       on the throne of the island. My perseverance was ill
+       rewarded, but I succeeded in learning that the only member
+       of the family on the island, besides the old lord, was a
+       girl whom they called "the Lady Euphrosyne," the daughter of
+       the lord's brother, who was dead. Next I asked after my
+       friend of the Optimum restaurant, Constantine. He was this
+       lady's cousin once or twice removed&mdash;I did not make out
+       the exact degree of kinship&mdash;but Demetri hastened to
+       inform me that he came very seldom to the island, and had
+       not been there for two years.</p>
+
+    <p>"And he is not expected there now?" I asked.</p>
+
+    <p>"He was not when we left, my lord," answered Demetri, and it
+    seemed to me that he threw an inquiring glance at his brother,
+    who added hastily:</p>
+
+    <p>"What should we poor men know of the Lord Constantine's
+    doings?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Do you know where he is now?" I asked.</p>
+
+    <p>"No, my lord," they answered together, and with great
+    emphasis.</p>
+
+    <p>I cannot deny that something struck me as peculiar in their
+    manner, but when I mentioned my impression to Denny, he scoffed
+    at me.</p>
+
+    <p>"You've been reading old Byron again," he said, scornfully.
+    "Do you think they're corsairs?"</p>
+
+    <p>Well, a man is not a fool simply because he reads Byron, and
+    I maintained my opinion that the brothers were embarrassed at
+    my questions. Moreover, I caught Spiro, the more
+    truculent-looking of the pair, scowling at me more than once
+    when he did not know I had my eye on him.</p>
+
+    <p>These little mysteries, however, did nothing but add sauce
+    to my delight as we sprang over the blue waters; and my joy was
+    complete when, on the morning of the day I had appointed, the
+    seventh of May, Denny cried "Land," and, looking over the
+    starboard bow, I saw the cloud on the sea that was Neopalia.
+    Day came bright and glorious, and as we drew nearer to our
+    enchanted isle, we distinguished its features and conformation.
+    The coast was rocky, save where a small harbor opened to the
+    sea; and the rocks ran up from the coast, rising higher and
+    higher, till they culminated in a quite respectable peak in the
+    centre. The telescope showed cultivated ground and vineyards,
+    mingled with woods, on the slopes of the mountain; and about
+    half way up, sheltered on three sides, backed by thick woods,
+    and commanding a splendid sea view, stood an old, gray,
+    battlemented house.</p>
+
+    <p>"There's my house!" I cried, in natural exultation, pointing
+    with my finger. It was a moment in my life&mdash;a moment to
+    mark.</p>
+
+    <p>"Hurrah!" cried Denny, throwing up his hat in sympathy.</p>
+
+    <p>Demetri was standing near, and met this ebullition with a
+    grim smile.</p>
+
+    <p>"I hope my lord will find the house comfortable," said
+    he.</p>
+
+    <p>"We shall soon make it comfortable," said Hogvardt. "I dare
+    say it's half a ruin now."</p>
+
+    <p>"It is good enough now for a Stefanopoulos," said the
+    fellow, with a surly frown. The inference we were meant to draw
+    was plain even to incivility.</p>
+
+    <p>At five o'clock in the evening we entered the harbor of
+    Neopalia and brought up alongside a rather crazy wooden jetty
+    that ran some fifty feet out from the shore. Our arrival
+    appeared to create great excitement. Men, women, and children
+    came running down the narrow, steep street which climbed up the
+    hill from the harbor. We heard shrill cries, and a hundred
+    fingers were pointed at us. We landed; nobody came forward to
+    greet us. I looked round, and saw no one who could be the old
+    lord; but I perceived a stout man who wore an air of
+    importance, and, walking up to him, I asked him very politely
+    if he would be so good as to direct me to the inn, for I had
+    discovered from Demetri that there was a modest house where we
+    could lodge that night, and I was too much in love with my
+    island to think of sleeping on board the yacht. The stout man
+    looked at Denny and me; then he looked at Demetri and Spiro,
+    who stood near us, smiling their usual grim smile. And he
+    answered my question by another, a rather abrupt one: "What do
+    you want, sir?" And he slightly lifted his tasselled cap and
+    replaced it on his head.</p>
+
+    <p>"I want to know the way to the inn," I answered.</p>
+
+    <p>"You have come to visit Neopalia?" he asked.</p>
+
+    <p>A number of people had gathered round us now, and all fixed
+    their eyes on my face.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh," I said carelessly, "I am the purchaser of the island,
+    you know. I have come to take possession."</p>
+
+    <p>Nobody spoke. Perfect silence reigned for half a minute.</p>
+
+    <p>"I hope we shall get on well together," I said, with my
+    pleasantest smile.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page456"
+       id="page456"></a>[pg 456]</span>
+
+    <p>Still no answer came. The people round still stared.</p>
+
+    <p>At last the stout man, altogether ignoring my friendly
+    advances, said, curtly:</p>
+
+    <p>"I keep the inn. Come. I will take you to it."</p>
+
+    <p>He turned and led the way up the street. We followed, the
+    people making a lane for us, and still regarding us with stony
+    stares. Denny gave expression to my feelings, as well as his
+    own:</p>
+
+    <p>"It can hardly be described as an ovation," he observed.</p>
+
+    <p>"Surly brutes," muttered Hogvardt.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is not the way to receive his lordship," agreed Watkins,
+    more in sorrow than in anger. Watkins had very high ideas of
+    the deference due to "his lordship."</p>
+
+    <p>The fat innkeeper walked ahead. I quickened my pace and
+    overtook him.</p>
+
+    <p>"The people do not seem very pleased to see me," I
+    remarked.</p>
+
+    <p>He shook his head, but made no answer. Then he stopped
+    before a substantial house. We followed him in, and he led us
+    up-stairs to a large room. It overlooked the street, but,
+    somewhat to my surprise, the windows were heavily barred. The
+    door also was massive, and had large bolts inside and out.</p>
+
+    <p>"You take good care of your houses, my friend," said Denny,
+    with a laugh.</p>
+
+    <p>"We like to keep what we have, in Neopalia," said he.</p>
+
+    <p>I asked him if he would provide us with a meal, and,
+    assenting gruffly, he left us alone. The food was some time in
+    coming, and we stood at the window, peering through our prison
+    bars. Our high spirits were dashed by the unfriendly reception;
+    my island should have been more gracious, it was so
+    beautiful.</p>
+
+    <p>"However, it's a better welcome than we should have got two
+    hundred years ago," I said, with a laugh, trying to make the
+    best of the matter.</p>
+
+    <p>Dinner, which the landlord brought in himself, cheered us
+    again, and we lingered over it till dusk began to fall,
+    discussing whether I ought to visit the lord, or whether,
+    seeing that he had not come to receive me, my dignity did not
+    demand that I should await his visit; and it was on this latter
+    course that we finally decided.</p>
+
+    <p>"But he'll hardly come to-night," said Denny, jumping up. "I
+    wonder if there are any decent beds here!"</p>
+
+    <p>Hogvardt and Watkins had, by my directions, sat down with
+    us; and the former was now smoking his pipe at the window,
+    while Watkins was busy overhauling our luggage. We had brought
+    light bags, the rods, guns, and other smaller articles. The
+    rest was in the yacht. Hearing beds mentioned, Watkins shook
+    his head in dismal presage, saying:</p>
+
+    <p>"We had better sleep on board, my lord."</p>
+
+    <p>"Not I! What, leave the island, now we've got here? No,
+    Watkins!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Very good, my lord," said Watkins, impassively.</p>
+
+    <p>A sudden call came from Hogvardt, and I joined him at the
+    window.</p>
+
+    <p>The scene outside was indeed remarkable. In the narrow,
+    paved street, gloomy now in the failing light; there must have
+    been fifty or sixty men standing in a circle, surrounded by an
+    outer fringe of women and children; and in the centre stood our
+    landlord, his burly figure swaying to and fro, as he poured out
+    a low-voiced but vehement harangue. Sometimes he pointed toward
+    us, oftener along the ascending road that led to the interior.
+    I could not hear a word he said, but presently all his auditors
+    raised their hands toward heaven. I saw that the hands held,
+    some guns, some clubs, some knives; and all the men cried with
+    furious energy: "<i>Nai, nai!</i>" ("Yes, yes!") And then the
+    whole body&mdash;and the greater part of the grown men on the
+    island must have been present&mdash;started off, in compact
+    array, up the road, the innkeeper at their head. By his side
+    walked another man, whom I had not noticed before, and who wore
+    an ordinary suit of tweeds, but carried himself with an
+    assumption of much dignity. His face I did not see.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, what's the meaning of that?" I exclaimed, looking
+    down on the street, empty now, save for groups of white-clothed
+    women, who talked eagerly to one another, gesticulating, and
+    pointing now toward our inn, now toward where the men had
+    gone.</p>
+
+    <p>"Perhaps it's their parliament," suggested Denny. "Or
+    perhaps they've repented of their rudeness, and are going to
+    erect a triumphal arch."</p>
+
+    <p>These conjectures being obviously ironical, did not assist
+    the matter, although they amused their author.</p>
+
+    <p>"Anyhow," said I, "I should like to investigate the thing.
+    Suppose we go for a stroll?"</p>
+
+    <p>The proposal was accepted at once. We put on our hats, took
+    sticks, and prepared to go. Then I glanced at the luggage.</p>
+
+    <p>"Since I was so foolish as to waste my money on revolvers,"
+    said I, with an inquiring glance at
+    Hogvardt.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page457"
+       id="page457"></a>[pg 457]</span>
+
+    <p>"The evening air will not hurt them," said he; and we each
+    stowed a revolver in our pockets. We felt, I think, rather
+    ashamed of our timidity, but the Neopalians certainly looked
+    rough customers. Then I turned the handle of the door. The door
+    did not open. I pulled hard at it. Then I looked at my
+    companions.</p>
+
+    <p>"Queer," said Denny, and he began to whistle.</p>
+
+    <p>Hogvardt got the little lantern, which he always had handy,
+    and carefully inspected the door.</p>
+
+    <p>"Locked," he announced, "and bolted top and bottom. A solid
+    door, too!" and he struck it with his hand. Then he crossed to
+    the window, and looked at the bolts; and finally he said to me:
+    "I don't think we can have our walk, my lord."</p>
+
+    <p>Well, I burst out laughing. The thing was too absurd. Under
+    cover of our animated talk the landlord must have bolted us in.
+    The bars made the window no use. A skilled burglar might have
+    beaten those bolts, and a battering-ram would, no doubt, have
+    smashed the door; we had neither burglar nor ram.</p>
+
+    <p>"We are caught, my boy," said Denny. "Nicely caught. But
+    what's the game?"</p>
+
+    <p>I had asked myself that question already, but had found no
+    answer. To tell the truth, I was wondering whether Neopalia was
+    going to turn out as conservative a country as the Turkish
+    ambassador had hinted. It was Watkins who suggested an
+    answer.</p>
+
+    <p>"I imagine, my lord," said he, "that the natives [Watkins
+    always called the Neopalians "natives"] have gone to speak to
+    the gentleman who sold the island to your lordship."</p>
+
+    <p>"Gad!" said Denny, "I hope it will be a pleasant
+    interview."</p>
+
+    <p>Hogvardt's broad, good-humored face had assumed an anxious
+    look. He knew something about the people of these islands; so
+    did I.</p>
+
+    <p>"Trouble, is it?" I asked him.</p>
+
+    <p>"I'm afraid so," he answered; and then we turned to the
+    window again, except Denny, who wasted some energy and made a
+    useless din by battering at the door, till we beseeched him to
+    let it alone.</p>
+
+    <p>There we sat for nearly two hours. Darkness fell, the women
+    had ceased their gossiping, but still stood about the street,
+    and in the doorways of the house.</p>
+
+    <p>It was nine o'clock before matters showed any progress. Then
+    came shouts from the road above us, the flash of torches, the
+    tread of men's feet in a quick, triumphant march. Then the
+    stalwart figures of the picturesque fellows, with their white
+    kilts gleaming through the darkness, came again into sight,
+    seeming wilder and more imposing in the alternating glare and
+    gloom of the torches and the deepening night. The man in tweeds
+    was no longer visible. Our innkeeper was alone in front. And
+    all, as they marched, sang loudly a rude, barbarous sort of
+    chant, repeating it again and again; and the women and children
+    crowded out to meet the men, catching up the refrain in shrill
+    voices, till the whole air seemed full of it. And so martial
+    and inspiring was the rude tune that our feet began to beat in
+    time with it, and I felt the blood quicken in my veins. I have
+    tried to put the words of it into English, in a shape as rough,
+    I fear, as the rough original. Here it is:</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>"Ours is the land!</p>
+
+            <p>Death to the hand</p>
+
+            <p>That filches the land!</p>
+
+            <p>Dead is that hand,</p>
+
+            <p>Ours is the land!</p>
+
+            <p>Forever we hold it.</p>
+
+            <p>Dead's he that sold it!</p>
+
+            <p>Ours is the land.</p>
+
+            <p>Dead is the hand!"</p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Again and again they hurled forth the defiant words, until
+    they stopped at last opposite the inn, with one final,
+    long-drawn shout of savage triumph.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, this is a go!" said Denny, drawing a long breath.
+    "What are the beggars up to?"</p>
+
+    <p>"What have they been up to?" I asked; for I doubted not that
+    the song we had heard had been chanted over a dead
+    Stefanopoulos two hundred years before.</p>
+
+    <p>At this age of the world the idea seemed absurd,
+    preposterous, horrible. But there was no law nearer than
+    Rhodes, and there only Turk's law. The only law here was the
+    law of the Stefanopouloi, and if that law lost its force by the
+    crime of the hand that should wield it, why, strange things
+    might happen even to-day in Neopalia. And we were caught like
+    rats in a trap in the inn!</p>
+
+    <p>"I do not see," remarked old Hogvardt, laying a hand on my
+    shoulders, "any harm in loading our revolvers, my lord."</p>
+
+    <p>I did not see any harm in it either, and we all followed
+    Hogvardt's advice, and also filled our pockets with cartridges.
+    I was determined&mdash;I think we were all determined&mdash;not
+    to be bullied by these islanders and their skull-and-crossbones
+    ditty.</p>
+
+    <p>A quarter of an hour passed, and there
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page458"
+       id="page458"></a>[pg 458]</span> came a knock at the door,
+       while the bolts were shot back.</p>
+
+    <p>"I shall go out," said I, springing to my feet.</p>
+
+    <p>The door opened, and the face of a lad appeared.</p>
+
+    <p>"Vlacho, the innkeeper, bids you descend," said he; and
+    then, catching sight, perhaps, of our revolvers, he turned and
+    ran down-stairs again at his best speed. Following him, we came
+    to the door of the inn. It was ringed round with men, and
+    directly opposite to us stood Vlacho. When he saw me, he
+    commanded silence with his hand, and addressed me in the
+    following surprising style:</p>
+
+    <p>"The Lady Euphrosyne, of her grace, bids you depart in
+    peace. Go, then, to your boat, and depart, thanking God for his
+    mercy."</p>
+
+    <p>"Wait a bit, my man," said I. "Where is the lord of the
+    island?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Did you not know that he died a week ago?" asked Vlacho,
+    with apparent surprise.</p>
+
+    <p>"Died!" we exclaimed, one and all.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, sir. The Lady Euphrosyne, lady of Neopalia, bids you
+    go."</p>
+
+    <p>"What did he die of?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Of a fever," said Vlacho, gravely. And several of the men
+    round him nodded their heads, and murmured, in no less grave
+    assent: "Yes, of a fever."</p>
+
+    <p>"I am very sorry for it," said I. "But as he sold the island
+    to me before he died, I don't see what the lady, with all
+    respect to her, has got to do with it. Nor do I know what this
+    rabble is doing about the door. Send them away."</p>
+
+    <p>This attempt at hauteur was most decidedly thrown away.
+    Vlacho seemed not to hear what I said. He pointed with his
+    finger toward the harbor.</p>
+
+    <p>"There lies your boat. Demetri and Spiro cannot go with you,
+    but you will be able to manage her yourselves. Listen, now!
+    Till six in the morning you are free to go. If you are found in
+    Neopalia one minute after, you will never go. Think and be
+    wise." And he and all the rest of them, as though one spring
+    moved them, wheeled round, and marched off up the hill again,
+    breaking out into the old chant when they had gone about a
+    hundred yards; and we were left alone in the doorway of the
+    inn, looking, I must admit, rather blank.</p>
+
+    <p>Up-stairs again we went, and I sat down by the window and
+    looked out on the night. It was very dark, and seemed darker
+    now that the gleaming torches were gone. Not a soul was to be
+    seen. The islanders, having put matters on a clear footing,
+    were gone to bed. I sat thinking. Presently Denny came to me,
+    and put his hand on my shoulder.</p>
+
+    <p>"Going to cave in, Charlie?" he asked.</p>
+
+    <p>"My dear Denny," said I, "I wish you were at home with your
+    mother."</p>
+
+    <p>He smiled and repeated, "Going to cave in, old chap?"</p>
+
+    <p>"No, by Jove, I'm not!" cried I, leaping up. "They've had my
+    money, and I'm going to have the island."</p>
+
+    <p>"Take the yacht, my lord," counselled Hogvardt, "and come
+    back with enough force from Rhodes."</p>
+
+    <p>Well, that was sense; my impulse was nonsense. We four could
+    not conquer the island. I swallowed my pride.</p>
+
+    <p>"So be it," said I. "But, look here; it's only just twelve.
+    We might have a look round before we go. I want to see the
+    place, you know." For I was very sorely vexed at being turned
+    out of my island.</p>
+
+    <p>Hogvardt grumbled a little at this, but here I overruled
+    him. We took our revolvers again, left the inn, and struck
+    straight up the road. For nearly a mile we mounted, the way
+    becoming steeper with every step. Then there was a sudden turn
+    off the main road.</p>
+
+    <p>"That will lead to the house," said Hogvardt, who had
+    studied the map of Neopalia very carefully.</p>
+
+    <p>"Then we'll have a look at the house. Show us a light,
+    Hogvardt. It's precious dark."</p>
+
+    <p>Hogvardt opened his lantern, and cast its light in the way.
+    But suddenly he extinguished it again, and drew us close in to
+    the rocks that edged the road. We saw coming toward us in the
+    darkness two figures. They rode small horses. Their faces could
+    not be seen; but as they passed our silent, motionless forms,
+    one said in a clear, sweet, girlish voice:</p>
+
+    <p>"Surely they will go?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Ay, they'll go, or pay the penalty," said the other voice,
+    and at the sound of it I started. For it was the voice of my
+    neighbor in the restaurant, Constantine Stefanopoulos.</p>
+
+    <p>"I shall be near at hand, sleeping in the town," said the
+    girl's voice, "and the people will listen to me."</p>
+
+    <p>"The people will kill them, if they do not go," we heard
+    Constantine answer, in tones that witnessed no great horror at
+    the idea. Then the couple disappeared in the darkness.</p>
+
+    <p>"On to the house!" I cried in sudden
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page459"
+       id="page459"></a>[pg 459]</span> excitement. For I was angry
+       now, angry at the utter, humbling scorn with which they
+       treated me.</p>
+
+    <p>Another ten minutes' groping brought us in front of the old
+    gray house which we had seen from the sea. We walked boldly up
+    to it. The door stood open. We went in, and found ourselves in
+    a large hall. The wooden floor was carpeted, here and there,
+    with mats and skins. A long table ran down the middle. The
+    walls were decorated with medi&aelig;val armor and weapons. The
+    windows were but narrow slits, the walls massive and deep. The
+    door was a ponderous, iron-bound affair, that shamed even the
+    stout doors of our inn. I called loudly, "Is any one here?"
+    Nobody answered. The servants must have been drawn off to the
+    town by the excitement of the procession and the singing; or
+    perhaps there were no servants. I could not tell. I sat down in
+    a large armchair by the table. I enjoyed the sense of
+    proprietorship. Denny sat on the table by me, dangling his
+    legs. For a long while none of us spoke. Then I exclaimed,
+    suddenly:</p>
+
+    <p>"By heaven! why shouldn't we see it through?" And I rose and
+    put my hands against the massive door, and closed and bolted
+    it, saying, "Let them open that at six o'clock in the
+    morning."</p>
+
+    <p>"Hurrah!" cried Denny, leaping down from his table, on fire
+    with excitement in a moment.</p>
+
+    <p>I faced Hogvardt. He shook his head, but he smiled. Watkins
+    stood by, with his usual imperturbability. He wanted to know
+    what his lordship decided, that was all; and when I said
+    nothing more, he asked:</p>
+
+    <p>"Then your lordship will sleep here to-night?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I'll stay here to-night, anyhow, Watkins," said I. "I'm not
+    going to be driven out of my own island by anybody!"</p>
+
+    <p>And I brought my fist down with a crash on the table. And
+    then, to our amazement, we heard&mdash;from somewhere in the
+    dark recesses of the hall, where the faint light of Hogvardt's
+    lantern did not reach&mdash;a low, but distinct, groan, as of
+    some one in pain. Watkins shuddered; Hogvardt looked rather
+    uncomfortable; Denny and I listened eagerly. Again the groan
+    came. I seized the lantern from Hogvardt's hand, and rushed in
+    the direction of the sound. There, in the corner of the hall,
+    on a couch, covered with a rug, lay an old man in an uneasy
+    attitude, groaning now and then, and turning restlessly. And by
+    his side sat an old serving-woman in weary, heavy slumber. In a
+    moment I guessed the truth&mdash;part of the truth.</p>
+
+    <p>"He's not dead of that fever yet," said I.</p>
+
+    <h3>CHAPTER III.</h3>
+
+    <h4>THE FEVER OF NEOPALIA.</h4>
+
+    <p>I looked for a moment on the old man's pale, clean-cut,
+    aristocratic face; then I shook his attendant vigorously by the
+    arm. She awoke with a start.</p>
+
+    <p>"What does this mean?" I demanded. "Who is he?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Heaven help us, who are you?" she cried, leaping up in
+    alarm. Indeed, we four, with our eager, fierce faces, may have
+    looked disquieting enough.</p>
+
+    <p>"I am Lord Wheatley; these are my friends," I answered in
+    brisk, sharp tones.</p>
+
+    <p>"What, it is you, then&mdash;?" A wondering gaze ended her
+    question.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, yes, it is I. I have bought the island. We came out
+    for a walk and&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"But he will kill you, if he finds you here."</p>
+
+    <p>"He? Who?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, pardon, my lord&mdash;they will kill you,
+    they&mdash;the people&mdash;the men of the island."</p>
+
+    <p>I gazed at her sternly. She shrank back in confusion. And I
+    spoke at a venture, yet in a well-grounded hazard:</p>
+
+    <p>"You mean that Constantine Stefanopoulos will kill me?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Ah, hush!" she cried. "He may be here! He may be
+    anywhere!"</p>
+
+    <p>"He may thank his stars he's not here," said I grimly, for
+    my blood was up. "Attend, woman! Who is this?"</p>
+
+    <p>"It is the lord of the island, my lord," she answered.
+    "Alas, and he is wounded, I fear, to death. And yet I fell
+    asleep. But I was so weary."</p>
+
+    <p>"Wounded&mdash;by whom?"</p>
+
+    <p>Her face suddenly became vacant and expressionless.</p>
+
+    <p>"I do not know, my lord. It happened in the crowd. It was a
+    mistake. My dear lord had yielded what they asked. Yet some
+    one&mdash;no, by heaven, my lord, I do not know
+    whom&mdash;stabbed him! And he cannot live."</p>
+
+    <p>"Tell me the whole thing," I commanded.</p>
+
+    <p>"They came up here, my lord, all of them&mdash;Vlacho and
+    all, and with them my Lord Constantine. And the Lady Euphrosyne
+    was away; she is often away, down on the rocks by the sea,
+    watching <span class="pagenum"><a name="page460"
+       id="page460"></a>[pg 460]</span> the waves. And they came
+       and said that a man had landed who claimed our island as
+       his&mdash;a man of your name, my lord. And when my dear lord
+       said he had sold the island to save the honor of his house
+       and race, they were furious, and Vlacho raised the death
+       chant that One-eyed Alexander the Bard wrote on the death of
+       Stefan Stefanopoulos long ago. And they came near with
+       knives, demanding that my dear lord should send away the
+       stranger; for the men of Neopalia were not to be bought and
+       sold like bullocks or like pigs. At first my lord would not
+       yield; and they swore they would kill the stranger and my
+       lord also. Then they pressed closer. Vlacho was hard on him
+       with drawn knife, and the Lord Constantine stood by him,
+       praying him to yield, and Constantine drew his own knife,
+       saying to Vlacho that he must fight him also before he
+       killed the old lord. But at that Vlacho smiled&mdash;and
+       then&mdash;and then&mdash;ah, my dear lord!"</p>
+
+    <p>For a moment her voice broke, and sobs supplanted words. But
+    she drew herself up, and, after a glance at the old man, whom
+    her vehement speech had not availed to waken, she went on:</p>
+
+    <p>"And then those behind cried out that there was enough talk.
+    Would he yield or would he die? And they rushed forward,
+    pressing the nearest against him. And he, an old man, frail and
+    feeble&mdash;yet once he was as brave a man as any&mdash;cried,
+    in his weak tones: 'Enough, friends, I yield; I&mdash;' And
+    they fell back. But my lord stood for an instant; then he set
+    his hand to his side, and swayed and tottered and fell, and the
+    blood ran from his side. And the Lord Constantine fell on his
+    knees beside him, crying: 'Who stabbed him?' And Vlacho smiled
+    grimly, and the others looked at one another. And I, who had
+    run out from the doorway whence I had seen it all, knelt by my
+    lord and stanched the blood. Then Vlacho said, fixing his eyes
+    straight and keen on the Lord Constantine, 'It was not I, my
+    lord,' 'Nor I, by heaven!' cried the Lord Constantine; and he
+    rose to his feet, demanding: 'Who struck the blow?' But none
+    answered, and he went on: 'Nay, if it were in error, if it were
+    because he would not yield, speak! There shall be pardon,' But
+    Vlacho, hearing this, turned himself round and faced them all,
+    saying: 'Did he not sell us like oxen and like pigs?' and he
+    broke into the death chant, and they all raised the chant, none
+    caring any more who had struck the blow. And Lord
+    Constantine&mdash;" The impetuous flow of the old woman's story
+    was frozen to sudden silence.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, and Lord Constantine?" said I, in low, stern tones,
+    that quivered with excitement; and I felt Denny's hand, that
+    was on my arm, jump up and down. "And Constantine, woman?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Nay, he did nothing," said she. "He talked with Vlacho a
+    while, and then they went away, and he bade me tend my lord,
+    and went himself to seek the Lady Euphrosyne. And presently he
+    came back with her. Her eyes were red, and she wept afresh when
+    she saw my poor lord, for she loved him. And she sat by him
+    till Constantine came and told her that you would not go, and
+    that you and your friends would be killed if you did not go.
+    And then, weeping to leave my lord, she went, praying heaven
+    she might find him alive when she returned. 'I must go,' she
+    said to me; 'for though it is a shameful thing that the island
+    should have been sold, yet these men must be persuaded to go
+    away and not meet death. Kiss him for me if he awakes.' Thus
+    she went, and left me with my lord, and I fear he will die."
+    And she ended in a burst of sobbing.</p>
+
+    <p>For a moment there was silence. Then I said again:</p>
+
+    <p>"Who struck the blow, woman? Who struck the blow?"</p>
+
+    <p>She shrank from me as though I had struck her. "I do not
+    know, I do not know," she moaned.</p>
+
+    <p>Then a thing happened that seemed strange and awful in the
+    gloomy, dark hall. For the stricken man opened his eyes, his
+    lips moved, and he groaned: "Constantine! You, Constantine!"
+    and the old woman's eyes met mine for a moment, and fell to the
+    ground again.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why&mdash;why, Constantine?" moaned the wounded man. "I had
+    yielded&mdash;I had yielded, Constantine. I would have sent
+    them&mdash;" His words ceased, his eyes closed, his lips met
+    again, but met only to part. A moment later his jaw dropped.
+    The old lord of Neopalia was dead.</p>
+
+    <p>Then I, carried away by anger and by hatred of the man who,
+    for a reason I did not yet understand, had struck so foul a
+    blow against his kinsman and an old man, did a thing so rash
+    that it seems to me now, when I consider it in the cold light
+    of the past, a mad deed. Yet then I could do nothing else; and
+    Denny's face, aye, and the eyes of the others, too, told me
+    that they were with me.</p>
+
+    <p>"Compose this old man's body," I
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page461"
+       id="page461"></a>[pg 461]</span> said, "and we will watch
+       it. And do you go and tell this Constantine Stefanopoulos
+       that I know his crime, that I know who struck that blow, and
+       that what I know all men shall know, and that I will not
+       rest day nor night until he has paid the penalty of this
+       murder. And tell him I swore this on the honor of an English
+       gentleman."</p>
+
+    <p>"And say I swore it, too!" cried Denny; and Hogvardt and
+    Watkins, not making bold to speak, ranged up close to me; and I
+    knew that they also meant what I meant.</p>
+
+    <p>The old woman looked at me with searching eyes.</p>
+
+    <p>"You are a bold man, my lord," said she.</p>
+
+    <p>"I see nothing to be afraid of up to now," said I. "Such
+    courage as is needed to tell a scoundrel what I think of him, I
+    believe I can claim."</p>
+
+    <p>"But he will never let you go now. You would go to Rhodes,
+    and tell his&mdash;tell what you say of him."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, and farther than Rhodes, if need be. He shall die for
+    it as sure as I live."</p>
+
+    <p>A thousand men might have tried in vain to persuade me; the
+    treachery of Constantine had fired my heart and driven out all
+    opposing motives.</p>
+
+    <p>"Do as I bid you," said I, sternly, "and waste no time on
+    it. We will watch here by the old man till you return."</p>
+
+    <p>"My lord," she replied, "you run on your own death. And you
+    are young, and the young man by you is yet younger."</p>
+
+    <p>"We are not dead yet," said Denny; and I had never seen him
+    look as he did then; for the gayety was out of his face, and he
+    spoke from between stern-set lips.</p>
+
+    <p>She raised her hands toward heaven&mdash;whether in prayer
+    or in lamentation, I do not know. We turned away and left her
+    to her sad offices, and going back to our places, waited there
+    till dawn began to break, and from the narrow windows we saw
+    the gray crests of the waves dancing and frolicking in the
+    early dawn. As I watched them the old woman was by my
+    elbow.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is done, my lord," said she. "Are you still of the same
+    mind?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Still of the same," said I.</p>
+
+    <p>"It is death&mdash;death for you all," she said; and without
+    more she went to the great door. Hogvardt opened it for her,
+    and she walked away down the road, between the high rocks that
+    bounded the path on either side. Then we went and carried the
+    old man to a room that opened off the hall, and, returning,
+    stood in the doorway, cooling our brows in the fresh, early
+    air. And while we stood, Hogvardt said suddenly:</p>
+
+    <p>"It is five o'clock."</p>
+
+    <p>"Then we have only an hour to live," said I, smiling, "if we
+    do not make for the yacht."</p>
+
+    <p>"You're not going back to the yacht, my lord?"</p>
+
+    <p>"I'm puzzled," I admitted. "If we go this ruffian will
+    escape. And if we don't go&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, we," Hogvardt ended for me, "may not escape."</p>
+
+    <p>I saw that Hogvardt's sense of responsibility was heavy; he
+    always regarded himself as the shepherd, his employers as the
+    sheep. I believe this attitude of his confirmed my destiny, for
+    I said, without hesitation:</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, we'll chance that. When they know what a villain the
+    fellow is, they'll turn against him. Besides, we said we'd wait
+    here."</p>
+
+    <p>Denny seized on my last words with alacrity. When you are
+    determined to do a rash thing, there is great comfort in
+    feeling that you are already committed to it by some previous
+    act or promise.</p>
+
+    <p>"So we did," he cried. "Then that settles it, Hogvardt."</p>
+
+    <p>"His lordship certainly expressed that intention," observed
+    Watkins, appearing at this moment with a large loaf of bread
+    and a great pitcher of milk. I eyed these viands.</p>
+
+    <p>"I bought the house and its contents," said I. "Come
+    along."</p>
+
+    <p>Watkins's further researches produced a large chunk of
+    native cheese; and when he had set this down, he remarked:</p>
+
+    <p>"In a pen behind the house, close to the kitchen windows,
+    there are two goats; and your lordship sees there, on the right
+    of the front door, two cows tethered."</p>
+
+    <p>I began to laugh, Watkins was so wise and solemn.</p>
+
+    <p>"We can stand a siege, you mean?" I asked. "Well, I hope it
+    won't come to that."</p>
+
+    <p>Hogvardt rose, and began to move round the hall, examining
+    the weapons that decorated the walls. From time to time he
+    grunted disapprovingly; the guns were useless, rusted, out of
+    date, and there was no ammunition for them. But when he had
+    almost completed his circuit, he gave an exclamation of
+    satisfaction, and came to me, holding an excellent modern rifle
+    and a large cartridge case.</p>
+
+    <p>"See!" he grunted, in huge satisfaction. "C.S. on the stock,
+    I suspect you can guess whose it is, my
+    lord."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page462"
+       id="page462"></a>[pg 462]</span>
+
+    <p>"This is very thoughtful of Constantine," observed Denny,
+    who was employing himself in cutting imaginary lemons in two
+    with a fine damascened scimiter that he had taken from the
+    wall.</p>
+
+    <p>"As for the cows," said I, "perhaps they will carry them
+    off."</p>
+
+    <p>"I think not," said Hogvardt, taking an aim with the rifle
+    through the window.</p>
+
+    <p>I looked at my watch. It was five minutes past six.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, we can't go now," said I. "It's settled. What a
+    comfort!" I wonder if I had ever in my heart meant to go!</p>
+
+    <p>The next hour passed very quietly. We sat smoking pipes and
+    cigars, and talking in subdued tones. The recollection of the
+    dead man in the adjoining room sobered the excitement to which
+    our position would otherwise have given occasion. Indeed, I
+    suppose that I, at least, who had led the rest into this
+    <i>imbroglio</i> through my whim, should have been utterly
+    overwhelmed by the burden on me. But I was not. Perhaps
+    Hogvardt's assumption of responsibility relieved me; perhaps I
+    was too full of anger against Constantine to think of the risks
+    we ourselves ran; and I was more than half persuaded that the
+    revelation of what he had done would rob him of his power to
+    hurt us. Moreover, if I might judge from the words I heard on
+    the road, we had on our side an ally of uncertain, but probably
+    considerable, power, in the sweet-voiced girl whom the old
+    woman called the Lady Euphrosyne; and she would not support her
+    uncle's murderer even though he were her cousin.</p>
+
+    <p>Presently Watkins carried me off to view his pen of goats,
+    and, having passed through the lofty, flagged kitchen, I found
+    myself in a sort of compound formed by the rocks. The ground
+    had been levelled for a few yards, and the cliffs rose straight
+    to the height of ten or twelve feet; from the top of this
+    artificial bank they ran again, in wooded slopes, toward the
+    peak of the mountain. I followed their course with my eye, and
+    five hundred or more feet above us, just beneath the summit, I
+    perceived a little wooden <i>chalet</i> or bungalow. Blue smoke
+    issued from the chimneys, and, even while we looked, a figure
+    came out of the door and stood still in front of it, apparently
+    looking down toward the house.</p>
+
+    <p>"It's a woman," I pronounced.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, my lord. A peasant's wife, I suppose."</p>
+
+    <p>"I dare say," said I. But I soon doubted Watkins's
+    opinion&mdash;in the first place, because the woman's dress did
+    not look like that of a peasant woman; and, secondly, because
+    she went into the house, appeared again, and levelled at us
+    what was, if I mistook not, a large pair of binocular glasses.
+    Now, such things were not likely to be in the possession of the
+    peasants of Neopalia. Then she suddenly retreated, and through
+    the silence of those still slopes we heard the door of the
+    cottage closed with violence.</p>
+
+    <p>"She doesn't seem to like the look of us," said I.</p>
+
+    <p>"Possibly," suggested Watkins, with deference, "she did not
+    expect to see your lordship here."</p>
+
+    <p>"I should think that's very likely, Watkins," said I.</p>
+
+    <p>I was recalled from the survey of my new domains&mdash;my
+    satisfaction in the thought that they were mine survived all
+    the disturbing features of the situation&mdash;by a call from
+    Denny. In response to it I hurried back to the hall, and found
+    him at the window, with Constantine's rifle rested on the
+    sill.</p>
+
+    <p>"I could pick him off pat," said Denny, laughingly, and he
+    pointed to a figure which was approaching the house. It was a
+    man riding a stout pony. When he came within about two hundred
+    yards of the house he stopped, took a leisurely look, and then
+    waved a white handkerchief.</p>
+
+    <p>"The laws of war must be observed," said I, smiling. "This
+    is a flag of truce." And I opened the door, stepped out, and
+    waved my handkerchief in return. The man, reassured, began to
+    mop his brow with the flag of truce, and put his pony to a
+    trot. I now perceived him to be the innkeeper Vlacho, and a
+    moment later he reined up beside me, giving an angry jerk at
+    his pony's bridle.</p>
+
+    <p>"I have searched the island for you," he cried. "I am weary
+    and hot. How came you here?"</p>
+
+    <p>I explained to him briefly how I had chanced to take
+    possession of my house, and added, significantly:</p>
+
+    <p>"But has no message come to you from me?"</p>
+
+    <p>He smiled with equal meaning as he answered:</p>
+
+    <p>"No. An old woman came to speak to a gentleman who is in the
+    village."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, to Constantine Stefanopoulos," said I with a nod.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, then, if you will, to the Lord Constantine," he
+    admitted, with a careless shrug; "but her message was for his
+    ear only. He took her aside, and they talked
+    alone."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page463"
+       id="page463"></a>[pg 463]</span>
+
+    <p>"You know what she said, though."</p>
+
+    <p>"That is between my Lord Constantine and me."</p>
+
+    <p>"And the young lady knows it, I hope&mdash;the Lady
+    Euphrosyne?"</p>
+
+    <p>Vlacho smiled broadly.</p>
+
+    <p>"We could not distress her with such a silly tale," he
+    answered; and he leant down toward me. "Nobody has heard the
+    message but the lord and one man he told it to; and nobody
+    will. If that old woman spoke, she&mdash;well, she knows, and
+    will not speak."</p>
+
+    <p>"And you back up this murderer?" I cried.</p>
+
+    <p>"Murderer?" he repeated, questioningly. "Indeed, sir, it was
+    an accident, done in hot blood. It was the old man's fault,
+    because he tried to sell the island."</p>
+
+    <p>"He did sell the island," I corrected. "And a good many
+    other people will hear of what happened to him."</p>
+
+    <p>He looked at me again, smiling.</p>
+
+    <p>"If you shouted in the hearing of every man in Neopalia,
+    what would they do?" he asked, scornfully.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, I should hope," I returned, "that they'd hang
+    Constantine to the tallest tree you've got here."</p>
+
+    <p>"They would do this," he said, with a nod; and he began to
+    sing softly the chant I had heard the night before.</p>
+
+    <p>I was disgusted at his savagery, but I said coolly:</p>
+
+    <p>"And the lady?"</p>
+
+    <p>"The lady believes what she is told, and will do as her
+    cousin bids her. Is she not his affianced wife?"</p>
+
+    <p>"The deuce she is!" I cried in amazement, fixing a keen
+    scrutiny on Vlacho's face. The face told me nothing.</p>
+
+    <p>"Certainly," he said, gently. "And they will rule the island
+    together."</p>
+
+    <p>"Will they, though?" said I. I was becoming rather annoyed.
+    "There are one or two obstacles in the way of that. First, it's
+    my island."</p>
+
+    <p>He shrugged his shoulders again. "That," he seemed to say,
+    "is not worth answering." But I had a second shot in the locker
+    for him, and I let him have it for what it was worth. I knew it
+    might be worth nothing, but I tried it.</p>
+
+    <p>"And secondly," I observed, "how many wives does Constantine
+    propose to have?"</p>
+
+    <p>A hit! A hit! A palpable hit! I could have sung in glee. The
+    fellow was dumb-founded. He turned red, bit his lip, scowled
+    fiercely.</p>
+
+    <p>"What do you mean?" he blurted out, with an attempt at
+    blustering defiance.</p>
+
+    <p>"Never mind what I mean. Something, perhaps, that the Lady
+    Euphrosyne might care to know. And now, my man, what do you
+    want of me?"</p>
+
+    <p>He recovered his composure, and stated his errand with his
+    old, cool assurance; but the cloud of vexation still hung heavy
+    on his brow.</p>
+
+    <p>"On behalf of the lady of the island&mdash;" he began.</p>
+
+    <p>"Or shall we say her cousin?" I interrupted.</p>
+
+    <p>"Which you will," he answered, as though it were not worth
+    while to wear the mask any longer. "On behalf, then, of my Lord
+    Constantine, I am to offer you safe passage to your boat, and a
+    return of the money you have paid."</p>
+
+    <p>"How's he going to pay that?"</p>
+
+    <p>"He will pay it in a year, and give you security
+    meanwhile."</p>
+
+    <p>"And the condition is that I give up the island?" I asked;
+    and I began to think that perhaps I owed it to my companions to
+    acquiesce in this proposal, however distasteful it might be to
+    me.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," said Vlacho; "and there is one other small condition,
+    which will not trouble you."</p>
+
+    <p>"And what's that? You're rich in conditions."</p>
+
+    <p>"You are lucky to be offered any. It is that you mind your
+    own business."</p>
+
+    <p>"I came here for the purpose," I observed.</p>
+
+    <p>"And that you undertake, for yourself and your companions,
+    on your word of honor, to speak not a word of what has passed
+    in the island, or of the affairs of the Lord Constantine."</p>
+
+    <p>"And if I won't give my word?"</p>
+
+    <p>"The yacht is in our hands; Demetri and Spiro are our men;
+    there will be no ship here for two months."</p>
+
+    <p>The fellow paused, smiling at me. I took the liberty of
+    ending his period for him.</p>
+
+    <p>"And there is," I said, returning the smile, "as we know by
+    now, a particularly sudden and fatal form of fever in the
+    island."</p>
+
+    <p>"Certainly; you may chance to find that out," said he.</p>
+
+    <p>"But is there no antidote?" I asked; and I showed him the
+    butt of my revolver in the pocket of my coat.</p>
+
+    <p>"It may keep it off for a day or two; not longer. You have
+    the bottle there, but most of the drug is with your baggage at
+    the inn."</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page464"
+       id="page464"></a>[pg 464]</span>
+
+    <p>His parable was true enough; we had only two or three dozen
+    cartridges apiece.</p>
+
+    <p>"But there is plenty of food for Constantine's rifle," said
+    I, pointing to the muzzle of it, which protruded from the
+    window.</p>
+
+    <p>He suddenly became impatient.</p>
+
+    <p>"Your answer, sir?" he demanded, peremptorily.</p>
+
+    <p>"Here it is," said I. "I'll keep the island, and I'll see
+    Constantine hanged."</p>
+
+    <p>"So be it, so be it!" he cried. "You are warned; so be it!"
+    and without another word he turned his pony and trotted rapidly
+    off down the road. And I went back to the house, feeling, I
+    must confess, not in the best of spirits. But when my friends
+    heard all that had passed, they applauded me, and we made up
+    our minds to "see it through," as Denny said.</p>
+
+    <p>That day passed quietly. At noon we carried the old lord out
+    of his house, having wrapped him in a sheet, and we dug for him
+    as good a grave as we could, in a little patch of ground that
+    lay outside the windows of his own chapel, a small erection at
+    the west end of the house. There he must lie for the moment.
+    This sad work done, we came back, and&mdash;so swift are life's
+    changes&mdash;we killed a goat for dinner, and watched Watkins
+    dress it. Thus the afternoon wore away, and when evening came
+    we ate our goat flesh, and Hogvardt milked our cows, and we sat
+    down to consider the position of the garrison.</p>
+
+    <p>But the evening was hot, and we adjourned out of doors,
+    grouping ourselves on the broad marble pavement in front of the
+    door. Hogvardt had just begun to expound a very elaborate
+    scheme of escape, depending, so far as I could make out, on our
+    reaching the other side of the island, and finding there a
+    boat, which we had no reason to suppose would be there, when
+    Denny raised his hand, saying, "Hark!"</p>
+
+    <p>From the direction of the village and the harbor came the
+    sound of a horn, blown long and shrill, and echoed back in
+    strange, protracted shrieks and groans from the hillside behind
+    us; and following on the blast, we heard, low in the distance
+    and indistinct, yet rising and falling, and rising again in
+    savage defiance and exultation, the death chant that One-eyed
+    Alexander the Bard had made on the death of Stefan
+    Stefanopoulos two hundred years ago. For a few minutes we sat
+    listening, and I do not think that any of us were very
+    comfortable. Then I rose to my feet, and I said:</p>
+
+    <p>"Hogvardt, old fellow, I fancy that scheme of yours must
+    wait a little. Unless I'm very much mistaken, we're going to
+    have a lively evening."</p>
+
+    <p>Well, and then we shook hands all round, and went in, and
+    bolted the door, and sat down to wait. We heard the death chant
+    through the walls now, for it was coming nearer.</p>
+
+    <p class="center">(<i>To be continued</i>.)</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/464.jpg"
+             name="fig464"
+             id="fig464"><img width="500"
+             src="images/464.jpg"
+             alt="End of Chapter Graphic." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page465"
+       id="page465"></a>[pg 465]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/465.jpg"
+             name="fig465"
+             id="fig465"><img src="images/465.jpg"
+             alt="A BROOK IN THE DEPARTMENT OF VAR, FRANCE. FROM A PAINTING BY HENRI HARPIGNIES." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A BROOK IN THE DEPARTMENT OF VAR, FRANCE. FROM A
+        PAINTING BY HENRI HARPIGNIES.</h5>
+
+        <p>In the galleries of the Luxembourg, Paris. First
+        exhibited at the Salon of 1888.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <h2>A CENTURY OF PAINTING.</h2>
+
+    <h3>NOTES DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL.&mdash;COROT AND THE MODERN
+    PASTORAL.&mdash;THE MEN OF 1830.&mdash;ROUSSEAU, DIAZ,
+    DUPR&Eacute;, AND DAUBIGNY.&mdash;FOUR FIGURE PAINTERS OF
+    DIFFERING AIMS.</h3>
+
+    <h4>By Will H. Low.</h4>
+
+    <div class="figletter">
+        <a href="images/LetterP.jpg"
+             name="fig465-l"
+             id="fig465-l"><img src="images/LetterP.jpg"
+             alt="Letter P" /></a>
+    </div>
+
+    <p class="hang">ICTURES?" boasted Turner. "Give me canvas,
+    colors, a room to work in, <i>with a door that will lock</i>,
+    and it is not difficult to paint pictures!" This was the spirit
+    of the older men, against which Constable rose in his might. It
+    was the legacy of the past; the principle, or the lack of it,
+    which permitted Titian (in a picture now in the National
+    Gallery, London) to paint the shadows of his figures falling
+    away from the spectator into the picture, and <i>towards</i>
+    the setting sun in the background. The return to nature,
+    however, was not accomplished at once. It is doubtful, indeed,
+    if a painter can ever arrive at a respectable technical
+    achievement without imbibing certain conventions which prevent
+    complete submission to nature; absolute
+    <i>na&iuml;vet&eacute;</i> thus becoming only theoretically
+    possible. Constable, with all his independence, dared not throw
+    over all received canons of art. And G&eacute;ricault, while
+    daring to paint a modern theme, daring still more to embody it
+    in forms plausibly like average humanity, and refusing to place
+    on a raft in mid-ocean a carefully chosen assortment of antique
+    statues, still did not think, apparently, that the heavily
+    marked shadows prevalent throughout his picture were never seen
+    under the far-reaching arch of the sky, but fell from a studio
+    window. Nor do the early pictures by Corot free themselves from
+    the influences of the academy at once. In the studies which he
+    bequeathed to the Louvre&mdash;two tiny canvases on which are
+    depicted the Coliseum and the Castle of St. Angelo at
+    Rome&mdash;the conventional picking out of detail, the painting
+    of separate objects by themselves, without due relation to each
+    other, is the effect of early study; and it is only in the as
+    yet timid reaching for effect of light and atmosphere that we
+    feel the Corot of the future. These
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page466"
+       id="page466"></a>[pg 466]</span> studies were painted in
+       1826; and as late as 1835 the same influences are manifest
+       in the "Hagar and Ishmael in the Desert," a historical
+       landscape of the kind dear to the academies, but saved and
+       made of interest by the native qualities of the painter
+       struggling to the surface.</p>
+
+    <p>Jean Baptiste Camille Corot was born in Paris, July 28,
+    1796. His father was originally a barber; but, marrying a
+    dressmaker, he joined forces with his wife to such effect that
+    they became the fashionable house of their time; and a "dress
+    from Corot's" found its place in the comedies of the early part
+    of the century, very much as the name of Worth has been potent
+    in later days. The youth's distaste for business (certain
+    unfortunate experiences in selling olive-colored cloth leading
+    directly thereto) at length vanquished the parents' opposition
+    to his choice of a career; and after a solemn family conclave,
+    it was decided that he was to have an allowance of three
+    hundred dollars a year, and be free to follow his own
+    inclinations. Procuring materials for work, Corot sat him down
+    the same day on the bank of the Seine, almost under the windows
+    of his father's shop, and began to paint. It is prettily
+    related that one of the shop-women, Mademoiselle Rose by name,
+    was the only person of his <i>entourage</i> who sympathized
+    with the young fellow, and who came to look at his work to
+    encourage him. Late in life the good Corot said: "Look at my
+    first study; the colors are still bright, the hour and day
+    remain fixed on the canvas; and only the other day Mademoiselle
+    Rose came to see me; and, alas, the old maid and the old man,
+    how faded they are!"</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:30%;">
+        <a href="images/466.jpg"
+             name="fig466"
+             id="fig466"><img src="images/466.jpg"
+             alt="JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT. AFTER A PHOTOGRAPH FROM LIFE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT. AFTER A PHOTOGRAPH FROM
+        LIFE.</h5>
+
+        <p>This portrait represents "good Papa Corot," as he was
+        universally known, at work out of doors.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>It was Corot's good fortune to meet at the start a young
+    landscape painter, Michallon, who had lately returned from
+    Rome, where he had gone after winning the prize for historical
+    landscape, which then formed part of the curriculum of the
+    &Eacute;cole des Beaux Arts. Michallon died in 1824, when only
+    twenty-eight years old, too soon to have shown the fruits of an
+    independent spirit which had already revolted against the
+    trammels of the school. Desiring to save Corot from the
+    mistakes which he had himself made, he adjured him to remain
+    <i>na&iuml;f</i>, to paint nature as he saw it, and to
+    disregard the counsels of those who were for the moment in
+    authority. Gentle, almost timid by nature, having met so far in
+    life with little but disapproval, Corot disregarded his
+    friend's advice at first, and placed himself under the guidance
+    of Victor Bertin, a painter then in vogue, and, needless to
+    say, deeply imbued with scholastic tradition. In his company
+    Corot made his first voyage to Italy, in 1825, and thus came
+    for the first time under the true classic influence. The
+    lessons taught in the school of nature, where Claude had
+    studied, were those best fitted for the temperament of Corot,
+    who has been called "a child of the eighteenth century, grown
+    in the midst of that imitation of antiquity so ardent, and so
+    often unintelligent, where the Directory copied Athens, and the
+    Empire forced itself to imitate Rome." It is a curious and
+    interesting fact that when, as in this case, the spirit of
+    classicism reveals itself anew, its never-dying influence can
+    be the motive for work <span class="pagenum"><a name="page467"
+       id="page467"></a>[pg 467]</span> as fresh and modern as that
+       of Corot. It is also true that the rigid enforcement of the
+       study of drawing was a healthy influence on Corot's early
+       life. All the pictures of his early period show the most
+       minute attention to form and modelling; and when he had
+       finally rid himself of the hard manner which it entailed,
+       there remained the substratum of a constructive basis upon
+       which his freer brush played at will.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/467.jpg"
+             name="fig467"
+             id="fig467"><img src="images/467.jpg"
+             alt="A BY-PATH. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A BY-PATH. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE
+        COROT.</h5>
+
+        <p>One of Corot's later works, and treated with greater
+        freedom than the earlier.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Many years, however, Corot was to wait before the memorable
+    day when he bewailed that his complete collection of works had
+    been spoiled, he having sold a picture. Living on his modest
+    income, which his father doubled when, in 1846, the son was
+    given the cross of the Legion of Honor, he was happy with his
+    two loves, nature and painting. Little by little he gained a
+    reputation among the artists, especially when, after 1835, on
+    his return from a second voyage to Italy, he found that the
+    true country of the artist is his native country. After that
+    period his works are nearly all French in subject, many of them
+    painted in the environs of Paris; though, with his Theocritan
+    spirit, he could see the fountain of Jouvence in the woods of
+    S&egrave;vres, and for him the classic nymph dwelt by the pond
+    at Ville d'Avray. His life was long&mdash;he died February 22,
+    1875&mdash;and completely filled with his work.</p>
+
+    <p>After Corot's death, there was exhibited at the &Eacute;cole
+    des Beaux Arts in Paris a collection of several hundred of his
+    pictures, and then, perhaps for the first time, the genius of
+    the man was profoundly felt. To those who were inclined to
+    undervalue the pure, sweet spirit which shone through his work,
+    and to complain of the representation of a world in which no
+    breeze stronger than a zephyr blew, in which the birds always
+    sang, and the shepherd piped to a flock unconscious of the
+    existence of wolves, there were shown efforts in so many and
+    various directions as to forever silence their reproach of
+    monotony, so often directed against Corot's work. There were
+    landscapes, showing the gradual emancipation, due to the most
+    sincere study of nature, hard and precise, in the early period;
+    vaporous and filled with suggestion, as the sentiment of the
+    day and hour represented became important to the painter, and
+    his technical mastery became more certain in later years. There
+    were figures, none too well drawn from the point of view of
+    David or Ingres, but serving, to a painter whose interest in
+    atmospheric problems never ceased, as objects around which the
+    luminous light of day played, and which were bathed in
+    circumambient air.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page468"
+       id="page468"></a>[pg 468]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/468.jpg"
+             name="fig468"
+             id="fig468"><img src="images/468.jpg"
+             alt="EARLY MORNING. JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>EARLY MORNING. JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a painting now in the Louvre. One of the best known
+        of the works of the master, executed during the
+        transitional period, when he still gave great attention to
+        detail. The original is remarkable for its sense of dewy
+        freshness.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page469"
+       id="page469"></a>[pg 469]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/469.jpg"
+             name="fig469"
+             id="fig469"><img src="images/469.jpg"
+             alt="DIANA'S BATH. JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT." />
+             </a>
+
+        <h5>DIANA'S BATH. JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT.</h5>
+
+        <p>From a painting in the Museum at Bordeaux.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page470"
+       id="page470"></a>[pg 470]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/470.jpg"
+             name="fig470"
+             id="fig470"><img src="images/470.jpg"
+             alt="A SHALLOW RIVER. FROM A PAINTING BY TH&Eacute;ODORE ROUSSEAU." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A SHALLOW RIVER. FROM A PAINTING BY TH&Eacute;ODORE
+        ROUSSEAU.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>With all this variety, however, the true value of Corot's
+    work lies in the expression of the spirit of the man himself.
