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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14661 ***
+
+CONDITIONS IN UTAH.
+
+SPEECH
+OF
+HON. THOMAS KEARNS,
+OF UTAH,
+
+IN THE
+SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+Tuesday, February 28, 1905.
+
+WASHINGTON.
+1905.
+
+
+
+
+SPEECH OF HON. THOMAS KEARNS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+POLYGAMOUS MARRIAGES AND PLURAL COHABITATION.
+
+The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Chair lays before the Senate the
+resolution submitted by the Senator from Idaho [Mr. DUBOIS],
+which will be read.
+
+The Secretary read the resolution submitted yesterday by Mr.
+DUBOIS, as follows:
+
+     _Resolved_, That the Committee on the Judiciary be, and it is
+     hereby, authorized and instructed to prepare and report to the
+     Senate within thirty days after the beginning of the next
+     session of Congress a joint resolution of the two Houses of
+     Congress proposing to the several States amendments to the
+     Constitution of the United States which shall provide, in
+     substance, for the prohibition and punishment of polygamous
+     marriages and plural cohabitation contracted or practiced
+     within the United States and in every place subject to the
+     jurisdiction of the United States; and which shall, in
+     substance, also require all persons taking office under the
+     Constitution or laws of the United States, or of any State, to
+     take and subscribe an oath that he or she is not, and will not
+     be, a member or adherent of any organization whatever the laws,
+     rules, or nature of which organization require him or her to
+     disregard his or her duty to support and maintain the
+     Constitution and laws of the United States and of the several
+     States.
+
+
+Mr. KEARNS. Mr. President, I will not permit this occasion to pass
+without saying, with brevity and such clearness as I can command, what
+it seems to me should be said by a Senator, under these circumstances,
+before leaving public life. Something is due to the State which has
+honored me; something is due to the record which I have endeavored to
+maintain honorably before the world and something, by way of
+information, is due to the Senate and the country.
+
+Utah, the newest of the States, to me the best beloved of all the
+States, appears to be the only one concerning which there is a serious
+conflict with the country. I was not born in Utah, but I have spent all
+the years of my manhood there, and I love the Commonwealth and its
+people. In what I say there is malice toward none, and I hope to make it
+just to all. If the present day does not accept my statements and
+appreciate my motives, I can only trust that time will prove more gentle
+and that in the future those who care to revert to these remarks will
+know that they are animated purely by a hope to bring about a better
+understanding between Utah and this great nation.
+
+Utah was admitted to statehood after, and because of, a long series of
+pledges exacted from the Mormon leaders, the like of which had never
+before been known in American history. Except for those pledges, the
+sentiment of the United States would never have assented to Utah's
+admission. Except for the belief on the part of Congress and the country
+that the extraordinary power which abides in that State would maintain
+these pledges, Utah would not have been admitted. There is every reason
+to believe that the President who signed the bill would have vetoed it
+if he had not been convinced that the pledges made would be kept.
+
+
+THE PLEDGES.
+
+As a citizen of the State and a witness to the events and words which
+constitute those pledges, as a Senator of the United States, I give my
+word of honor to you that I believed that these pledges consisted of the
+following propositions:
+
+First. That the Mormon leaders would live within the laws pertaining to
+plural marriage and the continued plural marriage relation, and that
+they would enforce this obligation upon all of their followers, under
+penalty of disfellowship.
+
+Second. That the leaders of the Mormon Church would no longer exercise
+political sway, and that their followers would be free and would
+exercise their freedom in politics, in business, and in social affairs.
+
+As a citizen and a Senator I give my word of honor to you that I
+believed that these pledges would be kept in the spirit in which
+Congress and the country accepted them, and that there would never be
+any violation, evasion, denial, or equivocation concerning them.
+
+I appeal to such members of this body as were in either House of
+Congress during the years 1890 to 1896, if it was not their belief at
+that time that the foregoing were the pledges and that they would be
+kept; and I respectfully insist that every Senator here who was a member
+of either House at that time would have refused to vote for Utah's
+admission unless he had firmly believed as I have stated.
+
+1. Utah, secured her statehood by a solemn compact made by the Mormon
+leaders in behalf of themselves and their people.
+
+2. That compact has been broken willfully and frequently.
+
+3. No apostle of the Mormon Church has publicly protested against that
+violation.
+
+I know the gravity of the utterances that I have just made. I know what
+are the probable consequences to myself. But I have pondered long and
+earnestly upon the subject and have come to the conclusion that duty to
+the innocent people of my State and that obligation to the Senate and
+the country require that I shall clearly define my attitude.
+
+
+RELIGION NOT INVOLVED.
+
+This is no quarrel with religion. This is no assault upon any man's
+faith. This is rather the reverence toward the inherent right of all men
+to believe as they please, which separates religious faith from
+irreligious practice. The Mormon people have a system of their own,
+somewhat complex, and gathered from the mysticisms of all the ages. It
+does not appeal to most men; but in its purely theological domain it is
+theirs, and I respect it as their religion and them as its believers.
+
+The trouble arises now, as it has frequently arisen in the past, from
+the fact that some of the accidental leaders of the movement since the
+first zealot founder have sought to make of this religion not only a
+system of morals, sometimes quite original in themselves, but also a
+system of social relation, a system of finance, a system of commerce,
+and a system of politics.
+
+
+THE SOCIAL ASPECT.
+
+I dismiss the religion with my profound respect; if it can comfort them,
+I would not, if I could, disturb it. Coming to the social aspect of the
+society, it is apparent that the great founder sought first to establish
+equality among men, and then to draw from those equal ranks a special
+class, who were permitted to practice polygamy and to whom special
+privileges were accorded in their association with the consecrated
+temples and the administration of mystic ordinances therein. The
+polygamous group, or cult as it may be called, soon became the ruling
+factor in the organization; and it may be observed that ever since the
+founding of the church almost every man of prominence in the community
+has belonged to this order. It was so in the time of the martyrs, Joseph
+and Hyrum Smith, who were killed at Carthage jail in Illinois, and both
+of whom were polygamists, although it was denied at the time. There were
+living until recently, and perhaps there are living now, women who
+testified that they were married in polygamy to one or the other of
+these two men, Joseph having the larger number. It has been so ever
+since and is so to-day that nearly every man of the governing class has
+been or is a polygamist.
+
+Brigham Young succeeded Joseph Smith, and he set up a kind of kingly
+rulership, not unbecoming to a man of his vast empire-building power.
+The Mormons have been taught to revere Joseph Smith as a direct prophet
+from God. He saw the face of the All Father. He held communion with the
+Son. The Holy Ghost was his constant companion. He settled every
+question, however trivial, by revelation from Almighty God. But Brigham
+was different. While claiming a divine right of leadership, he worked
+out his great mission by palpable and material means. I do not know that
+he ever pretended to have received a revelation from the time that he
+left Nauvoo until he reached the shores of the Dead Sea, nor through all
+the thirty years of his leadership there. He seemed to regard his people
+as children who had to be led through their serious calamities by
+holding out to them the glittering thought of divine guardianship. So
+firmly did Brigham establish the social order in Utah that all of the
+people were equal, except the governing body. This may be said to
+consist of the president and his two counsellors, they three
+constituting the first presidency; the twelve apostles; the presiding
+bishopric, consisting of three men, the chief bishops of the church but
+much lower in rank than the apostles; the seven presidents of seventies,
+who are, under the apostles, the subordinate head of the missionary
+service of the church; and the presiding patriarch. These altogether
+constitute a body of twenty-six men. There are local authorities in the
+different stakes of Zion, as they are called, corresponding to counties
+in a State, but with these it is not necessary to deal.
+
+Practically all of these men under Brigham Young were polygamists. They
+constituted what one of their number once called the "elite class" of
+the community. To attain this rank one usually had to show ability, and
+attaining the rank he was quite certain to enter into or extend his
+already existing plural-marriage relations. These rulers were looked
+upon with great reverence. Brigham Young, besides being a prophet of
+God, as they believed, had led them through the greatest march of the
+ages. His nod became almost superhuman in its significance. His frown
+was as terrible to them as the wrath of God. He upheld all the members
+of the polygamistic and governing class by his favoritism toward them.
+He supremely, and they subordinately, ruled the community as if they
+were a king and a house of peers, with no house of commons. Not
+elsewhere in the United States, and not in any foreign country where
+civilization dwells, has there been such a complete mastery of man over
+modern men. The subordinates and the mass would perform the slightest
+will of Brigham Young. When he was not present the mass would perform
+the will of any of the subordinates speaking in his name. Below this
+privileged class stood the common mass. It had its various gradations of
+title, but, with the exception of rare instances of personal power,
+there was equality in the mass. For instance, as business was a part of
+their system, the local religious authority in some remote part might be
+the business subordinate of some other man of less ecclesiastical rank,
+with the result that this peculiar intermingling kept them all
+practically upon one level of social order; and the man who made adobes
+under the hot sun of the desert through all the week might still be the
+religious superior of the richest man in the local community, and they
+met on terms of equality and friendship. Their children might
+intermarry, the difference in wealth being countervailed by a difference
+in ecclesiastical authority.
+
+It was a strange social system, this, with Brigham Young and his coterie
+of advisers, to the number of twenty-six, standing at the head,
+self-perpetuating, the chief being able to select constantly to fill the
+ranks as they might be depleted by death; and all these ruling over one
+solid mass of equal caste who thought that the rulers were animated by
+divine revelation, holding the right to govern in all things on earth
+and with authority extending into heaven.
+
+So firmly intrenched was their social system that when Brigham Young
+passed away his various successors who came in time to his place by
+accident of seniority of service found ample opportunity without
+difficulty to perpetuate this system and to maintain their social
+autocracy. As the matter has appeared so fully before the country, I
+will not speak further of the method of succession, but will merely call
+to your minds that after Brigham Young came John Taylor, then Wilford
+Woodruff, then Lorenzo Snow, then Joseph F. Smith, the present ruler.
+
+Under these several men the social autocracy has had its varying
+fortunes, but at the present time it is probably at as high a point as
+it ever reached under the original Joseph or under Brigham Young. The
+president of the church, Joseph F. Smith, affects a regal state. His
+home consists of a series of villas, rather handsome in design, and
+surrounded by such ample grounds as to afford sufficient exclusiveness.
+In addition to this he has an official residence of historic character
+near to the office which he occupies as president. When he travels he is
+usually accompanied by a train of friends, who are really servitors.
+When he attends social functions he appears like a ruler among his
+subjects. And in this respect I am not speaking of Mormon associations
+alone, for there are many Gentiles in and out of Utah who seem to take
+delight in paying this extraordinary deference.
+
+If I have seemed to speak at length upon this mere social phase it has
+not been without a definite purpose. I want you to know how this
+religion, claiming to recognize and secure the equality of men,
+immediately established and has maintained for the mass of its adherents
+that social equality, but has elevated a class of its rulers to regal
+authority and splendor. Understanding how the chief among them has the
+dignity of a monarch in their social relations, you will better
+understand the business and political autocracy which he has been able
+to establish.
+
+In all this social system each apostle has his great part. He is
+inseparable from it. He wields now, as does a minister at court, such
+part of the power as the monarch may permit him to enjoy, and it is his
+hope and expectation that he will outlive those who are his seniors in
+rank in order that he may become the ruler.
+
+Therefore, if there be evil in this social relation as I have portrayed
+it, every apostle is responsible for a part of that evil. They enjoy the
+honors of the social class; they help to exert the tyranny over the
+subjugated mass. Those of you who do me the honor to follow my remarks
+will realize how close is the relation between the apostles and the
+president, and that the apostle is a responsible part of the governing
+power. While I may speak of the president of the church segregated from
+his associates and as the monarch, it must be understood constantly that
+he maintains his power by the support of the apostles, who keep the mass
+in order and in subjugation to his will, expressed through them.
+
+
+THE BUSINESS MONOPOLY.
+
+Whatever may have been its origin or excuse, the business power of the
+president of the church and of the select class which he admits into
+business relations with him is now a practical monopoly, or is rapidly
+becoming a monopoly, of everything that he touches. I want to call your
+attention to the extraordinary list of worldly concerns in which this
+spiritual leader holds official position. The situation is more amazing
+when you are advised that this man came to his presidency purely by
+accident, namely, the death of his seniors in rank; that he had never
+known any business ability, and that he comes to the presidency and the
+directorship of the various corporations solely because he is president
+of the church. He is already reputed to be a wealthy man, and his
+statement would seem to indicate that he has large holdings in the
+various corporations with which he is associated, although previous to
+his accession to the presidency of the church he made a kind of proud
+boast among his people of his poverty.
+
+He conducts railways, street-car lines, power and light companies, coal
+mines, salt works, sugar factories, shoe factories, mercantile houses,
+drug stores, newspapers, magazines, theaters, and almost every
+conceivable kind of business, and in all of these, inasmuch as he is the
+dominant factor by virtue of his being the prophet of God, he asserts
+indisputable sway. It is considered an evidence of deference to him, and
+good standing in the church, for his hundreds of thousands of followers
+to patronize exclusively the institutions which he controls.
+
+And this fact alone, without any business ability on his part, but with
+capable subordinate guidance for his enterprises, insures their success,
+and danger and possible ruin for every competitive enterprise.
+Independent of these business concerns, he is in receipt of an income
+like unto that which a royal family derives from a national treasury.
+One-tenth of all the annual earnings of all the Mormons in all the world
+flows to him. These funds amount to the sum of $1,000,000 annually, or 5
+per cent upon $32,000,000, which is one-quarter of the entire taxable
+wealth of the State of Utah. It is the same as if he owned,
+individually, in addition to all his visible enterprises, one-quarter of
+all the wealth of the State and derived from it 5 per cent of income
+without taxation and without discount. The hopelessness of contending in
+a business way with this autocrat must be perfectly apparent to your
+minds. The original purpose of this vast tithe, as often stated by
+speakers for the church, was the maintenance of the poor, the building
+of meetinghouses, etc. To-day the tithes are transmuted, in the
+localities where they are paid, into cash, and they flow into the
+treasury of the head of the church. No account is made, or ever has been
+made, of these tithes. The president expends them according to his own
+will and pleasure, and with no examination of his accounts, except by
+those few men whom he selects for that purpose and whom he rewards for
+their zeal and secrecy. Shortly after the settlement of the Mormon
+Church property question with the United States the church issued a
+series of bonds, amounting approximately to $1,000,000, which were taken
+by financial institutions. This was probably to wipe out a debt which
+had accumulated during a long period of controversy with the nation. But
+since, and including the year 1897, which was about the time of the
+issue of the bonds, approximately $9,000,000 have been paid as tithes.
+If any of the bonds are still outstanding, it is manifestly because the
+president of the church desires for reasons of his own to have an
+existing indebtedness.
+
+It will astound you to know that every dollar of United States money
+paid to any servant of the Government who is a Mormon is tithed for the
+benefit of this monarch. Out of every $1,000 thus paid he gets $100 to
+swell his grandeur. This is also true of money paid out of the public
+treasury of the State of Utah to Mormon officials. But what is worst of
+all, the monarch dips into the sacred public school fund and extracts
+from every Mormon teacher one-tenth of his or her earnings and uses it
+for his unaccounted purposes; and, by means of these purposes and the
+power which they constitute, he defies the laws of his State, the
+sentiment of his country, and is waging war of nullification on the
+public school system, so dear to the American people. No right-thinking
+man will oppose any person as a servant of the nation or the State or as
+a teacher in the public schools on account of religious faith. As I have
+before remarked, this is no war upon the religion of the Mormons; and I
+am only calling attention to the monstrous manner in which this monarch
+invades all the provinces of human life and endeavors to secure his
+rapacious ends.
+
+In all this there is no thought on my part of opposition to voluntary
+gifts by individuals for religious purposes or matters connected
+legitimately with religion. My comment and criticism are against the
+tyranny which misuses a sacred name to extract from individuals the
+moneys which they ought not to spare from family needs, and which they
+do not wish to spare; my comment and criticism relate to the power of a
+monarch whose tyranny is so effective as that not even the moneys paid
+by the Government are considered the property of the Government's
+servant until after this monarch shall have seized his arbitrary
+tribute, with or without the willing assent of the victim, so that the
+monarch may engage the more extensively in commercial affairs, which are
+not a part of either religion or charity.
+
+With an income of 5 per cent upon one-quarter of the entire assessed
+valuation of the State of Utah to-day, how long will it take this
+monarch, with his constantly increasing demands for revenue, to so
+absorb the productive power that he shall be receiving an income of 5
+per cent upon one-half the property, and then upon all of the property
+of the State? This is worse than the farming of taxes under the old
+French Kings. Will Congress allow this awful calamity to continue?
+
+The view which the people of the United States entertained on this
+subject forty years ago was shown by the act of Congress in 1802, in
+which a provision, directed particularly against the Mormon Church,
+declared that no church in a Territory of the United States should have
+in excess of $50,000 of wealth outside of the property used for purposes
+of worship. It is evident that as early as that time the pernicious
+effects of a system which used the name of God and the authority of
+religion to dominate in commerce and finance were fully recognized.
+
+This immense tithing fund is gathered directly from Mormons, but the
+burden falls in some degree upon Gentiles also. Gentiles are in business
+and suffer by competition with tithe-supported business enterprises.
+Gentiles are large employers of Mormon labor; and as that labor must pay
+one-tenth of its earnings to support competitive concerns, the Gentile
+employer must pay, indirectly at least, the tithe which may be utilized
+to compete with, and even ruin, him in business.
+
+And in return it should be noted that Mormon institutions do not employ
+Gentiles except in rare cases of necessity. The reason is obvious:
+Gentiles do not take as kindly to the tithing system as do the Mormons.
+
+The Mormon citizen of Utah has additional disadvantages. After paying
+one-tenth of all his earnings as a tithe offering, he is called upon to
+erect and maintain the meetinghouses and other edifices of the church;
+he is called upon to donate to the poor fund in his ward, through his
+local bishop; he is called upon to sustain the Women's Relief Society,
+whose purpose is to care for the poor and to minister to the sick; he is
+called upon to pay his share of the expense for the 2,500 missionaries
+of the church who are constantly kept in the field without drawing
+upon, the general funds of the church. When all this is done, it is
+found that, in defiance of the old and deserved boast of the
+predecessors of the present president, there are some Mormons in the
+poorhouses of Utah, and these are sustained by the public taxes derived
+from the Gentiles and Mormons alike.
+
+Broadly speaking, the Gentiles compose 35 per cent of the population and
+pay one-half of the taxes of Utah. In the long run they carry their
+share of all these great charges.
+
+The almost unbearable community burden which is thus inflicted must be
+visible to your minds without argument from me.
+
+Let it be sufficient on this point for me to say that all the property
+of Utah is made to contribute to the grandeur of the president of the
+church, and that at his instance any industry, any institution, within
+the State, could be destroyed except the mining and smelting industry.
+Even this industry his personal and church organ has attacked with a
+threat of extermination by the courts, or by additional legislation, if
+the smelters do not meet the view expressed by the church organ.
+
+Mr. President, I ask to have read at this point an editorial from the
+Deseret Evening News of October 31, 1904, which I send to the desk.
+
+The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Secretary will read as requested.
+
+The Secretary read as follows:
+
+
+DESERET EVENING NEWS.
+
+[Organ of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.]
+
+     SALT LAKE CITY, _October 31, 1904_.
+
+     AWAY WITH THE NUISANCE.
+
+     The people of Salt Lake City are waking up to the realization
+     of the trouble of which our cousins out in the country are
+     complaining. The sulphurous fumes which have been tasted by
+     many folks here, particularly late at night, are not only those
+     of a partisan nature emanating from the smokestacks of the
+     slanderers and maligners, but are treats bestowed upon our
+     citizens by the smelters, and are samples of the goods, or
+     rather evils, which farmers and horticulturists have been
+     burdened with so long. Complaints have come to us from some of
+     the best people of the city, of different faiths and parties,
+     that the air has been laden with sulphurous fumes that can net
+     only be felt in the throat, but tasted in the mouth, and they
+     rest upon the city at night, appearing like a thin fog.
+
+     The fact is this smelter smoke will have to go; there is no
+     mistake about that. If the smelters can not consume it, they
+     will have to close up. This fair county must not be devastated
+     and this city must not be rendered unhealthful by any such a
+     nuisance as that which has been borne with now for a long time.
+     The evasive policy that has been pursued, the tantalizing
+     treatment toward the farmers who have vainly sought for
+     redress, the destruction that has come upon vegetation and upon
+     live stock, and now the choking fumes that reach this city all
+     demand some practical remedy in place of the shilly-shally of
+     the past.
+
+     The Deseret News has counseled peace, consideration for the
+     smelter people in the difficulties that they have to meet,
+     favor toward a valuable industry that should be encouraged on
+     proper lines, and arbitration instead of litigation. But it
+     really seems now as though an aggressive policy will have to be
+     pursued, or ruin will come to the agricultural pursuits of Salt
+     Lake County, while the city will not escape from the ravages of
+     the smelter fiend. If the companies that control those works
+     will not or can not dispose of the poisonous metallic fumes
+     that pour out of their smokestacks, the fires will have to he
+     banked and the nuisance suppressed. We do not believe the
+     latter is the necessary alternative. We are of opinion that the
+     evil can be disposed of, and we are sure that efforts ought to
+     be made to effect it without further delay.
