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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14655 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 14655-h.htm or 14655-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/6/5/14655/14655-h/14655-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/6/5/14655/14655-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+BIG PEOPLE AND LITTLE PEOPLE OF OTHER LANDS
+
+by
+
+EDWARD R. SHAW
+
+Dean of the School of Pedagogy
+New York University
+
+New York  Cincinnati  Chicago
+American Book Company
+
+1900
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+This little book is designed to meet the child's natural desire to
+learn or hear of other people than those living in the part of the
+world about him.
+
+It has been thoroughly proved in our newer pedagogical practice that
+the child in the first school year is much interested in descriptions
+of the Indian and the Eskimo.  Whenever descriptions of the Indian and
+the Eskimo have been given him, they have not only fulfilled their
+purpose in furnishing material for reading and the interrelation of
+several activities of expression, but they have revealed to him the
+fact that there are other people in the world, who differ very much
+from those he has seen.
+
+His interest in different peoples at this time is in their physical
+appearance, their dress, their ways of living, their customs, their
+manners, and it arises chiefly from the contrast which descriptions of
+these afford to familiar customs, conditions, and physical
+characteristics.
+
+The child is not interested, at that stage of his intellectual
+development which falls in the first or the second school year, in the
+situation of countries.  It does not matter to him exactly where,
+geographically, the people about whom he reads live.  He is satisfied
+if some general statement is made to the effect that they live far away
+to the north, where the cold countries are, or in the south, where it
+is warm and sometimes hot, or on the other side of the world.
+
+His desire, at this period, for new impressions and ideas gained from
+descriptions and accompanying pictures is as keen as his desire for
+sense impressions gained from the world of nature and activity about
+him.  This wider range of information and ideas, it is believed, he may
+in some measure gain from this little book.
+
+
+DRESDEN, July 15, 1899.
+
+
+
+
+PEOPLE OF OTHER LANDS.
+
+
+CHINA.
+
+On the other side of this great round world is a country called China.
+When it is dark here, and we are going to sleep, the sun is just waking
+up the children in China and telling them it is morning.  When we get
+up in the morning they are just bidding the sun good night.  When it is
+light here it is dark there.  So they have day when we have night.
+
+Chinese children look like little men and women, for they dress like
+their fathers and mothers.  Boys and girls dress nearly alike.  They
+both dress in silk or cotton trousers.  They wear over these long gowns
+reaching nearly to their feet.  They wear odd-looking shoes with thick
+white soles.  The boys' heads are shaved, except a small part on top.
+There a lock of hair is left.  This lock of hair is braided and hangs
+down the back.  A queer name is given to it.  It is called a "queue."
+Girls in China do not go to school, but all day long they are busy;
+they help their mothers keep house; they tend the babies; they sew, and
+help with the cooking.
+
+[Illustration:  Chinese Women and Children.]
+
+The schools in China are only for boys.  The boys make a great deal of
+noise in school.  A Chinese teacher thinks the boys are idle if they do
+not study their lessons out loud.  So each boy shouts as loud as he
+can.  When the boy has learned his lesson, he goes up and gives his
+book to the teacher.  Then he turns his back to the teacher, and shouts
+out the whole lesson to show that he knows it.
+
+The boys are taught to count.  They learn by using balls set in a
+frame.  The frame is like the frame of a slate.  The balls slide on
+wires.  With the balls they learn to add and subtract.
+
+They also learn how to write, but they have no pens or pencils.  They
+write with small brushes dipped in ink.  Each boy makes his own ink.
+He puts some water on a stone and then rubs a cake of ink in the water.
+This makes a fine black ink called India ink.  Then the boy fills his
+brush and begins at the top, right-hand corner of the paper.  He writes
+toward the bottom of the sheet.  He puts one word under another instead
+of beside it as you do.  Then he begins a new line at the top, and
+writes to the bottom again.
+
+[Illustration:  Chinese writing.]
+
+Chinese books are printed in the same way.  Where do you think a
+Chinese book begins?  A Chinese book begins where our books end.
+
+In China many girls and women have very small feet.  When they are
+babies their feet are bound up tightly.  They sometimes wear iron
+shoes.   Then their feet never grow, but are so very small that they
+can hardly walk.  Poor parents know their girls will have to work hard,
+and so do not bind their feet.
+
+Chinese girls make beautiful paper flowers.  They paint pictures.  They
+sing and play.  Some of them pick the snow-white cotton in the fields.
+Some of them take care of the silk-worms that spin the soft silk.
+
+But they do not work all the time.   They play many pretty games.
+Chinese boys, too, have many kinds of games and toys.   One game is
+like battledoor and shuttlecock.  They use their feet to strike the
+shuttlecock.  They do this so fast that the shuttlecock hardly ever
+falls to the ground.  The Chinese are fond of flying kites.  Even old
+men fly kites.  They fly their kites in the spring-time.  Chinese kites
+are of all sizes and shapes.  Some are like birds.  Some are like fish.
+Some are like butterflies.
+
+[Illustration:  Chinese Kite.]
+
+ There is no other such land in all the world
+for lanterns as China.  The lanterns there are made of paper in the
+shape of balls, or flowers, or animals.  Some of the lanterns have a
+wheel inside.  When the candle is lighted, the draft of air makes the
+wheel go round very quickly.  When the wheel begins to move inside, the
+figures on the outside of the lantern begin to move.  Then men are seen
+fishing or fanning.  Sometimes children are seen dancing.
+
+The Chinese are so fond of lanterns that every year they have a "Feast
+of Lanterns."  On that day and night lanterns are to be seen
+everywhere.  Bridges and houses and trees are covered with lighted
+lanterns.
+
+They have fireworks, too, that look like stars and trees and flowers.
+
+A Chinese dinner begins in the wrong way.  They have fruits and nuts
+first.  After this comes rice.  They eat more of rice than of anything
+else.  Then they drink tea without either milk or sugar.  They use
+neither forks nor knives.  Instead they eat with small sticks of wood
+or ivory.  These are called "chopsticks."  They hold them between the
+thumb and first two fingers.  They use them to carry their food to
+their mouths as you use a fork or a spoon.
+
+[Illustration:  Chopsticks.]
+
+Do you know how they catch fish in China?
+
+They have a bird which swims and dives into the water.  This bird lives
+on fish.  Every time he dives he catches one.  He is trained to bring
+the fish to his master.  A tight ring is put round the bird's neck.
+This is to keep him from swallowing the fish.  When enough fish have
+been caught, the bird is given some to eat.  This bird is called a
+cormorant.
+
+A Chinese fisherman lives in his fishing boat.  But China is a very
+crowded country.  So other men as well as fishermen live on small
+flatboats in the rivers near the big towns.  Ducks and other fowls are
+raised on these boats.  The people on the water are as busy as the
+people on the land.
+
+In China houses are one story high.  They are built of wood.  The roofs
+slope, and are made of sticks woven together.  The churches are called
+pagodas.  They are not like our churches, but are tall, like towers.
+They are usually nine stories high.  They have little bells hung all
+around the roof.   These bells ring when the wind blows them back and
+forth.
+
+[Illustration:  Chinese Boats and Pagoda.]
+
+Between the houses are narrow streets without sidewalks.  There are no
+wagons.  If a lady goes to make a call, she sends for a sort of covered
+chair.  This has long poles on each side.  The chair is set on the
+ground before her door.  After she gets in, men lift the poles to their
+shoulders.  In this way they carry her.  Baggage and heavy articles are
+also carried on the shoulders of men.
+
+[Illustration:  Covered Chair with Poles.]
+
+But perhaps the most wonderful thing in China is the Great Wall.  It
+was built by kings a long time ago.  They wanted to keep savage people
+from coming into the country.  The wall is built very high and very
+wide.  It is so wide in some places that eight horses can be driven on
+top of it side by side.  It is hundreds of miles long.  The people of
+China think it is very wonderful.  They think there is nothing so
+wonderful in all the rest of the world.
+
+[Illustration:  The Great Wall.]
+
+China seems a curious country.  Boys shout out loud in school.  They
+read and write backward.  Men fly kites, like boys.  Women have feet as
+small as babies' feet.  At dinner nuts and fruits are eaten first.  Men
+work like animals.  There are many ways in which the Chinese are
+different from the people in our country.
+
+
+
+
+JAPAN
+
+[Illustration:  Japanese Children.]
+
+How would you like to ride in a wagon drawn by a man instead of a
+horse?  That is the way people ride in Japan.  Japan is a country a
+long way off, near China.  You would think that a man could not run
+very fast drawing a wagon.  But in Japan some men can run as fast as
+horses.  The wagon is like a buggy, but it has only two wheels.  They
+call this wagon a jin-rik'i-sha.
+
+[Illustration:  A Jinrikisha.]
+
+The streets in Japan have no sidewalks.  The houses are only one or two
+stories high.  They are built of wood.  They have no windows or doors.
+Strange houses, you will think.  The walls outside and inside are made
+like sliding doors.  They slide back so that the people can go in and
+out, and from one room to another.
+
+The Japanese have very little furniture in their houses.  They have no
+chairs.  They do not need any, for they sit on cushions on the floor.
+They also sleep on the floor.  When it is time to go to bed, they
+spread soft quilts on the floor, one over the other.  The last quilt on
+the top is the cover.  These beds are very nice.  But you could never
+guess what kind of pillows they have.  The pillows are blocks of wood
+the size of a brick.  You would not think them nice at all.  But the
+Japanese seem to sleep very well on their wood pillows.
+
+[Illustration:  A Japanese Bed.]
+
+Many of the things in the houses in Japan are made of paper, They have
+paper fans, paper lanterns, paper hats, paper cups, paper umbrellas,
+paper napkins, and paper screens.
+
+They have no stoves.  Instead of stoves they have boxes lined with
+brass.  In these boxes they burn charcoal to heat their rooms.  But
+they do not cook their food in these brass boxes.  They cook in little
+ovens made of clay.
+
+When it rains in Japan the people look very funny.  The men wear rain
+coats made of rice straw.  They also have big straw hats and paper
+umbrellas.
+
+[Illustration:  A Rain Coat.]
+
+They wear blocks, three inches high, fastened to the soles of their
+shoes.  These keep their feet dry.  So on a rainy day everybody looks
+three inches taller.
+
+In Japan they do not wear shoes in the house.  When they go into their
+houses they take them off.  Their shoes are made of wood or straw.
+Some of the people have shoes with gold braid.
+
+[Illustration:  Japanese Shoes.]
+
+Perhaps you would like to know how they dress in Japan.  Boys and girls
+dress very much alike.  Both wear long gowns, like skirts, of blue or
+gray cotton or silk.  These gowns are open at the neck.  A sash is worn
+around the waist.  The girls tie their sashes in a bow at the back.
+
+The children of Japan are very strange looking, not at all like you.
+They are like the Chinese.  Their skin is yellow, and their eyes are
+slanted.  Their hair is black and straight.
+
+You will wish to know what they eat in Japan.  The food is much the
+same as in China.  They eat a great deal of rice.  They have fish, and
+they drink tea.  They use chopsticks in eating, as the people in China
+do.
+
+The people in Japan are very fond of flowers.  Every house has a garden
+around it.  The boys and girls walk and play in these gardens.
+
+[Illustration:  Interior of a Japanese House.]
+
+Boys and girls in Japan have many nice toys.  One of their toys is a
+little oven with real fire in it.  Peddlers go round with these ovens
+and with sweet dough to bake in them.  For five cents the boys and
+girls can get the use of an oven, and dough enough to bake little
+cakes.  They often make cakes shaped like animals.  The peddler makes
+the letters of the alphabet in dough.  Then he bakes them in the oven
+for the boys and girls.  With these cake letters they often learn their
+a, b, c.
+
+The boys in Japan, like the boys in China, are very fond of kites.  But
+in Japan they have fighting kites.  They mix broken fine glass with
+glue, and rub it on their kite strings.  When the strings become dry
+they are hard and sharp.  Then the boys fly their kites.  One boy tries
+to cross and cut the string of another boy's kite with the string of
+his own.  The boy who cuts down a kite gets it as his prize.
+
+In Japan they have a day like our Flag Day.  On this day the boys have
+toy soldiers with swords and guns.  They form these soldiers into
+armies, and have battles.  Then the parents and teachers tell the boys
+about the great soldiers of their country, and the great battles they
+fought.
+
+The girls have a day for themselves.  They call it the "Feast of
+Dolls."  Every girl has a set of dolls.  On that day they take out
+their dolls and doll houses.  Then the girls play with them, and show
+them to one another.
+
+[Illustration:  Japanese Girl and Doll.]
+
+They have schools in Japan just as we have.  The boys and girls must go
+to school until they are ten years old.  Some of their lessons are very
+hard.  They have forty-seven letters in their alphabet, instead of only
+twenty-six, as we have.  Don't you think it must be hard for the boys
+and girls to learn to read?
+
+They go to school very early in the morning.  Before they enter the
+school they take off their shoes.  When the teacher comes, they bow
+down their heads nearly to the ground and draw in their breath.  This
+is their "good morning."  The teacher also bows to the boys and girls.
+
+Then the children sit on the floor.  They put their books on their
+knees and begin their lessons.  They have no pens or pencils.  They use
+little brushes instead.  They write in lines from the top to the bottom
+of the sheet of paper, instead of across from side to side as we do.
+This is the way, you remember, they write in China.  The books in Japan
+are also like the books in China.  The last page in our books would be
+the first page in books in China and Japan.  So their books begin at
+what we would think the end.  How queer this seems to us!
+
+There are newspapers in Japan, but they are not much like ours.  The
+lines run up and down just as Japanese writing does.  They read back
+from what we would call the last page.
+
+[Illustration:  Japanese Carpenters at Work.]
+
+A great many things that we use in America come from Japan.  We get
+silk from Japan, and beautiful vases and mats and screens and basket
+work.  The boys and girls in Japan help to make these things.  For they
+are bright and learn quickly how to do very nice work.
+
+
+
+
+ARABIA.
+
+Have you ever heard of the Arabs?  They are people with brown skin and
+dark eyes.  They live in a country called Arabia.  It is a very warm
+country.  There is never any snow in Arabia.  A great part of it is
+covered with sand.  For miles and miles you would see nothing but sand.
+Often the sand is so hot that you could not walk on it in your bare
+feet.  Those great tracts of sand are called deserts.
+
+[Illustration:  Arabs.]
+
+In many parts of Arabia water is very scarce.  It rains very seldom,
+and in some places there are no rivers.  The people get water out of
+wells.  They carry the water, in bottles  made of leather.  Glass
+bottles would not do.  The heat is so great that it would go through
+the glass.  Tins would make the water warm.  But the leather bottles
+keep the water cool.
+
+[Illustration:  Arab Water Carrier.]
+
+Some of the Arabs live in towns.  They have walls around their towns.
+At some parts of the walls there are towers.  Both walls and towers are
+made of earth.
+
+In every large town they have an open market place with shops around
+it.  In most of the shops they sell food.  In a few of the shops they
+sell cotton cloth and other dry goods.  Many of the shops are kept by
+women.
+
+The streets are swept every day.  Every family sweeps the street in
+front of its own door.
+
+The houses in the towns are made of stone.  They have flat mud roofs
+and small windows.  The Arabs have no chairs or beds in their houses.
+They sit on mats or carpets spread on the floor.  They also sleep on
+mats.
+
+The chief room in an Arab house is the coffee room.  It is a large room
+with a furnace or fireplace at one end of it for making coffee.
+
+Many of the Arabs live in tents.  They move about from place to place.
+Sometimes they cross the desert to come to the towns.  They must often
+cross it to find water and grass for their horses and camels and sheep.
+
+[Illustration:  Arabs and Tent.]
+
+The camel is very useful to the Arabs.  Perhaps you have seen a camel.
+It is much larger than a horse.  It has a great hump on its back.  It
+has large feet with broad, flat soles; and it can walk or run over the
+sand without sinking.
+
+The camel can carry a very heavy load.  It gives milk which is good to
+drink.  Its hair is made into cloth.  Its flesh is good meat.  It can
+bear thirst and heat far better than a horse can.  It can travel and
+carry a load in the desert for three or four days without drinking.
+This makes it very useful to the Arabs.
+
+[Illustration:  A Camel.]
+
+But the Arabs have horses also.  They are the finest horses in the
+world.  An Arab is very proud of his horse.  He loves him almost as
+much as he loves his children.
+
+Did you ever hear the story that is told of Hassan and his horse?
+Hassan was an Arab who had a horse which he loved very much.  And the
+horse loved Hassan very much.
+
+One day Hassan was riding on his horse in the desert with some other
+Arabs.  They were met by a party of men called Turks, who made them
+prisoners.  The Turks tied the feet of Hassan and his friends with
+leather straps.  They tied the horses also.  They planned to carry them
+off next morning.
+
+During the night Hassan heard his horse neighing.  He crept up to him
+and said in a low voice: "What will become of you, my poor horse?  You
+will not be happy with these Turks.  Go home to my tent.  Tell my wife
+that she will never see me again.  Lick the hands of my children with
+your tongue, as a token of my love."
+
+He then bit off with his teeth the cords that tied the horse, and set
+him free.  The horse looked at his master for a minute or two.  Then he
+caught him with his teeth by the belt and ran off with him into the
+desert.  On and on across the sand he ran.  He never stopped until he
+had laid Hassan down beside his wife and children.  Then, worn out with
+his long run, he dropped dead at his master's feet.
+
+All the people around wept when they heard the story.  Arab poets made
+songs about Hassan and his horse.
+
+The Arabs do not eat very much.  Their chief meal is supper.  They have
+supper in the evening.  They are very fond of coffee.  Did you ever
+hear of Mocha coffee?  It comes from Mocha, a town in Arabia.  Most of
+the Arabs take their coffee without sugar or milk.
+
+They always make their bread in thin cakes.  Then they bake the bread
+on hot iron plates or in an open oven.  They also have ground wheat
+cooked with a little butter.  Arabs who are rich have mutton or camel's
+flesh, and also rice.  All eat vegetables and fruits of various kinds.
+
+There are many kinds of fruit in Arabia.  But the greatest and best of
+all is the date.  This grows on the date-palm tree.  The date palm
+grows very high.  The Arabs are very proud of it.  Every part of it is
+of use to them.  Its fruit is the chief food of many of the people.
+You have seen and perhaps you have eaten dried dates.  They are not
+nearly so sweet or so good as the fruit when taken off the tree.  The
+trunk of the date palm is good for making furniture.  Its leaves make
+roofs for houses.  Parts of its branches make firewood.  From some
+parts of the tree cords and ropes are made.
+
+The Arabs do not wear very many clothes.  They do not need heavy
+clothes, because the weather in Arabia is almost always very warm.  The
+men wear long light dresses like shirts.  They have a belt, or girdle,
+around the waist.  They wear a handkerchief on the head.  This is tied
+around with a band or string.  On their feet they wear sandals.  Do you
+know what a sandal is?  It is a shoe with only a sole, and straps going
+across the foot and round the ankle.  The Arab women also wear a long
+shirt.  Over it they have a large, wide piece of blue cloth.  This blue
+cloth covers them from head to foot.
+
+[Illustration:  Arab Woman and Child.]
+
+[Illustration:  An Arab Sandal.]
+
+But what about the Arab boys and girls?  What do they wear?  Most of
+the boys run around without shoes or stockings.  But some of them wear
+little red shoes turned up at the toes, and others wear small sandals.
+They also wear loose trousers and jackets and little red caps.  The
+girls commonly wear cotton dresses that are made very plain.  Sometimes
+they have veils over their heads.  In the country places the girls do
+not wear veils.
+
+[Illustration:  Arab Girl with Veil.]
+
+Only the boys go to school.  Before they enter the school they must
+take off their sandals.  They have no seats in their schools.  They all
+sit on the floor.  Their lessons are not like your lessons.  They have
+only one book.  It is called the Koran.  The Koran is the Arab Bible.
+The Arab boys must learn the Koran by heart.  At school, they all shout
+out together when they are learning their lessons.
+
+[Illustration:  A School in Arabia.]
+
+But the Arab boys learn many things at home.  They learn to read and to
+write.  They also have plenty of time to play.  They play ball.  They
+fly kites.  They ride ponies.  Often they play with old guns and
+swords.  Thus they learn to be soldiers.
+
+The Arab girls do not go to school.  But they do not play very much.
+They must help their mothers do the work at home.  The mothers grind
+corn to make bread.  They spin and weave cloth for clothes.  They grind
+the corn with two flat stones.  One of these stones is placed on top of
+the other.  There is a hole in the middle of the upper stone.  They
+pour the corn into this hole.  The upper stone is then turned round by
+a handle.  So the corn is ground between the two stones.  The girls
+often have to turn the stone around.  They must also take care of the
+baby.  They help to carry home water from the well.  They carry the
+water in earthen jars.
+
+[Illustration:  Arabs Grinding Corn.]
+
+You will say, then, that the Arab girls have a hard time.  But they do
+not work always.  They have some time for play.  They have very funny
+dolls.  Would you not laugh if some one gave you two sticks joined like
+a cross, and told you it was a doll?  That is the kind of doll the Arab
+girls have.  And they are very fond of their dolls.  They dress them,
+and take great care of them.
+
+The Arabs are very fond of tales and stories.  Perhaps you have heard
+of a book called the "Arabian Nights."  It is full of wonderful stories
+about kings and giants and witches, and other strange things.  This
+book came from Arabia.  When you are older you will read the "Arabian
+Nights."  In it you will learn many more things about Arabia and the
+Arabs.
+
+
+
+
+KOREA.
+
+What funny hats they wear in Korea!
+
+But, you will ask, where is Korea?  It is near Japan, a country you
+have read of in this book.
+
+The people of Korea look a little like Chinamen.  They have yellow skin
+and slanting eyes.  Their hair is long, straight, and black, and they
+wear it in a very strange way.  The boys and girls wear their hair down
+their backs in braids tied with ribbons.  The men and women have their
+hair in little topknots that stand straight up.
+
+[Illustration:  A Korean.]
+
+But I must tell you about the strange hats they have.  Some of the men
+wear hats that go down over their shoulders.  This is the kind of hat
+they wear when they are in mourning, after the death of a father or
+mother.  Some wear hats made of straw.  These hats look like large
+flowerpots turned upside down.  Some have hats made of horsehair.
+
+But the hats made of straw and the hats made of horsehair do not keep
+the rain out.  So they have umbrellas.  Their umbrellas are as funny as
+the hats.  They are made of oil paper, and have no handles.  They look
+like fans.  When it rains, the people open their umbrellas and tie them
+on top of their hats.
+
+The boys in Korea wear loose jackets, and wide trousers which go under
+their stockings.  The stockings are padded with cotton, and are tied at
+the ankle.  The girls wear very pretty little jackets, sometimes red,
+sometimes pink, and sometimes green.
+
+The shoes they wear in Korea are of many kinds and shapes.  Some are
+made of leather.  Others are like the wooden shoes the Chinamen wear,
+which turn up at the toes.  The funniest shoes they have are made of
+paper.  The paper is very thick and strong, and so their paper shoes
+last a good while.  But the shoes that are worn by most of the people
+in Korea are made of straw.  They are like sandals, and they are worn
+so that the large toe is not covered.
+
+The people in Korea have a strange way of keeping themselves cool in
+hot weather.  They have something like a basket made of rods of bamboo.
+This basket is round and long, and open at the top and bottom.  They
+put their heads through this basket, and it hangs downward from their
+shoulders around their bodies.  Then they put their clothes over it, so
+that the basket is inside.  It is next to their skin.  How would you
+like to have such a summer dress?
+
+The boys in Korea go to school when they are very young.  The girls do
+not go to school.  They stay at home to help their mothers.  But girls
+whose parents are rich have teachers at home to teach them reading and
+writing and other things.
+
+In school, the teacher sits on a straw mat on the floor.  The boys also
+sit on the floor on straw mats.  They say their lessons out loud.  They
+write their lines from the top to the bottom of the page.  The people
+in China and Japan, as you know, write in the same way.  The boys of
+Korea learn to count on a _chon-pan_.  The chon-pan is much like the
+counting box they have in the schools in China.  It is made of little
+balls on a frame of wires fixed in a box.  The boys also learn by heart
+the wise sayings of great men.
+
+The boys in Korea have some very nice toys.  But the best playthings
+they have are their kites.  They make their kites fight battles in the
+air, just as the boys do in Japan.  Every boy tries to tear down every
+other boy's kite.  This is done by pulling the strings across one
+another.  Sometimes the sky is full of beautiful kites, which jump and
+dash about as if they were alive.
+
+The boys also have fine, large pinwheels.  They make these pinwheels
+whirl around in the wind.  The boys also spin tops, and they play
+"seesaw," and jump the rope.
+
+The boys in Korea are fond of fishing.  Nearly every boy has a fishing
+rod and goes fishing whenever he can.  Sometimes the boys have great
+fun going around dressed like their fathers.  They wear wooden swords
+and little bows and arrows like soldiers.  They make straw figures of
+men, and with their swords they strike off the heads of these straw men.
+
+But the boys have to work as well as play.  Many of the peddlers in
+Korea are boys.  They sell candy and other things.  The girls do a
+great deal of work at home.  The first thing they learn to do is to sew.
+
+Would you like to know how the women iron their clothes?  They wrap
+each piece around a stick and lay it on the floor.  Then they sit down
+and beat the piece on the stick with wooden clubs.  In this way they
+make the clothes as smooth as a Chinaman makes the linen which he irons.
+
+[Illustration:  Korean Girls Ironing Clothes.]
+
+The houses in Korea are one or two stories high.  They are made of wood
+or clay, and sometimes the roofs are of straw.  The windows are high,
+and the doors are often so low that the people have to stoop down to go
+in.  The rooms are very small and have hardly any furniture.  There are
+no chairs.  The people sit on mats on the floor.  The walls between the
+rooms are made of paper, and the floor is made of stone.
+
+[Illustration:  Korean Houses.]
+
+They have a strange way of heating their houses.  They have no stoves
+or fireplaces.  But under the floor they have a cellar like an oven.
+In this cellar a fire is always kept, and the rooms are sometimes so
+hot that the people can hardly walk on the stone floors.
+
+People who are poor sleep on mats on the floor.  They sleep in their
+clothes. People who are rich have mattresses.  The mattresses are laid
+on the floor at night, and are taken up in the morning.
+
+The people of Korea eat a great deal of rice.  But they have other
+kinds of food.  They have meat and fish and eggs and also fruit.  You
+would think that they would use a great deal of tea, as they live so
+near China.  But they do not drink tea.  They drink rice water instead.
+The rice water is water that rice has been boiled in.
+
+At their meals the men always eat first and the women wait on them.
+When the men have eaten as much as they want, then the women and
+children eat.
+
+The tables they have are very low.  It would not do for them to have
+high tables, as they sit on the floor.
+
+They have no knives or forks.  They eat with spoons, and they use
+chopsticks, as the Chinamen do.
+
+They have no water-pipes in their houses.  In the towns men carry water
+in pails.  They have no gas.  For light at night they use candles.
+
+They have only one kind of coin.  It is a small piece of copper.  It
+has a square hole in the middle.  They put these coins on strings and
+carry them around their necks.  It would take many such coins to make a
+dollar.
+
+[Illustration:  Korean Money.]
+
+There are farms in Korea, where they grow wheat, rice, rye, tobacco,
+cotton, watermelons, and many kinds of fruit.
+
+If you were in Korea, you would think it the strangest country in the
+world.  They do many things very unlike the way we do them.  With us
+bright-colored things are worn by women.  In Korea the men wear bright
+colors.  They have a funny way of selling eggs there.  They place ten
+eggs end to end in a row, and put straw around them.  Then they tie
+strings around the straw between the eggs.  This is called a stick of
+eggs.  When people go to buy eggs, they ask for one or two sticks, or
+as many as they wish.  One stick of eggs costs less than five cents.
+
+[Illustration:  A Stick of Eggs.]
+
+Instead of a president they have a king.  The king lives in the largest
+town.  There is a thick, high wall all around this town.  There are
+gates in the wall, and these are shut at night.  After the gates are
+shut, no one can get in or out until they are opened in the morning.
+
+The people show very great respect for the king.  When they go to speak
+to him they throw themselves down on their faces before his throne.
+The people love their country very much.  They think it is the most
+beautiful country in the world.
+
+
+
+
+INDIA.
+
+How would you like to go to school at six o'clock in the morning?  That
+is the time many children go to school in India.  India is a large
+country in Asia.  The children stay in school till nine o'clock.  Then
+they go home for breakfast, and go back to school at ten.  At two
+o'clock they go home for dinner.  They go back again at three to stay
+till evening.  You will think that this is a long time to be at school.
+
+[Illustration:  Hindoo Children at School.]
+
+In some of the schools they have no desks or chairs, but the boys and
+girls sit on the floor.  In other schools they have long tables instead
+of desks.
+
+They do not learn their letters as we do.  The teachers write five
+letters in sand on the floor.  Then the boys and girls write the
+letters in the sand.  They write the letters many times, until they
+know them well.  Then the teachers write five more letters, and so on
+until the children know all the letters.  When they can make the
+letters in the sand, they next learn to write them on palm leaves with
+pens made of wood.  The last thing they do is to write them on slates
+and on paper.
+
+[Illustration:  Native Children of India.]
+
+In some of the large towns they learn to read and write English.  But
+English is not the language that most of the people speak.  They have a
+language of their own.
+
+[Illustration:  A Hindoo Family at Home.]
+
+The people of India are called Hindoos.  They have dark skin, dark
+eyes, and dark hair.
+
+It is so warm that most of the people wear very little clothing.  Many
+of the boys and girls wear no shoes.  The girls are very fond of
+jewels.  No matter how poor a family is, they try to buy some jewels
+for their girls.  So the girls in India always have jewelry to wear.
+
+They have no Christmas in India.  They have what they call the "Feast
+of the Cakes."  At the Feast of the Cakes they have three holidays.
+Then they have cakes of all kinds.
+
+The boys are very fond of swinging.  They are also very fond of
+swimming.  In some places they have diving wells.  The boys plunge from
+a high bank down into the water below.
+
+[Illustration:  A Tiger.]
+
+The rich people have very fine houses, with gardens and flowers and
+fountains.  There are carpets, cushions, and tables in the houses, but
+no chairs.  They sit on cushions on the floor.
+
+The beds are very low, and the legs are often of silver or gold or
+ivory.  They have no sheets or pillow cases, but covers of velvet or
+satin.
+
+The people who are poor live in houses made of dried mud, with roofs of
+bamboo poles and straw.  They have hardly any furniture.  They sleep on
+mats made of palm leaves.
+
+[Illustration:  Cobras.]
+
+In many of the houses they have no tables.  They eat off of leaves on
+the floor.  Their food is mostly rice.  All the family do not eat
+together.  The father of the family always eats first.  When he has
+eaten, the mother and children sit down to eat.
+
+The women do most of the work.  So the girls have to learn to work.
+But the men and boys do all the sewing.  How queer this seems!
+
+[Illustration:  An Elephant Piling Lumber.]
+
+There are a great many wild beasts in India--tigers, leopards, cobras,
+and crocodiles.  The tigers are very fierce.  They sometimes come into
+villages at night and carry off men, women or children, and kill and
+eat them.  There are logs.  They do work of many kinds.  An elephant is
+much stronger than a horse.  He can carry a far heavier load.
+Sometimes all the family ride on one elephant's back.
+
+[Illustration:  Riding on an Elephant.]
+
+
+
+
+LAPLAND.
+
+Jingle! jingle! jingle!  Where does the merry sound come from?  It
+comes from a sleigh drawn by a reindeer.  The sleigh is called a
+"pulk'ha."  It is made of birch wood.  It has no runners.  It goes on a
+little keel like that on the bottom of a boat.  The sleigh is very low.
+It is pointed at the front like a rowboat, and is flat at the back.
+There are no seats in it.  The driver sits in the bottom.  The reindeer
+draws the sleigh, and goes very fast.  If the driver is not very
+careful the sleigh may be upset.
+
+It is in Lapland that you may see this kind of a sleigh.  The people
+who live there are called Lapps.  They are short and stout.  You would
+think the men and women were boys and girls.
+
+It is very cold in Lapland.  The summer is short, and the winter is
+long.  So the Lapps have to wear warm clothes most of the year.