+    It is often possible, and it is always theoretically desirable,
+    to separate the personality of a painter from his production in
+    any critical consideration of his achievement. It is at least
+    only fair to believe that the light which shines from so many
+    canvases is the true expression of many a life which is clouded
+    to our superficial view. With Corot, however, it is impossible
+    to make this separation. Every added detail of his
+    life&mdash;and they are so numerous that in the difficulty of a
+    choice they must remain unrecorded here&mdash;gives a new
+    perception of his work. A youthful Virgilian spirit to the day
+    of his death, as old at his birth as the classic source from
+    which he sprang, he invented a method essentially his own, in
+    which to express his new-old message. In our work-a-day,
+    materialistic age, like a thrush singing in a boiler-shop, he
+    is the quiet but triumphant vindication of the truth that all
+    great art has its roots firmly implanted in the earth of
+    Hellenic civilization, though its expression may be, as in
+    Corot's case, through an art unknown to the Greeks, and even,
+    as in the case of the one greater man of this century than
+    Corot&mdash;Millet&mdash;by the presentation of types which the
+    beauty-loving sons of Hellas disdained to represent.</p>
+
+    <p>Millet's work must be considered later in these papers, but
+    it is useful here to make this passing comment, that with Corot
+    he represents what is best in our modern art; that the greatest
+    quality of our modern art is its steadfast reliance on nature;
+    and that, paradoxical as it may seem, they are alike in taking
+    only that from nature which is serviceable to the clarity of
+    their expression, being in this both at odds with the common
+    practice of modern painting, which usually adopts a more
+    servile attitude towards nature. Corot painted out of
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page471"
+       id="page471"></a>[pg 471]</span> doors constantly; but in
+       the maturity of his art his work was only based upon the
+       scene before him, a practice dangerous to the student, and
+       fraught with difficulty to the master. In the fever of
+       production; in the almost childish joy which the long
+       neglected painter felt when dealers and collectors besieged
+       his door; and, finally, in the necessity which arose for
+       large sums of money to carry on works of charity, which were
+       his only dissipation, and which it was his pride to sustain
+       without impairing the patrimony which in the course of time
+       he had inherited, and which he left intact to his relatives,
+       Corot undoubtedly weakened his legacy to the future by
+       over-production. In addition, his work became the prey of
+       unscrupulous dealers (as there is nothing easier to imitate
+       superficially than a Corot), and the mediocre pictures
+       signed by his name are not always of his workmanship. Such
+       works apart, his art has given us a message from the purest
+       source of poetry and painting, couched in a language which
+       is thoroughly of our time; and in this year, which is the
+       centenary of his birth, it can be said that no other painter
+       of the century, save the graver Millet, has held fast that
+       which was good in the art of the past, and so enriched it by
+       added truth and beauty as Corot. It was fitting that when he
+       lay dying as cheerfully as he had lived, contented that he
+       had "had good parents and good friends," beautiful
+       landscapes flitted before his eyes, "more beautiful than
+       painting." On the morning of February 22, 1875, his servant
+       urged him to eat to sustain his strength; but he gently
+       shook his head, saying: "Papa Corot will breakfast in heaven
+       to-day."</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/471.jpg"
+             name="fig471"
+             id="fig471"><img src="images/471.jpg"
+             alt="THE EDGE OF THE FOREST (FONTAINEBLEAU). FROM A PAINTING BY TH&Eacute;ODORE ROUSSEAU." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE EDGE OF THE FOREST (FONTAINEBLEAU). FROM A PAINTING
+        BY TH&Eacute;ODORE ROUSSEAU.</h5>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Eighteen years before, on December 22, 1867, there had died
+    at Barbizon, Th&eacute;odore Rousseau, who, born in Paris, July
+    15, 1812, had been the leader of the revolution in landscape
+    painting, in which we to-day count Corot, Daubigny,
+    Dupr&eacute;, Troyon, Diaz, Jacque, and others who, with our
+    mania for classification, we call the "Barbizon school." The
+    fact that these men, more than any painters before their time,
+    had, by direct study from nature, developed strongly individual
+    characteristics, makes this title, localized as it is by the
+    name of a village with which a number of them had slight, if
+    any, connection, a misnomer. The French name for the group,
+    "the men of 1830," is more correct; for it was about that time
+    that their influence in the Salon began to be felt, as a result
+    of the pictorial invasion of Constable. Lacking the poetic
+    feeling of Corot, and more realistic in his aims, though not
+    always in result, Rousseau met with instant success when he
+    exhibited for the first time at the Salon in 1834. His picture,
+    "Felled Trees, Forest of Compi&egrave;gne," received a medal,
+    and was purchased by the Due d'Orleans. The following year the
+    jury, presided over by Watelet, a justly forgotten painter,
+    refused Rousseau's pictures, and from that time until 1849,
+    when the overthrow of Louis Philippe had opened the Salon doors
+    to all comers, no picture by Rousseau was exhibited at the
+    Salon.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page472"
+       id="page472"></a>[pg 472]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/472-1.jpg"
+             name="fig472-1"
+             id="fig472-1"><img src="images/472-1.jpg"
+             alt="ON THE RIVER OISE. FROM A PAINTING BY CHARLES FRAN&Ccedil;OIS DAUBIGNY." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>ON THE RIVER OISE. FROM A PAINTING BY CHARLES
+        FRAN&Ccedil;OIS DAUBIGNY.</h5>
+
+        <p>A typical French river, with the familiar figures of
+        peasant women washing linen in the stream. Probably painted
+        during one of the voyages of his house-boat studio "Le
+        Bottin," in which the painter passed many summers.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/472-2.jpg"
+             name="fig472-2"
+             id="fig472-2"><img src="images/472-2.jpg"
+             alt="THE STORMY SEA. FROM A PAINTING BY JULES DUPR&Eacute;." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE STORMY SEA. FROM A PAINTING BY JULES
+        DUPR&Eacute;.</h5>
+
+        <p>This powerful picture gives an idea of the dramatic
+        force of one who has been fitly termed a symphonic
+        painter.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page473"
+       id="page473"></a>[pg 473]</span>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/473.jpg"
+             name="fig473"
+             id="fig473"><img src="images/473.jpg"
+             alt="A SUNLIT GLADE. FROM A PAINTING BY L&Eacute;ON GERMAIN PELOUSE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A SUNLIT GLADE. FROM A PAINTING BY L&Eacute;ON GERMAIN
+        PELOUSE.</h5>
+
+        <p>A remarkable rendering of intricate detail without
+        sacrifice of general effect, this picture, nevertheless,
+        gives somewhat the impression of a photograph from
+        nature.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>In the meantime, however, Rousseau's fame had grown,
+    fostered by the more advanced critics of the time. He lived at
+    Barbizon, on the border of the forest of Fontainebleau; and,
+    basing his work on the most uncompromising study of nature, his
+    pictures bore an impress of simple truth, which to our
+    latter-day vision seems so obvious and easily understood that
+    nothing could show more clearly the depth of error into which
+    his opponents had fallen than the systematic rejection of his
+    work for so many years. He was by nature a leader, and in his
+    country home he was soon joined by Millet and Charles Jacque,
+    while in Paris he had the hearty support of Delacroix and his
+    followers of the Romantic school. While forced by circumstances
+    to find allies in these men, Rousseau had, however, but little
+    of the imaginative temperament. He was, above all, the close
+    student of natural phenomena. He sat, an
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page474"
+       id="page474"></a>[pg 474]</span> impartial recorder of the
+       phases of nature's triumphal procession. Early and late, in
+       the fields, among the rocks, or under the trees of the
+       forest, his cunning hand noted an innumerable variety of
+       facts which before him, through ignorance or disdain, the
+       landscape painter had never seen. It is but fair to say
+       that, like all pioneers in the untrodden fields of art, his
+       means of expression at times failed to keep pace with his
+       intention. His work is occasionally overburdened with
+       detail, through the embarrassment of riches which nature
+       poured at his feet. Then, heir to the processes of painting
+       of former generations, it seemed to him necessary to endow
+       nature with a warmth of coloring, an abuse of the richer
+       tones of the palette, which we may presume he would have
+       discarded but for the fact already noted, that a painter
+       carries through his earthly pilgrimage a baggage of
+       early-formed habits difficult to throw off <i>en route</i>.
+       The belief that color to be beautiful must of necessity be
+       warm, rich, and deep in tone was shared by all painters of
+       Rousseau's time, and lingers still in the minds of many,
+       despite the fact that nature has created the tea-rose as
+       well as the orange. When, however, Rousseau was completely
+       successful&mdash;as, for instance, in the "Hoar-frost," in
+       the Walters gallery in Baltimore&mdash;the reward of his
+       painstaking methods was measurably great. In such works as
+       this the rendition of effect, the certainty of modelling,
+       the sustained power throughout the work, lift it beyond mere
+       transcription of fact into the realm of typical creations
+       which appear more true than average reality.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/474.jpg"
+             name="fig474"
+             id="fig474"><img src="images/474.jpg"
+             alt="A SHEPHERD AND HIS FLOCK. FROM A PAINTING BY CHARLES &Eacute;MILE JACQUE." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>A SHEPHERD AND HIS FLOCK. FROM A PAINTING BY CHARLES
+        &Eacute;MILE JACQUE.</h5>
+
+        <p>A typical example of the master, solidly painted,
+        though, as was often his habit, somewhat forced in
+        effect.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Of the life of Rousseau as the head of the little colony of
+    painters who for longer or shorter periods resided at Barbizon,
+    much could be said if space permitted. It is pleasant to think
+    that the more prosperous Rousseau helped with purse and
+    influence his comrades, and that, by nature sad and irritable,
+    he was always considerate of them in the many discussions which
+    took place. Corot, ill at ease in the revolutionary atmosphere,
+    made an occasional appearance. Diaz, he of meridional
+    extraction, turbulent and emphatic, stamped his wooden leg, and
+    was as illogical in debate as in
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page475"
+       id="page475"></a>[pg 475]</span> painting. Charles Jacque,
+       with the keen smile and the facility for absorbing ideas
+       from the best of them; Ziem even, who painted Venice for
+       some years in the shades of Fontainebleau; Dupr&eacute;,
+       whose nature expresses itself in deep sunsets gleaming
+       through the oaks of the forest; Daubigny, the youngest of
+       the group, and the more immediate forerunner of landscape as
+       it is to-day, then winning his first success; Decamps, who
+       later sometimes left the Imperial Court, domiciled for the
+       moment at the palace of Fontainebleau, and brought his
+       personality of a great painter who failed through lack of
+       elementary instruction, among them; Daumier, the great
+       caricaturist, and possibly greater painter, but for the
+       engrossing character of the work which first fell in his
+       way&mdash;all these and more made up the constantly shifting
+       group. The first innkeeper of the place and his wife, whose
+       hyphenated name, Luniot-Ganne, commemorated their union,
+       kept for many years on the walls, the panels of the doors,
+       and on odd cabinets and bits of furniture, <i>souvenirs</i>
+       of the passage of all these men, in the shape of sketches
+       made by their hands. This little museum, created in sportive
+       mood, bore all these names and many more, those of men,
+       often celebrated, who from sympathy or curiosity visited the
+       place. Millet was in life, as in art, somewhat apart in the
+       later years; but he was the consistent friend of Rousseau,
+       whose life closed in the darkness of a disordered mind.</p>
+
+    <div class="figright"
+         style="width:40%;">
+        <a href="images/475.jpg"
+             name="fig475"
+             id="fig475"><img src="images/475.jpg"
+             alt="&quot;THE MAN WITH THE LEATHERN BELT.&quot; PORTRAIT OF GUSTAVE COURBET AS" />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>"THE MAN WITH THE LEATHERN BELT." PORTRAIT OF GUSTAVE
+        COURBET AS A YOUNG MAN, BY HIMSELF.</h5>
+
+        <p>From the original, in the Louvre.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Narcisco Virgilio Diaz de la Pe&ntilde;a was the noble name
+    of him who, born at Bordeaux in 1807, the son of a Spanish
+    refugee, died at Mentone, November 18, 1876. Left an orphan
+    when very young, he drifted to Paris, and found work, painting
+    on china, in the manufactory at S&egrave;vres. Here he met
+    Dupr&eacute;, employed like himself; and in their work in other
+    fields it is not fanciful to feel the influence of the delight
+    in rich translucent color, of the tones employed with
+    over-emphasis on the surface of <i>fa&iuml;ence</i>. After a
+    bitter acquaintance with poverty, Diaz produced work which
+    brought him great popularity. The earlier pictures were studies
+    in the forest of Fontainebleau, whose venerable tree-trunks,
+    moss-grown; whose lichen-covered rocks, and gleaming pools
+    reflecting the sky, he rendered with force of color and
+    strength of effect. Gradually he began to attempt the figure,
+    which in his hands never attained a higher plane than an
+    assemblage of charming though artificial color; and these
+    little <i>bouquets</i>, which superficially imitated Correggio,
+    Da Vinci, or Prud'hon, as the fancy seized the painter, bathed
+    in a color that is undeniably agreeable, were and are to this
+    day loved by the collector. Of a whimsical temperament, Diaz
+    was the life of artist gatherings; and his facility in work,
+    and its popularity, gave him the means of doing many generous
+    acts, the memory of which lives. But
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page476"
+       id="page476"></a>[pg 476]</span> of the group of men of his
+       time, he has exercised, perhaps, the least influence.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/476.jpg"
+             name="fig476"
+             id="fig476"><img src="images/476.jpg"
+             alt="THE STONE-BREAKERS. FROM A PAINTING BY GUSTAVE COURBET." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE STONE-BREAKERS. FROM A PAINTING BY GUSTAVE
+        COURBET.</h5>
+
+        <p>One of Courbet's early pictures, which, when exhibited
+        at the Salon, excited considerable discussion, certain
+        adverse critics finding in it an appeal to the socialistic
+        elements. It represents a scene common in France, where
+        stones are piled by the roadsides, to be broken up for
+        repairing the route.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>Jules Dupr&eacute; rises to a higher plane. But his work,
+    freed from the colder academical bondage, is pitched in a key
+    of color which takes us to a world where the sun shines through
+    smoke; where the clouds float heavily, filled with inky vapors;
+    and the light shoots from behind the trees explosively. It is a
+    grave, rhythmic world, however; and if it lacks the dewy
+    atmosphere of Corot, it has an intensity which the more sanely
+    balanced painter seldom reached. Dupr&eacute;, born at Nantes
+    in 1812, and dying near Paris, at the village of L'Isle-Adam,
+    in 1889, made his first important exhibit at the Salon in 1835,
+    after a visit to England, where he met Constable. This picture,
+    "Environs of Southampton," was typical of the work he was to
+    do. A long waste of land near the sea, the middle distance in
+    deepest shadow, and richly colored storm-clouds racing
+    overhead; the foreground in sunlight, enhanced by the
+    artificial contrast of the rest of the picture; a wooden dyke
+    on which, together with two white horses near by, the gleam of
+    sunlight falls almost with a sound, so intensified is all the
+    effect, make up the picture. Dupr&eacute;'s work is generally
+    keyed up to the highest possible pitch, and it is no little
+    merit that, with the constant insistence on this note, it is
+    seldom or never theatrical.</p>
+
+    <p>Constant Troyon, from sympathy of aim, is commonly included
+    in this group, although it was gradually, and after success
+    achieved in landscape, that his more powerful cattle pictures
+    were produced, which alone entitle him to the place. Born at
+    S&egrave;vres in 1810, where his father was employed at the
+    manufactory of porcelain, he was thrown in contact with
+    Dupr&eacute; and Diaz. He first exhibited at the Salon in 1832,
+    and for nearly twenty years was known as a landscape painter.
+    His work at that time was eclectic, sufficiently in touch with
+    Rousseau, <span class="pagenum"><a name="page477"
+       id="page477"></a>[pg 477]</span> whose acquaintance he had
+       made, to be of interest, but never revolutionary enough to
+       alarm the academical juries of the Salon. In 1849, after a
+       visit to Holland, he turned his attention to animal
+       painting, and became in that field the first of his time. In
+       common with his quondam comrades in the porcelain
+       manufactory, Troyon delighted in warmth and richness of tone
+       and color; but in the rendering of the texture and color of
+       cattle the quality availed him greatly, and as objects in
+       his foreground the landscape environment gained in depth by
+       its judicious use. Troyon will be chiefly remembered by the
+       pictures painted from 1846 to 1858. The later years of his
+       life, until his death in 1865, were passed with a clouded
+       intellect.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/477.jpg"
+             name="fig477"
+             id="fig477"><img src="images/477.jpg"
+             alt="THE GOOD SAMARITAN. FROM A PAINTING BY TH&Eacute;ODULE RIBOT." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>THE GOOD SAMARITAN. FROM A PAINTING BY TH&Eacute;ODULE
+        RIBOT.</h5>
+
+        <p>From the Salon of 1870; now in the Luxembourg. The story
+        of the man who went down to Jericho and fell among thieves
+        is here treated as a pretext for a forcible effect of light
+        and shade, though it is also a novel and dramatic
+        presentation of the scene.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>The youngest of the group proper was Charles Fran&ccedil;ois
+    Daubigny, who was born in Paris in 1817, and died there in
+    1878. He was the son of a well-known miniature painter, and
+    passed his youth in the country, where he imbibed the love for
+    simple nature which he afterwards rendered with less of fervor
+    than Rousseau, with less poetry than either Corot or
+    Dupr&eacute;; but, in his way, with as much or more of truth.
+    His task was easier. In the progress which landscape painting
+    had made, there were hosts of younger painters, each adding a
+    particle of truth, each making an advance in technical skill
+    and daring, and Daubigny profited by it all. Corot, it is true,
+    had never been afflicted with the preoccupation of combining
+    the freshness of nature with the <i>patine</i> with which ages
+    had embrowned the old gallery pictures; but Daubigny, looking
+    at nature with a more literal eye than Corot, ran a gamut of
+    color greater than he. It was Daubigny who said of Corot, in
+    envious admiration: "He puts nothing on the canvas, and
+    everything is there." His own more prosaic nature took delight
+    in enregistering a greater number of facts. Floating quietly
+    down the rivers of France in a house-boat, he diligently
+    reproduced the sedgy banks, the low-lying distances the poplars
+    and clumps of trees lining the shore, and reflected in the
+    waters. He painted the "Springtime," now in the Louvre, with
+    lush grass growing thick
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page478"
+       id="page478"></a>[pg 478]</span> around the apple trees in
+       blossom; with tender greens, soft, fleecy clouds, and the
+       moist, humid atmosphere of France; without preoccupation of
+       rich color, of "brown sauce," of "low tone," of the thousand
+       and one conventions which have enfeebled the work of men
+       stronger than he. Thus he fills a middle place between the
+       men who made an honest effort at painting nature as they saw
+       and felt it, but could not altogether rid themselves of
+       their early education, and the lawless band who, with the
+       purple banner of impressionism, now riot joyously in the
+       fields, with brave show of gleaming color, and fearless
+       attempt to enlist science in their ranks.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/478.jpg"
+             name="fig478"
+             id="fig478"><img src="images/478.jpg"
+             alt="SERVANT AT THE FOUNTAIN. FROM A PAINTING BY FRAN&Ccedil;OIS SAINT BONVIN." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>SERVANT AT THE FOUNTAIN. FROM A PAINTING BY
+        FRAN&Ccedil;OIS SAINT BONVIN.</h5>
+
+        <p>From the Salon of 1863; now in the Luxembourg galleries.
+        A quiet scene, essentially French from the type of the
+        woman to the "fountain" of red copper so often seen in
+        French kitchens, it recalls the work of the old Holland
+        masters, and proves that, in our day, and with material
+        near at hand, one can be thoroughly modern, and yet claim
+        kinship with the great painters of the past.</p>
+    </div>
+
+    <p>It is to these latter that the future must look, and it can
+    do so with confidence. In all the license which runs ahead of
+    progress there is less danger than resides in stagnation. The
+    men of 1830, who by ungrateful youths are now derided, had
+    their turn at derision, and extravagances were committed in
+    their name, according to the beliefs of their time. They
+    carried their work, however, to its full completion, and it
+    remains the greatest achievement of this century in painting,
+    the greatest in landscape
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page479"
+       id="page479"></a>[pg 479]</span> art of all time. What the
+       next century may bring is undoubtedly foreshadowed in the
+       work of impressionistic tendency. It has the merit of being
+       a new direction, one as yet hardly opened before us, but
+       more hopeful, despite certain excesses, than it would be to
+       see the men of our time settle down to an imitation of the
+       works, however great, of those men of 1830. The immediate
+       effect of their example was and can still be seen in the
+       works of men too numerous to be enregistered here.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/479.jpg"
+             name="fig479"
+             id="fig479"><img src="images/479.jpg"
+             alt="AN UNHAPPY FAMILY. FROM A PAINTING BY NICOLAS FRAN&Ccedil;OIS OCTAVE TASSAERT." />
+        </a>
+
+        <h5>AN UNHAPPY FAMILY. FROM A PAINTING BY NICOLAS
+        FRAN&Ccedil;OIS OCTAVE TASSAERT.</h5>
+
+        <p>In the Luxembourg catalogue, to which museum the picture
+        came from the Salon of 1850, is printed a long quotation
+        from Lamennais's "Les Paroles d'un Croyant" (The Words of a
+        Believer), an emphatic work, of great popularity about the
+        time that the picture was painted. The women represented,
+        having fallen into poverty, are suffering from cold and
+        hunger, the obvious end of the tragedy being explained by
+        these words, "Shortly after there were seen two forms,
+        luminous like souls, which took their flight towards
+        Heaven." The picture, like much of Tassaert's work, affords
+        an instance of misguided and morbid talent.</p>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page480"
+       id="page480"></a>[pg 480]</span>
+
+    <p>In Henri Harpignies, a living painter, though now aged, the
+    influence is felt in the careful attention to form throughout
+    the landscape. The delicate branching of trees is depicted in
+    his work with accuracy tempered by a sense of the beauty of
+    line, which prevents it from becoming photographic. L&eacute;on
+    Germain Pelouse, who was born at Pierrelay in 1838, and died in
+    Paris, 1891, carried somewhat the same qualities to excess. His
+    pictures, though undeniably excellent, are marred by the
+    dangerous facility which degenerates into mere virtuosity.
+    Charles Jacque, who was born in 1813, and lived until 1894, was
+    of the original group living for many years in Barbizon. He
+    was, perhaps, of less original mind than any of the others, but
+    was gifted with a power of assimilation which enabled him to
+    form an eclectic style that is now recognized as his own. His
+    pictures are many in number and varied in character, though his
+    somewhat stereotyped pictures of sheep, done in the later years
+    of his life, are best known.</p>
+
+    <p>The limits of space render it difficult to make even a
+    summary enumeration of certain tendencies in figure painting
+    which marked the years of the growth of this great landscape
+    school. Gustave Courbet (born at Ornans in 1819, died in
+    Switzerland, 1877), who might be classed both as a figure and a
+    landscape painter, would demand by right a longer consideration
+    than can be here given. Of his career as a champion of realism,
+    as a past master in the peculiarly modern art of keeping one's
+    self before the public, culminating in his connection with the
+    Commune in Paris in 1871, and the destruction of the column in
+    the Place Vend&ocirc;me, there could be much to say. Courbet
+    was, as a painter, a powerful individuality; of more force,
+    however, as a painter of the superficial envelope than of the
+    deeper qualities which nature makes pictorial at the bidding of
+    one of finer fibre. His claim to be considered modern can be
+    contested, inasmuch as it was only in subject that his work was
+    novel. In manner of painting he was of a time long past, of a
+    school of greater masters than he showed himself to be. With
+    this reserve, however, as a vigorous painter, both of the
+    figure and landscape, he is interesting; and as one of the
+    first to look about him and find his subjects in our daily
+    life, his work will live.</p>
+
+    <p>Curiously enough, the revival of the art of another epoch in
+    the case of Saint Bonvin remained absolutely modern. By nature
+    or by choice this painter (born at Vaugirard, near Paris, in
+    1817, and dying at St. Germain-en-Laye in 1887) is a modern
+    Pieter de Hooghe; and as the Dutch masters addressed themselves
+    to a painstaking and sincere representation of the life about
+    them, in like manner Bonvin, bringing to his work much the same
+    qualities, choosing as his subjects quiet interiors, with the
+    life of the family pursuing its even tenor (or the still more
+    placid progress of conventual life, like the "Ave Maria in the
+    Convent of Aramont," in the Luxembourg), remains himself while
+    resembling his prototypes. It is instructive to look at his
+    "Servant at the Fountain," reproduced here, compare it with
+    many of the pictures of familiar life like those of Wilkie,
+    Webster, or Mulready, published last month, and note the
+    unconsciousness of the work before us.</p>
+
+    <p>The work of a painter equally able, though suffering
+    somewhat as representing an art with which we moderns have
+    little sympathy, falls into comparison here, and undoubtedly
+    loses by it. The unfortunate painter, Octave Tassaert, who was
+    born in Paris in 1800, and lived there, undergoing constant
+    privation, until he voluntarily ended his life in 1874,
+    possibly found consolation for his hard lot in depicting scenes
+    like that entitled "An Unhappy Family."</p>
+
+    <p>The lesson of the art of the men considered here is that of
+    direct inspiration of nature, of reliance on native qualities
+    rather than those acquired; and the impulse given by them has
+    continued in force until to day. We have before us, as a
+    consequence, two strongly defined tendencies which will control
+    the future of painting. The first and strongest, for the
+    moment, is the impressionistic tendency, with its negation of
+    any pictorial qualities other than those based on direct study
+    from objects actually existing. This would, if carried to a
+    logical conclusion, eliminate the imaginative quality, and
+    render the painter a human photographic camera. The other
+    tendency is that which has existed since art was born, and
+    which, though temporarily and justly ignored in periods when it
+    is necessary to recreate a technical standard, always comes to
+    the surface when men have learned their trade as painters. It
+    is the desire to create; the instinct which impels one to use
+    the language given him to express thought. The two tendencies
+    are not incompatible; and in the end the artist will arise who,
+    with certainty of expression, will express thought.</p>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page481"
+       id="page481"></a>[pg 481]</span>
+
+    <h2>"SOLDIER AN' SAILOR TOO."</h2>
+
+    <h4>By Rudyard Kipling,</h4>
+
+    <h5>Author of "Barrack-Room Ballads," "The Jungle Book,"
+    etc.</h5>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>As I was spittin' into the Ditch aboard o' the
+            "Crocodile,"</p>
+
+            <p>I seed a man on a man-o'-war got up in the Reg'lars'
+            style.</p>
+
+            <p>'E was scrapin' the paint from off of 'er plates,
+            an' I sez to 'im: "Oo are you?"</p>
+
+            <p>Sez 'e: "I'm a Jolly&mdash;'er Majesty's
+            Jolly&mdash;soldier an' sailor too!"</p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>Now 'is work begins by Gawd knows
+            when, and 'is work is never through&mdash;</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>'E isn't one o' the Regular line, nor
+            'e isn't one of the crew&mdash;</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>'E's a kind of a giddy
+            herumfrodite&mdash;soldier an' sailor too</i>!</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>An' after I met 'im all over the world, a-doin' all
+            kinds o' things,</p>
+
+            <p>Like landin' 'isself with a Gatling-gun to talk to
+            them 'eathen kings;</p>
+
+            <p>'E sleeps in an 'ammick instead of a cot, an' 'e
+            drills with the deck on a slue,</p>
+
+            <p>An' 'e sweats like a Jolly&mdash;'er Majesty's
+            Jolly&mdash;soldier an' sailor too!</p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>For there isn't a job on the top o'
+            the earth the beggar don't know&mdash;nor do!</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>You can leave 'im at night on a bald
+            man's 'ead to paddle 'is own canoe;</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>'E's a sort of a bloomin'
+            cosmopolot&mdash;soldier an' sailor too</i>.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>We've fought 'em on trooper, we've fought em in
+            dock, an' drunk with 'em in betweens,</p>
+
+            <p>When they called us the sea-sick scull'ry maids, an'
+            we called 'em the Ass Marines;</p>
+
+            <p>But when we was down for a double fatigue, from
+            Woolwich to Bernardmyo,</p>
+
+            <p>We sent for the Jollies&mdash;'er Majesty's
+            Jollies&mdash;soldier an' sailor too!</p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>They think for 'emselves, an they
+            steal for 'emselves, an' they never ask what's to
+            do,</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>But they're camped an fed an' they're
+            up an' fed before our bugle's blew.</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>Ho! they ain't no limpin
+            procrastitutes&mdash;soldier an' sailor too!</i></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>You may say we are fond of an 'arness cut or 'ootin'
+            in barrick-yards,</p>
+
+            <p>Or startin' a Board School mutiny along o' the Onion
+            Guards;</p>
+
+            <p>But once in a while we can finish in style for the
+            ends of the earth to view,</p>
+
+            <p>The same as the Jollies&mdash;'er Majesty's
+            Jollies&mdash;soldier an' sailor
+            too.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page482"
+               id="page482"></a>[pg 482]</span>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>They come of our lot, they was
+            brothers to us, they was beggars we'd met and
+            knew;</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>Yes, barrin' an inch in the chest an'
+            the arms, they was doubles o' me and you,</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>For they weren't no special
+            chrysanthemums&mdash;soldier an' sailor too</i>.</p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>To take your chance in the thick of a rush with
+            firing all about</p>
+
+            <p>Is nothing so bad when you've cover to 'and, and
+            leave an' likin' to shout;</p>
+
+            <p>But to stand an' be still to the "Birken'ead" drill
+            is a damn tough bullet to chew,</p>
+
+            <p>And they done it, the Jollies&mdash;'er Majesty's
+            Jollies&mdash;soldier an' sailor too.</p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>Their work was done when it 'adn't
+            begun, they was younger nor me an you;</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>Their choice it was plain between
+            drownin in 'eaps an bein mashed by the screw,</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>An' they stood an' was still to the
+            "Birken'ead" drill, soldier an sailor too!</i></p>
+        </div>
+
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>We're most of us liars, we're 'arf of us thieves,
+            an' the rest are as rank as can be,</p>
+
+            <p>But once in a while we can finish in style (which I
+            'ope it won't 'appen to me);</p>
+
+            <p>But it makes you think better o' you an' your
+            friends an' the work you may 'ave to do</p>
+
+            <p>When you think o' the sinkin' "Victorier's"
+            Jollies&mdash;soldier an' sailor too.</p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>Now there isn't no room for to say you
+            don't know&mdash;they 'ave settled it plain and
+            true&mdash;</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>That whether it's Widow or whether
+            it's ship, Victorier's work is to do,</i></p>
+
+            <p class="i2"><i>As they done it, the Jollies&mdash;'er
+            Majesty's Jollies&mdash;soldier an sailor too!</i></p>
+        </div>
+    </div>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/482.jpg"
+             name="fig482"
+             id="fig482"><img width="400"
+             src="images/482.jpg"
+             alt="End of Chapter Graphic." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page483"
+       id="page483"></a>[pg 483]</span>
+
+    <h2>RACHEL.</h2>
+
+    <h4>By Mrs. E. V. Wilson,</h4>
+
+    <h5>Author of "Barbary," "A Blizzard," and other stories.</h5>
+
+    <p class="cap">IT was the middle of a short December afternoon.
+    From the scholars in the little log school-house in the
+    Stillman district rose a buzzing sound as they bent over their
+    desks, intent on books or mischief, as the case might be. The
+    teacher, a good-looking young man of twenty or thereabouts, was
+    busy with a class in arithmetic when a shrill voice called
+    out:</p>
+
+    <p>"Teacher, Rachel Stillman's readin' a story-book."</p>
+
+    <p>"Bring the book to me," said the teacher quietly; and the
+    delinquent, a girl of about fourteen, slowly rose and, walking
+    to him, placed a much-worn volume in his hands.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why," he said, glancing at the open page, "it is 'The
+    Pilgrim's Progress.' No wonder you are interested. But you must
+    not read it during school hours."</p>
+
+    <p>The child lifted to his face a pair of large blue eyes,
+    beautiful with timid wistfulness, as she replied:</p>
+
+    <p>"I know I oughtn't, sir, but I wanted to see how they got
+    out of Doubting Castle so bad."</p>
+
+    <p>He smiled. "I will give you the book after school; then you
+    can read it at home."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, no," she whispered; "father won't let me read
+    story-books."</p>
+
+    <p>"He surely would not object to this," answered the young
+    teacher; "but I will keep it until recess to-morrow, and, never
+    fear, Christian and Hopeful will outwit the giant yet."</p>
+
+    <p>The wistful eyes brightened, and, with a grateful smile,
+    Rachel returned to her desk.</p>
+
+    <p>"First class in spelling, take your places," called the
+    teacher.</p>
+
+    <p>Rachel belonged to this class, as did all the larger
+    scholars, among whom was her brother, Thomas, two years her
+    elder. The teacher had promised a prize at the end of the term
+    to the member of the class obtaining the greatest number of
+    head marks, and consequently a good deal of interest was taken
+    in the lessons.</p>
+
+    <p>Rachel had been at the head of the class the evening before;
+    therefore she now took her station at its foot. Tom, her
+    brother, now was head, and for some time no change in position
+    was made. But finally "somebody blundered," and Rachel, who was
+    one of the good spellers, went up in the long line. Presently
+    another word was missed, and now Rachel walked to the head. Tom
+    pushed her spitefully.</p>
+
+    <p>"Another mark, Rachel," said the teacher, "for that is the
+    end of the lesson."</p>
+
+    <p>The class resumed their seats, and, a few minutes after,
+    school was dismissed for the day.</p>
+
+    <p>"Good-evening," said the teacher, as Rachel and a younger
+    sister, a pretty, delicate child, passed him at the door. "Now,
+    no worrying about Christian, Rachel."</p>
+
+    <p>"I won't," she laughed. "I guess he'll get out. Didn't he
+    stand up to old Apollyon?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Like a good fellow," was the reply. "Hope I'll come off as
+    well."</p>
+
+    <p>She looked at him inquiringly, but he had turned toward his
+    desk, and the sisters set out on their half-mile walk home.</p>
+
+    <p>Let us precede them and see what manner of home it is to
+    which these children belong.</p>
+
+    <p>The farm is a large one, the buildings substantial, and
+    everything has a prosperous, well-to-do look. Mr. Stillman, the
+    owner of these broad acres and the father of these three, Tom,
+    Rachel, and Susy, as well as of three more girls and another
+    stalwart son, is a stout, comfortable-looking man of forty-five
+    or fifty. A glance at his close, thin lips and keen gray eyes
+    would convince an observant person that he would make it very
+    uncomfortable for any one in his power who might differ from
+    him in opinion or dispute his authority. Just now he is
+    chatting pleasantly with his hired man, and pays no attention
+    to the children, who pass him on the way to the house.</p>
+
+    <p>Indoors Mrs. Stillman, a slender, fair-haired woman, who
+    looks as if she felt she owed the world an apology for living
+    in it, is preparing supper, assisted by her two daughters,
+    Elizabeth, a sad-faced woman of twenty-four, and Margaret, a
+    girl of eighteen, with her father's determined mouth and chin
+    and her mother's large blue eyes and fair hair. The clock
+    struck five as the school-girls entered the kitchen,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page484"
+       id="page484"></a>[pg 484]</span> a large room which in
+       winter did duty as dining-room as well as cooking-room.</p>
+
+    <p>"Run in the sitting-room, girls, and get warm," said the
+    mother. "Supper is almost ready."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, we're not cold; are we, Susy? I got another head mark,
+    mother," said Rachel.</p>
+
+    <p>The mother smiled. "I hope you or Tom will get the prize.
+    Where is he?" She was interrupted by a stamping of feet as the
+    door was thrown open and Mr. Stillman, followed by the hired
+    man and Tom, entered the room.</p>
+
+    <p>"Supper is ready," said Mrs. Stillman. "We were just going
+    to call you."</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, I guess it will keep till we're ready," answered her
+    husband, roughly. "Rachel, get some water; the bucket's empty,
+    of course. Margaret, where's the wash-basin? Nothing in its
+    place, as usual. Pity there wasn't two or three more girls
+    lazyin' around!"</p>
+
+    <p>Nobody replied to this tirade. The hired man picked up the
+    basin, Margaret handed a towel, Rachel brought the water, and
+    soon the family were gathered around the well-spread table.</p>
+
+    <p>"I tell you," said Mr. Stillman, after a few mouthfuls of
+    the savory food had apparently put him in a better humor, "I
+    think we'll have fine weather for hog-killin' next week, and I
+    never did have a finer lot of hogs."</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, father," said Margaret, "don't butcher next week.
+    Friday is Christmas day and&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Christmas!" interrupted her father. "Well, we always
+    butcher Christmas week, don't we?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, I know," she said, her lips trembling in spite of her
+    effort to control herself. "But we never have enjoyed the
+    holidays, and I thought maybe this year you&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"We will do this year as we always have," broke in the
+    father, angrily. "I suppose", with a look at his wife from
+    which she shrank as from a blow, "this is one of your plans to
+    have your girls gadding over the country."</p>
+
+    <p>"Mother never said anything about it," said Margaret, her
+    temper getting the better of her; "but nobody else takes
+    Christmas times to do their hardest and dirtiest work."</p>
+
+    <p>"Will you hush?" thundered the father. "What do I care what
+    anybody else does? I am master here."</p>
+
+    <p>No one spoke again. The assertion could not be denied. He
+    was master, and well his wife and daughters knew it.</p>
+
+    <p>Poor Mrs. Stillman! Two fortunate baby girls had died a few
+    weeks after their birth, and the tears that fell over the
+    little coffins were not half so bitter as those she shed when
+    first she held their innocent faces to her heart. When on this
+    evening the father had shown his authority, the two elder
+    daughters rose from the table, and taking a couple of large
+    buckets, went quietly out to the barnyard, and proceeded to
+    milk the half dozen cows awaiting them.</p>
+
+    <p>It was nearly dark and very cold; but no word was spoken
+    except to the animals, as the girls hurried through the work
+    and hastened back to the kitchen, where Rachel and the mother
+    were clearing away the supper-table and making the needful
+    preparations for the early breakfast.</p>
+
+    <p>When all was finished the mother and daughters entered the
+    large room adjoining the kitchen, which served as sitting-room
+    for the family and bed-room for the parents, Mr. Stillman not
+    permitting a fire kept in any other room in the house. Mrs.
+    Stillman sat down with her knitting-work as close in the corner
+    as possible; Elizabeth brought in a large basket of rags, and
+    she and Margaret were soon busy sewing strips and winding balls
+    for a carpet. The younger children were absorbed in their
+    lessons at the table, where the father sat reading his
+    newspaper.</p>
+
+    <p>All were silent, for to have spoken while father was reading
+    would have been an unforgivable offence. At last, however, Mr.
+    Stillman lifted his eyes from the paper, and addressing Tom,
+    said: "Well, how did you get along at school to-day?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, first rate," said the boy; but that lost head mark
+    rankled in his mind, and he added, "Rachel was called up by the
+    teacher."</p>
+
+    <p>"How was that, Rachel?" said her father sharply. Poor
+    girl!&mdash;deep in the mysteries of long division, she did not
+    hear him.</p>
+
+    <p>"Rachel," he repeated, "what were you called up in school
+    for to-day?"</p>
+
+    <p>She glanced reproachfully at Tom. "I read a little in 'The
+    Pilgrim's Progress,' father. It's not a story-book&mdash;"</p>
+
+    <p>"Never mind what it is. I send you to school to study, and
+    you're not to touch any but your school-books."</p>
+
+    <p>"May I bring it home?" she faltered.</p>
+
+    <p>"Bring it home, indeed! No, miss. I guess you can find
+    enough to do at home. Not another word more, or you will stay
+    at home for good."</p>
+
+    <p>The child bent over her slate; but tears would come, and at
+    last a sob burst forth.</p>
+
+    <p>"Clear out to bed, Rachel," said her father angrily. "I want
+    no snivelling here."</p>
+
+    <p>Upstairs, in the cold, dark room, what
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page485"
+       id="page485"></a>[pg 485]</span> bitter thoughts surged
+       through the childish brain!</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Stillman loved his wife and children. He wanted them to
+    be happy, but in his way. He must choose their pleasures. If
+    they could not be satisfied with what he chose for them, it was
+    not his fault; it was their perversity. And as no two souls are
+    alike, the attempt to fit a number of them by the same pattern
+    necessarily caused suffering to the souls undergoing the
+    operation.</p>
+
+    <p>Mrs. Stillman's sensitive organization was completely
+    crushed; her eldest daughter's nearly so. Martha, the second
+    daughter, had escaped by marrying a clever young man, who first
+    pitied, then loved the daughter of his employer, and persuaded
+    her to elope with him, assuring her of a happier home than she
+    had with her father.</p>
+
+    <p>The marriage angered Mr. Stillman greatly, and all
+    intercourse with the disobedient daughter was forbidden.</p>
+
+    <p>Margaret, the third daughter, also rebelled at the fitting
+    process; and having a goodly portion of her father's
+    determination, many were the sharp words that passed between
+    them.</p>
+
+    <p>So far Rachel and Susan had given no trouble. He ordered
+    them about as he did his dumb animals, and with no more regard
+    to their feelings. With his sons it was different. They would
+    be men some day. They must be treated with some consideration.
+    At an early age, John, two years older than Elizabeth, was
+    given a share in the stock and land to cultivate; so that when,
+    at the age of twenty-four, he married, he had a "right good
+    start in the world."</p>
+
+    <p>But his sister toiled early and late, washing, ironing,
+    milking, churning, baking, nursing the younger children,
+    sharing her mother's labors, and paid as her mother
+    was&mdash;with her board and a scanty, grudgingly given
+    wardrobe. She was now twenty-four, and had never had a
+    five-dollar bill to spend as she pleased in her life&mdash;for
+    that matter, neither had the mother. There are many Mr.
+    Stillmans, "Are they honest men?" If father and son have the
+    right to be paid for their labor, have not the mother and
+    daughter? I leave the question with you.</p>
+
+    <p>Rachel carried a heavy heart to school next morning. The
+    tinker's wonderful allegory to her was very real, and to leave
+    her hero in that awful dungeon was almost more than she could
+    bear. When at recess the teacher offered her the book, she did
+    not take it.</p>
+
+    <p>"Father said," she began&mdash;then sobs choked her
+    utterance. He understood, and after a moment's silence said: "I
+    am interested in Christian as well as you, Rachel, and if you
+    will sit here I will read to you." In all her after life Rachel
+    never forgot these readings at intermission, which were
+    continued not only until Christian reached the Celestial city,
+    but until Christiana and the children completed their wonderful
+    journey to the same place. Her gratitude to her young teacher
+    would certainly have become love had she been a few years
+    older. As it was, when in March the term closed, not even the
+    prize as the best speller&mdash;a beautiful copy of "Pilgrim's
+    Progress"&mdash;consoled her for the cessation of school.</p>
+
+    <p>As for the teacher, he was glad the winter's
+    work&mdash;which had been undertaken and conscientiously
+    carried through solely for the purpose of obtaining means to
+    pursue the study of his profession&mdash;was over. He liked
+    some of his scholars very much, Rachel especially; she was so
+    interested in her studies, so intelligent and grateful, that
+    when, with eyes swimming in tears, she bade him good-by, he
+    felt a moment's sorrow at leaving her, and comforted her by
+    telling her what a good girl she had been and that he would not
+    forget her.</p>
+
+    <p>"You ought to have seen Rache an' Suse cry when old Gray bid
+    us good-by," said Tom that evening at home.</p>
+
+    <p>"Did you cry?" asked Margaret.</p>
+
+    <p>"Guess not! Glad school's out; an' I'm never goin' any
+    more."</p>
+
+    <p>"I wouldn't if I were you, bub," said Margaret; "you know
+    enough now." She always called him "bub" when she wanted to vex
+    him, "But old Gray, as you call him, will be somebody yet, see
+    if he don't."</p>
+
+    <p>The entrance of Mr. Stillman closed the conversation, and
+    Tom went out, banging the door after him. No wonder Margaret
+    was getting ill-natured.</p>
+
+    <p>The winter was a long, dull season at Stillman's. Even her
+    enjoyment at the few social gatherings she was permitted to
+    attend in the neighborhood was marred by the knowledge that she
+    could not entertain her young friends in return. She had
+    attempted once to fix up the "spare room" and have a fire for
+    some company, but her father had peremptorily forbidden it.
+    "I'd like to know," he said, "why the settin'-room ain't good
+    enough! If your company is too nice to be with the rest of the
+    family they can stay away, miss."</p>
+
+    <p>And "they" generally did stay away after one visit. Mr.
+    Stillman was not a success as a host, young people thought; and
+    a young minister who came home from meeting one Sunday with
+    Elizabeth was so <span class="pagenum"><a name="page486"
+       id="page486"></a>[pg 486]</span> completely abashed by the
+       cool reception he met that not even the daughter's pleading
+       eyes could persuade him to remain in her father's presence.
+       A few weeks after, he went to a distant appointment; and
+       Elizabeth's sad face grew sadder than ever.</p>
+
+    <p>Jim Lansing, the son of a widow who managed a farm and two
+    grown sons with equal skill, was more successful. He usually
+    brought his mother with him; and, while she entertained Mr. and
+    Mrs. Stillman, Jim, the girls, and the carpet rags escaped to
+    the kitchen.</p>
+
+    <p>But spring was near, and Margaret thought: "He can't keep us
+    out of the spare room in summer; and, besides, we can be
+    out-of-doors."</p>
+
+    <p>June came, with her blue skies, her singing birds, her
+    wealth of beauty. But there was no time at Stillman's to enjoy
+    it. A larger crop than usual had been put in, and extra hands
+    employed, but not in the house. Why, there were five women,
+    counting frail little ten-year-old Susy as one, and poor,
+    delicate Mrs. Stillman as another! What extra help could they
+    need, although washing and cooking must be done for all the
+    men? You see, "hands" could be got much cheaper if they were
+    boarded&mdash;and what else had the women to do?</p>
+
+    <p>It was true, mother was not as strong as she used to be; but
+    she did not complain. She was only more shadowy and quiet; and
+    Mr. Stillman told his daughters to "stir around" themselves,
+    and not let their mother do all the work.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, dear," said Margaret one morning, as she and Rachel
+    were bending over the wash-tubs, while Susy labored at the
+    heavy churning and the mother and Elizabeth were preparing
+    dinner. "I wish we could go to the picnic on the Fourth;
+    everybody's going."</p>
+
+    <p>"Maybe we can," said Rachel, hopefully. "I heard father say
+    the wheat was late this year, and he did not believe it would
+    do to cut before the sixth. And oh, Margaret, I heard him say
+    your calf would bring at least ten dollars; and if he gives you
+    the money, you can get a new white dress and give me your old
+    one. It is lots too small for you."</p>
+
+    <p>Margaret laughed. "Yes," she said; "father said if I could
+    raise the calf I might have it. Didn't I have a time with it,
+    though, it was so near dead! Of course I will fix my old dress
+    up for you&mdash;that is, if I get the money. Sometimes I think
+    father's queer; he did not give Elizabeth the money when he
+    sold that colt he had given her." And both girls were
+    silent.</p>
+
+    <p>Out in the barnyard, as the girls worked, Mr. Stillman and
+    Tom were putting the pretty calf in the wagon preparatory to
+    taking it to the butcher in the town a few miles distant. When
+    the girls went in to dinner the men had finished theirs, and
+    were lounging in the shady yard enjoying their nooning.</p>
+
+    <p>As they were about to sit down at the table, Mr. Stillman
+    handed Margaret a package, saying, "There's your share of that
+    spotted calf, Margaret."</p>
+
+    <p>"My share!" she exclaimed. "Why, you gave me the calf; you
+    had no right to it."</p>
+
+    <p>As she spoke she opened the package and unrolled a piece of
+    cheap lawn&mdash;yellow ground dotted with blue. She flung it
+    angrily on the floor, and ran out of the room.</p>
+
+    <p>Mr. Stillman turned to Rachel after a moment of dumb
+    amazement, and said: "You can have the dress, Rachel. I'll
+    teach Margaret a lesson."</p>
+
+    <p>"I don't want it," she said. "You had no right to take
+    Margaret's money. You did give her the calf, and when you sold
+    Tom's pig you gave him his money."</p>
+
+    <p>"Nice girls you're raising, mother," said Mr. Stillman to
+    his frightened wife. "They'll be turning us out of doors next.
+    You pick up that lawn, miss."</p>
+
+    <p>Rachel did so. As she folded it, he went on: "That calf was
+    mine. I only meant to pay her for caring for it."</p>
+
+    <p>"You should have told her so, then," said his daughter,
+    facing him with eyes keen as his own; "but you told her if she
+    could raise it she might have it, and, of course, she believed
+    you."</p>
+
+    <p>He raised his hand as if to strike her; then, as she did not
+    move or drop her eyes, he turned and left the room.</p>
+
+    <p>July came, but the Stillman girls did not go to the picnic.
+    Tom and the "hands" did; and Mrs. Lansing and her boys stopped
+    at Stillman's on their way and offered the girls seats in their
+    wagon. But Mr. Stillman said his women had to get ready for the
+    harvest hands who were coming next day, and Margaret said to
+    Rachel bitterly: "We have no decent clothes to go in anyhow."
+    And there was much washing, ironing, cooking, and churning done
+    as the days went on. No wonder Mrs. Stillman grew paler and
+    weaker, until even her husband noticed it, and brought her a
+    bottle of bitters, and told the girls to "keep mother out of
+    the kitchen," which they indeed tried to do. But how could the
+    mother rest when there was so much to do? The girls could not
+    manage as she could, and Elizabeth seemed "so poorly;" for the
+    patient elder daughter, as the summer dragged along, had a
+    pitifully hopeless look on her pale face,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page487"
+       id="page487"></a>[pg 487]</span> and went about listlessly,
+       as if life had lost all interest for her.</p>
+
+    <p>At last there came a morning when the mother did not rise
+    for breakfast.</p>
+
+    <p>"Hadn't we better send for Dr. Lewis, father?" said
+    Elizabeth.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, no; your mother did not sleep much, it was so hot last
+    night. She'll be up directly. You keep her out of the kitchen,
+    and see you have dinner on time. We want to finish to-day, for
+    I expect we'll have a storm, from the feel of the air."</p>
+
+    <p>Noon came. Dinner for a dozen hungry men was on the table,
+    and still Mrs. Stillman was in bed. While the men were eating,
+    Rachel slipped in to her mother. She was awake, but her flushed
+    face and wild, bright eyes startled the girl.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, mother!" she cried, "you are very sick; you must have
+    the doctor."</p>
+
+    <p>"No, dear," the mother answered; "father is too busy now.
+    I'll be better after awhile. You go help wait on the
+    table."</p>
+
+    <p>Rachel returned to the dining-room. "Take that fly-brush,
+    Rachel," said her father. "Susy's no account; she's too lazy to
+    keep it going."</p>
+
+    <p>Poor, tired little Susy, who had done a large churning that
+    morning, crimsoned to the roots of her hair as she handed
+    Rachel the brush and hurried out of the room.</p>
+
+    <p>When dinner was over Mr. Stillman glared into the room where
+    his wife lay. "She is asleep," he said. "I guess she's all
+    right."</p>
+
+    <p>"She hasn't eaten a thing to-day," said Rachel. "Hadn't she
+    better have the doctor?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Well," said her father, impatiently, "if she's no better in
+    the morning, I'll send for him;" and he went back to the
+    field.</p>
+
+    <p>Rachel went for Mrs. Lansing, for she and her sisters grew
+    frightened as the mother's fever increased. When that good
+    woman came she saw at once the serious condition of her
+    friend.</p>
+
+    <p>"I saw Dr. Lewis coming down the road in his buggy as I
+    came," she said. "One of you hurry out and stop him."</p>
+
+    <p>When, about five o'clock, the rain began to fall in
+    torrents, Mr. Stillman had the satisfaction of seeing the last
+    load of grain driven inside the barn door; and, taking off his
+    hat, he wiped the moisture from his face, saying: "Well, boys,
+    we beat the rain; and I don't care if it pours down now."</p>
+
+    <p>He walked toward the house, and, to his surprise, saw the
+    well-known figure of Dr. Lewis on the front porch. "Driven in
+    by the rain," he thought. "I'll get him to give mother a little
+    medicine."</p>
+
+    <p>"How are you, doctor?" he said, as he stepped upon the
+    porch. "Lucky getting my wheat in, wasn't I?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Very," said the doctor, gravely; "but I am sorry to say I
+    find Mrs. Stillman a very sick woman. You should have sent for
+    me long ago." The husband was startled.</p>
+
+    <p>"Why," he said, "she has been going about until to-day. I
+    guess it's this weather has made her so weak. She can't be very
+    sick."</p>
+
+    <p>The physician was silent for a moment; then he said: "If
+    there is not a change for the better soon, I fear she will live
+    but a few days. I cannot understand how she has kept up;" and
+    he turned and went into the sick-room.</p>
+
+    <p>For once the men at Stillman's ate a cold supper and did the
+    milking. Mrs. Lansing took things into her own capable hands.
+    John and his wife were sent for and came, and Jim Lansing
+    quietly hitched up a team and went for Martha and her
+    husband&mdash;poor Martha, who had not seen her mother for more
+    than a year!</p>
+
+    <p>All night Mr. Stillman watched by the bedside or walked up
+    and down the long back porch. It could not be she would
+    die&mdash;his wife. It was the hot weather; she was just weak
+    and tired. That was it, Mr. Stillman&mdash;worn out, tired; and
+    rest was coming. When Martha came, the mother who had so longed
+    for her did not recognize her.</p>
+
+    <p>"Mother, only speak to me!" cried the daughter in anguish;
+    but the mother looked at her with dimming eyes that saw no more
+    of earth, and muttered as she turned upon her couch, "Hurry,
+    girls, it's nearly noon. Hurry! Father will be angry if he has
+    to wait."</p>
+
+    <p>Then she grew quiet; only her restless hands, which her
+    daughters vainly strove to hold, kept reaching out as if to
+    grasp that unknown land she was so soon to enter; and before
+    the sun was high in the morning Mrs. Stillman had found
+    rest.</p>
+
+    <p>Her husband was stunned. With haggard face he bent over his
+    dead. "If I had known," he said. "Oh, my wife, if I had known,
+    I would have taken better care of you."</p>
+
+    <p>Ah, Mr. Stillman, you are not the only one who with
+    remorseful heart cries, "If I had only known, if I had only
+    known!"</p>
+
+    <p>Life went on as usual at Stillman's after the mother had
+    left them. For a while the father was kinder, but as time went
+    on the old habit was resumed. Elizabeth went mechanically about
+    her work, and her father did not notice her evidently failing
+    health. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page488"
+       id="page488"></a>[pg 488]</span> Her quietness was a relief
+       to him; for Margaret was growing more defiant toward him,
+       and quarrelled constantly with Tom, who, now that his
+       mother's influence was withdrawn, became more and more
+       meddlesome and overbearing in his conduct toward his
+       sisters. The summer following Mrs. Stillman's death Mrs.