+
+     It looks as if the courts will have to be appealed to to obtain
+     compensation for damages already inflicted. Also that they will
+     have to be applied to for injunctions against the continuance
+     of the cause of the trouble. We think there is law enough now
+     to proceed under. But if that is not the case, then legislation
+     must be had to fully cover the ground. Litigation will have to
+     come first, legislation afterwards. However that may be,
+     temporizing with the evil will not do. Patience has ceased to
+     be a virtue in this matter. The conviction is fastening itself
+     upon the public mind that no active steps are intended by the
+     responsible parties, but simply a policy of delay. They must be
+     taught that this will not answer the purpose, and that the
+     injured people will not be fooled in that way. The smelter
+     smoke must go. And it must not go in the old way.
+
+     The proposition to put the matter in the hands of experts
+     chosen by the complainants is not to be seriously considered.
+     The onus is upon the smelter men; they are the offenders, and
+     they must take the steps necessary to remove the cause of
+     complaint, and also reimburse those who have been injured. We
+     do not ask anything unreasonable. We join with those of our
+     citizens who Intend that this beautiful part of our lovely
+     State shall not be laid waste, even if the only cure is the
+     suppression of the destroying cause. This may as well be
+     understood first as last. Useless practical measures are
+     adopted to abate the evil, active proceedings will have to be
+     taken and pushed to the utmost to remove entirely the root and
+     branch and trunk and body of this tree of destruction. The
+     people affected are deeply in earnest, and they certainly mean
+     business.
+
+
+Mr. KEARNS. Mr. President, I must not burden you with too many details,
+but in order for you to see how complete is the business power of this
+man I will cite you to one case. The Great Salt Lake is estimated to
+contain 14,000,000,000 tons of salt. Probably salt can be made cheaper
+on the shores of this lake than anywhere else in the world. Nearly all
+its shore line is adaptable for salt gardens. The president of the
+church is interested in a large salt monopoly which has gathered in the
+various smaller enterprises. He is president of a railroad which runs
+from the salt gardens to Salt Lake City, connecting there with trunk
+lines. It costs to manufacture the salt and place it on board the cars
+75 cents per ton. He receives for it $5 and $6 per ton. His company and
+its subsidiary corporation are probably capitalized at three-quarters of
+a million dollars, and upon this large sum he is able to pay dividends
+of 8 or 10 per cent.
+
+Not long since two men, who for many years had been tithe payers and
+loyal members of the church, undertook to establish a salt garden along
+the line of a trunk railway. One of them was a large dealer in salt, and
+proposed to extend his trade by making the salt and reaching territory
+prohibited to him by the church price of salt; the other was the owner
+of the land upon which it was proposed to establish the salt garden.
+These men formed a corporation, put in pumping stations and flumes, and
+the corporation became indebted to one of the financial institutions
+over which the church exercised considerable influence. Then the
+president of the church sent for them. There is scarcely an instance on
+record where a message of this kind failed of its purpose. These men
+went to meet the prophet, seer, and revelator of God, as they supposed,
+but he had laid aside his robes of sanctity for the moment and he was a
+plain, unadorned, aggressive, if not an able, business man. He first
+denounced them for interfering with a business which he had made
+peculiarly his own; and, when they protested that they had no intention
+to interfere with his trade, but were seeking new markets, he declared
+in a voice of thunderous passion that if they did not cease with their
+projected enterprise, he would crush them. They escaped from his
+presence feeling like courtiers repulsed from the foot of a king's
+throne, and then surveyed their enterprise. If they stopped, they would
+lose all the money invested and their enterprise would possibly be sold
+out to their creditors; if they went on and invested more money, the
+president had the power, as he had threatened, to crush them. Not only
+could he ruin their enterprise, but he could ostracise them socially and
+could make of them marked and shunned men in the community where they
+had always been respected.
+
+Is there menace in this system? To me it seems like a great danger to
+all the people who are now affected, and therefore of great danger to
+the people of the United States, because the power of this monarchy
+within the Republic is constantly extending. If it be an evil, every
+apostle is in part responsible for this tyrannical course. He helped to
+elect the president; he does the president's bidding, and shares in the
+advantages of that tyranny.
+
+I did not call the social system a violation of the pledges to the
+country, but I do affirm that the business tyranny of Mormon leaders is
+an express violation of the covenant made, for they do not leave their
+followers free in secular affairs. They tyrannize over them, and their
+tyranny spreads even to the Gentiles. In all this I charge that every
+apostle is a party to the wrong and to the violation. Although I speak
+of the president of the church as the leader, the monarch in fact, every
+apostle is one of his ministers, one of his creators, and also one of
+his creatures, and possibly his successor; and the whole system depends
+upon the manner in which the apostles and the other leaders shall
+support the chief leader. As no apostle has ever protested against this
+system, but has, by every means in his power, encouraged it, he can not
+escape his share of the responsibility for it. It is an evil; they aid
+it. It is a violation of the pledge upon which statehood was granted;
+they profit by it.
+
+
+THE POLITICAL AUTOCRACY.
+
+I pass now to the political aspect of this hierarchy, as some call it,
+but this monarchy as I choose to term it.
+
+I have previously called your attention to the social and business
+powers, monopolies, autocracies, exercised by the leaders. Through these
+channels of social and business relations they can spread the knowledge
+of their political desires without appearing obtrusively in politics.
+When the end of their desire is accomplished, they affect to wash their
+hands of all responsibility by denying that they engaged in political
+activities. Superficial persons, and those desiring to accept this
+argument, are convinced by it. But never, in the palmy days of Brigham
+Young, was there a more complete political tyranny than is exercised by
+the present president of the Mormon Church and his apostles, who are
+merely awaiting the time when by the death of their seniors in rank they
+may become president, and select some other man to hold the apostleship
+in their place--as they now hold it in behalf of the ruling monarch.
+
+In this statement I merely call your attention to what a perfect system
+of ecclesiastical government is maintained by these presidents and
+apostles; and I do not need to more than indicate to you what a
+wonderous aid their ecclesiastical government can be, and is, in
+accomplishing their political purposes.
+
+Parties are nothing to these leaders, except as parties may be used by
+them. So long as there is Republican administration and Congress, they
+will lead their followers to support Republican tickets; but if, by any
+chance, the Democratic party should control this Government, with a
+prospect of continuance in power, you would see a gradual veering around
+under the direction of the Mormon leaders. When Republicans are in power
+the Republican leaders of the Mormon people are in evidence and the
+Democratic leaders are in retirement. If the Democracy were in power,
+the Republican leaders of the Mormon people would go into retirement and
+Democrats would appear in their places. No man can be elected to either
+House of Congress against their wish. I will not trespass upon your
+patience long enough to recite the innumerable circumstances that prove
+this assertion, but will merely refer to enough instances to illustrate
+the method. In 1897, at the session of the legislature which was to
+elect a Senator, and which was composed of sixty Democrats and three
+Republicans, Moses Thacher was the favored candidate of the Democracy in
+the State. He had been an apostle of the Mormon Church, but had been
+deposed because he was out of harmony with the leaders. The Hon. Jos. L.
+Rawlins was a rival candidate, but not strongly so at first. He was
+encouraged by the church leaders in every way; and finally, when his
+strength had been advanced sufficiently to need but one vote, a Mormon
+Republican was promptly moved over into the Democratic column and he was
+elected by the joint assembly. I do not charge that Hon. Joseph L.
+Rawlins, who occupied a seat with distinguished honor in this great body
+for six years, had any improper bargain with the church, or any
+knowledge of the secret methods by which his election was being
+compassed; but he was elected under the direction of the leaders of the
+church because they desired to defeat and further humiliate a deposed
+apostle.
+
+I will not ignore my own case. During nearly three years I have waited
+this great hour of justice in which I could answer the malignant
+falsehood and abuse which has been heaped upon a man who is dead and can
+not answer, and upon myself, a living man willing to wait the time for
+answer. Lorenzo Snow, a very aged man, was president of the church when
+I was elected to the Senate. He had reached that advanced time of life,
+being over eighty, when men abide largely in the thoughts of their
+youth. He was my friend in that distant way which sometimes exists
+without close acquaintanceship, our friendship (if I may term it such)
+having arisen from the events attendant upon Utah's struggle for
+statehood. For some reason he did not oppose my election to the Senate.
+Every other candidate for the place had sought his favor; it came to me
+without price or solicitation on my part. The friends and mouthpieces of
+some of the present leaders have been base enough to charge that I
+bought the Senatorship from Lorenzo Snow, president of their own church.
+Here and now I denounce the calumny against that old man, whose unsought
+and unbought favor came to me in that contest. That I ever paid him one
+dollar of money, or asked him to influence legislators of his faith, is
+as cruel a falsehood as ever came from human lips. So far as I am
+concerned he held his power with clean hands, and I would protect the
+memory of this dead man against all the abuse and misrepresentation
+which might be heaped upon him by those who were his adherents during
+life, but who now attack his fame in order that they may pay the greater
+deference to the present king.
+
+You must know that in that day we were but five years old as a State.
+Our political conditions were and had been greatly unsettled. The
+purpose of the church to rule in politics had not yet been made so
+manifest and determined. Lorenzo Snow held his office for a brief
+time--about two years. What he did in that office pertaining to my
+election I here and now distinctly assume as my burden, for no man shall
+with impunity use his hatred of me to defame Lorenzo Snow and dishonor
+his memory to his living and loving descendants.
+
+As for myself, I am willing to take the Senate and the country into my
+confidence, and make a part of the eternal records of the Senate, for
+such of my friends as may care to read, the vindication of my course to
+my posterity. I had an ambition, and not an improper one, to sit in the
+Senate of the United States. My competitors had longer experience in
+polities and may have understood more of the peculiar situation in the
+State. They sought what is known as church influence. I sought to obtain
+this place by purely political means. I was elected. After all their
+trickery my opponents were defeated, and to some extent by the very
+means which they had basely invoked. I have served with you four years,
+and have sought in a modest way to make a creditable record here. I have
+learned something of the grandeur and dignity of the Senate, something
+of its ideals, which I could not know before coming here. I say to you,
+my fellow Senators, that this place of power is infinitely more
+magnificent than I dreamed when I first thought of occupying a seat
+here. But were it thrice as great as I now know it to be, and were I
+back in that old time of struggle in Utah, when I was seeking for this
+honor, I would not permit the volunteered friendship of President Snow
+to bestow upon me, even as an innocent recipient, one atom of the church
+monarch's favor. My ideals have grown with my term of service in this
+body, and I believe that the man who would render here the highest
+service to his country must be careful to attain to this place by the
+purest civic path that mortal feet can tread.
+
+I have said enough to indicate that for my own part I never
+countenanced, nor knowingly condoned, the intrusion of the church
+monarchy into secular affairs. And I have said enough to those who know
+me to prove for all time that, so far as I am concerned, my election
+here was as honorable as that of any man who sits in this chamber; and
+yet I have said enough that all men may know that rather than have a
+dead man's memory defamed on my account, I will make his cause my own
+and will fight for the honor which he is not on earth to defend. This
+will not suit the friends and mouthpieces of the present rulers, but I
+have no desire to satisfy or conciliate them; and in leaving this part
+of the question, I avenge President Snow sufficiently by saying that
+these men did not dare to offend his desire nor dispute his will while
+he was living, and only grew brave when they could cry: "Lorenzo, the
+king, is dead! Long live Joseph, the king!"
+
+As a Senator I have sought to fulfill my duty to the people of this
+country. I am about to retire from this place of dignity. No man can
+retain this seat from Utah and retain his self-respect after he
+discovers the methods by which his election is procured and the objects
+which the church monarchy intends to achieve. Some of my critics will
+say that I relinquished that which I could not hold. I will not pause to
+discuss that point further than to say that if I had chosen to adopt the
+policy with the present monarch of the church, which his friends and
+mouthpieces say I did adopt with the king who is dead, it might have
+been possible to retain this place of honor with dishonor.
+
+Every apostle is a part of this terrible power, which can make and
+unmake at its mysterious will and pleasure. Early in 1902 warning had
+been publicly uttered in the State against the continued manifestation
+of church power in politics. The period of unsettled conditions during
+which I was elected had ended and we had opportunity to see the manner
+in which the church monarch was resuming his forbidden sway; and we had
+occasion to know the indignant feelings entertained by the people of the
+United States when they contemplated the flagrant breaking of the pledge
+given to the country to secure the admission of Utah. I myself, after
+conference with distinguished men at Washington, journeyed to Utah and
+presented a solemn protest and warning to the leaders of the church
+against the dangerous exercise of their political power. I did it to
+repay a debt which I owed to Utah, and not for any selfish reason. I
+knew that from the day I uttered that warning the leaders of the Mormon
+Church would hate and pursue me for the purpose of wreaking their
+vengeance. But as the consequences of their misconduct, their pledge
+breaking would fall upon all of the people of the State, upon the
+innocent more severely than upon the guilty, I felt that I must assert
+my love and gratitude to the State, even though my warning should lead
+to my own destruction by these autocrats. If there had been one desire
+in my heart to effect a conjunction with this church monarchy, if I had
+been willing to retain office as its gift, I would not have taken this
+step, for I knew its consequences. I began in that hour my effort to
+restore to the people of Utah the safety and the political freedom which
+are their right, and I shall continue it while I live until the fight is
+won.
+
+The disdain with which that message was received was final proof of the
+contempt in which that church monarchy holds the Senate and the people
+of the United States, and of the disregard in which the church monarchy
+holds the pledges which it made in order to obtain the power of
+statehood.
+
+They do not need to utter explicit instructions in order to assert their
+demand. The methods of conveying information of their desire are
+numerous and sufficiently effective, as is proved by results. To show
+how completely all ordinary political conditions, as they obtain
+elsewhere in the United States, are without account in Utah, I have but
+to cite you to the fact that after the recent election, which gave 57
+members out of 63 on joint ballot to the Republican party, and when the
+question of my successor became a matter of great anxiety to numerous
+aspirants for this place, the discussion was not concerning the fitness
+of candidates, nor the political popularity of the various gentlemen who
+composed that waiting list, nor the pledges of the legislators, but was
+limited to the question as to who could stand best with the church
+monarchy; as to whom it would like to use in this position; as to who
+would make for the extension of its ambitions and power in the United
+States.
+
+
+THE MORMON MARRIAGE RELATION.
+
+And now I come to a subject concerning which the people of the United
+States are greatly aroused. It is known that there have been plural
+marriages among the Mormon people, by sanction of high authorities in
+this church monarchy, since the solemn promise was made to the country
+that plural marriages should end. It is well known that the plural
+marriage relations have been continued defiantly, according to the will
+and pleasure of those who had formerly violated the law, and for whose
+obedience to law the church monarchy pledged the faith and honor of its
+leaders and followers alike in order to obtain statehood. The pledge was
+made repeatedly, as stated in an earlier part of these remarks, that all
+of the Mormon people would come within the law. They have not done so.
+The church monarch is known to be living in defiance of the laws of God
+and man, and in defiance of the covenant made with the country, upon
+which amnesty by the President, and statehood by the President and the
+Congress, were granted.
+
+I charge that every apostle is in large part responsible for this
+condition, so deplorable in its effects upon the people of Utah and so
+antagonistic to the institutions of this country. Every apostle is
+directed by the law-breaking church monarch. Every apostle teaches by
+example and precept to the Mormon people that this church monarch is a
+prophet of God, to offend or criticise whom is a sin in the sight of the
+Almighty. Every apostle helps to appoint to office and sustain the seven
+presidents of seventies, who are below them in dignity, and they are
+directly responsible for them and their method of life.
+
+It is quite evident that the church monarchy is endeavoring to
+reestablish the rule of a polygamous class over the mass of the Mormon
+people. Of the apostles not practicing polygamy there is at most only
+three or four men constituting the quorum of which this could be
+truthfully said. Special reasons may exist in some particular case why a
+man in this class has not entered into such relation.
+
+
+THE GENERAL SITUATION.
+
+Briefly reviewing the matters which I have offered here, and the logical
+deductions therefrom, I maintain the following propositions:
+
+We set aside the religion of the Mormon people as sacred from assault.
+
+Outside of religion the Mormons as a community are ruled by a special
+privileged class, constituting what I call the church monarchy.
+
+This monarchy pledged the country that there would be no more violations
+of law and no more defiance of the sentiment of the United States
+regarding polygamy and the plural marriage relation.
+
+This monarchy pledged the United States that it would refrain from
+controlling its subjects in secular affairs.
+
+Every member of this monarchy is responsible for the system of
+government and for the acts of the monarchy, since (as shown in the
+cases of the deposed apostle, Moses Thatcher, and others) the man who is
+not in accord with the system is dropped from the ruling class.
+
+This monarchy sets up a regal social order within this Republic.
+
+This monarchy monopolizes the business of one commonwealth and is
+rapidly reaching into others.
+
+This monarchy takes practically all the surplus product of the toil of
+its subjects for its own purpose, and makes no account to anyone on
+earth of its immense secret fund.
+
+This monarchy rules all politics in Utah, and is rapidly extending its
+dominion into other States and Territories.
+
+This monarchy permits its favorites to enter into polygamy and to
+maintain polygamous relations, and it protects them from prosecution by
+its political power.
+
+Lately no effort has been made to punish any of these people by the
+local law. On the contrary, the ruling monarch has continued to grow in
+power, wealth, and importance. He sits upon innumerable boards of
+directors, among others that of the Union Pacific Railway, where he
+joins upon terms of fraternity with the great financial and
+transportation magnates of the United States, who hold him in their
+councils because his power to benefit or to injure their possessions
+must be taken into account.
+
+I charge that no apostle has ever protested publicly against the
+continuation of this sovereign authority over the Mormon kingdom.
+
+Within a few months past the last apostle elected to the quorum was a
+polygamist--Charles W. Penrose--and his law-breaking career is well
+known. Previous to 1889 Penrose was living publicly with three wives.
+Under false pretenses to President Cleveland he obtained amnesty for his
+past offenses. He represented that he had but two wives, and that he
+married his second wife in 1862, while it was generally known that he
+took a third wife just prior to 1888. He promised to obey the law in the
+future, and to urge others to do so; yet after that amnesty, obtained by
+concealing his third marriage from President Cleveland, he continued
+living with his three wives. His action in this matter has been
+notorious. He has publicly defended this kind of lawbreaking on the
+false pretense that there was a tacit understanding with the American
+Congress and people, when Utah was admitted, that these polygamists
+might continue to live as they had been living.
+
+And it was this traitor to his country's laws, this unrepentant knave
+and cheat of the nation's mercy, this defamer of Congress and the
+people, that was elected to the apostleship to help govern the church,
+and through the church the State.
+
+Is it not demonstrated that Utah is an abnormal State? Our problem is
+vast and complex. I have endeavored to simplify it so that the Senate
+and the country may readily grasp the questions at issue.
+
+
+THE REMEDY.
+
+Will this great body, will the Government of the United States, go on
+unheedingly while this church monarchy multiplies its purposes and
+multiplies its power? Has the nation so little regard for its own
+dignity and the safety of its institutions and its people that it will
+permit a church monarch like Joseph F. Smith to defy the laws of the
+country, and to override the law and to overrule the administrators of
+the law in his own State of Utah?
+
+What shall the Americans of that Commonwealth do if the people of the
+United States do not heed their cry?
+
+The vast majority of the Mormon people are law-abiding, industrious,
+sober, and thrifty. They make good citizens in every respect except as
+they are dominated by this monarchy, which speaks to them in the name of
+God and governs them in the spirit of Mammon. Any remedy for existing
+evils which would injure the mass of the Mormon people would be most
+deplorable. I believe that they would loosen the chains which they wear
+if it were possible. I think that many of them pay blood-money tithes
+simply to avoid social ostracism and business destruction. I believe
+that many of them do the political will of the church monarch because
+they are led to believe that the safety of the church monarchy is
+necessary in order that the mass may preserve the right to worship God
+according to the dictates of their conscience. The church monopoly, by
+its various agencies, is usually able to uprear the injured and innocent
+mass of the Mormon people as a barrier to protect the members of that
+monarchy from public vengeance.
+
+It is the duty of this great body--the Senate of the United States--to
+serve notice on this church monarch and his apostles that they must live
+within the law; that the nation is supreme; that the institutions of
+this country must prevail throughout the land; and that the compact
+upon which statehood was granted must be preserved inviolate.
+
+May heaven grant that this may be effective and that the church monarchy
+in Utah may be taught that it must relinquish its grasp.
+
+I would not, for my life, that injury should come to the innocent mass
+of the people of Utah; I would not that any right of theirs should be
+lost, but that the right of all should be preserved to all.
+
+If the Senate will apply this remedy and the alien monarchy still proves
+defiant, it will be for others than myself to suggest a course of action
+consistent with the dignity of the country.
+
+In the meantime we of Utah who have no sympathy with the now clearly
+defined purpose of this church monopoly will wage our battle for
+individual freedom; to lift the State to a proud position in the
+sisterhood, to preserve the compact which was made with the country,
+believing that behind the brave citizens in Utah who are warring against
+this alien monarchy stands the sentiment and power of eighty-two
+millions of our fellow-citizens.
+
+[Transcriber's Note: The following typographical errors were corrected:
+tryanny to tyranny, autocracts to autocrats, monorchy to monarchy.]