+
+The men and women and boys and girls in Lapland dress much alike.  In
+the winter they wear a long outside coat called a _kap'ta_.   It
+reaches below the knees.  It is made of reindeer skin with the hair
+left on.  Under the kapta they wear warm clothes made of wool.
+
+[Illustration:  A Lapp's Tent.]
+
+Their shoes are also made of reindeer skin.  They wear two pairs of
+thick woolen stockings.  When they put on the stockings, they wrap
+their feet in dry grass.  Then they put on their shoes.  The grass
+helps to keep their feet warm.  They also wear two pairs of mittens at
+the same time.  One pair is made of wool.  The other pair is made of
+reindeer skin.  Their hats or caps are also made of reindeer skin.
+They are lined with eider down.  Perhaps you do not know what eider
+down is.  It is the soft, fine feathers of a bird called the eider
+duck.  A great many of these ducks are found in Lapland.  Their down is
+very soft and warm.
+
+Sometimes the Lapps have to go long distances in the snow.  Then they
+put on skees.  If you saw a pair of skees, you would think that a
+person could not walk with them.  They are flat pieces of wood, four or
+five inches wide, and very long.  Some skees are six feet long.  Some
+are ten or twelve feet long.  They are turned up a little in the front.
+In the middle of each there is a hollow place.  The shoe is strapped to
+the foot there, as you see in the picture.  When the Lapps go on skees,
+they do not raise their feet from the ground.  They slide along, one
+foot after the other.  They have a long pole, or staff, in their hands
+to beep themselves from falling.  They can go very fast in this way.
+Sometimes they go ten or fifteen miles an hour.
+
+[Illustration:  Skees.]
+
+In some parts of Lapland the people live in houses made of earth and
+stone.  Each house has only one room.  The Lapps have no carpets.  They
+have no tables or chairs.  They cover their floor with twigs of trees.
+They eat and sleep on skins spread on the twigs.  They burn wood for
+fires.  The fire is made on the ground in the middle of the floor.  The
+smoke goes out through a hole in the roof.
+
+[Illustration:  A Lapp Family at Home.]
+
+The Lapps do not all live in the same way.  Some of them are called
+mountain Lapps.  In summer the mountain Lapps live in tents among the
+hills.  Their tents are made of reindeer skin.  They have a great many
+reindeer.
+
+The reindeer is very useful to the Lapps.  It gives them milk.  It
+draws their sleighs.  Its flesh is good to eat.  They make clothes of
+its skin.  They make knives and spoons of its horns.
+
+In summer the reindeer eat the soft shoots of shrubs and trees.  In
+winter they feed on moss called lichen.  They get the lichen
+themselves.  They would not eat it if it were gathered for them.  In
+winter they dig down through the snow with their feet to get at the
+lichen.  They dig first with one fore foot and then with the other.
+The snow is often so deep that the reindeer has to dig a hole so large
+that its body is almost hidden.
+
+The reindeer are not put in stables.  They like to be out in the cold
+and snow.  They are able to take care of themselves.
+
+The Lapps eat a good deal of meat.  Their meat is the flesh of the
+reindeer.  They are very fond of fat.  All people who live in very cold
+countries eat a great deal of fat.  It helps to keep them warm.  The
+Lapps also have milk and cheese.  They eat rye bread and fish and
+berries.  They drink coffee.
+
+[Illustration:  A White Bear.]
+
+In winter they have to melt snow in a pot over the fire to get water.
+The rivers and lakes are all frozen.
+
+The Lapps cook their food in a large pot over the fire.  They sit
+around the fire to eat.  The father takes a piece of meat out of the
+pot.  Then he serves a piece to each.  The Lapps use no forks.  They
+use their fingers instead.
+
+In some places they have a funny way of storing their food.  They make
+a little log house on the top of a post.  They have a ladder to go up
+to it.  In this little house they store cheese and milk and other
+things.  Then wild animals cannot reach them.
+
+[Illustration:  A Lapland Wolf.]
+
+There are bears and wolves and foxes in Lapland.  These animals are
+sometimes very fierce.  They would come into the people's tents and
+houses at night, were it not for the dogs.  Nearly every person has a
+dog.  Even the hoys and girls have dogs.  The dogs are very brave.
+They are not afraid to attack wolves or bears.
+
+But you will wish to know about the children in Lapland.  You have
+heard about the old woman who lived in a shoe.  The Lapp baby has a
+cradle shaped like a shoe.  It is made of a single piece of wood.  It
+is lined with moss and other warm things.  The mother often carries it
+in her arms.  Sometimes she carries it on her back, slung from her
+shoulders.  The baby plays with strings of buttons or glass beads.
+
+When a baby is born in Lapland they give it a reindeer.  If the
+reindeer has any young ones, they keep them for the baby until it is a
+man or woman.  They also give a reindeer to the person who is the first
+to find that the baby has cut a tooth.
+
+The Lapp boys and girls have very few toys.  The toys they have they
+make themselves.  The boys make willow flutes and play on them.  When
+the boys go on the water they have long, narrow boats like canoes.
+Some boys also make sleighs.
+
+Many of the boys and girls go to school.  They learn to read and write
+and count.
+
+There are towns near the sea and by the rivers and lakes.  In these
+towns they have schools and churches.
+
+
+
+
+GREENLAND.
+
+Very strange people live in Greenland.  They are called Eskimos.
+Greenland is a country very far north.  It is always cold there.  So
+the children need warm clothing.  Their stockings are made of birdskin.
+The soft feathers keep their little feet very warm.  Their shoes are
+made of sealskin.
+
+An Eskimo girl does not wear skirts.  Her clothes are like her
+brother's.  Her trousers are made of white bearskin.  Her jacket is
+made of fur.  When she goes out sleigh riding, she puts on fur mittens.
+Do you know what a fur boa is?  This little girl wears one around her
+neck.  It is made of the tail of a fox.  The strings to it are made of
+long pieces of skin.
+
+[Illustration:  An Eskimo Girl.]
+
+Perhaps you think the Eskimo children are white.  No, they are brown.
+Their faces are round and fat.
+
+Our babies ride in carriages, but an Eskimo baby rides on its mother's
+back.  The mother wears a coat with a pocket on the back of it.  The
+pocket is lined inside with soft reindeer skin.  This makes a nice warm
+nest for baby.
+
+[Illustration:  Eskimo Mother and Baby.]
+
+In Greenland all the boys and girls have sleds.  The runners of the
+sled are made of bone.  The top is made of strips of sealskin.  It has
+a back for the boy or girl to lean against.  Dogs draw the sled across
+the snow.  But the Eskimos also have sleds made of ice.  I think you
+would like an ice sled.  Oh, how fast it runs over the snow!  The boys
+and girls have fine fun with these sleds!
+
+They play a nice game in the snow with their sleds.  I will tell you
+about it.  Do you know what a reindeer is?  It is like a deer, but it
+has long, branching horns.  The horns are called antlers.  When the
+Eskimos kill a reindeer for meat, the boys and girls get the antlers.
+They set these antlers up in the snow on a hillside.  They leave spaces
+between the antlers.  Then the boys and girls get on their sleds and
+slide down the hill.  They must go between the antlers, but must not
+touch them.  Sometimes the boys and girls have bows and arrows.  They
+try to hit the antlers with their arrows.  This is very hard, but it is
+great fun.  Do you think you could do this?
+
+The boys have boats made of long, thin bones covered with skins.  These
+sail very well on the water.  The boys use paddles to move the boats.
+A paddle is like an oar.  The boys sometimes go in their boats to help
+their fathers catch fish.
+
+Eskimo children cannot read or write.  They do not go to school, for
+the Eskimos have no schools.  They are very fond of stories, but they
+cannot read them in books.  So their mothers tell them stories.  The
+mothers cannot read, either.   The stories they tell are what they
+heard from their mothers.  Are you not happy that you can read stories
+for yourself?
+
+Perhaps you think the Eskimo children are unhappy?  Oh, no!  Though
+they cannot read books, they play all kinds of games.  There is a funny
+game they play in the house.  All the children get on their knees in a
+ring.  Then they hold their toes with their hands and move along by
+jumps.  The one who goes the fastest wins.
+
+The Eskimo boys play a game like the game of "cup and ball."  They have
+two pieces of bone.  One is flat, with holes in it.  The other is long
+and sharp like a pin.  Both are joined by a string about a foot long.
+The flat piece is tied to one end of the string, and the pin to the
+other end.  The pin is held in the hand, and the flat piece is thrown
+into the air.  The game is to catch the flat piece upon the point of
+the pin, by one of the holes.
+
+[Illustration:  Eskimo Children.]
+
+Eskimo boys play another game with a ball and a stick made of bone.  It
+is something like shinny, one of the games yon play.  They also play a
+game with a sealskin hall about as big as a baseball.  They strike the
+ball with their hands and try to keep it in the air all the time.  The
+Eskimo boys play football very well.  They think it great fun.   They
+never touch the ball with their hands; they only kick it.
+
+The girls have dolls made of wood, with fur clothes.  The dolls look
+like the little girls themselves.
+
+Perhaps you would like to know about the houses the Eskimos live in.
+They have summer houses and winter houses.  The summer house is a tent
+made of skins.  The winter house is made of stones and earth covered
+with snow.  It is not much higher than a man.  They have a strange way
+of getting into these houses.  A long, narrow passage leads from the
+door on the outside.  They must crawl on their hands and knees along
+this passage.  Then they go through a small opening into the house.
+The long passage keeps out the cold.
+
+[Illustration:  A Winter House.]
+
+There is only one room in the house.  Everything is done in this room.
+They sleep and eat and cook in it.  The beds are of sealskins, and are
+made on a bench along the wall.  There are no stoves in the house.  The
+Eskimos use lamps to keep themselves warm and to give them light.  They
+cook their food, too, with lamps.  The lamps give great heat, and the
+houses are quite warm.
+
+When the men kill a bear they have a party.  At the party everybody
+sits around the lamp The bear is cut up and every one gets a piece.
+Then the children sing and dance.  The Eskimos eat a great deal of
+meat.  They kill seals and bears and birds for their meat.  They also
+eat berries and seaweed.
+
+There are no tables in Eskimo houses.  A large dish is set on the
+floor.  The family sit round it and eat out of it.  They cut their meat
+with knives made of bone.  Their cups are made of sealskin.
+
+Do you know what a seal is?  It is an animal with thick fur.  Sometimes
+it lives on the land and sometimes in the water.  The people in the
+North kill it and make clothes of its skin.  Its fur is very warm and
+makes fine jackets.  The Eskimos eat the flesh of the seal.  They make
+knives and other things of its bones.
+
+[Illustration:  Seals.]
+
+Eskimo boys and girls have a funny kind of candy.  It is the red skin
+of a bird's foot soaked in fat.  You would not care for this.  But the
+Eskimo children eat it and like it.  The cold weather makes them like
+to eat fat.
+
+
+
+
+RUSSIA.
+
+"Your nose! your nose, sir!"  This is a cry often heard in the streets
+of Russia.
+
+Russia is a very large country.  Part of it is in Europe.  A great part
+of it is very cold.  When a person in the cold part of Russia goes out
+riding in winter, he has to cover his face, all except the nose and
+eyes.  Sometimes his nose gets very cold, and would freeze if some one
+did not cry out, "Your nose, sir!"  Why?  When one's nose gets so cold,
+it becomes numb.  It has no feeling.  One would not know that it was
+freezing if some person did not cry out.  The cold nose must then be
+rubbed with snow.  You would think this a strange way to keep it from
+freezing, but it is the best way to take out the frost.
+
+There are many kinds of houses in Russia.  The houses have to be made
+very warm.  So they are built with double walls.  In rich people's
+houses they have stoves like ours.  But in the poor people's houses the
+stoves are built of brick.  They always burn wood, for coal costs too
+much in Russia.  The stoves are sometimes built very high.  Often they
+are as high as the ceiling.  Sometimes people lie on top of the great
+stove to keep themselves warm.
+
+[Illustration:  A Russian Carriage.]
+
+In most of the houses in the country, they have no beds.  There are
+benches along the wall, which they use both for chairs and beds.  In
+some houses the children sleep on the floor on pieces of felt.
+
+Most of the people in Russia are farmers.  They raise a great deal of
+wheat.  The people in many other countries get wheat from Russia.
+
+[Illustration:  A Russian Farmer and his Family.]
+
+The children have to wear very warm clothes because it is so cold the
+greater part of the year.  Their coats are lined with fur.  In winter
+the children in the towns have great fun on the ice hills.  Ice hills
+are made in all the towns.
+
+First they build a high tower, and down from the top of it they make a
+steep hill.  Blocks of ice are laid on this hill and water is poured
+over them.  The water freezes, and thus the ice hill is made.  On one
+side of the ice hill there is a place to draw up the sleds.  The boys
+and girls start at the top, and down they go with merry laughing and
+shouting!  So you see they have fine sport on their ice hills.
+
+When the children are not playing on the ice hills, they go skating or
+sleighing.
+
+In some parts of Russia they have funny ferryboats.  When the rivers
+are frozen over in winter, the boats cannot sail on them.  Then the
+people use chairs instead of boats.  There are warm covers on the
+chairs, and men on skates push them across the ice.  It costs less than
+one cent to ride across a river in one of these chairs.
+
+In St. Petersburg they build an ice palace every winter.  St.
+Petersburg is the largest city in Russia.  It is the place where the
+emperor lives.  The Emperor of Russia is sometimes called the Czar.
+
+They make the ice palace with square blocks of ice.  They put the
+blocks together and pour water between them.  When the water freezes,
+the wall is solid like a wall of brick or stone.  Everything inside the
+palace is made of ice.  There are ice stairs and ice tables, and ice
+chairs, and beautiful flowers made of ice.  Warm rugs of fur are put on
+the chairs so that people who sit on them may not be cold.  Often there
+are grand balls and parties in this beautiful palace of ice.
+
+[Illustration:  A Russian Family.]
+
+In summer, too, the boys and girls in Russia have a good time.  The
+boys have wrestling matches, for they are strong.
+
+The girls have a game like ring-around-a-rosy.  They also have a game
+much like our seesaw.  A girl stands on each end of a board.  Then one
+girl jumps up and comes down on the board.  This sends the other girl
+up, and in her turn she comes down on the board and sends the first
+girl up.  And so they play on, going up and down.  This is not an easy
+game to play.  It is some time before the girls can do it well.  Some
+girls are so skillful at this game that they can keep jumping a long
+time without falling.
+
+Some people in Russia have very queer cradles for their babies.  One
+kind of cradle is a basket which hangs by ropes from the ceiling.
+Another kind of cradle is made of cloth sewed to a wooden frame.  This
+cradle also hangs from the ceiling.
+
+In some places in Russia the nurses who take care of the babies wear
+dresses to show whether the baby is a girl or a boy.  If it is a boy
+the nurse wears a blue dress.  If it is a girl the nurse wears a pink
+dress.
+
+There are not schools in all parts of Russia, but in some places there
+are good schools, and the children learn to read and write.
+
+I must not forget to tell you of the great bell in Russia.  It is the
+largest bell in the world.  It is in Moscow, a very old city of Russia,
+and it is called the great bell of Moscow.  But it has never been rung,
+for it was cracked in the side when it was being made.  It is nearly
+twenty feet high, and is now used as a chapel.
+
+[Illustration:  The Great Bell at Moscow.]
+
+The next largest bell in the world is also in Moscow.  This bell is
+hung up in a church; and when they ring it, the sound is heard all over
+the city like the rolling of thunder.
+
+
+
+
+SWITZERLAND.
+
+Switzerland is a land of mountains and hills and valleys and beautiful
+lakes and streams.  Every year many people go from all parts of the
+world to see the beautiful Swiss mountains and valleys.
+
+Sometimes large masses of snow and ice, mixed with earth, fall or slide
+down the sides of the mountains with a loud crash.  As they slide, they
+tear away rocks and trees, and bury houses and villages beneath them.
+These masses of snow and ice are called avalanches.
+
+[Illustration:  An Avalanche.]
+
+Snow falls all the year round on the tops of the mountains in
+Switzerland.  As the snow falls, it packs down hard and changes into
+ice.  At last it becomes a great mass of ice, and slides very slowly
+down the sides of the mountains into the valleys.  These masses of ice
+are called glaciers.  They move so slowly that you cannot tell they are
+moving by looking at them.  But by driving a stake down, you can see,
+after a long time, that the ice has moved a little way.
+
+A great many of the people in Switzerland live by keeping cattle and
+sheep and goats.  Their houses are in the valleys.  But in spring, when
+the snow begins to melt and the grass begins to grow, the men drive
+their flocks up the mountain sides to feed.  There they stay till the
+end of summer.  The men take with them a supply of food, and they sleep
+in huts on the mountain side.
+
+There is a kind of goat in Switzerland called the chamois.  It lives
+high up in the mountains.  It is very hard to hunt the chamois, for it
+can go into places where a man cannot follow it.  It can leap very
+nimbly from one rock to another.  It can go up and down a rough
+mountain side.
+
+[Illustration:  Chamois.]
+
+In the summer the chamois feeds on herbs and flowers.  In winter it
+eats the shoots and buds of pine trees.  It is very fond of salt.
+There is a kind of stone in the mountains that is partly made of salt.
+The chamois licks these stones to get the salt.
+
+The chamois feed together in herds of fifteen or twenty.  One of them
+is always on the watch to give notice if anybody comes to hunt them.
+When it sees any one coming, it stamps on the ground with its fore feet
+and makes a sharp cry.  Then all start off.  They leap from crag to
+crag till they are far out of danger.
+
+The skin of the chamois is very soft.  It is made into a fine, soft
+leather.  This leather is called shammy leather.  Have you ever seen a
+piece of shammy leather?  The flesh of the chamois is very good to eat.
+
+The people in Switzerland use a great deal of milk and butter and
+cheese for their food.  They also have potatoes and bread and fruit.
+They eat very little meat.
+
+The Swiss houses are made of wood.  Stones are often put on the roofs.
+The stones keep the shingles from being torn off by the wind.  The
+Swiss are very neat and clean.  On every window sill there are
+flowerpots, for the Swiss are very fond of flowers.
+
+[Illustration:  A Swiss House.]
+
+In every village in Switzerland there is a school.  The Swiss have very
+good schools.  The boys and girls must go to school when they are six
+years old.  They learn all that we learn in our schools.  There are
+also schools where the boys are taught trades.  The boys and girls go
+to school only eight months in the year.  So they have four months'
+vacation.
+
+After school, the boys help to take care of the sheep and goats and
+cattle.  The girls help about the housework.  All find plenty to do.
+
+But the Swiss boys and girls have some time for play as well as for
+work and school.  They often have holidays.  One of their greatest
+holidays is the day that the men come home from the mountains with
+their flocks.  The boys and girls go out to meet them.  They sing
+songs.  The bells ring, and flags wave.  Everybody is merry and happy.
+
+The children in Switzerland have a great many pretty toys.  Some of
+their toys are made to play music.  The Swiss make all kinds of music
+boxes.
+
+In Switzerland, instead of a king, they have a president, as we have.
+And in past times they had brave men who fought to make their country
+free.  One of their great men was William Tell.  The Swiss love his
+name as strongly as we love the name of George Washington.
+
+[Illustration:  Swiss Dog Cart.]
+
+
+
+
+HOLLAND.
+
+The people who live in Holland are called Dutch.
+
+There are many canals in Holland.  In some of the towns they have
+canals instead of streets.  There are bridges across the canals for
+people to go from one side of the street to the other.  In some of the
+streets they have no sidewalks, and nothing between the houses but
+canals.
+
+[Illustration:  Canals in Holland.]
+
+In most of the houses they have no carpets.  They scatter white sand on
+the floor every morning.  They keep their houses very clean.  In their
+kitchens they have open fireplaces, with fires blazing brightly.  Near
+the fires they have footstools made of cork.  In some houses they have
+fire boxes for warming their feet.  They can carry these boxes wherever
+they like.  In cold weather they take their fire boxes to church.
+
+Wherever you go in Holland you see windmills.  When you see them far
+off they look like giants with their arms stretched out.  The arms are
+shaped like ladders.  The arms have sails on them to catch the wind.
+It is the wind that makes the arms go round.  With these windmills the
+people pump up water, and grind corn, and saw wood.  The land is very
+flat and low.  There are no swift running streams to turn the mills.
+So the people build windmills.
+
+[Illustration:  Windmills in Holland.]
+
+The great wonder of Holland is the dikes.  Holland is near the sea, and
+so dikes are built along the beach to keep the water out.  The dikes
+are strong walls made of earth and stones.  They are very high, and so
+thick that on the top there is a road to walk and ride on.  In some
+parts of Holland there are houses also on the top of the dikes.  If it
+were not for these dikes, the sea would flow in on the land.  Then it
+would cover the houses and towns, and drown the people.
+
+Did you ever hear the story of the little boy and the hole in the dike?
+The little boy's name was Hans.  He lived near the great dikes along
+the sea.  One day his mother sent him on an errand.
+
+When he was coming home, he saw water flowing from a small hole in the
+dike.  He knew that the water came from the sea.  Then he said to
+himself, "If that water is not stopped, the hole will get larger.  Then
+the sea will break in, and we shall all be drowned."
+
+So Hans went up to the dike and put his hand against the hole, and
+stopped the water.  This was very hard to do.  But the little fellow
+held bravely on.
+
+When night came and Hans did not come home, his father and some of the
+people who lived close by went to search for him.  After many hours
+they found him at the dike, keeping the water back with his hand.  Then
+his father took him home, and the men stopped up the hole in the dike.
+Everybody praised Hans for what he had done.
+
+The little children in Holland are very pretty.  They have round, fat
+faces, golden hair, and blue eyes.  The boys wear wide trousers and
+little round caps.  The girls wear jackets and skirts and little caps
+with gold braid.
+
+Both boys and girls wear wooden shoes.  And what a noise they do make
+with their wooden shoes when they run around!  They have great fun
+playing their shoes are boats.  They sit on the sides of the canals and
+take off their shoes and sail them on the water like little boats.
+They tie strings to the shoes so that they can draw them in whenever
+they like.
+
+[Illustration:  Dutch Girl with Wooden Shoes.]
+
+Dutch children do not wear shoes in the house, but wear slippers.  When
+they go home after playing or from school they take off their shoes.
+They leave them outside the door.  Would you not think it strange to
+see rows of little shoes outside the doors?
+
+Every Saturday the children clean their shoes.  But they do not shine
+them as we do.  They wash them with soap and water, and dry them at the
+fire.  If the sun shines, they hang them on a bush to dry.  When they
+are dry, they are almost as white as snow.
+
+Winter is a very merry season in Holland.  Then all the canals are
+frozen, and there is great fun skating.  Everybody has skates, even the
+little children.  And how merry and happy the boys and girls are,
+skimming along on the ice!
+
+[Illustration:  Skating in Holland.]
+
+The men and women go to market on skates.  Those who do not wish to go
+on skates go in sleds or chairs with runners on them.  The chairs are
+pushed by skaters.
+
+But the best fun of all is on the ice boats.  The ice boats have sails,
+and can go very fast on the smooth ice.
+
+The first day of skating every year is a holiday.  There is no school
+that day, and everybody goes out skating, or riding in sleds or ice
+boats.  How glad the boys and girls are when Skating Day comes!  What
+fun they have!  And of course they have sleigh riding, for every family
+has a sleigh.  The sleighs are made like shells, or boats, or swans.
+When the people go sleigh riding at night, they carry lighted torches.
+
+The greatest holiday the Dutch have is Santa Claus's day.  It is on
+December 6.  All the stores are made pretty on that day.  Santa Claus
+is in the windows.  He is dressed in red with white fur, and rides a
+large horse.  The streets are crowded with boys and girls to see all
+this.  They have Santa Claus cakes, and gingerbread made like chairs
+and tables and fishes and horses and many other things.
+
+At night Santa Claus rides on the roofs of the houses, and drops nice
+things down the chimneys for good children.  And the boys and girls
+leave their shoes near the fireplace for the things to drop in.
+
+But they do not find many toys in their shoes, for Santa likes better
+to give them cakes and money.  The Dutch boys and girls have not many
+toys, but they play for hours with their shoes.  They use them for
+boats, baskets, dishes, or beds for their dolls.
+
+They have fine schools in Holland, and the boys and girls go to school
+and learn the same things that we learn in our schools.
+
+Some Dutch girls go to market to sell milk or cheese.  They have
+donkeys to carry the milk or cheese.  Sometimes, the girls ride on the
+donkeys' backs.
+
+Some Dutch girls also go to market to sell fruit.  They carry the fruit
+on a pole across the back of their shoulders.  A basket of fruit hangs
+from each end of the pole, as you see in the picture.  The boys sell
+milk.  They carry it about in little wagons drawn by dogs.  They are
+very kind to the dogs.  They do not make them draw too heavy a load.
+
+[Illustration:  A Dutch Milkmaid.]
+
+When a baby is born in Holland, some one hangs a silk ball outside the
+door.  If the baby is a boy, they hang up a red ball; and if it is a
+girl, they hang up a pink ball.  Is not this a good way to let their
+friends know they have a new baby?
+
+
+
+
+PATAGONIA.
+
+Have you ever seen a man with pictures on his body?  Perhaps you have
+seen a sailor with a picture of a ship on his arm.  In Patagonia nearly
+all the men and boys have pictures on their bodies.  Patagonia is in
+the southern part of the world.  It is winter in that country when it
+is summer here, and summer there when it is winter here.
+
+Patagonia is a very flat country.  There are very few hills and no
+large trees or fine flowers there.  But there is plenty of good grass,
+which sometimes grows very tall.
+
+The people in Patagonia are Indians.  They have red-brown skin, long
+black hair, and small eyes.  The men are very tall.  Some of them are
+seven feet high.  They paint their faces red and black, and tattoo
+their arms.  They do this with a needle.  They put the needle into dye,
+and then prick the skin with it.
+
+The men wear a piece of cloth around their waists and a large cloak of
+fur.  They sometimes wear boots made of the skin of horses' legs.  The
+women wear gowns fastened at the neck with a pin.  They also have
+cloaks like the men.
+
+[Illustration:  Patagonians at Home.]
+
+The boys and girls wear no clothes until they are four years old.
+After they are four years old they wear the same kind of clothes their
+fathers and mothers wear.  The young girls wear their hair in braids.
+If their hair is not long enough, they make it longer by tying
+horsehair to it.
+
+The houses in Patagonia are tents made of skins.  There are rooms in
+the tents, and each grown-up person has a room.  The fire is made
+inside the tent on the floor.
+
+The people in Patagonia eat gua-na-co and ostrich meat.  Some of the
+people drink a kind of tea made from the leaves of a plant.  The leaves
+are first crushed fine, then put into water.  They drink this tea
+through a small tube with many holes in it.  The holes are so small
+that the pieces of leaves cannot come through.  This tea is very good
+to drink.  It makes the people very strong.
+
+[Illustration: Guanaco.]
+
+The women do all the work about the house.  They make the clothes,
+carry home the wood for the fire, and bring water from the streams or
+wells.
+
+The men do nothing but hunt.  They hunt the guanaco and the ostrich.
+The guanaco is nearly as large as a cow, and has a head like a camel.
+Its flesh is good to eat, and the people make cloaks of its skin.
+
+[Illustration:  Hunting Ostriches.]
+
+The ostrich is the largest bird in the world.  Its legs are very long,
+and it has a long neck.  It cannot fly, for its wings are too small,
+but it can run very fast.  It can run faster than a horse.  It is hard
+for the hunter to catch it.  He rides on horseback, and catches the
+ostrich with a bo'las.  A bolas is a rope with a stone, a metal ball,
+or a lump of hard clay fastened to each end.  The hunter swings one end
+of the bolas round and round his head, and then hurls it with great
+force at the ostrich.  It strikes the ostrich or catches it by the legs
+and throws it down.  Then the hunter runs up and kills the ostrich with
+a knife.  The hunters also hunt the ostrich with dogs.  Sometimes an
+ostrich will spring suddenly up from the long grass almost in front of
+the hunter and his dogs.  Then the dogs can easily catch it.
+
+The ostrich makes a hole in the ground under a bush for its eggs.  This
+is its nest.  The eggs are very large, and they are good to eat.  Its
+flesh is also good to eat.  Of course you know ostrich feathers are
+pretty for ladies' hats.  The feathers for hats are taken from the tail
+and from the ends of the wings.  But the feathers of the ostrich in
+Patagonia are not so fine and pretty as the feathers of the ostrich
+found in Africa.
+
+There is an animal in Patagonia called the puma.  It is like a cat, but
+it is much stronger.  Often it kills and eats the guanaco.
+
+[Illustration:  Pumas.]
+
+The boys and girls in Patagonia have very few toys, but they are merry
+and happy.  As the boys grow up, they soon learn to hunt; and then they
+go out with their fathers to hunt the guanaco and the ostrich.
+
+THE PYGMIES.
+
+Perhaps you have read in fairy tales of very little people called
+dwarfs.  There are old stories which tell us about very small men who
+lived a long time ago in Africa.  They were called pygmies.  They were
+only one foot high, and they built their houses with eggshells.  They
+lived in holes in the ground.  They had goats and sheep which were much
+smaller than themselves, and they had corn which they cut down with
+axes, as we cut down trees.
+
+This is what we are told about them; but, of course, those stories are
+fables.  There never were men so small as one foot high.
+
+But there are real people in Africa called pygmies.  They are very
+small.  The men and women look as if they were boys and girls.  The men
+are about four feet high.
+
+There are a great many large forests in Africa.  It is in the forests
+that the pygmies live.  The forests are so dark in many places that one
+could not see to read at noonday.  Only a few white men have been in
+the land of the pygmies and seen them.  They are shy, like children,
+and hide their faces when spoken to.
+
+Some of the pygmies are black and some are red.  They do not wear much
+clothing.  They do not need much, for the weather is always very warm
+in the country in which they live.  The men and boys wear only a strip
+of cloth around their loins.
+
+Many of the pygmies have no houses.  They wander from place to place,
+and sleep on the ground under a bush.  But some of them have little
+houses, or huts, built in the shape of beehives and about four feet
+high.  They are covered over with long leaves.  The door is only about
+a foot and a half high, just high enough for the pygmies to creep in.
+Their beds are made of sticks stuck in the ground with other sticks
+across them.
+
+The pygmies live by hunting.  They do not shoot with guns, as we do.
+They use bows and arrows, and they are very quick and clever at
+shooting.  A pygmy will shoot off three or four arrows one after the
+other so quickly that the last is flying away before the first has hit
+the mark.
+
+The pygmies are also very smart in making pits to catch the animals
+they wish to kill.  They dig large holes and cover them with sticks and
+leaves.  The animal comes along and falls into the pit and is caught.
+The pygmies can kill elephants with their bows and arrows.  They first
+shoot at the elephant's eyes until he is blind.  They then keep
+shooting at him till he falls dead.
+
+[Illustration:  A Village of Pygmies.]
+
+The pygmies eat the flesh of some of the animals they kill.  They sell
+or trade the fur and skin and ivory for arrows and knives.  They also
+get tobacco and potatoes for their furs and skins.
+
+They are also very good at fishing.  They can catch large fish with a
+piece of meat fastened to a string.
+
+The pygmies do not dig the ground or plant or sow anything.  Bananas
+grow in Africa, and the pygmies are very fond of them.  Often they come
+out of the forests to get bananas from the trees on which they grow.
+If a pygmy sees a good bunch of bananas that he would like to have, he
+shoots his arrow into the stalk.  When the owner of the tree sees the
+arrow he knows how it came there.  So he leaves the stalk until the
+pygmy takes it away.  Sometimes a pygmy pays for the bunch of bananas
+with pieces of meat.  He wraps up a piece of meat in grass or leaves,
+and fastens it to the stalk where he has cut off the bananas.
+
+A pygmy can eat twice as many bananas as the largest white man.  He can
+eat as many as sixty at one meal.
+
+Though the pygmies are small, they are very brave, and all the other
+people who live near them are very much afraid of them.
+
+
+
+
+THE INDIANS.
+
+Long, long ago, before Columbus found America, the Indians lived where
+we live now, There were no cities or houses then, such as we have.
+There were no farms or gardens or fences or roads.  A large part of the
+country was covered with trees.  The rest was great grass plains and
+swamps.
+
+The Indians built their houses where they pleased, beside the rivers or
+near the mountains or on the wide plains.  What sort of houses did they
+live in?  They lived in tents made of skins.  The Indian tents were
+called wigwams.