+       Lansing's eldest son, Frank, took unto himself a wife; and
+       late in the fall the neighborhood was electrified by the
+       unexpected marriage of Mrs. Lansing and Mr. Stillman. Her
+       boys, on learning her intention, had remonstrated; but she
+       said: "You boys do not need me, and these girls do. Think of
+       a young girl like Rachel saying, 'God had nothing to do with
+       my mother's death. It was hard work killed her!' And when I
+       tried to tell her of His goodness to His creatures, she
+       said: 'Yes; He is good enough to men. All He cares for women
+       is to create them for men's convenience,' And then there's
+       little Susy, with a face like her mother's. Why, it just
+       haunts me!"</p>
+
+    <p>"Well," said Jim, "things are in a bad fix over there; but
+    it isn't Susy's face that haunts me, by any means."</p>
+
+    <p>His mother laughed. "I shall take care of Margaret," she
+    said; "she and Elizabeth need some one to look after them. They
+    are being worked to death."</p>
+
+    <p>Four years have slipped over the heads of the
+    Stillmans&mdash;years well improved by Rachel and Susy at the
+    academy in the town near their father's farm; years which gave
+    Margaret's happiness into Jim Lansing's keeping, and made Jim a
+    young man of whom his sisters were extremely proud. Even
+    Elizabeth's sad face looks as if life might be worth living;
+    for, under the second wife, life at Stillman's had taken on a
+    different color. The spare room is a pretty sitting-room for
+    the young folks.</p>
+
+    <p>"We don't want them always with us," says Mrs. Stillman, as
+    she shows her husband the change she has made; for one of her
+    peculiarities is that she manages her household affairs as she
+    thinks best, taking it for granted that her husband will
+    approve. As for Rachel, she enjoyed the change for the better;
+    but now, to the bitter feeling which she cherished toward her
+    father, was added a touch of contempt "See," she thought, "how
+    he can be flattered into doing things; if my mother could have
+    managed him so, she might have lived."</p>
+
+    <p>Rachel was mistaken; the new wife did not manoeuvre or
+    flatter, she simply took her proper place as mistress of the
+    house&mdash;not as a sort of upper servant, to be snubbed or
+    praised at the master's humor.</p>
+
+    <p>Another summer had been added to Rachel's years when, one
+    evening, Tom came home from town, and entering the dining-room,
+    where she was preparing the table for supper, exclaimed:
+    "Rachel, do you remember old Gray, as I used to call him, who
+    taught our school the winter before mother died?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," she said, "I remember him. Mother liked him."</p>
+
+    <p>"Well, I met him in town to-day. He's on that Sanders case.
+    He knew me right off, and he's coming out here this evening; so
+    fix up nice and be looking your sweetest. They say he's smart.
+    I heard some of the old lawyers talking about him." And Tom
+    caught his sister about the waist and waltzed her out on the
+    porch.</p>
+
+    <p>"Rachel," said Susy, as in their own room the girls were
+    dressing after supper, "you are very hard to please to-night
+    and you seem nervous. What ails you?"</p>
+
+    <p>Rachel smiled. "I am thinking of old days, that is all," she
+    said. But she entered the little parlor, where Tom and the
+    guest were seated, in a perfectly self-possessed manner,
+    saying, as she held out her hand:</p>
+
+    <p>"Good-evening, teacher. How goes the battle with
+    Apollyon?"</p>
+
+    <p>And the young lawyer sprang to his feet, exclaiming:
+    "Rachel! is it possible?" and he retained her hand and looked
+    into her eyes so long that Susy, who had followed her into the
+    room, and Tom declared that he fell in love then and there.
+    However that may be, it is certain Mr. Gray showed a wonderful
+    interest in Stillman's district. The trial in progress at
+    Meywood was tedious, but his patience did not give out; and
+    when some of the lawyers proposed to hold night sessions of
+    court he objected earnestly, saying: "It would be too hard on
+    the old judge."</p>
+
+    <p>But all things must end, and the case was at last decided in
+    favor of Mr. Gray's client. As Rachel congratulated him on his
+    victory, he said, with a look that brought the color to her
+    face:</p>
+
+    <p>"How long must I stay in Doubting Castle, Rachel?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Why, dear me," she answered, saucily, "I did not think a
+    promising young lawyer, as father calls you, ever got into such
+    a dismal place!"</p>
+
+    <p>Then Susy came in, and the young man bade her good-by, but
+    he whispered promise of speedy return to Rachel, and as he
+    travelled homeward those wonderful eyes of hers seemed to haunt
+    him.</p>
+
+    <p>"Who would have thought," he said to himself, "she could
+    have become such a woman? No wonder I could not find a
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page489"
+       id="page489"></a>[pg 489]</span> girl to suit me when she
+       has been my ideal."</p>
+
+    <p>You see, he was trying to persuade himself he had thought of
+    her ever since that term of school; and it may be, unknown to
+    himself, those eyes had held him. At any rate, he says they
+    did; and when, time after time, they drew him back to
+    Stillman's, he at last made Rachel believe it, and with the
+    little key of promise she delivered him from Doubting
+    Castle.</p>
+
+    <p>Let us take one more look, two years later, at the Stillman
+    homestead. There is a family gathering, and all the girls are
+    present&mdash;Martha and Margaret, with their sturdy boys and
+    rosy girls; Rachel, with her baby; and Susy, a gay young aunt,
+    flits to and fro, playing with and teasing the little ones.
+    Elizabeth, with unwonted brightness in her eyes, looks on,
+    enjoying the merriment.</p>
+
+    <p>"Doesn't it seem odd," whispers Margaret, "that Lizzie's
+    minister should come back after all these years."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," answers Rachel, in the same low tone. "I am so glad.
+    She seems so happy."</p>
+
+    <p>The husbands are all present in the evening, and the old
+    house is full of light and gayety. Rachel slips upstairs to put
+    baby to bed; and as she sits in the room where so many
+    miserable hours of her childhood were spent, her tears fall,
+    thinking of herself and the dear, patient mother, who had
+    suffered and died; and the old bitterness rises in her heart.
+    Baby stirs and she hushes him, then lays him gently in the old
+    cradle, and goes downstairs. Some impulse prompts her to enter
+    the sitting-room instead of the parlor, where she thinks the
+    family are all gathered.</p>
+
+    <p>As she opens the door she sees her father sitting, as of
+    old, by the table on which the lamp is burning, and she half
+    turns to go out; but something in his attitude touches her. He
+    is not reading, for the newspaper lies untouched&mdash;he is
+    looking at something in his hand.</p>
+
+    <p>She notices how gray his hair is, and how age is tracing
+    lines on his face. "Are you feeling sick, father?" she
+    asks.</p>
+
+    <p>"Oh, no," he says. "Look here, Rachel;" and he hands her a
+    faded daguerreotype of her mother taken when she was a fair
+    young bride. "I was thinking about her."</p>
+
+    <p>"How much like Susy," she said, with tears falling on the
+    lovely face.</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes, only she was prettier," he answers. "I have been
+    thinking of her so much lately, Rachel. I am going to do
+    something that would please her. I have bought that pretty
+    little place of Perry's, and I will put Martha and her husband
+    on it. Dick's a good industrious fellow; but it's hard to make
+    anything on a rented farm, and Martha's worried too much. You
+    don't think any of the children will object?" and he looked
+    anxiously in her face.</p>
+
+    <p>"Object? Why, they will be glad, father!" And dropping her
+    head on his shoulder, she puts her arm around him for the first
+    time in her life; and as she slips the little daguerreotype in
+    his hand a sweet peace fills her heart and she thinks: "The
+    bitterness is gone, and love fills its place." After awhile she
+    joins the group in the parlor. They are singing to Susy's
+    accompaniment on the organ.</p>
+
+    <p>"Sing 'Coronation,' Susy," she says, as she sits down beside
+    her husband and glances lovingly in his face.</p>
+
+    <p>"What is it?" he whispers. "You are unusually happy."</p>
+
+    <p>"Yes," she answers. "I have had a vision of the land of
+    Beulah, where Love is king."</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/489.jpg"
+             name="fig489"
+             id="fig489"><img width="500"
+             src="images/489.jpg"
+             alt="End of Chapter Graphic." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page490"
+       id="page490"></a>[pg 490]</span>
+
+    <h2>CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.</h2>
+
+    <h4>By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps,</h4>
+
+    <h5>Author of "The Gates Ajar," "A Singular Life," etc.</h5>
+
+    <h3>THE BURNING OF THE PEMBERTON MILLS.&mdash;THE STORY OF "THE
+    TENTH OF JANUARY."&mdash;WHITTIER AND HIGGINSON.&mdash;THE
+    WRITING AND PUBLICATION OF "THE GATES AJAR."</h3>
+
+    <p class="cap">THE town of Lawrence was three miles and a half
+    from Andover. Up to the year 1860 we had considered Lawrence
+    chiefly in the light of a place to drive to. To the girlish
+    resources which could, in those days, only include a trip to
+    Boston at the call of some fate too vast to be expected more
+    than two or three times a year, Lawrence offered consolations
+    in the shape of dry goods and restaurant ice-cream, and a slow,
+    delicious drive in the family carryall through sand flats and
+    pine woods, and past the largest bed of the sweetest violets
+    that ever dared the blasts of a New England spring. To the
+    pages of the gazetteer Lawrence would have been known as a
+    manufacturing town of importance. Upon the map of our young
+    fancy the great mills were sketched in lightly; we looked up
+    from the restaurant ice-cream to see the "hands" pour out for
+    dinner, a dark and restless, but a patient, throng; used, in
+    those days, to standing eleven hours and a quarter&mdash;women
+    and girls&mdash;at their looms, six days of the week, and
+    making no audible complaints; for socialism had not reached
+    Lawrence, and anarchy was content to bray in distant parts of
+    the geography at which the factory people had not arrived when
+    they left school.</p>
+
+    <p>Sometimes we counted the great mills as we drove up Essex
+    Street&mdash;having come over the bridge by the roaring dam
+    that tamed the proud Merrimac to spinning cotton&mdash;Pacific,
+    Atlantic, Washington, Pemberton; but this was an idle,
+    &aelig;sthetic pleasure. We did not think about the
+    mill-people; they seemed as far from us as the coal-miners of a
+    vague West, or the down-gatherers on the crags of shores whose
+    names we did not think it worth while to remember. One January
+    evening, we were forced to think about the mills with curdling
+    horror that no one living in that locality when the tragedy
+    happened will forget.</p>
+
+    <p>At five o'clock the Pemberton Mills, all hands being at the
+    time on duty, without a tremor of warning, sank to the
+    ground.</p>
+
+    <p>At the erection of the factory a pillar with a defective
+    core had passed careless inspectors. In technical language, the
+    core had "floated" an eighth of an inch from its position. The
+    weak spot in the too thin wall of the pillar had bided its
+    time, and yielded. The roof, the walls, the machinery, fell
+    upon seven hundred and fifty living men and women, and buried
+    them. Most of these were rescued; but eighty-eight were killed.
+    As the night came on, those watchers on Andover Hill who could
+    not join the rescuing parties, saw a strange and fearful light
+    at the north.</p>
+
+    <p>Where we were used to watching the beautiful belt of the
+    lighted mills blaze,&mdash;a zone of laughing fire from east to
+    west, upon the horizon bar,&mdash;a red and awful glare went
+    up. The mill had taken fire. A lantern, overturned in the hands
+    of a man who was groping to save an imprisoned life, had
+    flashed to the cotton, or the wool, or the oil with which the
+    ruins were saturated. One of the historic conflagrations of New
+    England resulted.</p>
+
+    <p>With blanching cheeks we listened to the whispers that told
+    us how the mill-girls, caught in the ruins beyond hope of
+    escape, began to sing. They were used to singing, poor things,
+    at their looms&mdash;mill-girls always are&mdash;and their
+    young souls took courage from the familiar sound of one
+    another's voices. They sang the hymns and songs which they had
+    learned in the schools and churches. No classical strains, no
+    "music for music's sake," ascended from that furnace; no ditty
+    of love or frolic; but the plain, religious outcries of the
+    people: "Heaven is my home," "Jesus, lover of my soul," and
+    "Shall we gather at the river?" Voice after voice dropped. The
+    fire raced on. A few brave girls sang still:</p>
+
+    <div class="poem">
+        <div class="stanza">
+            <p>"Shall we gather at the river,</p>
+
+            <p>There to walk and worship ever?"</p>
+        </div>
+    </div><span class="pagenum"><a name="page491"
+       id="page491"></a>[pg 491]</span>
+
+    <p>But the startled Merrimac rolled by, red as blood beneath
+    the glare of the burning mills, and it was left to the fire and
+    the river to finish the chorus.</p>
+
+    <p>At the time this tragedy occurred, I felt my share of its
+    horror, like other people; but no more than that. My brother,
+    being of the privileged sex, was sent over to see the scene;
+    but I was not allowed to go.</p>
+
+    <p>Years after, I cannot say just how many, the half-effaced
+    negative came back to form under the chemical of some new
+    perception of the significance of human tragedy.</p>
+
+    <p>It occurred to me to use the event as the basis of a story.
+    To this end I set forth to study the subject. I had heard
+    nothing in those days about "material," and conscience in the
+    use of it, and little enough about art. We did not talk about
+    realism then. Of critical phraseology I knew nothing; and of
+    critical standards only what I had observed by reading the best
+    fiction. Poor novels and stories I did not read. I do not
+    remember being forbidden them; but, by that parental art finer
+    than denial, they were absent from my convenience.</p>
+
+    <p>It needed no instruction in the canons of art, however, to
+    teach me that to do a good thing, one must work hard for it. So
+    I gave the best part of a month to the study of the Pemberton
+    Mill tragedy, driving to Lawrence, and investigating every
+    possible avenue of information left at that too long remove of
+    time which might give the data. I visited the rebuilt mills,
+    and studied the machinery. I consulted engineers and officials
+    and physicians, newspaper men, and persons who had been in the
+    mill at the time of its fall. I scoured the files of old local
+    papers, and from these I took certain portions of names,
+    actually involved in the catastrophe; though, of course,
+    fictitiously used. When there was nothing left for me to learn
+    upon the subject, I came home and wrote a little story called
+    "The Tenth of January," and sent it to the "Atlantic Monthly,"
+    where it appeared in due time.</p>
+
+    <p>This story is of more interest to its author than it can
+    possibly be now to any reader, because it distinctly marked for
+    me the first recognition which I received from literary
+    people.</p>
+
+    <p>Whittier, the poet, wrote me his first letter, after having
+    read this story. It was soon followed by a kind note from
+    Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson. Both these distinguished
+    men said the pleasant thing which goes so far towards keeping
+    the courage of young writers above sinking point, and which, to
+    a self-distrustful nature, may be little less than a
+    life-preserver. Both have done similar kindness to many other
+    beginners in our calling; but none of these can have been more
+    grateful for it, or more glad to say so, across this long width
+    of time, than the writer of "The Tenth of January."</p>
+
+    <p>It was a defective enough little story, crude and young; I
+    never glance at it without longing to write it over; but I
+    cannot read it, to this day, without that tingling and numbness
+    down one's spine and through the top of one's head, which
+    exceptional tragedy must produce in any sensitive organization;
+    nor can I ever trust myself to hear it read by professional
+    elocutionists. I attribute the success of the story entirely to
+    the historic and unusual character of the catastrophe on whose
+    movement it was built.</p>
+
+    <p>Of journalism, strictly speaking, I did nothing. But I often
+    wrote for weekly denominational papers, to which I contributed
+    those strictly secular articles so popular with the religious
+    public. My main impression of them now, is a pleasant sense of
+    sitting out in the apple-trees in the wonderful Andover Junes,
+    and "noticing" new books-with which Boston publishers kept me
+    supplied. For whatever reason, the weeklies gave me all I could
+    do at this sort of thing. In its course I formed some pleasant
+    acquaintances; among others that of Jean Ingelow. I have never
+    seen this poet, whom I honor now as much as I admired then; but
+    charming little notes, and books of her own, with her
+    autograph, reached me from time to time for years. I remember
+    when "The Gates Ajar" appeared, that she frankly called it
+    "Your most strange book."</p>
+
+    <p>This brings me to say: I have been so often and so urgently
+    asked to publish some account of the history of this book, that
+    perhaps I need crave no pardon of whatever readers these papers
+    may command, for giving more of our space to the subject than
+    it would otherwise occur to one to do to a book so long behind
+    the day.</p>
+
+    <p>Of what we know as literary ambition, I believe myself to
+    have been as destitute at that time as any girl who ever put
+    pen to paper. I was absorbed in thought and feeling as far
+    removed from the usual class of emotions or motives which move
+    men and women to write, as Wachusett was from the June lilies
+    burning beside the moonlit cross in my father's garden.
+    Literary ambition is a good thing to possess;
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page492"
+       id="page492"></a>[pg 492]</span> and I do not at all suggest
+       that I was superior to it, but simply apart from it. Of its
+       pangs and ecstasies I knew little, and thought less.</p>
+
+    <p>I have been asked, possibly a thousand times, whether I
+    looked upon that little book as in any sense the result of
+    inspiration, whether what is called spiritualistic, or of any
+    other sort. I have always promptly said "No," to this question.
+    Yet sometimes I wonder if that convenient monosyllable in deed
+    and truth covers the whole case.</p>
+
+    <p>When I remember just how the book came to be, perceive the
+    consequences of its being, and recall the complete
+    unconsciousness of the young author as to their probable
+    nature, there are moments when I am fain to answer the question
+    by asking another: "What do we mean by inspiration?"</p>
+
+    <p>That book grew so naturally, it was so inevitable, it was so
+    unpremeditated, it came so plainly from that something not
+    one's self which makes for uses in which one's self is
+    extinguished, that there are times when it seems to me as if I
+    had no more to do with the writing of it than the bough through
+    which the wind cries, or the wave by means of which the tide
+    rises.</p>
+
+    <p>The angel said unto me "Write!" and I wrote.</p>
+
+    <p>It is impossible to remember how or when the idea of the
+    book first visited me. Its publication bears the date of 1869.
+    My impressions are that it may have been towards the close of
+    1864 that the work began; for there was work in it, more than
+    its imperfect and youthful character might lead one ignorant of
+    the art of book-making to suppose.</p>
+
+    <p>It was not until 1863 that I left school, being then just
+    about at my nineteenth birthday. It is probable that the
+    magazine stories and Sunday-school books and hack work occupied
+    from one to two years without interruption; but I have no more
+    temperament for dates in my own affairs than I have for those
+    of history. At the most, I could not have been far from twenty
+    when the book was written; possibly approaching twenty-one.</p>
+
+    <p>At that time, it will be remembered, our country was dark
+    with sorrowing women. The regiments came home, but the mourners
+    went about the streets.</p>
+
+    <p>The Grand Review passed through Washington; four hundred
+    thousand ghosts of murdered men kept invisible march to the
+    drum-beats, and lifted to the stained and tattered flags the
+    proud and unreturned gaze of the dead who have died in their
+    glory.</p>
+
+    <p>Our gayest scenes were black with crape. The drawn faces of
+    bereaved wife, mother, sister, and widowed girl showed
+    piteously everywhere. Gray-haired parents knelt at the grave of
+    the boy whose enviable fortune it was to be brought home in
+    time to die in his mother's room. Towards the nameless mounds
+    of Arlington, of Gettysburg, and the rest, the yearning of
+    desolated homes went out in those waves of anguish which seem
+    to choke the very air that the happier and more fortunate must
+    breathe.</p>
+
+    <p>Is there not an actual occult force in the existence of a
+    general grief? It swells to a tide whose invisible flow covers
+    all the little resistance of common, human joyousness. It is
+    like a material miasma. The gayest man breathes it, if he
+    breathe at all; and the most superficial cannot escape it.</p>
+
+    <p>Into that great world of woe my little book stole forth,
+    trembling. So far as I can remember having had any "object" at
+    all in its creation, I wished to say something that would
+    comfort some few&mdash;I did not think at all about comforting
+    many, not daring to suppose that incredible privilege
+    possible&mdash;of the women whose misery crowded the land. The
+    smoke of their torment ascended, and the sky was blackened by
+    it. I do not think I thought so much about the suffering of
+    men&mdash;the fathers, the brothers, the sons&mdash;bereft; but
+    the women&mdash;the helpless, outnumbering, unconsulted women;
+    they whom war trampled down, without a choice or protest; the
+    patient, limited, domestic women, who thought little, but loved
+    much, and, loving, had lost all&mdash;to them I would have
+    spoken.</p>
+
+    <p>For it came to seem to me, as I pondered these things in my
+    own heart, that even the best and kindest forms of our
+    prevailing beliefs had nothing to say to an afflicted woman
+    that could help her much. Creeds and commentaries and sermons
+    were made by men. What tenderest of men knows how to comfort
+    his own daughter when her heart is broken? What can the
+    doctrines do for the desolated by death? They were chains of
+    rusty iron, eating into raw hearts. The prayer of the preacher
+    were not much better; it sounded like the language of an
+    unknown race to a despairing girl. Listen to the hymn. It falls
+    like icicles on snow. Or, if it happen to be one of the old
+    genuine outcries of the Church, sprung from real human anguish
+    or hope, it maddens the listener,
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page493"
+       id="page493"></a>[pg 493]</span> and she flees from it, too
+       sore a thing to bear the touch of holy music.</p>
+
+    <p>At this time, be it said, I had no interest at all in any
+    especial movement for the peculiar needs of women as a class. I
+    was reared in circles which did not concern themselves with
+    what we should probably have called agitators. I was taught the
+    old ideas of womanhood, in the old way, and had not to any
+    important extent begun to resent them.</p>
+
+    <p>Perhaps I am wrong here. Individually, I may have begun to
+    recoil from them, but only in a purely selfish, personal way,
+    beyond which I had evolved neither theory nor conscience; much
+    less the smallest tendency towards sympathy with any public
+    movement of the question.</p>
+
+    <p>In the course of two or three years spent in exceptional
+    solitude, I had read a good deal in the direction of my ruling
+    thoughts and feeling, and came to the writing of my little
+    book, not ignorant of what had been written for and by the
+    mourning. The results of this reading, of course, went into the
+    book, and seemed to me, at the time, by far the most useful
+    part of it.</p>
+
+    <p>How the book grew, who can say? More of nature than of
+    purpose, surely. It moved like a tear or a sigh or a prayer. In
+    a sense I scarcely knew that I wrote it. Yet it signified labor
+    and time, crude and young as it looks to me now; and often as I
+    have wondered, from my soul, why it has known the history that
+    it has, I have at least a certain respect for it, myself, in
+    that it did not represent shiftlessness or sloth, but steady
+    and conscientious toil. There was not a page in it which had
+    not been subjected to such study as the writer then knew how to
+    offer to her manuscripts.</p>
+
+    <p>Every sentence had received the best attention which it was
+    in the power of my inexperience and youth to give. I wrote and
+    rewrote. The book was revised so many times that I could have
+    said it by heart. The process of forming and writing "The Gates
+    Ajar" lasted, I think, nearly two years.</p>
+
+    <p>I had no study or place to myself in those days; only the
+    little room whose one window looked upon the garden cross, and
+    which it was not expected would be warmed in winter.</p>
+
+    <p>The room contained no chimney, and, until I was sixteen, no
+    fire for any purpose. At that time, it being supposed that some
+    delicacy of the lungs had threatened serious results, my
+    father, who always moved the sods beneath him and the skies
+    above him to care for a sick child, had managed to insert a
+    little stove into the room, to soften its chill when needed.
+    But I did not have consumption, only life; and one was not
+    expected to burn wood all day for private convenience in our
+    furnace-heated house. Was there not the great dining-room where
+    the children studied?</p>
+
+    <p>It was not so long since I, too, had learned my lessons off
+    the dining-room table, or in the corner by the register, that
+    it should occur to any member of the family that these
+    opportunities for privacy could not answer my needs.</p>
+
+    <p>Equally, it did not occur to me to ask for any abnormal
+    luxuries. I therefore made the best of my conditions, though I
+    do remember sorely longing for quiet.</p>
+
+    <p>This, at that time, in that house, it was impossible for me
+    to compass. There was a growing family of noisy boys&mdash;four
+    of them&mdash;of whom I was the only sister, as I was the
+    oldest child. When the baby did not cry (I have always
+    maintained that the baby cried pretty steadily both day and
+    night, but this is a point upon which their mother and I have
+    affectionately agreed to differ), the boys were shouting about
+    the grounds, chasing each other through the large house, up and
+    down the cellar stairs, and through the wide halls, a whirlwind
+    of vigor and fun. They were merry, healthy boys, and everything
+    was done to keep them so. I sometimes doubt if there are any
+    happier children growing anywhere than the boys and girls of
+    Andover used to be. I was very fond of the boys, and cherished
+    no objection to their privileges in the house. But when one
+    went down, on a cold day, to the register, to write one's
+    chapter on the nature of amusements in the life to come, and
+    found the dining-room neatly laid out in the form of a church
+    congregation, to which a certain proportion of brothers were
+    enthusiastically performing the duties of an active pastor and
+    parish, the environment was a definite check to
+    inspiration.</p>
+
+    <p>I wonder if all Andover boys played at preaching? It
+    certainly was the one sport in our house which never
+    satiated.</p>
+
+    <p>Coming in one day, I remember, struggling with certain
+    hopeless purposes of my own, for an afternoon's work, I found
+    the dining-room chairs all nicely set in the order of pews; a
+    table, ornamented with Bible and hymn-books, confronted them;
+    behind it, on a cricket, towered the bigger brother, loudly
+    holding forth. The little brother represented the
+    audience&mdash;it was usually the little one who was forced to
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page494"
+       id="page494"></a>[pg 494]</span> play this duller
+       <i>r&ocirc;le</i>&mdash;and, with open mouth, and with
+       wriggling feet turned in on the rounds of the chair,
+       absorbed as much exhortation as he could suffer.</p>
+
+    <p>"My text, brethren," said the little minister, "is, 'Suffer
+    the little children to come unto me.'</p>
+
+    <p>"My subject is, <i>God; Joseph; and Moses in the
+    bulrushes</i>!"</p>
+
+    <p>Discouraged by the alarming breadth of the little preacher's
+    topic, I fled up-stairs again. There an inspiration did,
+    indeed, strike me; for I remembered an old fur cape, or
+    <i>pelisse</i>, of my mother's, out of fashion, but the warmer
+    for that; and straightway I got me into it, and curled up, with
+    my papers, on the chilly bed in the cold room, and went to
+    work.</p>
+
+    <p>It seems to me that a good part of "The Gates Ajar" was
+    written in that old fur cape. Often I stole up into the attic,
+    or into some unfrequented closet, to escape the noise of the
+    house, while at work. I remember, too, writing sometimes in the
+    barn, on the haymow. The book extended over a wide domestic
+    topography.</p>
+
+    <p>I hasten to say that no person was to blame for
+    inconveniences of whose existence I had never complained.
+    Doubtless something would have been done to relieve them had I
+    asked for it; or if the idea that my work could ever be of any
+    consequence had occurred to any of us. Why should it? The girl
+    who is never "domestic" is trial enough at her best. She cannot
+    cook; she will not sew. She washes dishes Mondays and Tuesdays
+    under protest, while the nurse and parlor maid are called off
+    from their natural avocations, and dusts the drawing-room with
+    obedient resentment. She sits cutting out underclothes in the
+    March vacations, when all the schools are closed, and when the
+    heavy wagons from the distant farming region stick in the
+    bottomless Andover mud in front of the professor's house. The
+    big front door is opened, and the dismal, creaking sounds come
+    in.</p>
+
+    <p>The kind and conscientious new mother, to whom I owe many
+    other gentle lessons more valuable than this, teaches how
+    necessary to a lady's education is a neat needle. The girl does
+    not deny this elemental fact; but her eyes wander away to the
+    cold sky above the Andover mud, with passionate entreaty. To
+    this day I cannot hear the thick chu-chunk! of heavy wheels on
+    March mud without a sudden mechanical echo of that wild, young
+    outcry: "Must I cut out underclothes forever? Must I go on
+    tucking the broken end of the thread into the nick in the
+    spool? Is <i>this</i> LIFE?"</p>
+
+    <p>I am more than conscious that I could not have been an easy
+    girl to "bring up," and am sure that for whatever little
+    difficulties beset the earlier time of my ventures as a writer,
+    no person was in any fault. They were doubtless good for me, in
+    their way. We all know that some of the greatest of
+    brain-workers have selected the poorest and barest of spots in
+    which to study. Luxury and bric-a-brac come to easy natures or
+    in easy years. The energy that very early learns to conquer
+    difficulty is always worth its price.</p>
+
+    <p>I used, later, to hear in Boston the story of the gentleman
+    who once took a friend to see the room of his son at Harvard
+    College. The friend was a man of plain life, but of rich mental
+    achievement. He glanced at the Persian rugs and costly
+    draperies of the boy's quarters in silence.</p>
+
+    <p>"Well," cried the fond father, "don't you think my son has a
+    pretty room?"</p>
+
+    <p>"Sir," said the visitor, with gentle candor, "<i>you'll
+    never raise a scholar on that carpet.</i>"</p>
+
+    <p>Out of my discomforts, which were small enough, grew one
+    thing for which I have all my life been grateful&mdash;the
+    formation of fixed habits of work.</p>
+
+    <p>I have seldom waited for inspiration before setting about a
+    task to be done. Life is too short for that. Broken health has
+    too often interrupted a regimen of study which ought to have
+    been more continuous; but, so far as I may venture to offer an
+    opinion from personal experience, I should say that the writers
+    who would be wise to play hide and seek with their own moods
+    are few.</p>
+
+    <p>According to my custom, I said nothing (so far as I can
+    remember) to any person about the book.</p>
+
+    <p>It cannot be said that I had any hope of success with it; or
+    that, in my most irrational dreams, anything like the
+    consequences of its publication ever occurred to my fancy. But
+    I did distinctly understand that I had set forth upon a venture
+    totally dissimilar to the safe and respectable careers of my
+    dozen Sunday-school books.</p>
+
+    <p>I was asked only the other day why it was that, having such
+    a rare critic at first hand as my father, I did not more often
+    submit my manuscripts to his judgment. It would be difficult to
+    say precisely why. The professor of rhetoric was a very busy
+    man; and at that time the illness which condemned him to thirty
+    years of invalid suffering
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page495"
+       id="page495"></a>[pg 495]</span> was beginning to make
+       itself manifest. I can remember more often throwing down my
+       pen to fly out and beg the children to be quiet in the
+       garden while the sleepless man struggled for a few moments'
+       rest in the daytime; or stealing on tiptoe to his locked
+       door, at any hour of the night, to listen for signs of
+       sudden illness or need of help; these things come back more
+       easily than the desire to burden him with what I wrote.</p>
+
+    <p>Yet perhaps that abnormal pride, whose existence I have
+    admitted, had quite as much to do with this restraint.</p>
+
+    <p>When a thing was published, then quickly to him with it! His
+    sympathy and interest were unfailing, and his criticism only
+    too gentle; though it could be a sword of flame when he chose
+    to smite.</p>
+
+    <p>Unknown to himself I had dedicated "The Gates Ajar" to him.
+    In this dedication there was a slip in good English, or, at
+    least, in such English as the professor wrote and spoke. I had
+    used the word "nears" as a verb, instead of its proper synonym,
+    "approaches." He read the dedication quietly, thanked me
+    tenderly for it, and said nothing. It was left for me to find
+    out my blunder for myself, as I did, in due time. He had not
+    the heart to tell me of it then. Nor did he insinuate his
+    consciousness that the dedication might seem to involve
+    him&mdash;as it did in certain citadels of stupidity&mdash;in
+    the views of the book.</p>
+
+    <p>The story was sent to its publishers, Messrs. Ticknor and
+    Fields, and leisurely awaited their verdict. As I had written
+    somewhat for their magazines, "The Atlantic" and "Our Young
+    Folks," I did not come as quite a stranger. Still, the fate of
+    the book hung upon a delicate scale. It was two years from the
+    time the story went to its publishers before it appeared
+    between covers. How much of this period the author was kept in
+    suspense I cannot remember; but, I think, some time.</p>
+
+    <p>I have the impression that the disposal of the book, so far
+    as that firm went, wavered for a while upon the decision of one
+    man, whose wife shared the reading of the manuscript. "Take
+    it," she said at last, decidedly; and the fiat went forth. The
+    lady afterwards became a personal friend, and I hope I may not
+    forfeit the treasure of her affection by this late and public
+    recognition of the pleasant part she bore in the fortunes of my
+    life.</p>
+
+    <p>The book was accepted, and still this piece of good luck did
+    not make my head spin. I had lived among book-makers too much
+    to expect the miracle. I went soberly back to my hack work, and
+    on with my Sunday-school books.</p>
+
+    <p>One autumn day the customary package of gift copies of the
+    new book made its way to Andover Hill; but: I opened it without
+    elation, the experience being so far from my first of its kind.
+    The usual note of thanks was returned to the publishers, and
+    quiet fell again. Unconscious of either hope or fear, I kept on
+    about my business, and the new book was the last thing on earth
+    with which I concerned myself.</p>
+
+    <p>One morning, not many weeks after its publication, I
+    received a letter from Mr. James T. Fields. He, who was the
+    quickest of men to do a kindness, and surest to give to young
+    writers the encouraging word for which they had not hope enough
+    to listen, had hurried himself to break to me the news.</p>
+
+    <p>"Your book is moving grandly," so he wrote. "It has already
+    reached a sale of four thousand copies. We take pleasure in
+    sending you&mdash;" He enclosed a check for six hundred
+    dollars, the largest sum on which I had ever set my startled
+    eyes. It would not, by my contract, have been due me for six
+    months or more to come.</p>
+
+    <p>The little act was like him, and like the courteous and
+    generous house on whose list I have worked for thirty
+    years.</p>
+
+    <div class="figcenter">
+        <a href="images/495.jpg"
+             name="fig495"
+             id="fig495"><img width="70%"
+             src="images/495.jpg"
+             alt="End of Chapter Graphic." /></a>
+    </div>
+    <hr class="full" />
+    <span class="pagenum"><a name="page496"
+       id="page496"></a>[pg 496]</span>
+
+    <h2>EDITORIAL NOTES.</h2>
+
+    <blockquote class="note">
+        <h4>TWENTY THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR SHORT STORIES.</h4>
+
+        <p>We find considerable difficulty in getting the two
+        hundred first-class short stories that we require each
+        year. We are delighted to be able to publish so many
+        stories by eminent authors, but we should like to get more
+        good stories from writers whose fame is yet to be made. We
+        therefore announce a liberal policy in regard to payment,
+        and invite contributions from every one who can write a
+        good story. The scale of payment will be such as to please
+        every contributor, whether he is famous or not.</p>
+
+        <p>We need every year about fifty stories of from four to
+        six thousand words in length; about one hundred stories of
+        from two to three thousand words in length, and not less
+        than fifty stories a year for young people, about two
+        thousand words in length. Of these stories thirty or forty
+        are for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE, and the remainder are for the
+        newspaper syndicates controlled by the publishers of this
+        magazine.</p>
+
+        <p>A regular manuscript department has been established by
+        the editors, and it is the intention to report upon every
+        manuscript within a week after it is received. We also
+        welcome contributions to every branch of literature
+        represented in the magazine.</p><br />
+
+
+        <h4>THE McCLURE'S "EARLY LIFE OF LINCOLN."</h4>
+
+        <p>This volume contains all the articles published in the
+        first four Lincoln numbers of McCLURE'S MAGAZINE (November
+        to February, inclusive). These numbers, although repeatedly
+        reprinted, are now out of print, and the "Early Life of
+        Lincoln" was published mainly to meet a demand we could not
+        fill with the magazine. It contains a great deal more, both
+        in text and pictures, than appeared in the magazine. It is
+        mailed to any address for fifty cents; or for one dollar,
+        if bound in cloth. We intend having our own plant, to
+        reprint the March and subsequent numbers whenever
+        necessary.</p><br />
+
+
+        <h4>THE McCLURE'S NEW "LIFE OF GRANT."</h4>
+
+        <p>We have been greatly surprised, in preparing our new
+        "Life of Grant," to find so much new and valuable material,
+        especially about Grant's earlier life. No more fascinating
+        and dramatic story has ever been lived. We have been
+        especially fortunate in securing the collaboration of Mr.
+        Hamlin Garland to write this life of Grant. Mr. Garland was
+        selected for this work for two reasons&mdash;first, he has
+        always loved and admired Grant; second, he is familiar in
+        general with the conditions of life in the middle West, and
+        is especially qualified to tell the truth both in color and
+        fact. The tastes and training of a realistic novelist are
+        an admirable equipment for a biographer, provided the hero
+        of his story and his environment appeal to the
+        novelist.</p>
+
+        <p><i>We propose to publish the best Life of Grant ever
+        written.</i></p>
+
+        <p>We have collected a great quantity of pictures and other
+        illustrations, and we ask our friends to help us as they
+        are helping us in our "Life of Lincoln." Every one who has
+        a contribution, either in picture or incident, to our
+        knowledge of this great man ought to bring it before the
+        two or three million readers that McCLURE'S will have when
+        we begin to publish the "Life of Grant" next
+        November.</p><br />
+
+
+        <h4>NEW PICTURES OF LINCOLN.</h4>
+
+        <p>Almost every week we add to our collection of Lincoln
+        pictures. Many of these ambrotypes and photographs are of
+        the greatest value in adding to our knowledge of Lincoln.
+        We hope to reach one hundred before the end of the year. We
+        had only fifty portraits last November. We have eighty
+        now.</p><br />
+
+
+        <h4>THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND PRACTICAL
+        ARTS.</h4>
+
+        <p>Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, was the scene of one
+        of the most important of the debates between Mr. Lincoln
+        and Mr. Douglas. The debate took place on a platform at the
+        east end of the main college building. At this memorable
+        debate the students carried a banner on which was inscribed
+        "Knox for Lincoln." In April, 1860, before he was nominated
+        for the Presidency, Knox College conferred the degree of
+        LL.D. on Abraham Lincoln. At their recent midwinter
+        meeting, the board of trustees unanimously voted to
+        establish a memorial to Lincoln; and this memorial will be
+        the scientific department of Knox College, and will be
+        called "The Abraham Lincoln School of Science and Practical
+        Arts."</p>
+
+        <p>The founders of this magazine are all alumni of Knox
+        College, and are particularly pleased at this action of
+        their alma mater. Knox College affords a splendid
+        opportunity to young men and women of limited means. The
+        editors of this magazine can afford to pay the living
+        expenses and tuition for one year at this college of any
+        young man or woman who secures five hundred subscribers, as
+        proposed and explained on the second advertising page of
+        this number of the magazine.</p>
+
+        <p>The editors of McCLURE'S MAGAZINE are thoroughly
+        acquainted with Knox College, and can recommend it, knowing
+        that students who go there will live under the best
+        possible influences and receive a sound education. All
+        inquiries should be addressed to the president, John
+        Finley, Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois.</p><br />
+
+
+        <h4>THE HOUSE IN WHICH LINCOLN'S PARENTS WERE
+        MARRIED.&mdash;A CORRECTION.</h4>
+
+        <p>The picture of the house in which Thomas Lincoln and
+        Nancy Hanks were married, printed in McCLURE'S MAGAZINE for
+        November, 1895, was credited by mistake to the Oldroyd
+        collection. The photograph from which the reproduction was
+        made came from the Oldroyd collection; but this photograph
+        is, we are informed, from a negative now in the possession
+        of Mr. A.D. Miller of Brazil, Indiana, and credit is
+        therefore due to Mr. Miller.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, VOL. 6, NO. 5, APRIL, 1896***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 14663-h.txt or 14663-h.zip *******</p>
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@@ -0,0 +1,6772 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, McClure's Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 5, April,
+1896, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: McClure's Magazine, Vol. 6, No. 5, April, 1896
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: January 11, 2005  [eBook #14663]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, VOL. 6, NO. 5,
+APRIL, 1896***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Richard J. Shiffer, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 14663-h.htm or 14663-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/6/6/14663/14663-h/14663-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/6/6/14663/14663-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+McCLURE'S MAGAZINE
+
+VOL. VI,  NO. 5, APRIL, 1896
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  ILLUSTRATIONS.
+  THE NEW MARVEL IN PHOTOGRAPHY. By H.J.W. Dam.
+  THE ROeNTGEN RAYS IN AMERICA. By Cleveland Moffett.
+  THE HOUSEHOLDERS.  By "Q."
+  ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Ida M. Tarbell.
+    Lincoln in the Campaign of 1840.
+    Lincoln's Engagement to Miss Todd.
+    The Lincoln and Shields Duel.
+    Marriage of Lincoln and Miss Todd.
+  "PHROSO." By Anthony Hope.
+    Chapter I. A Long Thing Ending in Poulos.
+    Chapter II. A Conservative Country.
+    Chapter III. The Fever of Neopalia.
+  A CENTURY OF PAINTING. By Will H. Low.
+  "SOLDIER AN' SAILOR TOO." By Rudyard Kipling.
+  RACHEL. By Mrs. E.V. Wilson.
+  CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps.
+  EDITORIAL NOTES.
+    Twenty Thousand Dollars for Short Stories.
+    The McClure's "Early Life of Lincoln."
+    The McClure's New "Life of Grant."
+    New Pictures of Lincoln.
+    The Abraham Lincoln School of Science and Practical Arts.
+    The House in which Lincoln's Parents Were Married--a Correction.
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+  PICTURES SHOWING THE DIFFERENCES IN PENETRABILITY TO THE ROeNTGEN RAYS.
+  DR. WILLIAM KONRAD ROeNTGEN, DISCOVERER OF THE X RAYS.
+  PICTURE OF AN ALUMINIUM CIGAR-CASE, SHOWING CIGARS WITHIN.
+  PHOTOGRAPH OF A LADY'S HAND SHOWING THE BONES, AND A RING ON THE
+    THIRD FINGER.
+  THE PHYSICAL INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF WUeRZBURG.
+  SKELETON OF A FROG, PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.
+  RAZOR-BLADE PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH A LEATHER CASE AND THE RAZOR-HANDLE.
+  SKELETON OF A FISH PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.
+  A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE SOLE OF A SHOE.
+  PHOTOGRAPHING A FOOT IN ITS SHOE BY THE ROeNTGEN PROCESS.
+  BONES OF A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.
+  CORK-SCREW, KEY, PENCIL WITH METALLIC PROTECTOR, AND PIECE OF COIN.
+  COINS PHOTOGRAPHED INSIDE A PURSE.
+  DR. WILLIAM J. MORTON PHOTOGRAPHING HIS OWN HAND UNDER ROeNTGEN
+  A GROUP OF FAMILIAR ARTICLES UNDER THE ROeNTGEN RAYS.
+  THOMAS A. EDISON EXPERIMENTING WITH THE ROeNTGEN RAYS.
+  "I ... TRIED A STEP TOWARD THE STAIRS, WITH EYES ALERT ..."
+  "HE STOOD SIDEWAYS, ... AND LOOKED AT ME OVER HIS LEFT SHOULDER."
+  "FACE TO FACE WITH THE REAL HOUSEHOLDER."
+  OLD STATE-HOUSE AT SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+  A HARRISON BADGE OF 1840.
+  A HARRISON BUTTON OF 1840.
+  LINCOLN IN 1860.
+  ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN 1861.
+  WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
+  JOSHUA F. SPEED AND WIFE.
+  MARY TODD LINCOLN.
+  LINCOLN IN 1858.
+  ROBERT S. TODD.
+  MISS JULIA JAYNE, ONE OF MISS TODD'S BRIDESMAIDS.
+  GENERAL JAMES SHIELDS.
+  MRS. NINIAN W. EDWARDS.
+  COURT-HOUSE AT TREMONT WHERE LINCOLN RECEIVED WARNING OF SHIELDS'S
+        CHALLENGE.
+  RESIDENCE OF NINIAN W. EDWARDS, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+  LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE LICENSE AND MARRIAGE CERTIFICATE.
+  REV. CHARLES DRESSER.
+  THE GLOBE HOTEL, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+  A BROOK IN THE DEPARTMENT OF VAR, FRANCE.
+  JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT.
+  A BY-PATH.
+  EARLY MORNING.
+  DIANA'S BATH.
+  A SHALLOW RIVER.
+  THE EDGE OF THE FOREST (FONTAINEBLEAU).
+  ON THE RIVER OISE.
+  THE STORMY SEA.
+  A SUNLIT GLADE.
+  A SHEPHERD AND HIS FLOCK.
+  "THE MAN WITH THE LEATHERN BELT."
+  THE STONE-BREAKERS.
+  THE GOOD SAMARITAN.
+  SERVANT AT THE FOUNTAIN.
+  AN UNHAPPY FAMILY.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: PICTURES TAKEN BY PROFESSOR ARTHUR W. WRIGHT OF YALE
+COLLEGE, SHOWING THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SUBSTANCES IN PENETRABILITY
+TO THE ROeNTGEN RAYS.
+
+1 and 3. Flint glass prism (very opaque).
+
+2. Quartz prism, showing transmission of the rays through the thin
+edges.
+
+4. Prism of heavy glass, more opaque than flint glass.
+
+5. One-cent coin, copper.
+
+6. Five-cent coin, nickel.
+
+7. White-crown glass, 11/2 millimetres thick.
+
+8. Blue crown glass, 2 millimetres thick.
+
+9. Yellow crown glass, 11/2 millimetres thick.
+
+10. Crown glass, 1 millimetre thick, covered with a very thin layer of
+gold.
+
+11. Red crown glass, 2 millimetres thick.
+
+12. Block of Iceland spar (very transparent to ordinary light, but
+very opaque to Roentgen rays).
+
+13. A bit of tinfoil.
+
+14. Aluminium medal, showing faint traces of the design and lettering
+on both sides, as if it were translucent.
+
+15. Metallic mirror, shows no effect of regular reflection.
+
+16. Bit of sheet-lead, 1 millimetre thick.
+
+17. Quarter-of-a-dollar coin, silver.
+
+18. Piece of thin ebonite, such as is used for photographic
+plate-holder.]
+
+[Illustration: DR. WILLIAM KONRAD ROeNTGEN, DISCOVERER OF THE X RAYS.
+
+From a photograph by Hanfstaenge, Frankfort-on-the-Main.]
+
+
+
+
+
+THE NEW MARVEL IN PHOTOGRAPHY.
+
+A VISIT TO PROFESSOR ROeNTGEN AT HIS LABORATORY IN WUeRZBURG.--HIS OWN
+ACCOUNT OF HIS GREAT DISCOVERY.--INTERESTING EXPERIMENTS WITH THE
+CATHODE RAYS.--PRACTICAL USES OF THE NEW PHOTOGRAPHY.
+
+BY H.J.W. DAM.
+
+
+In all the history of scientific discovery there has never been,
+perhaps, so general, rapid, and dramatic an effect wrought on the
+scientific centres of Europe as has followed, in the past four weeks,
+upon an announcement made to the Wuerzburg Physico-Medical Society, at
+their December meeting, by Professor William Konrad Roentgen, professor
+of physics at the Royal University of Wuerzburg. The first news which
+reached London was by telegraph from Vienna to the effect that a
+Professor Roentgen, until then the possessor of only a local fame
+in the town mentioned, had discovered a new kind of light, which
+penetrated and photographed through everything. This news was received
+with a mild interest, some amusement, and much incredulity; and a week
+passed. Then, by mail and telegraph, came daily clear indications
+of the stir which the discovery was making in all the great line of
+universities between Vienna and Berlin. Then Roentgen's own report
+arrived, so cool, so business-like, and so truly scientific in
+character, that it left no doubt either of the truth or of the great
+importance of the preceding reports. To-day, four weeks after the
+announcement, Roentgen's name is apparently in every scientific
+publication issued this week in Europe; and accounts of his
+experiments, of the experiments of others following his method, and
+of theories as to the strange new force which he has been the first
+to observe, fill pages of every scientific journal that comes to
+hand. And before the necessary time elapses for this article to
+attain publication in America, it is in all ways probable that the
+laboratories and lecture-rooms of the United States will also be
+giving full evidence of this contagious arousal of interest over a
+discovery so strange that its importance cannot yet be measured,
+its utility be even prophesied, or its ultimate effect upon
+long-established scientific beliefs be even vaguely foretold.
+
+[Illustration: PICTURE OF AN ALUMINIUM CIGAR-CASE, SHOWING CIGARS
+WITHIN.
+
+From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street, London.
+Exposure, ten minutes.]
+
+[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPH OF A LADY'S HAND SHOWING THE BONES, AND A
+RING ON THE THIRD FINGER, WITH FAINT OUTLINES OF THE FLESH.
+
+From a photograph taken by Mr. P. Spies, director of the "Urania,"
+Berlin.]
+
+[Illustration: THE PHYSICAL INSTITUTE, UNIVERSITY OF
+WUeRZBURG, WHERE PROFESSOR ROeNTGEN HAS HIS RESIDENCE, DELIVERS HIS
+LECTURES, AND CONDUCTS HIS EXPERIMENTS.
+
+From a photograph by G. Glock, Wuerzburg.]
+
+The Roentgen rays are certain invisible rays resembling, in many
+respects, rays of light, which are set free when a high pressure
+electric current is discharged through a vacuum tube. A vacuum tube
+is a glass tube from which all the air, down to one-millionth of an
+atmosphere, has been exhausted after the insertion of a platinum
+wire in either end of the tube for connection with the two poles of
+a battery or induction coil. When the discharge is sent through
+the tube, there proceeds from the anode--that is, the wire which is
+connected with the positive pole of the battery--certain bands of
+light, varying in color with the color of the glass. But these are
+insignificant in comparison with the brilliant glow which shoots
+from the cathode, or negative wire. This glow excites brilliant
+phosphorescence in glass and many substances, and these "cathode
+rays," as they are called, were observed and studied by Hertz; and
+more deeply by his assistant, Professor Lenard, Lenard having, in
+1894, reported that the cathode rays would penetrate thin films of
+aluminium, wood, and other substances and produce photographic results
+beyond. It was left, however, for Professor Roentgen to discover that
+during the discharge another kind of rays are set free, which differ
+greatly from those described by Lenard as cathode rays The most marked
+difference between the two is the fact that Roentgen rays are not
+deflected by a magnet, indicating a very essential difference, while
+their range and penetrative power are incomparably greater. In fact,
+all those qualities which have lent a sensational character to the
+discovery of Roentgen's rays were mainly absent from these of Lenard,
+to the end that, although Roentgen has not been working in an entirely
+new field, he has by common accord been freely granted all the honors
+of a great discovery.
+
+[Illustration: SKELETON OF A FROG, PHOTOGRAPHED
+THROUGH THE FLESH. THE SHADINGS INDICATE, IN ADDITION TO THE BONES,
+ALSO THE LUNGS AND THE CEREBRAL LOBES.
+
+From a photograph by Professors Imbert and Bertin-Sans; reproduced
+by the courtesy of the "Presse Medicale," Paris. In taking this
+photograph the experiment was tried of using a diaphragm interposed
+between the Crookes tube and the plate; and the superior clearness
+obtained is thought to result from this.]
+
+[Illustration: RAZOR-BLADE PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH A LEATHER CASE AND THE
+RAZOR-HANDLE.
+
+From a photograph taken by Dr. W.L. Robb of Trinity College. The
+shading in the picture indicates, what was the actual fact, that the
+blade, which was hollow ground, was thinner in the middle than near
+the edge.]
+
+[Illustration: SKELETON OF A FISH PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.
+
+From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street, London.
+Exposure, four minutes.]
+
+Exactly what kind of a force Professor Roentgen has discovered he does
+not know. As will be seen below, he declines to call it a new kind of
+light, or a new form of electricity. He has given it the name of the
+X rays. Others speak of it as the Roentgen rays. Thus far its results
+only, and not its essence, are known. In the terminology of science it
+is generally called "a new mode of motion," or, in other words, a new
+force. As to whether it is or not actually a force new to science, or
+one of the known forces masquerading under strange conditions, weighty
+authorities are already arguing. More than one eminent scientist has
+already affected to see in it a key to the great mystery of the law
+of gravity. All who have expressed themselves in print have admitted,
+with more or less frankness, that, in view of Roentgen's discovery,
+science must forth-with revise, possibly to a revolutionary degree,
+the long accepted theories concerning the phenomena of light and
+sound. That the X rays, in their mode of action, combine a strange
+resemblance to both sound and light vibrations, and are destined to
+materially affect, if they do not greatly alter, our views of both
+phenomena, is already certain; and beyond this is the opening into
+a new and unknown field of physical knowledge, concerning which
+speculation is already eager, and experimental investigation already
+in hand, in London, Paris, Berlin, and, perhaps, to a greater or less
+extent, in every well-equipped physical laboratory in Europe.
+
+This is the present scientific aspect of the discovery. But, unlike
+most epoch-making results from laboratories, this discovery is one
+which, to a very unusual degree, is within the grasp of the popular
+and non-technical imagination. Among the other kinds of matter
+which these rays penetrate with ease is the human flesh. That a new
+photography has suddenly arisen which can photograph the bones, and,
+before long, the organs of the human body; that a light has been found
+which can penetrate, so as to make a photographic record, through
+everything from a purse or a pocket to the walls of a room or a house,
+is news which cannot fail to startle everybody. That the eye of the
+physician or surgeon, long baffled by the skin, and vainly seeking
+to penetrate the unfortunate darkness of the human body, is now to be
+supplemented by a camera, making all the parts of the human body as
+visible, in a way, as the exterior, appears certainly to be a greater
+blessing to humanity than even the Listerian antiseptic system of
+surgery; and its benefits must inevitably be greater than those
+conferred by Lister, great as the latter have been. Already, in
+the few weeks since Roentgen's announcement, the results of surgical
+operations under the new system are growing voluminous. In Berlin, not
+only new bone fractures are being immediately photographed, but joined
+fractures, as well, in order to examine the results of recent surgical
+work. In Vienna, imbedded bullets are being photographed, instead of
+being probed for, and extracted with comparative ease. In London, a
+wounded sailor, completely paralyzed, whose injury was a mystery, has
+been saved by the photographing of an object imbedded in the spine,
+which, upon extraction, proved to be a small knife-blade. Operations
+for malformations, hitherto obscure, but now clearly revealed by the
+new photography, are already becoming common, and are being reported
+from all directions. Professor Czermark of Graz has photographed the
+living skull, denuded of flesh and hair, and has begun the adaptation
+of the new photography to brain study. The relation of the new rays
+to thought rays is being eagerly discussed in what may be called
+the non-exact circles and journals; and all that numerous group
+of inquirers into the occult, the believers in clairvoyance,
+spiritualism, telepathy, and kindred orders of alleged phenomena, are
+confident of finding in the new force long-sought facts in proof of
+their claims. Professor Neusser in Vienna has photographed gall-stones
+in the liver of one patient (the stone showing snow-white in the
+negative), and a stone in the bladder of another patient. His results
+so far induce him to announce that all the organs of the human body
+can, and will, shortly, be photographed. Lannelougue of Paris has
+exhibited to the Academy of Science photographs of bones showing
+inherited tuberculosis which had not otherwise revealed itself. Berlin
+has already formed a society of forty for the immediate prosecution
+of researches into both the character of the new force and its
+physiological possibilities. In the next few weeks these strange
+announcements will be trebled or quadrupled, giving the best evidence
+from all quarters of the great future that awaits the Roentgen rays,
+and the startling impetus to the universal search for knowledge that
+has come at the close of the nineteenth century from the modest little
+laboratory in the Pleicher Ring at Wuerzburg.