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Conditions in Utah, by Thomas Kearns
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14661 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14661 ***</div>
+
+<h1>CONDITIONS IN UTAH.</h1>
+
+<h2>SPEECH<br />
+OF<br />
+HON. THOMAS KEARNS,<br />
+OF UTAH,</h2>
+
+<h3>IN THE<br />
+SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,<br />
+<br />
+Tuesday, February 28, 1905.</h3>
+
+<h4><br />WASHINGTON.<br />
+1905.</h4>
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2>SPEECH OF HON. THOMAS KEARNS.</h2>
+<hr />
+
+<p><br /><b>POLYGAMOUS MARRIAGES AND PLURAL COHABITATION.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>The PRESIDENT pro tempore.</b> The Chair lays before the Senate the resolution
+submitted by the Senator from Idaho [Mr. DUBOIS], which will be read.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary read the resolution submitted yesterday by Mr. DUBOIS, as
+follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Resolved</i>, That the Committee on the Judiciary be, and it is hereby, authorized and
+instructed to prepare and report to the Senate within thirty days after the beginning of
+the next session of Congress a joint resolution of the two Houses of Congress proposing
+to the several States amendments to the Constitution of the United States which shall
+provide, in substance, for the prohibition and punishment of polygamous marriages and
+plural cohabitation contracted or practiced within the United States and in every place
+subject to the jurisdiction of the United States; and which shall, in substance, also require
+all persons taking office under the Constitution or laws of the United States, or of
+any State, to take and subscribe an oath that he or she is not, and will not be, a member
+or adherent of any organization whatever the laws, rules, or nature of which organization
+require him or her to disregard his or her duty to support and maintain the Constitution
+and laws of the United States and of the several States.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>Mr. KEARNS.</b> Mr. President, I will not permit this occasion to pass without
+saying, with brevity and such clearness as I can command, what it seems to me
+should be said by a Senator, under these circumstances, before leaving public
+life. Something is due to the State which has honored me; something is due to
+the record which I have endeavored to maintain honorably before the world and
+something, by way of information, is due to the Senate and the country.</p>
+
+<p>Utah, the newest of the States, to me the best beloved of all the States,
+appears to be the only one concerning which there is a serious conflict with the
+country. I was not born in Utah, but I have spent all the years of my manhood
+there, and I love the Commonwealth and its people. In what I say there is
+malice toward none, and I hope to make it just to all. If the present day does
+not accept my statements and appreciate my motives, I can only trust that
+time will prove more gentle and that in the future those who care to revert to
+these remarks will know that they are animated purely by a hope to bring about
+a better understanding between Utah and this great nation.</p>
+
+<p>Utah was admitted to statehood after, and because of, a long series of pledges
+exacted from the Mormon leaders, the like of which had never before been
+known in American history. Except for those pledges, the sentiment of the
+United States would never have assented to Utah's admission. Except for the
+belief on the part of Congress and the country that the extraordinary power
+which abides in that State would maintain these pledges, Utah would not have
+been admitted. There is every reason to believe that the President who signed
+the bill would have vetoed it if he had not been convinced that the pledges made
+would be kept.</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>THE PLEDGES.</b></p>
+
+<p>As a citizen of the State and a witness to the events and words which constitute
+those pledges, as a Senator of the United States, I give my word of honor
+to you that I believed that these pledges consisted of the following propositions:</p>
+
+<p>First. That the Mormon leaders would live within the laws pertaining to plural
+marriage and the continued plural marriage relation, and that they would
+enforce this obligation upon all of their followers, under penalty of disfellowship.</p>
+
+<p>Second. That the leaders of the Mormon Church would no longer exercise
+political sway, and that their followers would be free and would exercise their
+freedom in politics, in business, and in social affairs.</p>
+
+<p>As a citizen and a Senator I give my word of honor to you that I believed
+that these pledges would be kept in the spirit in which Congress and the country
+accepted them, and that there would never be any violation, evasion, denial, or
+equivocation concerning them.</p>
+
+<p>I appeal to such members of this body as were in either House of Congress
+during the years 1890 to 1896, if it was not their belief at that time that the
+foregoing were the pledges and that they would be kept; and I respectfully
+insist that every Senator here who was a member of either House at that time
+would have refused to vote for Utah's admission unless he had firmly believed as
+I have stated.</p>
+
+<p>1. Utah, secured her statehood by a solemn compact made by the Mormon
+leaders in behalf of themselves and their people.</p>
+
+<p>2. That compact has been broken willfully and frequently.</p>
+
+<p>3. No apostle of the Mormon Church has publicly protested against that
+violation.</p>
+
+<p>I know the gravity of the utterances that I have just made. I know what
+are the probable consequences to myself. But I have pondered long and
+earnestly upon the subject and have come to the conclusion that duty to the
+innocent people of my State and that obligation to the Senate and the country
+require that I shall clearly define my attitude.</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>RELIGION NOT INVOLVED.</b></p>
+
+<p>This is no quarrel with religion. This is no assault upon any man's faith.
+This is rather the reverence toward the inherent right of all men to believe as
+they please, which separates religious faith from irreligious practice. The Mormon
+people have a system of their own, somewhat complex, and gathered from
+the mysticisms of all the ages. It does not appeal to most men; but in its
+purely theological domain it is theirs, and I respect it as their religion and them
+as its believers.</p>
+
+<p>The trouble arises now, as it has frequently arisen in the past, from the fact
+that some of the accidental leaders of the movement since the first zealot
+founder have sought to make of this religion not only a system of morals, sometimes
+quite original in themselves, but also a system of social relation, a system
+of finance, a system of commerce, and a system of politics.</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>THE SOCIAL ASPECT.</b></p>
+
+<p>I dismiss the religion with my profound respect; if it can comfort them, I
+would not, if I could, disturb it. Coming to the social aspect of the society, it is
+apparent that the great founder sought first to establish equality among men,
+and then to draw from those equal ranks a special class, who were permitted to
+practice polygamy and to whom special privileges were accorded in their association
+with the consecrated temples and the administration of mystic ordinances
+therein. The polygamous group, or cult as it may be called, soon became
+the ruling factor in the organization; and it may be observed that ever since the
+founding of the church almost every man of prominence in the community has
+belonged to this order. It was so in the time of the martyrs, Joseph and Hyrum
+Smith, who were killed at Carthage jail in Illinois, and both of whom were
+polygamists, although it was denied at the time. There were living until
+recently, and perhaps there are living now, women who testified that they were
+married in polygamy to one or the other of these two men, Joseph having the
+larger number. It has been so ever since and is so to-day that nearly every man
+of the governing class has been or is a polygamist.</p>
+
+<p>Brigham Young succeeded Joseph Smith, and he set up a kind of kingly rulership,
+not unbecoming to a man of his vast empire-building power. The Mormons
+have been taught to revere Joseph Smith as a direct prophet from God. He saw
+the face of the All Father. He held communion with the Son. The Holy Ghost
+was his constant companion. He settled every question, however trivial, by
+revelation from Almighty God. But Brigham was different. While claiming
+a divine right of leadership, he worked out his great mission by palpable and
+material means. I do not know that he ever pretended to have received a revelation
+from the time that he left Nauvoo until he reached the shores of the
+Dead Sea, nor through all the thirty years of his leadership there. He seemed
+to regard his people as children who had to be led through their serious calamities
+by holding out to them the glittering thought of divine guardianship. So
+firmly did Brigham establish the social order in Utah that all of the people were
+equal, except the governing body. This may be said to consist of the president
+and his two counsellors, they three constituting the first presidency; the twelve
+apostles; the presiding bishopric, consisting of three men, the chief bishops of
+the church but much lower in rank than the apostles; the seven presidents of
+seventies, who are, under the apostles, the subordinate head of the missionary
+service of the church; and the presiding patriarch. These altogether constitute
+a body of twenty-six men. There are local authorities in the different
+stakes of Zion, as they are called, corresponding to counties in a State, but with
+these it is not necessary to deal.</p>
+
+<p>Practically all of these men under Brigham Young were polygamists. They
+constituted what one of their number once called the &quot;elite class&quot; of the community.
+To attain this rank one usually had to show ability, and attaining the
+rank he was quite certain to enter into or extend his already existing plural-marriage
+relations. These rulers were looked upon with great reverence.
+Brigham Young, besides being a prophet of God, as they believed, had led them
+through the greatest march of the ages. His nod became almost superhuman in
+its significance. His frown was as terrible to them as the wrath of God. He
+upheld all the members of the polygamistic and governing class by his favoritism
+toward them. He supremely, and they subordinately, ruled the community as
+if they were a king and a house of peers, with no house of commons. Not elsewhere
+in the United States, and not in any foreign country where civilization
+dwells, has there been such a complete mastery of man over modern men. The
+subordinates and the mass would perform the slightest will of Brigham Young.
+When he was not present the mass would perform the will of any of the subordinates
+speaking in his name. Below this privileged class stood the common
+mass. It had its various gradations of title, but, with the exception of rare
+instances of personal power, there was equality in the mass. For instance, as
+business was a part of their system, the local religious authority in some remote
+part might be the business subordinate of some other man of less ecclesiastical
+rank, with the result that this peculiar intermingling kept them all practically
+upon one level of social order; and the man who made adobes under the hot sun
+of the desert through all the week might still be the religious superior of the
+richest man in the local community, and they met on terms of equality and
+friendship. Their children might intermarry, the difference in wealth being
+countervailed by a difference in ecclesiastical authority.</p>
+
+<p>It was a strange social system, this, with Brigham Young and his coterie of
+advisers, to the number of twenty-six, standing at the head, self-perpetuating, the
+chief being able to select constantly to fill the ranks as they might be depleted
+by death; and all these ruling over one solid mass of equal caste who thought
+that the rulers were animated by divine revelation, holding the right to govern
+in all things on earth and with authority extending into heaven.</p>
+
+<p>So firmly intrenched was their social system that when Brigham Young passed
+away his various successors who came in time to his place by accident of seniority
+of service found ample opportunity without difficulty to perpetuate this system
+and to maintain their social autocracy. As the matter has appeared so
+fully before the country, I will not speak further of the method of succession,
+but will merely call to your minds that after Brigham Young came John Taylor,
+then Wilford Woodruff, then Lorenzo Snow, then Joseph F. Smith, the present
+ruler.</p>
+
+<p>Under these several men the social autocracy has had its varying fortunes, but
+at the present time it is probably at as high a point as it ever reached under the
+original Joseph or under Brigham Young. The president of the church, Joseph
+F. Smith, affects a regal state. His home consists of a series of villas, rather
+handsome in design, and surrounded by such ample grounds as to afford sufficient
+exclusiveness. In addition to this he has an official residence of historic
+character near to the office which he occupies as president. When he travels he
+is usually accompanied by a train of friends, who are really servitors. When
+he attends social functions he appears like a ruler among his subjects. And in
+this respect I am not speaking of Mormon associations alone, for there are many
+Gentiles in and out of Utah who seem to take delight in paying this extraordinary
+deference.</p>
+
+<p>If I have seemed to speak at length upon this mere social phase it has not
+been without a definite purpose. I want you to know how this religion, claiming
+to recognize and secure the equality of men, immediately established and has
+maintained for the mass of its adherents that social equality, but has elevated
+a class of its rulers to regal authority and splendor. Understanding how the
+chief among them has the dignity of a monarch in their social relations, you will
+better understand the business and political autocracy which he has been able
+to establish.</p>
+
+<p>In all this social system each apostle has his great part. He is inseparable
+from it. He wields now, as does a minister at court, such part of the power as
+the monarch may permit him to enjoy, and it is his hope and expectation that
+he will outlive those who are his seniors in rank in order that he may become
+the ruler.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, if there be evil in this social relation as I have portrayed it, every
+apostle is responsible for a part of that evil. They enjoy the honors of the
+social class; they help to exert the tyranny over the subjugated mass. Those of
+you who do me the honor to follow my remarks will realize how close is the relation
+between the apostles and the president, and that the apostle is a responsible
+part of the governing power. While I may speak of the president of the
+church segregated from his associates and as the monarch, it must be understood
+constantly that he maintains his power by the support of the apostles,
+who keep the mass in order and in subjugation to his will, expressed through
+them.</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>THE BUSINESS MONOPOLY.</b></p>
+
+<p>Whatever may have been its origin or excuse, the business power of the president
+of the church and of the select class which he admits into business relations
+with him is now a practical monopoly, or is rapidly becoming a monopoly, of
+everything that he touches. I want to call your attention to the extraordinary
+list of worldly concerns in which this spiritual leader holds official position.
+The situation is more amazing when you are advised that this man came to his
+presidency purely by accident, namely, the death of his seniors in rank; that he
+had never known any business ability, and that he comes to the presidency and
+the directorship of the various corporations solely because he is president of the
+church. He is already reputed to be a wealthy man, and his statement
+would seem to indicate that he has large holdings in the various corporations
+with which he is associated, although previous to his accession to the presidency
+of the church he made a kind of proud boast among his people of his poverty.</p>
+
+<p>He conducts railways, street-car lines, power and light companies, coal mines,
+salt works, sugar factories, shoe factories, mercantile houses, drug stores, newspapers,
+magazines, theaters, and almost every conceivable kind of business, and
+in all of these, inasmuch as he is the dominant factor by virtue of his being the
+prophet of God, he asserts indisputable sway. It is considered an evidence of
+deference to him, and good standing in the church, for his hundreds of thousands
+of followers to patronize exclusively the institutions which he controls.</p>
+
+<p>And this fact alone, without any business ability on his part, but with capable
+subordinate guidance for his enterprises, insures their success, and danger and
+possible ruin for every competitive enterprise. Independent of these business
+concerns, he is in receipt of an income like unto that which a royal family
+derives from a national treasury. One-tenth of all the annual earnings of all
+the Mormons in all the world flows to him. These funds amount to the sum of
+$1,000,000 annually, or 5 per cent upon $32,000,000, which is one-quarter of the
+entire taxable wealth of the State of Utah. It is the same as if he owned,
+individually, in addition to all his visible enterprises, one-quarter of all the
+wealth of the State and derived from it 5 per cent of income without taxation
+and without discount. The hopelessness of contending in a business way with
+this autocrat must be perfectly apparent to your minds. The original purpose
+of this vast tithe, as often stated by speakers for the church, was the maintenance
+of the poor, the building of meetinghouses, etc. To-day the tithes are
+transmuted, in the localities where they are paid, into cash, and they flow into
+the treasury of the head of the church. No account is made, or ever has been
+made, of these tithes. The president expends them according to his own will
+and pleasure, and with no examination of his accounts, except by those few men
+whom he selects for that purpose and whom he rewards for their zeal and
+secrecy. Shortly after the settlement of the Mormon Church property question
+with the United States the church issued a series of bonds, amounting approximately
+to $1,000,000, which were taken by financial institutions. This was probably
+to wipe out a debt which had accumulated during a long period of controversy
+with the nation. But since, and including the year 1897, which was about
+the time of the issue of the bonds, approximately $9,000,000 have been paid as
+tithes. If any of the bonds are still outstanding, it is manifestly because the
+president of the church desires for reasons of his own to have an existing
+indebtedness.</p>
+
+<p>It will astound you to know that every dollar of United States money paid to
+any servant of the Government who is a Mormon is tithed for the benefit of
+this monarch. Out of every $1,000 thus paid he gets $100 to swell his grandeur.
+This is also true of money paid out of the public treasury of the State of Utah
+to Mormon officials. But what is worst of all, the monarch dips into the sacred
+public school fund and extracts from every Mormon teacher one-tenth of his or
+her earnings and uses it for his unaccounted purposes; and, by means of these
+purposes and the power which they constitute, he defies the laws of his State,
+the sentiment of his country, and is waging war of nullification on the public
+school system, so dear to the American people. No right-thinking man will
+oppose any person as a servant of the nation or the State or as a teacher in
+the public schools on account of religious faith. As I have before remarked,
+this is no war upon the religion of the Mormons; and I am only calling attention
+to the monstrous manner in which this monarch invades all the provinces
+of human life and endeavors to secure his rapacious ends.</p>
+
+<p>In all this there is no thought on my part of opposition to voluntary gifts by
+individuals for religious purposes or matters connected legitimately with
+religion. My comment and criticism are against the tyranny which misuses a
+sacred name to extract from individuals the moneys which they ought not to
+spare from family needs, and which they do not wish to spare; my comment
+and criticism relate to the power of a monarch whose tyranny is so effective as
+that not even the moneys paid by the Government are considered the property
+of the Government's servant until after this monarch shall have seized his
+arbitrary tribute, with or without the willing assent of the victim, so that the
+monarch may engage the more extensively in commercial affairs, which are not
+a part of either religion or charity.</p>
+
+<p>With an income of 5 per cent upon one-quarter of the entire assessed valuation
+of the State of Utah to-day, how long will it take this monarch, with his constantly
+increasing demands for revenue, to so absorb the productive power that
+he shall be receiving an income of 5 per cent upon one-half the property, and
+then upon all of the property of the State? This is worse than the farming of
+taxes under the old French Kings. Will Congress allow this awful calamity to
+continue?</p>
+
+<p>The view which the people of the United States entertained on this subject
+forty years ago was shown by the act of Congress in 1802, in which a provision,
+directed particularly against the Mormon Church, declared that no church in a
+Territory of the United States should have in excess of $50,000 of wealth outside
+of the property used for purposes of worship. It is evident that as early
+as that time the pernicious effects of a system which used the name of God and
+the authority of religion to dominate in commerce and finance were fully
+recognized.</p>
+
+<p>This immense tithing fund is gathered directly from Mormons, but the burden
+falls in some degree upon Gentiles also. Gentiles are in business and suffer
+by competition with tithe-supported business enterprises. Gentiles are large
+employers of Mormon labor; and as that labor must pay one-tenth of its earnings
+to support competitive concerns, the Gentile employer must pay, indirectly
+at least, the tithe which may be utilized to compete with, and even ruin, him in
+business.</p>
+
+<p>And in return it should be noted that Mormon institutions do not employ Gentiles
+except in rare cases of necessity. The reason is obvious: Gentiles do not
+take as kindly to the tithing system as do the Mormons.</p>
+
+<p>The Mormon citizen of Utah has additional disadvantages. After paying
+one-tenth of all his earnings as a tithe offering, he is called upon to erect and
+maintain the meetinghouses and other edifices of the church; he is called upon
+to donate to the poor fund in his ward, through his local bishop; he is called
+upon to sustain the Women's Relief Society, whose purpose is to care for the
+poor and to minister to the sick; he is called upon to pay his share of the
+expense for the 2,500 missionaries of the church who are constantly kept in the
+field without drawing upon, the general funds of the church. When all this is
+done, it is found that, in defiance of the old and deserved boast of the predecessors
+of the present president, there are some Mormons in the poorhouses of
+Utah, and these are sustained by the public taxes derived from the Gentiles
+and Mormons alike.</p>
+
+<p>Broadly speaking, the Gentiles compose 35 per cent of the population and pay
+one-half of the taxes of Utah. In the long run they carry their share of all
+these great charges.</p>
+
+<p>The almost unbearable community burden which is thus inflicted must be
+visible to your minds without argument from me.</p>
+
+<p>Let it be sufficient on this point for me to say that all the property of Utah is
+made to contribute to the grandeur of the president of the church, and that at
+his instance any industry, any institution, within the State, could be destroyed
+except the mining and smelting industry. Even this industry his personal and
+church organ has attacked with a threat of extermination by the courts, or by
+additional legislation, if the smelters do not meet the view expressed by the
+church organ.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. President, I ask to have read at this point an editorial from the Deseret
+Evening News of October 31, 1904, which I send to the desk.</p>
+
+<p><br /><b>The PRESIDENT pro tempore.</b> The Secretary will read as requested.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary read as follows:</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>DESERET EVENING NEWS.</b></p>
+
+<p>[Organ of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.]</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>SALT LAKE CITY, <i>October 31, 1904</i>.</p>
+
+<p>AWAY WITH THE NUISANCE.</p>
+
+<p>The people of Salt Lake City are waking up to the realization of the trouble of which
+our cousins out in the country are complaining. The sulphurous fumes which have been
+tasted by many folks here, particularly late at night, are not only those of a partisan
+nature emanating from the smokestacks of the slanderers and maligners, but are treats
+bestowed upon our citizens by the smelters, and are samples of the goods, or rather evils,
+which farmers and horticulturists have been burdened with so long. Complaints have
+come to us from some of the best people of the city, of different faiths and parties, that
+the air has been laden with sulphurous fumes that can net only be felt in the throat, but
+tasted in the mouth, and they rest upon the city at night, appearing like a thin fog.</p>
+
+<p>The fact is this smelter smoke will have to go; there is no mistake about that. If the
+smelters can not consume it, they will have to close up. This fair county must not be
+devastated and this city must not be rendered unhealthful by any such a nuisance as that
+which has been borne with now for a long time. The evasive policy that has been pursued,
+the tantalizing treatment toward the farmers who have vainly sought for redress,
+the destruction that has come upon vegetation and upon live stock, and now the choking
+fumes that reach this city all demand some practical remedy in place of the shilly-shally
+of the past.</p>
+
+<p>The Deseret News has counseled peace, consideration for the smelter people in the
+difficulties that they have to meet, favor toward a valuable industry that should be
+encouraged on proper lines, and arbitration instead of litigation. But it really seems
+now as though an aggressive policy will have to be pursued, or ruin will come to the agricultural
+pursuits of Salt Lake County, while the city will not escape from the ravages of
+the smelter fiend. If the companies that control those works will not or can not dispose
+of the poisonous metallic fumes that pour out of their smokestacks, the fires will have to
+he banked and the nuisance suppressed. We do not believe the latter is the necessary
+alternative. We are of opinion that the evil can be disposed of, and we are sure that
+efforts ought to be made to effect it without further delay.</p>
+
+<p>It looks as if the courts will have to be appealed to to obtain compensation for damages
+already inflicted. Also that they will have to be applied to for injunctions against
+the continuance of the cause of the trouble. We think there is law enough now to proceed
+under. But if that is not the case, then legislation must be had to fully cover the
+ground. Litigation will have to come first, legislation afterwards. However that may
+be, temporizing with the evil will not do. Patience has ceased to be a virtue in this
+matter. The conviction is fastening itself upon the public mind that no active steps are
+intended by the responsible parties, but simply a policy of delay. They must be taught
+that this will not answer the purpose, and that the injured people will not be fooled in
+that way. The smelter smoke must go. And it must not go in the old way.</p>
+
+<p>The proposition to put the matter in the hands of experts chosen by the complainants
+is not to be seriously considered. The onus is upon the smelter men; they are the
+offenders, and they must take the steps necessary to remove the cause of complaint, and
+also reimburse those who have been injured. We do not ask anything unreasonable.