+
+[Illustration:  An Indian Wigwam.]
+
+There were many tribes of Indians.  Each tribe had a great many men and
+women and children.  Some of the tribes lived in the north, some in the
+south, some near the sea.  In nearly every part of the country there
+were Indian tribes.  Often some of the tribes went to war with other
+tribes.  They fought with bows and arrows and tomahawks.  The tomahawk
+was a sort of hatchet.  The head of it was made of a stone with a sharp
+edge.
+
+[Illustration:  Indian Bow and Arrows.]
+
+[Illustration:  Tomahawks.]
+
+The Indians were very cruel in war.  When they killed a man, they cut
+the skin and hair off the top of his head.  This was called scalping.
+
+When about to go to war, they painted their faces to make themselves
+look very fierce.  They also wore a band around their heads, and in
+these they stuck some long feathers.
+
+There are Indians still in some parts of our country, and many of them
+live in wigwams.  They sleep in these wigwams, but they cook their food
+outside.  They have no coal or stoves or fire-places.  Instead of coal
+they use wood and dried grass.  They make their fire on the ground.
+Their food is very simple.  They have meat and fish and berries, and
+cakes made of corn.  The meat they eat is the flesh of the deer and
+other wild animals.
+
+[Illustration:  An Indian Chief.]
+
+The Indians are of a copper color.  They are sometimes called "Red
+Men."  They have high cheek bones, black eyes, and straight black hair.
+
+The Indian men spend their time hunting and fishing.  They do not have
+bows and arrows now.  They shoot with guns as white men do.
+
+The Indian women do all the work. They cook the food, make the clothes,
+and plant the corn.  They also put up the wigwams and take them down.
+For the Indians do not live always in the same place, but often move
+about.
+
+An Indian woman is called a squaw, and an Indian baby is called a
+pa-poose'.  You would wonder if you saw the Indian baby's cradle.  It
+is a bag made of skin fixed to a flat board.  It is just large enough
+for baby to fit in.  The little papoose is wrapped up warm and put into
+the bag.  The mother carries the baby on her back in this cradle.
+Often she hangs the cradle up on a branch of a tree.  Then the little
+red baby swings while its mother is cooking or working in the field.
+
+[Illustration:  An Indian Baby.]
+
+The men, women, and children wear clothes made of skin.  They often
+wear blankets as shawls are worn by white people.  Their shoes are made
+of deerskin and have no soles.  They are called moccasins.
+
+[Illustration:  Moccasins.]
+
+In many places the Indians now have schools, and the little Indian boys
+and girls go to school every day.  Our government has sent teachers to
+teach them.  They learn to read and write and count.
+
+But the Indian boys and girls learn a great many things at home.  Their
+fathers tell them about birds and beasts and trees and rivers.  And
+they teach the boys to hunt and fish, and train them up to be brave in
+war.
+
+The Indian boys and girls have a great many games.  The boys play with
+bows and arrows.  They play "blindman's buff," and "hunt the slipper,"
+and handball and football.  The girls take part in the football.  One
+of their games is the "stick and ring" game.  The ring is made of skin
+and is sometimes covered with beads.  Each boy has a stick, and he
+throws it at the ring while it is rolling along the ground.  The game
+is to send the stick through the ring.  Every boy tries to strike every
+other boy's stick to stop it from going through the ring.
+
+The Indian boys sometimes play at fighting battles.  They form
+themselves into two armies, and one army fights against the other.
+They fight with balls of wet clay.  Often the battle lasts two or three
+hours.
+
+Indian girls have dolls, and they dress them and sing them to sleep.
+They play "house," and often have doll-house moving.
+
+[Illustration:  Indian Girls.]
+
+Indian men and boys are fond of swimming, and they are very good
+swimmers.  They are also fond of sailing in their canoes.   The canoe
+is made of the bark of the birch tree.  The Indians paddle their
+canoes.  They can make them go very fast.
+
+Many of the Indians now live in houses and have farms the same as white
+men, and they raise corn and vegetables and fruit.  They have horses
+and cows and sheep as other farmers have.  And we may hope that before
+long the Red Men will live in the same way as white men, and be as well
+off and as happy.
+
+
+
+
+THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
+
+The Philippine Islands are far away on the other side of the earth,
+near China.  There are a great many of these islands.  Most of them are
+small.  But some of them are large islands, and many people live on
+them.  The largest of the islands is called Luzon.  The largest town in
+this island is Manila.
+
+Many tribes of people live in the Philippine Islands.  Each tribe has a
+language of its own.
+
+It is very warm in these islands.  So the people need but little
+clothing.  Their houses are not very high.  The highest house is only
+two stories.  In some parts they have strange windows in their houses.
+The panes are not made of glass, as in our houses.  They are made of
+oyster shells.  But they are not like our oyster shells.  They are very
+thin--so thin that the light can come through them nearly as well as
+through glass.  The shell is made square, and fits in the window like a
+pane of glass.  Sometimes the sides or walls of the upper stories are
+made of frames, with oyster shells for panes.  The people can slide
+these walls back, so as to let the cool air into the rooms.
+
+[Illustration:  A Philippine House.]
+
+There is one tribe in the islands called the Moro tribe.  The people of
+this tribe have very strange houses.  They build their houses in the
+water near the shore.  They build them on the top of long poles.  The
+first stories are high above the water.  The people use ladders to go
+up to them.  These houses are built of bamboo.
+
+The bamboo is very useful in the country where it grows.  It is a kind
+of reed, and grows very tall.  It has joints like the joints of a corn
+stalk.  It is not solid like a corn stalk, but is hollow inside.  It is
+so thick and strong that the people make houses of it and all kinds of
+furniture.
+
+[Illustration:  Bamboo.]
+
+The Moro men are good sailors and swimmers.  They are also good divers.
+They dive into the water for pearls and coral.  They can stay under the
+water for two or three minutes at a time.  The children also are good
+swimmers.  They spend a great deal of time in the water.
+
+There is another tribe called the Man'gy-ans.  These people live in the
+mountains.  They have black hair and flat noses.  They are very strong,
+for they spend most of their time out of doors.
+
+Some months of the year they do not live in houses.  They sleep under
+trees.  But other months of the year it rains very much.  Then they
+sleep in houses.  Their houses are made of poles with roofs of leaves.
+
+The Mangyan women and girls wear a very strange kind of dress.  It is
+made of cords coiled around their waists.  The cords are narrow strips
+of rattan braided together.  Rattan is the stem of a plant which grows
+to a very great height.  It sometimes grows a hundred feet high.  It is
+as thick as a man's wrist, and it is very tough and strong.  The people
+split the rattan into thin strips.  With these they make baskets, seats
+of chairs, walking canes, ropes, and many other things.
+
+The Mangyan men are good hunters.  They hunt an animal called the
+tim'a-rau.  It is like a buffalo.  They shoot it with bows and arrows.
+
+There are a great many large forests in the Philippines, and there are
+very fine trees in them.  The most useful of the plants or trees is the
+bamboo.  I have already told you about it.  The cocoanut palm is also a
+very useful tree.  The nuts give food and drink and oil.
+
+[Illustration:  A Philippine woman carrying water.]
+
+On one of the islands there is a wonderful plant called the pitcher
+plant.  Its leaves are in the shape of pitchers.  Some of the pitchers
+have lids, and are large enough to hold a pint of water.
+
+In the Philippines they raise coffee, bananas, sugar, tobacco, and
+cotton.  One of their most useful plants is the plant from which they
+get hemp for making ropes and cords.  This plant is called "ab'a-ca" by
+the people in the Philippines, and its hemp is called Manila hemp.
+
+There is a great deal of rice grown in the Philippines.  Rice is the
+food that most of the people live on.
+
+There are buffaloes in the Philippines.  The people use them for riding
+and for carrying loads.  They have also deer, goats, and hogs.
+
+[Illustration:  A Buffalo at Work.]
+
+In some parts of the islands they have a strange way of fishing.  They
+fill baskets with a kind of mixture in which they put poison.  Then
+they throw the baskets into the water.  The fish become stupid after
+eating the poison.  Very soon they rise to the top of the water, where
+the people catch them.
+
+Manila is a large town with strong walls and a deep moat, or ditch,
+around it.  There are eight gates in the wall and bridges across the
+moat.
+
+The men in Manila wear trousers and shirts; but they wear the shirts
+outside.  The women wear skirts with long trains, and waists with very
+full and flowing sleeves.  They wear scarfs or handkerchiefs around
+their necks, with two of the corners hanging down their backs.  They
+never wear hats.
+
+[Illustration:  Women of Luzon.]
+
+In a few of the islands there are schools, and the children learn to
+read and write; but in many other parts there are neither schools nor
+churches.  As the islands now belong to the United States, there will
+soon be many more schools, and the children will be able to learn
+everything that is taught in our schools.
+
+
+
+
+BANGALA
+
+Far away in Africa, near where the pygmies live, there is a great river
+called the Kongo.  The land on either side of this river for many miles
+is called the Kongo Valley.
+
+There are hundreds of miles of great woods in this valley.  These woods
+are not like our woods.  They are very thick with vines and plants.
+There are also a great many kinds of trees.
+
+In the woods are birds with very bright colors.  There are birds called
+sunbirds.  Often green, yellow, scarlet, and purple feathers are found
+on these birds.  What a pretty sight it must be to see them flit about
+in the sun!
+
+There are also many kinds of pretty flowers in the woods.  These
+flowers are as gay in color as the birds.
+
+Many tribes of negroes live in the Kongo Valley.  They live in huts
+made of mats.  The mats are made of strong grass.  The grass is first
+twisted into cords.  Then the cords are braided into mats.
+
+The people also use mats for their beds; but they do not put the mats
+on the ground.  They tie them to a frame raised a little above the
+ground.
+
+[Illustration:  Kongo Negroes at a Mission School.]
+
+These negroes also make baskets, bowls, pots, and wooden spoons.  The
+bowls and pots they make out of clay.
+
+It is very warm all the year round in the Kongo Valley.  So the people
+wear very little clothing.  They rub their bodies with palm oil.
+
+They have a funny way of wearing their hair.  While they are young
+their hair is braided.  Then it is twisted into all sorts of knots and
+shapes.  They do not untwist it, but keep it so always.  They think
+these queer knots and shapes are very pretty.
+
+[Illustration:  A Kongo Village.]
+
+The women do all the hard work.  They cook the food.  They do the other
+housework.  They plant the corn and beans.
+
+[Illustration:  Headdress of Kongo Women.]
+
+The men spend a great deal of time in fishing.  They also hunt and kill
+elephants to get their tusks for ivory.  There are many elephants in
+the Kongo Valley.  They roam about in large herds.  It must be a hard
+task to kill an elephant!
+
+One of the tribes in the Kongo Valley is called the Bangala tribe.  The
+men are tall and strong and fierce.  They are always fighting with
+other tribes.  This makes the other tribes very much afraid of them.
+
+The negroes of this tribe have a strange way of making friends with a
+white man.  They will do him no harm if he is willing to be their
+"blood brother."
+
+This is the way they make a white man their blood brother.  The black
+man takes a limb of palm tree which has two branches.  With one branch
+in his hand, he falls on the ground before the white man.  The white
+man takes hold of the other branch.  Then the black man splits the limb
+into two parts with his knife.
+
+After this is done, an old man of the tribe comes to the white man and
+the black man.  He puts the white man's arm over the black man's arm.
+When their arms are together, he makes a small cut in each arm.  He
+makes this cut to draw blood.  Then the old man puts salt and the dust
+of banana leaves into the blood, and rubs both arms together.  The
+black man and the white man are then blood brothers.
+
+These people have also a strange way of taking care of their canoes.
+When they are not using them, they keep them under water.  They say
+that the canoes will last longer if kept under water.
+
+
+
+
+THE AMAZON VALLEY.
+
+Perhaps you have heard of the Amazon River.  It is the largest river in
+the world.  It is four thousand miles long, and more than fifty miles
+wide where it flows into the sea.  This river is in Brazil.  Brazil is
+far south of us.
+
+[Illustration:  Amazon Indians.]
+
+There are great forests along the banks of this river.  They run back
+from the river for hundreds of miles.  They are the largest forests in
+the world.
+
+A great many kinds of trees grow in these forests.  Some of the trees
+are very high.  Often the trees are covered with vines on which
+beautiful flowers grow.
+
+Wax-palm trees, breadfruit trees, and rubber trees are found in these
+forests.  Wax is taken from the leaves of the wax palm.
+
+We make rubber from the rubber tree.  A cut is made in the side of the
+tree with a knife.  From this cut a white juice flows.  This juice is
+like milk.  It is caught in a cup.  After a while the juice gets hard.
+Then it is rubber.
+
+A great many strange animals and birds are found in these forests.
+There is the sloth, which lives in the trees.  It has hooked claws for
+holding on to the branches.  It hangs on to a branch with its back
+downward.  When it goes to sleep, it rolls itself up like a ball.  It
+moves very slowly, and that is why it is called the sloth.
+
+[Illustration:  A Sloth.]
+
+These forests are full of monkeys and parrots.  Perhaps you have seen a
+parrot.  I dare say you have not seen more than two or three parrots at
+one time.  But in these forests there are flocks of parrots.  They fly
+from tree to tree, and are very wild.
+
+[Illustration:  A Parrot.]
+
+There are many kinds of them.  Some are red, some are green, some are
+blue, and some are all these colors.
+
+Monkeys chatter and parrots screech.  What a noise they must sometimes
+make!
+
+But besides the parrots and the monkeys, there are humming birds and
+butterflies.  You know that the humming bird is a very small bird, but
+humming birds are found in these forests no larger than a bee.  The
+butterflies are the most beautiful in the world.
+
+The people who live in these forests are called Indians.  They do not
+often let white men come among them.  Their skin is copper color, like
+the Indians of our country.  Their hair is black and straight.  They
+are not as tall as our Indians, but their bodies are finely formed.
+They have large, full chests.  Their hands and feet are small and
+nicely shaped.
+
+They keep themselves very clean.  The men and women, the boys and
+girls, are all fond of bathing.  The first thing they do in the morning
+is to take a bath in the nearest river.
+
+Strange to say, some of them paint their faces and bodies.  They take
+the juice of a tree which will stain a blue black.  They pour this
+juice on their heads, and let it run in streams down their backs.  They
+also put red and yellow in large round spots on their cheeks and
+foreheads.
+
+The men braid their hair, and wear it long, down their backs.  They
+part their hair and wear combs.  But the women do not part their hair
+and do not wear combs.  They pull the hair out of their eyebrows.  They
+make holes in their ears.  In these holes they wear, instead of rings,
+a little piece of grass with feathers fastened to it.
+
+[Illustration:  A Painted Amazon Indian.]
+
+Their houses are made of logs of wood set in the ground as posts.  They
+put other logs on top of these for a roof.  Then they cover these logs
+with palm leaves.  There are no windows, and they use mats for doors.
+
+They sleep in hammocks.  These they make of string.  They make the
+string by twisting the leaves of a tree.
+
+They have plenty of pans and pots, both large and small.  These pans
+and pots they make of clay.
+
+First, they soften the clay and knead it.  Then they shape it into pots
+and pans.  It is then dried in the sun.  When the pots and pans are dry
+they are put in a hot fire.  This makes them hard and strong.
+
+The chief food of these Indians is a kind of flour made from the root
+of a plant.  They also eat fish.  A great many fish are found in the
+rivers.  These they catch and eat.  They also dry fish and then smoke
+them over a fire.  The smoked fish keep good a long time.
+
+These Indians sail on the rivers in canoes.  But their canoes are
+heavy.  They are not light, as the canoes of our Indians are.  They are
+not made of birch bark.
+
+These Indians make an entire canoe out of a single tree.  The canoe is
+made thick so as not to be broken by knocking against snags and rocks.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14655 ***
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Big People and Little People of Other Lands, by Edward R. Shaw</title>
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14655 ***</div>
+<center><h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Big People and Little People of Other Lands,
+by Edward R. Shaw</h1>
+<hr class="full" noshade>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H1 ALIGN="center">
+BIG PEOPLE
+</H1>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+AND
+</H3>
+
+<H1 ALIGN="center">
+LITTLE PEOPLE
+</H1>
+
+<BR>
+
+<H2 ALIGN="center">
+OF OTHER LANDS
+</H2>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+BY
+</H4>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+EDWARD R. SHAW
+</H3>
+
+<BR>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+Dean of the School of Pedagogy
+</H4>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+New York University
+</H4>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<H6 ALIGN="center">
+New York&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cincinnati&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Chicago<br>
+American Book Company
+</H6>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">1900</H4>
+
+
+<BR><BR>
+<hr class="short">
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<center>
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+<table cellpadding=2>
+<tr><td><a href="#1">Preface</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#2">China</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#3">Japan</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#4">Arabia</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#5">Korea</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#6">India</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#7">Lapland</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#8">Greenland</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#9">Russia</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#10">Switzerland</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#11">Holland</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#12">Patagonia</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#13">The Pygmies</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#14">The Indians</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#15">The Philippine Islands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#16">Bangala</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#17">The Amazon Valley</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+<hr class="short">
+
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="1"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H3>
+PREFACE.
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+This little book is designed to meet the child's natural desire to
+learn or hear of other people than those living in the part of the
+world about him.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It has been thoroughly proved in our newer pedagogical practice that
+the child in the first school year is much interested in descriptions
+of the Indian and the Eskimo.  Whenever descriptions of the Indian and
+the Eskimo have been given him, they have not only fulfilled their
+purpose in furnishing material for reading and the interrelation of
+several activities of expression, but they have revealed to him the
+fact that there are other people in the world, who differ very much
+from those he has seen.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+His interest in different peoples at this time is in their physical
+appearance, their dress, their ways of living, their customs, their
+manners, and it arises chiefly from the contrast which descriptions of
+these afford to familiar customs, conditions, and physical
+characteristics.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The child is not interested, at that stage of his intellectual
+development which falls in the first or the second school year, in the
+situation of countries.  It does not matter to him exactly where,
+geographically, the people about whom he reads live.  He is satisfied
+if some general statement is made to the effect that they live far away
+to the north, where the cold countries are, or in the south, where it
+is warm and sometimes hot, or on the other side of the world.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+His desire, at this period, for new impressions and ideas gained from
+descriptions and accompanying pictures is as keen as his desire for
+sense impressions gained from the world of nature and activity about
+him.  This wider range of information and ideas, it is believed, he may
+in some measure gain from this little book.
+<BR><BR>
+DRESDEN, July 15, 1899.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR><BR>
+
+<H1 ALIGN="center">
+PEOPLE OF OTHER LANDS.
+</H1>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="2"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+CHINA.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+On the other side of this great round world is a country called China.
+When it is dark here, and we are going to sleep, the sun is just waking
+up the children in China and telling them it is morning.  When we get
+up in the morning they are just bidding the sun good night.  When it is
+light here it is dark there.  So they have day when we have night.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Chinese children look like little men and women, for they dress like
+their fathers and mothers.  Boys and girls dress nearly alike.  They
+both dress in silk or cotton trousers.  They wear over these long gowns
+reaching nearly to their feet.  They wear odd-looking shoes with thick
+white soles.  The boys' heads are shaved, except a small part on top.
+There a lock of hair is left.  This lock of hair is braided and hangs
+down the back.  A queer name is given to it.  It is called a "queue."
+Girls in China do not go to school, but all day long they are busy;
+they help their mothers keep house; they tend the babies; they sew, and
+help with the cooking.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img006a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="256" HEIGHT="318">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Chinese Women and Children.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The schools in China are only for boys.  The boys make a great deal of
+noise in school.  A Chinese teacher thinks the boys are idle if they do
+not study their lessons out loud.  So each boy shouts as loud as he
+can.  When the boy has learned his lesson, he goes up and gives his
+book to the teacher.  Then he turns his back to the teacher, and shouts
+out the whole lesson to show that he knows it.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys are taught to count.  They learn by using balls set in a
+frame.  The frame is like the frame of a slate.  The balls slide on
+wires.  With the balls they learn to add and subtract.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They also learn how to write, but they have no pens or pencils.  They
+write with small brushes dipped in ink.  Each boy makes his own ink.
+He puts some water on a stone and then rubs a cake of ink in the water.
+This makes a fine black ink called India ink.  Then the boy fills his
+brush and begins at the top, right-hand corner of the paper.  He writes
+toward the bottom of the sheet.  He puts one word under another instead
+of beside it as you do.  Then he begins a new line at the top, and
+writes to the bottom again.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img007a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="163" HEIGHT="563">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Chinese writing.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Chinese books are printed in the same way.  Where do you think a
+Chinese book begins?  A Chinese book begins where our books end.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In China many girls and women have very small feet.  When they are
+babies their feet are bound up tightly.  They sometimes wear iron
+shoes.   Then their feet never grow, but are so very small that they
+can hardly walk.  Poor parents know their girls will have to work hard,
+and so do not bind their feet.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Chinese girls make beautiful paper flowers.  They paint pictures.  They
+sing and play.  Some of them pick the snow-white cotton in the fields.
+Some of them take care of the silk-worms that spin the soft silk.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But they do not work all the time.   They play many pretty games.
+Chinese boys, too, have many kinds of games and toys.   One game is
+like battledoor and shuttlecock.  They use their feet to strike the
+shuttlecock.  They do this so fast that the shuttlecock hardly ever
+falls to the ground.  The Chinese are fond of flying kites.  Even old
+men fly kites.  They fly their kites in the spring-time.  Chinese kites
+are of all sizes and shapes.  Some are like birds.  Some are like fish.
+Some are like butterflies.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img009a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece"
+BORDER="2">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Chinese Kite.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+ There is no other such land in all the world
+for lanterns as China.  The lanterns there are made of paper in the
+shape of balls, or flowers, or animals.  Some of the lanterns have a
+wheel inside.  When the candle is lighted, the draft of air makes the
+wheel go round very quickly.  When the wheel begins to move inside, the
+figures on the outside of the lantern begin to move.  Then men are seen
+fishing or fanning.  Sometimes children are seen dancing.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Chinese are so fond of lanterns that every year they have a "Feast
+of Lanterns."  On that day and night lanterns are to be seen
+everywhere.  Bridges and houses and trees are covered with lighted
+lanterns.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have fireworks, too, that look like stars and trees and flowers.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A Chinese dinner begins in the wrong way.  They have fruits and nuts
+first.  After this comes rice.  They eat more of rice than of anything
+else.  Then they drink tea without either milk or sugar.  They use
+neither forks nor knives.  Instead they eat with small sticks of wood
+or ivory.  These are called "chopsticks."  They hold them between the
+thumb and first two fingers.  They use them to carry their food to
+their mouths as you use a fork or a spoon.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img010a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="170" HEIGHT="221">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Chopsticks.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Do you know how they catch fish in China?
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have a bird which swims and dives into the water.  This bird lives
+on fish.  Every time he dives he catches one.  He is trained to bring
+the fish to his master.  A tight ring is put round the bird's neck.
+This is to keep him from swallowing the fish.  When enough fish have
+been caught, the bird is given some to eat.  This bird is called a
+cormorant.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A Chinese fisherman lives in his fishing boat.  But China is a very
+crowded country.  So other men as well as fishermen live on small
+flatboats in the rivers near the big towns.  Ducks and other fowls are
+raised on these boats.  The people on the water are as busy as the
+people on the land.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In China houses are one story high.  They are built of wood.  The roofs
+slope, and are made of sticks woven together.  The churches are called
+pagodas.  They are not like our churches, but are tall, like towers.
+They are usually nine stories high.  They have little bells hung all
+around the roof.   These bells ring when the wind blows them back and
+forth.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img012a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Chinese Boats and Pagoda.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Between the houses are narrow streets without sidewalks.  There are no
+wagons.  If a lady goes to make a call, she sends for a sort of covered
+chair.  This has long poles on each side.  The chair is set on the
+ground before her door.  After she gets in, men lift the poles to their
+shoulders.  In this way they carry her.  Baggage and heavy articles are
+also carried on the shoulders of men.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img014a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="381" HEIGHT="162">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Covered Chair with Poles.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+But perhaps the most wonderful thing in China is the Great Wall.  It
+was built by kings a long time ago.  They wanted to keep savage people
+from coming into the country.  The wall is built very high and very
+wide.  It is so wide in some places that eight horses can be driven on
+top of it side by side.  It is hundreds of miles long.  The people of
+China think it is very wonderful.  They think there is nothing so
+wonderful in all the rest of the world.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img013a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="357" HEIGHT="301">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  The Great Wall.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+China seems a curious country.  Boys shout out loud in school.  They
+read and write backward.  Men fly kites, like boys.  Women have feet as
+small as babies' feet.  At dinner nuts and fruits are eaten first.  Men
+work like animals.  There are many ways in which the Chinese are
+different from the people in our country.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="3"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+JAPAN
+</H2>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img015a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="364" HEIGHT="311">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Japanese Children.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+How would you like to ride in a wagon drawn by a man instead of a
+horse?  That is the way people ride in Japan.  Japan is a country a
+long way off, near China.  You would think that a man could not run
+very fast drawing a wagon.  But in Japan some men can run as fast as
+horses.  The wagon is like a buggy, but it has only two wheels.  They
+call this wagon a jin-rik'i-sha.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img016a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="363" HEIGHT="283">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Jinrikisha.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The streets in Japan have no sidewalks.  The houses are only one or two
+stories high.  They are built of wood.  They have no windows or doors.
+Strange houses, you will think.  The walls outside and inside are made
+like sliding doors.  They slide back so that the people can go in and
+out, and from one room to another.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Japanese have very little furniture in their houses.  They have no
+chairs.  They do not need any, for they sit on cushions on the floor.
+They also sleep on the floor.  When it is time to go to bed, they
+spread soft quilts on the floor, one over the other.  The last quilt on
+the top is the cover.  These beds are very nice.  But you could never
+guess what kind of pillows they have.  The pillows are blocks of wood
+the size of a brick.  You would not think them nice at all.  But the
+Japanese seem to sleep very well on their wood pillows.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img017a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="364" HEIGHT="218">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Japanese Bed.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Many of the things in the houses in Japan are made of paper, They have
+paper fans, paper lanterns, paper hats, paper cups, paper umbrellas,
+paper napkins, and paper screens.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have no stoves.  Instead of stoves they have boxes lined with
+brass.  In these boxes they burn charcoal to heat their rooms.  But
+they do not cook their food in these brass boxes.  They cook in little
+ovens made of clay.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When it rains in Japan the people look very funny.  The men wear rain
+coats made of rice straw.  They also have big straw hats and paper
+umbrellas.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img018a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="190" HEIGHT="249">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Rain Coat.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+They wear blocks, three inches high, fastened to the soles of their
+shoes.  These keep their feet dry.  So on a rainy day everybody looks
+three inches taller.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In Japan they do not wear shoes in the house.  When they go into their
+houses they take them off.  Their shoes are made of wood or straw.
+Some of the people have shoes with gold braid.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img019a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="308" HEIGHT="59">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Japanese Shoes.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Perhaps you would like to know how they dress in Japan.  Boys and girls
+dress very much alike.  Both wear long gowns, like skirts, of blue or
+gray cotton or silk.  These gowns are open at the neck.  A sash is worn
+around the waist.  The girls tie their sashes in a bow at the back.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The children of Japan are very strange looking, not at all like you.
+They are like the Chinese.  Their skin is yellow, and their eyes are
+slanted.  Their hair is black and straight.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+You will wish to know what they eat in Japan.  The food is much the
+same as in China.  They eat a great deal of rice.  They have fish, and
+they drink tea.  They use chopsticks in eating, as the people in China
+do.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people in Japan are very fond of flowers.  Every house has a garden
+around it.  The boys and girls walk and play in these gardens.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img020a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="350" HEIGHT="242">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Interior of a Japanese House.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Boys and girls in Japan have many nice toys.  One of their toys is a
+little oven with real fire in it.  Peddlers go round with these ovens
+and with sweet dough to bake in them.  For five cents the boys and
+girls can get the use of an oven, and dough enough to bake little
+cakes.  They often make cakes shaped like animals.  The peddler makes
+the letters of the alphabet in dough.  Then he bakes them in the oven
+for the boys and girls.  With these cake letters they often learn their
+a, b, c.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys in Japan, like the boys in China, are very fond of kites.  But
+in Japan they have fighting kites.  They mix broken fine glass with
+glue, and rub it on their kite strings.  When the strings become dry
+they are hard and sharp.  Then the boys fly their kites.  One boy tries
+to cross and cut the string of another boy's kite with the string of
+his own.  The boy who cuts down a kite gets it as his prize.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In Japan they have a day like our Flag Day.  On this day the boys have
+toy soldiers with swords and guns.  They form these soldiers into
+armies, and have battles.  Then the parents and teachers tell the boys
+about the great soldiers of their country, and the great battles they
+fought.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The girls have a day for themselves.  They call it the "Feast of
+Dolls."  Every girl has a set of dolls.  On that day they take out
+their dolls and doll houses.  Then the girls play with them, and show
+them to one another.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img022a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="249" HEIGHT="332">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Japanese Girl and Doll.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+They have schools in Japan just as we have.  The boys and girls must go
+to school until they are ten years old.  Some of their lessons are very
+hard.  They have forty-seven letters in their alphabet, instead of only
+twenty-six, as we have.  Don't you think it must be hard for the boys
+and girls to learn to read?
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They go to school very early in the morning.  Before they enter the
+school they take off their shoes.  When the teacher comes, they bow
+down their heads nearly to the ground and draw in their breath.  This
+is their "good morning."  The teacher also bows to the boys and girls.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Then the children sit on the floor.  They put their books on their
+knees and begin their lessons.  They have no pens or pencils.  They use
+little brushes instead.  They write in lines from the top to the bottom
+of the sheet of paper, instead of across from side to side as we do.
+This is the way, you remember, they write in China.  The books in Japan
+are also like the books in China.  The last page in our books would be
+the first page in books in China and Japan.  So their books begin at
+what we would think the end.  How queer this seems to us!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are newspapers in Japan, but they are not much like ours.  The
+lines run up and down just as Japanese writing does.  They read back
+from what we would call the last page.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img023a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="363" HEIGHT="259">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Japanese Carpenters at Work.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+A great many things that we use in America come from Japan.  We get
+silk from Japan, and beautiful vases and mats and screens and basket
+work.  The boys and girls in Japan help to make these things.  For they
+are bright and learn quickly how to do very nice work.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="4"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+ARABIA.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Have you ever heard of the Arabs?  They are people with brown skin and
+dark eyes.  They live in a country called Arabia.  It is a very warm
+country.  There is never any snow in Arabia.  A great part of it is
+covered with sand.  For miles and miles you would see nothing but sand.
+Often the sand is so hot that you could not walk on it in your bare
+feet.  Those great tracts of sand are called deserts.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img025a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="232" HEIGHT="325">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Arabs.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In many parts of Arabia water is very scarce.  It rains very seldom,
+and in some places there are no rivers.  The people get water out of
+wells.  They carry the water, in bottles  made of leather.  Glass
+bottles would not do.  The heat is so great that it would go through
+the glass.  Tins would make the water warm.  But the leather bottles
+keep the water cool.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img026a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="194" HEIGHT="363">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Arab Water Carrier.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Some of the Arabs live in towns.  They have walls around their towns.
+At some parts of the walls there are towers.  Both walls and towers are
+made of earth.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In every large town they have an open market place with shops around
+it.  In most of the shops they sell food.  In a few of the shops they
+sell cotton cloth and other dry goods.  Many of the shops are kept by
+women.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The streets are swept every day.  Every family sweeps the street in
+front of its own door.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The houses in the towns are made of stone.  They have flat mud roofs
+and small windows.  The Arabs have no chairs or beds in their houses.
+They sit on mats or carpets spread on the floor.  They also sleep on
+mats.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The chief room in an Arab house is the coffee room.  It is a large room
+with a furnace or fireplace at one end of it for making coffee.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Many of the Arabs live in tents.  They move about from place to place.
+Sometimes they cross the desert to come to the towns.  They must often
+cross it to find water and grass for their horses and camels and sheep.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img028a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="363" HEIGHT="270">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Arabs and Tent.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The camel is very useful to the Arabs.  Perhaps you have seen a camel.