+
+[Illustration: A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE SOLE OF A SHOE.
+THE SHADING SHOWS THE PEGS OF THE SHOE, AS WELL AS TRACES OF THE FOOT.
+
+From a photograph by Dr. W.L. Robb of Trinity College.]
+
+[Illustration: PHOTOGRAPHING A FOOT IN ITS SHOE BY THE ROeNTGEN
+PROCESS.--A PICTURE OF THE ACTUAL OPERATION WHICH PRODUCED THE
+PHOTOGRAPH SHOWN ON PAGE 408.
+
+From a photograph by Dr. W.L. Robb of Trinity College. The subject's
+foot rests on the photographic plate.]
+
+On instruction by cable from the editor of this magazine, on the
+first announcement of the discovery, I set out for Wuerzburg to see the
+discoverer and his laboratory. I found a neat and thriving Bavarian
+city of forty-five thousand inhabitants, which, for some ten
+centuries, has made no salient claim upon the admiration of the world,
+except for the elaborateness of its mediaeval castle and the excellence
+of its local beer. Its streets were adorned with large numbers of
+students, all wearing either scarlet, green, or blue caps, and an
+extremely serious expression, suggesting much intensity either in the
+contemplation of Roentgen rays or of the beer aforesaid. All knew the
+residence of Professor Roentgen (pronunciation: "Renken"), and directed
+me to the "Pleicher Ring." The various buildings of the university are
+scattered in different parts of Wuerzburg, the majority being in the
+Pleicher Ring, which is a fine avenue, with a park along one side
+of it, in the centre of the town. The Physical Institute, Professor
+Roentgen's particular domain, is a modest building of two stories and
+basement, the upper story constituting his private residence, and
+the remainder of the building being given over to lecture rooms,
+laboratories, and their attendant offices. At the door I was met by an
+old serving-man of the idolatrous order, whose pain was apparent when
+I asked for "Professor" Roentgen, and he gently corrected me with "Herr
+Doctor Roentgen." As it was evident, however, that we referred to the
+same person, he conducted me along a wide, bare hall, running the
+length of the building, with blackboards and charts on the walls. At
+the end he showed me into a small room on the right. This contained
+a large table desk, and a small table by the window, covered
+with photographs, while the walls held rows of shelves laden with
+laboratory and other records. An open door led into a somewhat larger
+room, perhaps twenty feet by fifteen, and I found myself gazing into
+a laboratory which was the scene of the discovery--a laboratory which,
+though in all ways modest, is destined to be enduringly historical.
+
+There was a wide table shelf running along the farther side, in front
+of the two windows, which were high, and gave plenty of light. In the
+centre was a stove; on the left, a small cabinet, whose shelves held
+the small objects which the professor had been using. There was a
+table in the left-hand corner; and another small table--the one on
+which living bones were first photographed--was near the stove, and
+a Rhumkorff coil was on the right. The lesson of the laboratory was
+eloquent. Compared, for instance, with the elaborate, expensive, and
+complete apparatus of, say, the University of London, or of any of the
+great American universities, it was bare and unassuming to a degree.
+It mutely said that in the great march of science it is the genius of
+man, and not the perfection of appliances, that breaks new ground in
+the great territory of the unknown. It also caused one to wonder at
+and endeavor to imagine the great things which are to be done through
+elaborate appliances with the Roentgen rays--a field in which the
+United States, with its foremost genius in invention, will very
+possibly, if not probably, take the lead--when the discoverer himself
+had done so much with so little. Already, in a few weeks, a skilled
+London operator, Mr. A.A.C. Swinton, has reduced the necessary time
+of exposure for Roentgen photographs from fifteen minutes to four.
+He used, however, a Tesla oil coil, discharged by twelve half-gallon
+Leyden jars, with an alternating current of twenty thousand volts'
+pressure. Here were no oil coils, Leyden jars, or specially elaborate
+and expensive machines. There were only a Rhumkorff coil and Crookes
+(vacuum) tube and the man himself.
+
+Professor Roentgen entered hurriedly, something like an amiable gust
+of wind. He is a tall, slender, and loose-limbed man, whose whole
+appearance bespeaks enthusiasm and energy. He wore a dark blue sack
+suit, and his long, dark hair stood straight up from his forehead, as
+if he were permanently electrified by his own enthusiasm. His voice is
+full and deep, he speaks rapidly, and, altogether, he seems clearly a
+man who, once upon the track of a mystery which appealed to him,
+would pursue it with unremitting vigor. His eyes are kind, quick, and
+penetrating; and there is no doubt that he much prefers gazing at a
+Crookes tube to beholding a visitor, visitors at present robbing him
+of much valued time. The meeting was by appointment, however, and his
+greeting was cordial and hearty. In addition to his own language he
+speaks French well and English scientifically, which is different from
+speaking it popularly. These three tongues being more or less within
+the equipment of his visitor, the conversation proceeded on an
+international or polyglot basis, so to speak, varying at necessity's
+demand.
+
+It transpired, in the course of inquiry, that the professor is
+a married man and fifty years of age, though his eyes have the
+enthusiasm of twenty-five. He was born near Zurich, and educated
+there, and completed his studies and took his degree at Utrecht. He
+has been at Wuerzburg about seven years, and had made no discoveries
+which he considered of great importance prior to the one under
+consideration. These details were given under good-natured protest, he
+failing to understand why his personality should interest the public.
+He declined to admire himself or his results in any degree, and
+laughed at the idea of being famous. The professor is too deeply
+interested in science to waste any time in thinking about himself. His
+emperor had _feted_, flattered, and decorated him, and he was loyally
+grateful. It was evident, however, that fame and applause had small
+attractions for him, compared to the mysteries still hidden in the
+vacuum tubes of the other room.
+
+[Illustration: BONES OF A HUMAN FOOT PHOTOGRAPHED THROUGH THE FLESH.
+
+From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street, London.
+Exposure, fifty-five seconds.]
+
+"Now, then," said he, smiling, and with some impatience, when the
+preliminary questions at which he chafed were over, "you have come to
+see the invisible rays."
+
+"Is the invisible visible?"
+
+"Not to the eye; but its results are. Come in here."
+
+He led the way to the other square room mentioned, and indicated
+the induction coil with which his researches were made, an ordinary
+Rhumkorff coil, with a spark of from four to six inches, charged by
+a current of twenty amperes. Two wires led from the coil, through an
+open door, into a smaller room on the right. In this room was a
+small table carrying a Crookes tube connected with the coil. The most
+striking object in the room, however, was a huge and mysterious tin
+box about seven feet high and four feet square. It stood on end,
+like a huge packing-case, its side being perhaps five inches from the
+Crookes tube.
+
+The professor explained the mystery of the tin box, to the effect that
+it was a device of his own for obtaining a portable dark-room. When he
+began his investigations he used the whole room, as was shown by the
+heavy blinds and curtains so arranged as to exclude the entrance of
+all interfering light from the windows. In the side of the tin box,
+at the point immediately against the tube, was a circular sheet of
+aluminium one millimetre in thickness, and perhaps eighteen inches
+in diameter, soldered to the surrounding tin. To study his rays the
+professor had only to turn on the current, enter the box, close the
+door, and in perfect darkness inspect only such light or light effects
+as he had a right to consider his own, hiding his light, in fact, not
+under the Biblical bushel, but in a more commodious box.
+
+"Step inside," said he, opening the door, which was on the side of
+the box farthest from the tube. I immediately did so, not altogether
+certain whether my skeleton was to be photographed for general
+inspection, or my secret thoughts held up to light on a glass plate.
+"You will find a sheet of barium paper on the shelf," he added, and
+then went away to the coil. The door was closed, and the interior of
+the box became black darkness. The first thing I found was a wooden
+stool, on which I resolved to sit. Then I found the shelf on the
+side next the tube, and then the sheet of paper prepared with barium
+platino-cyanide. I was thus being shown the first phenomenon which
+attracted the discoverer's attention and led to the discovery, namely,
+the passage of rays, themselves wholly invisible, whose presence was
+only indicated by the effect they produced on a piece of sensitized
+photographic paper.
+
+A moment later, the black darkness was penetrated by the rapid
+snapping sound of the high-pressure current in action, and I knew
+that the tube outside was glowing. I held the sheet vertically on
+the shelf, perhaps four inches from the plate. There was no change,
+however, and nothing was visible.
+
+"Do you see anything?" he called.
+
+"No."
+
+"The tension is not high enough;" and he proceeded to increase the
+pressure by operating an apparatus of mercury in long vertical tubes
+acted upon automatically by a weight lever which stood near the coil.
+In a few moments the sound of the discharge again began, and then I
+made my first acquaintance with the Roentgen rays.
+
+The moment the current passed, the paper began to glow. A
+yellowish-green light spread all over its surface in clouds, waves,
+and flashes. The yellow-green luminescence, all the stranger and
+stronger in the darkness, trembled, wavered, and floated over the
+paper, in rhythm with the snapping of the discharge. Through the metal
+plate, the paper, myself, and the tin box, the invisible rays were
+flying, with an effect strange, interesting, and uncanny. The metal
+plate seemed to offer no appreciable resistance to the flying force,
+and the light was as rich and full as if nothing lay between the paper
+and the tube.
+
+"Put the book up," said the professor.
+
+I felt upon the shelf, in the darkness, a heavy book, two inches in
+thickness, and placed this against the plate. It made no difference.
+The rays flew through the metal and the book as if neither had been
+there, and the waves of light, rolling cloud-like over the paper,
+showed no change in brightness. It was a clear, material illustration
+of the ease with which paper and wood are penetrated. And then I
+laid book and paper down, and put my eyes against the rays. All was
+blackness, and I neither saw nor felt anything. The discharge was in
+full force, and the rays were flying through my head, and, for all I
+knew, through the side of the box behind me. But they were invisible
+and impalpable. They gave no sensation whatever. Whatever the
+mysterious rays may be, they are not to be seen, and are to be judged
+only by their works.
+
+I was loath to leave this historical tin box, but time pressed. I
+thanked the professor, who was happy in the reality of his discovery
+and the music of his sparks. Then I said: "Where did you first
+photograph living bones?"
+
+"Here," he said, leading the way into the room where the coil stood.
+He pointed to a table on which was another--the latter a small
+short-legged wooden one with more the shape and size of a wooden
+seat. It was two feet square and painted coal black. I viewed it with
+interest. I would have bought it, for the little table on which
+light was first sent through the human body will some day be a great
+historical curiosity; but it was "nicht zu verkaufen." A photograph of
+it would have been a consolation, but for several reasons one was not
+to be had at present. However, the historical table was there, and was
+duly inspected.
+
+[Illustration: CORK-SCREW, KEY, PENCIL WITH METALLIC PROTECTOR, AND
+PIECE OF COIN, AS PHOTOGRAPHED WHILE INSIDE A CALICO POCKET.
+
+From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street, London. Four
+minutes' exposure through a sheet of aluminium.]
+
+"How did you take the first hand photograph?" I asked.
+
+The professor went over to a shelf by the window, where lay a number
+of prepared glass plates, closely wrapped in black paper. He put a
+Crookes tube underneath the table, a few inches from the under side
+of its top. Then he laid his hand flat on the top of the table, and
+placed the glass plate loosely on his hand.
+
+"You ought to have your portrait painted in that attitude," I
+suggested.
+
+"No, that is nonsense," said he, smiling.
+
+"Or be photographed." This suggestion was made with a deeply hidden
+purpose.
+
+The rays from the Roentgen eyes instantly penetrated the deeply hidden
+purpose. "Oh, no," said he; "I can't let you make pictures of me. I
+am too busy." Clearly the professor was entirely too modest to gratify
+the wishes of the curious world.
+
+"Now, Professor," said I, "will you tell me the history of the
+discovery?"
+
+[Illustration: COINS PHOTOGRAPHED INSIDE A PURSE.
+
+From a photograph by A.A.C. Swinton, Victoria Street, London.]
+
+"There is no history," he said. "I have been for a long time
+interested in the problem of the cathode rays from a vacuum tube
+as studied by Hertz and Lenard. I had followed theirs and other
+researches with great interest, and determined, as soon as I had the
+time, to make some researches of my own. This time I found at the
+close of last October. I had been at work for some days when I
+discovered something new."
+
+"What was the date?"
+
+"The eighth of November."
+
+"And what was the discovery?"
+
+"I was working with a Crookes tube covered by a shield of black
+cardboard. A piece of barium platino-cyanide paper lay on the bench
+there. I had been passing a current through the tube, and I noticed a
+peculiar black line across the paper."
+
+"What of that?"
+
+"The effect was one which could only be produced, in ordinary
+parlance, by the passage of light. No light could come from the tube,
+because the shield which covered it was impervious to any light known,
+even that of the electric arc."
+
+"And what did you think?"
+
+"I did not think; I investigated. I assumed that the effect must have
+come from the tube, since its character indicated that it could come
+from nowhere else. I tested it. In a few minutes there was no doubt
+about it. Rays were coming from the tube which had a luminescent
+effect upon the paper. I tried it successfully at greater and greater
+distances, even at two metres. It seemed at first a new kind of
+invisible light. It was clearly something new, something unrecorded."
+
+"Is it light?"
+
+"No."
+
+"Is it electricity?"
+
+"Not in any known form."
+
+"What is it?"
+
+"I don't know."
+
+And the discoverer of the X rays thus stated as calmly his ignorance
+of their essence as has everybody else who has written on the
+phenomena thus far.
+
+"Having discovered the existence of a new kind of rays, I of course
+began to investigate what they would do." He took up a series of
+cabinet-sized photographs. "It soon appeared from tests that the rays
+had penetrative power to a degree hitherto unknown. They penetrated
+paper, wood, and cloth with ease; and the thickness of the substance
+made no perceptible difference, within reasonable limits." He showed
+photographs of a box of laboratory weights of platinum, aluminium, and
+brass, they and the brass hinges all having been photographed from a
+closed box, without any indication of the box. Also a photograph of
+a coil of fine wire, wound on a wooden spool, the wire having been
+photographed, and the wood omitted. "The rays," he continued, "passed
+through all the metals tested, with a facility varying, roughly
+speaking, with the density of the metal. These phenomena I have
+discussed carefully in my report to the Wuerzburg society, and you will
+find all the technical results therein stated." He showed a photograph
+of a small sheet of zinc. This was composed of smaller plates
+soldered laterally with solders of different metallic proportions. The
+differing lines of shadow, caused by the difference in the solders,
+were visible evidence that a new means of detecting flaws and chemical
+variations in metals had been found. A photograph of a compass showed
+the needle and dial taken through the closed brass cover. The markings
+of the dial were in red metallic paint, and thus interfered with the
+rays, and were reproduced. "Since the rays had this great penetrative
+power, it seemed natural that they should penetrate flesh, and so it
+proved in photographing the hand, as I showed you."
+
+A detailed discussion of the characteristics of his rays the professor
+considered unprofitable and unnecessary. He believes, though, that
+these mysterious radiations are not light, because their behavior is
+essentially different from that of light rays, even those light rays
+which are themselves invisible. The Roentgen rays cannot be reflected
+by reflecting surfaces, concentrated by lenses, or refracted or
+diffracted. They produce photographic action on a sensitive film, but
+their action is weak as yet, and herein lies the first important field
+of their development. The professor's exposures were comparatively
+long--an average of fifteen minutes in easily penetrable media,
+and half an hour or more in photographing the bones of the hand.
+Concerning vacuum tubes, he said that he preferred the Hittorf,
+because it had the most perfect vacuum, the highest degree of air
+exhaustion being the consummation most desirable. In answer to a
+question, "What of the future?" he said:
+
+"I am not a prophet, and I am opposed to prophesying. I am pursuing
+my investigations, and as fast as my results are verified I shall make
+them public."
+
+"Do you think the rays can be so modified as to photograph the organs
+of the human body?"
+
+In answer he took up the photograph of the box of weights. "Here are
+already modifications," he said, indicating the various degrees of
+shadow produced by the aluminium, platinum, and brass weights, the
+brass hinges, and even the metallic stamped lettering on the cover of
+the box, which was faintly perceptible.
+
+"But Professor Neusser has already announced that the photographing of
+the various organs is possible."
+
+"We shall see what we shall see," he said. We have the start now; the
+developments will follow in time."
+
+"You know the apparatus for introducing the electric light into the
+stomach?"
+
+"Yes."
+
+"Do you think that this electric light will become a vacuum tube for
+photographing, from the stomach, any part of the abdomen or thorax?"
+
+The idea of swallowing a Crookes tube, and sending a high frequency
+current down into one's stomach, seemed to him exceedingly funny.
+"When I have done it, I will tell you," he said, smiling, resolute in
+abiding by results.
+
+"There is much to do, and I am busy, very busy," he said in
+conclusion. He extended his hand in farewell, his eyes already
+wandering toward his work in the inside room. And his visitor promptly
+left him; the words, "I am busy," said in all sincerity, seeming
+to describe in a single phrase the essence of his character and the
+watchword of a very unusual man.
+
+Returning by way of Berlin, I called upon Herr Spies of the Urania,
+whose photographs after the Roentgen method were the first made
+public, and have been the best seen thus far. The Urania is a peculiar
+institution, and one which it seems might be profitably duplicated in
+other countries. It is a scientific theatre. By means of the
+lantern and an admirable equipment of scientific appliances, all
+new discoveries, as well as ordinary interesting and picturesque
+phenomena, when new discoveries are lacking, are described and
+illustrated daily to the public, who pay for seats as in an ordinary
+theatre, and keep the Urania profitably filled all the year round.
+Professor Spies is a young man of great mental alertness and
+mechanical resource. It is the photograph of a hand, his wife's hand,
+which illustrates, perhaps better than any other illustration in this
+article, the clear delineation of the bones which can be obtained by
+the Roentgen rays. In speaking of the discovery he said:
+
+"I applied it, as soon as the penetration of flesh was apparent, to
+the photograph of a man's hand. Something in it had pained him for
+years, and the photograph at once exhibited a small foreign object, as
+you can see;" and he exhibited a copy of the photograph in question.
+"The speck there is a small piece of glass, which was immediately
+extracted, and which, in all probability, would have otherwise
+remained in the man's hand to the end of his days." All of which
+indicates that the needle which has pursued its travels in so many
+persons, through so many years, will be suppressed by the camera.
+
+"My next object is to photograph the bones of the entire leg,"
+continued Herr Spies. "I anticipate no difficulty, though it requires
+some thought in manipulation."
+
+It will be seen that the Roentgen rays and their marvellous practical
+possibilities are still in their infancy. The first successful
+modification of the action of the rays so that the varying densities
+of bodily organs will enable them to be photographed, will bring all
+such morbid growths as tumors and cancers into the photographic field,
+to say nothing of vital organs which may be abnormally developed or
+degenerate. How much this means to medical and surgical practice it
+requires little imagination to conceive. Diagnosis, long a painfully
+uncertain science, has received an unexpected and wonderful assistant;
+and how greatly the world will benefit thereby, how much pain will
+be saved, and how many lives saved, the future can only determine. In
+science a new door has been opened where none was known to exist, and
+a side-light on phenomena has appeared, of which the results may prove
+as penetrating and astonishing as the Roentgen rays themselves. The
+most agreeable feature of the discovery is the opportunity it gives
+for other hands to help; and the work of these hands will add many
+new words to the dictionaries, many new facts to science, and, in
+the years long ahead of us, fill many more volumes than there are
+paragraphs in this brief and imperfect account.
+
+
+
+
+THE ROeNTGEN RAYS IN AMERICA.
+
+BY CLEVELAND MOFFETT.
+
+
+At the top of the great Sloane laboratory of Yale University, in an
+experimenting room lined with curious apparatus, I found Professor
+Arthur W. Wright experimenting with the wonderful Roentgen rays.
+Professor Wright, a small, low-voiced man, of modest manner,
+has achieved, in his experiments in photographing through solid
+substances, some of the most interesting and remarkable results thus
+far attained in this country. His success is, no doubt, largely due
+to the fact that for years he had been experimenting constantly
+with vacuum tubes similar to the Crookes tubes used in producing the
+cathode rays.
+
+When I arrived, Professor Wright was at work with a Crookes tube,
+nearly spherical in shape, and about five inches in diameter--the one
+with which he has taken all his shadow pictures. His best results have
+been obtained with long exposures--an hour or an hour and a half--and
+he regards it as of the first importance that the objects through
+which the Roentgen rays are to be projected be placed as near as
+possible to the sensitized plate.
+
+It is from a failure to observe this precaution that so many of the
+shadow pictures show blurred outlines. It is with these pictures as
+with a shadow of the hand thrown on the wall--the nearer the hand
+is to the wall, the more distinct becomes the shadow; and this
+consideration makes Professor Wright doubt whether it will be
+possible, with the present facilities, to get clearly cut shadow
+images of very thick objects, or in cases where the pictures are
+taken through a thick board or other obstacle. The Roentgen rays will
+doubtless traverse the board, and shadows will be formed upon the
+plate, but there will be an uncertainty or dimness of outline that
+will render the results unsatisfactory. It is for this reason that
+Professor Wright has taken most of his shadow pictures through only
+the thickness of ebonite in his plate-holder. A most successful shadow
+picture taken by Professor Wright in this way, shows five objects laid
+side by side on a large plate--a saw, a case of pocket tools in their
+cover, a pocket lense opened out as for use, a pair of eye-glasses
+inside their leather case, and an awl. As will be seen from the
+accompanying reproduction of this picture, all the objects are
+photographed with remarkable distinctness, the leather case of the
+eye-glasses being almost transparent, the wood of the handles of the
+awl and saw being a little less so, while the glass in the eye-glasses
+is less transparent than either. In the case of the awl and the saw,
+the iron stem of the tool shows plainly inside the wooden handle. This
+photograph is similar to a dozen that have been taken by Professor
+Wright with equal success. The exposure here was fifty-five minutes.
+
+A more remarkable picture is one taken in the same way, but with a
+somewhat longer exposure--of a rabbit laid upon the ebonite plate, and
+so successfully pierced with the Roentgen rays that not only the bones
+of the body show plainly, but also the six grains of shot with which
+the animal was killed. The bones of the fore legs show with beautiful
+distinctness inside the shadowy flesh, while a closer inspection makes
+visible the ribs, the cartilages of the ear, and a lighter region in
+the centre of the body, which marks the location of the heart.
+
+Like most experimenters, Professor Wright has taken numerous shadow
+pictures of the human hand, showing the bones within, and he has made
+a great number of experiments in photographing various metals and
+different varieties of quartz and glass, with a view to studying
+characteristic differences in the shadows produced. A photograph
+of the latter sort is reproduced on page 401. Aluminium shows a
+remarkable degree of transparency to the Roentgen rays; so much so that
+Professor Wright was able to photograph a medal of this metal, showing
+in the same picture the designs and lettering on both sides of the
+medal, presented simultaneously in superimposed images. The denser
+metals, however, give in the main black shadows, which offer little
+opportunity of distinguishing between them.
+
+As to the nature of the Roentgen rays, Professor Wright is inclined
+to regard them as a mode of motion through the ether, in longitudinal
+stresses; and he thinks that, while they are in many ways similar to
+the rays discovered by Lenard a year or so ago, they still present
+important characteristics of their own. It may be, he thinks, that the
+Roentgen rays are the ordinary cathode rays produced in a Crookes tube,
+filtered, if one may so express it, of the metallic particles carried
+in their electrical stream from the metal terminal, on passing through
+the glass. It is well known that the metal terminals of a Crookes tube
+are steadily worn away while the current is passing; so much so that
+sometimes portions of the interior of the tube become coated with a
+metallic deposit almost mirror-like.
+
+As to the future, Professor Wright feels convinced that important
+results will be achieved in surgery and medicine by the use of these
+new rays, while in physical science they point to an entirely new
+field of investigation. The most necessary thing now is to find some
+means of producing streams of Roentgen rays of greater volume and
+intensity, so as to make possible greater penetration and distinctness
+in the images. Thus far only small Crookes tubes have been used, and
+much is to be expected when larger ones become available; but there
+is great difficulty in the manufacture of them. It might be possible,
+Professor Wright thinks, to get good results by using, instead of the
+Crookes tube, a large sphere of aluminium, which is more transparent
+to the new rays than glass and possesses considerable strength. It is
+a delicate question, however, whether the increased thickness of metal
+necessary to resist the air pressure upon a vacuum would not offset
+the advantage gained from the greater size. Moreover, it is a matter
+for experiment still to determine, what kind of an electric current
+would be necessary to excite such a larger tube with the best results.
+
+Among the most important experiments in shadow photography made thus
+far in America are those of Dr. William J. Morton of New York, who was
+the first in this country to use the disruptive discharges of
+static electricity in connection with the Roentgen discovery, and to
+demonstrate that shadow pictures may be successfully taken without the
+use of Crookes tubes. It was the well-known photographic properties of
+ordinary lightning that made Dr. Morton suspect that cathode rays are
+produced freely in the air when there is an electric discharge from
+the heavens. Reasoning thus, he resolved to search for cathode rays in
+the ten-inch lightning flash he was able to produce between the poles
+of his immense Holtz machine, probably the largest in this country.
+
+On January 30th he suspended a glass plate, with a circular window in
+the middle, between the two poles. Cemented to this plate of glass was
+one of hard rubber, about equal in size, which of course covered
+the window in the glass. Back of the rubber plate was suspended a
+photographic plate in the plate-holder, and outside of this, between
+it and the rubber surface, were ten letters cut from thin copper. Dr.
+Morton proposed to see if he could not prove the existence of cathode
+rays between the poles by causing them to picture in shadow, upon the
+sensitized plate, the letters thus exposed.
+
+In order to do this it was necessary to separate the ordinary electric
+sparks from the invisible cathode rays which, as Dr. Morton believed,
+accompanied them. It was to accomplish this that he used the double
+plates of glass and hard rubber placed, as already described, between
+the two poles; for while the ordinary electric spark would not
+traverse the rubber, any cathode rays that might be present would do
+so with great ease, the circular window in the glass plate allowing
+them passage there.
+
+[Illustration: DR. WILLIAM J. MORTON PHOTOGRAPHING HIS OWN HAND UNDER
+ROeNTGEN RAYS.
+
+In this case the vacuum bulb is charged from Leyden jars which, in
+their turn, are excited by an induction coil.]
+
+The current being turned on, it was found that the powerful electric
+sparks visible to the eye, unable to follow a straight course on
+account of the intervening rubber plate, jumped around the two plates
+in jagged, lightning-like lines, and thus reached the other pole of
+the machine. But it was noticed that at the same time a faint spray of
+purplish light was streaming straight through the rubber between the
+two holes, as if its passage was not interfered with by the rubber
+plate. It was in company with this stream of violet rays, known as the
+brush discharge, that the doctor conceived the invisible Roentgen
+rays to be projected at each spark discharge around the plate; and
+presently, when the photographic plate was developed, it was found
+that his conception was based on fact. For there, dim in outline, but
+unmistakable, were shadow pictures of the ten letters which stand as
+historic, since they were probably the first shadow pictures in the
+world taken without any bulb or vacuum tube whatever. These shadow
+pictures Dr. Morton carefully distinguished from the ordinary
+blackening effects on the film produced by electrified objects.
+
+Pursuing his experiments with static electricity, Dr. Morton soon
+found that better results could be obtained by the use of Leyden jars
+influenced by the Holtz machine, and discharging into a vacuum bulb,
+as shown in the illustration on this page. This arrangement of the
+apparatus has the advantage of making it much easier to regulate the
+electric supply and to modify its intensity, and Dr. Morton finds that
+in this way large vacuum tubes, perhaps twenty inches in diameter,
+may be excited to the point of doing practical work without danger of
+breaking the glass walls. But certain precautions are necessary. When
+he uses tin-foil electrodes on the outside of the bulb, he protects
+the tin-foil edges, and, what is more essential, uses extremely small
+Leyden jars and a short spark gap between the poles of the discharging
+rods. The philosophy of this is, that the smaller the jars, the
+greater their number of oscillations per second (easily fifteen
+million, according to Dr. Lodge's computations), the shorter the wave
+length, and, therefore, the greater the intensity of effects.
+
+[Illustration: A GROUP OF FAMILIAR ARTICLES UNDER THE ROeNTGEN RAYS.
+
+From a photograph by Professor Arthur W. Wright of Yale College, taken
+through an ebonite plate-holder with fifty-five minutes exposure. It
+shows a pair of spectacles in their leather case; an awl and a saw,
+with the iron stem, plainly visible through the wooden handles; a
+magnifying-glass; and a combination wooden tool-handle with metallic
+tools stored in the head, and the metallic clamp visible through the
+lower half.]
+
+The next step was to bring more energy into play, still using Leyden
+jars; and for this purpose Dr. Morton placed within the circuit
+between the jars a Tesla oscillating coil. He was thus able to use in
+his shadow pictures the most powerful sparks the machine was capable
+of producing (twelve inches), sending the Leyden-jar discharge through
+the primary of the coil, and employing for the excitation of the
+vacuum tube the "step up" current of the secondary coil with a
+potential incalculably increased.
+
+While Dr. Morton has in some of his experiments excited his Leyden
+jars from an induction coil, he thinks the best promise lies in the
+use of powerful Holtz machines; and he now uses no Leyden jars or
+converters, thus greatly adding to the simplicity of operations.
+
+In regard to the bulb, Dr. Morton has tested various kinds of vacuum
+tubes, the ordinary Crookes tubes, the Geissler tubes, and has
+obtained excellent results from the use of a special vacuum lamp
+adapted by himself to the purpose. One of his ingenious expedients
+was to turn to use an ordinary radiometer of large bulb, and, having
+fitted this with tin-foil electrodes, he found that he was able to
+get strongly marked shadow pictures. This application of the Roentgen
+principle will commend itself to many students who, being unable to
+provide themselves with the rare and expensive Crookes tubes, may
+buy a radiometer which will serve their purpose excellently in any
+laboratory supply store, the cost being only a few dollars, while the
+application of the tin foil electrodes is perfectly simple.
+
+In the-well equipped Jackson laboratory at Trinity College, Hartford,
+I found Dr. W.L. Robb, the professor of physics, surrounded by
+enthusiastic students, who were assisting him in some experiments with
+the new rays. Dr. Robb is the better qualified for this work from
+the fact that he pursued his electrical studies at the Wuerzburg
+University, in the very laboratory where Professor Roentgen made his
+great discovery. The picture reproduced herewith, showing a human foot
+inside the shoe, was taken by Dr. Robb. The Crookes tubes used in this
+and in most of Dr. Robb's experiments are considerably larger than any
+I have seen elsewhere, being pear-shaped, about eight inches long, and
+four inches wide at the widest part. It is, perhaps, to the excellence
+of this tube that Dr. Robb owes part of his success. At any rate, in
+the foot picture the bones are outlined through shoe and stocking,
+while every nail in the sole of the shoe shows plainly, although the
+rays came from above, striking the top of the foot first, the sole
+resting upon the plate-holder. In other of Dr. Robb's pictures equally
+fine results were obtained; notably in one of a fish, reproduced
+herewith, and showing the bony structure of the body; one of a razor,
+where the lighter shadow proves that the hollow ground portion is
+almost as thin as the edge; and one of a man's hand, taken for use
+in a lawsuit, to prove that the bones of the thumb, which had been
+crushed and broken in an accident, had been improperly set by the
+attending physician.
+
+[Illustration: THOMAS A. EDISON EXPERIMENTING WITH THE ROeNTGEN RAYS.]
+
+Dr. Robb has made a series of novel and important experiments with
+tubes from which the air has been exhausted in varying degrees, and
+has concluded from these that it is impossible to produce the Roentgen
+phenomena unless there is present in the tube an almost perfect
+vacuum. Through a tube half exhausted, on connecting it with an
+induction coil, he obtained merely the ordinary series of sparks; in a
+tube three-quarters exhausted, he obtained a reddish glow from end to
+end, a torpedo-shaped stream of fire; through a tube exhausted to
+a fairly high degree--what the electric companies would call "not
+bad"--he obtained a beautiful steaked effect of bluish striae in
+transverse layers. Finally, in a tube exhausted as highly as possible,
+he obtained a faint fluorescent glow, like that produced in a
+Crookes tube. This fluorescence of the glass, according to Dr. Robb,
+invariably accompanies the discharge of Roentgen rays, and it is likely
+that these rays are produced more abundantly as the fluorescence
+increases. Just how perfect a vacuum is needed to give the best
+results remains a matter of conjecture. It is possible, of course,
+as Tesla believes, that with an absolutely perfect vacuum no results
+whatever would be obtained.
+
+Dr. Robb has discovered that in order to get the best results with
+shadow pictures it is necessary to use special developers for the
+plates, and a different process in the dark-room from the one known
+to ordinary photographers. In a general way, it is necessary to
+use solutions designed to affect the ultra-violet rays, and not the
+visible rays of the spectrum. Having succeeded, after much experiment,
+in thus modifying his developing process to meet the needs of the
+case, Dr. Robb finds that he makes a great gain in time of exposure,
+fifteen minutes being sufficient for the average shadow picture taken
+through a layer of wood or leather, and half an hour representing an
+extreme case. In some shadow pictures, as, for instance, in taking a
+lead-pencil, it is a great mistake to give an exposure exceeding two
+or three minutes; for the wood is so transparent that with a long
+exposure it does not show at all, and the effect of the picture is
+spoiled. Indeed, Dr. Robb finds that there is a constant tendency to
+shorten the time of exposure, and with good results. For instance, one
+of the best shadow pictures he had taken was of a box of instruments
+covered by two thicknesses of leather, two thicknesses of velvet, and
+two thicknesses of wood; and yet the time of exposure, owing to an
+accident to the coil, was only five minutes.
+
+Dr. Robb made one very interesting experiment a few days ago in the
+interest of a large bicycle company which sent to him specimens of
+carbon steel and nickel steel for the purpose of having him test them
+with the Roentgen rays, and see if they showed any radical differences
+in the crystalline structure. Photographs were taken as desired, but
+at the time of my visit only negative results had been obtained.
+
+Dr. Robb realizes the great desirability of finding a stronger source
+of Roentgen rays, and has himself begun experimenting with exhaustive
+bulbs made of aluminium. One of these he has already finished, and
+has obtained some results with it, but not such as are entirely
+satisfactory, owing to the great difficulty in obtaining a high vacuum
+without special facilities.
+
+I also visited Professor U.I. Pupin of Columbia College, who has been
+making numerous experiments with the Roentgen rays, and has produced
+at least one very remarkable shadow picture. This is of the hand of
+a gentleman resident in New York, who, while on a hunting trip in
+England a few months ago, was so unfortunate as to discharge his gun
+into his right hand, no less than forty shot lodging in the palm and
+fingers. The hand has since healed completely; but the shot remain
+in it, the doctors being unable to remove them, because unable to
+determine their exact location. The result is that the hand is almost
+useless, and often painful.
+
+Hearing of this case, Professor Pupin induced the gentleman to allow
+him to attempt a photograph of the hand. He used a Crookes tube. The
+distance from the tube to the plate was only five inches, and the hand
+lay between. After waiting fifty minutes the plate was examined. Not
+only did every bone of the hand show with beautiful distinctness, but
+each one of the forty shot was to be seen almost as plainly as if it
+lay there on the table; and, most remarkable of all, a number of shot
+were seen through the bones of the fingers, showing that the bones
+were transparent to the lead.
+
+In making this picture, Professor Pupin excited his tube by means of a
+powerful Holtz machine, thus following Dr. Morton in the substitution
+of statical electricity for the more common induction coil.
+
+Professor Pupin sees no reason why the whole skeleton of the human
+body should not be shown completely in a photograph as soon as
+sufficiently powerful bulbs can be obtained. He thinks that it would
+be possible to make Crookes tubes two feet in diameter instead of a
+few inches, as at present.
+
+Thomas A. Edison has also been devoting himself, with his usual
+energy, to experiments with the Roentgen rays, and announces
+confidently that in the near future he will be able to photograph the
+human brain, through the heavy bones of the skull, and perhaps even to
+get a shadow picture showing the human skeleton through the tissues of
+the body.
+
+
+
+
+THE HOUSEHOLDERS.
+
+BY "Q,"
+
+AUTHOR OF "DEAD MAN'S ROCK," "THE ROLL-CALL OF THE REEF," ETC.
+
+
+I will say this--speaking as accurately as a man may, so long
+afterwards--that when first I spied the house it put no desire in me
+but just to give thanks.
+
+For conceive my case. It was near midnight by this; and ever since
+dusk I had been tracking the naked moors a-foot, in the teeth of as
+vicious a nor'wester as ever drenched a man to the skin, and then blew
+the cold home to his marrow. My clothes were sodden; my coat-tails
+flapped with a noise like pistol shots; my boots squeaked as I went.
+Overhead the October moon was in her last quarter, and might have been
+a slice of finger-nail for all the light she afforded. Two-thirds of
+the time the wrack blotted her out altogether; and I, with my stick
+clipped tight under my arm-pit, eyes puckered up, and head bent like
+a butting ram's, but a little aslant, had to keep my wits agog to
+distinguish the glimmer of the road from the black heath to right and
+left. For three hours I had met neither man nor man's dwelling, and
+(for all I knew) was desperately lost. Indeed, at the cross roads, two
+miles back, there had been nothing for me but to choose the way that
+kept the wind on my face, and it gnawed me like a dog.
+
+Mainly to allay the stinging of my eyes, I pulled up at last, turned
+right-about face, leant back against the blast with a hand on my hat,
+and surveyed the blackness I had traversed. It was at this instant
+that, far away to the left, a point of light caught my notice, faint
+but steady; and at once I felt sure it burnt in the window of a house.
+"The house," thought I, "is a good mile off, beside the other road,
+and the light must have been an inch over my hat-brim for the
+last half hour," for my head had been sloped that way. This
+reflection--that on so wide a moor I had come near missing the
+information I wanted (and perhaps a supper) by one inch--sent a strong
+thrill down my back.
+
+[Illustration: "I ... TRIED A STEP TOWARD THE STAIRS, WITH EYES ALERT
+FOR ANY MOVEMENT OF THE MASTIFF."]
+
+I cut straight across the heather towards the light, risking quags
+and pitfalls. Nay, so heartening was the chance to hear a
+fellow-creature's voice that I broke into a run, skipping over the
+stunted gorse that cropped up here and there, and dreading every
+moment to see the light quenched. "Suppose it burns in an upper
+window, and the family is going to bed, as would be likely at this
+hour"--the apprehension kept my eyes fixed on the bright spot, to the
+frequent scandal of my legs, that within five minutes were stuck full
+of gorse-prickles.
+
+But the light did not go out, and soon a flicker of moonlight gave me
+a glimpse of the house's outline. It proved to be a deal more imposing
+than I looked for--the outline, in fact, of a tall-square barrack
+with a cluster of chimneys at either end, like ears, and a high
+wall, topped by the roofs of some outbuildings, concealing the lower
+windows. There was no gate in this wall, and presently I guessed the
+reason. I was approaching the place from behind, and the light came
+from a back window on the first floor.
+
+The faintness of the light also was explained by this time. It shone
+behind a drab-colored blind, and in shape resembled the stem of a
+wine-glass, broadening out at the foot--an effect produced by the
+half-drawn curtains within. I came to a halt, waiting for the next
+ray of moonlight. At the same moment a rush of wind swept over the
+chimney-stacks, and on the wind there seemed to ride a human sigh.
+
+On this last point I may err. The gust had passed some seconds before
+I caught myself detecting this peculiar note, and trying to disengage
+it from the natural chords of the storm. From the next gust it was
+absent. And then, to my dismay, the light faded from the window.
+
+I was half-minded to call out when it appeared again, this time in two
+windows--those next on the right to that where it had shone before.
+Almost at once it increased in brilliance, as if the person who
+carried it from the smaller room to the larger were lighting more
+candles; and now the illumination was strong enough to make fine
+gold threads of the rain that fell within its radiance, and fling two
+shafts of warm yellow over the coping of the back wall into the night.
+During the minute or more that I stood watching, no shadow fell on
+either blind.
+
+Between me and the wall ran a ditch, into the black obscurity of which
+the ground at my feet broke sharply away. Setting my back to the storm
+again, I followed the lip of this ditch around the wall's angle. Here
+was shelter, and here the ditch seemed to grow shallower. Not wishing,
+however, to mistake a bed of nettles or any such pitfall for solid
+earth, I kept pretty wide as I went on. The house was dark on this
+side, and the wall, as before, had no opening. Close beside the next
+angle grew a mass of thick gorse bushes, and pushing through these I
+found myself suddenly on a sound high road, with the wind tearing at
+me as furiously as ever.
+
+But here was the front; and I now perceived that the surrounding wall
+advanced some way before the house, so as to form a narrow curtilage.
+So much of it, too, as faced the road had been whitewashed; which made
+it an easy matter to find the gate. But as I laid hand on its latch, I
+had a surprise.
+
+A line of paving-stones led from the gate to the heavy porch; and
+along the wet surface of these fell a streak of light from the front
+door, which stood ajar.
+
+That a door should remain six inches open on such a night was
+astonishing enough, until I entered the court and found it was as
+still as a room, owing to the high wall, and doubtless the porch gave
+additional protection. But looking up and assuring myself that all the
+rest of _facade_ was black as ink, I wondered at the inmates who could
+be thus careless of their property.
+
+It was here that my professional instincts received the first jog.
+Abating the sound of my feet on the paving-stones, I went up to the
+door and pushed it softly. It opened without noise.
+
+I stepped into a fair-sized hall of modern build, paved with red
+tiles and lit with a small hanging lamp. To right and left were doors
+leading to the ground-floor rooms. Along the wall by my shoulder ran
+a line of pegs, on which hung half a dozen hats and great coats, every
+one of clerical shape; and full in front of me a broad staircase ran
+up, with a staring Brussels carpet, the colors and pattern of which I
+can recall as well as to-day's breakfast. Under this staircase was
+set a stand full of walking-sticks, and a table littered with gloves,
+brushes, a hand-bell, a riding-crop, one or two dog-whistles, and a
+bed-room candle, with tinder-box beside it. This, with one notable
+exception, was all the furniture.
+
+The exception--which turned me cold--was the form of a yellow mastiff
+dog, curled on a mat beneath the table. The arch of his back was
+towards me, and one forepaw lay over his nose in a natural posture of
+sleep. I leant back on the wainscoting, with my eyes tightly fixed
+on him, and my thoughts flying back, with something of regret, to the
+storm I had come through.
+
+But a man's habits are not easily denied. At the end of three minutes
+the dog had not moved, and I was down on the doormat unlacing my
+soaked boots. Slipping them off, and taking them in my left hand, I
+stood up, and tried a step towards the stairs, with eyes alert for
+any movement of the mastiff; but he never stirred. I was glad enough,
+however, on reaching the stairs, to find them newly built and the
+carpet thick. Up I went with a glance at every step for the table
+which now hid the brute's form from me, and never a creak did I wake
+out of that staircase till I was almost at the first landing, when my
+toe caught a loose stair-rod, and rattled it in a way that stopped my
+heart for a moment, and then set it going in double-quick time.
+
+[Illustration: "HE STOOD SIDEWAYS, ... AND LOOKED AT ME OVER HIS LEFT
+SHOULDER."]
+
+I stood still, with a hand on the rail. My eyes were now on a level
+with the floor of the landing, out of which branched two passages--one
+by my right hand, the other to the left, at the foot of the next
+flight, so placed that I was gazing down the length of it. And almost
+at the end there fell a parallelogram of light across it from an open
+door.
+
+A man who has once felt it knows there is only one kind of silence
+that can fitly be called "dead." This is only to be found in a great
+house at midnight. I declare that for a few seconds after I rattled
+the stair-rod you might have cut the silence with a knife. If the
+house held a clock it ticked inaudibly.
+
+Upon this silence, at the end of a minute, broke a light sound--the
+_clink, clink_ of a decanter on the rim of a wine-glass. It came from
+the room where the light was.
+
+Now, perhaps it was that the very thought of liquor put warmth into my
+cold bones. It is certain that all of a sudden I straightened my back,
+took the remaining stairs at two strides, and walked down the passage,
+as bold as brass, with out caring a jot for the noise I made.
+
+In the doorway I halted. The room was long, lined for the most part
+with books bound in what they call "divinity calf," and littered with
+papers like a barrister's table on assize day. Before the fireplace,
+where a few coals burned sulkily, was drawn a leathern elbow chair,
+and beside it, on the corner of a writing-table, were set an unlit
+candle and a pile of manuscripts. At the opposite end of the room a
+curtained door led (I guessed) to the chamber that I had first seen
+illuminated. All this I took in with the tail of my eye, while staring
+straight in front, where, in the middle of a great square of carpet
+between me and the windows, was a table with a red cloth upon it.
+On this cloth were a couple of wax candles, lit, in silver stands, a
+tray, and a decanter three parts full of brandy. And between me and
+the table stood a man.
+
+He stood sideways, leaning a little back, as if to keep his shadow off
+the threshold, and looked at me over his left shoulder--a bald, grave
+man, slightly under the common height, with a long clerical coat of
+preposterous fit hanging loosely from his shoulders, a white cravat,
+black breeches, and black stockings. His feet were loosely thrust into
+carpet-slippers. I judged his age at fifty, or thereabouts; but his
+face rested in the shadow, and I could only note a pair of eyes, very
+small and alert, twinkling above a large expanse of cheek.
+
+He was lifting a wine-glass from the table at the moment when I
+appeared, and it trembled now in his right hand. I heard a spilt drop
+or two fall on the carpet, and this was all the evidence he showed of
+discomposure.
+
+Setting the glass back, he felt in his breast-pocket for a
+handkerchief, failed to find one, and rubbed his hands together to get
+the liquor off his fingers.
+
+"You startled me," he said, in a matter-of-fact tone, turning his eyes
+upon me, as he lifted his glass again, and emptied it. "How did you
+find your way in?"
+
+"By the front door," said I, wondering at his unconcern.
+
+He nodded his head slowly.
+
+"Ah! yes; I forgot to lock it. You came to steal, I suppose?"
+
+"I came because I lost my way. I've been travelling this God-forsaken
+moor since dusk--"
+
+"With your boots in your hand," he put in quietly.
+
+"I took them off out of respect to the yellow dog you keep."
+
+"He lies in a very natural attitude--eh?"
+
+"You don't tell me he was _stuffed_!"
+
+The old man's eyes beamed a contemptuous pity.
+
+"You are indifferently sharp, my dear sir, for a housebreaker. Come
+in. Set down those convicting boots, and don't drip pools of water
+in the very doorway, of all places. If I must entertain a burglar, I
+prefer him tidy."
+
+He walked to the fire, picked up a poker, and knocked the coals into
+a blaze. This done, he turned round on me with the poker still in his
+hand. The serenest gravity sat on his large, pale features.
+
+"Why have I done this?" he asked.
+
+"I suppose to get possession of the poker."
+
+"Quite right. May I inquire your next move?"
+
+"Why," said I, feeling in my tail pocket, "I carry a pistol."
+
+"Which I suppose to be damp?"
+
+"By no means. I carry it, as you see, in an oil-cloth case."
+
+He stopped, and laid the poker carefully in the fender.
+
+"That is a stronger card than I possess. I might urge that by pulling
+the trigger you would certainly alarm the house and the neighborhood,
+and put a halter round your neck. I say, I _might_ urge this, and
+assume you to be an intelligent auditor. But it strikes me as safer to
+assume you capable of using a pistol with effect at three paces. With
+what might happen subsequently I will not pretend to be concerned. It
+is sufficient that I dislike the notion of being perforated. The fate
+of your neck--" He waved a hand. "Well, I have known you for just
+five minutes, and feel but moderate interest in your neck. As for
+the inmates of this house, it will refresh you to hear that there are
+none. I have lived here two years with a butler and a female cook,
+both of whom I dismissed yesterday at a moment's notice for conduct
+which I will not shock your ears by explicitly naming. Suffice it to
+say, I carried them off yesterday to my parish church, two miles away,
+married them, and dismissed them in the vestry without characters. I
+wish you had known that butler--but excuse me; with the information I
+have supplied, you ought to find no difficulty in fixing the price you
+will take to clear out of my house instanter."
+
+"Sir," I answered, "I have held a pistol at one or two heads in my
+time; but never at one stuffed with nobler discretion. Your chivalry
+does not, indeed, disarm me, but prompts me to desire more of your
+acquaintance. I have found a gentleman, and must sup with him before I
+make terms."
+
+The address seemed to please him. He shuffled across the room to a
+sideboard, and produced a plate of biscuits, another of almonds and
+dried raisins, a glass and two decanters.
+
+"Sherry and Madeira," he said. "There is also a cold pie in the
+larder, if you care for it."
+
+"A biscuit will serve," I replied. "To tell the truth, I'm more for
+the bucket than the manger, as the grooms say; and, by your leave, the
+brandy you were testing just now is more to my mind than wine."
+
+"There is no water handy."
+
+"There was plenty out of doors to last me with this bottle."
+
+I pulled over a chair, and laid my pistol on the table, and held out
+the glass for him to fill. Having done so, he helped himself to a
+glass and a chair, and sat down facing me.
+
+"I was talking, just now, of my late butler," he began, with a sip
+at his brandy. "Has it struck you that, when confronted with moral
+delinquency, I am apt to let my indignation get the better of me?"
+
+"Not at all," I answered heartily, refilling my glass.
+
+It appeared that another reply would have pleased him better.
+
+"H'm. I was hoping that, perhaps, I had visited his offence too
+strongly. As a clergyman, you see, I was bound to be severe; but upon
+my word, sir, since he went I have felt like a man who has lost a
+limb."
+
+He drummed with his fingers on the cloth for a few moments, and went
+on:
+
+"One has a natural disposition to forgive butlers--Pharaoh, for
+instance, felt it. There hovers around butlers that peculiar
+atmosphere which Shakespeare noticed as encircling kings, an
+atmosphere in which common ethics lose their pertinence. But mine was
+a rare bird--a black swan among butlers. He was more than a butler: he
+was a quick and brightly-gifted man. Of the accuracy of his taste,
+and the unusual scope of his endeavor, you will be able to form some
+opinion when I assure you he modelled himself upon _me_."
+
+I bowed over my brandy.
+
+"I am a scholar; yet I employed him to read aloud to me, and derived
+pleasure from his intonation. I talk as a scholar; yet he learned
+to answer me in language as precise as my own. My cast-off garments
+fitted him not more irreproachably than did my amenities of manner.
+Divest him of his tray, and you would find his mode of entering a
+room hardly distinguishable from my own--the same urbanity, the same
+alertness of carriage, the same superfine deference towards the weaker
+sex. All--all my idiosyncrasies I saw reflected in this my mirror; and
+can you doubt that I was gratified? He was my _alter ego_--which,
+by the way, makes it the more extraordinary that it should have been
+necessary to marry him to the cook."
+
+"Look here," I broke in; "you want a butler."
+
+"Oh, you really grasp that fact, do you?" he retorted.
+
+"And you wish to get rid of me as soon as may be."
+
+"I hope there is no impoliteness in complimenting you on your
+discernment."
+
+"Your two wishes," said I, "may be reconciled. Let me cease to be your
+burglar, and let me continue here as your butler."
+
+He leant back, spreading out the fingers of each hand as if the
+table's edge was a harpsichord, and he stretching octaves upon it.
+
+"Believe me," I went on, "you might do worse. I have been a demy of
+Magdalen College, Oxford, in my time, and retain some Greek and Latin.
+I'll undertake to read the Fathers with an accent that shall not
+offend you. My knowledge of wine is none the worse for having been
+cultivated in other men's cellars. Moreover, you shall engage the
+ugliest cook in Christendom, so long as I'm your butler. I've taken a
+liking to you--that's flat--and I apply for the post."
+
+"I give forty pounds a year," said he.
+
+"And I'm cheap at that price."
+
+He filled up his glass, looking up at me while he did so with the air
+of one digesting a problem. From first to last his face was grave as a
+judge's.
+
+"We are too impulsive, I think," was his answer, after a minute's
+silence. "And your speech smacks of the amateur. You say, 'Let
+me cease to be your burglar, and let me be your butler.' The mere
+aspiration is respectable; but a man might as well say, 'Let me cease
+to write poems; let me paint pictures.' And truly, sir, you impressed
+me as no expert in your present trade, but a journeyman-housebreaker,
+if I may say so."
+
+"On the other hand," I argued, "consider the moderation of my demands;
+that alone should convince you of my desire to turn over a new leaf.
+I ask for a month's trial; if, at the end of that time, I don't suit,
+you shall say so, and I'll march from your door with nothing in my
+pocket but my month's wages. Be hanged, sir! but when I reflect on the
+amount you'll have to pay to get me to face to-night's storm again,
+you seem to be getting off dirt-cheap!" cried I, slapping my palm on
+the table.
+
+"Ah, if you had only known Adolphus!" he exclaimed.
+
+Now, the third glass of clean spirits has always a deplorable effect
+on me. It turns me from bright to black, from lightness of spirits to
+extreme sulkiness. I have done more wickedness over this third tumbler
+than in all the other states of comparative inebriety within my
+experience. So now I glowered at my companion and rapped out a curse.
+
+"Look here, I don't want to hear any more of Adolphus, and I've a
+pretty clear notion of the game you're playing. You want to make me
+drunk, and you're ready to sit prattling there till I drop under the
+table."
+
+"Do me the favor to remember that you came, and are staying, at your
+own invitation. As for the brandy, I would remind you that I suggested
+a milder drink. Try some Madeira."
+
+He handed me the decanter, as he spoke, and I poured out a glass.
+
+"Madeira!" said I, taking a gulp. "Ugh! it's the commonest Marsala!"
+
+I had no sooner said the words than he rose up, and stretched a hand
+gravely across to me.
+
+"I hope you'll shake it," he said; "though, as a man who after three
+glasses of neat spirit can distinguish between Madeira and Marsala,
+you have every right to refuse me. Two minutes ago you offered to
+become my butler, and I demurred. I now beg you to repeat that offer.
+Say the word, and I employ you gladly; you shall even have the second
+decanter (which contains genuine Madeira) to take to bed with you."
+
+We shook hands on our bargain, and catching up a candlestick, he led
+the way from the room.