+We join with those of our citizens who Intend that this beautiful part of our lovely State
+shall not be laid waste, even if the only cure is the suppression of the destroying cause.
+This may as well be understood first as last. Useless practical measures are adopted to
+abate the evil, active proceedings will have to be taken and pushed to the utmost to
+remove entirely the root and branch and trunk and body of this tree of destruction. The
+people affected are deeply in earnest, and they certainly mean business.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>Mr. KEARNS.</b> Mr. President, I must not burden you with too many details,
+but in order for you to see how complete is the business power of this man I
+will cite you to one case. The Great Salt Lake is estimated to contain
+14,000,000,000 tons of salt. Probably salt can be made cheaper on the shores of
+this lake than anywhere else in the world. Nearly all its shore line is adaptable
+for salt gardens. The president of the church is interested in a large salt
+monopoly which has gathered in the various smaller enterprises. He is president
+of a railroad which runs from the salt gardens to Salt Lake City, connecting
+there with trunk lines. It costs to manufacture the salt and place it on
+board the cars 75 cents per ton. He receives for it $5 and $6 per ton. His
+company and its subsidiary corporation are probably capitalized at three-quarters
+of a million dollars, and upon this large sum he is able to pay dividends
+of 8 or 10 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>Not long since two men, who for many years had been tithe payers and loyal
+members of the church, undertook to establish a salt garden along the line of a
+trunk railway. One of them was a large dealer in salt, and proposed to extend
+his trade by making the salt and reaching territory prohibited to him by the
+church price of salt; the other was the owner of the land upon which it was
+proposed to establish the salt garden. These men formed a corporation, put in
+pumping stations and flumes, and the corporation became indebted to one of
+the financial institutions over which the church exercised considerable influence.
+Then the president of the church sent for them. There is scarcely an
+instance on record where a message of this kind failed of its purpose. These
+men went to meet the prophet, seer, and revelator of God, as they supposed, but
+he had laid aside his robes of sanctity for the moment and he was a plain,
+unadorned, aggressive, if not an able, business man. He first denounced them
+for interfering with a business which he had made peculiarly his own; and, when
+they protested that they had no intention to interfere with his trade, but were
+seeking new markets, he declared in a voice of thunderous passion that if they
+did not cease with their projected enterprise, he would crush them. They
+escaped from his presence feeling like courtiers repulsed from the foot of a
+king's throne, and then surveyed their enterprise. If they stopped, they would
+lose all the money invested and their enterprise would possibly be sold out to
+their creditors; if they went on and invested more money, the president had the
+power, as he had threatened, to crush them. Not only could he ruin their enterprise,
+but he could ostracise them socially and could make of them marked and
+shunned men in the community where they had always been respected.</p>
+
+<p>Is there menace in this system? To me it seems like a great danger to all
+the people who are now affected, and therefore of great danger to the people
+of the United States, because the power of this monarchy within the Republic
+is constantly extending. If it be an evil, every apostle is in part responsible
+for this tyrannical course. He helped to elect the president; he does the
+president's bidding, and shares in the advantages of that tyranny.</p>
+
+<p>I did not call the social system a violation of the pledges to the country, but
+I do affirm that the business tyranny of Mormon leaders is an express violation
+of the covenant made, for they do not leave their followers free in secular
+affairs. They tyrannize over them, and their tyranny spreads even to the
+Gentiles. In all this I charge that every apostle is a party to the wrong and to
+the violation. Although I speak of the president of the church as the leader,
+the monarch in fact, every apostle is one of his ministers, one of his creators,
+and also one of his creatures, and possibly his successor; and the whole system
+depends upon the manner in which the apostles and the other leaders shall support
+the chief leader. As no apostle has ever protested against this system,
+but has, by every means in his power, encouraged it, he can not escape his
+share of the responsibility for it. It is an evil; they aid it. It is a violation of
+the pledge upon which statehood was granted; they profit by it.</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>THE POLITICAL AUTOCRACY.</b></p>
+
+<p>I pass now to the political aspect of this hierarchy, as some call it, but this
+monarchy as I choose to term it.</p>
+
+<p>I have previously called your attention to the social and business powers,
+monopolies, autocracies, exercised by the leaders. Through these channels of
+social and business relations they can spread the knowledge of their political
+desires without appearing obtrusively in politics. When the end of their desire
+is accomplished, they affect to wash their hands of all responsibility by denying
+that they engaged in political activities. Superficial persons, and those desiring
+to accept this argument, are convinced by it. But never, in the palmy days
+of Brigham Young, was there a more complete political tyranny than is exercised
+by the present president of the Mormon Church and his apostles, who are
+merely awaiting the time when by the death of their seniors in rank they may
+become president, and select some other man to hold the apostleship in their
+place&mdash;as they now hold it in behalf of the ruling monarch.</p>
+
+<p>In this statement I merely call your attention to what a perfect system of
+ecclesiastical government is maintained by these presidents and apostles; and I
+do not need to more than indicate to you what a wonderous aid their ecclesiastical
+government can be, and is, in accomplishing their political purposes.</p>
+
+<p>Parties are nothing to these leaders, except as parties may be used by them.
+So long as there is Republican administration and Congress, they will lead their
+followers to support Republican tickets; but if, by any chance, the Democratic
+party should control this Government, with a prospect of continuance in power,
+you would see a gradual veering around under the direction of the Mormon
+leaders. When Republicans are in power the Republican leaders of the Mormon
+people are in evidence and the Democratic leaders are in retirement. If the
+Democracy were in power, the Republican leaders of the Mormon people would
+go into retirement and Democrats would appear in their places. No man can be
+elected to either House of Congress against their wish. I will not trespass upon
+your patience long enough to recite the innumerable circumstances that prove
+this assertion, but will merely refer to enough instances to illustrate the method.
+In 1897, at the session of the legislature which was to elect a Senator, and which
+was composed of sixty Democrats and three Republicans, Moses Thacher was
+the favored candidate of the Democracy in the State. He had been an apostle
+of the Mormon Church, but had been deposed because he was out of harmony
+with the leaders. The Hon. Jos. L. Rawlins was a rival candidate, but not
+strongly so at first. He was encouraged by the church leaders in every way;
+and finally, when his strength had been advanced sufficiently to need but one
+vote, a Mormon Republican was promptly moved over into the Democratic column
+and he was elected by the joint assembly. I do not charge that Hon. Joseph
+L. Rawlins, who occupied a seat with distinguished honor in this great body for
+six years, had any improper bargain with the church, or any knowledge of the
+secret methods by which his election was being compassed; but he was elected
+under the direction of the leaders of the church because they desired to defeat
+and further humiliate a deposed apostle.</p>
+
+<p>I will not ignore my own case. During nearly three years I have waited this
+great hour of justice in which I could answer the malignant falsehood and abuse
+which has been heaped upon a man who is dead and can not answer, and upon
+myself, a living man willing to wait the time for answer. Lorenzo Snow, a very
+aged man, was president of the church when I was elected to the Senate. He
+had reached that advanced time of life, being over eighty, when men abide
+largely in the thoughts of their youth. He was my friend in that distant way
+which sometimes exists without close acquaintanceship, our friendship (if I
+may term it such) having arisen from the events attendant upon Utah's struggle
+for statehood. For some reason he did not oppose my election to the Senate.
+Every other candidate for the place had sought his favor; it came to me without
+price or solicitation on my part. The friends and mouthpieces of some of the
+present leaders have been base enough to charge that I bought the Senatorship
+from Lorenzo Snow, president of their own church. Here and now I denounce
+the calumny against that old man, whose unsought and unbought favor came to
+me in that contest. That I ever paid him one dollar of money, or asked him to
+influence legislators of his faith, is as cruel a falsehood as ever came from human
+lips. So far as I am concerned he held his power with clean hands, and I would
+protect the memory of this dead man against all the abuse and misrepresentation
+which might be heaped upon him by those who were his adherents during
+life, but who now attack his fame in order that they may pay the greater deference
+to the present king.</p>
+
+<p>You must know that in that day we were but five years old as a State. Our
+political conditions were and had been greatly unsettled. The purpose of the
+church to rule in politics had not yet been made so manifest and determined.
+Lorenzo Snow held his office for a brief time&mdash;about two years. What he did in
+that office pertaining to my election I here and now distinctly assume as my
+burden, for no man shall with impunity use his hatred of me to defame Lorenzo
+Snow and dishonor his memory to his living and loving descendants.</p>
+
+<p>As for myself, I am willing to take the Senate and the country into my confidence,
+and make a part of the eternal records of the Senate, for such of my
+friends as may care to read, the vindication of my course to my posterity. I
+had an ambition, and not an improper one, to sit in the Senate of the United
+States. My competitors had longer experience in polities and may have understood
+more of the peculiar situation in the State. They sought what is known
+as church influence. I sought to obtain this place by purely political means. I
+was elected. After all their trickery my opponents were defeated, and to some
+extent by the very means which they had basely invoked. I have served with
+you four years, and have sought in a modest way to make a creditable record
+here. I have learned something of the grandeur and dignity of the Senate,
+something of its ideals, which I could not know before coming here. I say to
+you, my fellow Senators, that this place of power is infinitely more magnificent
+than I dreamed when I first thought of occupying a seat here. But were it
+thrice as great as I now know it to be, and were I back in that old time of struggle
+in Utah, when I was seeking for this honor, I would not permit the volunteered
+friendship of President Snow to bestow upon me, even as an innocent
+recipient, one atom of the church monarch's favor. My ideals have grown with
+my term of service in this body, and I believe that the man who would render
+here the highest service to his country must be careful to attain to this place by
+the purest civic path that mortal feet can tread.</p>
+
+<p>I have said enough to indicate that for my own part I never countenanced,
+nor knowingly condoned, the intrusion of the church monarchy into secular
+affairs. And I have said enough to those who know me to prove for all time
+that, so far as I am concerned, my election here was as honorable as that of any
+man who sits in this chamber; and yet I have said enough that all men may know
+that rather than have a dead man's memory defamed on my account, I will
+make his cause my own and will fight for the honor which he is not on earth to
+defend. This will not suit the friends and mouthpieces of the present rulers,
+but I have no desire to satisfy or conciliate them; and in leaving this part of
+the question, I avenge President Snow sufficiently by saying that these men
+did not dare to offend his desire nor dispute his will while he was living, and
+only grew brave when they could cry: &quot;Lorenzo, the king, is dead! Long live
+Joseph, the king!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>As a Senator I have sought to fulfill my duty to the people of this country.
+I am about to retire from this place of dignity. No man can retain this seat
+from Utah and retain his self-respect after he discovers the methods by which
+his election is procured and the objects which the church monarchy intends to
+achieve. Some of my critics will say that I relinquished that which I could not
+hold. I will not pause to discuss that point further than to say that if I had
+chosen to adopt the policy with the present monarch of the church, which his
+friends and mouthpieces say I did adopt with the king who is dead, it might
+have been possible to retain this place of honor with dishonor.</p>
+
+<p>Every apostle is a part of this terrible power, which can make and unmake at
+its mysterious will and pleasure. Early in 1902 warning had been publicly
+uttered in the State against the continued manifestation of church power in politics.
+The period of unsettled conditions during which I was elected had ended
+and we had opportunity to see the manner in which the church monarch was
+resuming his forbidden sway; and we had occasion to know the indignant
+feelings entertained by the people of the United States when they contemplated
+the flagrant breaking of the pledge given to the country to secure the admission
+of Utah. I myself, after conference with distinguished men at Washington,
+journeyed to Utah and presented a solemn protest and warning to the leaders
+of the church against the dangerous exercise of their political power. I did it
+to repay a debt which I owed to Utah, and not for any selfish reason. I knew
+that from the day I uttered that warning the leaders of the Mormon Church
+would hate and pursue me for the purpose of wreaking their vengeance. But
+as the consequences of their misconduct, their pledge breaking would fall upon
+all of the people of the State, upon the innocent more severely than upon the
+guilty, I felt that I must assert my love and gratitude to the State, even though
+my warning should lead to my own destruction by these autocrats. If there had
+been one desire in my heart to effect a conjunction with this church monarchy,
+if I had been willing to retain office as its gift, I would not have taken this
+step, for I knew its consequences. I began in that hour my effort to restore to
+the people of Utah the safety and the political freedom which are their right,
+and I shall continue it while I live until the fight is won.</p>
+
+<p>The disdain with which that message was received was final proof of the contempt
+in which that church monarchy holds the Senate and the people of the
+United States, and of the disregard in which the church monarchy holds the
+pledges which it made in order to obtain the power of statehood.</p>
+
+<p>They do not need to utter explicit instructions in order to assert their demand.
+The methods of conveying information of their desire are numerous and sufficiently
+effective, as is proved by results. To show how completely all ordinary
+political conditions, as they obtain elsewhere in the United States, are without
+account in Utah, I have but to cite you to the fact that after the recent election,
+which gave 57 members out of 63 on joint ballot to the Republican party, and
+when the question of my successor became a matter of great anxiety to numerous
+aspirants for this place, the discussion was not concerning the fitness of candidates,
+nor the political popularity of the various gentlemen who composed that
+waiting list, nor the pledges of the legislators, but was limited to the question
+as to who could stand best with the church monarchy; as to whom it would
+like to use in this position; as to who would make for the extension of its ambitions
+and power in the United States.</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>THE MORMON MARRIAGE RELATION.</b></p>
+
+<p>And now I come to a subject concerning which the people of the United States
+are greatly aroused. It is known that there have been plural marriages among
+the Mormon people, by sanction of high authorities in this church monarchy,
+since the solemn promise was made to the country that plural marriages should
+end. It is well known that the plural marriage relations have been continued
+defiantly, according to the will and pleasure of those who had formerly violated
+the law, and for whose obedience to law the church monarchy pledged the faith
+and honor of its leaders and followers alike in order to obtain statehood. The
+pledge was made repeatedly, as stated in an earlier part of these remarks, that
+all of the Mormon people would come within the law. They have not done so.
+The church monarch is known to be living in defiance of the laws of God and
+man, and in defiance of the covenant made with the country, upon which amnesty
+by the President, and statehood by the President and the Congress, were
+granted.</p>
+
+<p>I charge that every apostle is in large part responsible for this condition, so
+deplorable in its effects upon the people of Utah and so antagonistic to the
+institutions of this country. Every apostle is directed by the law-breaking
+church monarch. Every apostle teaches by example and precept to the Mormon
+people that this church monarch is a prophet of God, to offend or criticise whom
+is a sin in the sight of the Almighty. Every apostle helps to appoint to office
+and sustain the seven presidents of seventies, who are below them in dignity,
+and they are directly responsible for them and their method of life.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite evident that the church monarchy is endeavoring to reestablish
+the rule of a polygamous class over the mass of the Mormon people. Of the
+apostles not practicing polygamy there is at most only three or four men constituting
+the quorum of which this could be truthfully said. Special reasons
+may exist in some particular case why a man in this class has not entered into
+such relation.</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>THE GENERAL SITUATION.</b></p>
+
+<p>Briefly reviewing the matters which I have offered here, and the logical
+deductions therefrom, I maintain the following propositions:</p>
+
+<p>We set aside the religion of the Mormon people as sacred from assault.</p>
+
+<p>Outside of religion the Mormons as a community are ruled by a special privileged
+class, constituting what I call the church monarchy.</p>
+
+<p>This monarchy pledged the country that there would be no more violations of
+law and no more defiance of the sentiment of the United States regarding
+polygamy and the plural marriage relation.</p>
+
+<p>This monarchy pledged the United States that it would refrain from controlling
+its subjects in secular affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Every member of this monarchy is responsible for the system of government
+and for the acts of the monarchy, since (as shown in the cases of the deposed
+apostle, Moses Thatcher, and others) the man who is not in accord with the
+system is dropped from the ruling class.</p>
+
+<p>This monarchy sets up a regal social order within this Republic.</p>
+
+<p>This monarchy monopolizes the business of one commonwealth and is rapidly
+reaching into others.</p>
+
+<p>This monarchy takes practically all the surplus product of the toil of its subjects
+for its own purpose, and makes no account to anyone on earth of its
+immense secret fund.</p>
+
+<p>This monarchy rules all politics in Utah, and is rapidly extending its dominion
+into other States and Territories.</p>
+
+<p>This monarchy permits its favorites to enter into polygamy and to maintain
+polygamous relations, and it protects them from prosecution by its political
+power.</p>
+
+<p>Lately no effort has been made to punish any of these people by the local law.
+On the contrary, the ruling monarch has continued to grow in power, wealth,
+and importance. He sits upon innumerable boards of directors, among others
+that of the Union Pacific Railway, where he joins upon terms of fraternity
+with the great financial and transportation magnates of the United States, who
+hold him in their councils because his power to benefit or to injure their possessions
+must be taken into account.</p>
+
+<p>I charge that no apostle has ever protested publicly against the continuation
+of this sovereign authority over the Mormon kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>Within a few months past the last apostle elected to the quorum was a
+polygamist&mdash;Charles W. Penrose&mdash;and his law-breaking career is well known.
+Previous to 1889 Penrose was living publicly with three wives. Under false pretenses
+to President Cleveland he obtained amnesty for his past offenses. He
+represented that he had but two wives, and that he married his second wife in
+1862, while it was generally known that he took a third wife just prior to 1888.