+It is much larger than a horse.  It has a great hump on its back.  It
+has large feet with broad, flat soles; and it can walk or run over the
+sand without sinking.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The camel can carry a very heavy load.  It gives milk which is good to
+drink.  Its hair is made into cloth.  Its flesh is good meat.  It can
+bear thirst and heat far better than a horse can.  It can travel and
+carry a load in the desert for three or four days without drinking.
+This makes it very useful to the Arabs.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img029a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="246" HEIGHT="200">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Camel.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+But the Arabs have horses also.  They are the finest horses in the
+world.  An Arab is very proud of his horse.  He loves him almost as
+much as he loves his children.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Did you ever hear the story that is told of Hassan and his horse?
+Hassan was an Arab who had a horse which he loved very much.  And the
+horse loved Hassan very much.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+One day Hassan was riding on his horse in the desert with some other
+Arabs.  They were met by a party of men called Turks, who made them
+prisoners.  The Turks tied the feet of Hassan and his friends with
+leather straps.  They tied the horses also.  They planned to carry them
+off next morning.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+During the night Hassan heard his horse neighing.  He crept up to him
+and said in a low voice: "What will become of you, my poor horse?  You
+will not be happy with these Turks.  Go home to my tent.  Tell my wife
+that she will never see me again.  Lick the hands of my children with
+your tongue, as a token of my love."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+He then bit off with his teeth the cords that tied the horse, and set
+him free.  The horse looked at his master for a minute or two.  Then he
+caught him with his teeth by the belt and ran off with him into the
+desert.  On and on across the sand he ran.  He never stopped until he
+had laid Hassan down beside his wife and children.  Then, worn out with
+his long run, he dropped dead at his master's feet.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+All the people around wept when they heard the story.  Arab poets made
+songs about Hassan and his horse.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Arabs do not eat very much.  Their chief meal is supper.  They have
+supper in the evening.  They are very fond of coffee.  Did you ever
+hear of Mocha coffee?  It comes from Mocha, a town in Arabia.  Most of
+the Arabs take their coffee without sugar or milk.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They always make their bread in thin cakes.  Then they bake the bread
+on hot iron plates or in an open oven.  They also have ground wheat
+cooked with a little butter.  Arabs who are rich have mutton or camel's
+flesh, and also rice.  All eat vegetables and fruits of various kinds.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are many kinds of fruit in Arabia.  But the greatest and best of
+all is the date.  This grows on the date-palm tree.  The date palm
+grows very high.  The Arabs are very proud of it.  Every part of it is
+of use to them.  Its fruit is the chief food of many of the people.
+You have seen and perhaps you have eaten dried dates.  They are not
+nearly so sweet or so good as the fruit when taken off the tree.  The
+trunk of the date palm is good for making furniture.  Its leaves make
+roofs for houses.  Parts of its branches make firewood.  From some
+parts of the tree cords and ropes are made.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Arabs do not wear very many clothes.  They do not need heavy
+clothes, because the weather in Arabia is almost always very warm.  The
+men wear long light dresses like shirts.  They have a belt, or girdle,
+around the waist.  They wear a handkerchief on the head.  This is tied
+around with a band or string.  On their feet they wear sandals.  Do you
+know what a sandal is?  It is a shoe with only a sole, and straps going
+across the foot and round the ankle.  The Arab women also wear a long
+shirt.  Over it they have a large, wide piece of blue cloth.  This blue
+cloth covers them from head to foot.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img031a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="221" HEIGHT="374">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Arab Woman and Child.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img032a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="111" HEIGHT="169">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  An Arab Sandal.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+But what about the Arab boys and girls?  What do they wear?  Most of
+the boys run around without shoes or stockings.  But some of them wear
+little red shoes turned up at the toes, and others wear small sandals.
+They also wear loose trousers and jackets and little red caps.  The
+girls commonly wear cotton dresses that are made very plain.  Sometimes
+they have veils over their heads.  In the country places the girls do
+not wear veils.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img033a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="225" HEIGHT="290">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Arab Girl with Veil.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Only the boys go to school.  Before they enter the school they must
+take off their sandals.  They have no seats in their schools.  They all
+sit on the floor.  Their lessons are not like your lessons.  They have
+only one book.  It is called the Koran.  The Koran is the Arab Bible.
+The Arab boys must learn the Koran by heart.  At school, they all shout
+out together when they are learning their lessons.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img034a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="256" HEIGHT="276">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A School in Arabia.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+But the Arab boys learn many things at home.  They learn to read and to
+write.  They also have plenty of time to play.  They play ball.  They
+fly kites.  They ride ponies.  Often they play with old guns and
+swords.  Thus they learn to be soldiers.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Arab girls do not go to school.  But they do not play very much.
+They must help their mothers do the work at home.  The mothers grind
+corn to make bread.  They spin and weave cloth for clothes.  They grind
+the corn with two flat stones.  One of these stones is placed on top of
+the other.  There is a hole in the middle of the upper stone.  They
+pour the corn into this hole.  The upper stone is then turned round by
+a handle.  So the corn is ground between the two stones.  The girls
+often have to turn the stone around.  They must also take care of the
+baby.  They help to carry home water from the well.  They carry the
+water in earthen jars.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img035a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="350" HEIGHT="221">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Arabs Grinding Corn.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+You will say, then, that the Arab girls have a hard time.  But they do
+not work always.  They have some time for play.  They have very funny
+dolls.  Would you not laugh if some one gave you two sticks joined like
+a cross, and told you it was a doll?  That is the kind of doll the Arab
+girls have.  And they are very fond of their dolls.  They dress them,
+and take great care of them.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Arabs are very fond of tales and stories.  Perhaps you have heard
+of a book called the "Arabian Nights."  It is full of wonderful stories
+about kings and giants and witches, and other strange things.  This
+book came from Arabia.  When you are older you will read the "Arabian
+Nights."  In it you will learn many more things about Arabia and the
+Arabs.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="5"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+KOREA.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+What funny hats they wear in Korea!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But, you will ask, where is Korea?  It is near Japan, a country you
+have read of in this book.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people of Korea look a little like Chinamen.  They have yellow skin
+and slanting eyes.  Their hair is long, straight, and black, and they
+wear it in a very strange way.  The boys and girls wear their hair down
+their backs in braids tied with ribbons.  The men and women have their
+hair in little topknots that stand straight up.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img037a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="211" HEIGHT="231">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Korean.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+But I must tell you about the strange hats they have.  Some of the men
+wear hats that go down over their shoulders.  This is the kind of hat
+they wear when they are in mourning, after the death of a father or
+mother.  Some wear hats made of straw.  These hats look like large
+flowerpots turned upside down.  Some have hats made of horsehair.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But the hats made of straw and the hats made of horsehair do not keep
+the rain out.  So they have umbrellas.  Their umbrellas are as funny as
+the hats.  They are made of oil paper, and have no handles.  They look
+like fans.  When it rains, the people open their umbrellas and tie them
+on top of their hats.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys in Korea wear loose jackets, and wide trousers which go under
+their stockings.  The stockings are padded with cotton, and are tied at
+the ankle.  The girls wear very pretty little jackets, sometimes red,
+sometimes pink, and sometimes green.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The shoes they wear in Korea are of many kinds and shapes.  Some are
+made of leather.  Others are like the wooden shoes the Chinamen wear,
+which turn up at the toes.  The funniest shoes they have are made of
+paper.  The paper is very thick and strong, and so their paper shoes
+last a good while.  But the shoes that are worn by most of the people
+in Korea are made of straw.  They are like sandals, and they are worn
+so that the large toe is not covered.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people in Korea have a strange way of keeping themselves cool in
+hot weather.  They have something like a basket made of rods of bamboo.
+This basket is round and long, and open at the top and bottom.  They
+put their heads through this basket, and it hangs downward from their
+shoulders around their bodies.  Then they put their clothes over it, so
+that the basket is inside.  It is next to their skin.  How would you
+like to have such a summer dress?
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys in Korea go to school when they are very young.  The girls do
+not go to school.  They stay at home to help their mothers.  But girls
+whose parents are rich have teachers at home to teach them reading and
+writing and other things.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In school, the teacher sits on a straw mat on the floor.  The boys also
+sit on the floor on straw mats.  They say their lessons out loud.  They
+write their lines from the top to the bottom of the page.  The people
+in China and Japan, as you know, write in the same way.  The boys of
+Korea learn to count on a _chon-pan_.  The chon-pan is much like the
+counting box they have in the schools in China.  It is made of little
+balls on a frame of wires fixed in a box.  The boys also learn by heart
+the wise sayings of great men.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys in Korea have some very nice toys.  But the best playthings
+they have are their kites.  They make their kites fight battles in the
+air, just as the boys do in Japan.  Every boy tries to tear down every
+other boy's kite.  This is done by pulling the strings across one
+another.  Sometimes the sky is full of beautiful kites, which jump and
+dash about as if they were alive.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys also have fine, large pinwheels.  They make these pinwheels
+whirl around in the wind.  The boys also spin tops, and they play
+"seesaw," and jump the rope.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys in Korea are fond of fishing.  Nearly every boy has a fishing
+rod and goes fishing whenever he can.  Sometimes the boys have great
+fun going around dressed like their fathers.  They wear wooden swords
+and little bows and arrows like soldiers.  They make straw figures of
+men, and with their swords they strike off the heads of these straw men.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But the boys have to work as well as play.  Many of the peddlers in
+Korea are boys.  They sell candy and other things.  The girls do a
+great deal of work at home.  The first thing they learn to do is to sew.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Would you like to know how the women iron their clothes?  They wrap
+each piece around a stick and lay it on the floor.  Then they sit down
+and beat the piece on the stick with wooden clubs.  In this way they
+make the clothes as smooth as a Chinaman makes the linen which he irons.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img041a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="346" HEIGHT="218">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Korean Girls Ironing Clothes.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The houses in Korea are one or two stories high.  They are made of wood
+or clay, and sometimes the roofs are of straw.  The windows are high,
+and the doors are often so low that the people have to stoop down to go
+in.  The rooms are very small and have hardly any furniture.  There are
+no chairs.  The people sit on mats on the floor.  The walls between the
+rooms are made of paper, and the floor is made of stone.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img042a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="363" HEIGHT="249">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Korean Houses.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+They have a strange way of heating their houses.  They have no stoves
+or fireplaces.  But under the floor they have a cellar like an oven.
+In this cellar a fire is always kept, and the rooms are sometimes so
+hot that the people can hardly walk on the stone floors.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+People who are poor sleep on mats on the floor.  They sleep in their
+clothes. People who are rich have mattresses.  The mattresses are laid
+on the floor at night, and are taken up in the morning.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people of Korea eat a great deal of rice.  But they have other
+kinds of food.  They have meat and fish and eggs and also fruit.  You
+would think that they would use a great deal of tea, as they live so
+near China.  But they do not drink tea.  They drink rice water instead.
+The rice water is water that rice has been boiled in.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+At their meals the men always eat first and the women wait on them.
+When the men have eaten as much as they want, then the women and
+children eat.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The tables they have are very low.  It would not do for them to have
+high tables, as they sit on the floor.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have no knives or forks.  They eat with spoons, and they use
+chopsticks, as the Chinamen do.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have no water-pipes in their houses.  In the towns men carry water
+in pails.  They have no gas.  For light at night they use candles.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have only one kind of coin.  It is a small piece of copper.  It
+has a square hole in the middle.  They put these coins on strings and
+carry them around their necks.  It would take many such coins to make a
+dollar.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img044a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="114" HEIGHT="104">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Korean Money.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+There are farms in Korea, where they grow wheat, rice, rye, tobacco,
+cotton, watermelons, and many kinds of fruit.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+If you were in Korea, you would think it the strangest country in the
+world.  They do many things very unlike the way we do them.  With us
+bright-colored things are worn by women.  In Korea the men wear bright
+colors.  They have a funny way of selling eggs there.  They place ten
+eggs end to end in a row, and put straw around them.  Then they tie
+strings around the straw between the eggs.  This is called a stick of
+eggs.  When people go to buy eggs, they ask for one or two sticks, or
+as many as they wish.  One stick of eggs costs less than five cents.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img045a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="45" HEIGHT="283">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Stick of Eggs.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Instead of a president they have a king.  The king lives in the largest
+town.  There is a thick, high wall all around this town.  There are
+gates in the wall, and these are shut at night.  After the gates are
+shut, no one can get in or out until they are opened in the morning.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people show very great respect for the king.  When they go to speak
+to him they throw themselves down on their faces before his throne.
+The people love their country very much.  They think it is the most
+beautiful country in the world.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="6"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+INDIA.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+How would you like to go to school at six o'clock in the morning?  That
+is the time many children go to school in India.  India is a large
+country in Asia.  The children stay in school till nine o'clock.  Then
+they go home for breakfast, and go back to school at ten.  At two
+o'clock they go home for dinner.  They go back again at three to stay
+till evening.  You will think that this is a long time to be at school.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img046a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="360" HEIGHT="270">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Hindoo Children at School.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In some of the schools they have no desks or chairs, but the boys and
+girls sit on the floor.  In other schools they have long tables instead
+of desks.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They do not learn their letters as we do.  The teachers write five
+letters in sand on the floor.  Then the boys and girls write the
+letters in the sand.  They write the letters many times, until they
+know them well.  Then the teachers write five more letters, and so on
+until the children know all the letters.  When they can make the
+letters in the sand, they next learn to write them on palm leaves with
+pens made of wood.  The last thing they do is to write them on slates
+and on paper.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img047a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="170" HEIGHT="359">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Native Children of India.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In some of the large towns they learn to read and write English.  But
+English is not the language that most of the people speak.  They have a
+language of their own.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img048a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="360" HEIGHT="259">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Hindoo Family at Home.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The people of India are called Hindoos.  They have dark skin, dark
+eyes, and dark hair.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is so warm that most of the people wear very little clothing.  Many
+of the boys and girls wear no shoes.  The girls are very fond of
+jewels.  No matter how poor a family is, they try to buy some jewels
+for their girls.  So the girls in India always have jewelry to wear.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have no Christmas in India.  They have what they call the "Feast
+of the Cakes."  At the Feast of the Cakes they have three holidays.
+Then they have cakes of all kinds.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys are very fond of swinging.  They are also very fond of
+swimming.  In some places they have diving wells.  The boys plunge from
+a high bank down into the water below.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img049a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="357" HEIGHT="235">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Tiger.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The rich people have very fine houses, with gardens and flowers and
+fountains.  There are carpets, cushions, and tables in the houses, but
+no chairs.  They sit on cushions on the floor.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The beds are very low, and the legs are often of silver or gold or
+ivory.  They have no sheets or pillow cases, but covers of velvet or
+satin.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people who are poor live in houses made of dried mud, with roofs of
+bamboo poles and straw.  They have hardly any furniture.  They sleep on
+mats made of palm leaves.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img050a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="298" HEIGHT="242">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Cobras.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In many of the houses they have no tables.  They eat off of leaves on
+the floor.  Their food is mostly rice.  All the family do not eat
+together.  The father of the family always eats first.  When he has
+eaten, the mother and children sit down to eat.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The women do most of the work.  So the girls have to learn to work.
+But the men and boys do all the sewing.  How queer this seems!
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img051a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="364" HEIGHT="270">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  An Elephant Piling Lumber.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+There are a great many wild beasts in India--tigers, leopards, cobras,
+and crocodiles.  The tigers are very fierce.  They sometimes come into
+villages at night and carry off men, women or children, and kill and
+eat them.  There are logs.  They do work of many kinds.  An elephant is
+much stronger than a horse.  He can carry a far heavier load.
+Sometimes all the family ride on one elephant's back.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img052a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="363" HEIGHT="259">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Riding on an Elephant.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="7"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+LAPLAND.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Jingle! jingle! jingle!  Where does the merry sound come from?  It
+comes from a sleigh drawn by a reindeer.  The sleigh is called a
+"pulk'ha."  It is made of birch wood.  It has no runners.  It goes on a
+little keel like that on the bottom of a boat.  The sleigh is very low.
+It is pointed at the front like a rowboat, and is flat at the back.
+There are no seats in it.  The driver sits in the bottom.  The reindeer
+draws the sleigh, and goes very fast.  If the driver is not very
+careful the sleigh may be upset.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is in Lapland that you may see this kind of a sleigh.  The people
+who live there are called Lapps.  They are short and stout.  You would
+think the men and women were boys and girls.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is very cold in Lapland.  The summer is short, and the winter is
+long.  So the Lapps have to wear warm clothes most of the year.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The men and women and boys and girls in Lapland dress much alike.  In
+the winter they wear a long outside coat called a _kap'ta_.   It
+reaches below the knees.  It is made of reindeer skin with the hair
+left on.  Under the kapta they wear warm clothes made of wool.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img054a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="367" HEIGHT="259">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Lapp's Tent.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Their shoes are also made of reindeer skin.  They wear two pairs of
+thick woolen stockings.  When they put on the stockings, they wrap
+their feet in dry grass.  Then they put on their shoes.  The grass
+helps to keep their feet warm.  They also wear two pairs of mittens at
+the same time.  One pair is made of wool.  The other pair is made of
+reindeer skin.  Their hats or caps are also made of reindeer skin.
+They are lined with eider down.  Perhaps you do not know what eider
+down is.  It is the soft, fine feathers of a bird called the eider
+duck.  A great many of these ducks are found in Lapland.  Their down is
+very soft and warm.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Sometimes the Lapps have to go long distances in the snow.  Then they
+put on skees.  If you saw a pair of skees, you would think that a
+person could not walk with them.  They are flat pieces of wood, four or
+five inches wide, and very long.  Some skees are six feet long.  Some
+are ten or twelve feet long.  They are turned up a little in the front.
+In the middle of each there is a hollow place.  The shoe is strapped to
+the foot there, as you see in the picture.  When the Lapps go on skees,
+they do not raise their feet from the ground.  They slide along, one
+foot after the other.  They have a long pole, or staff, in their hands
+to beep themselves from falling.  They can go very fast in this way.
+Sometimes they go ten or fifteen miles an hour.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img055a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="381" HEIGHT="46">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Skees.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In some parts of Lapland the people live in houses made of earth and
+stone.  Each house has only one room.  The Lapps have no carpets.  They
+have no tables or chairs.  They cover their floor with twigs of trees.
+They eat and sleep on skins spread on the twigs.  They burn wood for
+fires.  The fire is made on the ground in the middle of the floor.  The
+smoke goes out through a hole in the roof.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img057a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="357" HEIGHT="259">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Lapp Family at Home.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The Lapps do not all live in the same way.  Some of them are called
+mountain Lapps.  In summer the mountain Lapps live in tents among the
+hills.  Their tents are made of reindeer skin.  They have a great many
+reindeer.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The reindeer is very useful to the Lapps.  It gives them milk.  It
+draws their sleighs.  Its flesh is good to eat.  They make clothes of
+its skin.  They make knives and spoons of its horns.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In summer the reindeer eat the soft shoots of shrubs and trees.  In
+winter they feed on moss called lichen.  They get the lichen
+themselves.  They would not eat it if it were gathered for them.  In
+winter they dig down through the snow with their feet to get at the
+lichen.  They dig first with one fore foot and then with the other.
+The snow is often so deep that the reindeer has to dig a hole so large
+that its body is almost hidden.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The reindeer are not put in stables.  They like to be out in the cold
+and snow.  They are able to take care of themselves.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Lapps eat a good deal of meat.  Their meat is the flesh of the
+reindeer.  They are very fond of fat.  All people who live in very cold
+countries eat a great deal of fat.  It helps to keep them warm.  The
+Lapps also have milk and cheese.  They eat rye bread and fish and
+berries.  They drink coffee.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img058a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="346" HEIGHT="242">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A White Bear.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In winter they have to melt snow in a pot over the fire to get water.
+The rivers and lakes are all frozen.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Lapps cook their food in a large pot over the fire.  They sit
+around the fire to eat.  The father takes a piece of meat out of the
+pot.  Then he serves a piece to each.  The Lapps use no forks.  They
+use their fingers instead.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In some places they have a funny way of storing their food.  They make
+a little log house on the top of a post.  They have a ladder to go up
+to it.  In this little house they store cheese and milk and other
+things.  Then wild animals cannot reach them.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img059a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="246" HEIGHT="218">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Lapland Wolf.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+There are bears and wolves and foxes in Lapland.  These animals are
+sometimes very fierce.  They would come into the people's tents and
+houses at night, were it not for the dogs.  Nearly every person has a
+dog.  Even the hoys and girls have dogs.  The dogs are very brave.
+They are not afraid to attack wolves or bears.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But you will wish to know about the children in Lapland.  You have
+heard about the old woman who lived in a shoe.  The Lapp baby has a
+cradle shaped like a shoe.  It is made of a single piece of wood.  It
+is lined with moss and other warm things.  The mother often carries it
+in her arms.  Sometimes she carries it on her back, slung from her
+shoulders.  The baby plays with strings of buttons or glass beads.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When a baby is born in Lapland they give it a reindeer.  If the
+reindeer has any young ones, they keep them for the baby until it is a
+man or woman.  They also give a reindeer to the person who is the first
+to find that the baby has cut a tooth.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Lapp boys and girls have very few toys.  The toys they have they
+make themselves.  The boys make willow flutes and play on them.  When
+the boys go on the water they have long, narrow boats like canoes.
+Some boys also make sleighs.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Many of the boys and girls go to school.  They learn to read and write
+and count.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are towns near the sea and by the rivers and lakes.  In these
+towns they have schools and churches.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="8"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+GREENLAND.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Very strange people live in Greenland.  They are called Eskimos.
+Greenland is a country very far north.  It is always cold there.  So
+the children need warm clothing.  Their stockings are made of birdskin.
+The soft feathers keep their little feet very warm.  Their shoes are
+made of sealskin.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+An Eskimo girl does not wear skirts.  Her clothes are like her
+brother's.  Her trousers are made of white bearskin.  Her jacket is
+made of fur.  When she goes out sleigh riding, she puts on fur mittens.
+Do you know what a fur boa is?  This little girl wears one around her
+neck.  It is made of the tail of a fox.  The strings to it are made of
+long pieces of skin.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img062a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="204" HEIGHT="252">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  An Eskimo Girl.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Perhaps you think the Eskimo children are white.  No, they are brown.
+Their faces are round and fat.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Our babies ride in carriages, but an Eskimo baby rides on its mother's
+back.  The mother wears a coat with a pocket on the back of it.  The
+pocket is lined inside with soft reindeer skin.  This makes a nice warm
+nest for baby.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img063a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="222" HEIGHT="318">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Eskimo Mother and Baby.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In Greenland all the boys and girls have sleds.  The runners of the
+sled are made of bone.  The top is made of strips of sealskin.  It has
+a back for the boy or girl to lean against.  Dogs draw the sled across
+the snow.  But the Eskimos also have sleds made of ice.  I think you
+would like an ice sled.  Oh, how fast it runs over the snow!  The boys
+and girls have fine fun with these sleds!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They play a nice game in the snow with their sleds.  I will tell you
+about it.  Do you know what a reindeer is?  It is like a deer, but it
+has long, branching horns.  The horns are called antlers.  When the
+Eskimos kill a reindeer for meat, the boys and girls get the antlers.
+They set these antlers up in the snow on a hillside.  They leave spaces
+between the antlers.  Then the boys and girls get on their sleds and
+slide down the hill.  They must go between the antlers, but must not
+touch them.  Sometimes the boys and girls have bows and arrows.  They
+try to hit the antlers with their arrows.  This is very hard, but it is
+great fun.  Do you think you could do this?
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys have boats made of long, thin bones covered with skins.  These
+sail very well on the water.  The boys use paddles to move the boats.
+A paddle is like an oar.  The boys sometimes go in their boats to help
+their fathers catch fish.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Eskimo children cannot read or write.  They do not go to school, for
+the Eskimos have no schools.  They are very fond of stories, but they
+cannot read them in books.  So their mothers tell them stories.  The
+mothers cannot read, either.   The stories they tell are what they
+heard from their mothers.  Are you not happy that you can read stories
+for yourself?
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Perhaps you think the Eskimo children are unhappy?  Oh, no!  Though
+they cannot read books, they play all kinds of games.  There is a funny
+game they play in the house.  All the children get on their knees in a
+ring.  Then they hold their toes with their hands and move along by
+jumps.  The one who goes the fastest wins.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Eskimo boys play a game like the game of "cup and ball."  They have
+two pieces of bone.  One is flat, with holes in it.  The other is long
+and sharp like a pin.  Both are joined by a string about a foot long.
+The flat piece is tied to one end of the string, and the pin to the
+other end.  The pin is held in the hand, and the flat piece is thrown
+into the air.  The game is to catch the flat piece upon the point of
+the pin, by one of the holes.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img066a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="360" HEIGHT="283">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Eskimo Children.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Eskimo boys play another game with a ball and a stick made of bone.  It
+is something like shinny, one of the games yon play.  They also play a
+game with a sealskin hall about as big as a baseball.  They strike the
+ball with their hands and try to keep it in the air all the time.  The
+Eskimo boys play football very well.  They think it great fun.   They
+never touch the ball with their hands; they only kick it.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The girls have dolls made of wood, with fur clothes.  The dolls look
+like the little girls themselves.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Perhaps you would like to know about the houses the Eskimos live in.
+They have summer houses and winter houses.  The summer house is a tent
+made of skins.  The winter house is made of stones and earth covered
+with snow.  It is not much higher than a man.  They have a strange way
+of getting into these houses.  A long, narrow passage leads from the
+door on the outside.  They must crawl on their hands and knees along
+this passage.  Then they go through a small opening into the house.
+The long passage keeps out the cold.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img067a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="246" HEIGHT="200">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Winter House.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+There is only one room in the house.  Everything is done in this room.
+They sleep and eat and cook in it.  The beds are of sealskins, and are
+made on a bench along the wall.  There are no stoves in the house.  The
+Eskimos use lamps to keep themselves warm and to give them light.  They
+cook their food, too, with lamps.  The lamps give great heat, and the
+houses are quite warm.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When the men kill a bear they have a party.  At the party everybody
+sits around the lamp The bear is cut up and every one gets a piece.
+Then the children sing and dance.  The Eskimos eat a great deal of
+meat.  They kill seals and bears and birds for their meat.  They also
+eat berries and seaweed.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are no tables in Eskimo houses.  A large dish is set on the
+floor.  The family sit round it and eat out of it.  They cut their meat
+with knives made of bone.  Their cups are made of sealskin.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Do you know what a seal is?  It is an animal with thick fur.  Sometimes
+it lives on the land and sometimes in the water.  The people in the
+North kill it and make clothes of its skin.  Its fur is very warm and
+makes fine jackets.  The Eskimos eat the flesh of the seal.  They make
+knives and other things of its bones.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img069a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="336" HEIGHT="155">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Seals.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Eskimo boys and girls have a funny kind of candy.  It is the red skin
+of a bird's foot soaked in fat.  You would not care for this.  But the
+Eskimo children eat it and like it.  The cold weather makes them like
+to eat fat.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="9"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+RUSSIA.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+"Your nose! your nose, sir!"  This is a cry often heard in the streets
+of Russia.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Russia is a very large country.  Part of it is in Europe.  A great part
+of it is very cold.  When a person in the cold part of Russia goes out
+riding in winter, he has to cover his face, all except the nose and
+eyes.  Sometimes his nose gets very cold, and would freeze if some one
+did not cry out, "Your nose, sir!"  Why?  When one's nose gets so cold,
+it becomes numb.  It has no feeling.  One would not know that it was
+freezing if some person did not cry out.  The cold nose must then be
+rubbed with snow.  You would think this a strange way to keep it from
+freezing, but it is the best way to take out the frost.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are many kinds of houses in Russia.  The houses have to be made
+very warm.  So they are built with double walls.  In rich people's
+houses they have stoves like ours.  But in the poor people's houses the
+stoves are built of brick.  They always burn wood, for coal costs too
+much in Russia.  The stoves are sometimes built very high.  Often they
+are as high as the ceiling.  Sometimes people lie on top of the great
+stove to keep themselves warm.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img071a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="322" HEIGHT="204">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Russian Carriage.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In most of the houses in the country, they have no beds.  There are
+benches along the wall, which they use both for chairs and beds.  In
+some houses the children sleep on the floor on pieces of felt.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Most of the people in Russia are farmers.  They raise a great deal of
+wheat.  The people in many other countries get wheat from Russia.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img072a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="367" HEIGHT="321">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Russian Farmer and his Family.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The children have to wear very warm clothes because it is so cold the
+greater part of the year.  Their coats are lined with fur.  In winter
+the children in the towns have great fun on the ice hills.  Ice hills
+are made in all the towns.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+First they build a high tower, and down from the top of it they make a
+steep hill.  Blocks of ice are laid on this hill and water is poured
+over them.  The water freezes, and thus the ice hill is made.  On one
+side of the ice hill there is a place to draw up the sleds.  The boys
+and girls start at the top, and down they go with merry laughing and
+shouting!  So you see they have fine sport on their ice hills.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When the children are not playing on the ice hills, they go skating or
+sleighing.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In some parts of Russia they have funny ferryboats.  When the rivers
+are frozen over in winter, the boats cannot sail on them.  Then the
+people use chairs instead of boats.  There are warm covers on the
+chairs, and men on skates push them across the ice.  It costs less than
+one cent to ride across a river in one of these chairs.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In St. Petersburg they build an ice palace every winter.  St.
+Petersburg is the largest city in Russia.  It is the place where the
+emperor lives.  The Emperor of Russia is sometimes called the Czar.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They make the ice palace with square blocks of ice.  They put the
+blocks together and pour water between them.  When the water freezes,
+the wall is solid like a wall of brick or stone.  Everything inside the
+palace is made of ice.  There are ice stairs and ice tables, and ice
+chairs, and beautiful flowers made of ice.  Warm rugs of fur are put on
+the chairs so that people who sit on them may not be cold.  Often there
+are grand balls and parties in this beautiful palace of ice.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img074a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="222" HEIGHT="297">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Russian Family.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In summer, too, the boys and girls in Russia have a good time.  The
+boys have wrestling matches, for they are strong.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The girls have a game like ring-around-a-rosy.  They also have a game
+much like our seesaw.  A girl stands on each end of a board.  Then one
+girl jumps up and comes down on the board.  This sends the other girl
+up, and in her turn she comes down on the board and sends the first
+girl up.  And so they play on, going up and down.  This is not an easy
+game to play.  It is some time before the girls can do it well.  Some
+girls are so skillful at this game that they can keep jumping a long
+time without falling.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Some people in Russia have very queer cradles for their babies.  One
+kind of cradle is a basket which hangs by ropes from the ceiling.
+Another kind of cradle is made of cloth sewed to a wooden frame.  This
+cradle also hangs from the ceiling.
+
+In some places in Russia the nurses who take care of the babies wear
+dresses to show whether the baby is a girl or a boy.  If it is a boy
+the nurse wears a blue dress.  If it is a girl the nurse wears a pink
+dress.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are not schools in all parts of Russia, but in some places there
+are good schools, and the children learn to read and write.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I must not forget to tell you of the great bell in Russia.  It is the
+largest bell in the world.  It is in Moscow, a very old city of Russia,
+and it is called the great bell of Moscow.  But it has never been rung,
+for it was cracked in the side when it was being made.  It is nearly
+twenty feet high, and is now used as a chapel.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img076a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="225" HEIGHT="301">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  The Great Bell at Moscow.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The next largest bell in the world is also in Moscow.  This bell is
+hung up in a church; and when they ring it, the sound is heard all over
+the city like the rolling of thunder.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="10"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+SWITZERLAND.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Switzerland is a land of mountains and hills and valleys and beautiful
+lakes and streams.  Every year many people go from all parts of the
+world to see the beautiful Swiss mountains and valleys.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Sometimes large masses of snow and ice, mixed with earth, fall or slide
+down the sides of the mountains with a loud crash.  As they slide, they
+tear away rocks and trees, and bury houses and villages beneath them.