+
+Picking up my boots, I followed him along the passage and down the
+silent staircase. In the hall he paused to stand on tiptoe, and turn
+up the lamp, which was burning low. As he did so, I found time to
+fling a glance at my old enemy, the mastiff. He lay as I had first
+seen him--a stuffed dog, if ever there was one. "Decidedly," thought
+I, "my wits are to seek, to-night;" and with the same, a sudden
+suspicion made me turn to my conductor, who had advanced to the
+left-hand door, and was waiting for me, with hand on the knob.
+
+"One moment," I said; "this is all very pretty, but how am I to know
+you're not sending me to bed while you fetch in all the countryside to
+lay me by the heels?"
+
+"I'm afraid," was his answer, "you must be content with my word, as
+a gentleman, that never, to-night or hereafter, will I breathe a
+syllable about the circumstances of your visit. However, if you
+choose, we will return upstairs."
+
+"No; I'll trust you," said I; and he opened the door.
+
+It led into a broad passage, paved with slate, upon which three or
+four rooms opened. He paused by the second, and ushered me into a
+sleeping-chamber which, though narrow, was comfortable enough--a vast
+improvement, at any rate, on the mumper's lodgings I had been used to
+for many months past.
+
+"You can undress here," he said. "The sheets are aired, and if you'll
+wait a moment I'll fetch a nightshirt--one of my own."
+
+"Sir, you heap coals of fire on me."
+
+"Believe me that for ninety-nine of your qualities I do not care a
+tinker's curse: but as a man who, after three tumblers of neat brandy,
+can tell Marsala from Madeira you are to be taken care of."
+
+He shuffled away, but came back in a couple of minutes with the
+nightshirt.
+
+"Good-night," he called to me, flinging it in at the door; and without
+giving me time to return the wish, went his way upstairs.
+
+Now it might be supposed that I was only too glad to toss off my
+clothes and climb into the bed I had so unexpectedly acquired a right
+to. But, as a matter of fact, I did nothing of the kind. Instead, I
+drew on my boots and sat on the bed's edge, blinking at my candle till
+it died down in its socket, and afterwards at the purple square of
+window as it slowly changed to gray with the coming of dawn. I was
+cold to the heart, and my teeth chattered with an ague. Certainly I
+never suspected my host's word; but was even occupied in framing good
+resolutions and shaping out an excellent future, when I heard the
+front door gently pulled to, and a man's footsteps moving quietly to
+the gate.
+
+The treachery knocked me in a heap for the moment. Then leaping up and
+flinging my door wide, I stumbled through the uncertain light of the
+passage into the front hall.
+
+There was a fan-shaped light over the door, and the place was very
+still and gray. A quick thought, or rather a sudden prophetic guess at
+the truth, made me turn to the figure of the mastiff curled under the
+hall table.
+
+I laid my hand on the scruff of his neck. He was quite limp, and my
+fingers sank into the flesh on either side of the vertebrae. Digging
+them deeper, I dragged him out into the middle of the hall, and pulled
+the front door open to see the better.
+
+His throat was gashed from ear to ear.
+
+How many seconds passed after I dropped the senseless lump on the
+floor, and before I made another movement, it would puzzle me to say.
+Twice I stirred a foot as if to run out at the door. Then, changing my
+mind, I stepped over the mastiff, and ran up the staircase. The light
+no longer shone out into the left-hand passage; but groping down it,
+I found the study door open, as before, and passed in. A sick light
+stole through the blinds--enough for me to distinguish the glasses
+and decanters on the table, and find my way to the curtain that hung
+before the room where the light had first attracted me.
+
+I pushed the curtain aside, paused for a moment, and listened to the
+violent beat of my heart; then felt for the door handle and turned it.
+
+All I could see at first; was that the chamber was small; next, that
+the light patch in a line with the window was the white coverlet of a
+bed; and next, that somebody, or something, lay on the bed.
+
+I listened again. There was no sound in the room; no heart beating but
+my own. I reached out a hand to pull up the blind, and drew it back
+again. I dared not.
+
+The daylight grew, minute by minute, on the dull parallelogram of
+the blind, and minute by minute that horrible thing on the bed took
+something of distinctness. The strain beat me at last. I fetched a
+veritable yell to give myself courage, and, reaching for the cord,
+pulled up the blind as fast as it would go.
+
+The face on the pillow was that of an old man--a face waxen and
+peaceful, with quiet lines about the month and eyes, and long lines of
+gray hair falling back from the temples. The body was turned a little
+on one side, and one hand lay outside the bedclothes in a very natural
+manner. But there were two dark spots on the coverlet.
+
+Then I knew I was face to face with the real householder; and it
+flashed on me that I had been indiscreet in taking service as his
+butler, and that I knew the face his ex-butler wore.
+
+[Illustration: "FACE TO FACE WITH THE REAL HOUSEHOLDER."]
+
+And, being by this time awake to the responsibilities of the post, I
+quitted it three steps at a time, not once looking behind me. Outside
+the house the storm had died, and white sunlight broke over the sodden
+moors. But my bones were cold, and I ran faster and faster.
+
+
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+
+BY IDA M. TARBELL.
+
+LINCOLN'S PROMINENCE AS A WHIG POLITICIAN AT THIRTY-TWO.--STEPHEN A.
+DOUGLAS'S REMOVAL TO SPRINGFIELD.--BEGINNING OF THE RIVALRY BETWEEN
+LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS.--LINCOLN'S PART IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1840.--MARY
+TODD AND HER ENGAGEMENT TO LINCOLN.--FALSE STORIES REGARDING LINCOLN'S
+COURTSHIP.--THE LINCOLN AND SHIELDS DUEL.--LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE.
+
+
+By the time Abraham Lincoln was thirty-two years old--that is, in
+1841--he was one of the leading Whig politicians of Illinois. Four
+times in succession he had been elected to the General Assembly of the
+State--in 1834, 1836, 1838, and 1840. Twice he had been a candidate
+for Speaker of the House--in 1838 and in 1840--both times against
+William L.D. Ewing; and though both times defeated, the vote had in
+each instance been close. In 1841 he had been talked of as a candidate
+for governor, a suggestion to which he would not listen.
+
+He had not taken this prominent position because the Whig party lacked
+material. Edward Dickinson Baker, Colonel John J. Hardin, John T.
+Stuart, Ninian W. Edwards, Jesse K. Dubois, O.H. Browning, were but
+a few of the brilliant men who were throwing all their ability and
+ambition into the contest for political honors in the State. Nor
+were the Whigs a whit superior to the Democrats. William L.D. Ewing,
+Ebenezer Peck, William Thomas, James Shields, John Calhoun, were in
+every respect as able as the best men of the Whig party. Indeed, one
+of the prominent Democrats with whom Lincoln came often in contact,
+was popularly regarded as the most brilliant and promising politician
+of the State--Stephen A. Douglas. His record had been phenomenal.
+He had amazed both parties, in 1834, by securing appointment by the
+legislature to the office of State Attorney for the first judicial
+circuit, over John J. Hardin. In 1836 he had been elected to the
+legislature, and although he was at that time but twenty-three years
+of age, he had shown himself one of the most vigorous, capable, and
+intelligent members. Indeed, Douglas's work in the Tenth Assembly gave
+him about the same position in the Democratic party of the State at
+large that Lincoln's work in the same body gave him in the Whig
+party of his own district. In 1837 he had had no difficulty in being
+appointed register of the land office, a position which compelled
+him to make his home in Springfield. It was only a few months after
+Lincoln rode into town, all his earthly possessions in a pair of
+saddle-bags, that Douglas appeared. Handsome, polished, and always
+with an air of prosperity, the advent of the young Democratic
+official was in striking contrast to that of the sad-eyed, ill-clad,
+poverty-stricken young lawyer from New Salem.
+
+From the first, Lincoln and Douglas were thrown constantly together
+in the social life of the town, and often pitted against each other in
+what were the real forums of the State at that day--the space around
+the huge "Franklin" stove of some obliging store-keeper, the steps of
+somebody's law office, a pile of lumber, or a long timber, lying in
+the public square, where the new State-house was going up.
+
+In the fall of 1837 Douglas was nominated for Congress on the
+Democratic ticket. His Whig opponent was Lincoln's law partner, John
+T. Stuart. The campaign which the two conducted was one of the most
+remarkable in the history of the State. For five months of the spring
+and summer of 1838 they rode together from town to town all over the
+northern part of Illinois (Illinois at that time was divided into but
+three congressional districts; the third, in which Sangamon County
+was included, being made up of the twenty-two northernmost counties),
+speaking six days out of seven. When the election came off in August,
+1838, out of thirty-six thousand votes cast, Stuart received a
+majority of only fourteen; but even that majority the Democrats always
+contended was won unfairly. The campaign was watched with intense
+interest by the young politicians of Springfield; no one of them felt
+a deeper interest in it than Lincoln, who was himself at the same time
+a candidate for member of the State legislature.
+
+[Illustration: OLD STATE-HOUSE AT SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+
+From a recent photograph made for MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE. The corner-stone
+was laid July 4, 1837, about four months after the passage of the
+act removing the capital to Springfield. The event was attended with
+elaborate ceremonies. The orator of the day was Colonel E.D. Baker. It
+was nearly four years before the building was finally completed, at a
+cost of two hundred and forty thousand dollars. It was first occupied
+by the legislature during the regular session of 1840-1841, that body,
+at two previous special sessions, being obliged to use the Methodist
+church for the Senate, and the Second Presbyterian church for the
+House. The Supreme Court found a meeting place in the Episcopal
+church. The legislative committees met in rooms in private houses
+about town. This building was the State capitol for more than thirty
+years, becoming, upon the completion of the present State-house, the
+court-house of Sangamon County.]
+
+Lincoln must have learned by the end of 1840, if not before, something
+of the power of the "Little Giant," as Douglas was called. Certainly
+no man in public life between 1837 and 1860 had a greater hold on his
+followers. The reasons for this grasp are not hard to find. Douglas
+was by nature buoyant, enthusiastic, impetuous. He had that sunny
+boyishness which is so irresistible to young and old. With it he had
+great natural eloquence. When his deep, rich voice rolled out fervid
+periods in support of the sub-treasury and the convention system, or
+in opposition to internal improvements by the federal government, the
+people applauded out of sheer joy at the pleasure of hearing him. He
+was one of the few men in Illinois whom the epithet of "Yankee" never
+hurt. He might be a Yankee, but when he sat down on the knee of
+some surly lawyer, and confidentially told him his plans; or, at a
+political meeting, took off his coat, and rolled up his sleeves, and
+"pitched into" his opponent, the sons of Illinois forgot his origin in
+love for the man.
+
+Lincoln undoubtedly understood the charm of Douglas, and realized
+his power. But he already had an insight into one of his political
+characteristics that few people recognized at that day. In writing to
+Stuart in 1839, while the latter was attending Congress, Lincoln said:
+"Douglas has not been here since you left. A report is in circulation
+here now that he has abandoned the idea of going to Washington, though
+the report does not come in a very authentic form, so far as I can
+learn. Though, by the way, speaking of authenticity, you know that if
+we had heard Douglas say that he had abandoned the contest, it would
+not be very authentic."
+
+In the campaign of 1840 Lincoln and Douglas came more frequently than
+ever into conflict. At that time the local issues, which had formerly
+engaged Illinois candidates almost entirely, were lost sight of in
+national questions. In Springfield, where the leaders of the parties
+were living, many hot debates were held in private. Out of these grew,
+in December, 1839, a series of public discussions, extending over
+eight evenings, and in which several of the first orators of the
+State took part. Lincoln was the last man on the list. The people were
+nearly worn out before his turn came, and his audience was small. He
+began his speech with some melancholy, self-deprecatory reflections,
+complaining that the small audience cast a damp upon his spirits which
+he was sure he would be unable to overcome during the evening. He
+did better than he expected, overcoming the damp on his spirits so
+effectually that he made what was regarded as the best speech of the
+series; and by a general request, it was printed for distribution. The
+speech is peculiarly interesting from the fact that while there is
+a little of the perfervid eloquence of 1840 in it, as well as a good
+deal of the rather boisterous humor of the time, a part of it is
+devoted to a careful examination of the statements of his opponents,
+and a refutation of them by means of public documents.
+
+[Illustration: A HARRISON BADGE OF 1840.
+
+From the collection of Mr. O.H. Oldroyd of Washington, D.C.]
+
+[Illustration: A HARRISON BUTTON OF 1840.
+
+From the collection of Mr. John C. Browne of Philadelphia.]
+
+As a good Democrat was expected to do, Douglas had explained with
+plausibility why the Van Buren administration had in 1838 spent
+$40,000,000. Lincoln takes up his statements one by one, and proves,
+as he says, that "the majority of them are wholly untrue." Douglas had
+attributed a part of the expenditures to the purchase of public lands
+from the Indians.
+
+    "Now it happens," says Lincoln, "that no such purchase was
+    made during that year. It is true that some money was paid
+    that year in pursuance of Indian treaties; but no more, or
+    rather not as much, as had been paid on the same account in
+    each of several preceding years.... Again, Mr. Douglas says
+    that the removal of the Indians to the country west of the
+    Mississippi created much of the expenditure of 1838. I have
+    examined the public documents in relation to this matter, and
+    find that less was paid for the removal of the Indians in
+    that than in some former years. The whole sum expended on that
+    account in that year did not exceed one quarter of a
+    million. For this small sum, although we do not think the
+    administration entitled to credit, because large sums have
+    been expended in the same way in former years, we consent it
+    may take one and make the most of it.
+
+    "Next, Mr. Douglas says that five millions of the expenditures
+    of 1838 consisted of the payment of the French indemnity money
+    to its individual claimants. I have carefully examined the
+    public documents, and thereby find this statement to be wholly
+    untrue. Of the forty millions of dollars expended in 1838, I
+    am enabled to say positively that not one dollar consisted of
+    payments on the French indemnities. So much for that excuse.
+
+    "Next comes the post-office. He says that five millions were
+    expended during that year to sustain that department. By a
+    like examination of public documents, I find this also wholly
+    untrue. Of the so often mentioned forty millions, not one
+    dollar went to the post-office....
+
+    "I return to another of Mr. Douglas's excuses for the
+    expenditures of 1838, at the same time announcing the pleasing
+    intelligence that this is the last one. He says that
+    ten millions of that year's expenditure was a contingent
+    appropriation, to prosecute an anticipated war with Great
+    Britain on the Maine boundary question. Few words will settle
+    this. First, that the ten millions appropriated was not made
+    till 1839, and consequently could not have been expended in
+    1838; second, although it was appropriated, it has never been
+    expended at all. Those who heard Mr. Douglas, recollect that
+    he indulged himself in a contemptuous expression of pity for
+    me. 'Now he's got me,' thought I. But when he went on to say
+    that five millions of the expenditure of 1838 were payments of
+    the French indemnities, which I knew to be untrue; that five
+    millions had been for the post-office, which I knew to be
+    untrue; that ten millions had been for the Maine boundary war,
+    which I not only knew to be untrue, but supremely ridiculous
+    also; and when I saw that he was stupid enough to hope that
+    I would permit such groundless and audacious assertions to
+    go unexposed,--I readily consented that, on the score both of
+    veracity and sagacity, the audience should judge whether he or
+    I were the more deserving of the world's contempt."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1860.--NOW FIRST PUBLISHED.
+
+From a first-state proof of an engraving of the Cooper Institute
+picture of Lincoln (see McCLURE'S MAGAZINE for February, 1896, first
+frontispiece). Made by John C. Buttre, and now in the collection
+of W.C. Crane of New York City, through whose courtesy it is here
+reproduced.]
+
+These citations show that Lincoln had already learned to handle public
+documents, and to depend for at least a part of his success with an
+audience upon a careful statement of facts. The methods used in
+at least a portion of this speech are exactly those which made the
+irresistible strength of his speeches in 1858 and 1859.
+
+
+LINCOLN IN THE CAMPAIGN OF 1840.
+
+But there was little of as good work done in the campaign of 1840, by
+Lincoln or anybody else, as is found in this speech. It was a campaign
+of noise and fun, and nowhere more so than in Illinois. Lincoln was
+one of the five Whig Presidential electors, and he flung himself into
+the campaign with confidence. "The nomination of Harrison takes first
+rate," he wrote to his partner Stuart, then in Washington. "You know
+I am never sanguine, but I believe we will carry the State. The chance
+of doing so appears to me twenty-five per cent, better than it did
+for you to beat Douglas." The Whigs, in spite of their dislike of the
+convention system, organized as they never had before, and even sent
+out a "confidential" circular of which Lincoln was the author.
+
+Every weapon he thought of possible use in the contest he secured. "Be
+sure to send me as many copies of the 'Life of Harrison' as you can
+spare from other uses," he wrote Stuart. "Be very sure to procure and
+send me the 'Senate Journal' of New York, of September, 1814. I have a
+newspaper article which says that that document proves that Van Buren
+voted against raising troops in the last war. And, in general, send me
+everything you think will be a good 'war-club.'"
+
+Every sign of success he quoted to Stuart; the number of subscribers
+to the "Old Soldier," a campaign newspaper which the Whig committee
+had informed the Whigs of the State that they "_must take_;" the names
+of Van Buren men who were weakening, and to whom he wanted Stuart to
+send documents; the name of every theretofore doubtful person who had
+declared himself for Harrison. "Japh Bell has come out for Harrison,"
+he put in a postscript to one letter; "ain't that a caution?"
+
+The monster political meetings held throughout the State did much
+to widen Lincoln's reputation, particularly one held in June in
+Springfield. Twenty thousand people attended this meeting, delegations
+coming from every direction. It took fourteen teams to haul the
+delegation from Chicago, and they were three weeks on their journey.
+Each party carried some huge symbolic piece--the log cabin being the
+favorite. One of the cabins taken to Springfield was drawn by thirty
+yokes of oxen. In a hickory tree which was planted beside this cabin,
+coons were seen playing, and a barrel of hard cider stood by the door,
+continually on tap. Instead of a log cabin, the Chicago delegation
+dragged across country a government yawl rigged up as a two-masted
+ship, with a band of music and a six-pounder cannon on board.
+
+There are many reminiscences of this great celebration, and Lincoln's
+part in it, still afloat in Illinois. General T.J. Henderson writes,
+in the entertaining reminiscences of Lincoln prepared for this
+biography:
+
+"The first time I remember to have seen Abraham Lincoln was during the
+memorable campaign of 1840, when I was a boy fifteen years of age. It
+was at an immense Whig mass-meeting held at Springfield, Illinois, in
+the month of June of that year. The Whigs attended this meeting from
+all parts of the State in large numbers, and it was estimated that
+from forty to fifty thousand people were present. They came in
+carriages and wagons, on horseback and on foot. They came with log
+cabins drawn on wheels by oxen, and with coons, coon-skins, and hard
+cider. They came with music and banners; and thousands of them came
+from long distances. It was the first political meeting I had ever
+attended, and it made a very strong impression upon my youthful mind.
+
+"My father, William H. Henderson, then a resident of Stark County,
+Illinois, was an ardent Whig; and having served under General William
+Henry Harrison, the then Whig candidate for President, in the war of
+1812-1815, he felt a deep interest in his election. And although
+he lived about a hundred miles from Springfield, he went with a
+delegation from Stark County to this political meeting, and took
+me along with him. I remember that at this great meeting of the
+supporters of Harrison and Tyler there were a number of able and
+distinguished speakers of the Whig party of the State of Illinois
+present. Among them were Colonel E.D. Baker, who was killed at Ball's
+Bluff, on the Potomac, in the late war, and who was one of the most
+eloquent speakers in the State; Colonel John J. Hardin, who was killed
+at the battle of Buena Vista, in the Mexican War; Fletcher Webster,
+a son of Daniel Webster, who was killed in the late war; S. Leslie
+Smith, a brilliant orator of Chicago; Rev. John Hogan, Ben Bond, and
+Abraham Lincoln. I heard all of these men speak on that occasion. And
+while I was too young to be a judge of their speeches, yet I thought
+them all to be great men, and none of them greater than Abraham
+Lincoln."
+
+One of the most prominent members of the Illinois bar has written out
+especially for this work his impressions of Lincoln's speech at that
+gathering.
+
+[Illustration: ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN 1861.
+
+From a photograph by Klauber of Louisville, Kentucky. From a
+photograph owned by Mr. James B. Speed of Louisville, Kentucky, to
+whose courtesy we owe the right to reproduce it here. When Lincoln
+was visiting Joshua F. Speed in 1841, Mrs. Speed, the mother of his
+friend, became much interested in him. His melancholy was profound,
+and she tried by kindness and gentleness to arouse him to new interest
+in life. One day before his departure she asked one of her daughters
+for the latter's Oxford Bible, telling her she wanted it for Mr.
+Lincoln, and promising to get another in its place. The gift touched
+Lincoln deeply, and after he became President he remembered the giver
+with the above portrait--one he had had taken especially for her, he
+wrote.]
+
+[Transcriber's Note: The following is handwritten beneath the
+photograph: "For Mrs. Lucy G. Speed, from whose pious hands I accepted
+the present of an Oxford Bible twenty years ago. Washington, D.C.
+October 5, 1861 A. Lincoln"]
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
+STATES.
+
+From a painting. William Henry Harrison was born at Berkeley,
+Virginia, February 9, 1773. He was educated at Hampden Sidney College,
+and began to study medicine, but, excited by Indian outrages, gave it
+up to enter the army. He was sent against the Indians of the West, and
+at once distinguished himself. After peace was made in 1798, he was
+appointed secretary of the Northwest Territory. In 1799 he was a
+territorial delegate to Congress, and from 1801 to 1813, territorial
+governor of Indiana. In the war of 1812 he gained the battles of
+Tippecanoe and the Thames. From 1816 to 1819 he was a delegate to
+Congress from Ohio; from 1825 to 1828, a United State Senator; and in
+1828 and 1829, United States Minister to Colombia. In 1836 he was the
+Whig candidate for the Presidency, but was defeated. Four years
+later (1840) he was elected, but lived for only one month after his
+inauguration.]
+
+"Mr. Lincoln stood in a wagon, from which he addressed the mass of
+people that surrounded it. The meeting was one of unusual interest
+because of him who was to make the principal address. It was at the
+time of his greatest physical strength. He was tall, and perhaps a
+little more slender than in later life, and more homely than after he
+became stouter in person. He was then only thirty-one years of age,
+and yet he was regarded as one of the ablest of the Whig speakers in
+that campaign. There was that in him that attracted and held public
+attention. Even then he was the subject of popular regard because of
+his candid and simple mode of discussing and illustrating political
+questions. At times he was intensely logical, and was always most
+convincing in his arguments. The questions involved in that canvass
+had relation to the tariff, internal public improvements by the
+federal government, the distribution of the proceeds of the sales
+of public lands among the several States, and other questions
+that divided the political parties of that day. They were not such
+questions as enlisted and engaged his best thoughts; they did not take
+hold of his great nature, and had no tendency to develop it. At times
+he discussed the questions of the time in a logical way, but much
+time was devoted to telling stories to illustrate some phase of his
+argument, though more often the telling of these stories was resorted
+to for the purpose of rendering his opponents ridiculous. That was a
+style of speaking much appreciated at that early day. In that kind
+of oratory he excelled most of his contemporaries--indeed, he had no
+equals in the State. One story he told on that occasion was full of
+salient points, and well illustrated the argument he was making. It
+was not an impure story, yet it was not one it would be seemly to
+publish; but rendered, as it was, in his inimitable way, it contained
+nothing that was offensive to a refined taste. The same story might
+have been told by another in such a way that it would probably have
+been regarded as transcending the proprieties of popular address. One
+characterizing feature of all the stories told by Mr. Lincoln, on the
+stump and elsewhere, was that although the subject matter of some of
+them might not have been entirely unobjectionable, yet the manner of
+telling them was so peculiarly his own that they gave no offence
+even to refined and cultured people. On the contrary, they were much
+enjoyed. The story he told on this occasion was much liked by the vast
+assembly that surrounded the temporary platform from which he spoke,
+and was received with loud bursts of laughter and applause. It served
+to place the opposing party and its speakers in a most ludicrous
+position in respect to the question being considered, and gave him a
+most favorable hearing for the arguments he later made in support of
+the measures he was sustaining."
+
+[Illustration: JOSHUA F. SPEED AND WIFE.
+
+From a painting by Healy, owned by Mrs, Joshua F. Speed of Louisville,
+Kentucky, and reproduced here by permission. Joshua F. Speed was a
+Kentuckian. At the time Lincoln went to Springfield he was one of the
+leading merchants of the town, and it was he who befriended the young
+lawyer on his arrival (see MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE for March). Towards
+the end of 1840 Mr. Speed sold his store, and soon after returned to
+Louisville. At his urgent invitation Lincoln visited him in the
+summer of 1841. He seems not to have gone back with Speed, as many
+biographers have stated, for in a letter of June 19, 1841, to Speed,
+Lincoln says: "I stick to my promise to come to Louisville." He seems,
+too, to have stayed a much shorter time than has frequently been
+stated, for he wrote back to Speed's sister, on September 27th, of his
+safe arrival in Springfield. The letters quoted from in this article
+were given by Speed himself to Mr. Herndon to publish in his "Life of
+Lincoln." Mr. Herndon turned them over to Lamon, who used them in his
+volume published in 1872. Joshua Speed and Lincoln remained intimate
+friends through life. Although they differed radically in 1855 on the
+policy to be pursued in regard to slavery, Lincoln, in writing Speed
+a long letter explaining his views, closes: "And yet let me say I am
+your friend forever."]
+
+
+LINCOLN'S ENGAGEMENT TO MISS TODD.
+
+Lincoln had been busy with politics and law in the years since he left
+New Salem, but he had by no means neglected the social side of life.
+Indeed, he had gone so far as to become engaged to be married to
+one of the favorite young women of Springfield, Miss Mary Todd, the
+sister-in-law of one of his political friends, a member of the "Long
+Nine" and a prominent citizen, Ninian W. Edwards.
+
+[Illustration: MARY TODD LINCOLN.
+
+From a carbon enlargement, by Sherman and McHugh of New York, of
+a photograph by Brady. Mary Todd was born in Lexington, Kentucky,
+December 13, 1818. Her mother died when she was young, and she
+was educated at one of the best-known schools of the State--Madame
+Mantelli's. She remained there some four years, and as the school was
+conducted entirely in French, she spoke the language fluently. She was
+afterwards some time in the Ward Academy of Lexington. Miss Todd first
+visited Springfield in 1837, but remained only a few months. In 1839
+she returned to make her home with her sister, Mrs. Edwards. She had
+two other sisters in the town, Mrs. William Wallace and Mrs. C.M.
+Smith. The story of her life will, of course, be told in connection
+with that of Mr. Lincoln in the forthcoming articles. The photograph
+used for this reproduction was kindly loaned by Mrs. S.J. Withington,
+Warner, New Hampshire.]
+
+Miss Todd came from a well-known family of Lexington, Kentucky; her
+father, Robert S. Todd, being one of the leading citizens of his
+State. She had come to Springfield in 1839 to live with her sister,
+Mrs. Edwards. She was a brilliant, witty, highly-educated girl,
+ambitious and spirited, with a touch of audacity which only made
+her more attractive, and she at once took a leading position in
+Springfield society. There were many young unmarried men in the town,
+drawn there by politics, and Mr. Edwards's handsome home was opened to
+them in the hospitable Southern way. After Mary Todd became an inmate
+of the Edwards house, the place was gayer than ever. She received much
+attention from Douglas, Shields, Lincoln, and several others. It
+was soon apparent, however, that Miss Todd preferred Lincoln. As
+the intimacy between them increased, Mr. and Mrs. Edwards protested.
+However honorable and able a man Lincoln might be, he was still a
+"plebeian." His family were humble and poor; he was self-educated,
+without address or polish, careless of forms, indifferent to society.
+How could Mary Todd, brought up in a cultured home, accustomed to
+the refinements of life, and with ambition for social position,
+accommodate herself to so grave a nature, so dull an exterior? Miss
+Todd knew her own mind, however. She loved Lincoln, and seems to have
+believed from the first in his future. Some time in 1840 they became
+engaged.
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN IN 1858.--HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED.
+
+From a photograph, by Harrison, Galesburg, Illinois, of an ambrotype
+owned by Mrs. W.J. Thomson of Monmouth, Illinois. This picture was
+taken at Monmouth on October 11, 1858, by W.J. Thomson, after a speech
+made in the town by Lincoln that day, and four days after the debate
+between Lincoln and Douglas at Galesburg, Illinois, on October 7,
+1858.]
+
+But it was not long before there came the clashing inevitable between
+two persons whose tastes and ambitions were so different. Miss Todd
+was jealous and exacting. Lincoln frequently failed to accompany her
+to the merry-makings which she wanted to attend. She resented this
+indifference, which seemed to her a purposed slight, instead of simply
+a lack of thought on his part, and sometimes she went with Mr.
+Douglas or any other escort who offered. Reproaches and tears and
+misunderstanding followed. If the lovers made up, it was only to
+fall out again. At last Lincoln became convinced that they were
+incompatible, and resolved that he must break the engagement. But the
+knowledge that the girl loved him took away his courage. He felt that
+he must not draw back, and he became profoundly miserable.
+
+"Whatever woman may cast her lot with mine, should any ever do so, it
+is my intention to do all in my power to make her happy and contented;
+and there is nothing I can imagine that would make me more unhappy
+than to fail in the effort," Lincoln had written Miss Owens three
+years before. How could he make this brilliant, passionate creature to
+whom he was betrothed happy?
+
+A mortal dread of the result of the marriage, a harrowing doubt of
+his own feelings, possessed him. The experience is not so rare in the
+lives of lovers that it should be regarded, as it often has been, as
+something exceptional and abnormal in Lincoln's case. A reflective
+nature founded in melancholy, like Lincoln's, rarely undertakes
+even the simpler affairs of life without misgivings. He certainly
+experienced dread and doubt before entering on any new relation.
+When it came to forming the most delicate and intimate of all human
+relations, he staggered under a storm of uncertainty and suffering,
+and finally broke the engagement.
+
+So horrible a breach of honor did this seem to him that he called the
+day when it occurred the "fatal first of January, 1841," and months
+afterward he wrote to his intimate friend Speed: "I must regain my
+confidence in my own ability to keep my resolves when they are made.
+In that ability I once prided myself as the only or chief gem of my
+character; that gem I lost--how and where you know too well. I have
+not yet regained it, and, until I do, I cannot trust myself in any
+matter of much importance."
+
+[Illustration: ROBERT S. TODD.
+
+Robert S. Todd, father of Mrs. Lincoln, came of distinguished
+ancestors. He was the seventh son of Major-General Levi Todd, and was
+born at Lexington, Kentucky, February 25, 1791. He was prominent in
+the politics of Kentucky for nearly thirty years. For many years he
+was clerk of the Kentucky House of Representatives; he was three times
+elected Representative from Fayette County, and was a State Senator
+at the time of his death, which occurred July 15, 1849. He was twice
+married--the first time to his near relative, Eliza Ann Parker, the
+mother of Mary Todd.]
+
+[Illustration: MISS JULIA JAYNE, ONE OF MISS TODD'S BRIDESMAIDS.
+
+From a photograph loaned by Mr. Jesse W. Weik. Miss Jayne afterward
+became Mrs. Lyman Trumbull.]
+
+The breaking of the engagement between Miss Todd and Mr. Lincoln was
+naturally known at the time to all their friends. Lincoln's melancholy
+was evident to them all, nor did he, indeed, attempt to disguise
+it. He wrote and spoke freely to his intimates of the despair which
+possessed him, and of his sense of dishonor. The episode caused a
+great amount of gossip, as was to be expected. After Mr. Lincoln's
+assassination and Mrs. Lincoln's sad death, various accounts of the
+courtship and marriage were circulated. It remained, however, for one
+of Lincoln's law partners, Mr. W.H. Herndon, to develop and circulate
+the most sensational of all the versions of the rupture. His story
+would not be referred to here were it not that it has been generally
+accepted as truthful by even his most conservative biographers,
+including Mr. John T. Morse and Mr. Carl Schurz. According to Mr.
+Herndon, the engagement between the two was broken in the most violent
+and public way possible, by Mr. Lincoln's failing to appear at the
+wedding. Mr. Herndon even describes the scene in detail:
+
+    "The time fixed for the marriage was the first day of
+    January, 1841. Careful preparations for the happy occasion
+    were made at the Edwards mansion. The house underwent the
+    customary renovation; the furniture was properly arranged,
+    the rooms neatly decorated, the supper prepared, and the
+    guests invited. The latter assembled on the evening in
+    question, and awaited in expectant pleasure the interesting
+    ceremony of marriage. The bride, bedecked in veil and
+    silken gown, and nervously toying with the flowers in her
+    hair, sat in the adjoining room. Nothing was lacking but
+    the groom. For some strange reason he had been delayed. An
+    hour passed, and the guests, as well as the bride, were
+    becoming restless. But they were all doomed to
+    disappointment. Another hour passed; messengers were sent
+    out over town, and each returning with the same report, it
+    became apparent that Lincoln, the principal in this little
+    drama, had purposely failed to appear. The bride, in grief,
+    disappeared to her room; the wedding supper was left
+    untouched; the guests quietly and wonderingly withdrew; the
+    lights in the Edwards mansion were blown out, and darkness
+    settled over all for the night. What the feelings of a lady
+    as sensitive, passionate, and proud as Miss Todd were, we
+    can only imagine; no one can ever describe them. By
+    daybreak, after persistent search, Lincoln's friends found
+    him. Restless, gloomy, miserable, desperate, he seemed an
+    object of pity. His friends, Speed among the number,
+    fearing a tragic termination, watched him closely in their
+    rooms day and night. 'Knives and razors, and every
+    instrument that could be used for self-destruction, were
+    removed from his reach.' Mrs. Edwards did not hesitate to
+    regard him as insane, and of course her sister Mary shared
+    in that view."
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL JAMES SHIELDS.
+
+From a photograph kindly loaned by C.B. Hall, New York. General
+Shields was born at Dungannon, County of Tyrone, Ireland, in 1810;
+came to the United States in 1826; located in Randolph County,
+Illinois, and taught school there; was admitted to the bar in 1832,
+and practised at Kaskaskia. He was elected to the legislature in 1836,
+and there became acquainted with Lincoln. In 1841 he was made auditor
+of public accounts of Illinois, and it was while holding this office
+that he challenged Lincoln to mortal combat. In 1843 Governor Ford
+appointed him an associate justice of the Supreme Court--an office
+which he resigned two years later to become commissioner of the
+general land-office. His gallantry in the Mexican War was such that he
+was brevetted a major-general. The prestige which his military record
+gave him made him a United States Senator in 1849. Defeated for
+reelection by Lyman Trumbull in 1855, he removed to Minnesota. There,
+May 12, 1858, he was elected to the United States Senate to fill a
+vacancy, serving about ten months. Then he went to California for
+a year. August 19, 1861, President Lincoln, his old-time enemy,
+presented him with a brigadier-general's commission; but two years
+later he gave this up, and settled on a farm in Missouri. He remained
+in retirement for a while, but eventually emerged to become a
+member of the legislature, a defeated candidate for Congress,
+adjutant-general of the State, and finally, in 1879, once more a
+United States Senator, serving about six weeks of an unexpired term.
+He thus had the rare distinction to be a United States Senator from
+three States. In his later years he delivered lectures--"Reminiscences
+of the Mexican War" and "Recollections of Eminent Statesmen and
+Soldiers." He died suddenly at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 1879. General
+Shields has been variously rated by his contemporaries. That he was a
+man of considerable ability is conceded, and he possessed the warmth
+and generosity common to his race.--_J. McCan Davis_.]
+
+[Illustration: MRS. NINIAN W. EDWARDS.
+
+From a painting by Healy, owned by her son, Mr. A.S. Edwards,
+Springfield, Illinois. Mrs. Ninian W. Edwards was a sister of Mrs.
+Lincoln. Her maiden name was Elizabeth P. Todd. She was born at
+Lexington, Kentucky, in 1813, and died at Springfield, Illinois, her
+home since 1835, February 22, 1888.]
+
+[Illustration: COURT-HOUSE AT TREMONT WHERE LINCOLN RECEIVED WARNING
+OF SHIELDS'S CHALLENGE.
+
+Tremont was about fifty miles north of Springfield, in Tazewell
+County. Although the internal improvements scheme of 1837 ran a
+railroad through the town, it was only reached in 1842, at the time
+of the Shields-Lincoln duel, by driving. The court-house is a fair
+example of those in which Lincoln first practised law.]
+
+No one can read this description in connection with the rest of Mr.
+Herndon's text, and escape the impression that, if it is true, there
+must have been a vein of cowardice in Lincoln. The context shows that
+he was not insane enough to excuse such a public insult to a woman.
+To break his engagement was, all things considered, not in any way
+an unusual or abnormal thing; to brood over the rupture, to blame
+himself, to feel that he had been dishonorable, was to be expected,
+after such an act, from one of his temperament. Nothing, however,
+but temporary insanity or constitutional cowardice could explain such
+conduct as here described. Mr. Herndon does not pretend to found his
+story on any personal knowledge of the affair. He was in Springfield
+at the time, a clerk in Speed's store, but did not have then, nor,
+indeed, did he ever have, any social relations with the families in
+which Mr. Lincoln was always a welcome guest. His only authority for
+the story is a remark which he says Mrs. Ninian Edwards made to him in
+an interview: "Lincoln and Mary were engaged; everything was ready and
+prepared for the marriage, even to the supper. Mr. Lincoln failed
+to meet his engagement; cause, insanity." This remark, it should be
+noted, is not from a manuscript written by Mrs. Edwards, but in a
+report of an interview with her, written by Mr. Herndon. Supposing,
+however, that the statement was made exactly as Mr. Herndon reports
+it, it certainly does not justify any such sensational description as
+Mr. Herndon gives.
+
+If such a thing had ever occurred, it could not have failed to be
+known, of course, even to its smallest details, by all the relatives
+and friends of both Miss Todd and Mr. Lincoln. Nobody, however, ever
+heard of this wedding party until Mr. Herndon gave his material to the
+public.
+
+One of the closest friends of the Lincolns throughout their lives was
+a cousin of Mrs. Lincoln's, Mrs. Grimsley, afterwards Mrs. Dr. Brown.
+Mrs. Grimsley lived in Springfield, on the most intimate and friendly
+relations with Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln, and the first six months of
+their life in the White House she spent with them. She was a woman
+of unusual culture, and of the rarest sweetness and graciousness of
+character. No one could look on her face without feeling her perfect
+sincerity and goodness. Some months before Mrs. Brown's death, in
+August, 1895, a copy of Mr. Herndon's story was sent her, with a
+request that she write for publication her knowledge of the affair. In
+her reply she said:
+
+"Did Mr. Lincoln fail to appear when the invitations were out, the
+guests invited, and the supper ready for the wedding? I will say
+emphatically, 'No.'
+
+"There may have been a little shadow of foundation for Mr. Herndon's
+lively imagination to play upon, in that, the year previous to the
+marriage, and when Mr. Lincoln and my cousin Mary expected soon to be
+married, Mr. Lincoln was taken with one of those fearful, overwhelming
+periods of depression, which induced his friends to persuade him to
+leave Springfield. This he did for a time; but I am satisfied he
+was loyal and true to Mary, even though at times he may have doubted
+whether he was responding as fully as a manly, generous nature should
+to such affection as he knew my cousin was ready to bestow on him. And
+this because it had not the overmastering depth of an early love. This
+everybody here knows; therefore I do not feel as if I were betraying
+dear friends."
+
+[Illustration: RESIDENCE OF NINIAN W. EDWARDS, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+
+From a photograph made for MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE in February, 1896. At
+this house Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd were married November 4,
+1842, and here Mrs. Lincoln died July 16, 1882. The house was built
+about 1835. It was a brick structure, and there were few handsomer
+ones in the town. The south half (appearing in the left of this
+picture) was at first only one story in height; the second story was
+but recently added. In this part was the dining-room. The parlor, in
+which the marriage ceremony was performed, was the front room on the
+first floor of the north half of the house. The house is now occupied
+by St. Agatha's School (Episcopal).]
+
+Mrs. John Stuart, the wife of Lincoln's law partner at that time, is
+still living in Springfield, a refined, cultivated, intelligent woman,
+who remembers perfectly the life and events of that day. When Mr.
+Herndon's story first came to her attention, her indignation was
+intense. She protested that she never before had heard of such a
+thing. Mrs. Stuart was not, however, in Springfield at that particular
+date, but in Washington, her husband being a member of Congress. She
+wrote the following statement for this biography:
+
+"I cannot deny this, as I was not in Springfield for some months
+before and after this occurrence was said to have taken place; but I
+was in close correspondence with relatives and friends during all this
+time, and never heard a word of it. The late Judge Broadwell told me
+that he had asked Mr. Ninian Edwards about it, and Mr. Edwards told
+him that no such thing had ever taken place.
+
+"All I can say is that I unhesitatingly do not believe such an event
+ever occurred. I thought I had never heard of this till I saw it in
+Herndon's book. I have since been told that Lamon mentions the same
+thing. I read Lamon at the time he published, and felt very much
+disgusted, but did not remember this particular assertion. The first
+chapters of Lamon's book were purchased from Herndon; so Herndon is
+responsible for the whole.
+
+"Mrs. Lincoln told me herself all the circumstances of her engagement
+to Mr. Lincoln, of his illness, and the breaking off of her
+engagement, of the renewal, and her marriage. So I say I do not
+believe one word of this dishonorable story about Mr. Lincoln."
+
+[Illustration: LINCOLN'S MARRIAGE LICENSE AND MARRIAGE
+CERTIFICATE.--NOW FIRST PUBLISHED.
+
+Photographed for MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE from the original, now on file in
+the county clerk's office, Springfield, Illinois. It has hitherto been
+commonly supposed that the original marriage license issued to
+Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd in 1842, with the officiating-minister's
+certificate of marriage attached to it, was one of the interesting
+documents in what was formerly the Keys Lincoln Memorial Collection.
+Nicolay and Hay reproduced it in their biography of Lincoln, and other
+publications have made it appear authentic. Messrs. Keys and
+Munson, who formed the collection in which the certificate was first
+exhibited, called it a duplicate, and Mr. William H. Lambert of
+Philadelphia, who owns it now, supposed, in buying it, that it was a
+duplicate. Mr. Lambert, however, in showing us the certificate, called
+attention to a suspicious circumstance connected with the license.
+The seal of the county court stamped upon it was dated "1849." It was
+difficult to reconcile this with the fact that the marriage occurred
+in 1842. The inconsistency was covered up in certain facsimiles which
+have been published, by a stroke of the pen; the date of the seal was
+changed to fit the date of the marriage. Mr. Lambert's suggestion led
+to an investigation for this Magazine. A search in the county clerk's
+office at Springfield brought to light the real and only "original"
+license, stowed away in a dusty pigeon-hole, untouched in thirty
+years. This is the license which is reproduced above. Beneath the
+license is the Rev. Charles Dresser's certificate of the marriage.
+The bogus document was made out on the blank form in use in the county
+clerk's office in 1865--a form quite different from that used in 1842.
+This form was not used prior to 1865, and never after February 3,
+1866. So it seems most probable that the spurious license was procured
+soon after Mr. Lincoln's assassination. The handwriting is that of
+N.W. Matheny, then, as in 1842, the county clerk, a gentleman of high
+character, who no doubt furnished the copy for a perfectly proper
+purpose. It will be observed that the genuine license bears no seal.
+This is due to the fact that prior to 1849 the county court did not
+have a seal; indeed, before that year, such a tribunal as the
+"county court" was unknown to the judiciary system of the State. The
+certificate attached to the counterfeit license, of course, was not
+written by the Rev. Charles Dresser (for he was then dead), but,
+like the license itself, was made out by the county clerk.--_J. McCan
+Davis._]
+
+Another prominent member in the same circle with Mr. Lincoln and Miss
+Todd is Mrs. B.T. Edwards, the widow of Judge Benjamin T. Edwards,
+and sister-in-law of Mr. Ninian Edwards, who had married Miss Todd's
+sister. She came to Springfield in 1839, and was intimately acquainted
+with Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd, and knew, as well as another could
+know, their affairs. Mrs. Edwards is still living in Springfield, a
+woman of the most perfect refinement and trustworthiness. In answer to
+the question, "Is Mr. Herndon's description true?" she writes:
+
+"I am impatient to tell you that all that he says about this
+wedding--the time for which was 'fixed for the first day of
+January'--is a fabrication. He has drawn largely upon his imagination
+in describing something which never took place.
+
+"I know the engagement between Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd was
+interrupted for a time, and it was rumored among her young friends
+that Mr. Edwards had rather opposed it. But I am sure there had been
+no 'time fixed' for any wedding; that is, no preparations had ever
+been made until the day that Mr. Lincoln met Mr. Edwards on the street
+and told him that he and Mary were going to be married that evening.
+Upon inquiry, Mr. Lincoln said they would be married in the Episcopal
+church, to which Mr. Edwards replied: 'No; Mary is my ward, and she
+must be married at my house.'
+
+"If I remember rightly, the wedding guests were few, not more than
+thirty; and it seems to me all are gone now but Mrs. Wallace,
+Mrs. Levering, and myself, for it was not much more than a family
+gathering; only two or three of Mary Todd's young friends were
+present. The 'entertainment' was simple, but in beautiful taste; but
+the bride had neither veil nor flowers in her hair, with which to 'toy
+nervously.' There had been no elaborate _trousseau_ for the bride of
+the future President of the United States, nor even a handsome wedding
+gown; nor was it a gay wedding."
+
+Two sisters of Mrs. Lincoln's who are still living, Mrs. Wallace
+of Springfield, and Mrs. Helm of Elizabethstown, Kentucky, deny
+emphatically that any wedding was ever arranged between Mr. Lincoln
+and Miss Todd but the one which did take place. That the engagement
+was broken after a wedding had been talked of, they think possible;
+but Mr. Herndon's story, they deny emphatically.
+
+"There is not a word of truth in it!" Mrs. Wallace broke out,
+impulsively, before the question about the non-appearance of Mr.
+Lincoln had been finished. "I never was so amazed in my life as when I
+read that story. Mr. Lincoln never did such a thing. Why, Mary Lincoln
+never had a silk dress in her life until she went to Washington."
+
+[Illustration: REV. CHARLES DRESSER.
+
+From a daguerreotype owned by his son, Dr. T.W. Dresser, Springfield,
+Illinois. The Rev. Charles Dresser, who was the officiating clergyman
+at the wedding of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd, was born at Pomfret,
+Connecticut, February 24, 1800. He was graduated from Brown University
+in 1823, and went to Virginia, where he studied theology. In 1829 he
+became an ordained minister in the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was
+married in 1832 in Dinwiddie County, Virginia, to Louisa W. Withers.
+Upon his removal to Springfield, Illinois, in 1838, he became the
+rector of the Protestant Episcopal church there, and remained so until
+1858, when failing health caused his retirement. In 1855, Jubilee
+College elected him Professor of Divinity and Belles-Lettres, but he
+held this position only a short time. He died March 25, 1865.--_J.
+McCan Davis._]
+
+As Mr. Joshua Speed was, all through this period, Mr. Lincoln's
+closest friend, no thought or feeling of the one ever being concealed
+from the other, Mrs. Joshua Speed, who is still living in Louisville,
+Kentucky, was asked if she knew of the story. Mrs. Speed listened
+in surprise to Mr. Herndon's tale. "I never heard of it before," she
+declared. "I never heard of it. If it is true, I never heard of it."
+
+In all of these cases the opinion of only those persons intimately
+connected with Mr. Lincoln and Miss Todd has been asked. Care has been
+taken, too, to apply only to persons whose character put them beyond
+the suspicion of distorting facts.
+
+Quite unexpectedly, some months ago, a volunteer witness to the
+falsity of the story appeared. The Hon. H.W. Thornton of Millersburg,
+Illinois, was a member of the Twelfth General Assembly, which met in
+Springfield in 1840. During that winter he was boarding near Lincoln,
+saw him almost every day, was a constant visitor at Mr. Edwards's
+house, and he knew Miss Todd well. He wrote to this magazine declaring
+that Mr. Herndon's statement about the wedding must be false, as he
+was closely associated with Miss Todd and Mr. Lincoln all winter, and
+never knew anything of it. Mr. Thornton went on to say that he knew
+beyond a doubt that the sensational account of Lincoln's insanity
+was untrue, and he quoted from the House journal to show how it was
+impossible that, as Lamon says, using Herndon's notes, "Lincoln went
+crazy as a loon, and did not attend the legislature in 1841-1842,
+for this reason;" or, as Herndon says, that he had to be watched
+constantly. According to the record taken from the journals of the
+House sent us by Mr. Thornton, and which we have had verified in
+Springfield, Mr. Lincoln was in his seat in the House on that "fatal
+first of January" when he is asserted to have been groping in the
+shadow of madness, and he was also there on the following day. The
+third of January was Sunday. On Monday, the fourth, he appears not to
+have been present--at least he did not vote; but even this is by no
+means conclusive evidence that he was not there. On the fifth, and on
+every succeeding day until the thirteenth, he was in his seat. From
+the thirteenth to the eighteenth, inclusive, he is not recorded on
+any of the roll-calls, and probably was not present. But on the
+nineteenth, when "John J. Hardin announced his illness to the House,"
+as Mr. Herndon says (which announcement seems not to have gotten
+into the journal), Lincoln was again in his place, and voted. On the
+twentieth he is not recorded; but on every subsequent day, until the
+close of the session on the first of March, Lincoln was in the House.
+Thus, during the whole of the two months of January and February,
+he was absent not more than seven days--as good a record as to
+attendance, perhaps, as that made by the average member.
+
+Mr. Thornton says further: "Mr. Lincoln boarded at William Butler's,
+near to Dr. Henry's, where I boarded. The missing days, from January
+13th to 19th, Mr. Lincoln spent several hours each day at Dr. Henry's;
+a part of these days I remained with Mr. Lincoln. His most intimate
+friends had no fears of his injuring himself. He was very sad and
+melancholy, but being subject to these spells, nothing serious was
+apprehended. His being watched, as stated in Herndon's book, was news
+to me until I saw it there."
+
+But while Lincoln went about his daily duties, even on the "fatal
+first of January," his whole being was shrouded in gloom. He did not
+pretend to conceal this from his friends. Writing to Mr. Stuart on
+January 23d, he said: "I am now the most miserable man living. If what
+I feel were equally distributed to the whole human family, there would
+not be one cheerful face on the earth. Whether I shall ever be better
+I cannot tell; I awfully forebode I shall not. To remain as I am is
+impossible. I must die or be better, it appears to me. The matter you
+speak of on my account you may attend to as you say, unless you shall
+hear of my condition forbidding it. I say this because I fear I shall
+be unable to attend to any business here, and a change of scene might
+help me."
+
+In the summer he visited his friend Speed, who had sold his store in
+Springfield, and returned to Louisville, Kentucky. The visit did much
+to brighten his spirits, for, writing back in September, after his
+return, to his friend's sister, he was even gay.
+
+A curious situation arose the next year (1842), which did much to
+restore Lincoln to a more normal view of his relation to Miss Todd.
+In the summer of 1841, his friend Speed had become engaged. As his
+marriage approached, he in turn was attacked by a melancholy not
+unlike that which Lincoln had suffered. He feared he did not love well
+enough to marry, and he confided his fear to Lincoln. Full of sympathy
+for the trouble of his friend, Lincoln tried in every way to persuade
+him that his "twinges of the soul" were all explained by nervous
+debility. When Speed returned to Kentucky, Lincoln wrote him several
+letters, in which he consoled, counselled, or laughed at him. These
+letters abound in suggestive passages. From what did Speed suffer?
+From three special causes and a general one, which Lincoln proceeds to
+enumerate:
+
+    "The general cause is, that you are naturally of a nervous
+    temperament; and this I say from what I have seen of you
+    personally, and what you have told me concerning your mother
+    at various times, and concerning your brother William at the
+    time his wife died. The first special cause is your exposure
+    to bad weather on your journey, which my experience clearly
+    proves to be very severe on defective nerves. The second is
+    the absence of all business and conversation of friends,
+    which might divert your mind, give it occasional rest from the
+    intensity of thought which will sometimes wear the sweetest
+    idea thread-bare and turn it to the bitterness of death. The
+    third is the rapid and near approach of that crisis on which
+    all your thoughts and feelings concentrate."
+
+Speed writes that his _fiancee_ is ill, and his letter is full of
+gloomy forebodings of an early death. Lincoln hails these fears as an
+omen of happiness.
+
+[Illustration: THE GLOBE HOTEL, SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS.
+
+In a letter to Joshua R. Speed, dated May 18, 1843, Lincoln wrote: "We
+are not keeping house, but boarding at the Globe Tavern, which is very
+well kept now by a widow lady of the name of Beck. Our room (the
+same that Dr. Wallace occupied there) and boarding only costs us four
+dollars a week.... I most heartily wish you and your Fanny would
+not fail to come. Just let us know the time, and we will have a room
+provided for you at our house, and all be merry together for a while."
+The Globe Hotel stood in Springfield until about three years ago.]
+
+    "I hope and believe that your present anxiety and distress
+    about her health and her life must and will forever banish
+    those horrid doubts which I know you sometimes felt as to the
+    truth of your affection for her. If they can once and forever
+    be removed (and I almost feel a presentiment that the Almighty
+    has sent your present affliction expressly for that object),
+    surely nothing can come in their stead to fill their
+    immeasurable measure of misery.... I am now fully convinced
+    that you love her as ardently as you are capable of loving.
+    Your ever being happy in her presence, and your intense
+    anxiety about her health, if there were nothing else, would
+    place this beyond all dispute in my mind. I incline to think
+    it probable that your nerves will fail you occasionally for a
+    while; but once you get them firmly guarded now, that trouble
+    is over forever. I think, if I were you, in case my mind
+    were not exactly right, I would avoid being idle. I
+    would immediately engage in some business or go to making
+    preparations for it, which would be the same thing."
+
+Mr. Speed's marriage occurred in February, and to the letter
+announcing it Lincoln replied:
+
+    "I tell you, Speed, our forebodings (for which you and I are
+    peculiar) are all the worst sort of nonsense. I fancied, from
+    the time I received your letter of Saturday, that the one of
+    Wednesday was never to come, and yet it did come, and what
+    is more, it is perfectly clear, both from its tone and
+    handwriting, that you were much happier, or, if you think the
+    term preferable, less miserable, when you wrote it than when
+    you wrote the last one before. You had so obviously improved
+    at the very time I so much fancied you would have grown worse.
+    You say that something indescribably horrible and alarming
+    still haunts you. You will not say that three months from
+    now, I will venture. When your nerves once get steady now,
+    the whole trouble will be over forever. Nor should you become
+    impatient at their being even very slow in becoming steady.
+    Again, you say, you much fear that that Elysium of which you
+    have dreamed so much is never to be realized. Well, if it
+    shall not, I dare swear it will not be the fault of her who
+    is now your wife. I now have no doubt that it is the peculiar
+    misfortune of both you and me to dream dreams of Elysium far
+    exceeding all that anything earthly can realize."