+He promised to obey the law in the future, and to urge others to do so; yet
+after that amnesty, obtained by concealing his third marriage from President
+Cleveland, he continued living with his three wives. His action in this matter
+has been notorious. He has publicly defended this kind of lawbreaking on the
+false pretense that there was a tacit understanding with the American Congress
+and people, when Utah was admitted, that these polygamists might continue
+to live as they had been living.</p>
+
+<p>And it was this traitor to his country's laws, this unrepentant knave and
+cheat of the nation's mercy, this defamer of Congress and the people, that was
+elected to the apostleship to help govern the church, and through the church
+the State.</p>
+
+<p>Is it not demonstrated that Utah is an abnormal State? Our problem is
+vast and complex. I have endeavored to simplify it so that the Senate and
+the country may readily grasp the questions at issue.</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>THE REMEDY.</b></p>
+
+<p>Will this great body, will the Government of the United States, go on unheedingly
+while this church monarchy multiplies its purposes and multiplies its
+power? Has the nation so little regard for its own dignity and the safety of
+its institutions and its people that it will permit a church monarch like Joseph
+F. Smith to defy the laws of the country, and to override the law and to overrule
+the administrators of the law in his own State of Utah?</p>
+
+<p>What shall the Americans of that Commonwealth do if the people of the
+United States do not heed their cry?</p>
+
+<p>The vast majority of the Mormon people are law-abiding, industrious, sober,
+and thrifty. They make good citizens in every respect except as they are dominated
+by this monarchy, which speaks to them in the name of God and governs
+them in the spirit of Mammon. Any remedy for existing evils which would
+injure the mass of the Mormon people would be most deplorable. I believe that
+they would loosen the chains which they wear if it were possible. I think that
+many of them pay blood-money tithes simply to avoid social ostracism and business
+destruction. I believe that many of them do the political will of the
+church monarch because they are led to believe that the safety of the church
+monarchy is necessary in order that the mass may preserve the right to worship
+God according to the dictates of their conscience. The church monopoly, by its
+various agencies, is usually able to uprear the injured and innocent mass of the
+Mormon people as a barrier to protect the members of that monarchy from public
+vengeance.</p>
+
+<p>It is the duty of this great body&mdash;the Senate of the United States&mdash;to serve
+notice on this church monarch and his apostles that they must live within the
+law; that the nation is supreme; that the institutions of this country must
+prevail throughout the land; and that the compact upon which statehood was granted
+must be preserved inviolate.</p>
+
+<p>May heaven grant that this may be effective and that the church monarchy
+in Utah may be taught that it must relinquish its grasp.</p>
+
+<p>I would not, for my life, that injury should come to the innocent mass of
+the people of Utah; I would not that any right of theirs should be lost, but that
+the right of all should be preserved to all.</p>
+
+<p>If the Senate will apply this remedy and the alien monarchy still proves defiant,
+it will be for others than myself to suggest a course of action consistent
+with the dignity of the country.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime we of Utah who have no sympathy with the now clearly
+defined purpose of this church monopoly will wage our battle for individual freedom;
+to lift the State to a proud position in the sisterhood, to preserve the compact
+which was made with the country, believing that behind the brave citizens
+in Utah who are warring against this alien monarchy stands the sentiment and
+power of eighty-two millions of our fellow-citizens.</p>
+
+<p><br />[Transcriber's Note:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">The following typographical errors were corrected:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">tryanny to tyranny, autocracts to autocrats, monorchy to monarchy.]</span></p>
+
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14661 ***</div>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Conditions in Utah, by Thomas Kearns
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+Title: Conditions in Utah
+       Speech of Hon. Thomas Kearns of Utah, in the Senate of the United States
+
+Author: Thomas Kearns
+
+Release Date: January 10, 2005 [EBook #14661]
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+
+
+<h1>CONDITIONS IN UTAH.</h1>
+
+<h2>SPEECH<br />
+OF<br />
+HON. THOMAS KEARNS,<br />
+OF UTAH,</h2>
+
+<h3>IN THE<br />
+SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,<br />
+<br />
+Tuesday, February 28, 1905.</h3>
+
+<h4><br />WASHINGTON.<br />
+1905.</h4>
+
+
+<hr />
+<h2>SPEECH OF HON. THOMAS KEARNS.</h2>
+<hr />
+
+<p><br /><b>POLYGAMOUS MARRIAGES AND PLURAL COHABITATION.</b></p>
+
+<p><b>The PRESIDENT pro tempore.</b> The Chair lays before the Senate the resolution
+submitted by the Senator from Idaho [Mr. DUBOIS], which will be read.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary read the resolution submitted yesterday by Mr. DUBOIS, as
+follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Resolved</i>, That the Committee on the Judiciary be, and it is hereby, authorized and
+instructed to prepare and report to the Senate within thirty days after the beginning of
+the next session of Congress a joint resolution of the two Houses of Congress proposing
+to the several States amendments to the Constitution of the United States which shall
+provide, in substance, for the prohibition and punishment of polygamous marriages and
+plural cohabitation contracted or practiced within the United States and in every place
+subject to the jurisdiction of the United States; and which shall, in substance, also require
+all persons taking office under the Constitution or laws of the United States, or of
+any State, to take and subscribe an oath that he or she is not, and will not be, a member
+or adherent of any organization whatever the laws, rules, or nature of which organization
+require him or her to disregard his or her duty to support and maintain the Constitution
+and laws of the United States and of the several States.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>Mr. KEARNS.</b> Mr. President, I will not permit this occasion to pass without
+saying, with brevity and such clearness as I can command, what it seems to me
+should be said by a Senator, under these circumstances, before leaving public
+life. Something is due to the State which has honored me; something is due to
+the record which I have endeavored to maintain honorably before the world and
+something, by way of information, is due to the Senate and the country.</p>
+
+<p>Utah, the newest of the States, to me the best beloved of all the States,
+appears to be the only one concerning which there is a serious conflict with the
+country. I was not born in Utah, but I have spent all the years of my manhood
+there, and I love the Commonwealth and its people. In what I say there is
+malice toward none, and I hope to make it just to all. If the present day does
+not accept my statements and appreciate my motives, I can only trust that
+time will prove more gentle and that in the future those who care to revert to
+these remarks will know that they are animated purely by a hope to bring about
+a better understanding between Utah and this great nation.</p>
+
+<p>Utah was admitted to statehood after, and because of, a long series of pledges
+exacted from the Mormon leaders, the like of which had never before been
+known in American history. Except for those pledges, the sentiment of the
+United States would never have assented to Utah's admission. Except for the
+belief on the part of Congress and the country that the extraordinary power
+which abides in that State would maintain these pledges, Utah would not have
+been admitted. There is every reason to believe that the President who signed
+the bill would have vetoed it if he had not been convinced that the pledges made
+would be kept.</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>THE PLEDGES.</b></p>
+
+<p>As a citizen of the State and a witness to the events and words which constitute
+those pledges, as a Senator of the United States, I give my word of honor
+to you that I believed that these pledges consisted of the following propositions:</p>
+
+<p>First. That the Mormon leaders would live within the laws pertaining to plural
+marriage and the continued plural marriage relation, and that they would
+enforce this obligation upon all of their followers, under penalty of disfellowship.</p>
+
+<p>Second. That the leaders of the Mormon Church would no longer exercise
+political sway, and that their followers would be free and would exercise their
+freedom in politics, in business, and in social affairs.</p>
+
+<p>As a citizen and a Senator I give my word of honor to you that I believed
+that these pledges would be kept in the spirit in which Congress and the country
+accepted them, and that there would never be any violation, evasion, denial, or
+equivocation concerning them.</p>
+
+<p>I appeal to such members of this body as were in either House of Congress
+during the years 1890 to 1896, if it was not their belief at that time that the
+foregoing were the pledges and that they would be kept; and I respectfully
+insist that every Senator here who was a member of either House at that time
+would have refused to vote for Utah's admission unless he had firmly believed as
+I have stated.</p>
+
+<p>1. Utah, secured her statehood by a solemn compact made by the Mormon
+leaders in behalf of themselves and their people.</p>
+
+<p>2. That compact has been broken willfully and frequently.</p>
+
+<p>3. No apostle of the Mormon Church has publicly protested against that
+violation.</p>
+
+<p>I know the gravity of the utterances that I have just made. I know what
+are the probable consequences to myself. But I have pondered long and
+earnestly upon the subject and have come to the conclusion that duty to the
+innocent people of my State and that obligation to the Senate and the country
+require that I shall clearly define my attitude.</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>RELIGION NOT INVOLVED.</b></p>
+
+<p>This is no quarrel with religion. This is no assault upon any man's faith.
+This is rather the reverence toward the inherent right of all men to believe as
+they please, which separates religious faith from irreligious practice. The Mormon
+people have a system of their own, somewhat complex, and gathered from
+the mysticisms of all the ages. It does not appeal to most men; but in its
+purely theological domain it is theirs, and I respect it as their religion and them
+as its believers.</p>
+
+<p>The trouble arises now, as it has frequently arisen in the past, from the fact
+that some of the accidental leaders of the movement since the first zealot
+founder have sought to make of this religion not only a system of morals, sometimes
+quite original in themselves, but also a system of social relation, a system
+of finance, a system of commerce, and a system of politics.</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>THE SOCIAL ASPECT.</b></p>
+
+<p>I dismiss the religion with my profound respect; if it can comfort them, I
+would not, if I could, disturb it. Coming to the social aspect of the society, it is
+apparent that the great founder sought first to establish equality among men,
+and then to draw from those equal ranks a special class, who were permitted to
+practice polygamy and to whom special privileges were accorded in their association
+with the consecrated temples and the administration of mystic ordinances
+therein. The polygamous group, or cult as it may be called, soon became
+the ruling factor in the organization; and it may be observed that ever since the
+founding of the church almost every man of prominence in the community has
+belonged to this order. It was so in the time of the martyrs, Joseph and Hyrum
+Smith, who were killed at Carthage jail in Illinois, and both of whom were
+polygamists, although it was denied at the time. There were living until
+recently, and perhaps there are living now, women who testified that they were
+married in polygamy to one or the other of these two men, Joseph having the
+larger number. It has been so ever since and is so to-day that nearly every man
+of the governing class has been or is a polygamist.</p>
+
+<p>Brigham Young succeeded Joseph Smith, and he set up a kind of kingly rulership,
+not unbecoming to a man of his vast empire-building power. The Mormons
+have been taught to revere Joseph Smith as a direct prophet from God. He saw
+the face of the All Father. He held communion with the Son. The Holy Ghost
+was his constant companion. He settled every question, however trivial, by
+revelation from Almighty God. But Brigham was different. While claiming
+a divine right of leadership, he worked out his great mission by palpable and
+material means. I do not know that he ever pretended to have received a revelation
+from the time that he left Nauvoo until he reached the shores of the
+Dead Sea, nor through all the thirty years of his leadership there. He seemed
+to regard his people as children who had to be led through their serious calamities
+by holding out to them the glittering thought of divine guardianship. So
+firmly did Brigham establish the social order in Utah that all of the people were
+equal, except the governing body. This may be said to consist of the president
+and his two counsellors, they three constituting the first presidency; the twelve
+apostles; the presiding bishopric, consisting of three men, the chief bishops of
+the church but much lower in rank than the apostles; the seven presidents of
+seventies, who are, under the apostles, the subordinate head of the missionary
+service of the church; and the presiding patriarch. These altogether constitute
+a body of twenty-six men. There are local authorities in the different
+stakes of Zion, as they are called, corresponding to counties in a State, but with
+these it is not necessary to deal.</p>
+
+<p>Practically all of these men under Brigham Young were polygamists. They
+constituted what one of their number once called the &quot;elite class&quot; of the community.
+To attain this rank one usually had to show ability, and attaining the
+rank he was quite certain to enter into or extend his already existing plural-marriage
+relations. These rulers were looked upon with great reverence.
+Brigham Young, besides being a prophet of God, as they believed, had led them
+through the greatest march of the ages. His nod became almost superhuman in
+its significance. His frown was as terrible to them as the wrath of God. He
+upheld all the members of the polygamistic and governing class by his favoritism
+toward them. He supremely, and they subordinately, ruled the community as
+if they were a king and a house of peers, with no house of commons. Not elsewhere
+in the United States, and not in any foreign country where civilization
+dwells, has there been such a complete mastery of man over modern men. The
+subordinates and the mass would perform the slightest will of Brigham Young.
+When he was not present the mass would perform the will of any of the subordinates
+speaking in his name. Below this privileged class stood the common
+mass. It had its various gradations of title, but, with the exception of rare
+instances of personal power, there was equality in the mass. For instance, as
+business was a part of their system, the local religious authority in some remote
+part might be the business subordinate of some other man of less ecclesiastical
+rank, with the result that this peculiar intermingling kept them all practically
+upon one level of social order; and the man who made adobes under the hot sun
+of the desert through all the week might still be the religious superior of the
+richest man in the local community, and they met on terms of equality and
+friendship. Their children might intermarry, the difference in wealth being
+countervailed by a difference in ecclesiastical authority.</p>
+
+<p>It was a strange social system, this, with Brigham Young and his coterie of
+advisers, to the number of twenty-six, standing at the head, self-perpetuating, the
+chief being able to select constantly to fill the ranks as they might be depleted
+by death; and all these ruling over one solid mass of equal caste who thought
+that the rulers were animated by divine revelation, holding the right to govern
+in all things on earth and with authority extending into heaven.</p>
+
+<p>So firmly intrenched was their social system that when Brigham Young passed
+away his various successors who came in time to his place by accident of seniority
+of service found ample opportunity without difficulty to perpetuate this system
+and to maintain their social autocracy. As the matter has appeared so
+fully before the country, I will not speak further of the method of succession,
+but will merely call to your minds that after Brigham Young came John Taylor,
+then Wilford Woodruff, then Lorenzo Snow, then Joseph F. Smith, the present
+ruler.</p>
+
+<p>Under these several men the social autocracy has had its varying fortunes, but
+at the present time it is probably at as high a point as it ever reached under the
+original Joseph or under Brigham Young. The president of the church, Joseph
+F. Smith, affects a regal state. His home consists of a series of villas, rather
+handsome in design, and surrounded by such ample grounds as to afford sufficient
+exclusiveness. In addition to this he has an official residence of historic
+character near to the office which he occupies as president. When he travels he
+is usually accompanied by a train of friends, who are really servitors. When
+he attends social functions he appears like a ruler among his subjects. And in
+this respect I am not speaking of Mormon associations alone, for there are many
+Gentiles in and out of Utah who seem to take delight in paying this extraordinary
+deference.</p>
+
+<p>If I have seemed to speak at length upon this mere social phase it has not
+been without a definite purpose. I want you to know how this religion, claiming
+to recognize and secure the equality of men, immediately established and has
+maintained for the mass of its adherents that social equality, but has elevated
+a class of its rulers to regal authority and splendor. Understanding how the
+chief among them has the dignity of a monarch in their social relations, you will
+better understand the business and political autocracy which he has been able
+to establish.</p>
+
+<p>In all this social system each apostle has his great part. He is inseparable
+from it. He wields now, as does a minister at court, such part of the power as
+the monarch may permit him to enjoy, and it is his hope and expectation that
+he will outlive those who are his seniors in rank in order that he may become
+the ruler.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, if there be evil in this social relation as I have portrayed it, every
+apostle is responsible for a part of that evil. They enjoy the honors of the
+social class; they help to exert the tyranny over the subjugated mass. Those of
+you who do me the honor to follow my remarks will realize how close is the relation
+between the apostles and the president, and that the apostle is a responsible
+part of the governing power. While I may speak of the president of the
+church segregated from his associates and as the monarch, it must be understood
+constantly that he maintains his power by the support of the apostles,
+who keep the mass in order and in subjugation to his will, expressed through
+them.</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>THE BUSINESS MONOPOLY.</b></p>
+
+<p>Whatever may have been its origin or excuse, the business power of the president
+of the church and of the select class which he admits into business relations
+with him is now a practical monopoly, or is rapidly becoming a monopoly, of
+everything that he touches. I want to call your attention to the extraordinary
+list of worldly concerns in which this spiritual leader holds official position.
+The situation is more amazing when you are advised that this man came to his
+presidency purely by accident, namely, the death of his seniors in rank; that he
+had never known any business ability, and that he comes to the presidency and
+the directorship of the various corporations solely because he is president of the
+church. He is already reputed to be a wealthy man, and his statement
+would seem to indicate that he has large holdings in the various corporations
+with which he is associated, although previous to his accession to the presidency
+of the church he made a kind of proud boast among his people of his poverty.</p>
+
+<p>He conducts railways, street-car lines, power and light companies, coal mines,
+salt works, sugar factories, shoe factories, mercantile houses, drug stores, newspapers,
+magazines, theaters, and almost every conceivable kind of business, and
+in all of these, inasmuch as he is the dominant factor by virtue of his being the
+prophet of God, he asserts indisputable sway. It is considered an evidence of
+deference to him, and good standing in the church, for his hundreds of thousands
+of followers to patronize exclusively the institutions which he controls.</p>
+
+<p>And this fact alone, without any business ability on his part, but with capable
+subordinate guidance for his enterprises, insures their success, and danger and
+possible ruin for every competitive enterprise. Independent of these business
+concerns, he is in receipt of an income like unto that which a royal family
+derives from a national treasury. One-tenth of all the annual earnings of all
+the Mormons in all the world flows to him. These funds amount to the sum of
+$1,000,000 annually, or 5 per cent upon $32,000,000, which is one-quarter of the
+entire taxable wealth of the State of Utah. It is the same as if he owned,
+individually, in addition to all his visible enterprises, one-quarter of all the
+wealth of the State and derived from it 5 per cent of income without taxation
+and without discount. The hopelessness of contending in a business way with
+this autocrat must be perfectly apparent to your minds. The original purpose
+of this vast tithe, as often stated by speakers for the church, was the maintenance
+of the poor, the building of meetinghouses, etc. To-day the tithes are
+transmuted, in the localities where they are paid, into cash, and they flow into
+the treasury of the head of the church. No account is made, or ever has been
+made, of these tithes. The president expends them according to his own will
+and pleasure, and with no examination of his accounts, except by those few men
+whom he selects for that purpose and whom he rewards for their zeal and
+secrecy. Shortly after the settlement of the Mormon Church property question
+with the United States the church issued a series of bonds, amounting approximately
+to $1,000,000, which were taken by financial institutions. This was probably
+to wipe out a debt which had accumulated during a long period of controversy
+with the nation. But since, and including the year 1897, which was about
+the time of the issue of the bonds, approximately $9,000,000 have been paid as
+tithes. If any of the bonds are still outstanding, it is manifestly because the
+president of the church desires for reasons of his own to have an existing
+indebtedness.</p>
+
+<p>It will astound you to know that every dollar of United States money paid to
+any servant of the Government who is a Mormon is tithed for the benefit of
+this monarch. Out of every $1,000 thus paid he gets $100 to swell his grandeur.
+This is also true of money paid out of the public treasury of the State of Utah
+to Mormon officials. But what is worst of all, the monarch dips into the sacred
+public school fund and extracts from every Mormon teacher one-tenth of his or
+her earnings and uses it for his unaccounted purposes; and, by means of these
+purposes and the power which they constitute, he defies the laws of his State,
+the sentiment of his country, and is waging war of nullification on the public
+school system, so dear to the American people. No right-thinking man will
+oppose any person as a servant of the nation or the State or as a teacher in
+the public schools on account of religious faith. As I have before remarked,
+this is no war upon the religion of the Mormons; and I am only calling attention
+to the monstrous manner in which this monarch invades all the provinces
+of human life and endeavors to secure his rapacious ends.</p>
+
+<p>In all this there is no thought on my part of opposition to voluntary gifts by
+individuals for religious purposes or matters connected legitimately with
+religion. My comment and criticism are against the tyranny which misuses a
+sacred name to extract from individuals the moneys which they ought not to
+spare from family needs, and which they do not wish to spare; my comment
+and criticism relate to the power of a monarch whose tyranny is so effective as
+that not even the moneys paid by the Government are considered the property
+of the Government's servant until after this monarch shall have seized his
+arbitrary tribute, with or without the willing assent of the victim, so that the
+monarch may engage the more extensively in commercial affairs, which are not
+a part of either religion or charity.</p>
+
+<p>With an income of 5 per cent upon one-quarter of the entire assessed valuation
+of the State of Utah to-day, how long will it take this monarch, with his constantly
+increasing demands for revenue, to so absorb the productive power that
+he shall be receiving an income of 5 per cent upon one-half the property, and
+then upon all of the property of the State? This is worse than the farming of
+taxes under the old French Kings. Will Congress allow this awful calamity to
+continue?</p>
+
+<p>The view which the people of the United States entertained on this subject
+forty years ago was shown by the act of Congress in 1802, in which a provision,
+directed particularly against the Mormon Church, declared that no church in a
+Territory of the United States should have in excess of $50,000 of wealth outside
+of the property used for purposes of worship. It is evident that as early
+as that time the pernicious effects of a system which used the name of God and
+the authority of religion to dominate in commerce and finance were fully
+recognized.</p>
+
+<p>This immense tithing fund is gathered directly from Mormons, but the burden
+falls in some degree upon Gentiles also. Gentiles are in business and suffer
+by competition with tithe-supported business enterprises. Gentiles are large
+employers of Mormon labor; and as that labor must pay one-tenth of its earnings
+to support competitive concerns, the Gentile employer must pay, indirectly
+at least, the tithe which may be utilized to compete with, and even ruin, him in
+business.</p>
+
+<p>And in return it should be noted that Mormon institutions do not employ Gentiles
+except in rare cases of necessity. The reason is obvious: Gentiles do not
+take as kindly to the tithing system as do the Mormons.</p>
+
+<p>The Mormon citizen of Utah has additional disadvantages. After paying
+one-tenth of all his earnings as a tithe offering, he is called upon to erect and
+maintain the meetinghouses and other edifices of the church; he is called upon
+to donate to the poor fund in his ward, through his local bishop; he is called
+upon to sustain the Women's Relief Society, whose purpose is to care for the
+poor and to minister to the sick; he is called upon to pay his share of the
+expense for the 2,500 missionaries of the church who are constantly kept in the
+field without drawing upon, the general funds of the church. When all this is
+done, it is found that, in defiance of the old and deserved boast of the predecessors
+of the present president, there are some Mormons in the poorhouses of
+Utah, and these are sustained by the public taxes derived from the Gentiles
+and Mormons alike.</p>
+
+<p>Broadly speaking, the Gentiles compose 35 per cent of the population and pay
+one-half of the taxes of Utah. In the long run they carry their share of all
+these great charges.</p>
+
+<p>The almost unbearable community burden which is thus inflicted must be
+visible to your minds without argument from me.</p>
+
+<p>Let it be sufficient on this point for me to say that all the property of Utah is
+made to contribute to the grandeur of the president of the church, and that at
+his instance any industry, any institution, within the State, could be destroyed
+except the mining and smelting industry. Even this industry his personal and
+church organ has attacked with a threat of extermination by the courts, or by
+additional legislation, if the smelters do not meet the view expressed by the
+church organ.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. President, I ask to have read at this point an editorial from the Deseret
+Evening News of October 31, 1904, which I send to the desk.</p>
+
+<p><br /><b>The PRESIDENT pro tempore.</b> The Secretary will read as requested.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary read as follows:</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>DESERET EVENING NEWS.</b></p>
+
+<p>[Organ of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.]</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>SALT LAKE CITY, <i>October 31, 1904</i>.</p>
+
+<p>AWAY WITH THE NUISANCE.</p>
+
+<p>The people of Salt Lake City are waking up to the realization of the trouble of which
+our cousins out in the country are complaining. The sulphurous fumes which have been
+tasted by many folks here, particularly late at night, are not only those of a partisan
+nature emanating from the smokestacks of the slanderers and maligners, but are treats
+bestowed upon our citizens by the smelters, and are samples of the goods, or rather evils,
+which farmers and horticulturists have been burdened with so long. Complaints have
+come to us from some of the best people of the city, of different faiths and parties, that
+the air has been laden with sulphurous fumes that can net only be felt in the throat, but
+tasted in the mouth, and they rest upon the city at night, appearing like a thin fog.</p>
+
+<p>The fact is this smelter smoke will have to go; there is no mistake about that. If the
+smelters can not consume it, they will have to close up. This fair county must not be
+devastated and this city must not be rendered unhealthful by any such a nuisance as that
+which has been borne with now for a long time. The evasive policy that has been pursued,
+the tantalizing treatment toward the farmers who have vainly sought for redress,
+the destruction that has come upon vegetation and upon live stock, and now the choking
+fumes that reach this city all demand some practical remedy in place of the shilly-shally
+of the past.</p>
+
+<p>The Deseret News has counseled peace, consideration for the smelter people in the
+difficulties that they have to meet, favor toward a valuable industry that should be
+encouraged on proper lines, and arbitration instead of litigation. But it really seems
+now as though an aggressive policy will have to be pursued, or ruin will come to the agricultural
+pursuits of Salt Lake County, while the city will not escape from the ravages of
+the smelter fiend. If the companies that control those works will not or can not dispose
+of the poisonous metallic fumes that pour out of their smokestacks, the fires will have to
+he banked and the nuisance suppressed. We do not believe the latter is the necessary
+alternative. We are of opinion that the evil can be disposed of, and we are sure that
+efforts ought to be made to effect it without further delay.</p>
+
+<p>It looks as if the courts will have to be appealed to to obtain compensation for damages
+already inflicted. Also that they will have to be applied to for injunctions against
+the continuance of the cause of the trouble. We think there is law enough now to proceed
+under. But if that is not the case, then legislation must be had to fully cover the
+ground. Litigation will have to come first, legislation afterwards. However that may
+be, temporizing with the evil will not do. Patience has ceased to be a virtue in this
+matter. The conviction is fastening itself upon the public mind that no active steps are
+intended by the responsible parties, but simply a policy of delay. They must be taught
+that this will not answer the purpose, and that the injured people will not be fooled in
+that way. The smelter smoke must go. And it must not go in the old way.</p>
+
+<p>The proposition to put the matter in the hands of experts chosen by the complainants
+is not to be seriously considered. The onus is upon the smelter men; they are the
+offenders, and they must take the steps necessary to remove the cause of complaint, and
+also reimburse those who have been injured. We do not ask anything unreasonable.