+These masses of snow and ice are called avalanches.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img077a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="225" HEIGHT="435">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  An Avalanche.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Snow falls all the year round on the tops of the mountains in
+Switzerland.  As the snow falls, it packs down hard and changes into
+ice.  At last it becomes a great mass of ice, and slides very slowly
+down the sides of the mountains into the valleys.  These masses of ice
+are called glaciers.  They move so slowly that you cannot tell they are
+moving by looking at them.  But by driving a stake down, you can see,
+after a long time, that the ice has moved a little way.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A great many of the people in Switzerland live by keeping cattle and
+sheep and goats.  Their houses are in the valleys.  But in spring, when
+the snow begins to melt and the grass begins to grow, the men drive
+their flocks up the mountain sides to feed.  There they stay till the
+end of summer.  The men take with them a supply of food, and they sleep
+in huts on the mountain side.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There is a kind of goat in Switzerland called the chamois.  It lives
+high up in the mountains.  It is very hard to hunt the chamois, for it
+can go into places where a man cannot follow it.  It can leap very
+nimbly from one rock to another.  It can go up and down a rough
+mountain side.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img079a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="180" HEIGHT="314">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Chamois.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In the summer the chamois feeds on herbs and flowers.  In winter it
+eats the shoots and buds of pine trees.  It is very fond of salt.
+There is a kind of stone in the mountains that is partly made of salt.
+The chamois licks these stones to get the salt.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The chamois feed together in herds of fifteen or twenty.  One of them
+is always on the watch to give notice if anybody comes to hunt them.
+When it sees any one coming, it stamps on the ground with its fore feet
+and makes a sharp cry.  Then all start off.  They leap from crag to
+crag till they are far out of danger.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The skin of the chamois is very soft.  It is made into a fine, soft
+leather.  This leather is called shammy leather.  Have you ever seen a
+piece of shammy leather?  The flesh of the chamois is very good to eat.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people in Switzerland use a great deal of milk and butter and
+cheese for their food.  They also have potatoes and bread and fruit.
+They eat very little meat.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Swiss houses are made of wood.  Stones are often put on the roofs.
+The stones keep the shingles from being torn off by the wind.  The
+Swiss are very neat and clean.  On every window sill there are
+flowerpots, for the Swiss are very fond of flowers.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img081a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="363" HEIGHT="283">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Swiss House.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In every village in Switzerland there is a school.  The Swiss have very
+good schools.  The boys and girls must go to school when they are six
+years old.  They learn all that we learn in our schools.  There are
+also schools where the boys are taught trades.  The boys and girls go
+to school only eight months in the year.  So they have four months'
+vacation.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+After school, the boys help to take care of the sheep and goats and
+cattle.  The girls help about the housework.  All find plenty to do.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But the Swiss boys and girls have some time for play as well as for
+work and school.  They often have holidays.  One of their greatest
+holidays is the day that the men come home from the mountains with
+their flocks.  The boys and girls go out to meet them.  They sing
+songs.  The bells ring, and flags wave.  Everybody is merry and happy.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The children in Switzerland have a great many pretty toys.  Some of
+their toys are made to play music.  The Swiss make all kinds of music
+boxes.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In Switzerland, instead of a king, they have a president, as we have.
+And in past times they had brave men who fought to make their country
+free.  One of their great men was William Tell.  The Swiss love his
+name as strongly as we love the name of George Washington.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img082a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="274" HEIGHT="221">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Swiss Dog Cart.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="11"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h2>
+HOLLAND.
+</h2>
+
+<P>
+The people who live in Holland are called Dutch.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are many canals in Holland.  In some of the towns they have
+canals instead of streets.  There are bridges across the canals for
+people to go from one side of the street to the other.  In some of the
+streets they have no sidewalks, and nothing between the houses but
+canals.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img083a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="322" HEIGHT="207">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Canals in Holland.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In most of the houses they have no carpets.  They scatter white sand on
+the floor every morning.  They keep their houses very clean.  In their
+kitchens they have open fireplaces, with fires blazing brightly.  Near
+the fires they have footstools made of cork.  In some houses they have
+fire boxes for warming their feet.  They can carry these boxes wherever
+they like.  In cold weather they take their fire boxes to church.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Wherever you go in Holland you see windmills.  When you see them far
+off they look like giants with their arms stretched out.  The arms are
+shaped like ladders.  The arms have sails on them to catch the wind.
+It is the wind that makes the arms go round.  With these windmills the
+people pump up water, and grind corn, and saw wood.  The land is very
+flat and low.  There are no swift running streams to turn the mills.
+So the people build windmills.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img084a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="322" HEIGHT="201">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Windmills in Holland.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The great wonder of Holland is the dikes.  Holland is near the sea, and
+so dikes are built along the beach to keep the water out.  The dikes
+are strong walls made of earth and stones.  They are very high, and so
+thick that on the top there is a road to walk and ride on.  In some
+parts of Holland there are houses also on the top of the dikes.  If it
+were not for these dikes, the sea would flow in on the land.  Then it
+would cover the houses and towns, and drown the people.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Did you ever hear the story of the little boy and the hole in the dike?
+The little boy's name was Hans.  He lived near the great dikes along
+the sea.  One day his mother sent him on an errand.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When he was coming home, he saw water flowing from a small hole in the
+dike.  He knew that the water came from the sea.  Then he said to
+himself, "If that water is not stopped, the hole will get larger.  Then
+the sea will break in, and we shall all be drowned."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+So Hans went up to the dike and put his hand against the hole, and
+stopped the water.  This was very hard to do.  But the little fellow
+held bravely on.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When night came and Hans did not come home, his father and some of the
+people who lived close by went to search for him.  After many hours
+they found him at the dike, keeping the water back with his hand.  Then
+his father took him home, and the men stopped up the hole in the dike.
+Everybody praised Hans for what he had done.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The little children in Holland are very pretty.  They have round, fat
+faces, golden hair, and blue eyes.  The boys wear wide trousers and
+little round caps.  The girls wear jackets and skirts and little caps
+with gold braid.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Both boys and girls wear wooden shoes.  And what a noise they do make
+with their wooden shoes when they run around!  They have great fun
+playing their shoes are boats.  They sit on the sides of the canals and
+take off their shoes and sail them on the water like little boats.
+They tie strings to the shoes so that they can draw them in whenever
+they like.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img087a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="253" HEIGHT="384">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Dutch Girl with Wooden Shoes.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Dutch children do not wear shoes in the house, but wear slippers.  When
+they go home after playing or from school they take off their shoes.
+They leave them outside the door.  Would you not think it strange to
+see rows of little shoes outside the doors?
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Every Saturday the children clean their shoes.  But they do not shine
+them as we do.  They wash them with soap and water, and dry them at the
+fire.  If the sun shines, they hang them on a bush to dry.  When they
+are dry, they are almost as white as snow.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Winter is a very merry season in Holland.  Then all the canals are
+frozen, and there is great fun skating.  Everybody has skates, even the
+little children.  And how merry and happy the boys and girls are,
+skimming along on the ice!
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img088a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="222" HEIGHT="460">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Skating in Holland.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The men and women go to market on skates.  Those who do not wish to go
+on skates go in sleds or chairs with runners on them.  The chairs are
+pushed by skaters.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But the best fun of all is on the ice boats.  The ice boats have sails,
+and can go very fast on the smooth ice.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The first day of skating every year is a holiday.  There is no school
+that day, and everybody goes out skating, or riding in sleds or ice
+boats.  How glad the boys and girls are when Skating Day comes!  What
+fun they have!  And of course they have sleigh riding, for every family
+has a sleigh.  The sleighs are made like shells, or boats, or swans.
+When the people go sleigh riding at night, they carry lighted torches.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The greatest holiday the Dutch have is Santa Claus's day.  It is on
+December 6.  All the stores are made pretty on that day.  Santa Claus
+is in the windows.  He is dressed in red with white fur, and rides a
+large horse.  The streets are crowded with boys and girls to see all
+this.  They have Santa Claus cakes, and gingerbread made like chairs
+and tables and fishes and horses and many other things.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+At night Santa Claus rides on the roofs of the houses, and drops nice
+things down the chimneys for good children.  And the boys and girls
+leave their shoes near the fireplace for the things to drop in.
+
+But they do not find many toys in their shoes, for Santa likes better
+to give them cakes and money.  The Dutch boys and girls have not many
+toys, but they play for hours with their shoes.  They use them for
+boats, baskets, dishes, or beds for their dolls.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have fine schools in Holland, and the boys and girls go to school
+and learn the same things that we learn in our schools.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Some Dutch girls go to market to sell milk or cheese.  They have
+donkeys to carry the milk or cheese.  Sometimes, the girls ride on the
+donkeys' backs.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Some Dutch girls also go to market to sell fruit.  They carry the fruit
+on a pole across the back of their shoulders.  A basket of fruit hangs
+from each end of the pole, as you see in the picture.  The boys sell
+milk.  They carry it about in little wagons drawn by dogs.  They are
+very kind to the dogs.  They do not make them draw too heavy a load.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img091a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="149" HEIGHT="207">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Dutch Milkmaid.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+When a baby is born in Holland, some one hangs a silk ball outside the
+door.  If the baby is a boy, they hang up a red ball; and if it is a
+girl, they hang up a pink ball.  Is not this a good way to let their
+friends know they have a new baby?
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="12"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+PATAGONIA.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Have you ever seen a man with pictures on his body?  Perhaps you have
+seen a sailor with a picture of a ship on his arm.  In Patagonia nearly
+all the men and boys have pictures on their bodies.  Patagonia is in
+the southern part of the world.  It is winter in that country when it
+is summer here, and summer there when it is winter here.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Patagonia is a very flat country.  There are very few hills and no
+large trees or fine flowers there.  But there is plenty of good grass,
+which sometimes grows very tall.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people in Patagonia are Indians.  They have red-brown skin, long
+black hair, and small eyes.  The men are very tall.  Some of them are
+seven feet high.  They paint their faces red and black, and tattoo
+their arms.  They do this with a needle.  They put the needle into dye,
+and then prick the skin with it.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The men wear a piece of cloth around their waists and a large cloak of
+fur.  They sometimes wear boots made of the skin of horses' legs.  The
+women wear gowns fastened at the neck with a pin.  They also have
+cloaks like the men.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img093a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="364" HEIGHT="211">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Patagonians at Home.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The boys and girls wear no clothes until they are four years old.
+After they are four years old they wear the same kind of clothes their
+fathers and mothers wear.  The young girls wear their hair in braids.
+If their hair is not long enough, they make it longer by tying
+horsehair to it.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The houses in Patagonia are tents made of skins.  There are rooms in
+the tents, and each grown-up person has a room.  The fire is made
+inside the tent on the floor.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people in Patagonia eat gua-na-co and ostrich meat.  Some of the
+people drink a kind of tea made from the leaves of a plant.  The leaves
+are first crushed fine, then put into water.  They drink this tea
+through a small tube with many holes in it.  The holes are so small
+that the pieces of leaves cannot come through.  This tea is very good
+to drink.  It makes the people very strong.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img094a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="367" HEIGHT="304">
+<H5>
+[Illustration: Guanaco.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The women do all the work about the house.  They make the clothes,
+carry home the wood for the fire, and bring water from the streams or
+wells.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The men do nothing but hunt.  They hunt the guanaco and the ostrich.
+The guanaco is nearly as large as a cow, and has a head like a camel.
+Its flesh is good to eat, and the people make cloaks of its skin.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img095a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="371" HEIGHT="204">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Hunting Ostriches.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The ostrich is the largest bird in the world.  Its legs are very long,
+and it has a long neck.  It cannot fly, for its wings are too small,
+but it can run very fast.  It can run faster than a horse.  It is hard
+for the hunter to catch it.  He rides on horseback, and catches the
+ostrich with a bo'las.  A bolas is a rope with a stone, a metal ball,
+or a lump of hard clay fastened to each end.  The hunter swings one end
+of the bolas round and round his head, and then hurls it with great
+force at the ostrich.  It strikes the ostrich or catches it by the legs
+and throws it down.  Then the hunter runs up and kills the ostrich with
+a knife.  The hunters also hunt the ostrich with dogs.  Sometimes an
+ostrich will spring suddenly up from the long grass almost in front of
+the hunter and his dogs.  Then the dogs can easily catch it.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The ostrich makes a hole in the ground under a bush for its eggs.  This
+is its nest.  The eggs are very large, and they are good to eat.  Its
+flesh is also good to eat.  Of course you know ostrich feathers are
+pretty for ladies' hats.  The feathers for hats are taken from the tail
+and from the ends of the wings.  But the feathers of the ostrich in
+Patagonia are not so fine and pretty as the feathers of the ostrich
+found in Africa.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There is an animal in Patagonia called the puma.  It is like a cat, but
+it is much stronger.  Often it kills and eats the guanaco.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img097a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="360" HEIGHT="238">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Pumas.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The boys and girls in Patagonia have very few toys, but they are merry
+and happy.  As the boys grow up, they soon learn to hunt; and then they
+go out with their fathers to hunt the guanaco and the ostrich.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="13"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+THE PYGMIES.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Perhaps you have read in fairy tales of very little people called
+dwarfs.  There are old stories which tell us about very small men who
+lived a long time ago in Africa.  They were called pygmies.  They were
+only one foot high, and they built their houses with eggshells.  They
+lived in holes in the ground.  They had goats and sheep which were much
+smaller than themselves, and they had corn which they cut down with
+axes, as we cut down trees.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This is what we are told about them; but, of course, those stories are
+fables.  There never were men so small as one foot high.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But there are real people in Africa called pygmies.  They are very
+small.  The men and women look as if they were boys and girls.  The men
+are about four feet high.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are a great many large forests in Africa.  It is in the forests
+that the pygmies live.  The forests are so dark in many places that one
+could not see to read at noonday.  Only a few white men have been in
+the land of the pygmies and seen them.  They are shy, like children,
+and hide their faces when spoken to.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Some of the pygmies are black and some are red.  They do not wear much
+clothing.  They do not need much, for the weather is always very warm
+in the country in which they live.  The men and boys wear only a strip
+of cloth around their loins.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Many of the pygmies have no houses.  They wander from place to place,
+and sleep on the ground under a bush.  But some of them have little
+houses, or huts, built in the shape of beehives and about four feet
+high.  They are covered over with long leaves.  The door is only about
+a foot and a half high, just high enough for the pygmies to creep in.
+Their beds are made of sticks stuck in the ground with other sticks
+across them.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The pygmies live by hunting.  They do not shoot with guns, as we do.
+They use bows and arrows, and they are very quick and clever at
+shooting.  A pygmy will shoot off three or four arrows one after the
+other so quickly that the last is flying away before the first has hit
+the mark.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The pygmies are also very smart in making pits to catch the animals
+they wish to kill.  They dig large holes and cover them with sticks and
+leaves.  The animal comes along and falls into the pit and is caught.
+The pygmies can kill elephants with their bows and arrows.  They first
+shoot at the elephant's eyes until he is blind.  They then keep
+shooting at him till he falls dead.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img100a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="370" HEIGHT="252">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Village of Pygmies.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The pygmies eat the flesh of some of the animals they kill.  They sell
+or trade the fur and skin and ivory for arrows and knives.  They also
+get tobacco and potatoes for their furs and skins.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They are also very good at fishing.  They can catch large fish with a
+piece of meat fastened to a string.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The pygmies do not dig the ground or plant or sow anything.  Bananas
+grow in Africa, and the pygmies are very fond of them.  Often they come
+out of the forests to get bananas from the trees on which they grow.
+If a pygmy sees a good bunch of bananas that he would like to have, he
+shoots his arrow into the stalk.  When the owner of the tree sees the
+arrow he knows how it came there.  So he leaves the stalk until the
+pygmy takes it away.  Sometimes a pygmy pays for the bunch of bananas
+with pieces of meat.  He wraps up a piece of meat in grass or leaves,
+and fastens it to the stalk where he has cut off the bananas.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A pygmy can eat twice as many bananas as the largest white man.  He can
+eat as many as sixty at one meal.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Though the pygmies are small, they are very brave, and all the other
+people who live near them are very much afraid of them.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="14"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+THE INDIANS.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Long, long ago, before Columbus found America, the Indians lived where
+we live now, There were no cities or houses then, such as we have.
+There were no farms or gardens or fences or roads.  A large part of the
+country was covered with trees.  The rest was great grass plains and
+swamps.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Indians built their houses where they pleased, beside the rivers or
+near the mountains or on the wide plains.  What sort of houses did they
+live in?  They lived in tents made of skins.  The Indian tents were
+called wigwams.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img103a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="353" HEIGHT="283">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  An Indian Wigwam.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+There were many tribes of Indians.  Each tribe had a great many men and
+women and children.  Some of the tribes lived in the north, some in the
+south, some near the sea.  In nearly every part of the country there
+were Indian tribes.  Often some of the tribes went to war with other
+tribes.  They fought with bows and arrows and tomahawks.  The tomahawk
+was a sort of hatchet.  The head of it was made of a stone with a sharp
+edge.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img104-1a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="377" HEIGHT="81">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Indian Bow and Arrows.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img104-2a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="156" HEIGHT="86">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Tomahawks.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The Indians were very cruel in war.  When they killed a man, they cut
+the skin and hair off the top of his head.  This was called scalping.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When about to go to war, they painted their faces to make themselves
+look very fierce.  They also wore a band around their heads, and in
+these they stuck some long feathers.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are Indians still in some parts of our country, and many of them
+live in wigwams.  They sleep in these wigwams, but they cook their food
+outside.  They have no coal or stoves or fire-places.  Instead of coal
+they use wood and dried grass.  They make their fire on the ground.
+Their food is very simple.  They have meat and fish and berries, and
+cakes made of corn.  The meat they eat is the flesh of the deer and
+other wild animals.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img105a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="197" HEIGHT="270">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  An Indian Chief.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The Indians are of a copper color.  They are sometimes called "Red
+Men."  They have high cheek bones, black eyes, and straight black hair.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Indian men spend their time hunting and fishing.  They do not have
+bows and arrows now.  They shoot with guns as white men do.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Indian women do all the work. They cook the food, make the clothes,
+and plant the corn.  They also put up the wigwams and take them down.
+For the Indians do not live always in the same place, but often move
+about.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+An Indian woman is called a squaw, and an Indian baby is called a
+pa-poose'.  You would wonder if you saw the Indian baby's cradle.  It
+is a bag made of skin fixed to a flat board.  It is just large enough
+for baby to fit in.  The little papoose is wrapped up warm and put into
+the bag.  The mother carries the baby on her back in this cradle.
+Often she hangs the cradle up on a branch of a tree.  Then the little
+red baby swings while its mother is cooking or working in the field.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img106a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="184" HEIGHT="307">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  An Indian Baby.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The men, women, and children wear clothes made of skin.  They often
+wear blankets as shawls are worn by white people.  Their shoes are made
+of deerskin and have no soles.  They are called moccasins.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img107a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="170" HEIGHT="71">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Moccasins.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In many places the Indians now have schools, and the little Indian boys
+and girls go to school every day.  Our government has sent teachers to
+teach them.  They learn to read and write and count.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But the Indian boys and girls learn a great many things at home.  Their
+fathers tell them about birds and beasts and trees and rivers.  And
+they teach the boys to hunt and fish, and train them up to be brave in
+war.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Indian boys and girls have a great many games.  The boys play with
+bows and arrows.  They play "blindman's buff," and "hunt the slipper,"
+and handball and football.  The girls take part in the football.  One
+of their games is the "stick and ring" game.  The ring is made of skin
+and is sometimes covered with beads.  Each boy has a stick, and he
+throws it at the ring while it is rolling along the ground.  The game
+is to send the stick through the ring.  Every boy tries to strike every
+other boy's stick to stop it from going through the ring.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Indian boys sometimes play at fighting battles.  They form
+themselves into two armies, and one army fights against the other.
+They fight with balls of wet clay.  Often the battle lasts two or three
+hours.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Indian girls have dolls, and they dress them and sing them to sleep.
+They play "house," and often have doll-house moving.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img108a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="319" HEIGHT="294">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Indian Girls.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Indian men and boys are fond of swimming, and they are very good
+swimmers.  They are also fond of sailing in their canoes.   The canoe
+is made of the bark of the birch tree.  The Indians paddle their
+canoes.  They can make them go very fast.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Many of the Indians now live in houses and have farms the same as white
+men, and they raise corn and vegetables and fruit.  They have horses
+and cows and sheep as other farmers have.  And we may hope that before
+long the Red Men will live in the same way as white men, and be as well
+off and as happy.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="15"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+The Philippine Islands are far away on the other side of the earth,
+near China.  There are a great many of these islands.  Most of them are
+small.  But some of them are large islands, and many people live on
+them.  The largest of the islands is called Luzon.  The largest town in
+this island is Manila.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Many tribes of people live in the Philippine Islands.  Each tribe has a
+language of its own.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is very warm in these islands.  So the people need but little
+clothing.  Their houses are not very high.  The highest house is only
+two stories.  In some parts they have strange windows in their houses.
+The panes are not made of glass, as in our houses.  They are made of
+oyster shells.  But they are not like our oyster shells.  They are very
+thin--so thin that the light can come through them nearly as well as
+through glass.  The shell is made square, and fits in the window like a
+pane of glass.  Sometimes the sides or walls of the upper stories are
+made of frames, with oyster shells for panes.  The people can slide
+these walls back, so as to let the cool air into the rooms.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img111a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="364" HEIGHT="270">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Philippine House.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+There is one tribe in the islands called the Moro tribe.  The people of
+this tribe have very strange houses.  They build their houses in the
+water near the shore.  They build them on the top of long poles.  The
+first stories are high above the water.  The people use ladders to go
+up to them.  These houses are built of bamboo.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The bamboo is very useful in the country where it grows.  It is a kind
+of reed, and grows very tall.  It has joints like the joints of a corn
+stalk.  It is not solid like a corn stalk, but is hollow inside.  It is
+so thick and strong that the people make houses of it and all kinds of
+furniture.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img112a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="256" HEIGHT="311">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Bamboo.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The Moro men are good sailors and swimmers.  They are also good divers.
+They dive into the water for pearls and coral.  They can stay under the
+water for two or three minutes at a time.  The children also are good
+swimmers.  They spend a great deal of time in the water.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There is another tribe called the Man'gy-ans.  These people live in the
+mountains.  They have black hair and flat noses.  They are very strong,
+for they spend most of their time out of doors.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Some months of the year they do not live in houses.  They sleep under
+trees.  But other months of the year it rains very much.  Then they
+sleep in houses.  Their houses are made of poles with roofs of leaves.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Mangyan women and girls wear a very strange kind of dress.  It is
+made of cords coiled around their waists.  The cords are narrow strips
+of rattan braided together.  Rattan is the stem of a plant which grows
+to a very great height.  It sometimes grows a hundred feet high.  It is
+as thick as a man's wrist, and it is very tough and strong.  The people
+split the rattan into thin strips.  With these they make baskets, seats
+of chairs, walking canes, ropes, and many other things.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Mangyan men are good hunters.  They hunt an animal called the
+tim'a-rau.  It is like a buffalo.  They shoot it with bows and arrows.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are a great many large forests in the Philippines, and there are
+very fine trees in them.  The most useful of the plants or trees is the
+bamboo.  I have already told you about it.  The cocoanut palm is also a
+very useful tree.  The nuts give food and drink and oil.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img114a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="111" HEIGHT="311">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Philippine woman carrying water.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+On one of the islands there is a wonderful plant called the pitcher
+plant.  Its leaves are in the shape of pitchers.  Some of the pitchers
+have lids, and are large enough to hold a pint of water.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the Philippines they raise coffee, bananas, sugar, tobacco, and
+cotton.  One of their most useful plants is the plant from which they
+get hemp for making ropes and cords.  This plant is called "ab'a-ca" by
+the people in the Philippines, and its hemp is called Manila hemp.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There is a great deal of rice grown in the Philippines.  Rice is the
+food that most of the people live on.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are buffaloes in the Philippines.  The people use them for riding
+and for carrying loads.  They have also deer, goats, and hogs.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img115a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="364" HEIGHT="290">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Buffalo at Work.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In some parts of the islands they have a strange way of fishing.  They
+fill baskets with a kind of mixture in which they put poison.  Then
+they throw the baskets into the water.  The fish become stupid after
+eating the poison.  Very soon they rise to the top of the water, where
+the people catch them.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Manila is a large town with strong walls and a deep moat, or ditch,
+around it.  There are eight gates in the wall and bridges across the
+moat.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The men in Manila wear trousers and shirts; but they wear the shirts
+outside.  The women wear skirts with long trains, and waists with very
+full and flowing sleeves.  They wear scarfs or handkerchiefs around
+their necks, with two of the corners hanging down their backs.  They
+never wear hats.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img116a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="298" HEIGHT="156">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Women of Luzon.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In a few of the islands there are schools, and the children learn to
+read and write; but in many other parts there are neither schools nor
+churches.  As the islands now belong to the United States, there will
+soon be many more schools, and the children will be able to learn
+everything that is taught in our schools.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="16"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+BANGALA
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Far away in Africa, near where the pygmies live, there is a great river
+called the Kongo.  The land on either side of this river for many miles
+is called the Kongo Valley.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are hundreds of miles of great woods in this valley.  These woods
+are not like our woods.  They are very thick with vines and plants.
+There are also a great many kinds of trees.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the woods are birds with very bright colors.  There are birds called
+sunbirds.  Often green, yellow, scarlet, and purple feathers are found
+on these birds.  What a pretty sight it must be to see them flit about
+in the sun!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are also many kinds of pretty flowers in the woods.  These
+flowers are as gay in color as the birds.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Many tribes of negroes live in the Kongo Valley.  They live in huts
+made of mats.  The mats are made of strong grass.  The grass is first
+twisted into cords.  Then the cords are braided into mats.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people also use mats for their beds; but they do not put the mats
+on the ground.  They tie them to a frame raised a little above the
+ground.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img119a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="364" HEIGHT="256">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Kongo Negroes at a Mission School.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+These negroes also make baskets, bowls, pots, and wooden spoons.  The
+bowls and pots they make out of clay.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is very warm all the year round in the Kongo Valley.  So the people
+wear very little clothing.  They rub their bodies with palm oil.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have a funny way of wearing their hair.  While they are young
+their hair is braided.  Then it is twisted into all sorts of knots and
+shapes.  They do not untwist it, but keep it so always.  They think
+these queer knots and shapes are very pretty.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img120a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="364" HEIGHT="252">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Kongo Village.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The women do all the hard work.  They cook the food.  They do the other
+housework.  They plant the corn and beans.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img121a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="367" HEIGHT="183">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Headdress of Kongo Women.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The men spend a great deal of time in fishing.  They also hunt and kill
+elephants to get their tusks for ivory.  There are many elephants in
+the Kongo Valley.  They roam about in large herds.  It must be a hard
+task to kill an elephant!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+One of the tribes in the Kongo Valley is called the Bangala tribe.  The
+men are tall and strong and fierce.  They are always fighting with
+other tribes.  This makes the other tribes very much afraid of them.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The negroes of this tribe have a strange way of making friends with a
+white man.  They will do him no harm if he is willing to be their
+"blood brother."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This is the way they make a white man their blood brother.  The black
+man takes a limb of palm tree which has two branches.  With one branch
+in his hand, he falls on the ground before the white man.  The white
+man takes hold of the other branch.  Then the black man splits the limb
+into two parts with his knife.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+After this is done, an old man of the tribe comes to the white man and
+the black man.  He puts the white man's arm over the black man's arm.
+When their arms are together, he makes a small cut in each arm.  He
+makes this cut to draw blood.  Then the old man puts salt and the dust
+of banana leaves into the blood, and rubs both arms together.  The
+black man and the white man are then blood brothers.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+These people have also a strange way of taking care of their canoes.
+When they are not using them, they keep them under water.  They say
+that the canoes will last longer if kept under water.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="17"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+THE AMAZON VALLEY.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Perhaps you have heard of the Amazon River.  It is the largest river in
+the world.  It is four thousand miles long, and more than fifty miles
+wide where it flows into the sea.  This river is in Brazil.  Brazil is
+far south of us.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img123a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece"
+BORDER="2" WIDTH="350" HEIGHT="242">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Amazon Indians.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+There are great forests along the banks of this river.  They run back
+from the river for hundreds of miles.  They are the largest forests in
+the world.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A great many kinds of trees grow in these forests.  Some of the trees
+are very high.  Often the trees are covered with vines on which
+beautiful flowers grow.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Wax-palm trees, breadfruit trees, and rubber trees are found in these
+forests.  Wax is taken from the leaves of the wax palm.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+We make rubber from the rubber tree.  A cut is made in the side of the
+tree with a knife.  From this cut a white juice flows.  This juice is
+like milk.  It is caught in a cup.  After a while the juice gets hard.
+Then it is rubber.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A great many strange animals and birds are found in these forests.
+There is the sloth, which lives in the trees.  It has hooked claws for
+holding on to the branches.  It hangs on to a branch with its back
+downward.  When it goes to sleep, it rolls itself up like a ball.  It
+moves very slowly, and that is why it is called the sloth.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img124a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="267" HEIGHT="187">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Sloth.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+These forests are full of monkeys and parrots.  Perhaps you have seen a
+parrot.  I dare say you have not seen more than two or three parrots at
+one time.  But in these forests there are flocks of parrots.  They fly
+from tree to tree, and are very wild.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img125a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="218" HEIGHT="314">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Parrot.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+There are many kinds of them.  Some are red, some are green, some are
+blue, and some are all these colors.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Monkeys chatter and parrots screech.  What a noise they must sometimes
+make!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But besides the parrots and the monkeys, there are humming birds and
+butterflies.  You know that the humming bird is a very small bird, but
+humming birds are found in these forests no larger than a bee.  The
+butterflies are the most beautiful in the world.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people who live in these forests are called Indians.  They do not
+often let white men come among them.  Their skin is copper color, like
+the Indians of our country.  Their hair is black and straight.  They
+are not as tall as our Indians, but their bodies are finely formed.
+They have large, full chests.  Their hands and feet are small and
+nicely shaped.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They keep themselves very clean.  The men and women, the boys and
+girls, are all fond of bathing.  The first thing they do in the morning
+is to take a bath in the nearest river.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Strange to say, some of them paint their faces and bodies.  They take
+the juice of a tree which will stain a blue black.  They pour this
+juice on their heads, and let it run in streams down their backs.  They
+also put red and yellow in large round spots on their cheeks and
+foreheads.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The men braid their hair, and wear it long, down their backs.  They
+part their hair and wear combs.  But the women do not part their hair
+and do not wear combs.  They pull the hair out of their eyebrows.  They
+make holes in their ears.  In these holes they wear, instead of rings,
+a little piece of grass with feathers fastened to it.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img127a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="201" HEIGHT="186">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Painted Amazon Indian.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Their houses are made of logs of wood set in the ground as posts.  They
+put other logs on top of these for a roof.  Then they cover these logs
+with palm leaves.  There are no windows, and they use mats for doors.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They sleep in hammocks.  These they make of string.  They make the
+string by twisting the leaves of a tree.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have plenty of pans and pots, both large and small.  These pans
+and pots they make of clay.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+First, they soften the clay and knead it.  Then they shape it into pots
+and pans.  It is then dried in the sun.  When the pots and pans are dry
+they are put in a hot fire.  This makes them hard and strong.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The chief food of these Indians is a kind of flour made from the root
+of a plant.  They also eat fish.  A great many fish are found in the
+rivers.  These they catch and eat.  They also dry fish and then smoke
+them over a fire.  The smoked fish keep good a long time.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+These Indians sail on the rivers in canoes.  But their canoes are
+heavy.  They are not light, as the canoes of our Indians are.  They are
+not made of birch bark.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+These Indians make an entire canoe out of a single tree.  The canoe is
+made thick so as not to be broken by knocking against snags and rocks.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14655 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #14655 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14655)
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+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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+<center><h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Big People and Little People of Other Lands,
+by Edward R. Shaw</h1>
+</center>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Big People and Little People of Other Lands</p>
+<p>Author: Edward R. Shaw</p>
+<p>Release Date: January 10, 2005  [eBook #14655]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIG PEOPLE AND LITTLE PEOPLE OF OTHER LANDS***</p>
+<br><br><center><h3>E-text prepared by Al Haines</h3></center><br><br>
+<hr class="full" noshade>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H1 ALIGN="center">
+BIG PEOPLE
+</H1>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+AND
+</H3>
+
+<H1 ALIGN="center">
+LITTLE PEOPLE
+</H1>
+
+<BR>
+
+<H2 ALIGN="center">
+OF OTHER LANDS
+</H2>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+BY
+</H4>
+
+<H3 ALIGN="center">
+EDWARD R. SHAW
+</H3>
+
+<BR>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+Dean of the School of Pedagogy
+</H4>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">
+New York University
+</H4>
+
+<BR><BR>
+
+<H6 ALIGN="center">
+New York&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cincinnati&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Chicago<br>
+American Book Company
+</H6>
+
+<H4 ALIGN="center">1900</H4>
+
+
+<BR><BR>
+<hr class="short">
+<BR><BR><BR>
+
+<center>
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+<table cellpadding=2>
+<tr><td><a href="#1">Preface</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#2">China</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#3">Japan</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#4">Arabia</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#5">Korea</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#6">India</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#7">Lapland</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#8">Greenland</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#9">Russia</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#10">Switzerland</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#11">Holland</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#12">Patagonia</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#13">The Pygmies</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#14">The Indians</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#15">The Philippine Islands</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#16">Bangala</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="#17">The Amazon Valley</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+<hr class="short">
+
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="1"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H3>
+PREFACE.