+
+His prophecy was true. In March Speed wrote him that he was "far
+happier than he had ever expected to be." Lincoln caught at the letter
+with an eagerness which is deeply pathetic:
+
+    "It cannot be told how it now thrills me with joy to hear you
+    say you are far happier than you ever expected to be. I know
+    you too well to suppose your expectations were not, at least,
+    sometimes extravagant, and if the reality exceeds them all, I
+    say, Enough, dear Lord! I am not going beyond the truth when
+    I tell you that the short space it took me to read your last
+    letter gave me more pleasure than the total sum of all I have
+    enjoyed since the fatal 1st of January, 1841. Since then, it
+    seems to me, I should have been entirely happy, but for the
+    never absent idea that there is one still unhappy whom I have
+    contributed to make so. That still kills me. I cannot but
+    reproach myself for even wishing to be happy while she is
+    otherwise. She accompanied a large party on the railroad cars
+    to Jacksonville last Monday, and on her return spoke, so that
+    I heard of it, of having enjoyed the trip exceedingly. God be
+    praised for that."
+
+Evidently Lincoln was still unreconciled to his separation from Miss
+Todd. In the summer of 1842, only three or four months after the above
+letter was written, a clever ruse on the part of certain of their
+friends threw the two unexpectedly together; and an understanding
+of some kind evidently was come to, for during the season they met
+secretly at the house of one of Lincoln's friends, Mr. Simeon Francis.
+It was while these meetings were going on that a burlesque encounter
+occurred between Lincoln and James Shields, for which Miss Todd was
+partly responsible, and which no doubt gave just the touch of comedy
+necessary to relieve their tragedy and restore them to a healthier
+view of their relations.
+
+
+THE LINCOLN AND SHIELDS DUEL.
+
+Among the Democratic officials then living in Springfield was one
+James Shields, auditor of the State. He was a hot-headed, blustering
+Irishman, not without ability, and certainly courageous; a good
+politician, and, on the whole, a very well-liked man. However, the
+swagger and noise with which he accompanied the execution of his
+duties, and his habit of being continually on the defensive, made
+him the butt of Whig ridicule. Nothing could have given greater
+satisfaction to Lincoln and his friends than having an opponent who,
+whenever they joked him, flew into a rage and challenged them to
+fight.
+
+At the time when Lincoln was visiting Miss Todd at Mr. Francis's
+house, the Whigs were much excited over the fact that the Democrats
+had issued an order forbidding the payment of State taxes in State
+bank-notes. The bank-notes were in fact practically worthless, for the
+State finances were suffering a violent reaction from the extravagant
+legislation of 1836 and 1837. One of the popular ways of attacking an
+obnoxious political doctrine in that day was writing letters from some
+imaginary backwoods settlement, setting forth in homely vernacular
+the writer's views of the question, and showing how its application
+affected his part of the world. These letters were really a rude form
+of the "Bigelow Papers" or "Nasby Letters." Soon after the order
+was issued by the Illinois officials demanding silver instead
+of bank-notes in payment of taxes, Lincoln wrote a letter to a
+Springfield paper from the "Lost Townships," signing it "Aunt
+Rebecca." In it he described the plight to which the new order had
+brought the neighborhood, and he intimated that the only reason for
+issuing such an order was that the State officers might have their
+salaries paid in silver. Shields was ridiculed unmercifully in the
+letter for his vanity and his gallantry.
+
+It happened that there were several young women in Springfield who
+had received rather too pronounced attention from Mr. Shields, and
+who were glad to see him tormented. Among them were Miss Todd and her
+friend Miss Julia Jayne. Lincoln's letter from the "Lost Townships"
+was such a success that they followed it up with one in which "Aunt
+Rebecca" proposed to the gallant auditor, and a few days later they
+published some very bad verses, signed "Cathleen," celebrating the
+wedding.[1]
+
+Springfield was highly entertained, less by the verses than by the
+fury of Shields. He would have satisfaction, he said, and he sent a
+friend, one General Whitesides, to the paper, to ask for the name of
+the writer of the communications. The editor, in a quandary, went to
+Lincoln, who, unwilling that Miss Todd and Miss Jayne should figure
+in the affair, ordered that his own name be given as the author of
+letters and poem. This was only about ten days after the first letter
+had appeared, on September 2d, and Lincoln left Springfield in a day
+or two for a long trip on the circuit. He was at Tremont when, on
+the morning of the seventeenth, two of his friends, E.H. Merryman and
+William Butler, drove up hastily. Shields and his friend Whitesides
+were behind, they said, the irate Irishman vowing that he would
+challenge Lincoln. They, knowing that Lincoln was "unpractised both
+as to diplomacy and weapons," had started as soon as they had learned
+that Shields had left Springfield, had passed him in the night, and
+were there to see Lincoln through.
+
+It was not long before Shields and Whitesides arrived, and soon
+Lincoln received a note in which the indignant auditor said: "I
+will take the liberty of requiring a full, positive, and absolute
+retraction of all offensive allusions used by you in these
+communications in relation to my private character and standing as a
+man, as an apology for the insults conveyed in them. This may prevent
+consequences which no one will regret more than myself."
+
+Lincoln immediately replied that, since Shields had not stopped to
+inquire whether he really was the author of the articles, had not
+pointed out what was offensive in them, had assumed facts and hinted
+at consequences, he could not submit to answer the note. Shields wrote
+again, but Lincoln simply replied that he could receive nothing but a
+withdrawal of the first note or a challenge. To this he steadily
+held, even refusing to answer the question as to the authorship of the
+letters, which Shields finally put. It was inconsistent with his honor
+to negotiate for peace with Mr. Shields, he said, unless Mr. Shields
+withdrew his former offensive letter. Seconds were immediately named:
+Whitesides by Shields, Merryman by Lincoln; and though they talked of
+peace, Whitesides declared he could not mention it to his principal.
+"He would challenge me next, and as soon cut my throat as not."
+
+This was on the nineteenth, and that night the party returned to
+Springfield. But in someway the affair had leaked out, and fearing
+arrest, Lincoln and Merryman left town the next morning. The
+instructions were left with Butler. If Shields would withdraw his
+first note, and write another asking if Lincoln was the author of the
+offensive articles, and, if so, asking for gentlemanly satisfaction,
+then Lincoln had prepared a letter explaining the whole affair. If
+Shields would not do this, there was nothing to do but fight. Lincoln
+left the following preliminaries for the duel:
+
+    "_First._ Weapons: Cavalry broadswords of the largest size,
+    precisely equal in all respects, and such as now used by the
+    cavalry company at Jacksonville.
+
+    "_Second_. Position: A plank ten feet long, and from nine to
+    twelve inches broad, to be firmly fixed on edge on the ground,
+    as the line between us, which neither is to pass his foot over
+    on forfeit of his life. Next, a line drawn on the ground on
+    either side of said plank and parallel with it, each at the
+    distance of the whole length of the sword and three feet
+    additional from the plank; and the passing of his own such
+    line by either party during the fight shall be deemed a
+    surrender of the contest.
+
+    "_Third_. Time: On Thursday evening at five o'clock, if you
+    can get it so; but in no case to be at a greater distance of
+    time than Friday evening at five o'clock.
+
+    "_Fourth_. Place: Within three miles of Alton, on the opposite
+    side of the river, the particular spot to be agreed upon by
+    you."
+
+As Mr. Shields refused to withdraw his first note, the entire party
+started for the rendezvous across the Mississippi. Lincoln and
+Merryman drove together in a dilapidated old buggy, in the bottom of
+which rattled a number of broadswords. It was the morning of the 22d
+of September when the duellists arrived in the town. There are people
+still living in Alton who remember their coming. "The party arrived
+about the middle of the morning," says Mr. Edward Levis,[2] "and soon
+crossed the river to a sand-bar which at the time was, by reason
+of the low water, a part of the Missouri mainland. The means of
+conveyance was an old horse-ferry that was operated by a man named
+Chapman. The weapons were in the keeping of the friends of the
+principals, and no care was taken to conceal them; in fact, they were
+openly displayed. Naturally, there was a great desire among the male
+population to attend the duel, but the managers of the affair would
+not permit any but their own party to board the ferry-boat. Skiffs
+were very scarce, and but a few could avail themselves of the
+opportunity in this way. I had to content myself with standing on the
+levee and watching proceedings at long range."
+
+The party had scarcely reached the sand-bar before they were joined by
+some unexpected friends. Lincoln and Merryman, on their way to Alton,
+had stopped at White Hall for dinner. Across the street from the hotel
+lived Mr. Elijah Lott, an acquaintance of Merryman's. Mr. Lott was not
+long in finding out what was on foot, and as soon as the duellists had
+departed, he drove to Carrollton, where he knew that Colonel John J.
+Hardin and several other friends of Lincoln were attending court, and
+warned them of the trouble. Hardin and one or two others immediately
+started for Alton. They arrived in time to calm Shields, and to aid
+the seconds in adjusting matters "with honor to all concerned."
+
+That the duellists returned in good spirits is evident from Mr.
+Levis's reminiscences: "It was not very long," says he, "until the
+boat was seen returning to Alton. As it drew near I saw what was
+presumably a mortally wounded man lying on the bow of the boat. His
+shirt appeared to be bathed in blood. I distinguished Jacob Smith, a
+constable, fanning the supposed victim vigorously. The people on the
+bank held their breath in suspense, and guesses were freely made as
+to which of the two men had been so terribly wounded. But suspense was
+soon turned to chagrin and relief when it transpired that the supposed
+candidate for another world was nothing more nor less than a log
+covered with a red shirt. This ruse had been resorted to in order to
+fool the people on the levee; and it worked to perfection. Lincoln
+and Shields came off the boat together, chatting in a nonchalant and
+pleasant manner."
+
+
+MARRIAGE OF LINCOLN AND MISS TODD.
+
+The Lincoln-Shields duel had so many farcical features, and Miss Todd
+had unwittingly been so much to blame for it, that one can easily see
+that it might have had considerable influence on the relations of the
+two young people. However that may be, something had made Mr. Lincoln
+feel that he could renew his engagement. Early in October, not a
+fortnight after the duel, he wrote Speed: "You have now been the
+husband of a lovely woman nearly eight months. That you are happier
+now than the day you married her I well know, for without you would
+not be living. But I have your word for it, too, and the returning
+elasticity of spirits which is manifested in your letters. But I want
+to ask a close question: Are you now in feelings as well as judgment
+glad that you are married as you are?"
+
+We do not know Speed's answer, nor the final struggle of the man's
+heart. We only know that on November 4, 1842, Lincoln was married, the
+wedding being almost impromptu. Mrs. Dr. Brown, Miss Todd's cousin, in
+the same letter quoted from above, describes the wedding:
+
+"One morning, bright and early, my cousin came down in her excited,
+impetuous way, and said to my father: 'Uncle, you must go up and tell
+my sister that Mr. Lincoln and I are to be married this evening,' and
+to me: 'Get on your bonnet and go with me to get my gloves, shoes,
+etc., and then to Mr. Edwards's.' When we reached there we found some
+excitement over a wedding being sprung upon them so suddenly. However,
+my father, in his lovely, pacific way, 'poured oil upon the waters,'
+and we thought everything was 'ship-shape,' when Mrs. Edwards
+laughingly said: 'How fortunately you selected this evening, for
+the Episcopal Sewing Society is to meet here, and my supper is all
+ordered.'
+
+"But that comfortable little arrangement would not hold, as Mary
+declared she would not make a spectacle for gossiping ladies to gaze
+upon and talk about; there had already been too much talk about her.
+Then my father was despatched to tell Mr. Lincoln that the wedding
+would be deferred until the next evening. Clergyman, attendants and
+intimate friends were notified, and on Friday evening, in the midst of
+a small circle of friends, with the elements doing their worst in the
+way of rain, this singular courtship culminated in marriage. This I
+know to be literally true, as I was one of her bridesmaids, Miss Jayne
+(afterwards Mrs. Lyman Trumbull) and Miss Rodney being the others."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Footnote 1: Mr. Charles Lamb, now passing his declining years
+quietly on his farm, a dozen miles from Springfield, Illinois, was a
+compositor on the "Sangamo Journal" from 1836 to 1843, and it was
+he who put into type the poem by "Cathleen," which, with the "Lost
+Townships" letters, led General Shields to challenge Lincoln. "This
+poem," says Mr. Lamb, "was written by Mary Todd and Julia Jayne,
+afterward the wife of Senator Lyman Trumbull. After I had set up the
+poem, I took the copy from the hook and put it into my pocket. When
+Lincoln was informed by Simeon Francis, the editor of the 'Journal,'
+that Shields had demanded the name of the author of the verses, he
+came around to the office and asked for the copy. I produced it, and
+he picked up a pen and wrote his name across the top of the page.
+This, of course, meant that he assumed the responsibility for
+the production. I retained this copy until a few years ago, when,
+unhappily, it was destroyed. My recollection is that the 'Lost
+Townships' letters were set up by Mr. Francis himself. Mr. Lincoln was
+a frequent contributor to the 'Journal,' and it usually fell to my lot
+to set up his contributions."--_J. McCan Davis._]
+
+[Footnote 2: Interview with Mr. Edward Levis made for this Magazine.]
+
+
+
+
+"PHROSO."
+
+A TALE OF BRAVE DEEDS AND PERILOUS VENTURES.
+
+BY ANTHONY HOPE, AUTHOR OF "THE PRISONER OF ZENDA," ETC.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+A LONG THING ENDING IN POULOS.
+
+_Quot homines, tot sententiae_; so many men, so many fancies. My fancy
+was for an island. Perhaps boyhood's glamour hung still round sea-girt
+rocks, and "faery lands forlorn" still beckoned me; perhaps I felt
+that London was too full, the Highlands rather fuller, the Swiss
+mountains most insufferably crowded of them all. "Money can buy
+company," and it can buy retirement. The latter service I asked now of
+the moderate wealth with which my poor cousin Tom's death had endowed
+me. Everybody was good enough to suppose that I rejoiced at Tom's
+death, whereas I was particularly sorry for it, and was not consoled
+even by the prospects of the island. My friends understood this wish
+for an island as little as they appreciated my feelings about poor
+Tom. Beatrice was most emphatic in declaring that "a horrid little
+island" had no charms for her, and that she would never set foot
+in it. This declaration was rather annoying, because I had imagined
+myself spending my honeymoon with Beatrice on the island; but life is
+not all honeymoon, and I decided to have the island none the less.
+In the first place, I was not to be married for a year. Mrs. Kennett
+Hipgrave had insisted on this delay in order that we might be sure
+that we knew our own hearts. And as I may say without unfairness
+that Mrs. Hipgrave was to a considerable degree responsible for the
+engagement--she asserted the fact herself with much pride--I thought
+that she had a right to some voice in the date of the marriage.
+Moreover, the postponement gave me exactly time to go over and settle
+affairs in the island.
+
+For I had bought it. It cost me seven thousand five hundred and fifty
+pounds--rather a fancy price, but I could not haggle with the old
+lord--half to be paid to the lord's bankers in London, and the second
+half to him in Neopalia, when he delivered possession to me. The
+Turkish government had sanctioned the sale, and I had agreed to pay
+a hundred pounds yearly as tribute. This sum, I was entitled, in my
+turn, to levy on the inhabitants.
+
+"In fact, my dear lord," said old Mason to me when I called on him in
+Lincoln's Inn Fields, "the whole affair is settled. I congratulate you
+on having got just what was your whim. You are over a hundred miles
+from the nearest land--Rhodes, you see." (He laid a map before me.)
+"You are off the steamship tracks; the Austrian Lloyds to Alexandria
+leave you far to the northeast. You are equally remote from any
+submarine cable; here on the southwest, from Alexandria to Candia, is
+the nearest. You will have to fetch your letters--"
+
+"I shouldn't think of doing such a thing," said I, indignantly.
+
+"Then you'll only get them once in three months. Neopalia is extremely
+rugged and picturesque. It is nine miles long and five broad; it
+grows cotton, wine, oil, and a little corn. The people are quite
+unsophisticated, but very good-hearted--"
+
+"And," said I, "there are only three hundred and seventy of them, all
+told. I really think I shall do very well there."
+
+"I have no doubt you will. By the way, treat the old gentleman kindly.
+He is terribly cut up at having to sell. 'My dear island,' he writes,
+'is second to my dead son's honor, and to nothing else.' His son, you
+know, Lord Wheatley, was a bad lot, a very bad lot indeed."
+
+"He left a lot of unpaid debts, didn't he?"
+
+"Yes, gambling debts. He spent his time knocking about Paris
+and London with his cousin Constantine, by no means an improving
+companion, if report speaks truly. And your money is to pay the debts,
+you know."
+
+"Poor old chap," said I. I sympathized with him in the loss of his
+island.
+
+"Here's the house, you see," said Mason, turning to the map, and
+dismissing the sorrows of the old lord of Neopalia. "About the middle
+of the island, nearly a thousand feet above the sea. I'm afraid it's a
+tumble-down old place, and will swallow a lot of money without looking
+much better for the dose. To put it into repair for the reception of
+the future Lady Wheatley would cost--"
+
+"The future Lady Wheatley says she won't go there on any account," I
+interrupted.
+
+"But, my very dear lord," cried he, aghast, "if she won't--"
+
+"She won't, and there's an end of it, Mr. Mason. Well, good day. I'm
+to have possession in a month?"
+
+"In a month to the very day--on the seventh of May."
+
+"All right, I shall be there to take it;" and escaping from the legal
+quarter, I made my way to my sister's house in Cavendish Square. She
+had a party, and I was bound to go by brotherly duty. As luck would
+have it, however, I was rewarded for my virtue (and if that's not
+luck in this huddle-muddle world, I don't know what is): the Turkish
+ambassador dropped in, and presently James came and took me up to him.
+My brother-in-law, James Cardew, is always anxious that I should know
+the right people. The pasha received me with great kindness.
+
+"You are the purchaser of Neopalia, aren't you?" he asked, after a
+little conversation. "The matter came before me officially."
+
+"I'm much obliged," said I, "for your ready consent to the transfer."
+
+"Oh, it's nothing to us. In fact, our tribute, such as it is, will be
+safer. Well, I'm sure I hope you'll settle in comfortably."
+
+"Oh, I shall be all right. I know the Greeks very well, you know; been
+there a lot, and, of course, I talk the tongue, because I spent two
+years hunting antiquities in the Morea and some of the islands."
+
+The pasha stroked his beard as he observed in a calm tone:
+
+"The last time a Stefanopoulos tried to sell Neopalia the people
+killed him, and turned the purchaser--he was a Frenchman, a Baron
+d'Ezonville--adrift in an open boat, with nothing on but his shirt."
+
+"Good heavens! Was that recently?"
+
+"No; two hundred years ago. But it's a conservative part of the world,
+you know." And his excellency smiled.
+
+"They were described to me as good-hearted folk," said I;
+"unsophisticated, of course, but good-hearted."
+
+"They think that the island is theirs, you see," he explained, "and
+that the lord has no business to sell it. They may be good-hearted,
+Lord Wheatley, but they are tenacious of their rights."
+
+"But they can't have any rights," I expostulated.
+
+"None at all," he assented. "But a man is never so tenacious of his
+rights as when he hasn't any. However, _autres temps, autres moeurs_.
+I don't suppose you'll have any trouble of that kind. Certainly, I
+hope not, my dear lord."
+
+"Surely your government will see to that?" I suggested.
+
+His excellency looked at me; then, although by nature a grave man, he
+gave a low, humorous chuckle, and regarded me with visible amusement.
+
+"Oh, of course, you can rely on that, Lord Wheatley," said he.
+
+"That is a diplomatic assurance, your excellency?" I ventured to
+suggest, with a smile.
+
+"It is unofficial," said he, "but as binding as if it were official.
+Our governor in that part of the world is a very active man--yes, a
+decidedly active man."
+
+The only result of this conversation was that, when I was buying my
+sporting guns in St. James's Street the next day, I purchased a couple
+of pairs of revolvers at the same time. It is well to be on the safe
+side; and although I attached little importance to the bygone outrage
+of which the ambassador spoke, I did not suppose that the police
+service would be very efficient. In fact, I thought it prudent to be
+ready for any trouble that the Old World notions of the Neopalians
+might occasion. But in my heart I meant to be very popular with them;
+for I cherished the generous design of paying the whole tribute out of
+my own pocket, and of disestablishing in Neopalia what seems to be
+the only institution in no danger of such treatment here--the
+tax-gatherer. If they understood that intention of mine, they would
+hardly be so shortsighted as to set me adrift in my shirt like
+a second Baron d'Ezonville, or so unjust as to kill poor old
+Stefanopoulos as they had killed his ancestor. Besides, as I comforted
+myself by repeating, they were a good-hearted race; unsophisticated,
+of course, but thoroughly good-hearted.
+
+My cousin, young Denny Swinton, was to dine with me that evening at
+the Optimum. Denny (which is short for Dennis) was the only member of
+the family who thoroughly sympathized with me about Neopalia. He was
+wild with interest in the island, and I looked forward to telling him
+all I had heard about it. I knew he would listen, for he was to go
+with me and help me to take possession. The boy had almost wept on my
+neck when I asked him to come; he had just left Woolwich, and was not
+to join his regiment for six months. He was thus, as he put it, "at a
+loose end," and succeeded in persuading his parents that he ought to
+learn modern Greek. General Swinton was rather cold about the project;
+he said that Denny had spent ten years on ancient Greek, and knew
+nothing about it, and would not probably learn much of the newer sort
+in three months; but his wife thought it would be a nice trip for
+Denny. Well, it turned out to be a very nice trip for Denny; but if
+Mrs. Swinton had known--however, if it comes to that, I might just as
+well exclaim, "If I had known, myself!"
+
+Denny had taken a table next but one to the west end of the room, and
+was drumming his fingers impatiently on the cloth when I entered. He
+wanted both his dinner and the latest news about Neopalia; so I sat
+down and made haste to satisfy him in both respects. Travelling with
+equal steps through the two matters, we had reached the first _entree_
+and the fate of the murdered Stefanopoulos (which Denny, for some
+reason, declared was "a lark") when two people came in and sat down at
+the table beyond ours and next to the wall, where two chairs had been
+tilted up in token of preengagement. The man--for the pair were man
+and woman--was tall and powerfully built; his complexion was dark, and
+he had good, regular features; he looked, also, as if he had a bit of
+temper somewhere about him. I was conscious of having seen him before,
+and suddenly recollected that by a curious chance I had run up against
+him twice in St. James's Street that very day. The lady was handsome;
+she had an Italian cast of face, and moved with much grace. Her manner
+was rather elaborate, and when she spoke to the waiter, I detected a
+pronounced foreign accent. Taken altogether, they were a remarkable
+couple, and presented a distinguished appearance. I believe I am not
+a conceited man, but I could not help wondering whether their thoughts
+paid me a similar compliment, for I certainly detected both of them
+casting more than one curious glance toward our table; and when the
+man whispered once to a waiter, I was sure that I formed the subject
+of his question. Perhaps he, also, remembered our two encounters.
+
+"I wonder if there's any chance of a row?" said Denny, in a tone that
+sounded wistful. "Going to take anybody with you, Charlie?"
+
+"Only Watkins. I must have him; he always knows where everything is;
+and I've told Hogvardt, my old dragoman, to meet us in Rhodes. He'll
+talk their own language to the beggars, you know."
+
+"But he's a German, isn't he?"
+
+"He thinks so," I answered. "He's not certain, you know. Anyhow, he
+chatters Greek like a parrot. He's a pretty good man in a row, too.
+But there won't be a row, you know."
+
+"I suppose there won't," admitted Denny, ruefully.
+
+"For my own part," said I meekly, "as I'm going there to be quiet, I
+hope there won't."
+
+In the interest of conversation I had forgotten our neighbors; but
+now, a lull occurring in Denny's questions and surmises, I heard the
+lady's voice. She began a sentence--and began it in Greek! That was a
+little unexpected; but it was more strange that her companion cut her
+short, saying very peremptorily, "Don't talk Greek; talk Italian."
+This he said in Italian, and I, though no great hand at that language,
+understood so much. Now why shouldn't the lady talk Greek, if Greek
+were the language that came naturally to her tongue? It would be
+as good a shield against idle listeners as most languages--unless,
+indeed, I, who was known to be an amateur of Greece and Greek things,
+were looked upon as a possible listener. Recollecting the glances
+which I had detected, recollecting again those chance meetings, I
+ventured on a covert gaze at the lady. Her handsome face expressed a
+mixture of anger, alarm, and entreaty. The man was speaking to her now
+in low, urgent tones; he raised his hand once and brought it down
+on the table as though to emphasize some declaration--perhaps some
+promise--which he was making. She regarded him with half angry,
+distrustful eyes. He seemed to repeat his words; and she flung at
+him, in a tone that suddenly grew louder, and in words that I could
+translate: "Enough! I'll see to that. I shall come too!"
+
+Her heat stirred no answering fire in him. He dropped his emphatic
+manner, shrugged a tolerant "As you will," with eloquent shoulders,
+smiled at her, and, reaching across the table, patted her hand. She
+held it up before his eyes, and with the other hand pointed at a ring
+on her finger.
+
+"Yes, yes, my dearest," said he; and he was about to say more, when,
+glancing round, he caught my gaze retreating in hasty confusion to
+my plate. I dared not look up again, but I felt his scowl on me. I
+suppose that I deserved punishment for my eavesdropping.
+
+"And when can we get off, Charlie?" asked Denny, in his clear young
+voice. My thoughts had wandered from him, and I paused for a moment,
+as a man does when a question takes him unawares. There was silence
+at the next table also. The fancy seemed absurd; but it occurred to me
+that there also my answer was being waited for. Well, they could know
+if they liked; it was no secret.
+
+"In a fortnight," said I. "We'll travel easily, and get thereon the
+seventh of next month; that's the day on which I'm entitled to take
+over my kingdom. We shall go to Rhodes. Hogvardt will have bought me a
+little yacht, and then--good-by to all this!" And a great longing
+for solitude and a natural life came over me as I looked round on the
+gilded cornices, the gilded mirrors, the gilded flower-vases, and the
+highly gilded company of the Optimum.
+
+I was roused from my pleasant dream by a high, vivacious voice, which
+I knew very well. Looking up, I saw Miss Hipgrave, her mother, and
+young Bennett Hamlyn standing before me. I disliked young Hamlyn, but
+he was always very civil to me.
+
+"Why, how early you two have dined!" cried Beatrice. "You're at the
+savory, aren't you? We've only just come."
+
+"Are you going to dine?" I asked, rising. "Take this table; we're just
+off."
+
+"Well, we may as well, mayn't we?" said my _fiancee_. "Sorry you're
+going though. Oh, yes, we're going to dine with Mr. Bennett
+Hamlyn. That's what you're for, isn't it, Mr. Hamlyn? Why, he's not
+listening!"
+
+He was not, strange to say, listening, although, as a rule, he
+listened to Beatrice with infinite attention and the most deferential
+of smiles. But just now he was engaged in returning a bow which our
+neighbor at the next table had bestowed on him. The lady there had
+risen already, and was making for the door. The man lingered and
+looked at Hamlyn, seeming inclined to back up his bow with a few
+words of greeting. Hamlyn's air was not, however, encouraging, and the
+stranger contented himself with a nod and a careless "How are you?"
+and with that followed his companion. Hamlyn turned round, conscious
+that he had neglected Beatrice's remark, and full of penitence for his
+momentary neglect.
+
+"I beg your pardon," said he, with an apologetic smile.
+
+"Oh," answered she, "I was only saying that men like you were invented
+to give dinners; you're a sort of automatic feeding-machine. You ought
+to stand open all day. Really, I often miss you at lunch time."
+
+"My dear Beatrice!" said Mrs. Kennett Hipgrave, with that peculiar
+lift of her brows that meant, "How naughty the dear child is! Oh, but
+how clever!"
+
+"It's all right," said Hamlyn, meekly. "I'm awfully happy to give you
+a dinner, anyhow, Miss Beatrice."
+
+Now, I had nothing to say on this subject, but I thought I would just
+make this remark:
+
+"Miss Hipgrave," said I, "is very fond of a dinner."
+
+Beatrice laughed. She understood my little correction.
+
+"He doesn't know any better, do you?" said she, pleasantly, to Hamlyn.
+"We shall civilize him in time, though. Then I believe he'll be nicer
+than you, Charlie. I really do. You're--"
+
+"I shall be uncivilized by then," said I.
+
+"Oh, that wretched island!" cried Beatrice. "You're really going?"
+
+"Most undoubtedly. By the way, Hamlyn, who's your friend?"
+
+Surely this was an innocent enough question; but little Hamlyn went
+red from the edge of his clipped whisker on the right to the edge of
+his mathematically equal whisker on the left.
+
+"Friend!" said he, in an angry tone. "He's not a friend of mine. I
+only met him on the Riviera."
+
+"That," I admitted, "does not, happily, constitute in itself a
+friendship."
+
+"And he won a hundred louis of me in the train between Cannes and
+Monte Carlo."
+
+"Not bad going, that," observed Denny, in an approving tone.
+
+"Is he, then, _un grec_?" asked Mrs. Hipgrave, who loves a scrap of
+French.
+
+"In both senses, I believe," answered Hamlyn, viciously.
+
+"And what's his name?" said I.
+
+"Really, I don't recollect," said Hamlyn, rather petulantly.
+
+"It doesn't matter," observed Beatrice, attacking her oysters, which
+had now made their appearance.
+
+"My dear Beatrice," I remonstrated, "you are the most charming
+creature in the world, but not the only one. You mean that it doesn't
+matter to you."
+
+"Oh, don't be tiresome. It doesn't matter to you, either, you know. Do
+go away, and leave me to dine in peace."
+
+"Half a minute," said Hamlyn. "I thought I'd got it just now, but it's
+gone again. Look here, though; I believe it's one of those long things
+that end in 'poulos.'"
+
+"Oh, it ends in 'poulos,' does it?" said I, in a meditative tone.
+
+"My dear Charlie," said Beatrice, "I shall end in Bedlam, if you're so
+very tedious. What in the world I shall do when I'm married, I don't
+know."
+
+"My dearest!" said Mrs. Hipgrave; and a stage direction might add:
+"Business with brows, as before."
+
+"'Poulos'?" I repeated.
+
+"Could it be Constantinopoulos?" asked Hamlyn, with a nervous
+deference to my Hellenic learning.
+
+"It might, conceivably," I hazarded, "be Constantine Stefanopoulos."
+
+"Then," said Hamlyn, "I shouldn't wonder if it was. Anyhow, the less
+you see of him, Wheatley, the better. Take my word for that."
+
+"But," I objected--and I must admit that I have a habit of thinking
+that everybody follows my train of thought--"it's such a small place
+that, if he goes, I should be almost bound to meet him."
+
+"What's such a small place?" cried Beatrice, with emphasized despair.
+
+"Why, Neopalia, of course," said I.
+
+"Why should anybody except you be so insane as to go there?" she
+asked.
+
+"If he's the man I think, he comes from there," I explained, as I rose
+for the last time; for I had been getting up to go, and sitting down
+again, several times.
+
+"Then he'll think twice before he goes back," pronounced Beatrice,
+decisively; she was irreconcilable about my poor island.
+
+Denny and I walked off together. As we went he observed:
+
+"I suppose that chap's got no end of money?"
+
+"Stefan--?" I began.
+
+"No, no. Hang it, you're as bad as Miss Hipgrave says. I mean Bennett
+Hamlyn."
+
+"Oh, yes, absolutely no end to it, I believe."
+
+Denny looked sagacious.
+
+"He's very free with his dinners," he observed.
+
+"Don't let's worry about it," I suggested, taking his arm. I was not
+worried about it myself. Indeed, for the moment, my island monopolized
+my mind, and my attachment to Beatrice was not of such a romantic
+character as to make me ready to be jealous on slight grounds. Mrs.
+Hipgrave said the engagement was based on "general suitability." Now
+it is difficult to be very passionate over that.
+
+"If you don't mind, I don't," said Denny, reasonably.
+
+"That's right. It's only a little way Beatrice--" I stopped abruptly.
+We were now on the steps outside the restaurant, and I had just
+perceived a scrap of paper lying on the mosaic pavement. I stooped
+down and picked it up. It proved to be a fragment torn from the menu
+card. I turned it over.
+
+"Hullo, what's this?" said I, searching for my eyeglass, which was, as
+usual, somewhere in the small of my back.
+
+Denny gave me the glass, and I read what was written on the back. It
+was written in Greek, and it ran thus:
+
+"By way of Rhodes--small yacht there--arrive seventh."
+
+I turned the piece of paper over in my hand. I drew a conclusion or
+two. One was that my tall neighbor was named Stefanopoulos; another,
+that he had made good use of his ears--better than I had made of mine;
+for a third, I guessed that he would go to Neopalia; for a fourth, I
+fancied that Neopalia was the place to which the lady had declared
+she would accompany him. Then I fell to wondering why all these things
+should be so--why he wished to remember the route of my journey,
+the date of my arrival, and the fact that I meant to hire a yacht.
+Finally, those two chance encounters, taken with the rest, assumed a
+more interesting complexion.
+
+"When you've done with that bit of paper," observed Denny, in a tone
+expressive of exaggerated patience, "we might as well go on, old
+fellow."
+
+"All right. I've done with it--for the present," said I. And I took
+the liberty of slipping Mr. Constantine Stefanopoulos's memorandum
+into my pocket.
+
+The general result of the evening was to increase most distinctly my
+interest in Neopalia. I went to bed, still thinking of my purchase,
+and I recollect that the last thing which came into my head before I
+went to sleep was, "What did she mean by pointing to the ring?"
+
+Well, I found an answer to that later on.
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+A CONSERVATIVE COUNTRY.
+
+Until the moment of our parting came, I had no idea that Beatrice
+Hipgrave felt my going at all. She was not in the habit of displaying
+emotion, and I was much surprised at the reluctance with which she
+separated from me. So far, however, was she from reproaching me,
+that she took all the blame upon herself, saying that if she had been
+kinder and nicer to me, I should never have thought about my island.
+In this she was quite wrong; but when I told her so, and assured her
+that I had no fault to find with her behavior, I was met by an almost
+passionate assertion of her unworthiness, and an entreaty that I
+should not spend on her a love that she did not deserve. Her abasement
+and penitence compelled me to show, and indeed to feel, a good deal
+of tenderness for her. She was pathetic and pretty in her unusual
+earnestness and unexplained distress. I went the length of offering
+to put off my expedition until after our wedding; and, although she
+besought me to do nothing of the kind, I believe we might in the end
+have arranged matters on this footing had we been left to ourselves.
+But Mrs. Hipgrave saw fit to intrude on our interview at this point,
+and she at once pooh-poohed the notion, declaring that I should be
+better out of the way for a few months. Beatrice did not resist her
+mother's conclusion; but when we were alone again, she became very
+agitated, begging me always to think well of her, and asking if I were
+really attached to her. I did not understand this mood, which was very
+unlike her usual manner, but I responded with a hearty and warm avowal
+of confidence in her; and I met her questions as to my own feelings
+by pledging my word very solemnly that absence should, so far as I was
+concerned, make no difference, and that she might rely implicitly on
+my faithful affection. This assurance seemed to give her very little
+comfort, although I repeated it more than once; and when I left her, I
+was in a state of some perplexity, for I could not follow the bent
+of her thoughts, nor appreciate the feelings that moved her. I was,
+however, considerably touched, and upbraided myself for not having
+hitherto done justice to the depth and sincerity of nature which
+underlay her external frivolity. I expressed this self-condemnation to
+Denny Swinton, but he met it very coldly, and would not be drawn
+into any discussion of the subject. Denny was not wont to conceal
+his opinions, and had never pretended to be enthusiastic about my
+engagement. This attitude of his had not troubled me before, but I was
+annoyed at it now, and I retaliated by asseverating my affection for
+Beatrice in terms of even exaggerated emphasis, and her's for me with
+no less vehemence.
+
+These troubles and perplexities vanished before the zest and interest
+which our preparations and start excited. Denny and I were like a pair
+of schoolboys off for a holiday, and spent hours in forecasting what
+we should do and how we should fare in the island. These speculations
+were extremely amusing, but in the long run they were proved to be,
+one and all, wide of the mark. Had I known Neopalia then as well as
+I came to know it afterward, I should have recognized the futility of
+attempting to prophesy what would happen there. As it was, we spun our
+cobwebs merrily all the way to Rhodes, where we arrived without event
+and without accident. There we picked up Hogvardt, and embarked in the
+smart little steam yacht which he had hired for me. A day or two was
+spent in arranging our stores and buying what more we wanted, for we
+could not expect to be able to procure anything in Neopalia. I was
+rather surprised to find no letter for me from the old lord, but I had
+no thought of waiting for a formal invitation, and pressed on the hour
+of departure as much as I could. Here, also, I saw the first of my new
+subjects, Hogvardt having engaged a couple of men who had come to him,
+saying they were from Neopalia and were anxious to work their passage
+back. I was delighted to have them, and fell at once to studying them
+with immense attention. They were fine, tall, capable-looking fellows,
+and they, too, with ourselves, made a crew more than large enough for
+our little boat; for both Denny and I would make ourselves useful on
+board, and Hogvardt could do something of everything on land or water,
+whilst Watkins acted as cook and steward. The Neopalians were, as they
+stated, in answer to my questions, brothers; their names were Spiro
+and Demetri, and they informed us that their family had served the
+lords of Neopalia for many generations. Hearing this, I was less
+inclined to resent the undeniable reserve and even surliness with
+which they met my advances. I made allowance for their hereditary
+attachment to the outgoing family; and their natural want of
+cordiality toward the intruder did not prevent me from plying them
+with many questions concerning my predecessors on the throne of the
+island. My perseverance was ill rewarded, but I succeeded in learning
+that the only member of the family on the island, besides the old
+lord, was a girl whom they called "the Lady Euphrosyne," the daughter
+of the lord's brother, who was dead. Next I asked after my friend of
+the Optimum restaurant, Constantine. He was this lady's cousin once
+or twice removed--I did not make out the exact degree of kinship--but
+Demetri hastened to inform me that he came very seldom to the island,
+and had not been there for two years.
+
+"And he is not expected there now?" I asked.
+
+"He was not when we left, my lord," answered Demetri, and it seemed
+to me that he threw an inquiring glance at his brother, who added
+hastily:
+
+"What should we poor men know of the Lord Constantine's doings?"
+
+"Do you know where he is now?" I asked.
+
+"No, my lord," they answered together, and with great emphasis.
+
+I cannot deny that something struck me as peculiar in their manner,
+but when I mentioned my impression to Denny, he scoffed at me.
+
+"You've been reading old Byron again," he said, scornfully. "Do you
+think they're corsairs?"
+
+Well, a man is not a fool simply because he reads Byron, and I
+maintained my opinion that the brothers were embarrassed at my
+questions. Moreover, I caught Spiro, the more truculent-looking of the
+pair, scowling at me more than once when he did not know I had my eye
+on him.
+
+These little mysteries, however, did nothing but add sauce to my
+delight as we sprang over the blue waters; and my joy was complete
+when, on the morning of the day I had appointed, the seventh of May,
+Denny cried "Land," and, looking over the starboard bow, I saw the
+cloud on the sea that was Neopalia. Day came bright and glorious, and
+as we drew nearer to our enchanted isle, we distinguished its features
+and conformation. The coast was rocky, save where a small harbor
+opened to the sea; and the rocks ran up from the coast, rising higher
+and higher, till they culminated in a quite respectable peak in the
+centre. The telescope showed cultivated ground and vineyards, mingled
+with woods, on the slopes of the mountain; and about half way up,
+sheltered on three sides, backed by thick woods, and commanding a
+splendid sea view, stood an old, gray, battlemented house.
+
+"There's my house!" I cried, in natural exultation, pointing with my
+finger. It was a moment in my life--a moment to mark.
+
+"Hurrah!" cried Denny, throwing up his hat in sympathy.
+
+Demetri was standing near, and met this ebullition with a grim smile.
+
+"I hope my lord will find the house comfortable," said he.
+
+"We shall soon make it comfortable," said Hogvardt. "I dare say it's
+half a ruin now."
+
+"It is good enough now for a Stefanopoulos," said the fellow, with
+a surly frown. The inference we were meant to draw was plain even to
+incivility.
+
+At five o'clock in the evening we entered the harbor of Neopalia and
+brought up alongside a rather crazy wooden jetty that ran some
+fifty feet out from the shore. Our arrival appeared to create great
+excitement. Men, women, and children came running down the narrow,
+steep street which climbed up the hill from the harbor. We heard
+shrill cries, and a hundred fingers were pointed at us. We landed;
+nobody came forward to greet us. I looked round, and saw no one who
+could be the old lord; but I perceived a stout man who wore an air of
+importance, and, walking up to him, I asked him very politely if he
+would be so good as to direct me to the inn, for I had discovered from
+Demetri that there was a modest house where we could lodge that night,
+and I was too much in love with my island to think of sleeping on
+board the yacht. The stout man looked at Denny and me; then he looked
+at Demetri and Spiro, who stood near us, smiling their usual grim
+smile. And he answered my question by another, a rather abrupt one:
+"What do you want, sir?" And he slightly lifted his tasselled cap and
+replaced it on his head.
+
+"I want to know the way to the inn," I answered.
+
+"You have come to visit Neopalia?" he asked.
+
+A number of people had gathered round us now, and all fixed their eyes
+on my face.
+
+"Oh," I said carelessly, "I am the purchaser of the island, you know.
+I have come to take possession."
+
+Nobody spoke. Perfect silence reigned for half a minute.
+
+"I hope we shall get on well together," I said, with my pleasantest
+smile.
+
+Still no answer came. The people round still stared.
+
+At last the stout man, altogether ignoring my friendly advances, said,
+curtly:
+
+"I keep the inn. Come. I will take you to it."
+
+He turned and led the way up the street. We followed, the people
+making a lane for us, and still regarding us with stony stares. Denny
+gave expression to my feelings, as well as his own:
+
+"It can hardly be described as an ovation," he observed.
+
+"Surly brutes," muttered Hogvardt.
+
+"It is not the way to receive his lordship," agreed Watkins, more in
+sorrow than in anger. Watkins had very high ideas of the deference due
+to "his lordship."
+
+The fat innkeeper walked ahead. I quickened my pace and overtook him.
+
+"The people do not seem very pleased to see me," I remarked.
+
+He shook his head, but made no answer. Then he stopped before a
+substantial house. We followed him in, and he led us up-stairs to a
+large room. It overlooked the street, but, somewhat to my surprise,
+the windows were heavily barred. The door also was massive, and had
+large bolts inside and out.
+
+"You take good care of your houses, my friend," said Denny, with a
+laugh.
+
+"We like to keep what we have, in Neopalia," said he.
+
+I asked him if he would provide us with a meal, and, assenting
+gruffly, he left us alone. The food was some time in coming, and we
+stood at the window, peering through our prison bars. Our high spirits
+were dashed by the unfriendly reception; my island should have been
+more gracious, it was so beautiful.
+
+"However, it's a better welcome than we should have got two hundred
+years ago," I said, with a laugh, trying to make the best of the
+matter.
+
+Dinner, which the landlord brought in himself, cheered us again, and
+we lingered over it till dusk began to fall, discussing whether I
+ought to visit the lord, or whether, seeing that he had not come to
+receive me, my dignity did not demand that I should await his visit;
+and it was on this latter course that we finally decided.
+
+"But he'll hardly come to-night," said Denny, jumping up. "I wonder if
+there are any decent beds here!"
+
+Hogvardt and Watkins had, by my directions, sat down with us; and the
+former was now smoking his pipe at the window, while Watkins was busy
+overhauling our luggage. We had brought light bags, the rods, guns,
+and other smaller articles. The rest was in the yacht. Hearing beds
+mentioned, Watkins shook his head in dismal presage, saying:
+
+"We had better sleep on board, my lord."
+
+"Not I! What, leave the island, now we've got here? No, Watkins!"
+
+"Very good, my lord," said Watkins, impassively.
+
+A sudden call came from Hogvardt, and I joined him at the window.
+
+The scene outside was indeed remarkable. In the narrow, paved street,
+gloomy now in the failing light; there must have been fifty or sixty
+men standing in a circle, surrounded by an outer fringe of women
+and children; and in the centre stood our landlord, his burly figure
+swaying to and fro, as he poured out a low-voiced but vehement
+harangue. Sometimes he pointed toward us, oftener along the ascending
+road that led to the interior. I could not hear a word he said, but
+presently all his auditors raised their hands toward heaven. I saw
+that the hands held, some guns, some clubs, some knives; and all the
+men cried with furious energy: "_Nai, nai!_" ("Yes, yes!") And then
+the whole body--and the greater part of the grown men on the island
+must have been present--started off, in compact array, up the road,
+the innkeeper at their head. By his side walked another man, whom I
+had not noticed before, and who wore an ordinary suit of tweeds, but
+carried himself with an assumption of much dignity. His face I did not
+see.
+
+"Well, what's the meaning of that?" I exclaimed, looking down on the
+street, empty now, save for groups of white-clothed women, who talked
+eagerly to one another, gesticulating, and pointing now toward our
+inn, now toward where the men had gone.
+
+"Perhaps it's their parliament," suggested Denny. "Or perhaps they've
+repented of their rudeness, and are going to erect a triumphal arch."
+
+These conjectures being obviously ironical, did not assist the matter,
+although they amused their author.
+
+"Anyhow," said I, "I should like to investigate the thing. Suppose we
+go for a stroll?"
+
+The proposal was accepted at once. We put on our hats, took sticks,
+and prepared to go. Then I glanced at the luggage.
+
+"Since I was so foolish as to waste my money on revolvers," said I,
+with an inquiring glance at Hogvardt.
+
+"The evening air will not hurt them," said he; and we each stowed
+a revolver in our pockets. We felt, I think, rather ashamed of our
+timidity, but the Neopalians certainly looked rough customers. Then I
+turned the handle of the door. The door did not open. I pulled hard at
+it. Then I looked at my companions.
+
+"Queer," said Denny, and he began to whistle.
+
+Hogvardt got the little lantern, which he always had handy, and
+carefully inspected the door.
+
+"Locked," he announced, "and bolted top and bottom. A solid door,
+too!" and he struck it with his hand. Then he crossed to the window,
+and looked at the bolts; and finally he said to me: "I don't think we
+can have our walk, my lord."
+
+Well, I burst out laughing. The thing was too absurd. Under cover of
+our animated talk the landlord must have bolted us in. The bars made
+the window no use. A skilled burglar might have beaten those bolts,
+and a battering-ram would, no doubt, have smashed the door; we had
+neither burglar nor ram.
+
+"We are caught, my boy," said Denny. "Nicely caught. But what's the
+game?"
+
+I had asked myself that question already, but had found no answer. To
+tell the truth, I was wondering whether Neopalia was going to turn out
+as conservative a country as the Turkish ambassador had hinted. It was
+Watkins who suggested an answer.
+
+"I imagine, my lord," said he, "that the natives [Watkins always
+called the Neopalians "natives"] have gone to speak to the gentleman
+who sold the island to your lordship."
+
+"Gad!" said Denny, "I hope it will be a pleasant interview."
+
+Hogvardt's broad, good-humored face had assumed an anxious look. He
+knew something about the people of these islands; so did I.
+
+"Trouble, is it?" I asked him.
+
+"I'm afraid so," he answered; and then we turned to the window
+again, except Denny, who wasted some energy and made a useless din by
+battering at the door, till we beseeched him to let it alone.
+
+There we sat for nearly two hours. Darkness fell, the women had ceased
+their gossiping, but still stood about the street, and in the doorways
+of the house.
+
+It was nine o'clock before matters showed any progress. Then came
+shouts from the road above us, the flash of torches, the tread of
+men's feet in a quick, triumphant march. Then the stalwart figures of
+the picturesque fellows, with their white kilts gleaming through the
+darkness, came again into sight, seeming wilder and more imposing
+in the alternating glare and gloom of the torches and the deepening
+night. The man in tweeds was no longer visible. Our innkeeper
+was alone in front. And all, as they marched, sang loudly a rude,
+barbarous sort of chant, repeating it again and again; and the women
+and children crowded out to meet the men, catching up the refrain in
+shrill voices, till the whole air seemed full of it. And so martial
+and inspiring was the rude tune that our feet began to beat in time
+with it, and I felt the blood quicken in my veins. I have tried to
+put the words of it into English, in a shape as rough, I fear, as the
+rough original. Here it is:
+
+  "Ours is the land!
+  Death to the hand
+  That filches the land!
+  Dead is that hand,
+  Ours is the land!
+  Forever we hold it.
+  Dead's he that sold it!
+  Ours is the land.
+  Dead is the hand!"
+
+Again and again they hurled forth the defiant words, until they
+stopped at last opposite the inn, with one final, long-drawn shout of
+savage triumph.
+
+"Well, this is a go!" said Denny, drawing a long breath. "What are the
+beggars up to?"
+
+"What have they been up to?" I asked; for I doubted not that the song
+we had heard had been chanted over a dead Stefanopoulos two hundred
+years before.
+
+At this age of the world the idea seemed absurd, preposterous,
+horrible. But there was no law nearer than Rhodes, and there only
+Turk's law. The only law here was the law of the Stefanopouloi, and if
+that law lost its force by the crime of the hand that should wield it,
+why, strange things might happen even to-day in Neopalia. And we were
+caught like rats in a trap in the inn!
+
+"I do not see," remarked old Hogvardt, laying a hand on my shoulders,
+"any harm in loading our revolvers, my lord."
+
+I did not see any harm in it either, and we all followed Hogvardt's
+advice, and also filled our pockets with cartridges. I was
+determined--I think we were all determined--not to be bullied by these
+islanders and their skull-and-crossbones ditty.
+
+A quarter of an hour passed, and there came a knock at the door, while
+the bolts were shot back.
+
+"I shall go out," said I, springing to my feet.
+
+The door opened, and the face of a lad appeared.
+
+"Vlacho, the innkeeper, bids you descend," said he; and then, catching
+sight, perhaps, of our revolvers, he turned and ran down-stairs again
+at his best speed. Following him, we came to the door of the inn. It
+was ringed round with men, and directly opposite to us stood Vlacho.
+When he saw me, he commanded silence with his hand, and addressed me
+in the following surprising style:
+
+"The Lady Euphrosyne, of her grace, bids you depart in peace. Go,
+then, to your boat, and depart, thanking God for his mercy."
+
+"Wait a bit, my man," said I. "Where is the lord of the island?"
+
+"Did you not know that he died a week ago?" asked Vlacho, with
+apparent surprise.
+
+"Died!" we exclaimed, one and all.
+
+"Yes, sir. The Lady Euphrosyne, lady of Neopalia, bids you go."
+
+"What did he die of?"
+
+"Of a fever," said Vlacho, gravely. And several of the men round him
+nodded their heads, and murmured, in no less grave assent: "Yes, of a
+fever."
+
+"I am very sorry for it," said I. "But as he sold the island to me
+before he died, I don't see what the lady, with all respect to her,
+has got to do with it. Nor do I know what this rabble is doing about
+the door. Send them away."
+
+This attempt at hauteur was most decidedly thrown away. Vlacho seemed
+not to hear what I said. He pointed with his finger toward the harbor.
+
+"There lies your boat. Demetri and Spiro cannot go with you, but you
+will be able to manage her yourselves. Listen, now! Till six in the
+morning you are free to go. If you are found in Neopalia one minute
+after, you will never go. Think and be wise." And he and all the rest
+of them, as though one spring moved them, wheeled round, and marched
+off up the hill again, breaking out into the old chant when they had
+gone about a hundred yards; and we were left alone in the doorway of
+the inn, looking, I must admit, rather blank.
+
+Up-stairs again we went, and I sat down by the window and looked
+out on the night. It was very dark, and seemed darker now that the
+gleaming torches were gone. Not a soul was to be seen. The islanders,
+having put matters on a clear footing, were gone to bed. I sat
+thinking. Presently Denny came to me, and put his hand on my shoulder.
+
+"Going to cave in, Charlie?" he asked.
+
+"My dear Denny," said I, "I wish you were at home with your mother."
+
+He smiled and repeated, "Going to cave in, old chap?"
+
+"No, by Jove, I'm not!" cried I, leaping up. "They've had my money,
+and I'm going to have the island."
+
+"Take the yacht, my lord," counselled Hogvardt, "and come back with
+enough force from Rhodes."
+
+Well, that was sense; my impulse was nonsense. We four could not
+conquer the island. I swallowed my pride.
+
+"So be it," said I. "But, look here; it's only just twelve. We might
+have a look round before we go. I want to see the place, you know."
+For I was very sorely vexed at being turned out of my island.
+
+Hogvardt grumbled a little at this, but here I overruled him. We took
+our revolvers again, left the inn, and struck straight up the road.
+For nearly a mile we mounted, the way becoming steeper with every
+step. Then there was a sudden turn off the main road.
+
+"That will lead to the house," said Hogvardt, who had studied the map
+of Neopalia very carefully.
+
+"Then we'll have a look at the house. Show us a light, Hogvardt. It's
+precious dark."
+
+Hogvardt opened his lantern, and cast its light in the way. But
+suddenly he extinguished it again, and drew us close in to the rocks
+that edged the road. We saw coming toward us in the darkness two
+figures. They rode small horses. Their faces could not be seen; but as
+they passed our silent, motionless forms, one said in a clear, sweet,
+girlish voice:
+
+"Surely they will go?"
+
+"Ay, they'll go, or pay the penalty," said the other voice, and at
+the sound of it I started. For it was the voice of my neighbor in the
+restaurant, Constantine Stefanopoulos.
+
+"I shall be near at hand, sleeping in the town," said the girl's
+voice, "and the people will listen to me."
+
+"The people will kill them, if they do not go," we heard Constantine
+answer, in tones that witnessed no great horror at the idea. Then the
+couple disappeared in the darkness.
+
+"On to the house!" I cried in sudden excitement. For I was angry now,
+angry at the utter, humbling scorn with which they treated me.
+
+Another ten minutes' groping brought us in front of the old gray house
+which we had seen from the sea. We walked boldly up to it. The door
+stood open. We went in, and found ourselves in a large hall. The
+wooden floor was carpeted, here and there, with mats and skins. A
+long table ran down the middle. The walls were decorated with mediaeval
+armor and weapons. The windows were but narrow slits, the walls
+massive and deep. The door was a ponderous, iron-bound affair, that
+shamed even the stout doors of our inn. I called loudly, "Is any one
+here?" Nobody answered. The servants must have been drawn off to the
+town by the excitement of the procession and the singing; or perhaps
+there were no servants. I could not tell. I sat down in a large
+armchair by the table. I enjoyed the sense of proprietorship. Denny
+sat on the table by me, dangling his legs. For a long while none of us
+spoke. Then I exclaimed, suddenly:
+
+"By heaven! why shouldn't we see it through?" And I rose and put my
+hands against the massive door, and closed and bolted it, saying, "Let
+them open that at six o'clock in the morning."