+We join with those of our citizens who Intend that this beautiful part of our lovely State
+shall not be laid waste, even if the only cure is the suppression of the destroying cause.
+This may as well be understood first as last. Useless practical measures are adopted to
+abate the evil, active proceedings will have to be taken and pushed to the utmost to
+remove entirely the root and branch and trunk and body of this tree of destruction. The
+people affected are deeply in earnest, and they certainly mean business.</p></div>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>Mr. KEARNS.</b> Mr. President, I must not burden you with too many details,
+but in order for you to see how complete is the business power of this man I
+will cite you to one case. The Great Salt Lake is estimated to contain
+14,000,000,000 tons of salt. Probably salt can be made cheaper on the shores of
+this lake than anywhere else in the world. Nearly all its shore line is adaptable
+for salt gardens. The president of the church is interested in a large salt
+monopoly which has gathered in the various smaller enterprises. He is president
+of a railroad which runs from the salt gardens to Salt Lake City, connecting
+there with trunk lines. It costs to manufacture the salt and place it on
+board the cars 75 cents per ton. He receives for it $5 and $6 per ton. His
+company and its subsidiary corporation are probably capitalized at three-quarters
+of a million dollars, and upon this large sum he is able to pay dividends
+of 8 or 10 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>Not long since two men, who for many years had been tithe payers and loyal
+members of the church, undertook to establish a salt garden along the line of a
+trunk railway. One of them was a large dealer in salt, and proposed to extend
+his trade by making the salt and reaching territory prohibited to him by the
+church price of salt; the other was the owner of the land upon which it was
+proposed to establish the salt garden. These men formed a corporation, put in
+pumping stations and flumes, and the corporation became indebted to one of
+the financial institutions over which the church exercised considerable influence.
+Then the president of the church sent for them. There is scarcely an
+instance on record where a message of this kind failed of its purpose. These
+men went to meet the prophet, seer, and revelator of God, as they supposed, but
+he had laid aside his robes of sanctity for the moment and he was a plain,
+unadorned, aggressive, if not an able, business man. He first denounced them
+for interfering with a business which he had made peculiarly his own; and, when
+they protested that they had no intention to interfere with his trade, but were
+seeking new markets, he declared in a voice of thunderous passion that if they
+did not cease with their projected enterprise, he would crush them. They
+escaped from his presence feeling like courtiers repulsed from the foot of a
+king's throne, and then surveyed their enterprise. If they stopped, they would
+lose all the money invested and their enterprise would possibly be sold out to
+their creditors; if they went on and invested more money, the president had the
+power, as he had threatened, to crush them. Not only could he ruin their enterprise,
+but he could ostracise them socially and could make of them marked and
+shunned men in the community where they had always been respected.</p>
+
+<p>Is there menace in this system? To me it seems like a great danger to all
+the people who are now affected, and therefore of great danger to the people
+of the United States, because the power of this monarchy within the Republic
+is constantly extending. If it be an evil, every apostle is in part responsible
+for this tyrannical course. He helped to elect the president; he does the
+president's bidding, and shares in the advantages of that tyranny.</p>
+
+<p>I did not call the social system a violation of the pledges to the country, but
+I do affirm that the business tyranny of Mormon leaders is an express violation
+of the covenant made, for they do not leave their followers free in secular
+affairs. They tyrannize over them, and their tyranny spreads even to the
+Gentiles. In all this I charge that every apostle is a party to the wrong and to
+the violation. Although I speak of the president of the church as the leader,
+the monarch in fact, every apostle is one of his ministers, one of his creators,
+and also one of his creatures, and possibly his successor; and the whole system
+depends upon the manner in which the apostles and the other leaders shall support
+the chief leader. As no apostle has ever protested against this system,
+but has, by every means in his power, encouraged it, he can not escape his
+share of the responsibility for it. It is an evil; they aid it. It is a violation of
+the pledge upon which statehood was granted; they profit by it.</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>THE POLITICAL AUTOCRACY.</b></p>
+
+<p>I pass now to the political aspect of this hierarchy, as some call it, but this
+monarchy as I choose to term it.</p>
+
+<p>I have previously called your attention to the social and business powers,
+monopolies, autocracies, exercised by the leaders. Through these channels of
+social and business relations they can spread the knowledge of their political
+desires without appearing obtrusively in politics. When the end of their desire
+is accomplished, they affect to wash their hands of all responsibility by denying
+that they engaged in political activities. Superficial persons, and those desiring
+to accept this argument, are convinced by it. But never, in the palmy days
+of Brigham Young, was there a more complete political tyranny than is exercised
+by the present president of the Mormon Church and his apostles, who are
+merely awaiting the time when by the death of their seniors in rank they may
+become president, and select some other man to hold the apostleship in their
+place&mdash;as they now hold it in behalf of the ruling monarch.</p>
+
+<p>In this statement I merely call your attention to what a perfect system of
+ecclesiastical government is maintained by these presidents and apostles; and I
+do not need to more than indicate to you what a wonderous aid their ecclesiastical
+government can be, and is, in accomplishing their political purposes.</p>
+
+<p>Parties are nothing to these leaders, except as parties may be used by them.
+So long as there is Republican administration and Congress, they will lead their
+followers to support Republican tickets; but if, by any chance, the Democratic
+party should control this Government, with a prospect of continuance in power,
+you would see a gradual veering around under the direction of the Mormon
+leaders. When Republicans are in power the Republican leaders of the Mormon
+people are in evidence and the Democratic leaders are in retirement. If the
+Democracy were in power, the Republican leaders of the Mormon people would
+go into retirement and Democrats would appear in their places. No man can be
+elected to either House of Congress against their wish. I will not trespass upon
+your patience long enough to recite the innumerable circumstances that prove
+this assertion, but will merely refer to enough instances to illustrate the method.
+In 1897, at the session of the legislature which was to elect a Senator, and which
+was composed of sixty Democrats and three Republicans, Moses Thacher was
+the favored candidate of the Democracy in the State. He had been an apostle
+of the Mormon Church, but had been deposed because he was out of harmony
+with the leaders. The Hon. Jos. L. Rawlins was a rival candidate, but not
+strongly so at first. He was encouraged by the church leaders in every way;
+and finally, when his strength had been advanced sufficiently to need but one
+vote, a Mormon Republican was promptly moved over into the Democratic column
+and he was elected by the joint assembly. I do not charge that Hon. Joseph
+L. Rawlins, who occupied a seat with distinguished honor in this great body for
+six years, had any improper bargain with the church, or any knowledge of the
+secret methods by which his election was being compassed; but he was elected
+under the direction of the leaders of the church because they desired to defeat
+and further humiliate a deposed apostle.</p>
+
+<p>I will not ignore my own case. During nearly three years I have waited this
+great hour of justice in which I could answer the malignant falsehood and abuse
+which has been heaped upon a man who is dead and can not answer, and upon
+myself, a living man willing to wait the time for answer. Lorenzo Snow, a very
+aged man, was president of the church when I was elected to the Senate. He
+had reached that advanced time of life, being over eighty, when men abide
+largely in the thoughts of their youth. He was my friend in that distant way
+which sometimes exists without close acquaintanceship, our friendship (if I
+may term it such) having arisen from the events attendant upon Utah's struggle
+for statehood. For some reason he did not oppose my election to the Senate.
+Every other candidate for the place had sought his favor; it came to me without
+price or solicitation on my part. The friends and mouthpieces of some of the
+present leaders have been base enough to charge that I bought the Senatorship
+from Lorenzo Snow, president of their own church. Here and now I denounce
+the calumny against that old man, whose unsought and unbought favor came to
+me in that contest. That I ever paid him one dollar of money, or asked him to
+influence legislators of his faith, is as cruel a falsehood as ever came from human
+lips. So far as I am concerned he held his power with clean hands, and I would
+protect the memory of this dead man against all the abuse and misrepresentation
+which might be heaped upon him by those who were his adherents during
+life, but who now attack his fame in order that they may pay the greater deference
+to the present king.</p>
+
+<p>You must know that in that day we were but five years old as a State. Our
+political conditions were and had been greatly unsettled. The purpose of the
+church to rule in politics had not yet been made so manifest and determined.
+Lorenzo Snow held his office for a brief time&mdash;about two years. What he did in
+that office pertaining to my election I here and now distinctly assume as my
+burden, for no man shall with impunity use his hatred of me to defame Lorenzo
+Snow and dishonor his memory to his living and loving descendants.</p>
+
+<p>As for myself, I am willing to take the Senate and the country into my confidence,
+and make a part of the eternal records of the Senate, for such of my
+friends as may care to read, the vindication of my course to my posterity. I
+had an ambition, and not an improper one, to sit in the Senate of the United
+States. My competitors had longer experience in polities and may have understood
+more of the peculiar situation in the State. They sought what is known
+as church influence. I sought to obtain this place by purely political means. I
+was elected. After all their trickery my opponents were defeated, and to some
+extent by the very means which they had basely invoked. I have served with
+you four years, and have sought in a modest way to make a creditable record
+here. I have learned something of the grandeur and dignity of the Senate,
+something of its ideals, which I could not know before coming here. I say to
+you, my fellow Senators, that this place of power is infinitely more magnificent
+than I dreamed when I first thought of occupying a seat here. But were it
+thrice as great as I now know it to be, and were I back in that old time of struggle
+in Utah, when I was seeking for this honor, I would not permit the volunteered
+friendship of President Snow to bestow upon me, even as an innocent
+recipient, one atom of the church monarch's favor. My ideals have grown with
+my term of service in this body, and I believe that the man who would render
+here the highest service to his country must be careful to attain to this place by
+the purest civic path that mortal feet can tread.</p>
+
+<p>I have said enough to indicate that for my own part I never countenanced,
+nor knowingly condoned, the intrusion of the church monarchy into secular
+affairs. And I have said enough to those who know me to prove for all time
+that, so far as I am concerned, my election here was as honorable as that of any
+man who sits in this chamber; and yet I have said enough that all men may know
+that rather than have a dead man's memory defamed on my account, I will
+make his cause my own and will fight for the honor which he is not on earth to
+defend. This will not suit the friends and mouthpieces of the present rulers,
+but I have no desire to satisfy or conciliate them; and in leaving this part of
+the question, I avenge President Snow sufficiently by saying that these men
+did not dare to offend his desire nor dispute his will while he was living, and
+only grew brave when they could cry: &quot;Lorenzo, the king, is dead! Long live
+Joseph, the king!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>As a Senator I have sought to fulfill my duty to the people of this country.
+I am about to retire from this place of dignity. No man can retain this seat
+from Utah and retain his self-respect after he discovers the methods by which
+his election is procured and the objects which the church monarchy intends to
+achieve. Some of my critics will say that I relinquished that which I could not
+hold. I will not pause to discuss that point further than to say that if I had
+chosen to adopt the policy with the present monarch of the church, which his
+friends and mouthpieces say I did adopt with the king who is dead, it might
+have been possible to retain this place of honor with dishonor.</p>
+
+<p>Every apostle is a part of this terrible power, which can make and unmake at
+its mysterious will and pleasure. Early in 1902 warning had been publicly
+uttered in the State against the continued manifestation of church power in politics.
+The period of unsettled conditions during which I was elected had ended
+and we had opportunity to see the manner in which the church monarch was
+resuming his forbidden sway; and we had occasion to know the indignant
+feelings entertained by the people of the United States when they contemplated
+the flagrant breaking of the pledge given to the country to secure the admission
+of Utah. I myself, after conference with distinguished men at Washington,
+journeyed to Utah and presented a solemn protest and warning to the leaders
+of the church against the dangerous exercise of their political power. I did it
+to repay a debt which I owed to Utah, and not for any selfish reason. I knew
+that from the day I uttered that warning the leaders of the Mormon Church
+would hate and pursue me for the purpose of wreaking their vengeance. But
+as the consequences of their misconduct, their pledge breaking would fall upon
+all of the people of the State, upon the innocent more severely than upon the
+guilty, I felt that I must assert my love and gratitude to the State, even though
+my warning should lead to my own destruction by these autocrats. If there had
+been one desire in my heart to effect a conjunction with this church monarchy,
+if I had been willing to retain office as its gift, I would not have taken this
+step, for I knew its consequences. I began in that hour my effort to restore to
+the people of Utah the safety and the political freedom which are their right,
+and I shall continue it while I live until the fight is won.</p>
+
+<p>The disdain with which that message was received was final proof of the contempt
+in which that church monarchy holds the Senate and the people of the
+United States, and of the disregard in which the church monarchy holds the
+pledges which it made in order to obtain the power of statehood.</p>
+
+<p>They do not need to utter explicit instructions in order to assert their demand.
+The methods of conveying information of their desire are numerous and sufficiently
+effective, as is proved by results. To show how completely all ordinary
+political conditions, as they obtain elsewhere in the United States, are without
+account in Utah, I have but to cite you to the fact that after the recent election,
+which gave 57 members out of 63 on joint ballot to the Republican party, and
+when the question of my successor became a matter of great anxiety to numerous
+aspirants for this place, the discussion was not concerning the fitness of candidates,
+nor the political popularity of the various gentlemen who composed that
+waiting list, nor the pledges of the legislators, but was limited to the question
+as to who could stand best with the church monarchy; as to whom it would
+like to use in this position; as to who would make for the extension of its ambitions
+and power in the United States.</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>THE MORMON MARRIAGE RELATION.</b></p>
+
+<p>And now I come to a subject concerning which the people of the United States
+are greatly aroused. It is known that there have been plural marriages among
+the Mormon people, by sanction of high authorities in this church monarchy,
+since the solemn promise was made to the country that plural marriages should
+end. It is well known that the plural marriage relations have been continued
+defiantly, according to the will and pleasure of those who had formerly violated
+the law, and for whose obedience to law the church monarchy pledged the faith
+and honor of its leaders and followers alike in order to obtain statehood. The
+pledge was made repeatedly, as stated in an earlier part of these remarks, that
+all of the Mormon people would come within the law. They have not done so.
+The church monarch is known to be living in defiance of the laws of God and
+man, and in defiance of the covenant made with the country, upon which amnesty
+by the President, and statehood by the President and the Congress, were
+granted.</p>
+
+<p>I charge that every apostle is in large part responsible for this condition, so
+deplorable in its effects upon the people of Utah and so antagonistic to the
+institutions of this country. Every apostle is directed by the law-breaking
+church monarch. Every apostle teaches by example and precept to the Mormon
+people that this church monarch is a prophet of God, to offend or criticise whom
+is a sin in the sight of the Almighty. Every apostle helps to appoint to office
+and sustain the seven presidents of seventies, who are below them in dignity,
+and they are directly responsible for them and their method of life.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite evident that the church monarchy is endeavoring to reestablish
+the rule of a polygamous class over the mass of the Mormon people. Of the
+apostles not practicing polygamy there is at most only three or four men constituting
+the quorum of which this could be truthfully said. Special reasons
+may exist in some particular case why a man in this class has not entered into
+such relation.</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>THE GENERAL SITUATION.</b></p>
+
+<p>Briefly reviewing the matters which I have offered here, and the logical
+deductions therefrom, I maintain the following propositions:</p>
+
+<p>We set aside the religion of the Mormon people as sacred from assault.</p>
+
+<p>Outside of religion the Mormons as a community are ruled by a special privileged
+class, constituting what I call the church monarchy.</p>
+
+<p>This monarchy pledged the country that there would be no more violations of
+law and no more defiance of the sentiment of the United States regarding
+polygamy and the plural marriage relation.</p>
+
+<p>This monarchy pledged the United States that it would refrain from controlling
+its subjects in secular affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Every member of this monarchy is responsible for the system of government
+and for the acts of the monarchy, since (as shown in the cases of the deposed
+apostle, Moses Thatcher, and others) the man who is not in accord with the
+system is dropped from the ruling class.</p>
+
+<p>This monarchy sets up a regal social order within this Republic.</p>
+
+<p>This monarchy monopolizes the business of one commonwealth and is rapidly
+reaching into others.</p>
+
+<p>This monarchy takes practically all the surplus product of the toil of its subjects
+for its own purpose, and makes no account to anyone on earth of its
+immense secret fund.</p>
+
+<p>This monarchy rules all politics in Utah, and is rapidly extending its dominion
+into other States and Territories.</p>
+
+<p>This monarchy permits its favorites to enter into polygamy and to maintain
+polygamous relations, and it protects them from prosecution by its political
+power.</p>
+
+<p>Lately no effort has been made to punish any of these people by the local law.
+On the contrary, the ruling monarch has continued to grow in power, wealth,
+and importance. He sits upon innumerable boards of directors, among others
+that of the Union Pacific Railway, where he joins upon terms of fraternity
+with the great financial and transportation magnates of the United States, who
+hold him in their councils because his power to benefit or to injure their possessions
+must be taken into account.</p>
+
+<p>I charge that no apostle has ever protested publicly against the continuation
+of this sovereign authority over the Mormon kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>Within a few months past the last apostle elected to the quorum was a
+polygamist&mdash;Charles W. Penrose&mdash;and his law-breaking career is well known.
+Previous to 1889 Penrose was living publicly with three wives. Under false pretenses
+to President Cleveland he obtained amnesty for his past offenses. He
+represented that he had but two wives, and that he married his second wife in
+1862, while it was generally known that he took a third wife just prior to 1888.
+He promised to obey the law in the future, and to urge others to do so; yet
+after that amnesty, obtained by concealing his third marriage from President
+Cleveland, he continued living with his three wives. His action in this matter
+has been notorious. He has publicly defended this kind of lawbreaking on the
+false pretense that there was a tacit understanding with the American Congress
+and people, when Utah was admitted, that these polygamists might continue
+to live as they had been living.</p>
+
+<p>And it was this traitor to his country's laws, this unrepentant knave and
+cheat of the nation's mercy, this defamer of Congress and the people, that was
+elected to the apostleship to help govern the church, and through the church
+the State.</p>
+
+<p>Is it not demonstrated that Utah is an abnormal State? Our problem is
+vast and complex. I have endeavored to simplify it so that the Senate and
+the country may readily grasp the questions at issue.</p>
+
+
+<p><br /><b>THE REMEDY.</b></p>
+
+<p>Will this great body, will the Government of the United States, go on unheedingly
+while this church monarchy multiplies its purposes and multiplies its
+power? Has the nation so little regard for its own dignity and the safety of
+its institutions and its people that it will permit a church monarch like Joseph
+F. Smith to defy the laws of the country, and to override the law and to overrule
+the administrators of the law in his own State of Utah?</p>
+
+<p>What shall the Americans of that Commonwealth do if the people of the
+United States do not heed their cry?</p>
+
+<p>The vast majority of the Mormon people are law-abiding, industrious, sober,
+and thrifty. They make good citizens in every respect except as they are dominated
+by this monarchy, which speaks to them in the name of God and governs
+them in the spirit of Mammon. Any remedy for existing evils which would
+injure the mass of the Mormon people would be most deplorable. I believe that
+they would loosen the chains which they wear if it were possible. I think that
+many of them pay blood-money tithes simply to avoid social ostracism and business
+destruction. I believe that many of them do the political will of the
+church monarch because they are led to believe that the safety of the church
+monarchy is necessary in order that the mass may preserve the right to worship
+God according to the dictates of their conscience. The church monopoly, by its
+various agencies, is usually able to uprear the injured and innocent mass of the
+Mormon people as a barrier to protect the members of that monarchy from public
+vengeance.</p>
+
+<p>It is the duty of this great body&mdash;the Senate of the United States&mdash;to serve
+notice on this church monarch and his apostles that they must live within the
+law; that the nation is supreme; that the institutions of this country must
+prevail throughout the land; and that the compact upon which statehood was granted
+must be preserved inviolate.</p>
+
+<p>May heaven grant that this may be effective and that the church monarchy
+in Utah may be taught that it must relinquish its grasp.</p>
+
+<p>I would not, for my life, that injury should come to the innocent mass of
+the people of Utah; I would not that any right of theirs should be lost, but that
+the right of all should be preserved to all.</p>
+
+<p>If the Senate will apply this remedy and the alien monarchy still proves defiant,
+it will be for others than myself to suggest a course of action consistent
+with the dignity of the country.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime we of Utah who have no sympathy with the now clearly
+defined purpose of this church monopoly will wage our battle for individual freedom;
+to lift the State to a proud position in the sisterhood, to preserve the compact
+which was made with the country, believing that behind the brave citizens
+in Utah who are warring against this alien monarchy stands the sentiment and
+power of eighty-two millions of our fellow-citizens.</p>
+
+<p><br />[Transcriber's Note:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">The following typographical errors were corrected:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">tryanny to tyranny, autocracts to autocrats, monorchy to monarchy.]</span></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Conditions in Utah, by Thomas Kearns
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Conditions in Utah, by Thomas Kearns
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Conditions in Utah
+       Speech of Hon. Thomas Kearns of Utah, in the Senate of the United States
+
+Author: Thomas Kearns
+
+Release Date: January 10, 2005 [EBook #14661]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CONDITIONS IN UTAH ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Andrea Ball and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+CONDITIONS IN UTAH.