+</H3>
+
+<P>
+This little book is designed to meet the child's natural desire to
+learn or hear of other people than those living in the part of the
+world about him.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It has been thoroughly proved in our newer pedagogical practice that
+the child in the first school year is much interested in descriptions
+of the Indian and the Eskimo.  Whenever descriptions of the Indian and
+the Eskimo have been given him, they have not only fulfilled their
+purpose in furnishing material for reading and the interrelation of
+several activities of expression, but they have revealed to him the
+fact that there are other people in the world, who differ very much
+from those he has seen.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+His interest in different peoples at this time is in their physical
+appearance, their dress, their ways of living, their customs, their
+manners, and it arises chiefly from the contrast which descriptions of
+these afford to familiar customs, conditions, and physical
+characteristics.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The child is not interested, at that stage of his intellectual
+development which falls in the first or the second school year, in the
+situation of countries.  It does not matter to him exactly where,
+geographically, the people about whom he reads live.  He is satisfied
+if some general statement is made to the effect that they live far away
+to the north, where the cold countries are, or in the south, where it
+is warm and sometimes hot, or on the other side of the world.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+His desire, at this period, for new impressions and ideas gained from
+descriptions and accompanying pictures is as keen as his desire for
+sense impressions gained from the world of nature and activity about
+him.  This wider range of information and ideas, it is believed, he may
+in some measure gain from this little book.
+<BR><BR>
+DRESDEN, July 15, 1899.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR><BR>
+
+<H1 ALIGN="center">
+PEOPLE OF OTHER LANDS.
+</H1>
+
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="2"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+CHINA.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+On the other side of this great round world is a country called China.
+When it is dark here, and we are going to sleep, the sun is just waking
+up the children in China and telling them it is morning.  When we get
+up in the morning they are just bidding the sun good night.  When it is
+light here it is dark there.  So they have day when we have night.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Chinese children look like little men and women, for they dress like
+their fathers and mothers.  Boys and girls dress nearly alike.  They
+both dress in silk or cotton trousers.  They wear over these long gowns
+reaching nearly to their feet.  They wear odd-looking shoes with thick
+white soles.  The boys' heads are shaved, except a small part on top.
+There a lock of hair is left.  This lock of hair is braided and hangs
+down the back.  A queer name is given to it.  It is called a "queue."
+Girls in China do not go to school, but all day long they are busy;
+they help their mothers keep house; they tend the babies; they sew, and
+help with the cooking.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img006a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="256" HEIGHT="318">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Chinese Women and Children.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The schools in China are only for boys.  The boys make a great deal of
+noise in school.  A Chinese teacher thinks the boys are idle if they do
+not study their lessons out loud.  So each boy shouts as loud as he
+can.  When the boy has learned his lesson, he goes up and gives his
+book to the teacher.  Then he turns his back to the teacher, and shouts
+out the whole lesson to show that he knows it.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys are taught to count.  They learn by using balls set in a
+frame.  The frame is like the frame of a slate.  The balls slide on
+wires.  With the balls they learn to add and subtract.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They also learn how to write, but they have no pens or pencils.  They
+write with small brushes dipped in ink.  Each boy makes his own ink.
+He puts some water on a stone and then rubs a cake of ink in the water.
+This makes a fine black ink called India ink.  Then the boy fills his
+brush and begins at the top, right-hand corner of the paper.  He writes
+toward the bottom of the sheet.  He puts one word under another instead
+of beside it as you do.  Then he begins a new line at the top, and
+writes to the bottom again.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img007a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="163" HEIGHT="563">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Chinese writing.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Chinese books are printed in the same way.  Where do you think a
+Chinese book begins?  A Chinese book begins where our books end.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In China many girls and women have very small feet.  When they are
+babies their feet are bound up tightly.  They sometimes wear iron
+shoes.   Then their feet never grow, but are so very small that they
+can hardly walk.  Poor parents know their girls will have to work hard,
+and so do not bind their feet.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Chinese girls make beautiful paper flowers.  They paint pictures.  They
+sing and play.  Some of them pick the snow-white cotton in the fields.
+Some of them take care of the silk-worms that spin the soft silk.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But they do not work all the time.   They play many pretty games.
+Chinese boys, too, have many kinds of games and toys.   One game is
+like battledoor and shuttlecock.  They use their feet to strike the
+shuttlecock.  They do this so fast that the shuttlecock hardly ever
+falls to the ground.  The Chinese are fond of flying kites.  Even old
+men fly kites.  They fly their kites in the spring-time.  Chinese kites
+are of all sizes and shapes.  Some are like birds.  Some are like fish.
+Some are like butterflies.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img009a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece"
+BORDER="2">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Chinese Kite.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+ There is no other such land in all the world
+for lanterns as China.  The lanterns there are made of paper in the
+shape of balls, or flowers, or animals.  Some of the lanterns have a
+wheel inside.  When the candle is lighted, the draft of air makes the
+wheel go round very quickly.  When the wheel begins to move inside, the
+figures on the outside of the lantern begin to move.  Then men are seen
+fishing or fanning.  Sometimes children are seen dancing.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Chinese are so fond of lanterns that every year they have a "Feast
+of Lanterns."  On that day and night lanterns are to be seen
+everywhere.  Bridges and houses and trees are covered with lighted
+lanterns.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have fireworks, too, that look like stars and trees and flowers.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A Chinese dinner begins in the wrong way.  They have fruits and nuts
+first.  After this comes rice.  They eat more of rice than of anything
+else.  Then they drink tea without either milk or sugar.  They use
+neither forks nor knives.  Instead they eat with small sticks of wood
+or ivory.  These are called "chopsticks."  They hold them between the
+thumb and first two fingers.  They use them to carry their food to
+their mouths as you use a fork or a spoon.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img010a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="170" HEIGHT="221">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Chopsticks.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Do you know how they catch fish in China?
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have a bird which swims and dives into the water.  This bird lives
+on fish.  Every time he dives he catches one.  He is trained to bring
+the fish to his master.  A tight ring is put round the bird's neck.
+This is to keep him from swallowing the fish.  When enough fish have
+been caught, the bird is given some to eat.  This bird is called a
+cormorant.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A Chinese fisherman lives in his fishing boat.  But China is a very
+crowded country.  So other men as well as fishermen live on small
+flatboats in the rivers near the big towns.  Ducks and other fowls are
+raised on these boats.  The people on the water are as busy as the
+people on the land.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In China houses are one story high.  They are built of wood.  The roofs
+slope, and are made of sticks woven together.  The churches are called
+pagodas.  They are not like our churches, but are tall, like towers.
+They are usually nine stories high.  They have little bells hung all
+around the roof.   These bells ring when the wind blows them back and
+forth.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img012a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Chinese Boats and Pagoda.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Between the houses are narrow streets without sidewalks.  There are no
+wagons.  If a lady goes to make a call, she sends for a sort of covered
+chair.  This has long poles on each side.  The chair is set on the
+ground before her door.  After she gets in, men lift the poles to their
+shoulders.  In this way they carry her.  Baggage and heavy articles are
+also carried on the shoulders of men.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img014a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="381" HEIGHT="162">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Covered Chair with Poles.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+But perhaps the most wonderful thing in China is the Great Wall.  It
+was built by kings a long time ago.  They wanted to keep savage people
+from coming into the country.  The wall is built very high and very
+wide.  It is so wide in some places that eight horses can be driven on
+top of it side by side.  It is hundreds of miles long.  The people of
+China think it is very wonderful.  They think there is nothing so
+wonderful in all the rest of the world.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img013a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="357" HEIGHT="301">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  The Great Wall.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+China seems a curious country.  Boys shout out loud in school.  They
+read and write backward.  Men fly kites, like boys.  Women have feet as
+small as babies' feet.  At dinner nuts and fruits are eaten first.  Men
+work like animals.  There are many ways in which the Chinese are
+different from the people in our country.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="3"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+JAPAN
+</H2>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img015a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="364" HEIGHT="311">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Japanese Children.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+How would you like to ride in a wagon drawn by a man instead of a
+horse?  That is the way people ride in Japan.  Japan is a country a
+long way off, near China.  You would think that a man could not run
+very fast drawing a wagon.  But in Japan some men can run as fast as
+horses.  The wagon is like a buggy, but it has only two wheels.  They
+call this wagon a jin-rik'i-sha.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img016a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="363" HEIGHT="283">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Jinrikisha.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The streets in Japan have no sidewalks.  The houses are only one or two
+stories high.  They are built of wood.  They have no windows or doors.
+Strange houses, you will think.  The walls outside and inside are made
+like sliding doors.  They slide back so that the people can go in and
+out, and from one room to another.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Japanese have very little furniture in their houses.  They have no
+chairs.  They do not need any, for they sit on cushions on the floor.
+They also sleep on the floor.  When it is time to go to bed, they
+spread soft quilts on the floor, one over the other.  The last quilt on
+the top is the cover.  These beds are very nice.  But you could never
+guess what kind of pillows they have.  The pillows are blocks of wood
+the size of a brick.  You would not think them nice at all.  But the
+Japanese seem to sleep very well on their wood pillows.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img017a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="364" HEIGHT="218">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Japanese Bed.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Many of the things in the houses in Japan are made of paper, They have
+paper fans, paper lanterns, paper hats, paper cups, paper umbrellas,
+paper napkins, and paper screens.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have no stoves.  Instead of stoves they have boxes lined with
+brass.  In these boxes they burn charcoal to heat their rooms.  But
+they do not cook their food in these brass boxes.  They cook in little
+ovens made of clay.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When it rains in Japan the people look very funny.  The men wear rain
+coats made of rice straw.  They also have big straw hats and paper
+umbrellas.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img018a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="190" HEIGHT="249">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Rain Coat.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+They wear blocks, three inches high, fastened to the soles of their
+shoes.  These keep their feet dry.  So on a rainy day everybody looks
+three inches taller.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In Japan they do not wear shoes in the house.  When they go into their
+houses they take them off.  Their shoes are made of wood or straw.
+Some of the people have shoes with gold braid.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img019a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="308" HEIGHT="59">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Japanese Shoes.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Perhaps you would like to know how they dress in Japan.  Boys and girls
+dress very much alike.  Both wear long gowns, like skirts, of blue or
+gray cotton or silk.  These gowns are open at the neck.  A sash is worn
+around the waist.  The girls tie their sashes in a bow at the back.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The children of Japan are very strange looking, not at all like you.
+They are like the Chinese.  Their skin is yellow, and their eyes are
+slanted.  Their hair is black and straight.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+You will wish to know what they eat in Japan.  The food is much the
+same as in China.  They eat a great deal of rice.  They have fish, and
+they drink tea.  They use chopsticks in eating, as the people in China
+do.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people in Japan are very fond of flowers.  Every house has a garden
+around it.  The boys and girls walk and play in these gardens.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img020a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="350" HEIGHT="242">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Interior of a Japanese House.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Boys and girls in Japan have many nice toys.  One of their toys is a
+little oven with real fire in it.  Peddlers go round with these ovens
+and with sweet dough to bake in them.  For five cents the boys and
+girls can get the use of an oven, and dough enough to bake little
+cakes.  They often make cakes shaped like animals.  The peddler makes
+the letters of the alphabet in dough.  Then he bakes them in the oven
+for the boys and girls.  With these cake letters they often learn their
+a, b, c.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys in Japan, like the boys in China, are very fond of kites.  But
+in Japan they have fighting kites.  They mix broken fine glass with
+glue, and rub it on their kite strings.  When the strings become dry
+they are hard and sharp.  Then the boys fly their kites.  One boy tries
+to cross and cut the string of another boy's kite with the string of
+his own.  The boy who cuts down a kite gets it as his prize.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In Japan they have a day like our Flag Day.  On this day the boys have
+toy soldiers with swords and guns.  They form these soldiers into
+armies, and have battles.  Then the parents and teachers tell the boys
+about the great soldiers of their country, and the great battles they
+fought.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The girls have a day for themselves.  They call it the "Feast of
+Dolls."  Every girl has a set of dolls.  On that day they take out
+their dolls and doll houses.  Then the girls play with them, and show
+them to one another.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img022a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="249" HEIGHT="332">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Japanese Girl and Doll.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+They have schools in Japan just as we have.  The boys and girls must go
+to school until they are ten years old.  Some of their lessons are very
+hard.  They have forty-seven letters in their alphabet, instead of only
+twenty-six, as we have.  Don't you think it must be hard for the boys
+and girls to learn to read?
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They go to school very early in the morning.  Before they enter the
+school they take off their shoes.  When the teacher comes, they bow
+down their heads nearly to the ground and draw in their breath.  This
+is their "good morning."  The teacher also bows to the boys and girls.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Then the children sit on the floor.  They put their books on their
+knees and begin their lessons.  They have no pens or pencils.  They use
+little brushes instead.  They write in lines from the top to the bottom
+of the sheet of paper, instead of across from side to side as we do.
+This is the way, you remember, they write in China.  The books in Japan
+are also like the books in China.  The last page in our books would be
+the first page in books in China and Japan.  So their books begin at
+what we would think the end.  How queer this seems to us!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are newspapers in Japan, but they are not much like ours.  The
+lines run up and down just as Japanese writing does.  They read back
+from what we would call the last page.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img023a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="363" HEIGHT="259">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Japanese Carpenters at Work.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+A great many things that we use in America come from Japan.  We get
+silk from Japan, and beautiful vases and mats and screens and basket
+work.  The boys and girls in Japan help to make these things.  For they
+are bright and learn quickly how to do very nice work.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="4"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+ARABIA.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Have you ever heard of the Arabs?  They are people with brown skin and
+dark eyes.  They live in a country called Arabia.  It is a very warm
+country.  There is never any snow in Arabia.  A great part of it is
+covered with sand.  For miles and miles you would see nothing but sand.
+Often the sand is so hot that you could not walk on it in your bare
+feet.  Those great tracts of sand are called deserts.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img025a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="232" HEIGHT="325">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Arabs.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In many parts of Arabia water is very scarce.  It rains very seldom,
+and in some places there are no rivers.  The people get water out of
+wells.  They carry the water, in bottles  made of leather.  Glass
+bottles would not do.  The heat is so great that it would go through
+the glass.  Tins would make the water warm.  But the leather bottles
+keep the water cool.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img026a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="194" HEIGHT="363">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Arab Water Carrier.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Some of the Arabs live in towns.  They have walls around their towns.
+At some parts of the walls there are towers.  Both walls and towers are
+made of earth.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In every large town they have an open market place with shops around
+it.  In most of the shops they sell food.  In a few of the shops they
+sell cotton cloth and other dry goods.  Many of the shops are kept by
+women.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The streets are swept every day.  Every family sweeps the street in
+front of its own door.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The houses in the towns are made of stone.  They have flat mud roofs
+and small windows.  The Arabs have no chairs or beds in their houses.
+They sit on mats or carpets spread on the floor.  They also sleep on
+mats.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The chief room in an Arab house is the coffee room.  It is a large room
+with a furnace or fireplace at one end of it for making coffee.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Many of the Arabs live in tents.  They move about from place to place.
+Sometimes they cross the desert to come to the towns.  They must often
+cross it to find water and grass for their horses and camels and sheep.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img028a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="363" HEIGHT="270">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Arabs and Tent.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The camel is very useful to the Arabs.  Perhaps you have seen a camel.
+It is much larger than a horse.  It has a great hump on its back.  It
+has large feet with broad, flat soles; and it can walk or run over the
+sand without sinking.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The camel can carry a very heavy load.  It gives milk which is good to
+drink.  Its hair is made into cloth.  Its flesh is good meat.  It can
+bear thirst and heat far better than a horse can.  It can travel and
+carry a load in the desert for three or four days without drinking.
+This makes it very useful to the Arabs.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img029a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="246" HEIGHT="200">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Camel.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+But the Arabs have horses also.  They are the finest horses in the
+world.  An Arab is very proud of his horse.  He loves him almost as
+much as he loves his children.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Did you ever hear the story that is told of Hassan and his horse?
+Hassan was an Arab who had a horse which he loved very much.  And the
+horse loved Hassan very much.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+One day Hassan was riding on his horse in the desert with some other
+Arabs.  They were met by a party of men called Turks, who made them
+prisoners.  The Turks tied the feet of Hassan and his friends with
+leather straps.  They tied the horses also.  They planned to carry them
+off next morning.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+During the night Hassan heard his horse neighing.  He crept up to him
+and said in a low voice: "What will become of you, my poor horse?  You
+will not be happy with these Turks.  Go home to my tent.  Tell my wife
+that she will never see me again.  Lick the hands of my children with
+your tongue, as a token of my love."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+He then bit off with his teeth the cords that tied the horse, and set
+him free.  The horse looked at his master for a minute or two.  Then he
+caught him with his teeth by the belt and ran off with him into the
+desert.  On and on across the sand he ran.  He never stopped until he
+had laid Hassan down beside his wife and children.  Then, worn out with
+his long run, he dropped dead at his master's feet.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+All the people around wept when they heard the story.  Arab poets made
+songs about Hassan and his horse.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Arabs do not eat very much.  Their chief meal is supper.  They have
+supper in the evening.  They are very fond of coffee.  Did you ever
+hear of Mocha coffee?  It comes from Mocha, a town in Arabia.  Most of
+the Arabs take their coffee without sugar or milk.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They always make their bread in thin cakes.  Then they bake the bread
+on hot iron plates or in an open oven.  They also have ground wheat
+cooked with a little butter.  Arabs who are rich have mutton or camel's
+flesh, and also rice.  All eat vegetables and fruits of various kinds.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are many kinds of fruit in Arabia.  But the greatest and best of
+all is the date.  This grows on the date-palm tree.  The date palm
+grows very high.  The Arabs are very proud of it.  Every part of it is
+of use to them.  Its fruit is the chief food of many of the people.
+You have seen and perhaps you have eaten dried dates.  They are not
+nearly so sweet or so good as the fruit when taken off the tree.  The
+trunk of the date palm is good for making furniture.  Its leaves make
+roofs for houses.  Parts of its branches make firewood.  From some
+parts of the tree cords and ropes are made.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Arabs do not wear very many clothes.  They do not need heavy
+clothes, because the weather in Arabia is almost always very warm.  The
+men wear long light dresses like shirts.  They have a belt, or girdle,
+around the waist.  They wear a handkerchief on the head.  This is tied
+around with a band or string.  On their feet they wear sandals.  Do you
+know what a sandal is?  It is a shoe with only a sole, and straps going
+across the foot and round the ankle.  The Arab women also wear a long
+shirt.  Over it they have a large, wide piece of blue cloth.  This blue
+cloth covers them from head to foot.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img031a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="221" HEIGHT="374">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Arab Woman and Child.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img032a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="111" HEIGHT="169">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  An Arab Sandal.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+But what about the Arab boys and girls?  What do they wear?  Most of
+the boys run around without shoes or stockings.  But some of them wear
+little red shoes turned up at the toes, and others wear small sandals.
+They also wear loose trousers and jackets and little red caps.  The
+girls commonly wear cotton dresses that are made very plain.  Sometimes
+they have veils over their heads.  In the country places the girls do
+not wear veils.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img033a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="225" HEIGHT="290">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Arab Girl with Veil.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Only the boys go to school.  Before they enter the school they must
+take off their sandals.  They have no seats in their schools.  They all
+sit on the floor.  Their lessons are not like your lessons.  They have
+only one book.  It is called the Koran.  The Koran is the Arab Bible.
+The Arab boys must learn the Koran by heart.  At school, they all shout
+out together when they are learning their lessons.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img034a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="256" HEIGHT="276">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A School in Arabia.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+But the Arab boys learn many things at home.  They learn to read and to
+write.  They also have plenty of time to play.  They play ball.  They
+fly kites.  They ride ponies.  Often they play with old guns and
+swords.  Thus they learn to be soldiers.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Arab girls do not go to school.  But they do not play very much.
+They must help their mothers do the work at home.  The mothers grind
+corn to make bread.  They spin and weave cloth for clothes.  They grind
+the corn with two flat stones.  One of these stones is placed on top of
+the other.  There is a hole in the middle of the upper stone.  They
+pour the corn into this hole.  The upper stone is then turned round by
+a handle.  So the corn is ground between the two stones.  The girls
+often have to turn the stone around.  They must also take care of the
+baby.  They help to carry home water from the well.  They carry the
+water in earthen jars.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img035a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="350" HEIGHT="221">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Arabs Grinding Corn.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+You will say, then, that the Arab girls have a hard time.  But they do
+not work always.  They have some time for play.  They have very funny
+dolls.  Would you not laugh if some one gave you two sticks joined like
+a cross, and told you it was a doll?  That is the kind of doll the Arab
+girls have.  And they are very fond of their dolls.  They dress them,
+and take great care of them.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Arabs are very fond of tales and stories.  Perhaps you have heard
+of a book called the "Arabian Nights."  It is full of wonderful stories
+about kings and giants and witches, and other strange things.  This
+book came from Arabia.  When you are older you will read the "Arabian
+Nights."  In it you will learn many more things about Arabia and the
+Arabs.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="5"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+KOREA.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+What funny hats they wear in Korea!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But, you will ask, where is Korea?  It is near Japan, a country you
+have read of in this book.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people of Korea look a little like Chinamen.  They have yellow skin
+and slanting eyes.  Their hair is long, straight, and black, and they
+wear it in a very strange way.  The boys and girls wear their hair down
+their backs in braids tied with ribbons.  The men and women have their
+hair in little topknots that stand straight up.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img037a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="211" HEIGHT="231">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Korean.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+But I must tell you about the strange hats they have.  Some of the men
+wear hats that go down over their shoulders.  This is the kind of hat
+they wear when they are in mourning, after the death of a father or
+mother.  Some wear hats made of straw.  These hats look like large
+flowerpots turned upside down.  Some have hats made of horsehair.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But the hats made of straw and the hats made of horsehair do not keep
+the rain out.  So they have umbrellas.  Their umbrellas are as funny as
+the hats.  They are made of oil paper, and have no handles.  They look
+like fans.  When it rains, the people open their umbrellas and tie them
+on top of their hats.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys in Korea wear loose jackets, and wide trousers which go under
+their stockings.  The stockings are padded with cotton, and are tied at
+the ankle.  The girls wear very pretty little jackets, sometimes red,
+sometimes pink, and sometimes green.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The shoes they wear in Korea are of many kinds and shapes.  Some are
+made of leather.  Others are like the wooden shoes the Chinamen wear,
+which turn up at the toes.  The funniest shoes they have are made of
+paper.  The paper is very thick and strong, and so their paper shoes
+last a good while.  But the shoes that are worn by most of the people
+in Korea are made of straw.  They are like sandals, and they are worn
+so that the large toe is not covered.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people in Korea have a strange way of keeping themselves cool in
+hot weather.  They have something like a basket made of rods of bamboo.
+This basket is round and long, and open at the top and bottom.  They
+put their heads through this basket, and it hangs downward from their
+shoulders around their bodies.  Then they put their clothes over it, so
+that the basket is inside.  It is next to their skin.  How would you
+like to have such a summer dress?
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys in Korea go to school when they are very young.  The girls do
+not go to school.  They stay at home to help their mothers.  But girls
+whose parents are rich have teachers at home to teach them reading and
+writing and other things.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In school, the teacher sits on a straw mat on the floor.  The boys also
+sit on the floor on straw mats.  They say their lessons out loud.  They
+write their lines from the top to the bottom of the page.  The people
+in China and Japan, as you know, write in the same way.  The boys of
+Korea learn to count on a _chon-pan_.  The chon-pan is much like the
+counting box they have in the schools in China.  It is made of little
+balls on a frame of wires fixed in a box.  The boys also learn by heart
+the wise sayings of great men.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys in Korea have some very nice toys.  But the best playthings
+they have are their kites.  They make their kites fight battles in the
+air, just as the boys do in Japan.  Every boy tries to tear down every
+other boy's kite.  This is done by pulling the strings across one
+another.  Sometimes the sky is full of beautiful kites, which jump and
+dash about as if they were alive.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys also have fine, large pinwheels.  They make these pinwheels
+whirl around in the wind.  The boys also spin tops, and they play
+"seesaw," and jump the rope.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys in Korea are fond of fishing.  Nearly every boy has a fishing
+rod and goes fishing whenever he can.  Sometimes the boys have great
+fun going around dressed like their fathers.  They wear wooden swords
+and little bows and arrows like soldiers.  They make straw figures of
+men, and with their swords they strike off the heads of these straw men.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But the boys have to work as well as play.  Many of the peddlers in
+Korea are boys.  They sell candy and other things.  The girls do a
+great deal of work at home.  The first thing they learn to do is to sew.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Would you like to know how the women iron their clothes?  They wrap
+each piece around a stick and lay it on the floor.  Then they sit down
+and beat the piece on the stick with wooden clubs.  In this way they
+make the clothes as smooth as a Chinaman makes the linen which he irons.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img041a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="346" HEIGHT="218">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Korean Girls Ironing Clothes.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The houses in Korea are one or two stories high.  They are made of wood
+or clay, and sometimes the roofs are of straw.  The windows are high,
+and the doors are often so low that the people have to stoop down to go
+in.  The rooms are very small and have hardly any furniture.  There are
+no chairs.  The people sit on mats on the floor.  The walls between the
+rooms are made of paper, and the floor is made of stone.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img042a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="363" HEIGHT="249">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Korean Houses.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+They have a strange way of heating their houses.  They have no stoves
+or fireplaces.  But under the floor they have a cellar like an oven.
+In this cellar a fire is always kept, and the rooms are sometimes so
+hot that the people can hardly walk on the stone floors.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+People who are poor sleep on mats on the floor.  They sleep in their
+clothes. People who are rich have mattresses.  The mattresses are laid
+on the floor at night, and are taken up in the morning.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people of Korea eat a great deal of rice.  But they have other
+kinds of food.  They have meat and fish and eggs and also fruit.  You
+would think that they would use a great deal of tea, as they live so
+near China.  But they do not drink tea.  They drink rice water instead.
+The rice water is water that rice has been boiled in.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+At their meals the men always eat first and the women wait on them.
+When the men have eaten as much as they want, then the women and
+children eat.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The tables they have are very low.  It would not do for them to have
+high tables, as they sit on the floor.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have no knives or forks.  They eat with spoons, and they use
+chopsticks, as the Chinamen do.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have no water-pipes in their houses.  In the towns men carry water
+in pails.  They have no gas.  For light at night they use candles.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have only one kind of coin.  It is a small piece of copper.  It
+has a square hole in the middle.  They put these coins on strings and
+carry them around their necks.  It would take many such coins to make a
+dollar.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img044a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="114" HEIGHT="104">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Korean Money.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+There are farms in Korea, where they grow wheat, rice, rye, tobacco,
+cotton, watermelons, and many kinds of fruit.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+If you were in Korea, you would think it the strangest country in the
+world.  They do many things very unlike the way we do them.  With us
+bright-colored things are worn by women.  In Korea the men wear bright
+colors.  They have a funny way of selling eggs there.  They place ten
+eggs end to end in a row, and put straw around them.  Then they tie
+strings around the straw between the eggs.  This is called a stick of
+eggs.  When people go to buy eggs, they ask for one or two sticks, or
+as many as they wish.  One stick of eggs costs less than five cents.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img045a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="45" HEIGHT="283">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Stick of Eggs.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Instead of a president they have a king.  The king lives in the largest
+town.  There is a thick, high wall all around this town.  There are
+gates in the wall, and these are shut at night.  After the gates are
+shut, no one can get in or out until they are opened in the morning.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people show very great respect for the king.  When they go to speak
+to him they throw themselves down on their faces before his throne.
+The people love their country very much.  They think it is the most
+beautiful country in the world.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="6"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+INDIA.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+How would you like to go to school at six o'clock in the morning?  That
+is the time many children go to school in India.  India is a large
+country in Asia.  The children stay in school till nine o'clock.  Then
+they go home for breakfast, and go back to school at ten.  At two
+o'clock they go home for dinner.  They go back again at three to stay
+till evening.  You will think that this is a long time to be at school.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img046a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="360" HEIGHT="270">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Hindoo Children at School.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In some of the schools they have no desks or chairs, but the boys and
+girls sit on the floor.  In other schools they have long tables instead
+of desks.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They do not learn their letters as we do.  The teachers write five
+letters in sand on the floor.  Then the boys and girls write the
+letters in the sand.  They write the letters many times, until they
+know them well.  Then the teachers write five more letters, and so on
+until the children know all the letters.  When they can make the
+letters in the sand, they next learn to write them on palm leaves with
+pens made of wood.  The last thing they do is to write them on slates
+and on paper.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img047a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="170" HEIGHT="359">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Native Children of India.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In some of the large towns they learn to read and write English.  But
+English is not the language that most of the people speak.  They have a
+language of their own.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img048a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="360" HEIGHT="259">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Hindoo Family at Home.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The people of India are called Hindoos.  They have dark skin, dark
+eyes, and dark hair.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is so warm that most of the people wear very little clothing.  Many
+of the boys and girls wear no shoes.  The girls are very fond of
+jewels.  No matter how poor a family is, they try to buy some jewels
+for their girls.  So the girls in India always have jewelry to wear.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have no Christmas in India.  They have what they call the "Feast
+of the Cakes."  At the Feast of the Cakes they have three holidays.
+Then they have cakes of all kinds.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys are very fond of swinging.  They are also very fond of
+swimming.  In some places they have diving wells.  The boys plunge from
+a high bank down into the water below.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img049a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="357" HEIGHT="235">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Tiger.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The rich people have very fine houses, with gardens and flowers and
+fountains.  There are carpets, cushions, and tables in the houses, but
+no chairs.  They sit on cushions on the floor.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The beds are very low, and the legs are often of silver or gold or
+ivory.  They have no sheets or pillow cases, but covers of velvet or
+satin.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people who are poor live in houses made of dried mud, with roofs of
+bamboo poles and straw.  They have hardly any furniture.  They sleep on
+mats made of palm leaves.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img050a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="298" HEIGHT="242">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Cobras.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In many of the houses they have no tables.  They eat off of leaves on
+the floor.  Their food is mostly rice.  All the family do not eat
+together.  The father of the family always eats first.  When he has
+eaten, the mother and children sit down to eat.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The women do most of the work.  So the girls have to learn to work.
+But the men and boys do all the sewing.  How queer this seems!
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img051a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="364" HEIGHT="270">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  An Elephant Piling Lumber.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+There are a great many wild beasts in India--tigers, leopards, cobras,
+and crocodiles.  The tigers are very fierce.  They sometimes come into
+villages at night and carry off men, women or children, and kill and
+eat them.  There are logs.  They do work of many kinds.  An elephant is
+much stronger than a horse.  He can carry a far heavier load.
+Sometimes all the family ride on one elephant's back.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img052a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="363" HEIGHT="259">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Riding on an Elephant.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="7"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+LAPLAND.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Jingle! jingle! jingle!  Where does the merry sound come from?  It
+comes from a sleigh drawn by a reindeer.  The sleigh is called a
+"pulk'ha."  It is made of birch wood.  It has no runners.  It goes on a
+little keel like that on the bottom of a boat.  The sleigh is very low.
+It is pointed at the front like a rowboat, and is flat at the back.