+
+"Hurrah!" cried Denny, leaping down from his table, on fire with
+excitement in a moment.
+
+I faced Hogvardt. He shook his head, but he smiled. Watkins stood by,
+with his usual imperturbability. He wanted to know what his lordship
+decided, that was all; and when I said nothing more, he asked:
+
+"Then your lordship will sleep here to-night?"
+
+"I'll stay here to-night, anyhow, Watkins," said I. "I'm not going to
+be driven out of my own island by anybody!"
+
+And I brought my fist down with a crash on the table. And then, to our
+amazement, we heard--from somewhere in the dark recesses of the hall,
+where the faint light of Hogvardt's lantern did not reach--a low, but
+distinct, groan, as of some one in pain. Watkins shuddered; Hogvardt
+looked rather uncomfortable; Denny and I listened eagerly. Again the
+groan came. I seized the lantern from Hogvardt's hand, and rushed in
+the direction of the sound. There, in the corner of the hall, on
+a couch, covered with a rug, lay an old man in an uneasy attitude,
+groaning now and then, and turning restlessly. And by his side sat an
+old serving-woman in weary, heavy slumber. In a moment I guessed the
+truth--part of the truth.
+
+"He's not dead of that fever yet," said I.
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE FEVER OF NEOPALIA.
+
+I looked for a moment on the old man's pale, clean-cut, aristocratic
+face; then I shook his attendant vigorously by the arm. She awoke with
+a start.
+
+"What does this mean?" I demanded. "Who is he?"
+
+"Heaven help us, who are you?" she cried, leaping up in alarm. Indeed,
+we four, with our eager, fierce faces, may have looked disquieting
+enough.
+
+"I am Lord Wheatley; these are my friends," I answered in brisk, sharp
+tones.
+
+"What, it is you, then--?" A wondering gaze ended her question.
+
+"Yes, yes, it is I. I have bought the island. We came out for a walk
+and--"
+
+"But he will kill you, if he finds you here."
+
+"He? Who?"
+
+"Ah, pardon, my lord--they will kill you, they--the people--the men of
+the island."
+
+I gazed at her sternly. She shrank back in confusion. And I spoke at a
+venture, yet in a well-grounded hazard:
+
+"You mean that Constantine Stefanopoulos will kill me?"
+
+"Ah, hush!" she cried. "He may be here! He may be anywhere!"
+
+"He may thank his stars he's not here," said I grimly, for my blood
+was up. "Attend, woman! Who is this?"
+
+"It is the lord of the island, my lord," she answered. "Alas, and
+he is wounded, I fear, to death. And yet I fell asleep. But I was so
+weary."
+
+"Wounded--by whom?"
+
+Her face suddenly became vacant and expressionless.
+
+"I do not know, my lord. It happened in the crowd. It was a mistake.
+My dear lord had yielded what they asked. Yet some one--no, by heaven,
+my lord, I do not know whom--stabbed him! And he cannot live."
+
+"Tell me the whole thing," I commanded.
+
+"They came up here, my lord, all of them--Vlacho and all, and with
+them my Lord Constantine. And the Lady Euphrosyne was away; she is
+often away, down on the rocks by the sea, watching the waves. And they
+came and said that a man had landed who claimed our island as his--a
+man of your name, my lord. And when my dear lord said he had sold the
+island to save the honor of his house and race, they were furious, and
+Vlacho raised the death chant that One-eyed Alexander the Bard wrote
+on the death of Stefan Stefanopoulos long ago. And they came near with
+knives, demanding that my dear lord should send away the stranger; for
+the men of Neopalia were not to be bought and sold like bullocks or
+like pigs. At first my lord would not yield; and they swore they would
+kill the stranger and my lord also. Then they pressed closer. Vlacho
+was hard on him with drawn knife, and the Lord Constantine stood by
+him, praying him to yield, and Constantine drew his own knife, saying
+to Vlacho that he must fight him also before he killed the old lord.
+But at that Vlacho smiled--and then--and then--ah, my dear lord!"
+
+For a moment her voice broke, and sobs supplanted words. But she drew
+herself up, and, after a glance at the old man, whom her vehement
+speech had not availed to waken, she went on:
+
+"And then those behind cried out that there was enough talk. Would he
+yield or would he die? And they rushed forward, pressing the nearest
+against him. And he, an old man, frail and feeble--yet once he was
+as brave a man as any--cried, in his weak tones: 'Enough, friends, I
+yield; I--' And they fell back. But my lord stood for an instant; then
+he set his hand to his side, and swayed and tottered and fell, and the
+blood ran from his side. And the Lord Constantine fell on his knees
+beside him, crying: 'Who stabbed him?' And Vlacho smiled grimly, and
+the others looked at one another. And I, who had run out from the
+doorway whence I had seen it all, knelt by my lord and stanched the
+blood. Then Vlacho said, fixing his eyes straight and keen on the Lord
+Constantine, 'It was not I, my lord,' 'Nor I, by heaven!' cried the
+Lord Constantine; and he rose to his feet, demanding: 'Who struck the
+blow?' But none answered, and he went on: 'Nay, if it were in error,
+if it were because he would not yield, speak! There shall be pardon,'
+But Vlacho, hearing this, turned himself round and faced them all,
+saying: 'Did he not sell us like oxen and like pigs?' and he broke
+into the death chant, and they all raised the chant, none caring any
+more who had struck the blow. And Lord Constantine--" The impetuous
+flow of the old woman's story was frozen to sudden silence.
+
+"Well, and Lord Constantine?" said I, in low, stern tones, that
+quivered with excitement; and I felt Denny's hand, that was on my arm,
+jump up and down. "And Constantine, woman?"
+
+"Nay, he did nothing," said she. "He talked with Vlacho a while, and
+then they went away, and he bade me tend my lord, and went himself
+to seek the Lady Euphrosyne. And presently he came back with her. Her
+eyes were red, and she wept afresh when she saw my poor lord, for she
+loved him. And she sat by him till Constantine came and told her that
+you would not go, and that you and your friends would be killed if
+you did not go. And then, weeping to leave my lord, she went, praying
+heaven she might find him alive when she returned. 'I must go,' she
+said to me; 'for though it is a shameful thing that the island should
+have been sold, yet these men must be persuaded to go away and not
+meet death. Kiss him for me if he awakes.' Thus she went, and left
+me with my lord, and I fear he will die." And she ended in a burst of
+sobbing.
+
+For a moment there was silence. Then I said again:
+
+"Who struck the blow, woman? Who struck the blow?"
+
+She shrank from me as though I had struck her. "I do not know, I do
+not know," she moaned.
+
+Then a thing happened that seemed strange and awful in the gloomy,
+dark hall. For the stricken man opened his eyes, his lips moved, and
+he groaned: "Constantine! You, Constantine!" and the old woman's eyes
+met mine for a moment, and fell to the ground again.
+
+"Why--why, Constantine?" moaned the wounded man. "I had yielded--I had
+yielded, Constantine. I would have sent them--" His words ceased, his
+eyes closed, his lips met again, but met only to part. A moment later
+his jaw dropped. The old lord of Neopalia was dead.
+
+Then I, carried away by anger and by hatred of the man who, for a
+reason I did not yet understand, had struck so foul a blow against his
+kinsman and an old man, did a thing so rash that it seems to me now,
+when I consider it in the cold light of the past, a mad deed. Yet then
+I could do nothing else; and Denny's face, aye, and the eyes of the
+others, too, told me that they were with me.
+
+"Compose this old man's body," I said, "and we will watch it. And do
+you go and tell this Constantine Stefanopoulos that I know his crime,
+that I know who struck that blow, and that what I know all men shall
+know, and that I will not rest day nor night until he has paid the
+penalty of this murder. And tell him I swore this on the honor of an
+English gentleman."
+
+"And say I swore it, too!" cried Denny; and Hogvardt and Watkins, not
+making bold to speak, ranged up close to me; and I knew that they also
+meant what I meant.
+
+The old woman looked at me with searching eyes.
+
+"You are a bold man, my lord," said she.
+
+"I see nothing to be afraid of up to now," said I. "Such courage as
+is needed to tell a scoundrel what I think of him, I believe I can
+claim."
+
+"But he will never let you go now. You would go to Rhodes, and tell
+his--tell what you say of him."
+
+"Yes, and farther than Rhodes, if need be. He shall die for it as sure
+as I live."
+
+A thousand men might have tried in vain to persuade me; the treachery
+of Constantine had fired my heart and driven out all opposing motives.
+
+"Do as I bid you," said I, sternly, "and waste no time on it. We will
+watch here by the old man till you return."
+
+"My lord," she replied, "you run on your own death. And you are young,
+and the young man by you is yet younger."
+
+"We are not dead yet," said Denny; and I had never seen him look as
+he did then; for the gayety was out of his face, and he spoke from
+between stern-set lips.
+
+She raised her hands toward heaven--whether in prayer or in
+lamentation, I do not know. We turned away and left her to her sad
+offices, and going back to our places, waited there till dawn began to
+break, and from the narrow windows we saw the gray crests of the waves
+dancing and frolicking in the early dawn. As I watched them the old
+woman was by my elbow.
+
+"It is done, my lord," said she. "Are you still of the same mind?"
+
+"Still of the same," said I.
+
+"It is death--death for you all," she said; and without more she went
+to the great door. Hogvardt opened it for her, and she walked away
+down the road, between the high rocks that bounded the path on either
+side. Then we went and carried the old man to a room that opened off
+the hall, and, returning, stood in the doorway, cooling our brows in
+the fresh, early air. And while we stood, Hogvardt said suddenly:
+
+"It is five o'clock."
+
+"Then we have only an hour to live," said I, smiling, "if we do not
+make for the yacht."
+
+"You're not going back to the yacht, my lord?"
+
+"I'm puzzled," I admitted. "If we go this ruffian will escape. And if
+we don't go--"
+
+"Why, we," Hogvardt ended for me, "may not escape."
+
+I saw that Hogvardt's sense of responsibility was heavy; he always
+regarded himself as the shepherd, his employers as the sheep. I
+believe this attitude of his confirmed my destiny, for I said, without
+hesitation:
+
+"Oh, we'll chance that. When they know what a villain the fellow is,
+they'll turn against him. Besides, we said we'd wait here."
+
+Denny seized on my last words with alacrity. When you are determined
+to do a rash thing, there is great comfort in feeling that you are
+already committed to it by some previous act or promise.
+
+"So we did," he cried. "Then that settles it, Hogvardt."
+
+"His lordship certainly expressed that intention," observed Watkins,
+appearing at this moment with a large loaf of bread and a great
+pitcher of milk. I eyed these viands.
+
+"I bought the house and its contents," said I. "Come along."
+
+Watkins's further researches produced a large chunk of native cheese;
+and when he had set this down, he remarked:
+
+"In a pen behind the house, close to the kitchen windows, there are
+two goats; and your lordship sees there, on the right of the front
+door, two cows tethered."
+
+I began to laugh, Watkins was so wise and solemn.
+
+"We can stand a siege, you mean?" I asked. "Well, I hope it won't come
+to that."
+
+Hogvardt rose, and began to move round the hall, examining the weapons
+that decorated the walls. From time to time he grunted disapprovingly;
+the guns were useless, rusted, out of date, and there was no
+ammunition for them. But when he had almost completed his circuit,
+he gave an exclamation of satisfaction, and came to me, holding an
+excellent modern rifle and a large cartridge case.
+
+"See!" he grunted, in huge satisfaction. "C.S. on the stock, I suspect
+you can guess whose it is, my lord."
+
+"This is very thoughtful of Constantine," observed Denny, who was
+employing himself in cutting imaginary lemons in two with a fine
+damascened scimiter that he had taken from the wall.
+
+"As for the cows," said I, "perhaps they will carry them off."
+
+"I think not," said Hogvardt, taking an aim with the rifle through the
+window.
+
+I looked at my watch. It was five minutes past six.
+
+"Well, we can't go now," said I. "It's settled. What a comfort!" I
+wonder if I had ever in my heart meant to go!
+
+The next hour passed very quietly. We sat smoking pipes and cigars,
+and talking in subdued tones. The recollection of the dead man in
+the adjoining room sobered the excitement to which our position would
+otherwise have given occasion. Indeed, I suppose that I, at least, who
+had led the rest into this _imbroglio_ through my whim, should have
+been utterly overwhelmed by the burden on me. But I was not. Perhaps
+Hogvardt's assumption of responsibility relieved me; perhaps I was too
+full of anger against Constantine to think of the risks we ourselves
+ran; and I was more than half persuaded that the revelation of what he
+had done would rob him of his power to hurt us. Moreover, if I might
+judge from the words I heard on the road, we had on our side an ally
+of uncertain, but probably considerable, power, in the sweet-voiced
+girl whom the old woman called the Lady Euphrosyne; and she would not
+support her uncle's murderer even though he were her cousin.
+
+Presently Watkins carried me off to view his pen of goats, and, having
+passed through the lofty, flagged kitchen, I found myself in a sort of
+compound formed by the rocks. The ground had been levelled for a few
+yards, and the cliffs rose straight to the height of ten or twelve
+feet; from the top of this artificial bank they ran again, in wooded
+slopes, toward the peak of the mountain. I followed their course
+with my eye, and five hundred or more feet above us, just beneath the
+summit, I perceived a little wooden _chalet_ or bungalow. Blue smoke
+issued from the chimneys, and, even while we looked, a figure came out
+of the door and stood still in front of it, apparently looking down
+toward the house.
+
+"It's a woman," I pronounced.
+
+"Yes, my lord. A peasant's wife, I suppose."
+
+"I dare say," said I. But I soon doubted Watkins's opinion--in the
+first place, because the woman's dress did not look like that of
+a peasant woman; and, secondly, because she went into the house,
+appeared again, and levelled at us what was, if I mistook not, a large
+pair of binocular glasses. Now, such things were not likely to be
+in the possession of the peasants of Neopalia. Then she suddenly
+retreated, and through the silence of those still slopes we heard the
+door of the cottage closed with violence.
+
+"She doesn't seem to like the look of us," said I.
+
+"Possibly," suggested Watkins, with deference, "she did not expect to
+see your lordship here."
+
+"I should think that's very likely, Watkins," said I.
+
+I was recalled from the survey of my new domains--my satisfaction in
+the thought that they were mine survived all the disturbing features
+of the situation--by a call from Denny. In response to it I hurried
+back to the hall, and found him at the window, with Constantine's
+rifle rested on the sill.
+
+"I could pick him off pat," said Denny, laughingly, and he pointed to
+a figure which was approaching the house. It was a man riding a stout
+pony. When he came within about two hundred yards of the house he
+stopped, took a leisurely look, and then waved a white handkerchief.
+
+"The laws of war must be observed," said I, smiling. "This is a
+flag of truce." And I opened the door, stepped out, and waved my
+handkerchief in return. The man, reassured, began to mop his brow with
+the flag of truce, and put his pony to a trot. I now perceived him to
+be the innkeeper Vlacho, and a moment later he reined up beside me,
+giving an angry jerk at his pony's bridle.
+
+"I have searched the island for you," he cried. "I am weary and hot.
+How came you here?"
+
+I explained to him briefly how I had chanced to take possession of my
+house, and added, significantly:
+
+"But has no message come to you from me?"
+
+He smiled with equal meaning as he answered:
+
+"No. An old woman came to speak to a gentleman who is in the village."
+
+"Yes, to Constantine Stefanopoulos," said I with a nod.
+
+"Well, then, if you will, to the Lord Constantine," he admitted, with
+a careless shrug; "but her message was for his ear only. He took her
+aside, and they talked alone."
+
+"You know what she said, though."
+
+"That is between my Lord Constantine and me."
+
+"And the young lady knows it, I hope--the Lady Euphrosyne?"
+
+Vlacho smiled broadly.
+
+"We could not distress her with such a silly tale," he answered; and
+he leant down toward me. "Nobody has heard the message but the lord
+and one man he told it to; and nobody will. If that old woman spoke,
+she--well, she knows, and will not speak."
+
+"And you back up this murderer?" I cried.
+
+"Murderer?" he repeated, questioningly. "Indeed, sir, it was an
+accident, done in hot blood. It was the old man's fault, because he
+tried to sell the island."
+
+"He did sell the island," I corrected. "And a good many other people
+will hear of what happened to him."
+
+He looked at me again, smiling.
+
+"If you shouted in the hearing of every man in Neopalia, what would
+they do?" he asked, scornfully.
+
+"Well, I should hope," I returned, "that they'd hang Constantine to
+the tallest tree you've got here."
+
+"They would do this," he said, with a nod; and he began to sing softly
+the chant I had heard the night before.
+
+I was disgusted at his savagery, but I said coolly:
+
+"And the lady?"
+
+"The lady believes what she is told, and will do as her cousin bids
+her. Is she not his affianced wife?"
+
+"The deuce she is!" I cried in amazement, fixing a keen scrutiny on
+Vlacho's face. The face told me nothing.
+
+"Certainly," he said, gently. "And they will rule the island
+together."
+
+"Will they, though?" said I. I was becoming rather annoyed. "There are
+one or two obstacles in the way of that. First, it's my island."
+
+He shrugged his shoulders again. "That," he seemed to say, "is not
+worth answering." But I had a second shot in the locker for him, and
+I let him have it for what it was worth. I knew it might be worth
+nothing, but I tried it.
+
+"And secondly," I observed, "how many wives does Constantine propose
+to have?"
+
+A hit! A hit! A palpable hit! I could have sung in glee. The fellow
+was dumb-founded. He turned red, bit his lip, scowled fiercely.
+
+"What do you mean?" he blurted out, with an attempt at blustering
+defiance.
+
+"Never mind what I mean. Something, perhaps, that the Lady Euphrosyne
+might care to know. And now, my man, what do you want of me?"
+
+He recovered his composure, and stated his errand with his old, cool
+assurance; but the cloud of vexation still hung heavy on his brow.
+
+"On behalf of the lady of the island--" he began.
+
+"Or shall we say her cousin?" I interrupted.
+
+"Which you will," he answered, as though it were not worth while to
+wear the mask any longer. "On behalf, then, of my Lord Constantine, I
+am to offer you safe passage to your boat, and a return of the money
+you have paid."
+
+"How's he going to pay that?"
+
+"He will pay it in a year, and give you security meanwhile."
+
+"And the condition is that I give up the island?" I asked; and I began
+to think that perhaps I owed it to my companions to acquiesce in this
+proposal, however distasteful it might be to me.
+
+"Yes," said Vlacho; "and there is one other small condition, which
+will not trouble you."
+
+"And what's that? You're rich in conditions."
+
+"You are lucky to be offered any. It is that you mind your own
+business."
+
+"I came here for the purpose," I observed.
+
+"And that you undertake, for yourself and your companions, on your
+word of honor, to speak not a word of what has passed in the island,
+or of the affairs of the Lord Constantine."
+
+"And if I won't give my word?"
+
+"The yacht is in our hands; Demetri and Spiro are our men; there will
+be no ship here for two months."
+
+The fellow paused, smiling at me. I took the liberty of ending his
+period for him.
+
+"And there is," I said, returning the smile, "as we know by now, a
+particularly sudden and fatal form of fever in the island."
+
+"Certainly; you may chance to find that out," said he.
+
+"But is there no antidote?" I asked; and I showed him the butt of my
+revolver in the pocket of my coat.
+
+"It may keep it off for a day or two; not longer. You have the bottle
+there, but most of the drug is with your baggage at the inn."
+
+His parable was true enough; we had only two or three dozen cartridges
+apiece.
+
+"But there is plenty of food for Constantine's rifle," said I,
+pointing to the muzzle of it, which protruded from the window.
+
+He suddenly became impatient.
+
+"Your answer, sir?" he demanded, peremptorily.
+
+"Here it is," said I. "I'll keep the island, and I'll see Constantine
+hanged."
+
+"So be it, so be it!" he cried. "You are warned; so be it!" and
+without another word he turned his pony and trotted rapidly off down
+the road. And I went back to the house, feeling, I must confess, not
+in the best of spirits. But when my friends heard all that had passed,
+they applauded me, and we made up our minds to "see it through," as
+Denny said.
+
+That day passed quietly. At noon we carried the old lord out of his
+house, having wrapped him in a sheet, and we dug for him as good a
+grave as we could, in a little patch of ground that lay outside the
+windows of his own chapel, a small erection at the west end of the
+house. There he must lie for the moment. This sad work done, we came
+back, and--so swift are life's changes--we killed a goat for dinner,
+and watched Watkins dress it. Thus the afternoon wore away, and when
+evening came we ate our goat flesh, and Hogvardt milked our cows, and
+we sat down to consider the position of the garrison.
+
+But the evening was hot, and we adjourned out of doors, grouping
+ourselves on the broad marble pavement in front of the door.
+Hogvardt had just begun to expound a very elaborate scheme of escape,
+depending, so far as I could make out, on our reaching the other side
+of the island, and finding there a boat, which we had no reason to
+suppose would be there, when Denny raised his hand, saying, "Hark!"
+
+From the direction of the village and the harbor came the sound of a
+horn, blown long and shrill, and echoed back in strange, protracted
+shrieks and groans from the hillside behind us; and following on the
+blast, we heard, low in the distance and indistinct, yet rising and
+falling, and rising again in savage defiance and exultation, the death
+chant that One-eyed Alexander the Bard had made on the death of
+Stefan Stefanopoulos two hundred years ago. For a few minutes we sat
+listening, and I do not think that any of us were very comfortable.
+Then I rose to my feet, and I said:
+
+"Hogvardt, old fellow, I fancy that scheme of yours must wait a
+little. Unless I'm very much mistaken, we're going to have a lively
+evening."
+
+Well, and then we shook hands all round, and went in, and bolted the
+door, and sat down to wait. We heard the death chant through the walls
+now, for it was coming nearer.
+
+(_To be continued._)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: A BROOK IN THE DEPARTMENT OF VAR, FRANCE. FROM A
+PAINTING BY HENRI HARPIGNIES.
+
+In the galleries of the Luxembourg, Paris. First exhibited at the
+Salon of 1888.]
+
+
+
+
+A CENTURY OF PAINTING.
+
+NOTES DESCRIPTIVE AND CRITICAL.--COROT AND THE MODERN PASTORAL.--THE
+MEN OF 1830.--ROUSSEAU, DIAZ, DUPRE, AND DAUBIGNY.--FOUR FIGURE
+PAINTERS OF DIFFERING AIMS.
+
+BY WILL H. LOW.
+
+
+"Pictures?" boasted Turner. "Give me canvas, colors, a room to work
+in, _with a door that will lock_, and it is not difficult to paint
+pictures!" This was the spirit of the older men, against which
+Constable rose in his might. It was the legacy of the past; the
+principle, or the lack of it, which permitted Titian (in a picture now
+in the National Gallery, London) to paint the shadows of his figures
+falling away from the spectator into the picture, and _towards_ the
+setting sun in the background. The return to nature, however, was not
+accomplished at once. It is doubtful, indeed, if a painter can ever
+arrive at a respectable technical achievement without imbibing certain
+conventions which prevent complete submission to nature; absolute
+_naivete_ thus becoming only theoretically possible. Constable, with
+all his independence, dared not throw over all received canons of art.
+And Gericault, while daring to paint a modern theme, daring still more
+to embody it in forms plausibly like average humanity, and refusing to
+place on a raft in mid-ocean a carefully chosen assortment of antique
+statues, still did not think, apparently, that the heavily marked
+shadows prevalent throughout his picture were never seen under the
+far-reaching arch of the sky, but fell from a studio window. Nor do
+the early pictures by Corot free themselves from the influences of the
+academy at once. In the studies which he bequeathed to the Louvre--two
+tiny canvases on which are depicted the Coliseum and the Castle of St.
+Angelo at Rome--the conventional picking out of detail, the painting
+of separate objects by themselves, without due relation to each other,
+is the effect of early study; and it is only in the as yet timid
+reaching for effect of light and atmosphere that we feel the Corot of
+the future. These studies were painted in 1826; and as late as 1835
+the same influences are manifest in the "Hagar and Ishmael in the
+Desert," a historical landscape of the kind dear to the academies,
+but saved and made of interest by the native qualities of the painter
+struggling to the surface.
+
+Jean Baptiste Camille Corot was born in Paris, July 28, 1796. His
+father was originally a barber; but, marrying a dressmaker, he joined
+forces with his wife to such effect that they became the fashionable
+house of their time; and a "dress from Corot's" found its place in the
+comedies of the early part of the century, very much as the name of
+Worth has been potent in later days. The youth's distaste for business
+(certain unfortunate experiences in selling olive-colored cloth
+leading directly thereto) at length vanquished the parents' opposition
+to his choice of a career; and after a solemn family conclave, it was
+decided that he was to have an allowance of three hundred dollars a
+year, and be free to follow his own inclinations. Procuring materials
+for work, Corot sat him down the same day on the bank of the Seine,
+almost under the windows of his father's shop, and began to paint. It
+is prettily related that one of the shop-women, Mademoiselle Rose by
+name, was the only person of his _entourage_ who sympathized with the
+young fellow, and who came to look at his work to encourage him. Late
+in life the good Corot said: "Look at my first study; the colors are
+still bright, the hour and day remain fixed on the canvas; and only
+the other day Mademoiselle Rose came to see me; and, alas, the old
+maid and the old man, how faded they are!"
+
+[Illustration: JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT. AFTER A PHOTOGRAPH FROM
+LIFE.
+
+This portrait represents "good Papa Corot," as he was universally
+known, at work out of doors.]
+
+It was Corot's good fortune to meet at the start a young landscape
+painter, Michallon, who had lately returned from Rome, where he had
+gone after winning the prize for historical landscape, which then
+formed part of the curriculum of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. Michallon
+died in 1824, when only twenty-eight years old, too soon to have shown
+the fruits of an independent spirit which had already revolted against
+the trammels of the school. Desiring to save Corot from the mistakes
+which he had himself made, he adjured him to remain _naif_, to paint
+nature as he saw it, and to disregard the counsels of those who were
+for the moment in authority. Gentle, almost timid by nature, having
+met so far in life with little but disapproval, Corot disregarded his
+friend's advice at first, and placed himself under the guidance of
+Victor Bertin, a painter then in vogue, and, needless to say, deeply
+imbued with scholastic tradition. In his company Corot made his first
+voyage to Italy, in 1825, and thus came for the first time under the
+true classic influence. The lessons taught in the school of nature,
+where Claude had studied, were those best fitted for the temperament
+of Corot, who has been called "a child of the eighteenth century,
+grown in the midst of that imitation of antiquity so ardent, and so
+often unintelligent, where the Directory copied Athens, and the Empire
+forced itself to imitate Rome." It is a curious and interesting fact
+that when, as in this case, the spirit of classicism reveals itself
+anew, its never-dying influence can be the motive for work as
+fresh and modern as that of Corot. It is also true that the rigid
+enforcement of the study of drawing was a healthy influence on Corot's
+early life. All the pictures of his early period show the most minute
+attention to form and modelling; and when he had finally rid himself
+of the hard manner which it entailed, there remained the substratum of
+a constructive basis upon which his freer brush played at will.
+
+[Illustration: A BY-PATH. FROM A PAINTING BY JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE
+COROT.
+
+One of Corot's later works, and treated with greater freedom than the
+earlier.]
+
+Many years, however, Corot was to wait before the memorable day when
+he bewailed that his complete collection of works had been spoiled, he
+having sold a picture. Living on his modest income, which his father
+doubled when, in 1846, the son was given the cross of the Legion of
+Honor, he was happy with his two loves, nature and painting. Little
+by little he gained a reputation among the artists, especially when,
+after 1835, on his return from a second voyage to Italy, he found
+that the true country of the artist is his native country. After
+that period his works are nearly all French in subject, many of them
+painted in the environs of Paris; though, with his Theocritan spirit,
+he could see the fountain of Jouvence in the woods of Sevres, and for
+him the classic nymph dwelt by the pond at Ville d'Avray. His life was
+long--he died February 22, 1875--and completely filled with his work.
+
+After Corot's death, there was exhibited at the Ecole des Beaux Arts
+in Paris a collection of several hundred of his pictures, and then,
+perhaps for the first time, the genius of the man was profoundly felt.
+To those who were inclined to undervalue the pure, sweet spirit which
+shone through his work, and to complain of the representation of a
+world in which no breeze stronger than a zephyr blew, in which the
+birds always sang, and the shepherd piped to a flock unconscious
+of the existence of wolves, there were shown efforts in so many and
+various directions as to forever silence their reproach of monotony,
+so often directed against Corot's work. There were landscapes, showing
+the gradual emancipation, due to the most sincere study of nature,
+hard and precise, in the early period; vaporous and filled with
+suggestion, as the sentiment of the day and hour represented became
+important to the painter, and his technical mastery became more
+certain in later years. There were figures, none too well drawn from
+the point of view of David or Ingres, but serving, to a painter whose
+interest in atmospheric problems never ceased, as objects around
+which the luminous light of day played, and which were bathed in
+circumambient air.
+
+[Illustration: EARLY MORNING. JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT.
+
+From a painting now in the Louvre. One of the best known of the works
+of the master, executed during the transitional period, when he still
+gave great attention to detail. The original is remarkable for its
+sense of dewy freshness.]
+
+[Illustration: DIANA'S BATH. JEAN BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT.
+
+From a painting in the Museum at Bordeaux.]
+
+[Illustration: A SHALLOW RIVER. FROM A PAINTING BY THEODORE ROUSSEAU.]
+
+With all this variety, however, the true value of Corot's work lies in
+the expression of the spirit of the man himself. It is often possible,
+and it is always theoretically desirable, to separate the personality
+of a painter from his production in any critical consideration of his
+achievement. It is at least only fair to believe that the light which
+shines from so many canvases is the true expression of many a life
+which is clouded to our superficial view. With Corot, however, it
+is impossible to make this separation. Every added detail of his
+life--and they are so numerous that in the difficulty of a choice they
+must remain unrecorded here--gives a new perception of his work. A
+youthful Virgilian spirit to the day of his death, as old at his
+birth as the classic source from which he sprang, he invented a method
+essentially his own, in which to express his new-old message. In our
+work-a-day, materialistic age, like a thrush singing in a boiler-shop,
+he is the quiet but triumphant vindication of the truth that all
+great art has its roots firmly implanted in the earth of Hellenic
+civilization, though its expression may be, as in Corot's case,
+through an art unknown to the Greeks, and even, as in the case of
+the one greater man of this century than Corot--Millet--by the
+presentation of types which the beauty-loving sons of Hellas disdained
+to represent.
+
+Millet's work must be considered later in these papers, but it
+is useful here to make this passing comment, that with Corot he
+represents what is best in our modern art; that the greatest quality
+of our modern art is its steadfast reliance on nature; and that,
+paradoxical as it may seem, they are alike in taking only that from
+nature which is serviceable to the clarity of their expression, being
+in this both at odds with the common practice of modern painting,
+which usually adopts a more servile attitude towards nature. Corot
+painted out of doors constantly; but in the maturity of his art his
+work was only based upon the scene before him, a practice dangerous to
+the student, and fraught with difficulty to the master. In the fever
+of production; in the almost childish joy which the long neglected
+painter felt when dealers and collectors besieged his door; and,
+finally, in the necessity which arose for large sums of money to carry
+on works of charity, which were his only dissipation, and which it
+was his pride to sustain without impairing the patrimony which in
+the course of time he had inherited, and which he left intact to his
+relatives, Corot undoubtedly weakened his legacy to the future by
+over-production. In addition, his work became the prey of unscrupulous
+dealers (as there is nothing easier to imitate superficially than a
+Corot), and the mediocre pictures signed by his name are not always of
+his workmanship. Such works apart, his art has given us a message from
+the purest source of poetry and painting, couched in a language which
+is thoroughly of our time; and in this year, which is the centenary of
+his birth, it can be said that no other painter of the century, save
+the graver Millet, has held fast that which was good in the art of the
+past, and so enriched it by added truth and beauty as Corot. It
+was fitting that when he lay dying as cheerfully as he had lived,
+contented that he had "had good parents and good friends," beautiful
+landscapes flitted before his eyes, "more beautiful than painting."
+On the morning of February 22, 1875, his servant urged him to eat
+to sustain his strength; but he gently shook his head, saying: "Papa
+Corot will breakfast in heaven to-day."
+
+[Illustration: THE EDGE OF THE FOREST (FONTAINEBLEAU). FROM A PAINTING
+BY THEODORE ROUSSEAU.]
+
+Eighteen years before, on December 22, 1867, there had died at
+Barbizon, Theodore Rousseau, who, born in Paris, July 15, 1812, had
+been the leader of the revolution in landscape painting, in which we
+to-day count Corot, Daubigny, Dupre, Troyon, Diaz, Jacque, and others
+who, with our mania for classification, we call the "Barbizon school."
+The fact that these men, more than any painters before their time,
+had, by direct study from nature, developed strongly individual
+characteristics, makes this title, localized as it is by the name of a
+village with which a number of them had slight, if any, connection,
+a misnomer. The French name for the group, "the men of 1830," is more
+correct; for it was about that time that their influence in the Salon
+began to be felt, as a result of the pictorial invasion of Constable.
+Lacking the poetic feeling of Corot, and more realistic in his aims,
+though not always in result, Rousseau met with instant success when
+he exhibited for the first time at the Salon in 1834. His picture,
+"Felled Trees, Forest of Compiegne," received a medal, and was
+purchased by the Due d'Orleans. The following year the jury, presided
+over by Watelet, a justly forgotten painter, refused Rousseau's
+pictures, and from that time until 1849, when the overthrow of Louis
+Philippe had opened the Salon doors to all comers, no picture by
+Rousseau was exhibited at the Salon.
+
+[Illustration: ON THE RIVER OISE. FROM A PAINTING BY CHARLES FRANCOIS
+DAUBIGNY.
+
+A typical French river, with the familiar figures of peasant women
+washing linen in the stream. Probably painted during one of the
+voyages of his house-boat studio "Le Bottin," in which the painter
+passed many summers.]
+
+[Illustration: THE STORMY SEA. FROM A PAINTING BY JULES DUPRE.
+
+This powerful picture gives an idea of the dramatic force of one who
+has been fitly termed a symphonic painter.]
+
+[Illustration: A SUNLIT GLADE. FROM A PAINTING BY LEON GERMAIN
+PELOUSE.
+
+A remarkable rendering of intricate detail without sacrifice of
+general effect, this picture, nevertheless, gives somewhat the
+impression of a photograph from nature.]
+
+In the meantime, however, Rousseau's fame had grown, fostered by the
+more advanced critics of the time. He lived at Barbizon, on the border
+of the forest of Fontainebleau; and, basing his work on the most
+uncompromising study of nature, his pictures bore an impress of simple
+truth, which to our latter-day vision seems so obvious and easily
+understood that nothing could show more clearly the depth of error
+into which his opponents had fallen than the systematic rejection
+of his work for so many years. He was by nature a leader, and in his
+country home he was soon joined by Millet and Charles Jacque, while in
+Paris he had the hearty support of Delacroix and his followers of the
+Romantic school. While forced by circumstances to find allies in these
+men, Rousseau had, however, but little of the imaginative temperament.
+He was, above all, the close student of natural phenomena. He sat,
+an impartial recorder of the phases of nature's triumphal procession.
+Early and late, in the fields, among the rocks, or under the trees
+of the forest, his cunning hand noted an innumerable variety of facts
+which before him, through ignorance or disdain, the landscape painter
+had never seen. It is but fair to say that, like all pioneers in the
+untrodden fields of art, his means of expression at times failed to
+keep pace with his intention. His work is occasionally overburdened
+with detail, through the embarrassment of riches which nature poured
+at his feet. Then, heir to the processes of painting of former
+generations, it seemed to him necessary to endow nature with a warmth
+of coloring, an abuse of the richer tones of the palette, which we may
+presume he would have discarded but for the fact already noted, that
+a painter carries through his earthly pilgrimage a baggage of
+early-formed habits difficult to throw off _en route_. The belief that
+color to be beautiful must of necessity be warm, rich, and deep in
+tone was shared by all painters of Rousseau's time, and lingers still
+in the minds of many, despite the fact that nature has created the
+tea-rose as well as the orange. When, however, Rousseau was completely
+successful--as, for instance, in the "Hoar-frost," in the Walters
+gallery in Baltimore--the reward of his painstaking methods was
+measurably great. In such works as this the rendition of effect, the
+certainty of modelling, the sustained power throughout the work,
+lift it beyond mere transcription of fact into the realm of typical
+creations which appear more true than average reality.
+
+[Illustration: A SHEPHERD AND HIS FLOCK. FROM A PAINTING BY CHARLES
+EMILE JACQUE.
+
+A typical example of the master, solidly painted, though, as was often
+his habit, somewhat forced in effect.]
+
+Of the life of Rousseau as the head of the little colony of painters
+who for longer or shorter periods resided at Barbizon, much could
+be said if space permitted. It is pleasant to think that the more
+prosperous Rousseau helped with purse and influence his comrades, and
+that, by nature sad and irritable, he was always considerate of them
+in the many discussions which took place. Corot, ill at ease in the
+revolutionary atmosphere, made an occasional appearance. Diaz, he of
+meridional extraction, turbulent and emphatic, stamped his wooden leg,
+and was as illogical in debate as in painting. Charles Jacque, with
+the keen smile and the facility for absorbing ideas from the best of
+them; Ziem even, who painted Venice for some years in the shades of
+Fontainebleau; Dupre, whose nature expresses itself in deep sunsets
+gleaming through the oaks of the forest; Daubigny, the youngest of the
+group, and the more immediate forerunner of landscape as it is to-day,
+then winning his first success; Decamps, who later sometimes left
+the Imperial Court, domiciled for the moment at the palace of
+Fontainebleau, and brought his personality of a great painter who
+failed through lack of elementary instruction, among them; Daumier,
+the great caricaturist, and possibly greater painter, but for the
+engrossing character of the work which first fell in his way--all
+these and more made up the constantly shifting group. The first
+innkeeper of the place and his wife, whose hyphenated name,
+Luniot-Ganne, commemorated their union, kept for many years on the
+walls, the panels of the doors, and on odd cabinets and bits of
+furniture, _souvenirs_ of the passage of all these men, in the shape
+of sketches made by their hands. This little museum, created in
+sportive mood, bore all these names and many more, those of men, often
+celebrated, who from sympathy or curiosity visited the place. Millet
+was in life, as in art, somewhat apart in the later years; but he was
+the consistent friend of Rousseau, whose life closed in the darkness
+of a disordered mind.
+
+[Illustration: "THE MAN WITH THE LEATHERN BELT." PORTRAIT OF GUSTAVE
+COURBET AS A YOUNG MAN, BY HIMSELF.
+
+From the original, in the Louvre.]
+
+Narcisco Virgilio Diaz de la Pena was the noble name of him who, born
+at Bordeaux in 1807, the son of a Spanish refugee, died at Mentone,
+November 18, 1876. Left an orphan when very young, he drifted to
+Paris, and found work, painting on china, in the manufactory at
+Sevres. Here he met Dupre, employed like himself; and in their work in
+other fields it is not fanciful to feel the influence of the delight
+in rich translucent color, of the tones employed with over-emphasis
+on the surface of _faience_. After a bitter acquaintance with poverty,
+Diaz produced work which brought him great popularity. The earlier
+pictures were studies in the forest of Fontainebleau, whose venerable
+tree-trunks, moss-grown; whose lichen-covered rocks, and gleaming
+pools reflecting the sky, he rendered with force of color and strength
+of effect. Gradually he began to attempt the figure, which in his
+hands never attained a higher plane than an assemblage of charming
+though artificial color; and these little _bouquets_, which
+superficially imitated Correggio, Da Vinci, or Prud'hon, as the fancy
+seized the painter, bathed in a color that is undeniably agreeable,
+were and are to this day loved by the collector. Of a whimsical
+temperament, Diaz was the life of artist gatherings; and his facility
+in work, and its popularity, gave him the means of doing many generous
+acts, the memory of which lives. But of the group of men of his time,
+he has exercised, perhaps, the least influence.
+
+[Illustration: THE STONE-BREAKERS. FROM A PAINTING BY GUSTAVE COURBET.
+
+One of Courbet's early pictures, which, when exhibited at the Salon,
+excited considerable discussion, certain adverse critics finding in it
+an appeal to the socialistic elements. It represents a scene common in
+France, where stones are piled by the roadsides, to be broken up for
+repairing the route.]
+
+Jules Dupre rises to a higher plane. But his work, freed from the
+colder academical bondage, is pitched in a key of color which takes us
+to a world where the sun shines through smoke; where the clouds float
+heavily, filled with inky vapors; and the light shoots from behind the
+trees explosively. It is a grave, rhythmic world, however; and if it
+lacks the dewy atmosphere of Corot, it has an intensity which the more
+sanely balanced painter seldom reached. Dupre, born at Nantes in 1812,
+and dying near Paris, at the village of L'Isle-Adam, in 1889, made
+his first important exhibit at the Salon in 1835, after a visit
+to England, where he met Constable. This picture, "Environs of
+Southampton," was typical of the work he was to do. A long waste of
+land near the sea, the middle distance in deepest shadow, and richly
+colored storm-clouds racing overhead; the foreground in sunlight,
+enhanced by the artificial contrast of the rest of the picture; a
+wooden dyke on which, together with two white horses near by, the
+gleam of sunlight falls almost with a sound, so intensified is all the
+effect, make up the picture. Dupre's work is generally keyed up to
+the highest possible pitch, and it is no little merit that, with the
+constant insistence on this note, it is seldom or never theatrical.
+
+Constant Troyon, from sympathy of aim, is commonly included in this
+group, although it was gradually, and after success achieved in
+landscape, that his more powerful cattle pictures were produced, which
+alone entitle him to the place. Born at Sevres in 1810, where his
+father was employed at the manufactory of porcelain, he was thrown in
+contact with Dupre and Diaz. He first exhibited at the Salon in 1832,
+and for nearly twenty years was known as a landscape painter. His work
+at that time was eclectic, sufficiently in touch with Rousseau, whose
+acquaintance he had made, to be of interest, but never revolutionary
+enough to alarm the academical juries of the Salon. In 1849, after
+a visit to Holland, he turned his attention to animal painting, and
+became in that field the first of his time. In common with his quondam
+comrades in the porcelain manufactory, Troyon delighted in warmth and
+richness of tone and color; but in the rendering of the texture and
+color of cattle the quality availed him greatly, and as objects in his
+foreground the landscape environment gained in depth by its judicious
+use. Troyon will be chiefly remembered by the pictures painted from
+1846 to 1858. The later years of his life, until his death in 1865,
+were passed with a clouded intellect.
+
+[Illustration: THE GOOD SAMARITAN. FROM A PAINTING BY THEODULE RIBOT.
+
+From the Salon of 1870; now in the Luxembourg. The story of the man
+who went down to Jericho and fell among thieves is here treated as a
+pretext for a forcible effect of light and shade, though it is also a
+novel and dramatic presentation of the scene.]
+
+The youngest of the group proper was Charles Francois Daubigny, who
+was born in Paris in 1817, and died there in 1878. He was the son of
+a well-known miniature painter, and passed his youth in the country,
+where he imbibed the love for simple nature which he afterwards
+rendered with less of fervor than Rousseau, with less poetry than
+either Corot or Dupre; but, in his way, with as much or more of truth.
+His task was easier. In the progress which landscape painting had
+made, there were hosts of younger painters, each adding a particle
+of truth, each making an advance in technical skill and daring,
+and Daubigny profited by it all. Corot, it is true, had never been
+afflicted with the preoccupation of combining the freshness of nature
+with the _patine_ with which ages had embrowned the old gallery
+pictures; but Daubigny, looking at nature with a more literal eye than
+Corot, ran a gamut of color greater than he. It was Daubigny who said
+of Corot, in envious admiration: "He puts nothing on the canvas, and
+everything is there." His own more prosaic nature took delight in
+enregistering a greater number of facts. Floating quietly down the
+rivers of France in a house-boat, he diligently reproduced the sedgy
+banks, the low-lying distances the poplars and clumps of trees lining
+the shore, and reflected in the waters. He painted the "Springtime,"
+now in the Louvre, with lush grass growing thick around the apple
+trees in blossom; with tender greens, soft, fleecy clouds, and the
+moist, humid atmosphere of France; without preoccupation of rich
+color, of "brown sauce," of "low tone," of the thousand and one
+conventions which have enfeebled the work of men stronger than he.
+Thus he fills a middle place between the men who made an honest effort
+at painting nature as they saw and felt it, but could not altogether
+rid themselves of their early education, and the lawless band who,
+with the purple banner of impressionism, now riot joyously in the
+fields, with brave show of gleaming color, and fearless attempt to
+enlist science in their ranks.
+
+[Illustration: SERVANT AT THE FOUNTAIN. FROM A PAINTING BY FRANCOIS
+SAINT BONVIN.
+
+From the Salon of 1863; now in the Luxembourg galleries. A quiet
+scene, essentially French from the type of the woman to the "fountain"
+of red copper so often seen in French kitchens, it recalls the work
+of the old Holland masters, and proves that, in our day, and with
+material near at hand, one can be thoroughly modern, and yet claim
+kinship with the great painters of the past.]
+
+It is to these latter that the future must look, and it can do so with
+confidence. In all the license which runs ahead of progress there
+is less danger than resides in stagnation. The men of 1830, who by
+ungrateful youths are now derided, had their turn at derision, and
+extravagances were committed in their name, according to the
+beliefs of their time. They carried their work, however, to its full
+completion, and it remains the greatest achievement of this century
+in painting, the greatest in landscape art of all time. What the
+next century may bring is undoubtedly foreshadowed in the work of
+impressionistic tendency. It has the merit of being a new direction,
+one as yet hardly opened before us, but more hopeful, despite certain
+excesses, than it would be to see the men of our time settle down to
+an imitation of the works, however great, of those men of 1830. The
+immediate effect of their example was and can still be seen in the
+works of men too numerous to be enregistered here.
+
+[Illustration: AN UNHAPPY FAMILY. FROM A PAINTING BY NICOLAS FRANCOIS
+OCTAVE TASSAERT.
+
+In the Luxembourg catalogue, to which museum the picture came from
+the Salon of 1850, is printed a long quotation from Lamennais's "Les
+Paroles d'un Croyant" (The Words of a Believer), an emphatic work,
+of great popularity about the time that the picture was painted. The
+women represented, having fallen into poverty, are suffering from cold
+and hunger, the obvious end of the tragedy being explained by these
+words, "Shortly after there were seen two forms, luminous like souls,
+which took their flight towards Heaven." The picture, like much of
+Tassaert's work, affords an instance of misguided and morbid talent.]
+
+In Henri Harpignies, a living painter, though now aged, the influence
+is felt in the careful attention to form throughout the landscape.
+The delicate branching of trees is depicted in his work with accuracy
+tempered by a sense of the beauty of line, which prevents it from
+becoming photographic. Leon Germain Pelouse, who was born at Pierrelay
+in 1838, and died in Paris, 1891, carried somewhat the same qualities
+to excess. His pictures, though undeniably excellent, are marred by
+the dangerous facility which degenerates into mere virtuosity.
+Charles Jacque, who was born in 1813, and lived until 1894, was of the
+original group living for many years in Barbizon. He was, perhaps, of
+less original mind than any of the others, but was gifted with a power
+of assimilation which enabled him to form an eclectic style that is
+now recognized as his own. His pictures are many in number and varied
+in character, though his somewhat stereotyped pictures of sheep, done
+in the later years of his life, are best known.
+
+The limits of space render it difficult to make even a summary
+enumeration of certain tendencies in figure painting which marked the
+years of the growth of this great landscape school. Gustave Courbet
+(born at Ornans in 1819, died in Switzerland, 1877), who might be
+classed both as a figure and a landscape painter, would demand by
+right a longer consideration than can be here given. Of his career as
+a champion of realism, as a past master in the peculiarly modern art
+of keeping one's self before the public, culminating in his connection
+with the Commune in Paris in 1871, and the destruction of the column
+in the Place Vendome, there could be much to say. Courbet was, as
+a painter, a powerful individuality; of more force, however, as a
+painter of the superficial envelope than of the deeper qualities which
+nature makes pictorial at the bidding of one of finer fibre. His claim
+to be considered modern can be contested, inasmuch as it was only in
+subject that his work was novel. In manner of painting he was of a
+time long past, of a school of greater masters than he showed himself
+to be. With this reserve, however, as a vigorous painter, both of the
+figure and landscape, he is interesting; and as one of the first to
+look about him and find his subjects in our daily life, his work will
+live.
+
+Curiously enough, the revival of the art of another epoch in the case
+of Saint Bonvin remained absolutely modern. By nature or by choice
+this painter (born at Vaugirard, near Paris, in 1817, and dying at
+St. Germain-en-Laye in 1887) is a modern Pieter de Hooghe; and as
+the Dutch masters addressed themselves to a painstaking and sincere
+representation of the life about them, in like manner Bonvin, bringing
+to his work much the same qualities, choosing as his subjects quiet
+interiors, with the life of the family pursuing its even tenor (or the
+still more placid progress of conventual life, like the "Ave Maria
+in the Convent of Aramont," in the Luxembourg), remains himself while
+resembling his prototypes. It is instructive to look at his "Servant
+at the Fountain," reproduced here, compare it with many of the
+pictures of familiar life like those of Wilkie, Webster, or Mulready,
+published last month, and note the unconsciousness of the work before
+us.
+
+The work of a painter equally able, though suffering somewhat as
+representing an art with which we moderns have little sympathy, falls
+into comparison here, and undoubtedly loses by it. The unfortunate
+painter, Octave Tassaert, who was born in Paris in 1800, and lived
+there, undergoing constant privation, until he voluntarily ended his
+life in 1874, possibly found consolation for his hard lot in depicting
+scenes like that entitled "An Unhappy Family."
+
+The lesson of the art of the men considered here is that of direct
+inspiration of nature, of reliance on native qualities rather than
+those acquired; and the impulse given by them has continued in force
+until to day. We have before us, as a consequence, two strongly
+defined tendencies which will control the future of painting. The
+first and strongest, for the moment, is the impressionistic tendency,
+with its negation of any pictorial qualities other than those based on
+direct study from objects actually existing. This would, if carried
+to a logical conclusion, eliminate the imaginative quality, and render
+the painter a human photographic camera. The other tendency is that
+which has existed since art was born, and which, though temporarily
+and justly ignored in periods when it is necessary to recreate a
+technical standard, always comes to the surface when men have learned
+their trade as painters. It is the desire to create; the instinct
+which impels one to use the language given him to express thought. The
+two tendencies are not incompatible; and in the end the artist will
+arise who, with certainty of expression, will express thought.
+
+
+
+
+"SOLDIER AN' SAILOR TOO."
+
+BY RUDYARD KIPLING,
+
+AUTHOR OF "BARRACK-ROOM BALLADS," "THE JUNGLE BOOK," ETC.
+
+
+As I was spittin' into the Ditch aboard o' the "Crocodile,"
+I seed a man on a man-o'-war got up in the Reg'lars' style.
+'E was scrapin' the paint from off of 'er plates, an' I sez to 'im:
+           "Oo are you?"
+Sez 'e: "I'm a Jolly--'er Majesty's Jolly--soldier an' sailor too!"
+  _Now 'is work begins by Gawd knows when, and 'is work is never
+           through--
+  'E isn't one o' the Regular line, nor 'e isn't one of the crew--
+  'E's a kind of a giddy herumfrodite--soldier an' sailor too_!
+
+An' after I met 'im all over the world, a-doin' all kinds o' things,
+Like landin' 'isself with a Gatling-gun to talk to them 'eathen kings;
+'E sleeps in an 'ammick instead of a cot, an' 'e drills with the deck
+           on a slue,
+An' 'e sweats like a Jolly--'er Majesty's Jolly--soldier an' sailor too!
+  _For there isn't a job on the top o' the earth the beggar don't
+           know--nor do!
+  You can leave 'im at night on a bald man's 'ead to paddle 'is own
+           canoe;
+  'E's a sort of a bloomin' cosmopolot--soldier an' sailor too_.
+
+We've fought 'em on trooper, we've fought em in dock, an' drunk with
+           'em in betweens,
+When they called us the sea-sick scull'ry maids, an' we called 'em the
+           Ass Marines;
+But when we was down for a double fatigue, from Woolwich to Bernardmyo,
+We sent for the Jollies--'er Majesty's Jollies--soldier an' sailor too!
+  _They think for 'emselves, an they steal for 'emselves, an' they never
+           ask what's to do,
+  But they're camped an fed an' they're up an' fed before our bugle's
+           blew.
+  Ho! they ain't no limpin procrastitutes--soldier an' sailor too_!
+
+You may say we are fond of an 'arness cut or 'ootin' in barrick-yards,
+Or startin' a Board School mutiny along o' the Onion Guards;
+But once in a while we can finish in style for the ends of the earth to
+           view,
+The same as the Jollies--'er Majesty's Jollies--soldier an' sailor too.
+  _They come of our lot, they was brothers to us, they was beggars we'd
+           met and knew;
+  Yes, barrin' an inch in the chest an' the arms, they was doubles o'
+           me and you,
+  For they weren't no special chrysanthemums--soldier an' sailor too_.
+
+To take your chance in the thick of a rush with firing all about
+Is nothing so bad when you've cover to 'and, and leave an' likin' to
+           shout;
+But to stand an' be still to the "Birken'ead" drill is a damn tough
+           bullet to chew,
+And they done it, the Jollies--'er Majesty's Jollies--soldier an'
+           sailor too.
+  _Their work was done when it 'adn't begun, they was younger nor me an
+           you;
+  Their choice it was plain between drownin in 'eaps an bein mashed by
+           the screw,
+  An' they stood an' was still to the "Birken'ead" drill, soldier an
+           sailor too_!
+
+We're most of us liars, we're 'arf of us thieves, an' the rest are as
+           rank as can be,
+But once in a while we can finish in style (which I 'ope it won't
+          'appen to me);
+But it makes you think better o' you an' your friends an' the work you
+          may 'ave to do
+When you think o' the sinkin' "Victorier's" Jollies--soldier an' sailor
+          too.
+  _Now there isn't no room for to say you don't know--they 'ave settled
+          it plain and true--
+  That whether it's Widow or whether it's ship, Victorier's work is to
+          do,
+  As they done it, the Jollies--'er Majesty's Jollies--soldier an sailor
+          too_!
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+RACHEL.
+
+BY MRS. E.V. WILSON,
+
+AUTHOR OF "BARBARY," "A BLIZZARD," AND OTHER STORIES.
+
+
+It was the middle of a short December afternoon. From the scholars in
+the little log school-house in the Stillman district rose a buzzing
+sound as they bent over their desks, intent on books or mischief, as
+the case might be. The teacher, a good-looking young man of twenty or
+thereabouts, was busy with a class in arithmetic when a shrill voice
+called out:
+
+"Teacher, Rachel Stillman's readin' a story-book."
+
+"Bring the book to me," said the teacher quietly; and the delinquent,
+a girl of about fourteen, slowly rose and, walking to him, placed a
+much-worn volume in his hands.