+
+SPEECH
+OF
+HON. THOMAS KEARNS,
+OF UTAH,
+
+IN THE
+SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+Tuesday, February 28, 1905.
+
+WASHINGTON.
+1905.
+
+
+
+
+SPEECH OF HON. THOMAS KEARNS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+POLYGAMOUS MARRIAGES AND PLURAL COHABITATION.
+
+The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Chair lays before the Senate the
+resolution submitted by the Senator from Idaho [Mr. DUBOIS],
+which will be read.
+
+The Secretary read the resolution submitted yesterday by Mr.
+DUBOIS, as follows:
+
+     _Resolved_, That the Committee on the Judiciary be, and it is
+     hereby, authorized and instructed to prepare and report to the
+     Senate within thirty days after the beginning of the next
+     session of Congress a joint resolution of the two Houses of
+     Congress proposing to the several States amendments to the
+     Constitution of the United States which shall provide, in
+     substance, for the prohibition and punishment of polygamous
+     marriages and plural cohabitation contracted or practiced
+     within the United States and in every place subject to the
+     jurisdiction of the United States; and which shall, in
+     substance, also require all persons taking office under the
+     Constitution or laws of the United States, or of any State, to
+     take and subscribe an oath that he or she is not, and will not
+     be, a member or adherent of any organization whatever the laws,
+     rules, or nature of which organization require him or her to
+     disregard his or her duty to support and maintain the
+     Constitution and laws of the United States and of the several
+     States.
+
+
+Mr. KEARNS. Mr. President, I will not permit this occasion to pass
+without saying, with brevity and such clearness as I can command, what
+it seems to me should be said by a Senator, under these circumstances,
+before leaving public life. Something is due to the State which has
+honored me; something is due to the record which I have endeavored to
+maintain honorably before the world and something, by way of
+information, is due to the Senate and the country.
+
+Utah, the newest of the States, to me the best beloved of all the
+States, appears to be the only one concerning which there is a serious
+conflict with the country. I was not born in Utah, but I have spent all
+the years of my manhood there, and I love the Commonwealth and its
+people. In what I say there is malice toward none, and I hope to make it
+just to all. If the present day does not accept my statements and
+appreciate my motives, I can only trust that time will prove more gentle
+and that in the future those who care to revert to these remarks will
+know that they are animated purely by a hope to bring about a better
+understanding between Utah and this great nation.
+
+Utah was admitted to statehood after, and because of, a long series of
+pledges exacted from the Mormon leaders, the like of which had never
+before been known in American history. Except for those pledges, the
+sentiment of the United States would never have assented to Utah's
+admission. Except for the belief on the part of Congress and the country
+that the extraordinary power which abides in that State would maintain
+these pledges, Utah would not have been admitted. There is every reason
+to believe that the President who signed the bill would have vetoed it
+if he had not been convinced that the pledges made would be kept.
+
+
+THE PLEDGES.
+
+As a citizen of the State and a witness to the events and words which
+constitute those pledges, as a Senator of the United States, I give my
+word of honor to you that I believed that these pledges consisted of the
+following propositions:
+
+First. That the Mormon leaders would live within the laws pertaining to
+plural marriage and the continued plural marriage relation, and that
+they would enforce this obligation upon all of their followers, under
+penalty of disfellowship.
+
+Second. That the leaders of the Mormon Church would no longer exercise
+political sway, and that their followers would be free and would
+exercise their freedom in politics, in business, and in social affairs.
+
+As a citizen and a Senator I give my word of honor to you that I
+believed that these pledges would be kept in the spirit in which
+Congress and the country accepted them, and that there would never be
+any violation, evasion, denial, or equivocation concerning them.
+
+I appeal to such members of this body as were in either House of
+Congress during the years 1890 to 1896, if it was not their belief at
+that time that the foregoing were the pledges and that they would be
+kept; and I respectfully insist that every Senator here who was a member
+of either House at that time would have refused to vote for Utah's
+admission unless he had firmly believed as I have stated.
+
+1. Utah, secured her statehood by a solemn compact made by the Mormon
+leaders in behalf of themselves and their people.
+
+2. That compact has been broken willfully and frequently.
+
+3. No apostle of the Mormon Church has publicly protested against that
+violation.
+
+I know the gravity of the utterances that I have just made. I know what
+are the probable consequences to myself. But I have pondered long and
+earnestly upon the subject and have come to the conclusion that duty to
+the innocent people of my State and that obligation to the Senate and
+the country require that I shall clearly define my attitude.
+
+
+RELIGION NOT INVOLVED.
+
+This is no quarrel with religion. This is no assault upon any man's
+faith. This is rather the reverence toward the inherent right of all men
+to believe as they please, which separates religious faith from
+irreligious practice. The Mormon people have a system of their own,
+somewhat complex, and gathered from the mysticisms of all the ages. It
+does not appeal to most men; but in its purely theological domain it is
+theirs, and I respect it as their religion and them as its believers.
+
+The trouble arises now, as it has frequently arisen in the past, from
+the fact that some of the accidental leaders of the movement since the
+first zealot founder have sought to make of this religion not only a
+system of morals, sometimes quite original in themselves, but also a
+system of social relation, a system of finance, a system of commerce,
+and a system of politics.
+
+
+THE SOCIAL ASPECT.
+
+I dismiss the religion with my profound respect; if it can comfort them,
+I would not, if I could, disturb it. Coming to the social aspect of the
+society, it is apparent that the great founder sought first to establish
+equality among men, and then to draw from those equal ranks a special
+class, who were permitted to practice polygamy and to whom special
+privileges were accorded in their association with the consecrated
+temples and the administration of mystic ordinances therein. The
+polygamous group, or cult as it may be called, soon became the ruling
+factor in the organization; and it may be observed that ever since the
+founding of the church almost every man of prominence in the community
+has belonged to this order. It was so in the time of the martyrs, Joseph
+and Hyrum Smith, who were killed at Carthage jail in Illinois, and both
+of whom were polygamists, although it was denied at the time. There were
+living until recently, and perhaps there are living now, women who
+testified that they were married in polygamy to one or the other of
+these two men, Joseph having the larger number. It has been so ever
+since and is so to-day that nearly every man of the governing class has
+been or is a polygamist.
+
+Brigham Young succeeded Joseph Smith, and he set up a kind of kingly
+rulership, not unbecoming to a man of his vast empire-building power.
+The Mormons have been taught to revere Joseph Smith as a direct prophet
+from God. He saw the face of the All Father. He held communion with the
+Son. The Holy Ghost was his constant companion. He settled every
+question, however trivial, by revelation from Almighty God. But Brigham
+was different. While claiming a divine right of leadership, he worked
+out his great mission by palpable and material means. I do not know that
+he ever pretended to have received a revelation from the time that he
+left Nauvoo until he reached the shores of the Dead Sea, nor through all
+the thirty years of his leadership there. He seemed to regard his people
+as children who had to be led through their serious calamities by
+holding out to them the glittering thought of divine guardianship. So
+firmly did Brigham establish the social order in Utah that all of the
+people were equal, except the governing body. This may be said to
+consist of the president and his two counsellors, they three
+constituting the first presidency; the twelve apostles; the presiding
+bishopric, consisting of three men, the chief bishops of the church but
+much lower in rank than the apostles; the seven presidents of seventies,
+who are, under the apostles, the subordinate head of the missionary
+service of the church; and the presiding patriarch. These altogether
+constitute a body of twenty-six men. There are local authorities in the
+different stakes of Zion, as they are called, corresponding to counties
+in a State, but with these it is not necessary to deal.
+
+Practically all of these men under Brigham Young were polygamists. They
+constituted what one of their number once called the "elite class" of
+the community. To attain this rank one usually had to show ability, and
+attaining the rank he was quite certain to enter into or extend his
+already existing plural-marriage relations. These rulers were looked
+upon with great reverence. Brigham Young, besides being a prophet of
+God, as they believed, had led them through the greatest march of the
+ages. His nod became almost superhuman in its significance. His frown
+was as terrible to them as the wrath of God. He upheld all the members
+of the polygamistic and governing class by his favoritism toward them.
+He supremely, and they subordinately, ruled the community as if they
+were a king and a house of peers, with no house of commons. Not
+elsewhere in the United States, and not in any foreign country where
+civilization dwells, has there been such a complete mastery of man over
+modern men. The subordinates and the mass would perform the slightest
+will of Brigham Young. When he was not present the mass would perform
+the will of any of the subordinates speaking in his name. Below this
+privileged class stood the common mass. It had its various gradations of
+title, but, with the exception of rare instances of personal power,
+there was equality in the mass. For instance, as business was a part of
+their system, the local religious authority in some remote part might be
+the business subordinate of some other man of less ecclesiastical rank,
+with the result that this peculiar intermingling kept them all
+practically upon one level of social order; and the man who made adobes
+under the hot sun of the desert through all the week might still be the
+religious superior of the richest man in the local community, and they
+met on terms of equality and friendship. Their children might
+intermarry, the difference in wealth being countervailed by a difference
+in ecclesiastical authority.
+
+It was a strange social system, this, with Brigham Young and his coterie
+of advisers, to the number of twenty-six, standing at the head,
+self-perpetuating, the chief being able to select constantly to fill the
+ranks as they might be depleted by death; and all these ruling over one
+solid mass of equal caste who thought that the rulers were animated by
+divine revelation, holding the right to govern in all things on earth
+and with authority extending into heaven.
+
+So firmly intrenched was their social system that when Brigham Young
+passed away his various successors who came in time to his place by
+accident of seniority of service found ample opportunity without
+difficulty to perpetuate this system and to maintain their social
+autocracy. As the matter has appeared so fully before the country, I
+will not speak further of the method of succession, but will merely call
+to your minds that after Brigham Young came John Taylor, then Wilford
+Woodruff, then Lorenzo Snow, then Joseph F. Smith, the present ruler.
+
+Under these several men the social autocracy has had its varying
+fortunes, but at the present time it is probably at as high a point as
+it ever reached under the original Joseph or under Brigham Young. The
+president of the church, Joseph F. Smith, affects a regal state. His
+home consists of a series of villas, rather handsome in design, and
+surrounded by such ample grounds as to afford sufficient exclusiveness.
+In addition to this he has an official residence of historic character
+near to the office which he occupies as president. When he travels he is
+usually accompanied by a train of friends, who are really servitors.
+When he attends social functions he appears like a ruler among his
+subjects. And in this respect I am not speaking of Mormon associations
+alone, for there are many Gentiles in and out of Utah who seem to take
+delight in paying this extraordinary deference.
+
+If I have seemed to speak at length upon this mere social phase it has
+not been without a definite purpose. I want you to know how this
+religion, claiming to recognize and secure the equality of men,
+immediately established and has maintained for the mass of its adherents
+that social equality, but has elevated a class of its rulers to regal
+authority and splendor. Understanding how the chief among them has the
+dignity of a monarch in their social relations, you will better
+understand the business and political autocracy which he has been able
+to establish.
+
+In all this social system each apostle has his great part. He is
+inseparable from it. He wields now, as does a minister at court, such
+part of the power as the monarch may permit him to enjoy, and it is his
+hope and expectation that he will outlive those who are his seniors in
+rank in order that he may become the ruler.
+
+Therefore, if there be evil in this social relation as I have portrayed
+it, every apostle is responsible for a part of that evil. They enjoy the
+honors of the social class; they help to exert the tyranny over the
+subjugated mass. Those of you who do me the honor to follow my remarks
+will realize how close is the relation between the apostles and the
+president, and that the apostle is a responsible part of the governing
+power. While I may speak of the president of the church segregated from
+his associates and as the monarch, it must be understood constantly that
+he maintains his power by the support of the apostles, who keep the mass
+in order and in subjugation to his will, expressed through them.
+
+
+THE BUSINESS MONOPOLY.
+
+Whatever may have been its origin or excuse, the business power of the
+president of the church and of the select class which he admits into
+business relations with him is now a practical monopoly, or is rapidly
+becoming a monopoly, of everything that he touches. I want to call your
+attention to the extraordinary list of worldly concerns in which this
+spiritual leader holds official position. The situation is more amazing
+when you are advised that this man came to his presidency purely by
+accident, namely, the death of his seniors in rank; that he had never
+known any business ability, and that he comes to the presidency and the
+directorship of the various corporations solely because he is president
+of the church. He is already reputed to be a wealthy man, and his
+statement would seem to indicate that he has large holdings in the
+various corporations with which he is associated, although previous to
+his accession to the presidency of the church he made a kind of proud
+boast among his people of his poverty.
+
+He conducts railways, street-car lines, power and light companies, coal
+mines, salt works, sugar factories, shoe factories, mercantile houses,
+drug stores, newspapers, magazines, theaters, and almost every
+conceivable kind of business, and in all of these, inasmuch as he is the
+dominant factor by virtue of his being the prophet of God, he asserts
+indisputable sway. It is considered an evidence of deference to him, and
+good standing in the church, for his hundreds of thousands of followers
+to patronize exclusively the institutions which he controls.
+
+And this fact alone, without any business ability on his part, but with
+capable subordinate guidance for his enterprises, insures their success,
+and danger and possible ruin for every competitive enterprise.
+Independent of these business concerns, he is in receipt of an income
+like unto that which a royal family derives from a national treasury.
+One-tenth of all the annual earnings of all the Mormons in all the world
+flows to him. These funds amount to the sum of $1,000,000 annually, or 5
+per cent upon $32,000,000, which is one-quarter of the entire taxable
+wealth of the State of Utah. It is the same as if he owned,
+individually, in addition to all his visible enterprises, one-quarter of
+all the wealth of the State and derived from it 5 per cent of income
+without taxation and without discount. The hopelessness of contending in
+a business way with this autocrat must be perfectly apparent to your
+minds. The original purpose of this vast tithe, as often stated by
+speakers for the church, was the maintenance of the poor, the building
+of meetinghouses, etc. To-day the tithes are transmuted, in the
+localities where they are paid, into cash, and they flow into the
+treasury of the head of the church. No account is made, or ever has been
+made, of these tithes. The president expends them according to his own
+will and pleasure, and with no examination of his accounts, except by
+those few men whom he selects for that purpose and whom he rewards for
+their zeal and secrecy. Shortly after the settlement of the Mormon
+Church property question with the United States the church issued a
+series of bonds, amounting approximately to $1,000,000, which were taken
+by financial institutions. This was probably to wipe out a debt which
+had accumulated during a long period of controversy with the nation. But
+since, and including the year 1897, which was about the time of the
+issue of the bonds, approximately $9,000,000 have been paid as tithes.
+If any of the bonds are still outstanding, it is manifestly because the
+president of the church desires for reasons of his own to have an
+existing indebtedness.
+
+It will astound you to know that every dollar of United States money
+paid to any servant of the Government who is a Mormon is tithed for the
+benefit of this monarch. Out of every $1,000 thus paid he gets $100 to
+swell his grandeur. This is also true of money paid out of the public
+treasury of the State of Utah to Mormon officials. But what is worst of
+all, the monarch dips into the sacred public school fund and extracts
+from every Mormon teacher one-tenth of his or her earnings and uses it
+for his unaccounted purposes; and, by means of these purposes and the
+power which they constitute, he defies the laws of his State, the
+sentiment of his country, and is waging war of nullification on the
+public school system, so dear to the American people. No right-thinking
+man will oppose any person as a servant of the nation or the State or as
+a teacher in the public schools on account of religious faith. As I have
+before remarked, this is no war upon the religion of the Mormons; and I
+am only calling attention to the monstrous manner in which this monarch
+invades all the provinces of human life and endeavors to secure his
+rapacious ends.
+
+In all this there is no thought on my part of opposition to voluntary
+gifts by individuals for religious purposes or matters connected
+legitimately with religion. My comment and criticism are against the
+tyranny which misuses a sacred name to extract from individuals the
+moneys which they ought not to spare from family needs, and which they
+do not wish to spare; my comment and criticism relate to the power of a
+monarch whose tyranny is so effective as that not even the moneys paid
+by the Government are considered the property of the Government's
+servant until after this monarch shall have seized his arbitrary
+tribute, with or without the willing assent of the victim, so that the
+monarch may engage the more extensively in commercial affairs, which are
+not a part of either religion or charity.
+
+With an income of 5 per cent upon one-quarter of the entire assessed
+valuation of the State of Utah to-day, how long will it take this
+monarch, with his constantly increasing demands for revenue, to so
+absorb the productive power that he shall be receiving an income of 5
+per cent upon one-half the property, and then upon all of the property
+of the State? This is worse than the farming of taxes under the old
+French Kings. Will Congress allow this awful calamity to continue?
+
+The view which the people of the United States entertained on this
+subject forty years ago was shown by the act of Congress in 1802, in
+which a provision, directed particularly against the Mormon Church,
+declared that no church in a Territory of the United States should have
+in excess of $50,000 of wealth outside of the property used for purposes
+of worship. It is evident that as early as that time the pernicious
+effects of a system which used the name of God and the authority of
+religion to dominate in commerce and finance were fully recognized.
+
+This immense tithing fund is gathered directly from Mormons, but the
+burden falls in some degree upon Gentiles also. Gentiles are in business
+and suffer by competition with tithe-supported business enterprises.
+Gentiles are large employers of Mormon labor; and as that labor must pay
+one-tenth of its earnings to support competitive concerns, the Gentile
+employer must pay, indirectly at least, the tithe which may be utilized
+to compete with, and even ruin, him in business.
+
+And in return it should be noted that Mormon institutions do not employ
+Gentiles except in rare cases of necessity. The reason is obvious:
+Gentiles do not take as kindly to the tithing system as do the Mormons.
+
+The Mormon citizen of Utah has additional disadvantages. After paying
+one-tenth of all his earnings as a tithe offering, he is called upon to
+erect and maintain the meetinghouses and other edifices of the church;
+he is called upon to donate to the poor fund in his ward, through his
+local bishop; he is called upon to sustain the Women's Relief Society,
+whose purpose is to care for the poor and to minister to the sick; he is
+called upon to pay his share of the expense for the 2,500 missionaries
+of the church who are constantly kept in the field without drawing
+upon, the general funds of the church. When all this is done, it is
+found that, in defiance of the old and deserved boast of the
+predecessors of the present president, there are some Mormons in the
+poorhouses of Utah, and these are sustained by the public taxes derived
+from the Gentiles and Mormons alike.
+
+Broadly speaking, the Gentiles compose 35 per cent of the population and
+pay one-half of the taxes of Utah. In the long run they carry their
+share of all these great charges.
+
+The almost unbearable community burden which is thus inflicted must be
+visible to your minds without argument from me.
+
+Let it be sufficient on this point for me to say that all the property
+of Utah is made to contribute to the grandeur of the president of the
+church, and that at his instance any industry, any institution, within
+the State, could be destroyed except the mining and smelting industry.
+Even this industry his personal and church organ has attacked with a
+threat of extermination by the courts, or by additional legislation, if
+the smelters do not meet the view expressed by the church organ.
+
+Mr. President, I ask to have read at this point an editorial from the
+Deseret Evening News of October 31, 1904, which I send to the desk.
+
+The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Secretary will read as requested.
+
+The Secretary read as follows:
+
+
+DESERET EVENING NEWS.
+
+[Organ of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.]
+
+     SALT LAKE CITY, _October 31, 1904_.
+
+     AWAY WITH THE NUISANCE.
+
+     The people of Salt Lake City are waking up to the realization
+     of the trouble of which our cousins out in the country are
+     complaining. The sulphurous fumes which have been tasted by
+     many folks here, particularly late at night, are not only those
+     of a partisan nature emanating from the smokestacks of the
+     slanderers and maligners, but are treats bestowed upon our
+     citizens by the smelters, and are samples of the goods, or
+     rather evils, which farmers and horticulturists have been
+     burdened with so long. Complaints have come to us from some of
+     the best people of the city, of different faiths and parties,
+     that the air has been laden with sulphurous fumes that can net
+     only be felt in the throat, but tasted in the mouth, and they
+     rest upon the city at night, appearing like a thin fog.
+
+     The fact is this smelter smoke will have to go; there is no
+     mistake about that. If the smelters can not consume it, they
+     will have to close up. This fair county must not be devastated
+     and this city must not be rendered unhealthful by any such a
+     nuisance as that which has been borne with now for a long time.
+     The evasive policy that has been pursued, the tantalizing
+     treatment toward the farmers who have vainly sought for
+     redress, the destruction that has come upon vegetation and upon
+     live stock, and now the choking fumes that reach this city all
+     demand some practical remedy in place of the shilly-shally of
+     the past.
+
+     The Deseret News has counseled peace, consideration for the
+     smelter people in the difficulties that they have to meet,
+     favor toward a valuable industry that should be encouraged on
+     proper lines, and arbitration instead of litigation. But it
+     really seems now as though an aggressive policy will have to be
+     pursued, or ruin will come to the agricultural pursuits of Salt
+     Lake County, while the city will not escape from the ravages of
+     the smelter fiend. If the companies that control those works
+     will not or can not dispose of the poisonous metallic fumes
+     that pour out of their smokestacks, the fires will have to he
+     banked and the nuisance suppressed. We do not believe the
+     latter is the necessary alternative. We are of opinion that the
+     evil can be disposed of, and we are sure that efforts ought to
+     be made to effect it without further delay.