+There are no seats in it.  The driver sits in the bottom.  The reindeer
+draws the sleigh, and goes very fast.  If the driver is not very
+careful the sleigh may be upset.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is in Lapland that you may see this kind of a sleigh.  The people
+who live there are called Lapps.  They are short and stout.  You would
+think the men and women were boys and girls.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is very cold in Lapland.  The summer is short, and the winter is
+long.  So the Lapps have to wear warm clothes most of the year.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The men and women and boys and girls in Lapland dress much alike.  In
+the winter they wear a long outside coat called a _kap'ta_.   It
+reaches below the knees.  It is made of reindeer skin with the hair
+left on.  Under the kapta they wear warm clothes made of wool.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img054a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="367" HEIGHT="259">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Lapp's Tent.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Their shoes are also made of reindeer skin.  They wear two pairs of
+thick woolen stockings.  When they put on the stockings, they wrap
+their feet in dry grass.  Then they put on their shoes.  The grass
+helps to keep their feet warm.  They also wear two pairs of mittens at
+the same time.  One pair is made of wool.  The other pair is made of
+reindeer skin.  Their hats or caps are also made of reindeer skin.
+They are lined with eider down.  Perhaps you do not know what eider
+down is.  It is the soft, fine feathers of a bird called the eider
+duck.  A great many of these ducks are found in Lapland.  Their down is
+very soft and warm.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Sometimes the Lapps have to go long distances in the snow.  Then they
+put on skees.  If you saw a pair of skees, you would think that a
+person could not walk with them.  They are flat pieces of wood, four or
+five inches wide, and very long.  Some skees are six feet long.  Some
+are ten or twelve feet long.  They are turned up a little in the front.
+In the middle of each there is a hollow place.  The shoe is strapped to
+the foot there, as you see in the picture.  When the Lapps go on skees,
+they do not raise their feet from the ground.  They slide along, one
+foot after the other.  They have a long pole, or staff, in their hands
+to beep themselves from falling.  They can go very fast in this way.
+Sometimes they go ten or fifteen miles an hour.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img055a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="381" HEIGHT="46">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Skees.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In some parts of Lapland the people live in houses made of earth and
+stone.  Each house has only one room.  The Lapps have no carpets.  They
+have no tables or chairs.  They cover their floor with twigs of trees.
+They eat and sleep on skins spread on the twigs.  They burn wood for
+fires.  The fire is made on the ground in the middle of the floor.  The
+smoke goes out through a hole in the roof.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img057a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="357" HEIGHT="259">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Lapp Family at Home.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The Lapps do not all live in the same way.  Some of them are called
+mountain Lapps.  In summer the mountain Lapps live in tents among the
+hills.  Their tents are made of reindeer skin.  They have a great many
+reindeer.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The reindeer is very useful to the Lapps.  It gives them milk.  It
+draws their sleighs.  Its flesh is good to eat.  They make clothes of
+its skin.  They make knives and spoons of its horns.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In summer the reindeer eat the soft shoots of shrubs and trees.  In
+winter they feed on moss called lichen.  They get the lichen
+themselves.  They would not eat it if it were gathered for them.  In
+winter they dig down through the snow with their feet to get at the
+lichen.  They dig first with one fore foot and then with the other.
+The snow is often so deep that the reindeer has to dig a hole so large
+that its body is almost hidden.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The reindeer are not put in stables.  They like to be out in the cold
+and snow.  They are able to take care of themselves.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Lapps eat a good deal of meat.  Their meat is the flesh of the
+reindeer.  They are very fond of fat.  All people who live in very cold
+countries eat a great deal of fat.  It helps to keep them warm.  The
+Lapps also have milk and cheese.  They eat rye bread and fish and
+berries.  They drink coffee.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img058a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="346" HEIGHT="242">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A White Bear.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In winter they have to melt snow in a pot over the fire to get water.
+The rivers and lakes are all frozen.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Lapps cook their food in a large pot over the fire.  They sit
+around the fire to eat.  The father takes a piece of meat out of the
+pot.  Then he serves a piece to each.  The Lapps use no forks.  They
+use their fingers instead.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In some places they have a funny way of storing their food.  They make
+a little log house on the top of a post.  They have a ladder to go up
+to it.  In this little house they store cheese and milk and other
+things.  Then wild animals cannot reach them.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img059a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="246" HEIGHT="218">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Lapland Wolf.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+There are bears and wolves and foxes in Lapland.  These animals are
+sometimes very fierce.  They would come into the people's tents and
+houses at night, were it not for the dogs.  Nearly every person has a
+dog.  Even the hoys and girls have dogs.  The dogs are very brave.
+They are not afraid to attack wolves or bears.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But you will wish to know about the children in Lapland.  You have
+heard about the old woman who lived in a shoe.  The Lapp baby has a
+cradle shaped like a shoe.  It is made of a single piece of wood.  It
+is lined with moss and other warm things.  The mother often carries it
+in her arms.  Sometimes she carries it on her back, slung from her
+shoulders.  The baby plays with strings of buttons or glass beads.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When a baby is born in Lapland they give it a reindeer.  If the
+reindeer has any young ones, they keep them for the baby until it is a
+man or woman.  They also give a reindeer to the person who is the first
+to find that the baby has cut a tooth.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Lapp boys and girls have very few toys.  The toys they have they
+make themselves.  The boys make willow flutes and play on them.  When
+the boys go on the water they have long, narrow boats like canoes.
+Some boys also make sleighs.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Many of the boys and girls go to school.  They learn to read and write
+and count.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are towns near the sea and by the rivers and lakes.  In these
+towns they have schools and churches.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="8"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+GREENLAND.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Very strange people live in Greenland.  They are called Eskimos.
+Greenland is a country very far north.  It is always cold there.  So
+the children need warm clothing.  Their stockings are made of birdskin.
+The soft feathers keep their little feet very warm.  Their shoes are
+made of sealskin.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+An Eskimo girl does not wear skirts.  Her clothes are like her
+brother's.  Her trousers are made of white bearskin.  Her jacket is
+made of fur.  When she goes out sleigh riding, she puts on fur mittens.
+Do you know what a fur boa is?  This little girl wears one around her
+neck.  It is made of the tail of a fox.  The strings to it are made of
+long pieces of skin.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img062a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="204" HEIGHT="252">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  An Eskimo Girl.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Perhaps you think the Eskimo children are white.  No, they are brown.
+Their faces are round and fat.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Our babies ride in carriages, but an Eskimo baby rides on its mother's
+back.  The mother wears a coat with a pocket on the back of it.  The
+pocket is lined inside with soft reindeer skin.  This makes a nice warm
+nest for baby.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img063a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="222" HEIGHT="318">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Eskimo Mother and Baby.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In Greenland all the boys and girls have sleds.  The runners of the
+sled are made of bone.  The top is made of strips of sealskin.  It has
+a back for the boy or girl to lean against.  Dogs draw the sled across
+the snow.  But the Eskimos also have sleds made of ice.  I think you
+would like an ice sled.  Oh, how fast it runs over the snow!  The boys
+and girls have fine fun with these sleds!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They play a nice game in the snow with their sleds.  I will tell you
+about it.  Do you know what a reindeer is?  It is like a deer, but it
+has long, branching horns.  The horns are called antlers.  When the
+Eskimos kill a reindeer for meat, the boys and girls get the antlers.
+They set these antlers up in the snow on a hillside.  They leave spaces
+between the antlers.  Then the boys and girls get on their sleds and
+slide down the hill.  They must go between the antlers, but must not
+touch them.  Sometimes the boys and girls have bows and arrows.  They
+try to hit the antlers with their arrows.  This is very hard, but it is
+great fun.  Do you think you could do this?
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The boys have boats made of long, thin bones covered with skins.  These
+sail very well on the water.  The boys use paddles to move the boats.
+A paddle is like an oar.  The boys sometimes go in their boats to help
+their fathers catch fish.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Eskimo children cannot read or write.  They do not go to school, for
+the Eskimos have no schools.  They are very fond of stories, but they
+cannot read them in books.  So their mothers tell them stories.  The
+mothers cannot read, either.   The stories they tell are what they
+heard from their mothers.  Are you not happy that you can read stories
+for yourself?
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Perhaps you think the Eskimo children are unhappy?  Oh, no!  Though
+they cannot read books, they play all kinds of games.  There is a funny
+game they play in the house.  All the children get on their knees in a
+ring.  Then they hold their toes with their hands and move along by
+jumps.  The one who goes the fastest wins.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Eskimo boys play a game like the game of "cup and ball."  They have
+two pieces of bone.  One is flat, with holes in it.  The other is long
+and sharp like a pin.  Both are joined by a string about a foot long.
+The flat piece is tied to one end of the string, and the pin to the
+other end.  The pin is held in the hand, and the flat piece is thrown
+into the air.  The game is to catch the flat piece upon the point of
+the pin, by one of the holes.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img066a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="360" HEIGHT="283">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Eskimo Children.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Eskimo boys play another game with a ball and a stick made of bone.  It
+is something like shinny, one of the games yon play.  They also play a
+game with a sealskin hall about as big as a baseball.  They strike the
+ball with their hands and try to keep it in the air all the time.  The
+Eskimo boys play football very well.  They think it great fun.   They
+never touch the ball with their hands; they only kick it.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The girls have dolls made of wood, with fur clothes.  The dolls look
+like the little girls themselves.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Perhaps you would like to know about the houses the Eskimos live in.
+They have summer houses and winter houses.  The summer house is a tent
+made of skins.  The winter house is made of stones and earth covered
+with snow.  It is not much higher than a man.  They have a strange way
+of getting into these houses.  A long, narrow passage leads from the
+door on the outside.  They must crawl on their hands and knees along
+this passage.  Then they go through a small opening into the house.
+The long passage keeps out the cold.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img067a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="246" HEIGHT="200">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Winter House.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+There is only one room in the house.  Everything is done in this room.
+They sleep and eat and cook in it.  The beds are of sealskins, and are
+made on a bench along the wall.  There are no stoves in the house.  The
+Eskimos use lamps to keep themselves warm and to give them light.  They
+cook their food, too, with lamps.  The lamps give great heat, and the
+houses are quite warm.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When the men kill a bear they have a party.  At the party everybody
+sits around the lamp The bear is cut up and every one gets a piece.
+Then the children sing and dance.  The Eskimos eat a great deal of
+meat.  They kill seals and bears and birds for their meat.  They also
+eat berries and seaweed.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are no tables in Eskimo houses.  A large dish is set on the
+floor.  The family sit round it and eat out of it.  They cut their meat
+with knives made of bone.  Their cups are made of sealskin.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Do you know what a seal is?  It is an animal with thick fur.  Sometimes
+it lives on the land and sometimes in the water.  The people in the
+North kill it and make clothes of its skin.  Its fur is very warm and
+makes fine jackets.  The Eskimos eat the flesh of the seal.  They make
+knives and other things of its bones.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img069a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="336" HEIGHT="155">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Seals.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Eskimo boys and girls have a funny kind of candy.  It is the red skin
+of a bird's foot soaked in fat.  You would not care for this.  But the
+Eskimo children eat it and like it.  The cold weather makes them like
+to eat fat.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="9"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+RUSSIA.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+"Your nose! your nose, sir!"  This is a cry often heard in the streets
+of Russia.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Russia is a very large country.  Part of it is in Europe.  A great part
+of it is very cold.  When a person in the cold part of Russia goes out
+riding in winter, he has to cover his face, all except the nose and
+eyes.  Sometimes his nose gets very cold, and would freeze if some one
+did not cry out, "Your nose, sir!"  Why?  When one's nose gets so cold,
+it becomes numb.  It has no feeling.  One would not know that it was
+freezing if some person did not cry out.  The cold nose must then be
+rubbed with snow.  You would think this a strange way to keep it from
+freezing, but it is the best way to take out the frost.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are many kinds of houses in Russia.  The houses have to be made
+very warm.  So they are built with double walls.  In rich people's
+houses they have stoves like ours.  But in the poor people's houses the
+stoves are built of brick.  They always burn wood, for coal costs too
+much in Russia.  The stoves are sometimes built very high.  Often they
+are as high as the ceiling.  Sometimes people lie on top of the great
+stove to keep themselves warm.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img071a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="322" HEIGHT="204">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Russian Carriage.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In most of the houses in the country, they have no beds.  There are
+benches along the wall, which they use both for chairs and beds.  In
+some houses the children sleep on the floor on pieces of felt.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Most of the people in Russia are farmers.  They raise a great deal of
+wheat.  The people in many other countries get wheat from Russia.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img072a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="367" HEIGHT="321">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Russian Farmer and his Family.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The children have to wear very warm clothes because it is so cold the
+greater part of the year.  Their coats are lined with fur.  In winter
+the children in the towns have great fun on the ice hills.  Ice hills
+are made in all the towns.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+First they build a high tower, and down from the top of it they make a
+steep hill.  Blocks of ice are laid on this hill and water is poured
+over them.  The water freezes, and thus the ice hill is made.  On one
+side of the ice hill there is a place to draw up the sleds.  The boys
+and girls start at the top, and down they go with merry laughing and
+shouting!  So you see they have fine sport on their ice hills.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When the children are not playing on the ice hills, they go skating or
+sleighing.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In some parts of Russia they have funny ferryboats.  When the rivers
+are frozen over in winter, the boats cannot sail on them.  Then the
+people use chairs instead of boats.  There are warm covers on the
+chairs, and men on skates push them across the ice.  It costs less than
+one cent to ride across a river in one of these chairs.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In St. Petersburg they build an ice palace every winter.  St.
+Petersburg is the largest city in Russia.  It is the place where the
+emperor lives.  The Emperor of Russia is sometimes called the Czar.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They make the ice palace with square blocks of ice.  They put the
+blocks together and pour water between them.  When the water freezes,
+the wall is solid like a wall of brick or stone.  Everything inside the
+palace is made of ice.  There are ice stairs and ice tables, and ice
+chairs, and beautiful flowers made of ice.  Warm rugs of fur are put on
+the chairs so that people who sit on them may not be cold.  Often there
+are grand balls and parties in this beautiful palace of ice.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img074a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="222" HEIGHT="297">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Russian Family.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In summer, too, the boys and girls in Russia have a good time.  The
+boys have wrestling matches, for they are strong.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The girls have a game like ring-around-a-rosy.  They also have a game
+much like our seesaw.  A girl stands on each end of a board.  Then one
+girl jumps up and comes down on the board.  This sends the other girl
+up, and in her turn she comes down on the board and sends the first
+girl up.  And so they play on, going up and down.  This is not an easy
+game to play.  It is some time before the girls can do it well.  Some
+girls are so skillful at this game that they can keep jumping a long
+time without falling.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Some people in Russia have very queer cradles for their babies.  One
+kind of cradle is a basket which hangs by ropes from the ceiling.
+Another kind of cradle is made of cloth sewed to a wooden frame.  This
+cradle also hangs from the ceiling.
+
+In some places in Russia the nurses who take care of the babies wear
+dresses to show whether the baby is a girl or a boy.  If it is a boy
+the nurse wears a blue dress.  If it is a girl the nurse wears a pink
+dress.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are not schools in all parts of Russia, but in some places there
+are good schools, and the children learn to read and write.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+I must not forget to tell you of the great bell in Russia.  It is the
+largest bell in the world.  It is in Moscow, a very old city of Russia,
+and it is called the great bell of Moscow.  But it has never been rung,
+for it was cracked in the side when it was being made.  It is nearly
+twenty feet high, and is now used as a chapel.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img076a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="225" HEIGHT="301">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  The Great Bell at Moscow.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The next largest bell in the world is also in Moscow.  This bell is
+hung up in a church; and when they ring it, the sound is heard all over
+the city like the rolling of thunder.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="10"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+SWITZERLAND.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Switzerland is a land of mountains and hills and valleys and beautiful
+lakes and streams.  Every year many people go from all parts of the
+world to see the beautiful Swiss mountains and valleys.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Sometimes large masses of snow and ice, mixed with earth, fall or slide
+down the sides of the mountains with a loud crash.  As they slide, they
+tear away rocks and trees, and bury houses and villages beneath them.
+These masses of snow and ice are called avalanches.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img077a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="225" HEIGHT="435">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  An Avalanche.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Snow falls all the year round on the tops of the mountains in
+Switzerland.  As the snow falls, it packs down hard and changes into
+ice.  At last it becomes a great mass of ice, and slides very slowly
+down the sides of the mountains into the valleys.  These masses of ice
+are called glaciers.  They move so slowly that you cannot tell they are
+moving by looking at them.  But by driving a stake down, you can see,
+after a long time, that the ice has moved a little way.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A great many of the people in Switzerland live by keeping cattle and
+sheep and goats.  Their houses are in the valleys.  But in spring, when
+the snow begins to melt and the grass begins to grow, the men drive
+their flocks up the mountain sides to feed.  There they stay till the
+end of summer.  The men take with them a supply of food, and they sleep
+in huts on the mountain side.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There is a kind of goat in Switzerland called the chamois.  It lives
+high up in the mountains.  It is very hard to hunt the chamois, for it
+can go into places where a man cannot follow it.  It can leap very
+nimbly from one rock to another.  It can go up and down a rough
+mountain side.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img079a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="180" HEIGHT="314">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Chamois.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In the summer the chamois feeds on herbs and flowers.  In winter it
+eats the shoots and buds of pine trees.  It is very fond of salt.
+There is a kind of stone in the mountains that is partly made of salt.
+The chamois licks these stones to get the salt.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The chamois feed together in herds of fifteen or twenty.  One of them
+is always on the watch to give notice if anybody comes to hunt them.
+When it sees any one coming, it stamps on the ground with its fore feet
+and makes a sharp cry.  Then all start off.  They leap from crag to
+crag till they are far out of danger.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The skin of the chamois is very soft.  It is made into a fine, soft
+leather.  This leather is called shammy leather.  Have you ever seen a
+piece of shammy leather?  The flesh of the chamois is very good to eat.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people in Switzerland use a great deal of milk and butter and
+cheese for their food.  They also have potatoes and bread and fruit.
+They eat very little meat.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Swiss houses are made of wood.  Stones are often put on the roofs.
+The stones keep the shingles from being torn off by the wind.  The
+Swiss are very neat and clean.  On every window sill there are
+flowerpots, for the Swiss are very fond of flowers.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img081a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="363" HEIGHT="283">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Swiss House.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In every village in Switzerland there is a school.  The Swiss have very
+good schools.  The boys and girls must go to school when they are six
+years old.  They learn all that we learn in our schools.  There are
+also schools where the boys are taught trades.  The boys and girls go
+to school only eight months in the year.  So they have four months'
+vacation.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+After school, the boys help to take care of the sheep and goats and
+cattle.  The girls help about the housework.  All find plenty to do.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But the Swiss boys and girls have some time for play as well as for
+work and school.  They often have holidays.  One of their greatest
+holidays is the day that the men come home from the mountains with
+their flocks.  The boys and girls go out to meet them.  They sing
+songs.  The bells ring, and flags wave.  Everybody is merry and happy.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The children in Switzerland have a great many pretty toys.  Some of
+their toys are made to play music.  The Swiss make all kinds of music
+boxes.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In Switzerland, instead of a king, they have a president, as we have.
+And in past times they had brave men who fought to make their country
+free.  One of their great men was William Tell.  The Swiss love his
+name as strongly as we love the name of George Washington.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img082a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="274" HEIGHT="221">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Swiss Dog Cart.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="11"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<h2>
+HOLLAND.
+</h2>
+
+<P>
+The people who live in Holland are called Dutch.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are many canals in Holland.  In some of the towns they have
+canals instead of streets.  There are bridges across the canals for
+people to go from one side of the street to the other.  In some of the
+streets they have no sidewalks, and nothing between the houses but
+canals.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img083a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="322" HEIGHT="207">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Canals in Holland.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In most of the houses they have no carpets.  They scatter white sand on
+the floor every morning.  They keep their houses very clean.  In their
+kitchens they have open fireplaces, with fires blazing brightly.  Near
+the fires they have footstools made of cork.  In some houses they have
+fire boxes for warming their feet.  They can carry these boxes wherever
+they like.  In cold weather they take their fire boxes to church.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Wherever you go in Holland you see windmills.  When you see them far
+off they look like giants with their arms stretched out.  The arms are
+shaped like ladders.  The arms have sails on them to catch the wind.
+It is the wind that makes the arms go round.  With these windmills the
+people pump up water, and grind corn, and saw wood.  The land is very
+flat and low.  There are no swift running streams to turn the mills.
+So the people build windmills.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img084a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="322" HEIGHT="201">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Windmills in Holland.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The great wonder of Holland is the dikes.  Holland is near the sea, and
+so dikes are built along the beach to keep the water out.  The dikes
+are strong walls made of earth and stones.  They are very high, and so
+thick that on the top there is a road to walk and ride on.  In some
+parts of Holland there are houses also on the top of the dikes.  If it
+were not for these dikes, the sea would flow in on the land.  Then it
+would cover the houses and towns, and drown the people.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Did you ever hear the story of the little boy and the hole in the dike?
+The little boy's name was Hans.  He lived near the great dikes along
+the sea.  One day his mother sent him on an errand.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When he was coming home, he saw water flowing from a small hole in the
+dike.  He knew that the water came from the sea.  Then he said to
+himself, "If that water is not stopped, the hole will get larger.  Then
+the sea will break in, and we shall all be drowned."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+So Hans went up to the dike and put his hand against the hole, and
+stopped the water.  This was very hard to do.  But the little fellow
+held bravely on.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When night came and Hans did not come home, his father and some of the
+people who lived close by went to search for him.  After many hours
+they found him at the dike, keeping the water back with his hand.  Then
+his father took him home, and the men stopped up the hole in the dike.
+Everybody praised Hans for what he had done.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The little children in Holland are very pretty.  They have round, fat
+faces, golden hair, and blue eyes.  The boys wear wide trousers and
+little round caps.  The girls wear jackets and skirts and little caps
+with gold braid.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Both boys and girls wear wooden shoes.  And what a noise they do make
+with their wooden shoes when they run around!  They have great fun
+playing their shoes are boats.  They sit on the sides of the canals and
+take off their shoes and sail them on the water like little boats.
+They tie strings to the shoes so that they can draw them in whenever
+they like.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img087a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="253" HEIGHT="384">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Dutch Girl with Wooden Shoes.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Dutch children do not wear shoes in the house, but wear slippers.  When
+they go home after playing or from school they take off their shoes.
+They leave them outside the door.  Would you not think it strange to
+see rows of little shoes outside the doors?
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Every Saturday the children clean their shoes.  But they do not shine
+them as we do.  They wash them with soap and water, and dry them at the
+fire.  If the sun shines, they hang them on a bush to dry.  When they
+are dry, they are almost as white as snow.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Winter is a very merry season in Holland.  Then all the canals are
+frozen, and there is great fun skating.  Everybody has skates, even the
+little children.  And how merry and happy the boys and girls are,
+skimming along on the ice!
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img088a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="222" HEIGHT="460">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Skating in Holland.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The men and women go to market on skates.  Those who do not wish to go
+on skates go in sleds or chairs with runners on them.  The chairs are
+pushed by skaters.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But the best fun of all is on the ice boats.  The ice boats have sails,
+and can go very fast on the smooth ice.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The first day of skating every year is a holiday.  There is no school
+that day, and everybody goes out skating, or riding in sleds or ice
+boats.  How glad the boys and girls are when Skating Day comes!  What
+fun they have!  And of course they have sleigh riding, for every family
+has a sleigh.  The sleighs are made like shells, or boats, or swans.
+When the people go sleigh riding at night, they carry lighted torches.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The greatest holiday the Dutch have is Santa Claus's day.  It is on
+December 6.  All the stores are made pretty on that day.  Santa Claus
+is in the windows.  He is dressed in red with white fur, and rides a
+large horse.  The streets are crowded with boys and girls to see all
+this.  They have Santa Claus cakes, and gingerbread made like chairs
+and tables and fishes and horses and many other things.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+At night Santa Claus rides on the roofs of the houses, and drops nice
+things down the chimneys for good children.  And the boys and girls
+leave their shoes near the fireplace for the things to drop in.
+
+But they do not find many toys in their shoes, for Santa likes better
+to give them cakes and money.  The Dutch boys and girls have not many
+toys, but they play for hours with their shoes.  They use them for
+boats, baskets, dishes, or beds for their dolls.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have fine schools in Holland, and the boys and girls go to school
+and learn the same things that we learn in our schools.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Some Dutch girls go to market to sell milk or cheese.  They have
+donkeys to carry the milk or cheese.  Sometimes, the girls ride on the
+donkeys' backs.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Some Dutch girls also go to market to sell fruit.  They carry the fruit
+on a pole across the back of their shoulders.  A basket of fruit hangs
+from each end of the pole, as you see in the picture.  The boys sell
+milk.  They carry it about in little wagons drawn by dogs.  They are
+very kind to the dogs.  They do not make them draw too heavy a load.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img091a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="149" HEIGHT="207">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Dutch Milkmaid.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+When a baby is born in Holland, some one hangs a silk ball outside the
+door.  If the baby is a boy, they hang up a red ball; and if it is a
+girl, they hang up a pink ball.  Is not this a good way to let their
+friends know they have a new baby?
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="12"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+PATAGONIA.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Have you ever seen a man with pictures on his body?  Perhaps you have
+seen a sailor with a picture of a ship on his arm.  In Patagonia nearly
+all the men and boys have pictures on their bodies.  Patagonia is in
+the southern part of the world.  It is winter in that country when it
+is summer here, and summer there when it is winter here.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Patagonia is a very flat country.  There are very few hills and no
+large trees or fine flowers there.  But there is plenty of good grass,
+which sometimes grows very tall.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people in Patagonia are Indians.  They have red-brown skin, long
+black hair, and small eyes.  The men are very tall.  Some of them are
+seven feet high.  They paint their faces red and black, and tattoo
+their arms.  They do this with a needle.  They put the needle into dye,
+and then prick the skin with it.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The men wear a piece of cloth around their waists and a large cloak of
+fur.  They sometimes wear boots made of the skin of horses' legs.  The
+women wear gowns fastened at the neck with a pin.  They also have
+cloaks like the men.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img093a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="364" HEIGHT="211">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Patagonians at Home.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The boys and girls wear no clothes until they are four years old.
+After they are four years old they wear the same kind of clothes their
+fathers and mothers wear.  The young girls wear their hair in braids.
+If their hair is not long enough, they make it longer by tying
+horsehair to it.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The houses in Patagonia are tents made of skins.  There are rooms in
+the tents, and each grown-up person has a room.  The fire is made
+inside the tent on the floor.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people in Patagonia eat gua-na-co and ostrich meat.  Some of the
+people drink a kind of tea made from the leaves of a plant.  The leaves
+are first crushed fine, then put into water.  They drink this tea
+through a small tube with many holes in it.  The holes are so small
+that the pieces of leaves cannot come through.  This tea is very good
+to drink.  It makes the people very strong.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img094a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="367" HEIGHT="304">
+<H5>
+[Illustration: Guanaco.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The women do all the work about the house.  They make the clothes,
+carry home the wood for the fire, and bring water from the streams or
+wells.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The men do nothing but hunt.  They hunt the guanaco and the ostrich.
+The guanaco is nearly as large as a cow, and has a head like a camel.
+Its flesh is good to eat, and the people make cloaks of its skin.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img095a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="371" HEIGHT="204">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Hunting Ostriches.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The ostrich is the largest bird in the world.  Its legs are very long,
+and it has a long neck.  It cannot fly, for its wings are too small,
+but it can run very fast.  It can run faster than a horse.  It is hard
+for the hunter to catch it.  He rides on horseback, and catches the
+ostrich with a bo'las.  A bolas is a rope with a stone, a metal ball,
+or a lump of hard clay fastened to each end.  The hunter swings one end
+of the bolas round and round his head, and then hurls it with great
+force at the ostrich.  It strikes the ostrich or catches it by the legs
+and throws it down.  Then the hunter runs up and kills the ostrich with
+a knife.  The hunters also hunt the ostrich with dogs.  Sometimes an
+ostrich will spring suddenly up from the long grass almost in front of
+the hunter and his dogs.  Then the dogs can easily catch it.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The ostrich makes a hole in the ground under a bush for its eggs.  This
+is its nest.  The eggs are very large, and they are good to eat.  Its
+flesh is also good to eat.  Of course you know ostrich feathers are
+pretty for ladies' hats.  The feathers for hats are taken from the tail
+and from the ends of the wings.  But the feathers of the ostrich in
+Patagonia are not so fine and pretty as the feathers of the ostrich
+found in Africa.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There is an animal in Patagonia called the puma.  It is like a cat, but
+it is much stronger.  Often it kills and eats the guanaco.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img097a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="360" HEIGHT="238">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Pumas.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The boys and girls in Patagonia have very few toys, but they are merry
+and happy.  As the boys grow up, they soon learn to hunt; and then they
+go out with their fathers to hunt the guanaco and the ostrich.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="13"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+THE PYGMIES.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Perhaps you have read in fairy tales of very little people called
+dwarfs.  There are old stories which tell us about very small men who
+lived a long time ago in Africa.  They were called pygmies.  They were
+only one foot high, and they built their houses with eggshells.  They
+lived in holes in the ground.  They had goats and sheep which were much
+smaller than themselves, and they had corn which they cut down with
+axes, as we cut down trees.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This is what we are told about them; but, of course, those stories are
+fables.  There never were men so small as one foot high.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But there are real people in Africa called pygmies.  They are very
+small.  The men and women look as if they were boys and girls.  The men
+are about four feet high.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are a great many large forests in Africa.  It is in the forests
+that the pygmies live.  The forests are so dark in many places that one
+could not see to read at noonday.  Only a few white men have been in
+the land of the pygmies and seen them.  They are shy, like children,
+and hide their faces when spoken to.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Some of the pygmies are black and some are red.  They do not wear much
+clothing.  They do not need much, for the weather is always very warm
+in the country in which they live.  The men and boys wear only a strip
+of cloth around their loins.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Many of the pygmies have no houses.  They wander from place to place,
+and sleep on the ground under a bush.  But some of them have little
+houses, or huts, built in the shape of beehives and about four feet
+high.  They are covered over with long leaves.  The door is only about
+a foot and a half high, just high enough for the pygmies to creep in.
+Their beds are made of sticks stuck in the ground with other sticks
+across them.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The pygmies live by hunting.  They do not shoot with guns, as we do.
+They use bows and arrows, and they are very quick and clever at
+shooting.  A pygmy will shoot off three or four arrows one after the
+other so quickly that the last is flying away before the first has hit
+the mark.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The pygmies are also very smart in making pits to catch the animals
+they wish to kill.  They dig large holes and cover them with sticks and
+leaves.  The animal comes along and falls into the pit and is caught.
+The pygmies can kill elephants with their bows and arrows.  They first
+shoot at the elephant's eyes until he is blind.  They then keep
+shooting at him till he falls dead.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img100a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="370" HEIGHT="252">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Village of Pygmies.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The pygmies eat the flesh of some of the animals they kill.  They sell
+or trade the fur and skin and ivory for arrows and knives.  They also
+get tobacco and potatoes for their furs and skins.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They are also very good at fishing.  They can catch large fish with a
+piece of meat fastened to a string.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The pygmies do not dig the ground or plant or sow anything.  Bananas
+grow in Africa, and the pygmies are very fond of them.  Often they come
+out of the forests to get bananas from the trees on which they grow.
+If a pygmy sees a good bunch of bananas that he would like to have, he
+shoots his arrow into the stalk.  When the owner of the tree sees the
+arrow he knows how it came there.  So he leaves the stalk until the
+pygmy takes it away.  Sometimes a pygmy pays for the bunch of bananas
+with pieces of meat.  He wraps up a piece of meat in grass or leaves,
+and fastens it to the stalk where he has cut off the bananas.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A pygmy can eat twice as many bananas as the largest white man.  He can
+eat as many as sixty at one meal.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Though the pygmies are small, they are very brave, and all the other
+people who live near them are very much afraid of them.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="14"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+THE INDIANS.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Long, long ago, before Columbus found America, the Indians lived where
+we live now, There were no cities or houses then, such as we have.