+
+"Why," he said, glancing at the open page, "it is 'The Pilgrim's
+Progress.' No wonder you are interested. But you must not read it
+during school hours."
+
+The child lifted to his face a pair of large blue eyes, beautiful with
+timid wistfulness, as she replied:
+
+"I know I oughtn't, sir, but I wanted to see how they got out of
+Doubting Castle so bad."
+
+He smiled. "I will give you the book after school; then you can read
+it at home."
+
+"Oh, no," she whispered; "father won't let me read story-books."
+
+"He surely would not object to this," answered the young teacher; "but
+I will keep it until recess to-morrow, and, never fear, Christian and
+Hopeful will outwit the giant yet."
+
+The wistful eyes brightened, and, with a grateful smile, Rachel
+returned to her desk.
+
+"First class in spelling, take your places," called the teacher.
+
+Rachel belonged to this class, as did all the larger scholars, among
+whom was her brother, Thomas, two years her elder. The teacher had
+promised a prize at the end of the term to the member of the class
+obtaining the greatest number of head marks, and consequently a good
+deal of interest was taken in the lessons.
+
+Rachel had been at the head of the class the evening before; therefore
+she now took her station at its foot. Tom, her brother, now was
+head, and for some time no change in position was made. But finally
+"somebody blundered," and Rachel, who was one of the good spellers,
+went up in the long line. Presently another word was missed, and now
+Rachel walked to the head. Tom pushed her spitefully.
+
+"Another mark, Rachel," said the teacher, "for that is the end of the
+lesson."
+
+The class resumed their seats, and, a few minutes after, school was
+dismissed for the day.
+
+"Good-evening," said the teacher, as Rachel and a younger sister,
+a pretty, delicate child, passed him at the door. "Now, no worrying
+about Christian, Rachel."
+
+"I won't," she laughed. "I guess he'll get out. Didn't he stand up to
+old Apollyon?"
+
+"Like a good fellow," was the reply. "Hope I'll come off as well."
+
+She looked at him inquiringly, but he had turned toward his desk, and
+the sisters set out on their half-mile walk home.
+
+Let us precede them and see what manner of home it is to which these
+children belong.
+
+The farm is a large one, the buildings substantial, and everything has
+a prosperous, well-to-do look. Mr. Stillman, the owner of these broad
+acres and the father of these three, Tom, Rachel, and Susy, as well
+as of three more girls and another stalwart son, is a stout,
+comfortable-looking man of forty-five or fifty. A glance at his close,
+thin lips and keen gray eyes would convince an observant person that
+he would make it very uncomfortable for any one in his power who might
+differ from him in opinion or dispute his authority. Just now he is
+chatting pleasantly with his hired man, and pays no attention to the
+children, who pass him on the way to the house.
+
+Indoors Mrs. Stillman, a slender, fair-haired woman, who looks as if
+she felt she owed the world an apology for living in it, is preparing
+supper, assisted by her two daughters, Elizabeth, a sad-faced woman
+of twenty-four, and Margaret, a girl of eighteen, with her father's
+determined mouth and chin and her mother's large blue eyes and fair
+hair. The clock struck five as the school-girls entered the kitchen,
+a large room which in winter did duty as dining-room as well as
+cooking-room.
+
+"Run in the sitting-room, girls, and get warm," said the mother.
+"Supper is almost ready."
+
+"Oh, we're not cold; are we, Susy? I got another head mark, mother,"
+said Rachel.
+
+The mother smiled. "I hope you or Tom will get the prize. Where is
+he?" She was interrupted by a stamping of feet as the door was thrown
+open and Mr. Stillman, followed by the hired man and Tom, entered the
+room.
+
+"Supper is ready," said Mrs. Stillman. "We were just going to call
+you."
+
+"Well, I guess it will keep till we're ready," answered her husband,
+roughly. "Rachel, get some water; the bucket's empty, of course.
+Margaret, where's the wash-basin? Nothing in its place, as usual. Pity
+there wasn't two or three more girls lazyin' around!"
+
+Nobody replied to this tirade. The hired man picked up the basin,
+Margaret handed a towel, Rachel brought the water, and soon the family
+were gathered around the well-spread table.
+
+"I tell you," said Mr. Stillman, after a few mouthfuls of the savory
+food had apparently put him in a better humor, "I think we'll have
+fine weather for hog-killin' next week, and I never did have a finer
+lot of hogs."
+
+"Oh, father," said Margaret, "don't butcher next week. Friday is
+Christmas day and--"
+
+"Christmas!" interrupted her father. "Well, we always butcher
+Christmas week, don't we?"
+
+"Yes, I know," she said, her lips trembling in spite of her effort
+to control herself. "But we never have enjoyed the holidays, and I
+thought maybe this year you--"
+
+"We will do this year as we always have," broke in the father,
+angrily. "I suppose", with a look at his wife from which she shrank
+as from a blow, "this is one of your plans to have your girls gadding
+over the country."
+
+"Mother never said anything about it," said Margaret, her temper
+getting the better of her; "but nobody else takes Christmas times to
+do their hardest and dirtiest work."
+
+"Will you hush?" thundered the father. "What do I care what anybody
+else does? I am master here."
+
+No one spoke again. The assertion could not be denied. He was master,
+and well his wife and daughters knew it.
+
+Poor Mrs. Stillman! Two fortunate baby girls had died a few weeks
+after their birth, and the tears that fell over the little coffins
+were not half so bitter as those she shed when first she held their
+innocent faces to her heart. When on this evening the father had shown
+his authority, the two elder daughters rose from the table, and taking
+a couple of large buckets, went quietly out to the barnyard, and
+proceeded to milk the half dozen cows awaiting them.
+
+It was nearly dark and very cold; but no word was spoken except to the
+animals, as the girls hurried through the work and hastened back
+to the kitchen, where Rachel and the mother were clearing away
+the supper-table and making the needful preparations for the early
+breakfast.
+
+When all was finished the mother and daughters entered the large room
+adjoining the kitchen, which served as sitting-room for the family and
+bed-room for the parents, Mr. Stillman not permitting a fire kept
+in any other room in the house. Mrs. Stillman sat down with her
+knitting-work as close in the corner as possible; Elizabeth brought
+in a large basket of rags, and she and Margaret were soon busy sewing
+strips and winding balls for a carpet. The younger children were
+absorbed in their lessons at the table, where the father sat reading
+his newspaper.
+
+All were silent, for to have spoken while father was reading would
+have been an unforgivable offence. At last, however, Mr. Stillman
+lifted his eyes from the paper, and addressing Tom, said: "Well, how
+did you get along at school to-day?"
+
+"Oh, first rate," said the boy; but that lost head mark rankled in his
+mind, and he added, "Rachel was called up by the teacher."
+
+"How was that, Rachel?" said her father sharply. Poor girl!--deep in
+the mysteries of long division, she did not hear him.
+
+"Rachel," he repeated, "what were you called up in school for to-day?"
+
+She glanced reproachfully at Tom. "I read a little in 'The Pilgrim's
+Progress,' father. It's not a story-book--"
+
+"Never mind what it is. I send you to school to study, and you're not
+to touch any but your school-books."
+
+"May I bring it home?" she faltered.
+
+"Bring it home, indeed! No, miss. I guess you can find enough to do at
+home. Not another word more, or you will stay at home for good."
+
+The child bent over her slate; but tears would come, and at last a sob
+burst forth.
+
+"Clear out to bed, Rachel," said her father angrily. "I want no
+snivelling here."
+
+Upstairs, in the cold, dark room, what bitter thoughts surged through
+the childish brain!
+
+Mr. Stillman loved his wife and children. He wanted them to be happy,
+but in his way. He must choose their pleasures. If they could not be
+satisfied with what he chose for them, it was not his fault; it was
+their perversity. And as no two souls are alike, the attempt to fit a
+number of them by the same pattern necessarily caused suffering to the
+souls undergoing the operation.
+
+Mrs. Stillman's sensitive organization was completely crushed; her
+eldest daughter's nearly so. Martha, the second daughter, had escaped
+by marrying a clever young man, who first pitied, then loved the
+daughter of his employer, and persuaded her to elope with him,
+assuring her of a happier home than she had with her father.
+
+The marriage angered Mr. Stillman greatly, and all intercourse with
+the disobedient daughter was forbidden.
+
+Margaret, the third daughter, also rebelled at the fitting process;
+and having a goodly portion of her father's determination, many were
+the sharp words that passed between them.
+
+So far Rachel and Susan had given no trouble. He ordered them about
+as he did his dumb animals, and with no more regard to their feelings.
+With his sons it was different. They would be men some day. They must
+be treated with some consideration. At an early age, John, two years
+older than Elizabeth, was given a share in the stock and land to
+cultivate; so that when, at the age of twenty-four, he married, he had
+a "right good start in the world."
+
+But his sister toiled early and late, washing, ironing, milking,
+churning, baking, nursing the younger children, sharing her mother's
+labors, and paid as her mother was--with her board and a scanty,
+grudgingly given wardrobe. She was now twenty-four, and had never
+had a five-dollar bill to spend as she pleased in her life--for that
+matter, neither had the mother. There are many Mr. Stillmans, "Are
+they honest men?" If father and son have the right to be paid for
+their labor, have not the mother and daughter? I leave the question
+with you.
+
+Rachel carried a heavy heart to school next morning. The tinker's
+wonderful allegory to her was very real, and to leave her hero in that
+awful dungeon was almost more than she could bear. When at recess the
+teacher offered her the book, she did not take it.
+
+"Father said," she began--then sobs choked her utterance. He
+understood, and after a moment's silence said: "I am interested in
+Christian as well as you, Rachel, and if you will sit here I will read
+to you." In all her after life Rachel never forgot these readings at
+intermission, which were continued not only until Christian reached
+the Celestial city, but until Christiana and the children completed
+their wonderful journey to the same place. Her gratitude to her young
+teacher would certainly have become love had she been a few years
+older. As it was, when in March the term closed, not even the prize as
+the best speller--a beautiful copy of "Pilgrim's Progress"--consoled
+her for the cessation of school.
+
+As for the teacher, he was glad the winter's work--which had been
+undertaken and conscientiously carried through solely for the purpose
+of obtaining means to pursue the study of his profession--was over.
+He liked some of his scholars very much, Rachel especially; she was
+so interested in her studies, so intelligent and grateful, that when,
+with eyes swimming in tears, she bade him good-by, he felt a moment's
+sorrow at leaving her, and comforted her by telling her what a good
+girl she had been and that he would not forget her.
+
+"You ought to have seen Rache an' Suse cry when old Gray bid us
+good-by," said Tom that evening at home.
+
+"Did you cry?" asked Margaret.
+
+"Guess not! Glad school's out; an' I'm never goin' any more."
+
+"I wouldn't if I were you, bub," said Margaret; "you know enough now."
+She always called him "bub" when she wanted to vex him, "But old Gray,
+as you call him, will be somebody yet, see if he don't."
+
+The entrance of Mr. Stillman closed the conversation, and Tom went
+out, banging the door after him. No wonder Margaret was getting
+ill-natured.
+
+The winter was a long, dull season at Stillman's. Even her enjoyment
+at the few social gatherings she was permitted to attend in the
+neighborhood was marred by the knowledge that she could not entertain
+her young friends in return. She had attempted once to fix up the
+"spare room" and have a fire for some company, but her father had
+peremptorily forbidden it. "I'd like to know," he said, "why the
+settin'-room ain't good enough! If your company is too nice to be with
+the rest of the family they can stay away, miss."
+
+And "they" generally did stay away after one visit. Mr. Stillman was
+not a success as a host, young people thought; and a young minister
+who came home from meeting one Sunday with Elizabeth was so completely
+abashed by the cool reception he met that not even the daughter's
+pleading eyes could persuade him to remain in her father's presence. A
+few weeks after, he went to a distant appointment; and Elizabeth's sad
+face grew sadder than ever.
+
+Jim Lansing, the son of a widow who managed a farm and two grown sons
+with equal skill, was more successful. He usually brought his mother
+with him; and, while she entertained Mr. and Mrs. Stillman, Jim, the
+girls, and the carpet rags escaped to the kitchen.
+
+But spring was near, and Margaret thought: "He can't keep us out of
+the spare room in summer; and, besides, we can be out-of-doors."
+
+June came, with her blue skies, her singing birds, her wealth of
+beauty. But there was no time at Stillman's to enjoy it. A larger crop
+than usual had been put in, and extra hands employed, but not in the
+house. Why, there were five women, counting frail little ten-year-old
+Susy as one, and poor, delicate Mrs. Stillman as another! What extra
+help could they need, although washing and cooking must be done for
+all the men? You see, "hands" could be got much cheaper if they were
+boarded--and what else had the women to do?
+
+It was true, mother was not as strong as she used to be; but she did
+not complain. She was only more shadowy and quiet; and Mr. Stillman
+told his daughters to "stir around" themselves, and not let their
+mother do all the work.
+
+"Oh, dear," said Margaret one morning, as she and Rachel were bending
+over the wash-tubs, while Susy labored at the heavy churning and the
+mother and Elizabeth were preparing dinner. "I wish we could go to the
+picnic on the Fourth; everybody's going."
+
+"Maybe we can," said Rachel, hopefully. "I heard father say the wheat
+was late this year, and he did not believe it would do to cut before
+the sixth. And oh, Margaret, I heard him say your calf would bring at
+least ten dollars; and if he gives you the money, you can get a new
+white dress and give me your old one. It is lots too small for you."
+
+Margaret laughed. "Yes," she said; "father said if I could raise the
+calf I might have it. Didn't I have a time with it, though, it was so
+near dead! Of course I will fix my old dress up for you--that is, if
+I get the money. Sometimes I think father's queer; he did not give
+Elizabeth the money when he sold that colt he had given her." And both
+girls were silent.
+
+Out in the barnyard, as the girls worked, Mr. Stillman and Tom were
+putting the pretty calf in the wagon preparatory to taking it to the
+butcher in the town a few miles distant. When the girls went in to
+dinner the men had finished theirs, and were lounging in the shady
+yard enjoying their nooning.
+
+As they were about to sit down at the table, Mr. Stillman handed
+Margaret a package, saying, "There's your share of that spotted calf,
+Margaret."
+
+"My share!" she exclaimed. "Why, you gave me the calf; you had no
+right to it."
+
+As she spoke she opened the package and unrolled a piece of cheap
+lawn--yellow ground dotted with blue. She flung it angrily on the
+floor, and ran out of the room.
+
+Mr. Stillman turned to Rachel after a moment of dumb amazement, and
+said: "You can have the dress, Rachel. I'll teach Margaret a lesson."
+
+"I don't want it," she said. "You had no right to take Margaret's
+money. You did give her the calf, and when you sold Tom's pig you gave
+him his money."
+
+"Nice girls you're raising, mother," said Mr. Stillman to his
+frightened wife. "They'll be turning us out of doors next. You pick up
+that lawn, miss."
+
+Rachel did so. As she folded it, he went on: "That calf was mine. I
+only meant to pay her for caring for it."
+
+"You should have told her so, then," said his daughter, facing him
+with eyes keen as his own; "but you told her if she could raise it she
+might have it, and, of course, she believed you."
+
+He raised his hand as if to strike her; then, as she did not move or
+drop her eyes, he turned and left the room.
+
+July came, but the Stillman girls did not go to the picnic. Tom and
+the "hands" did; and Mrs. Lansing and her boys stopped at Stillman's
+on their way and offered the girls seats in their wagon. But Mr.
+Stillman said his women had to get ready for the harvest hands who
+were coming next day, and Margaret said to Rachel bitterly: "We
+have no decent clothes to go in anyhow." And there was much washing,
+ironing, cooking, and churning done as the days went on. No wonder
+Mrs. Stillman grew paler and weaker, until even her husband noticed
+it, and brought her a bottle of bitters, and told the girls to "keep
+mother out of the kitchen," which they indeed tried to do. But how
+could the mother rest when there was so much to do? The girls could
+not manage as she could, and Elizabeth seemed "so poorly;" for the
+patient elder daughter, as the summer dragged along, had a pitifully
+hopeless look on her pale face, and went about listlessly, as if life
+had lost all interest for her.
+
+At last there came a morning when the mother did not rise for
+breakfast.
+
+"Hadn't we better send for Dr. Lewis, father?" said Elizabeth.
+
+"Oh, no; your mother did not sleep much, it was so hot last night.
+She'll be up directly. You keep her out of the kitchen, and see you
+have dinner on time. We want to finish to-day, for I expect we'll have
+a storm, from the feel of the air."
+
+Noon came. Dinner for a dozen hungry men was on the table, and still
+Mrs. Stillman was in bed. While the men were eating, Rachel slipped
+in to her mother. She was awake, but her flushed face and wild, bright
+eyes startled the girl.
+
+"Oh, mother!" she cried, "you are very sick; you must have the
+doctor."
+
+"No, dear," the mother answered; "father is too busy now. I'll be
+better after awhile. You go help wait on the table."
+
+Rachel returned to the dining-room. "Take that fly-brush, Rachel,"
+said her father. "Susy's no account; she's too lazy to keep it going."
+
+Poor, tired little Susy, who had done a large churning that morning,
+crimsoned to the roots of her hair as she handed Rachel the brush and
+hurried out of the room.
+
+When dinner was over Mr. Stillman glared into the room where his wife
+lay. "She is asleep," he said. "I guess she's all right."
+
+"She hasn't eaten a thing to-day," said Rachel. "Hadn't she better
+have the doctor?"
+
+"Well," said her father, impatiently, "if she's no better in the
+morning, I'll send for him;" and he went back to the field.
+
+Rachel went for Mrs. Lansing, for she and her sisters grew frightened
+as the mother's fever increased. When that good woman came she saw at
+once the serious condition of her friend.
+
+"I saw Dr. Lewis coming down the road in his buggy as I came," she
+said. "One of you hurry out and stop him."
+
+When, about five o'clock, the rain began to fall in torrents, Mr.
+Stillman had the satisfaction of seeing the last load of grain driven
+inside the barn door; and, taking off his hat, he wiped the moisture
+from his face, saying: "Well, boys, we beat the rain; and I don't care
+if it pours down now."
+
+He walked toward the house, and, to his surprise, saw the well-known
+figure of Dr. Lewis on the front porch. "Driven in by the rain," he
+thought. "I'll get him to give mother a little medicine."
+
+"How are you, doctor?" he said, as he stepped upon the porch. "Lucky
+getting my wheat in, wasn't I?"
+
+"Very," said the doctor, gravely; "but I am sorry to say I find Mrs.
+Stillman a very sick woman. You should have sent for me long ago." The
+husband was startled.
+
+"Why," he said, "she has been going about until to-day. I guess it's
+this weather has made her so weak. She can't be very sick."
+
+The physician was silent for a moment; then he said: "If there is not
+a change for the better soon, I fear she will live but a few days. I
+cannot understand how she has kept up;" and he turned and went into
+the sick-room.
+
+For once the men at Stillman's ate a cold supper and did the milking.
+Mrs. Lansing took things into her own capable hands. John and his wife
+were sent for and came, and Jim Lansing quietly hitched up a team and
+went for Martha and her husband--poor Martha, who had not seen her
+mother for more than a year!
+
+All night Mr. Stillman watched by the bedside or walked up and down
+the long back porch. It could not be she would die--his wife. It
+was the hot weather; she was just weak and tired. That was it, Mr.
+Stillman--worn out, tired; and rest was coming. When Martha came, the
+mother who had so longed for her did not recognize her.
+
+"Mother, only speak to me!" cried the daughter in anguish; but the
+mother looked at her with dimming eyes that saw no more of earth,
+and muttered as she turned upon her couch, "Hurry, girls, it's nearly
+noon. Hurry! Father will be angry if he has to wait."
+
+Then she grew quiet; only her restless hands, which her daughters
+vainly strove to hold, kept reaching out as if to grasp that unknown
+land she was so soon to enter; and before the sun was high in the
+morning Mrs. Stillman had found rest.
+
+Her husband was stunned. With haggard face he bent over his dead.
+"If I had known," he said. "Oh, my wife, if I had known, I would have
+taken better care of you."
+
+Ah, Mr. Stillman, you are not the only one who with remorseful heart
+cries, "If I had only known, if I had only known!"
+
+Life went on as usual at Stillman's after the mother had left them.
+For a while the father was kinder, but as time went on the old habit
+was resumed. Elizabeth went mechanically about her work, and her
+father did not notice her evidently failing health. Her quietness was
+a relief to him; for Margaret was growing more defiant toward him, and
+quarrelled constantly with Tom, who, now that his mother's influence
+was withdrawn, became more and more meddlesome and overbearing in his
+conduct toward his sisters. The summer following Mrs. Stillman's death
+Mrs. Lansing's eldest son, Frank, took unto himself a wife; and
+late in the fall the neighborhood was electrified by the unexpected
+marriage of Mrs. Lansing and Mr. Stillman. Her boys, on learning her
+intention, had remonstrated; but she said: "You boys do not need me,
+and these girls do. Think of a young girl like Rachel saying, 'God had
+nothing to do with my mother's death. It was hard work killed her!'
+And when I tried to tell her of His goodness to His creatures, she
+said: 'Yes; He is good enough to men. All He cares for women is to
+create them for men's convenience,' And then there's little Susy, with
+a face like her mother's. Why, it just haunts me!"
+
+"Well," said Jim, "things are in a bad fix over there; but it isn't
+Susy's face that haunts me, by any means."
+
+His mother laughed. "I shall take care of Margaret," she said; "she
+and Elizabeth need some one to look after them. They are being worked
+to death."
+
+Four years have slipped over the heads of the Stillmans--years well
+improved by Rachel and Susy at the academy in the town near their
+father's farm; years which gave Margaret's happiness into Jim
+Lansing's keeping, and made Jim a young man of whom his sisters were
+extremely proud. Even Elizabeth's sad face looks as if life might be
+worth living; for, under the second wife, life at Stillman's had taken
+on a different color. The spare room is a pretty sitting-room for the
+young folks.
+
+"We don't want them always with us," says Mrs. Stillman, as she shows
+her husband the change she has made; for one of her peculiarities is
+that she manages her household affairs as she thinks best, taking it
+for granted that her husband will approve. As for Rachel, she enjoyed
+the change for the better; but now, to the bitter feeling which she
+cherished toward her father, was added a touch of contempt "See,"
+she thought, "how he can be flattered into doing things; if my mother
+could have managed him so, she might have lived."
+
+Rachel was mistaken; the new wife did not manoeuvre or flatter, she
+simply took her proper place as mistress of the house--not as a sort
+of upper servant, to be snubbed or praised at the master's humor.
+
+Another summer had been added to Rachel's years when, one evening,
+Tom came home from town, and entering the dining-room, where she was
+preparing the table for supper, exclaimed: "Rachel, do you remember
+old Gray, as I used to call him, who taught our school the winter
+before mother died?"
+
+"Yes," she said, "I remember him. Mother liked him."
+
+"Well, I met him in town to-day. He's on that Sanders case. He knew me
+right off, and he's coming out here this evening; so fix up nice and
+be looking your sweetest. They say he's smart. I heard some of the old
+lawyers talking about him." And Tom caught his sister about the waist
+and waltzed her out on the porch.
+
+"Rachel," said Susy, as in their own room the girls were dressing
+after supper, "you are very hard to please to-night and you seem
+nervous. What ails you?"
+
+Rachel smiled. "I am thinking of old days, that is all," she said. But
+she entered the little parlor, where Tom and the guest were seated, in
+a perfectly self-possessed manner, saying, as she held out her hand:
+
+"Good-evening, teacher. How goes the battle with Apollyon?"
+
+And the young lawyer sprang to his feet, exclaiming: "Rachel! is it
+possible?" and he retained her hand and looked into her eyes so long
+that Susy, who had followed her into the room, and Tom declared that
+he fell in love then and there. However that may be, it is certain Mr.
+Gray showed a wonderful interest in Stillman's district. The trial in
+progress at Meywood was tedious, but his patience did not give out;
+and when some of the lawyers proposed to hold night sessions of
+court he objected earnestly, saying: "It would be too hard on the old
+judge."
+
+But all things must end, and the case was at last decided in favor
+of Mr. Gray's client. As Rachel congratulated him on his victory, he
+said, with a look that brought the color to her face:
+
+"How long must I stay in Doubting Castle, Rachel?"
+
+"Why, dear me," she answered, saucily, "I did not think a promising
+young lawyer, as father calls you, ever got into such a dismal place!"
+
+Then Susy came in, and the young man bade her good-by, but he
+whispered promise of speedy return to Rachel, and as he travelled
+homeward those wonderful eyes of hers seemed to haunt him.
+
+"Who would have thought," he said to himself, "she could have become
+such a woman? No wonder I could not find a girl to suit me when she
+has been my ideal."
+
+You see, he was trying to persuade himself he had thought of her ever
+since that term of school; and it may be, unknown to himself, those
+eyes had held him. At any rate, he says they did; and when, time after
+time, they drew him back to Stillman's, he at last made Rachel believe
+it, and with the little key of promise she delivered him from Doubting
+Castle.
+
+Let us take one more look, two years later, at the Stillman homestead.
+There is a family gathering, and all the girls are present--Martha
+and Margaret, with their sturdy boys and rosy girls; Rachel, with her
+baby; and Susy, a gay young aunt, flits to and fro, playing with and
+teasing the little ones. Elizabeth, with unwonted brightness in her
+eyes, looks on, enjoying the merriment.
+
+"Doesn't it seem odd," whispers Margaret, "that Lizzie's minister
+should come back after all these years."
+
+"Yes," answers Rachel, in the same low tone. "I am so glad. She seems
+so happy."
+
+The husbands are all present in the evening, and the old house is full
+of light and gayety. Rachel slips upstairs to put baby to bed; and as
+she sits in the room where so many miserable hours of her childhood
+were spent, her tears fall, thinking of herself and the dear, patient
+mother, who had suffered and died; and the old bitterness rises in her
+heart. Baby stirs and she hushes him, then lays him gently in the old
+cradle, and goes downstairs. Some impulse prompts her to enter the
+sitting-room instead of the parlor, where she thinks the family are
+all gathered.
+
+As she opens the door she sees her father sitting, as of old, by the
+table on which the lamp is burning, and she half turns to go out;
+but something in his attitude touches her. He is not reading, for the
+newspaper lies untouched--he is looking at something in his hand.
+
+She notices how gray his hair is, and how age is tracing lines on his
+face. "Are you feeling sick, father?" she asks.
+
+"Oh, no," he says. "Look here, Rachel;" and he hands her a faded
+daguerreotype of her mother taken when she was a fair young bride. "I
+was thinking about her."
+
+"How much like Susy," she said, with tears falling on the lovely face.
+
+"Yes, only she was prettier," he answers. "I have been thinking of her
+so much lately, Rachel. I am going to do something that would please
+her. I have bought that pretty little place of Perry's, and I will put
+Martha and her husband on it. Dick's a good industrious fellow; but
+it's hard to make anything on a rented farm, and Martha's worried too
+much. You don't think any of the children will object?" and he looked
+anxiously in her face.
+
+"Object? Why, they will be glad, father!" And dropping her head on his
+shoulder, she puts her arm around him for the first time in her life;
+and as she slips the little daguerreotype in his hand a sweet peace
+fills her heart and she thinks: "The bitterness is gone, and love
+fills its place." After awhile she joins the group in the parlor. They
+are singing to Susy's accompaniment on the organ.
+
+"Sing 'Coronation,' Susy," she says, as she sits down beside her
+husband and glances lovingly in his face.
+
+"What is it?" he whispers. "You are unusually happy."
+
+"Yes," she answers. "I have had a vision of the land of Beulah, where
+Love is king."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTERS FROM A LIFE.
+
+BY ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS,
+
+AUTHOR OF "THE GATES AJAR," "A SINGULAR LIFE," ETC.
+
+THE BURNING OF THE PEMBERTON MILLS.--THE STORY OF "THE TENTH OF
+JANUARY."--WHITTIER AND HIGGINSON.--THE WRITING AND PUBLICATION OF
+"THE GATES AJAR."
+
+
+The town of Lawrence was three miles and a half from Andover. Up to
+the year 1860 we had considered Lawrence chiefly in the light of a
+place to drive to. To the girlish resources which could, in those
+days, only include a trip to Boston at the call of some fate too vast
+to be expected more than two or three times a year, Lawrence offered
+consolations in the shape of dry goods and restaurant ice-cream, and
+a slow, delicious drive in the family carryall through sand flats and
+pine woods, and past the largest bed of the sweetest violets that
+ever dared the blasts of a New England spring. To the pages of the
+gazetteer Lawrence would have been known as a manufacturing town
+of importance. Upon the map of our young fancy the great mills were
+sketched in lightly; we looked up from the restaurant ice-cream to see
+the "hands" pour out for dinner, a dark and restless, but a
+patient, throng; used, in those days, to standing eleven hours and a
+quarter--women and girls--at their looms, six days of the week, and
+making no audible complaints; for socialism had not reached Lawrence,
+and anarchy was content to bray in distant parts of the geography at
+which the factory people had not arrived when they left school.
+
+Sometimes we counted the great mills as we drove up Essex
+Street--having come over the bridge by the roaring dam that tamed
+the proud Merrimac to spinning cotton--Pacific, Atlantic, Washington,
+Pemberton; but this was an idle, aesthetic pleasure. We did not think
+about the mill-people; they seemed as far from us as the coal-miners
+of a vague West, or the down-gatherers on the crags of shores whose
+names we did not think it worth while to remember. One January
+evening, we were forced to think about the mills with curdling horror
+that no one living in that locality when the tragedy happened will
+forget.
+
+At five o'clock the Pemberton Mills, all hands being at the time on
+duty, without a tremor of warning, sank to the ground.
+
+At the erection of the factory a pillar with a defective core had
+passed careless inspectors. In technical language, the core had
+"floated" an eighth of an inch from its position. The weak spot in the
+too thin wall of the pillar had bided its time, and yielded. The roof,
+the walls, the machinery, fell upon seven hundred and fifty living
+men and women, and buried them. Most of these were rescued; but
+eighty-eight were killed. As the night came on, those watchers on
+Andover Hill who could not join the rescuing parties, saw a strange
+and fearful light at the north.
+
+Where we were used to watching the beautiful belt of the lighted mills
+blaze,--a zone of laughing fire from east to west, upon the horizon
+bar,--a red and awful glare went up. The mill had taken fire. A
+lantern, overturned in the hands of a man who was groping to save an
+imprisoned life, had flashed to the cotton, or the wool, or the
+oil with which the ruins were saturated. One of the historic
+conflagrations of New England resulted.
+
+With blanching cheeks we listened to the whispers that told us how the
+mill-girls, caught in the ruins beyond hope of escape, began to sing.
+They were used to singing, poor things, at their looms--mill-girls
+always are--and their young souls took courage from the familiar sound
+of one another's voices. They sang the hymns and songs which they had
+learned in the schools and churches. No classical strains, no "music
+for music's sake," ascended from that furnace; no ditty of love or
+frolic; but the plain, religious outcries of the people: "Heaven is my
+home," "Jesus, lover of my soul," and "Shall we gather at the river?"
+Voice after voice dropped. The fire raced on. A few brave girls sang
+still:
+
+  "Shall we gather at the river,
+  There to walk and worship ever?"
+
+But the startled Merrimac rolled by, red as blood beneath the glare of
+the burning mills, and it was left to the fire and the river to finish
+the chorus.
+
+At the time this tragedy occurred, I felt my share of its horror,
+like other people; but no more than that. My brother, being of the
+privileged sex, was sent over to see the scene; but I was not allowed
+to go.
+
+Years after, I cannot say just how many, the half-effaced negative
+came back to form under the chemical of some new perception of the
+significance of human tragedy.
+
+It occurred to me to use the event as the basis of a story. To this
+end I set forth to study the subject. I had heard nothing in those
+days about "material," and conscience in the use of it, and little
+enough about art. We did not talk about realism then. Of critical
+phraseology I knew nothing; and of critical standards only what I had
+observed by reading the best fiction. Poor novels and stories I
+did not read. I do not remember being forbidden them; but, by that
+parental art finer than denial, they were absent from my convenience.
+
+It needed no instruction in the canons of art, however, to teach me
+that to do a good thing, one must work hard for it. So I gave the best
+part of a month to the study of the Pemberton Mill tragedy, driving to
+Lawrence, and investigating every possible avenue of information left
+at that too long remove of time which might give the data. I visited
+the rebuilt mills, and studied the machinery. I consulted engineers
+and officials and physicians, newspaper men, and persons who had been
+in the mill at the time of its fall. I scoured the files of old local
+papers, and from these I took certain portions of names, actually
+involved in the catastrophe; though, of course, fictitiously used.
+When there was nothing left for me to learn upon the subject, I came
+home and wrote a little story called "The Tenth of January," and sent
+it to the "Atlantic Monthly," where it appeared in due time.
+
+This story is of more interest to its author than it can possibly
+be now to any reader, because it distinctly marked for me the first
+recognition which I received from literary people.
+
+Whittier, the poet, wrote me his first letter, after having read
+this story. It was soon followed by a kind note from Colonel Thomas
+Wentworth Higginson. Both these distinguished men said the pleasant
+thing which goes so far towards keeping the courage of young writers
+above sinking point, and which, to a self-distrustful nature, may be
+little less than a life-preserver. Both have done similar kindness to
+many other beginners in our calling; but none of these can have been
+more grateful for it, or more glad to say so, across this long width
+of time, than the writer of "The Tenth of January."
+
+It was a defective enough little story, crude and young; I never
+glance at it without longing to write it over; but I cannot read it,
+to this day, without that tingling and numbness down one's spine and
+through the top of one's head, which exceptional tragedy must produce
+in any sensitive organization; nor can I ever trust myself to hear
+it read by professional elocutionists. I attribute the success of
+the story entirely to the historic and unusual character of the
+catastrophe on whose movement it was built.
+
+Of journalism, strictly speaking, I did nothing. But I often wrote for
+weekly denominational papers, to which I contributed those strictly
+secular articles so popular with the religious public. My main
+impression of them now, is a pleasant sense of sitting out in the
+apple-trees in the wonderful Andover Junes, and "noticing" new
+books-with which Boston publishers kept me supplied. For whatever
+reason, the weeklies gave me all I could do at this sort of thing. In
+its course I formed some pleasant acquaintances; among others that of
+Jean Ingelow. I have never seen this poet, whom I honor now as much as
+I admired then; but charming little notes, and books of her own, with
+her autograph, reached me from time to time for years. I remember
+when "The Gates Ajar" appeared, that she frankly called it "Your most
+strange book."
+
+This brings me to say: I have been so often and so urgently asked to
+publish some account of the history of this book, that perhaps I need
+crave no pardon of whatever readers these papers may command, for
+giving more of our space to the subject than it would otherwise occur
+to one to do to a book so long behind the day.
+
+Of what we know as literary ambition, I believe myself to have been
+as destitute at that time as any girl who ever put pen to paper. I was
+absorbed in thought and feeling as far removed from the usual class
+of emotions or motives which move men and women to write, as Wachusett
+was from the June lilies burning beside the moonlit cross in my
+father's garden. Literary ambition is a good thing to possess; and I
+do not at all suggest that I was superior to it, but simply apart from
+it. Of its pangs and ecstasies I knew little, and thought less.
+
+I have been asked, possibly a thousand times, whether I looked upon
+that little book as in any sense the result of inspiration, whether
+what is called spiritualistic, or of any other sort. I have always
+promptly said "No," to this question. Yet sometimes I wonder if that
+convenient monosyllable in deed and truth covers the whole case.
+
+When I remember just how the book came to be, perceive the
+consequences of its being, and recall the complete unconsciousness of
+the young author as to their probable nature, there are moments when I
+am fain to answer the question by asking another: "What do we mean by
+inspiration?"
+
+That book grew so naturally, it was so inevitable, it was so
+unpremeditated, it came so plainly from that something not one's self
+which makes for uses in which one's self is extinguished, that there
+are times when it seems to me as if I had no more to do with the
+writing of it than the bough through which the wind cries, or the wave
+by means of which the tide rises.
+
+The angel said unto me "Write!" and I wrote.
+
+It is impossible to remember how or when the idea of the book first
+visited me. Its publication bears the date of 1869. My impressions are
+that it may have been towards the close of 1864 that the work began;
+for there was work in it, more than its imperfect and youthful
+character might lead one ignorant of the art of book-making to
+suppose.
+
+It was not until 1863 that I left school, being then just about at
+my nineteenth birthday. It is probable that the magazine stories
+and Sunday-school books and hack work occupied from one to two years
+without interruption; but I have no more temperament for dates in my
+own affairs than I have for those of history. At the most, I could
+not have been far from twenty when the book was written; possibly
+approaching twenty-one.
+
+At that time, it will be remembered, our country was dark with
+sorrowing women. The regiments came home, but the mourners went about
+the streets.
+
+The Grand Review passed through Washington; four hundred thousand
+ghosts of murdered men kept invisible march to the drum-beats, and
+lifted to the stained and tattered flags the proud and unreturned gaze
+of the dead who have died in their glory.
+
+Our gayest scenes were black with crape. The drawn faces of bereaved
+wife, mother, sister, and widowed girl showed piteously everywhere.
+Gray-haired parents knelt at the grave of the boy whose enviable
+fortune it was to be brought home in time to die in his mother's room.
+Towards the nameless mounds of Arlington, of Gettysburg, and the rest,
+the yearning of desolated homes went out in those waves of anguish
+which seem to choke the very air that the happier and more fortunate
+must breathe.
+
+Is there not an actual occult force in the existence of a general
+grief? It swells to a tide whose invisible flow covers all the little
+resistance of common, human joyousness. It is like a material miasma.
+The gayest man breathes it, if he breathe at all; and the most
+superficial cannot escape it.
+
+Into that great world of woe my little book stole forth, trembling. So
+far as I can remember having had any "object" at all in its creation,
+I wished to say something that would comfort some few--I did not think
+at all about comforting many, not daring to suppose that incredible
+privilege possible--of the women whose misery crowded the land. The
+smoke of their torment ascended, and the sky was blackened by it. I do
+not think I thought so much about the suffering of men--the fathers,
+the brothers, the sons--bereft; but the women--the helpless,
+outnumbering, unconsulted women; they whom war trampled down, without
+a choice or protest; the patient, limited, domestic women, who thought
+little, but loved much, and, loving, had lost all--to them I would
+have spoken.
+
+For it came to seem to me, as I pondered these things in my own heart,
+that even the best and kindest forms of our prevailing beliefs had
+nothing to say to an afflicted woman that could help her much. Creeds
+and commentaries and sermons were made by men. What tenderest of men
+knows how to comfort his own daughter when her heart is broken? What
+can the doctrines do for the desolated by death? They were chains of
+rusty iron, eating into raw hearts. The prayer of the preacher were
+not much better; it sounded like the language of an unknown race to
+a despairing girl. Listen to the hymn. It falls like icicles on snow.
+Or, if it happen to be one of the old genuine outcries of the Church,
+sprung from real human anguish or hope, it maddens the listener, and
+she flees from it, too sore a thing to bear the touch of holy music.
+
+At this time, be it said, I had no interest at all in any especial
+movement for the peculiar needs of women as a class. I was reared in
+circles which did not concern themselves with what we should probably
+have called agitators. I was taught the old ideas of womanhood, in the
+old way, and had not to any important extent begun to resent them.
+
+Perhaps I am wrong here. Individually, I may have begun to recoil from
+them, but only in a purely selfish, personal way, beyond which I had
+evolved neither theory nor conscience; much less the smallest tendency
+towards sympathy with any public movement of the question.
+
+In the course of two or three years spent in exceptional solitude,
+I had read a good deal in the direction of my ruling thoughts and
+feeling, and came to the writing of my little book, not ignorant of
+what had been written for and by the mourning. The results of this
+reading, of course, went into the book, and seemed to me, at the time,
+by far the most useful part of it.
+
+How the book grew, who can say? More of nature than of purpose,
+surely. It moved like a tear or a sigh or a prayer. In a sense I
+scarcely knew that I wrote it. Yet it signified labor and time, crude
+and young as it looks to me now; and often as I have wondered, from
+my soul, why it has known the history that it has, I have at least
+a certain respect for it, myself, in that it did not represent
+shiftlessness or sloth, but steady and conscientious toil. There was
+not a page in it which had not been subjected to such study as the
+writer then knew how to offer to her manuscripts.
+
+Every sentence had received the best attention which it was in the
+power of my inexperience and youth to give. I wrote and rewrote. The
+book was revised so many times that I could have said it by heart.
+The process of forming and writing "The Gates Ajar" lasted, I think,
+nearly two years.
+
+I had no study or place to myself in those days; only the little room
+whose one window looked upon the garden cross, and which it was not
+expected would be warmed in winter.
+
+The room contained no chimney, and, until I was sixteen, no fire for
+any purpose. At that time, it being supposed that some delicacy of the
+lungs had threatened serious results, my father, who always moved the
+sods beneath him and the skies above him to care for a sick child, had
+managed to insert a little stove into the room, to soften its chill
+when needed. But I did not have consumption, only life; and one was
+not expected to burn wood all day for private convenience in our
+furnace-heated house. Was there not the great dining-room where the
+children studied?
+
+It was not so long since I, too, had learned my lessons off the
+dining-room table, or in the corner by the register, that it should
+occur to any member of the family that these opportunities for privacy
+could not answer my needs.
+
+Equally, it did not occur to me to ask for any abnormal luxuries. I
+therefore made the best of my conditions, though I do remember sorely
+longing for quiet.
+
+This, at that time, in that house, it was impossible for me to
+compass. There was a growing family of noisy boys--four of them--of
+whom I was the only sister, as I was the oldest child. When the baby
+did not cry (I have always maintained that the baby cried pretty
+steadily both day and night, but this is a point upon which their
+mother and I have affectionately agreed to differ), the boys were
+shouting about the grounds, chasing each other through the large
+house, up and down the cellar stairs, and through the wide halls,
+a whirlwind of vigor and fun. They were merry, healthy boys, and
+everything was done to keep them so. I sometimes doubt if there are
+any happier children growing anywhere than the boys and girls of
+Andover used to be. I was very fond of the boys, and cherished no
+objection to their privileges in the house. But when one went down, on
+a cold day, to the register, to write one's chapter on the nature of
+amusements in the life to come, and found the dining-room neatly
+laid out in the form of a church congregation, to which a certain
+proportion of brothers were enthusiastically performing the duties of
+an active pastor and parish, the environment was a definite check to
+inspiration.
+
+I wonder if all Andover boys played at preaching? It certainly was the
+one sport in our house which never satiated.
+
+Coming in one day, I remember, struggling with certain hopeless
+purposes of my own, for an afternoon's work, I found the dining-room
+chairs all nicely set in the order of pews; a table, ornamented
+with Bible and hymn-books, confronted them; behind it, on a cricket,
+towered the bigger brother, loudly holding forth. The little brother
+represented the audience--it was usually the little one who was forced
+to play this duller _role_--and, with open mouth, and with wriggling
+feet turned in on the rounds of the chair, absorbed as much
+exhortation as he could suffer.
+
+"My text, brethren," said the little minister, "is, 'Suffer the little
+children to come unto me.'
+
+"My subject is, _God; Joseph; and Moses in the bulrushes_!"
+
+Discouraged by the alarming breadth of the little preacher's topic, I
+fled up-stairs again. There an inspiration did, indeed, strike me;
+for I remembered an old fur cape, or _pelisse_, of my mother's, out
+of fashion, but the warmer for that; and straightway I got me into it,
+and curled up, with my papers, on the chilly bed in the cold room, and
+went to work.
+
+It seems to me that a good part of "The Gates Ajar" was written in
+that old fur cape. Often I stole up into the attic, or into some
+unfrequented closet, to escape the noise of the house, while at work.
+I remember, too, writing sometimes in the barn, on the haymow. The
+book extended over a wide domestic topography.
+
+I hasten to say that no person was to blame for inconveniences of
+whose existence I had never complained. Doubtless something would have
+been done to relieve them had I asked for it; or if the idea that my
+work could ever be of any consequence had occurred to any of us. Why
+should it? The girl who is never "domestic" is trial enough at her
+best. She cannot cook; she will not sew. She washes dishes Mondays and
+Tuesdays under protest, while the nurse and parlor maid are called
+off from their natural avocations, and dusts the drawing-room with
+obedient resentment. She sits cutting out underclothes in the March
+vacations, when all the schools are closed, and when the heavy wagons
+from the distant farming region stick in the bottomless Andover mud in
+front of the professor's house. The big front door is opened, and the
+dismal, creaking sounds come in.
+
+The kind and conscientious new mother, to whom I owe many other gentle
+lessons more valuable than this, teaches how necessary to a lady's
+education is a neat needle. The girl does not deny this elemental
+fact; but her eyes wander away to the cold sky above the Andover
+mud, with passionate entreaty. To this day I cannot hear the thick
+chu-chunk! of heavy wheels on March mud without a sudden mechanical
+echo of that wild, young outcry: "Must I cut out underclothes forever?
+Must I go on tucking the broken end of the thread into the nick in the
+spool? Is _this_ LIFE?"
+
+I am more than conscious that I could not have been an easy girl to
+"bring up," and am sure that for whatever little difficulties beset
+the earlier time of my ventures as a writer, no person was in any
+fault. They were doubtless good for me, in their way. We all know that
+some of the greatest of brain-workers have selected the poorest and
+barest of spots in which to study. Luxury and bric-a-brac come to easy
+natures or in easy years. The energy that very early learns to conquer
+difficulty is always worth its price.
+
+I used, later, to hear in Boston the story of the gentleman who once
+took a friend to see the room of his son at Harvard College. The
+friend was a man of plain life, but of rich mental achievement. He
+glanced at the Persian rugs and costly draperies of the boy's quarters
+in silence.
+
+"Well," cried the fond father, "don't you think my son has a pretty
+room?"
+
+"Sir," said the visitor, with gentle candor, "_you'll never raise a
+scholar on that carpet._"
+
+Out of my discomforts, which were small enough, grew one thing for
+which I have all my life been grateful--the formation of fixed habits
+of work.
+
+I have seldom waited for inspiration before setting about a task to
+be done. Life is too short for that. Broken health has too often
+interrupted a regimen of study which ought to have been more
+continuous; but, so far as I may venture to offer an opinion from
+personal experience, I should say that the writers who would be wise
+to play hide and seek with their own moods are few.
+
+According to my custom, I said nothing (so far as I can remember) to
+any person about the book.
+
+It cannot be said that I had any hope of success with it; or that,
+in my most irrational dreams, anything like the consequences of its
+publication ever occurred to my fancy. But I did distinctly understand
+that I had set forth upon a venture totally dissimilar to the safe and
+respectable careers of my dozen Sunday-school books.
+
+I was asked only the other day why it was that, having such a rare
+critic at first hand as my father, I did not more often submit my
+manuscripts to his judgment. It would be difficult to say precisely
+why. The professor of rhetoric was a very busy man; and at that time
+the illness which condemned him to thirty years of invalid suffering
+was beginning to make itself manifest. I can remember more often
+throwing down my pen to fly out and beg the children to be quiet in
+the garden while the sleepless man struggled for a few moments' rest
+in the daytime; or stealing on tiptoe to his locked door, at any hour
+of the night, to listen for signs of sudden illness or need of help;
+these things come back more easily than the desire to burden him with
+what I wrote.
+
+Yet perhaps that abnormal pride, whose existence I have admitted, had
+quite as much to do with this restraint.
+
+When a thing was published, then quickly to him with it! His sympathy
+and interest were unfailing, and his criticism only too gentle; though
+it could be a sword of flame when he chose to smite.
+
+Unknown to himself I had dedicated "The Gates Ajar" to him. In this
+dedication there was a slip in good English, or, at least, in such
+English as the professor wrote and spoke. I had used the word "nears"
+as a verb, instead of its proper synonym, "approaches." He read the
+dedication quietly, thanked me tenderly for it, and said nothing. It
+was left for me to find out my blunder for myself, as I did, in due
+time. He had not the heart to tell me of it then. Nor did he insinuate
+his consciousness that the dedication might seem to involve him--as it
+did in certain citadels of stupidity--in the views of the book.
+
+The story was sent to its publishers, Messrs. Ticknor and Fields, and
+leisurely awaited their verdict. As I had written somewhat for their
+magazines, "The Atlantic" and "Our Young Folks," I did not come as
+quite a stranger. Still, the fate of the book hung upon a delicate
+scale. It was two years from the time the story went to its publishers
+before it appeared between covers. How much of this period the author
+was kept in suspense I cannot remember; but, I think, some time.
+
+I have the impression that the disposal of the book, so far as that
+firm went, wavered for a while upon the decision of one man, whose
+wife shared the reading of the manuscript. "Take it," she said at
+last, decidedly; and the fiat went forth. The lady afterwards became
+a personal friend, and I hope I may not forfeit the treasure of her
+affection by this late and public recognition of the pleasant part she
+bore in the fortunes of my life.
+
+The book was accepted, and still this piece of good luck did not make
+my head spin. I had lived among book-makers too much to expect
+the miracle. I went soberly back to my hack work, and on with my
+Sunday-school books.
+
+One autumn day the customary package of gift copies of the new book
+made its way to Andover Hill; but: I opened it without elation, the
+experience being so far from my first of its kind. The usual note
+of thanks was returned to the publishers, and quiet fell again.
+Unconscious of either hope or fear, I kept on about my business,
+and the new book was the last thing on earth with which I concerned
+myself.
+
+One morning, not many weeks after its publication, I received a letter
+from Mr. James T. Fields. He, who was the quickest of men to do a
+kindness, and surest to give to young writers the encouraging word for
+which they had not hope enough to listen, had hurried himself to break
+to me the news.
+
+"Your book is moving grandly," so he wrote. "It has already reached
+a sale of four thousand copies. We take pleasure in sending you--" He
+enclosed a check for six hundred dollars, the largest sum on which I
+had ever set my startled eyes. It would not, by my contract, have been
+due me for six months or more to come.
+
+The little act was like him, and like the courteous and generous house
+on whose list I have worked for thirty years.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+EDITORIAL NOTES.
+
+
+TWENTY THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR SHORT STORIES.
+
+We find considerable difficulty in getting the two hundred first-class
+short stories that we require each year. We are delighted to be able
+to publish so many stories by eminent authors, but we should like to
+get more good stories from writers whose fame is yet to be made. We
+therefore announce a liberal policy in regard to payment, and invite
+contributions from every one who can write a good story. The scale
+of payment will be such as to please every contributor, whether he is
+famous or not.
+
+We need every year about fifty stories of from four to six thousand
+words in length; about one hundred stories of from two to three
+thousand words in length, and not less than fifty stories a year for
+young people, about two thousand words in length. Of these stories
+thirty or forty are for McCLURE'S MAGAZINE, and the remainder are
+for the newspaper syndicates controlled by the publishers of this
+magazine.
+
+A regular manuscript department has been established by the editors,
+and it is the intention to report upon every manuscript within a week
+after it is received. We also welcome contributions to every branch of
+literature represented in the magazine.
+
+
+THE McCLURE'S "EARLY LIFE OF LINCOLN."
+
+This volume contains all the articles published in the first
+four Lincoln numbers of McCLURE'S MAGAZINE (November to February,
+inclusive). These numbers, although repeatedly reprinted, are now out
+of print, and the "Early Life of Lincoln" was published mainly to meet
+a demand we could not fill with the magazine. It contains a great deal
+more, both in text and pictures, than appeared in the magazine. It is
+mailed to any address for fifty cents; or for one dollar, if bound
+in cloth. We intend having our own plant, to reprint the March and
+subsequent numbers whenever necessary.
+
+
+THE McCLURE'S NEW "LIFE OF GRANT."
+
+We have been greatly surprised, in preparing our new "Life of Grant,"
+to find so much new and valuable material, especially about Grant's
+earlier life. No more fascinating and dramatic story has ever been
+lived. We have been especially fortunate in securing the collaboration
+of Mr. Hamlin Garland to write this life of Grant. Mr. Garland was
+selected for this work for two reasons--first, he has always loved and
+admired Grant; second, he is familiar in general with the conditions
+of life in the middle West, and is especially qualified to tell the
+truth both in color and fact. The tastes and training of a realistic
+novelist are an admirable equipment for a biographer, provided the
+hero of his story and his environment appeal to the novelist.
+
+_We propose to publish the best Life of Grant ever written._
+
+We have collected a great quantity of pictures and other
+illustrations, and we ask our friends to help us as they are helping
+us in our "Life of Lincoln." Every one who has a contribution, either
+in picture or incident, to our knowledge of this great man ought to
+bring it before the two or three million readers that McCLURE'S will
+have when we begin to publish the "Life of Grant" next November.
+
+
+NEW PICTURES OF LINCOLN.
+
+Almost every week we add to our collection of Lincoln pictures. Many
+of these ambrotypes and photographs are of the greatest value in
+adding to our knowledge of Lincoln. We hope to reach one hundred
+before the end of the year. We had only fifty portraits last November.
+We have eighty now.
+
+
+THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND PRACTICAL ARTS.
+
+Knox College, Galesburg, Illinois, was the scene of one of the most
+important of the debates between Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Douglas. The
+debate took place on a platform at the east end of the main college
+building. At this memorable debate the students carried a banner on
+which was inscribed "Knox for Lincoln." In April, 1860, before he was
+nominated for the Presidency, Knox College conferred the degree of
+LL.D. on Abraham Lincoln. At their recent midwinter meeting, the board
+of trustees unanimously voted to establish a memorial to Lincoln; and
+this memorial will be the scientific department of Knox College, and
+will be called "The Abraham Lincoln School of Science and Practical
+Arts."
+
+The founders of this magazine are all alumni of Knox College, and are
+particularly pleased at this action of their alma mater. Knox College
+affords a splendid opportunity to young men and women of limited
+means. The editors of this magazine can afford to pay the living
+expenses and tuition for one year at this college of any young man or
+woman who secures five hundred subscribers, as proposed and explained
+on the second advertising page of this number of the magazine.
+
+The editors of McCLURE'S MAGAZINE are thoroughly acquainted with Knox
+College, and can recommend it, knowing that students who go there will
+live under the best possible influences and receive a sound education.
+All inquiries should be addressed to the president, John Finley, Knox
+College, Galesburg, Illinois.
+
+
+THE HOUSE IN WHICH LINCOLN'S PARENTS WERE MARRIED.--A CORRECTION.
+
+The picture of the house in which Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks
+were married, printed in McCLURE'S MAGAZINE for November, 1895, was
+credited by mistake to the Oldroyd collection. The photograph from
+which the reproduction was made came from the Oldroyd collection;
+but this photograph is, we are informed, from a negative now in
+the possession of Mr. A.D. Miller of Brazil, Indiana, and credit is
+therefore due to Mr. Miller.
+
+
+
+[Note: The Table of Contents and the list of illustrations were added
+       by the transcriber.]
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE, VOL. 6, NO. 5,
+APRIL, 1896***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 14663.txt or 14663.zip *******
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