+
+     It looks as if the courts will have to be appealed to to obtain
+     compensation for damages already inflicted. Also that they will
+     have to be applied to for injunctions against the continuance
+     of the cause of the trouble. We think there is law enough now
+     to proceed under. But if that is not the case, then legislation
+     must be had to fully cover the ground. Litigation will have to
+     come first, legislation afterwards. However that may be,
+     temporizing with the evil will not do. Patience has ceased to
+     be a virtue in this matter. The conviction is fastening itself
+     upon the public mind that no active steps are intended by the
+     responsible parties, but simply a policy of delay. They must be
+     taught that this will not answer the purpose, and that the
+     injured people will not be fooled in that way. The smelter
+     smoke must go. And it must not go in the old way.
+
+     The proposition to put the matter in the hands of experts
+     chosen by the complainants is not to be seriously considered.
+     The onus is upon the smelter men; they are the offenders, and
+     they must take the steps necessary to remove the cause of
+     complaint, and also reimburse those who have been injured. We
+     do not ask anything unreasonable. We join with those of our
+     citizens who Intend that this beautiful part of our lovely
+     State shall not be laid waste, even if the only cure is the
+     suppression of the destroying cause. This may as well be
+     understood first as last. Useless practical measures are
+     adopted to abate the evil, active proceedings will have to be
+     taken and pushed to the utmost to remove entirely the root and
+     branch and trunk and body of this tree of destruction. The
+     people affected are deeply in earnest, and they certainly mean
+     business.
+
+
+Mr. KEARNS. Mr. President, I must not burden you with too many details,
+but in order for you to see how complete is the business power of this
+man I will cite you to one case. The Great Salt Lake is estimated to
+contain 14,000,000,000 tons of salt. Probably salt can be made cheaper
+on the shores of this lake than anywhere else in the world. Nearly all
+its shore line is adaptable for salt gardens. The president of the
+church is interested in a large salt monopoly which has gathered in the
+various smaller enterprises. He is president of a railroad which runs
+from the salt gardens to Salt Lake City, connecting there with trunk
+lines. It costs to manufacture the salt and place it on board the cars
+75 cents per ton. He receives for it $5 and $6 per ton. His company and
+its subsidiary corporation are probably capitalized at three-quarters of
+a million dollars, and upon this large sum he is able to pay dividends
+of 8 or 10 per cent.
+
+Not long since two men, who for many years had been tithe payers and
+loyal members of the church, undertook to establish a salt garden along
+the line of a trunk railway. One of them was a large dealer in salt, and
+proposed to extend his trade by making the salt and reaching territory
+prohibited to him by the church price of salt; the other was the owner
+of the land upon which it was proposed to establish the salt garden.
+These men formed a corporation, put in pumping stations and flumes, and
+the corporation became indebted to one of the financial institutions
+over which the church exercised considerable influence. Then the
+president of the church sent for them. There is scarcely an instance on
+record where a message of this kind failed of its purpose. These men
+went to meet the prophet, seer, and revelator of God, as they supposed,
+but he had laid aside his robes of sanctity for the moment and he was a
+plain, unadorned, aggressive, if not an able, business man. He first
+denounced them for interfering with a business which he had made
+peculiarly his own; and, when they protested that they had no intention
+to interfere with his trade, but were seeking new markets, he declared
+in a voice of thunderous passion that if they did not cease with their
+projected enterprise, he would crush them. They escaped from his
+presence feeling like courtiers repulsed from the foot of a king's
+throne, and then surveyed their enterprise. If they stopped, they would
+lose all the money invested and their enterprise would possibly be sold
+out to their creditors; if they went on and invested more money, the
+president had the power, as he had threatened, to crush them. Not only
+could he ruin their enterprise, but he could ostracise them socially and
+could make of them marked and shunned men in the community where they
+had always been respected.
+
+Is there menace in this system? To me it seems like a great danger to
+all the people who are now affected, and therefore of great danger to
+the people of the United States, because the power of this monarchy
+within the Republic is constantly extending. If it be an evil, every
+apostle is in part responsible for this tyrannical course. He helped to
+elect the president; he does the president's bidding, and shares in the
+advantages of that tyranny.
+
+I did not call the social system a violation of the pledges to the
+country, but I do affirm that the business tyranny of Mormon leaders is
+an express violation of the covenant made, for they do not leave their
+followers free in secular affairs. They tyrannize over them, and their
+tyranny spreads even to the Gentiles. In all this I charge that every
+apostle is a party to the wrong and to the violation. Although I speak
+of the president of the church as the leader, the monarch in fact, every
+apostle is one of his ministers, one of his creators, and also one of
+his creatures, and possibly his successor; and the whole system depends
+upon the manner in which the apostles and the other leaders shall
+support the chief leader. As no apostle has ever protested against this
+system, but has, by every means in his power, encouraged it, he can not
+escape his share of the responsibility for it. It is an evil; they aid
+it. It is a violation of the pledge upon which statehood was granted;
+they profit by it.
+
+
+THE POLITICAL AUTOCRACY.
+
+I pass now to the political aspect of this hierarchy, as some call it,
+but this monarchy as I choose to term it.
+
+I have previously called your attention to the social and business
+powers, monopolies, autocracies, exercised by the leaders. Through these
+channels of social and business relations they can spread the knowledge
+of their political desires without appearing obtrusively in politics.
+When the end of their desire is accomplished, they affect to wash their
+hands of all responsibility by denying that they engaged in political
+activities. Superficial persons, and those desiring to accept this
+argument, are convinced by it. But never, in the palmy days of Brigham
+Young, was there a more complete political tyranny than is exercised by
+the present president of the Mormon Church and his apostles, who are
+merely awaiting the time when by the death of their seniors in rank they
+may become president, and select some other man to hold the apostleship
+in their place--as they now hold it in behalf of the ruling monarch.
+
+In this statement I merely call your attention to what a perfect system
+of ecclesiastical government is maintained by these presidents and
+apostles; and I do not need to more than indicate to you what a
+wonderous aid their ecclesiastical government can be, and is, in
+accomplishing their political purposes.
+
+Parties are nothing to these leaders, except as parties may be used by
+them. So long as there is Republican administration and Congress, they
+will lead their followers to support Republican tickets; but if, by any
+chance, the Democratic party should control this Government, with a
+prospect of continuance in power, you would see a gradual veering around
+under the direction of the Mormon leaders. When Republicans are in power
+the Republican leaders of the Mormon people are in evidence and the
+Democratic leaders are in retirement. If the Democracy were in power,
+the Republican leaders of the Mormon people would go into retirement and
+Democrats would appear in their places. No man can be elected to either
+House of Congress against their wish. I will not trespass upon your
+patience long enough to recite the innumerable circumstances that prove
+this assertion, but will merely refer to enough instances to illustrate
+the method. In 1897, at the session of the legislature which was to
+elect a Senator, and which was composed of sixty Democrats and three
+Republicans, Moses Thacher was the favored candidate of the Democracy in
+the State. He had been an apostle of the Mormon Church, but had been
+deposed because he was out of harmony with the leaders. The Hon. Jos. L.
+Rawlins was a rival candidate, but not strongly so at first. He was
+encouraged by the church leaders in every way; and finally, when his
+strength had been advanced sufficiently to need but one vote, a Mormon
+Republican was promptly moved over into the Democratic column and he was
+elected by the joint assembly. I do not charge that Hon. Joseph L.
+Rawlins, who occupied a seat with distinguished honor in this great body
+for six years, had any improper bargain with the church, or any
+knowledge of the secret methods by which his election was being
+compassed; but he was elected under the direction of the leaders of the
+church because they desired to defeat and further humiliate a deposed
+apostle.
+
+I will not ignore my own case. During nearly three years I have waited
+this great hour of justice in which I could answer the malignant
+falsehood and abuse which has been heaped upon a man who is dead and can
+not answer, and upon myself, a living man willing to wait the time for
+answer. Lorenzo Snow, a very aged man, was president of the church when
+I was elected to the Senate. He had reached that advanced time of life,
+being over eighty, when men abide largely in the thoughts of their
+youth. He was my friend in that distant way which sometimes exists
+without close acquaintanceship, our friendship (if I may term it such)
+having arisen from the events attendant upon Utah's struggle for
+statehood. For some reason he did not oppose my election to the Senate.
+Every other candidate for the place had sought his favor; it came to me
+without price or solicitation on my part. The friends and mouthpieces of
+some of the present leaders have been base enough to charge that I
+bought the Senatorship from Lorenzo Snow, president of their own church.
+Here and now I denounce the calumny against that old man, whose unsought
+and unbought favor came to me in that contest. That I ever paid him one
+dollar of money, or asked him to influence legislators of his faith, is
+as cruel a falsehood as ever came from human lips. So far as I am
+concerned he held his power with clean hands, and I would protect the
+memory of this dead man against all the abuse and misrepresentation
+which might be heaped upon him by those who were his adherents during
+life, but who now attack his fame in order that they may pay the greater
+deference to the present king.
+
+You must know that in that day we were but five years old as a State.
+Our political conditions were and had been greatly unsettled. The
+purpose of the church to rule in politics had not yet been made so
+manifest and determined. Lorenzo Snow held his office for a brief
+time--about two years. What he did in that office pertaining to my
+election I here and now distinctly assume as my burden, for no man shall
+with impunity use his hatred of me to defame Lorenzo Snow and dishonor
+his memory to his living and loving descendants.
+
+As for myself, I am willing to take the Senate and the country into my
+confidence, and make a part of the eternal records of the Senate, for
+such of my friends as may care to read, the vindication of my course to
+my posterity. I had an ambition, and not an improper one, to sit in the
+Senate of the United States. My competitors had longer experience in
+polities and may have understood more of the peculiar situation in the
+State. They sought what is known as church influence. I sought to obtain
+this place by purely political means. I was elected. After all their
+trickery my opponents were defeated, and to some extent by the very
+means which they had basely invoked. I have served with you four years,
+and have sought in a modest way to make a creditable record here. I have
+learned something of the grandeur and dignity of the Senate, something
+of its ideals, which I could not know before coming here. I say to you,
+my fellow Senators, that this place of power is infinitely more
+magnificent than I dreamed when I first thought of occupying a seat
+here. But were it thrice as great as I now know it to be, and were I
+back in that old time of struggle in Utah, when I was seeking for this
+honor, I would not permit the volunteered friendship of President Snow
+to bestow upon me, even as an innocent recipient, one atom of the church
+monarch's favor. My ideals have grown with my term of service in this
+body, and I believe that the man who would render here the highest
+service to his country must be careful to attain to this place by the
+purest civic path that mortal feet can tread.
+
+I have said enough to indicate that for my own part I never
+countenanced, nor knowingly condoned, the intrusion of the church
+monarchy into secular affairs. And I have said enough to those who know
+me to prove for all time that, so far as I am concerned, my election
+here was as honorable as that of any man who sits in this chamber; and
+yet I have said enough that all men may know that rather than have a
+dead man's memory defamed on my account, I will make his cause my own
+and will fight for the honor which he is not on earth to defend. This
+will not suit the friends and mouthpieces of the present rulers, but I
+have no desire to satisfy or conciliate them; and in leaving this part
+of the question, I avenge President Snow sufficiently by saying that
+these men did not dare to offend his desire nor dispute his will while
+he was living, and only grew brave when they could cry: "Lorenzo, the
+king, is dead! Long live Joseph, the king!"
+
+As a Senator I have sought to fulfill my duty to the people of this
+country. I am about to retire from this place of dignity. No man can
+retain this seat from Utah and retain his self-respect after he
+discovers the methods by which his election is procured and the objects
+which the church monarchy intends to achieve. Some of my critics will
+say that I relinquished that which I could not hold. I will not pause to
+discuss that point further than to say that if I had chosen to adopt the
+policy with the present monarch of the church, which his friends and
+mouthpieces say I did adopt with the king who is dead, it might have
+been possible to retain this place of honor with dishonor.
+
+Every apostle is a part of this terrible power, which can make and
+unmake at its mysterious will and pleasure. Early in 1902 warning had
+been publicly uttered in the State against the continued manifestation
+of church power in politics. The period of unsettled conditions during
+which I was elected had ended and we had opportunity to see the manner
+in which the church monarch was resuming his forbidden sway; and we had
+occasion to know the indignant feelings entertained by the people of the
+United States when they contemplated the flagrant breaking of the pledge
+given to the country to secure the admission of Utah. I myself, after
+conference with distinguished men at Washington, journeyed to Utah and
+presented a solemn protest and warning to the leaders of the church
+against the dangerous exercise of their political power. I did it to
+repay a debt which I owed to Utah, and not for any selfish reason. I
+knew that from the day I uttered that warning the leaders of the Mormon
+Church would hate and pursue me for the purpose of wreaking their
+vengeance. But as the consequences of their misconduct, their pledge
+breaking would fall upon all of the people of the State, upon the
+innocent more severely than upon the guilty, I felt that I must assert
+my love and gratitude to the State, even though my warning should lead
+to my own destruction by these autocrats. If there had been one desire
+in my heart to effect a conjunction with this church monarchy, if I had
+been willing to retain office as its gift, I would not have taken this
+step, for I knew its consequences. I began in that hour my effort to
+restore to the people of Utah the safety and the political freedom which
+are their right, and I shall continue it while I live until the fight is
+won.
+
+The disdain with which that message was received was final proof of the
+contempt in which that church monarchy holds the Senate and the people
+of the United States, and of the disregard in which the church monarchy
+holds the pledges which it made in order to obtain the power of
+statehood.
+
+They do not need to utter explicit instructions in order to assert their
+demand. The methods of conveying information of their desire are
+numerous and sufficiently effective, as is proved by results. To show
+how completely all ordinary political conditions, as they obtain
+elsewhere in the United States, are without account in Utah, I have but
+to cite you to the fact that after the recent election, which gave 57
+members out of 63 on joint ballot to the Republican party, and when the
+question of my successor became a matter of great anxiety to numerous
+aspirants for this place, the discussion was not concerning the fitness
+of candidates, nor the political popularity of the various gentlemen who
+composed that waiting list, nor the pledges of the legislators, but was
+limited to the question as to who could stand best with the church
+monarchy; as to whom it would like to use in this position; as to who
+would make for the extension of its ambitions and power in the United
+States.
+
+
+THE MORMON MARRIAGE RELATION.
+
+And now I come to a subject concerning which the people of the United
+States are greatly aroused. It is known that there have been plural
+marriages among the Mormon people, by sanction of high authorities in
+this church monarchy, since the solemn promise was made to the country
+that plural marriages should end. It is well known that the plural
+marriage relations have been continued defiantly, according to the will
+and pleasure of those who had formerly violated the law, and for whose
+obedience to law the church monarchy pledged the faith and honor of its
+leaders and followers alike in order to obtain statehood. The pledge was
+made repeatedly, as stated in an earlier part of these remarks, that all
+of the Mormon people would come within the law. They have not done so.
+The church monarch is known to be living in defiance of the laws of God
+and man, and in defiance of the covenant made with the country, upon
+which amnesty by the President, and statehood by the President and the
+Congress, were granted.
+
+I charge that every apostle is in large part responsible for this
+condition, so deplorable in its effects upon the people of Utah and so
+antagonistic to the institutions of this country. Every apostle is
+directed by the law-breaking church monarch. Every apostle teaches by
+example and precept to the Mormon people that this church monarch is a
+prophet of God, to offend or criticise whom is a sin in the sight of the
+Almighty. Every apostle helps to appoint to office and sustain the seven
+presidents of seventies, who are below them in dignity, and they are
+directly responsible for them and their method of life.
+
+It is quite evident that the church monarchy is endeavoring to
+reestablish the rule of a polygamous class over the mass of the Mormon
+people. Of the apostles not practicing polygamy there is at most only
+three or four men constituting the quorum of which this could be
+truthfully said. Special reasons may exist in some particular case why a
+man in this class has not entered into such relation.
+
+
+THE GENERAL SITUATION.
+
+Briefly reviewing the matters which I have offered here, and the logical
+deductions therefrom, I maintain the following propositions:
+
+We set aside the religion of the Mormon people as sacred from assault.
+
+Outside of religion the Mormons as a community are ruled by a special
+privileged class, constituting what I call the church monarchy.
+
+This monarchy pledged the country that there would be no more violations
+of law and no more defiance of the sentiment of the United States
+regarding polygamy and the plural marriage relation.
+
+This monarchy pledged the United States that it would refrain from
+controlling its subjects in secular affairs.
+
+Every member of this monarchy is responsible for the system of
+government and for the acts of the monarchy, since (as shown in the
+cases of the deposed apostle, Moses Thatcher, and others) the man who is
+not in accord with the system is dropped from the ruling class.
+
+This monarchy sets up a regal social order within this Republic.
+
+This monarchy monopolizes the business of one commonwealth and is
+rapidly reaching into others.
+
+This monarchy takes practically all the surplus product of the toil of
+its subjects for its own purpose, and makes no account to anyone on
+earth of its immense secret fund.
+
+This monarchy rules all politics in Utah, and is rapidly extending its
+dominion into other States and Territories.
+
+This monarchy permits its favorites to enter into polygamy and to
+maintain polygamous relations, and it protects them from prosecution by
+its political power.
+
+Lately no effort has been made to punish any of these people by the
+local law. On the contrary, the ruling monarch has continued to grow in
+power, wealth, and importance. He sits upon innumerable boards of
+directors, among others that of the Union Pacific Railway, where he
+joins upon terms of fraternity with the great financial and
+transportation magnates of the United States, who hold him in their
+councils because his power to benefit or to injure their possessions
+must be taken into account.
+
+I charge that no apostle has ever protested publicly against the
+continuation of this sovereign authority over the Mormon kingdom.
+
+Within a few months past the last apostle elected to the quorum was a
+polygamist--Charles W. Penrose--and his law-breaking career is well
+known. Previous to 1889 Penrose was living publicly with three wives.
+Under false pretenses to President Cleveland he obtained amnesty for his
+past offenses. He represented that he had but two wives, and that he
+married his second wife in 1862, while it was generally known that he
+took a third wife just prior to 1888. He promised to obey the law in the
+future, and to urge others to do so; yet after that amnesty, obtained by
+concealing his third marriage from President Cleveland, he continued
+living with his three wives. His action in this matter has been
+notorious. He has publicly defended this kind of lawbreaking on the
+false pretense that there was a tacit understanding with the American
+Congress and people, when Utah was admitted, that these polygamists
+might continue to live as they had been living.
+
+And it was this traitor to his country's laws, this unrepentant knave
+and cheat of the nation's mercy, this defamer of Congress and the
+people, that was elected to the apostleship to help govern the church,
+and through the church the State.
+
+Is it not demonstrated that Utah is an abnormal State? Our problem is
+vast and complex. I have endeavored to simplify it so that the Senate
+and the country may readily grasp the questions at issue.
+
+
+THE REMEDY.
+
+Will this great body, will the Government of the United States, go on
+unheedingly while this church monarchy multiplies its purposes and
+multiplies its power? Has the nation so little regard for its own
+dignity and the safety of its institutions and its people that it will
+permit a church monarch like Joseph F. Smith to defy the laws of the
+country, and to override the law and to overrule the administrators of
+the law in his own State of Utah?
+
+What shall the Americans of that Commonwealth do if the people of the
+United States do not heed their cry?
+
+The vast majority of the Mormon people are law-abiding, industrious,
+sober, and thrifty. They make good citizens in every respect except as
+they are dominated by this monarchy, which speaks to them in the name of
+God and governs them in the spirit of Mammon. Any remedy for existing
+evils which would injure the mass of the Mormon people would be most
+deplorable. I believe that they would loosen the chains which they wear
+if it were possible. I think that many of them pay blood-money tithes
+simply to avoid social ostracism and business destruction. I believe
+that many of them do the political will of the church monarch because
+they are led to believe that the safety of the church monarchy is
+necessary in order that the mass may preserve the right to worship God
+according to the dictates of their conscience. The church monopoly, by
+its various agencies, is usually able to uprear the injured and innocent
+mass of the Mormon people as a barrier to protect the members of that
+monarchy from public vengeance.
+
+It is the duty of this great body--the Senate of the United States--to
+serve notice on this church monarch and his apostles that they must live
+within the law; that the nation is supreme; that the institutions of
+this country must prevail throughout the land; and that the compact
+upon which statehood was granted must be preserved inviolate.
+
+May heaven grant that this may be effective and that the church monarchy
+in Utah may be taught that it must relinquish its grasp.
+
+I would not, for my life, that injury should come to the innocent mass
+of the people of Utah; I would not that any right of theirs should be
+lost, but that the right of all should be preserved to all.
+
+If the Senate will apply this remedy and the alien monarchy still proves
+defiant, it will be for others than myself to suggest a course of action
+consistent with the dignity of the country.
+
+In the meantime we of Utah who have no sympathy with the now clearly
+defined purpose of this church monopoly will wage our battle for
+individual freedom; to lift the State to a proud position in the
+sisterhood, to preserve the compact which was made with the country,
+believing that behind the brave citizens in Utah who are warring against
+this alien monarchy stands the sentiment and power of eighty-two
+millions of our fellow-citizens.
+
+[Transcriber's Note: The following typographical errors were corrected:
+tryanny to tyranny, autocracts to autocrats, monorchy to monarchy.]
+
+
+
+
+
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