+There were no farms or gardens or fences or roads.  A large part of the
+country was covered with trees.  The rest was great grass plains and
+swamps.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Indians built their houses where they pleased, beside the rivers or
+near the mountains or on the wide plains.  What sort of houses did they
+live in?  They lived in tents made of skins.  The Indian tents were
+called wigwams.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img103a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="353" HEIGHT="283">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  An Indian Wigwam.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+There were many tribes of Indians.  Each tribe had a great many men and
+women and children.  Some of the tribes lived in the north, some in the
+south, some near the sea.  In nearly every part of the country there
+were Indian tribes.  Often some of the tribes went to war with other
+tribes.  They fought with bows and arrows and tomahawks.  The tomahawk
+was a sort of hatchet.  The head of it was made of a stone with a sharp
+edge.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img104-1a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="377" HEIGHT="81">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Indian Bow and Arrows.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img104-2a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="156" HEIGHT="86">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Tomahawks.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The Indians were very cruel in war.  When they killed a man, they cut
+the skin and hair off the top of his head.  This was called scalping.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+When about to go to war, they painted their faces to make themselves
+look very fierce.  They also wore a band around their heads, and in
+these they stuck some long feathers.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are Indians still in some parts of our country, and many of them
+live in wigwams.  They sleep in these wigwams, but they cook their food
+outside.  They have no coal or stoves or fire-places.  Instead of coal
+they use wood and dried grass.  They make their fire on the ground.
+Their food is very simple.  They have meat and fish and berries, and
+cakes made of corn.  The meat they eat is the flesh of the deer and
+other wild animals.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img105a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="197" HEIGHT="270">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  An Indian Chief.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The Indians are of a copper color.  They are sometimes called "Red
+Men."  They have high cheek bones, black eyes, and straight black hair.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Indian men spend their time hunting and fishing.  They do not have
+bows and arrows now.  They shoot with guns as white men do.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Indian women do all the work. They cook the food, make the clothes,
+and plant the corn.  They also put up the wigwams and take them down.
+For the Indians do not live always in the same place, but often move
+about.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+An Indian woman is called a squaw, and an Indian baby is called a
+pa-poose'.  You would wonder if you saw the Indian baby's cradle.  It
+is a bag made of skin fixed to a flat board.  It is just large enough
+for baby to fit in.  The little papoose is wrapped up warm and put into
+the bag.  The mother carries the baby on her back in this cradle.
+Often she hangs the cradle up on a branch of a tree.  Then the little
+red baby swings while its mother is cooking or working in the field.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img106a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="184" HEIGHT="307">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  An Indian Baby.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The men, women, and children wear clothes made of skin.  They often
+wear blankets as shawls are worn by white people.  Their shoes are made
+of deerskin and have no soles.  They are called moccasins.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img107a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="170" HEIGHT="71">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Moccasins.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In many places the Indians now have schools, and the little Indian boys
+and girls go to school every day.  Our government has sent teachers to
+teach them.  They learn to read and write and count.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But the Indian boys and girls learn a great many things at home.  Their
+fathers tell them about birds and beasts and trees and rivers.  And
+they teach the boys to hunt and fish, and train them up to be brave in
+war.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Indian boys and girls have a great many games.  The boys play with
+bows and arrows.  They play "blindman's buff," and "hunt the slipper,"
+and handball and football.  The girls take part in the football.  One
+of their games is the "stick and ring" game.  The ring is made of skin
+and is sometimes covered with beads.  Each boy has a stick, and he
+throws it at the ring while it is rolling along the ground.  The game
+is to send the stick through the ring.  Every boy tries to strike every
+other boy's stick to stop it from going through the ring.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Indian boys sometimes play at fighting battles.  They form
+themselves into two armies, and one army fights against the other.
+They fight with balls of wet clay.  Often the battle lasts two or three
+hours.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Indian girls have dolls, and they dress them and sing them to sleep.
+They play "house," and often have doll-house moving.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img108a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="319" HEIGHT="294">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Indian Girls.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Indian men and boys are fond of swimming, and they are very good
+swimmers.  They are also fond of sailing in their canoes.   The canoe
+is made of the bark of the birch tree.  The Indians paddle their
+canoes.  They can make them go very fast.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Many of the Indians now live in houses and have farms the same as white
+men, and they raise corn and vegetables and fruit.  They have horses
+and cows and sheep as other farmers have.  And we may hope that before
+long the Red Men will live in the same way as white men, and be as well
+off and as happy.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="15"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+The Philippine Islands are far away on the other side of the earth,
+near China.  There are a great many of these islands.  Most of them are
+small.  But some of them are large islands, and many people live on
+them.  The largest of the islands is called Luzon.  The largest town in
+this island is Manila.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Many tribes of people live in the Philippine Islands.  Each tribe has a
+language of its own.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is very warm in these islands.  So the people need but little
+clothing.  Their houses are not very high.  The highest house is only
+two stories.  In some parts they have strange windows in their houses.
+The panes are not made of glass, as in our houses.  They are made of
+oyster shells.  But they are not like our oyster shells.  They are very
+thin--so thin that the light can come through them nearly as well as
+through glass.  The shell is made square, and fits in the window like a
+pane of glass.  Sometimes the sides or walls of the upper stories are
+made of frames, with oyster shells for panes.  The people can slide
+these walls back, so as to let the cool air into the rooms.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img111a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="364" HEIGHT="270">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Philippine House.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+There is one tribe in the islands called the Moro tribe.  The people of
+this tribe have very strange houses.  They build their houses in the
+water near the shore.  They build them on the top of long poles.  The
+first stories are high above the water.  The people use ladders to go
+up to them.  These houses are built of bamboo.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The bamboo is very useful in the country where it grows.  It is a kind
+of reed, and grows very tall.  It has joints like the joints of a corn
+stalk.  It is not solid like a corn stalk, but is hollow inside.  It is
+so thick and strong that the people make houses of it and all kinds of
+furniture.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img112a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="256" HEIGHT="311">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Bamboo.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The Moro men are good sailors and swimmers.  They are also good divers.
+They dive into the water for pearls and coral.  They can stay under the
+water for two or three minutes at a time.  The children also are good
+swimmers.  They spend a great deal of time in the water.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There is another tribe called the Man'gy-ans.  These people live in the
+mountains.  They have black hair and flat noses.  They are very strong,
+for they spend most of their time out of doors.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Some months of the year they do not live in houses.  They sleep under
+trees.  But other months of the year it rains very much.  Then they
+sleep in houses.  Their houses are made of poles with roofs of leaves.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Mangyan women and girls wear a very strange kind of dress.  It is
+made of cords coiled around their waists.  The cords are narrow strips
+of rattan braided together.  Rattan is the stem of a plant which grows
+to a very great height.  It sometimes grows a hundred feet high.  It is
+as thick as a man's wrist, and it is very tough and strong.  The people
+split the rattan into thin strips.  With these they make baskets, seats
+of chairs, walking canes, ropes, and many other things.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The Mangyan men are good hunters.  They hunt an animal called the
+tim'a-rau.  It is like a buffalo.  They shoot it with bows and arrows.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are a great many large forests in the Philippines, and there are
+very fine trees in them.  The most useful of the plants or trees is the
+bamboo.  I have already told you about it.  The cocoanut palm is also a
+very useful tree.  The nuts give food and drink and oil.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img114a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="111" HEIGHT="311">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Philippine woman carrying water.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+On one of the islands there is a wonderful plant called the pitcher
+plant.  Its leaves are in the shape of pitchers.  Some of the pitchers
+have lids, and are large enough to hold a pint of water.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the Philippines they raise coffee, bananas, sugar, tobacco, and
+cotton.  One of their most useful plants is the plant from which they
+get hemp for making ropes and cords.  This plant is called "ab'a-ca" by
+the people in the Philippines, and its hemp is called Manila hemp.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There is a great deal of rice grown in the Philippines.  Rice is the
+food that most of the people live on.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are buffaloes in the Philippines.  The people use them for riding
+and for carrying loads.  They have also deer, goats, and hogs.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img115a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="364" HEIGHT="290">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Buffalo at Work.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In some parts of the islands they have a strange way of fishing.  They
+fill baskets with a kind of mixture in which they put poison.  Then
+they throw the baskets into the water.  The fish become stupid after
+eating the poison.  Very soon they rise to the top of the water, where
+the people catch them.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Manila is a large town with strong walls and a deep moat, or ditch,
+around it.  There are eight gates in the wall and bridges across the
+moat.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The men in Manila wear trousers and shirts; but they wear the shirts
+outside.  The women wear skirts with long trains, and waists with very
+full and flowing sleeves.  They wear scarfs or handkerchiefs around
+their necks, with two of the corners hanging down their backs.  They
+never wear hats.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img116a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="298" HEIGHT="156">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Women of Luzon.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+In a few of the islands there are schools, and the children learn to
+read and write; but in many other parts there are neither schools nor
+churches.  As the islands now belong to the United States, there will
+soon be many more schools, and the children will be able to learn
+everything that is taught in our schools.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="16"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+BANGALA
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Far away in Africa, near where the pygmies live, there is a great river
+called the Kongo.  The land on either side of this river for many miles
+is called the Kongo Valley.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are hundreds of miles of great woods in this valley.  These woods
+are not like our woods.  They are very thick with vines and plants.
+There are also a great many kinds of trees.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+In the woods are birds with very bright colors.  There are birds called
+sunbirds.  Often green, yellow, scarlet, and purple feathers are found
+on these birds.  What a pretty sight it must be to see them flit about
+in the sun!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+There are also many kinds of pretty flowers in the woods.  These
+flowers are as gay in color as the birds.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Many tribes of negroes live in the Kongo Valley.  They live in huts
+made of mats.  The mats are made of strong grass.  The grass is first
+twisted into cords.  Then the cords are braided into mats.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people also use mats for their beds; but they do not put the mats
+on the ground.  They tie them to a frame raised a little above the
+ground.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img119a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="364" HEIGHT="256">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Kongo Negroes at a Mission School.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+These negroes also make baskets, bowls, pots, and wooden spoons.  The
+bowls and pots they make out of clay.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+It is very warm all the year round in the Kongo Valley.  So the people
+wear very little clothing.  They rub their bodies with palm oil.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have a funny way of wearing their hair.  While they are young
+their hair is braided.  Then it is twisted into all sorts of knots and
+shapes.  They do not untwist it, but keep it so always.  They think
+these queer knots and shapes are very pretty.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img120a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="364" HEIGHT="252">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Kongo Village.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The women do all the hard work.  They cook the food.  They do the other
+housework.  They plant the corn and beans.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img121a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="367" HEIGHT="183">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Headdress of Kongo Women.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+The men spend a great deal of time in fishing.  They also hunt and kill
+elephants to get their tusks for ivory.  There are many elephants in
+the Kongo Valley.  They roam about in large herds.  It must be a hard
+task to kill an elephant!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+One of the tribes in the Kongo Valley is called the Bangala tribe.  The
+men are tall and strong and fierce.  They are always fighting with
+other tribes.  This makes the other tribes very much afraid of them.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The negroes of this tribe have a strange way of making friends with a
+white man.  They will do him no harm if he is willing to be their
+"blood brother."
+</P>
+
+<P>
+This is the way they make a white man their blood brother.  The black
+man takes a limb of palm tree which has two branches.  With one branch
+in his hand, he falls on the ground before the white man.  The white
+man takes hold of the other branch.  Then the black man splits the limb
+into two parts with his knife.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+After this is done, an old man of the tribe comes to the white man and
+the black man.  He puts the white man's arm over the black man's arm.
+When their arms are together, he makes a small cut in each arm.  He
+makes this cut to draw blood.  Then the old man puts salt and the dust
+of banana leaves into the blood, and rubs both arms together.  The
+black man and the white man are then blood brothers.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+These people have also a strange way of taking care of their canoes.
+When they are not using them, they keep them under water.  They say
+that the canoes will last longer if kept under water.
+</P>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name="17"></a>
+<br>
+<br>
+<H2>
+THE AMAZON VALLEY.
+</H2>
+
+<P>
+Perhaps you have heard of the Amazon River.  It is the largest river in
+the world.  It is four thousand miles long, and more than fifty miles
+wide where it flows into the sea.  This river is in Brazil.  Brazil is
+far south of us.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img123a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece"
+BORDER="2" WIDTH="350" HEIGHT="242">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  Amazon Indians.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+There are great forests along the banks of this river.  They run back
+from the river for hundreds of miles.  They are the largest forests in
+the world.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A great many kinds of trees grow in these forests.  Some of the trees
+are very high.  Often the trees are covered with vines on which
+beautiful flowers grow.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Wax-palm trees, breadfruit trees, and rubber trees are found in these
+forests.  Wax is taken from the leaves of the wax palm.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+We make rubber from the rubber tree.  A cut is made in the side of the
+tree with a knife.  From this cut a white juice flows.  This juice is
+like milk.  It is caught in a cup.  After a while the juice gets hard.
+Then it is rubber.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+A great many strange animals and birds are found in these forests.
+There is the sloth, which lives in the trees.  It has hooked claws for
+holding on to the branches.  It hangs on to a branch with its back
+downward.  When it goes to sleep, it rolls itself up like a ball.  It
+moves very slowly, and that is why it is called the sloth.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img124a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="267" HEIGHT="187">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Sloth.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+These forests are full of monkeys and parrots.  Perhaps you have seen a
+parrot.  I dare say you have not seen more than two or three parrots at
+one time.  But in these forests there are flocks of parrots.  They fly
+from tree to tree, and are very wild.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img125a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="218" HEIGHT="314">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Parrot.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+There are many kinds of them.  Some are red, some are green, some are
+blue, and some are all these colors.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Monkeys chatter and parrots screech.  What a noise they must sometimes
+make!
+</P>
+
+<P>
+But besides the parrots and the monkeys, there are humming birds and
+butterflies.  You know that the humming bird is a very small bird, but
+humming birds are found in these forests no larger than a bee.  The
+butterflies are the most beautiful in the world.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The people who live in these forests are called Indians.  They do not
+often let white men come among them.  Their skin is copper color, like
+the Indians of our country.  Their hair is black and straight.  They
+are not as tall as our Indians, but their bodies are finely formed.
+They have large, full chests.  Their hands and feet are small and
+nicely shaped.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They keep themselves very clean.  The men and women, the boys and
+girls, are all fond of bathing.  The first thing they do in the morning
+is to take a bath in the nearest river.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+Strange to say, some of them paint their faces and bodies.  They take
+the juice of a tree which will stain a blue black.  They pour this
+juice on their heads, and let it run in streams down their backs.  They
+also put red and yellow in large round spots on their cheeks and
+foreheads.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The men braid their hair, and wear it long, down their backs.  They
+part their hair and wear combs.  But the women do not part their hair
+and do not wear combs.  They pull the hair out of their eyebrows.  They
+make holes in their ears.  In these holes they wear, instead of rings,
+a little piece of grass with feathers fastened to it.
+</P>
+
+<CENTER>
+<IMG SRC="images/img127a.jpg" ALT="Frontispiece" BORDER="2" WIDTH="201" HEIGHT="186">
+<H5>
+[Illustration:  A Painted Amazon Indian.]
+</H5>
+</CENTER>
+
+<P>
+Their houses are made of logs of wood set in the ground as posts.  They
+put other logs on top of these for a roof.  Then they cover these logs
+with palm leaves.  There are no windows, and they use mats for doors.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They sleep in hammocks.  These they make of string.  They make the
+string by twisting the leaves of a tree.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+They have plenty of pans and pots, both large and small.  These pans
+and pots they make of clay.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+First, they soften the clay and knead it.  Then they shape it into pots
+and pans.  It is then dried in the sun.  When the pots and pans are dry
+they are put in a hot fire.  This makes them hard and strong.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+The chief food of these Indians is a kind of flour made from the root
+of a plant.  They also eat fish.  A great many fish are found in the
+rivers.  These they catch and eat.  They also dry fish and then smoke
+them over a fire.  The smoked fish keep good a long time.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+These Indians sail on the rivers in canoes.  But their canoes are
+heavy.  They are not light, as the canoes of our Indians are.  They are
+not made of birch bark.
+</P>
+
+<P>
+These Indians make an entire canoe out of a single tree.  The canoe is
+made thick so as not to be broken by knocking against snags and rocks.
+</P>
+
+<BR><BR><BR>
+<hr class="full" noshade>
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIG PEOPLE AND LITTLE PEOPLE OF OTHER LANDS***</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Big People and Little People of Other Lands,
+by Edward R. Shaw
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Big People and Little People of Other Lands
+
+Author: Edward R. Shaw
+
+Release Date: January 10, 2005  [eBook #14655]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIG PEOPLE AND LITTLE PEOPLE OF
+OTHER LANDS***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Al Haines
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 14655-h.htm or 14655-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/6/5/14655/14655-h/14655-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/6/5/14655/14655-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+BIG PEOPLE AND LITTLE PEOPLE OF OTHER LANDS
+
+by
+
+EDWARD R. SHAW
+
+Dean of the School of Pedagogy
+New York University
+
+New York  Cincinnati  Chicago
+American Book Company
+
+1900
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+This little book is designed to meet the child's natural desire to
+learn or hear of other people than those living in the part of the
+world about him.
+
+It has been thoroughly proved in our newer pedagogical practice that
+the child in the first school year is much interested in descriptions
+of the Indian and the Eskimo.  Whenever descriptions of the Indian and
+the Eskimo have been given him, they have not only fulfilled their
+purpose in furnishing material for reading and the interrelation of
+several activities of expression, but they have revealed to him the
+fact that there are other people in the world, who differ very much
+from those he has seen.
+
+His interest in different peoples at this time is in their physical
+appearance, their dress, their ways of living, their customs, their
+manners, and it arises chiefly from the contrast which descriptions of
+these afford to familiar customs, conditions, and physical
+characteristics.
+
+The child is not interested, at that stage of his intellectual
+development which falls in the first or the second school year, in the
+situation of countries.  It does not matter to him exactly where,
+geographically, the people about whom he reads live.  He is satisfied
+if some general statement is made to the effect that they live far away
+to the north, where the cold countries are, or in the south, where it
+is warm and sometimes hot, or on the other side of the world.
+
+His desire, at this period, for new impressions and ideas gained from
+descriptions and accompanying pictures is as keen as his desire for
+sense impressions gained from the world of nature and activity about
+him.  This wider range of information and ideas, it is believed, he may
+in some measure gain from this little book.
+
+
+DRESDEN, July 15, 1899.
+
+
+
+
+PEOPLE OF OTHER LANDS.
+
+
+CHINA.
+
+On the other side of this great round world is a country called China.
+When it is dark here, and we are going to sleep, the sun is just waking
+up the children in China and telling them it is morning.  When we get
+up in the morning they are just bidding the sun good night.  When it is
+light here it is dark there.  So they have day when we have night.
+
+Chinese children look like little men and women, for they dress like
+their fathers and mothers.  Boys and girls dress nearly alike.  They
+both dress in silk or cotton trousers.  They wear over these long gowns
+reaching nearly to their feet.  They wear odd-looking shoes with thick
+white soles.  The boys' heads are shaved, except a small part on top.
+There a lock of hair is left.  This lock of hair is braided and hangs
+down the back.  A queer name is given to it.  It is called a "queue."
+Girls in China do not go to school, but all day long they are busy;
+they help their mothers keep house; they tend the babies; they sew, and
+help with the cooking.
+
+[Illustration:  Chinese Women and Children.]
+
+The schools in China are only for boys.  The boys make a great deal of
+noise in school.  A Chinese teacher thinks the boys are idle if they do
+not study their lessons out loud.  So each boy shouts as loud as he
+can.  When the boy has learned his lesson, he goes up and gives his
+book to the teacher.  Then he turns his back to the teacher, and shouts
+out the whole lesson to show that he knows it.
+
+The boys are taught to count.  They learn by using balls set in a
+frame.  The frame is like the frame of a slate.  The balls slide on
+wires.  With the balls they learn to add and subtract.
+
+They also learn how to write, but they have no pens or pencils.  They
+write with small brushes dipped in ink.  Each boy makes his own ink.
+He puts some water on a stone and then rubs a cake of ink in the water.
+This makes a fine black ink called India ink.  Then the boy fills his
+brush and begins at the top, right-hand corner of the paper.  He writes
+toward the bottom of the sheet.  He puts one word under another instead
+of beside it as you do.  Then he begins a new line at the top, and
+writes to the bottom again.
+
+[Illustration:  Chinese writing.]
+
+Chinese books are printed in the same way.  Where do you think a
+Chinese book begins?  A Chinese book begins where our books end.
+
+In China many girls and women have very small feet.  When they are
+babies their feet are bound up tightly.  They sometimes wear iron
+shoes.   Then their feet never grow, but are so very small that they
+can hardly walk.  Poor parents know their girls will have to work hard,
+and so do not bind their feet.
+
+Chinese girls make beautiful paper flowers.  They paint pictures.  They
+sing and play.  Some of them pick the snow-white cotton in the fields.
+Some of them take care of the silk-worms that spin the soft silk.
+
+But they do not work all the time.   They play many pretty games.
+Chinese boys, too, have many kinds of games and toys.   One game is
+like battledoor and shuttlecock.  They use their feet to strike the
+shuttlecock.  They do this so fast that the shuttlecock hardly ever
+falls to the ground.  The Chinese are fond of flying kites.  Even old
+men fly kites.  They fly their kites in the spring-time.  Chinese kites
+are of all sizes and shapes.  Some are like birds.  Some are like fish.
+Some are like butterflies.
+
+[Illustration:  Chinese Kite.]
+
+ There is no other such land in all the world
+for lanterns as China.  The lanterns there are made of paper in the
+shape of balls, or flowers, or animals.  Some of the lanterns have a
+wheel inside.  When the candle is lighted, the draft of air makes the
+wheel go round very quickly.  When the wheel begins to move inside, the
+figures on the outside of the lantern begin to move.  Then men are seen
+fishing or fanning.  Sometimes children are seen dancing.
+
+The Chinese are so fond of lanterns that every year they have a "Feast
+of Lanterns."  On that day and night lanterns are to be seen
+everywhere.  Bridges and houses and trees are covered with lighted
+lanterns.
+
+They have fireworks, too, that look like stars and trees and flowers.
+
+A Chinese dinner begins in the wrong way.  They have fruits and nuts
+first.  After this comes rice.  They eat more of rice than of anything
+else.  Then they drink tea without either milk or sugar.  They use
+neither forks nor knives.  Instead they eat with small sticks of wood
+or ivory.  These are called "chopsticks."  They hold them between the
+thumb and first two fingers.  They use them to carry their food to
+their mouths as you use a fork or a spoon.
+
+[Illustration:  Chopsticks.]
+
+Do you know how they catch fish in China?
+
+They have a bird which swims and dives into the water.  This bird lives
+on fish.  Every time he dives he catches one.  He is trained to bring
+the fish to his master.  A tight ring is put round the bird's neck.
+This is to keep him from swallowing the fish.  When enough fish have
+been caught, the bird is given some to eat.  This bird is called a
+cormorant.
+
+A Chinese fisherman lives in his fishing boat.  But China is a very
+crowded country.  So other men as well as fishermen live on small
+flatboats in the rivers near the big towns.  Ducks and other fowls are
+raised on these boats.  The people on the water are as busy as the
+people on the land.
+
+In China houses are one story high.  They are built of wood.  The roofs
+slope, and are made of sticks woven together.  The churches are called
+pagodas.  They are not like our churches, but are tall, like towers.
+They are usually nine stories high.  They have little bells hung all
+around the roof.   These bells ring when the wind blows them back and
+forth.
+
+[Illustration:  Chinese Boats and Pagoda.]
+
+Between the houses are narrow streets without sidewalks.  There are no
+wagons.  If a lady goes to make a call, she sends for a sort of covered
+chair.  This has long poles on each side.  The chair is set on the
+ground before her door.  After she gets in, men lift the poles to their
+shoulders.  In this way they carry her.  Baggage and heavy articles are
+also carried on the shoulders of men.
+
+[Illustration:  Covered Chair with Poles.]
+
+But perhaps the most wonderful thing in China is the Great Wall.  It
+was built by kings a long time ago.  They wanted to keep savage people
+from coming into the country.  The wall is built very high and very
+wide.  It is so wide in some places that eight horses can be driven on
+top of it side by side.  It is hundreds of miles long.  The people of
+China think it is very wonderful.  They think there is nothing so
+wonderful in all the rest of the world.
+
+[Illustration:  The Great Wall.]
+
+China seems a curious country.  Boys shout out loud in school.  They
+read and write backward.  Men fly kites, like boys.  Women have feet as
+small as babies' feet.  At dinner nuts and fruits are eaten first.  Men
+work like animals.  There are many ways in which the Chinese are
+different from the people in our country.
+
+
+
+
+JAPAN
+
+[Illustration:  Japanese Children.]
+
+How would you like to ride in a wagon drawn by a man instead of a
+horse?  That is the way people ride in Japan.  Japan is a country a
+long way off, near China.  You would think that a man could not run
+very fast drawing a wagon.  But in Japan some men can run as fast as
+horses.  The wagon is like a buggy, but it has only two wheels.  They
+call this wagon a jin-rik'i-sha.
+
+[Illustration:  A Jinrikisha.]
+
+The streets in Japan have no sidewalks.  The houses are only one or two
+stories high.  They are built of wood.  They have no windows or doors.
+Strange houses, you will think.  The walls outside and inside are made
+like sliding doors.  They slide back so that the people can go in and
+out, and from one room to another.
+
+The Japanese have very little furniture in their houses.  They have no
+chairs.  They do not need any, for they sit on cushions on the floor.
+They also sleep on the floor.  When it is time to go to bed, they
+spread soft quilts on the floor, one over the other.  The last quilt on
+the top is the cover.  These beds are very nice.  But you could never
+guess what kind of pillows they have.  The pillows are blocks of wood
+the size of a brick.  You would not think them nice at all.  But the
+Japanese seem to sleep very well on their wood pillows.
+
+[Illustration:  A Japanese Bed.]
+
+Many of the things in the houses in Japan are made of paper, They have
+paper fans, paper lanterns, paper hats, paper cups, paper umbrellas,
+paper napkins, and paper screens.
+
+They have no stoves.  Instead of stoves they have boxes lined with
+brass.  In these boxes they burn charcoal to heat their rooms.  But
+they do not cook their food in these brass boxes.  They cook in little
+ovens made of clay.
+
+When it rains in Japan the people look very funny.  The men wear rain
+coats made of rice straw.  They also have big straw hats and paper
+umbrellas.
+
+[Illustration:  A Rain Coat.]
+
+They wear blocks, three inches high, fastened to the soles of their
+shoes.  These keep their feet dry.  So on a rainy day everybody looks
+three inches taller.
+
+In Japan they do not wear shoes in the house.  When they go into their
+houses they take them off.  Their shoes are made of wood or straw.
+Some of the people have shoes with gold braid.
+
+[Illustration:  Japanese Shoes.]
+
+Perhaps you would like to know how they dress in Japan.  Boys and girls
+dress very much alike.  Both wear long gowns, like skirts, of blue or
+gray cotton or silk.  These gowns are open at the neck.  A sash is worn
+around the waist.  The girls tie their sashes in a bow at the back.
+
+The children of Japan are very strange looking, not at all like you.
+They are like the Chinese.  Their skin is yellow, and their eyes are
+slanted.  Their hair is black and straight.
+
+You will wish to know what they eat in Japan.  The food is much the
+same as in China.  They eat a great deal of rice.  They have fish, and
+they drink tea.  They use chopsticks in eating, as the people in China
+do.
+
+The people in Japan are very fond of flowers.  Every house has a garden
+around it.  The boys and girls walk and play in these gardens.
+
+[Illustration:  Interior of a Japanese House.]
+
+Boys and girls in Japan have many nice toys.  One of their toys is a
+little oven with real fire in it.  Peddlers go round with these ovens
+and with sweet dough to bake in them.  For five cents the boys and
+girls can get the use of an oven, and dough enough to bake little
+cakes.  They often make cakes shaped like animals.  The peddler makes
+the letters of the alphabet in dough.  Then he bakes them in the oven
+for the boys and girls.  With these cake letters they often learn their
+a, b, c.
+
+The boys in Japan, like the boys in China, are very fond of kites.  But
+in Japan they have fighting kites.  They mix broken fine glass with
+glue, and rub it on their kite strings.  When the strings become dry
+they are hard and sharp.  Then the boys fly their kites.  One boy tries
+to cross and cut the string of another boy's kite with the string of
+his own.  The boy who cuts down a kite gets it as his prize.
+
+In Japan they have a day like our Flag Day.  On this day the boys have
+toy soldiers with swords and guns.  They form these soldiers into
+armies, and have battles.  Then the parents and teachers tell the boys
+about the great soldiers of their country, and the great battles they
+fought.
+
+The girls have a day for themselves.  They call it the "Feast of
+Dolls."  Every girl has a set of dolls.  On that day they take out
+their dolls and doll houses.  Then the girls play with them, and show
+them to one another.
+
+[Illustration:  Japanese Girl and Doll.]
+
+They have schools in Japan just as we have.  The boys and girls must go
+to school until they are ten years old.  Some of their lessons are very
+hard.  They have forty-seven letters in their alphabet, instead of only
+twenty-six, as we have.  Don't you think it must be hard for the boys
+and girls to learn to read?
+
+They go to school very early in the morning.  Before they enter the
+school they take off their shoes.  When the teacher comes, they bow
+down their heads nearly to the ground and draw in their breath.  This
+is their "good morning."  The teacher also bows to the boys and girls.
+
+Then the children sit on the floor.  They put their books on their
+knees and begin their lessons.  They have no pens or pencils.  They use
+little brushes instead.  They write in lines from the top to the bottom
+of the sheet of paper, instead of across from side to side as we do.
+This is the way, you remember, they write in China.  The books in Japan
+are also like the books in China.  The last page in our books would be
+the first page in books in China and Japan.  So their books begin at
+what we would think the end.  How queer this seems to us!
+
+There are newspapers in Japan, but they are not much like ours.  The
+lines run up and down just as Japanese writing does.  They read back
+from what we would call the last page.
+
+[Illustration:  Japanese Carpenters at Work.]
+
+A great many things that we use in America come from Japan.  We get
+silk from Japan, and beautiful vases and mats and screens and basket
+work.  The boys and girls in Japan help to make these things.  For they
+are bright and learn quickly how to do very nice work.
+
+
+
+
+ARABIA.
+
+Have you ever heard of the Arabs?  They are people with brown skin and
+dark eyes.  They live in a country called Arabia.  It is a very warm
+country.  There is never any snow in Arabia.  A great part of it is
+covered with sand.  For miles and miles you would see nothing but sand.
+Often the sand is so hot that you could not walk on it in your bare
+feet.  Those great tracts of sand are called deserts.
+
+[Illustration:  Arabs.]
+
+In many parts of Arabia water is very scarce.  It rains very seldom,
+and in some places there are no rivers.  The people get water out of
+wells.  They carry the water, in bottles  made of leather.  Glass
+bottles would not do.  The heat is so great that it would go through
+the glass.  Tins would make the water warm.  But the leather bottles
+keep the water cool.
+
+[Illustration:  Arab Water Carrier.]
+
+Some of the Arabs live in towns.  They have walls around their towns.
+At some parts of the walls there are towers.  Both walls and towers are
+made of earth.
+
+In every large town they have an open market place with shops around
+it.  In most of the shops they sell food.  In a few of the shops they
+sell cotton cloth and other dry goods.  Many of the shops are kept by
+women.
+
+The streets are swept every day.  Every family sweeps the street in
+front of its own door.
+
+The houses in the towns are made of stone.  They have flat mud roofs
+and small windows.  The Arabs have no chairs or beds in their houses.
+They sit on mats or carpets spread on the floor.  They also sleep on
+mats.
+
+The chief room in an Arab house is the coffee room.  It is a large room
+with a furnace or fireplace at one end of it for making coffee.
+
+Many of the Arabs live in tents.  They move about from place to place.
+Sometimes they cross the desert to come to the towns.  They must often
+cross it to find water and grass for their horses and camels and sheep.
+
+[Illustration:  Arabs and Tent.]
+
+The camel is very useful to the Arabs.  Perhaps you have seen a camel.
+It is much larger than a horse.  It has a great hump on its back.  It
+has large feet with broad, flat soles; and it can walk or run over the
+sand without sinking.
+
+The camel can carry a very heavy load.  It gives milk which is good to
+drink.  Its hair is made into cloth.  Its flesh is good meat.  It can
+bear thirst and heat far better than a horse can.  It can travel and
+carry a load in the desert for three or four days without drinking.
+This makes it very useful to the Arabs.
+
+[Illustration:  A Camel.]
+
+But the Arabs have horses also.  They are the finest horses in the
+world.  An Arab is very proud of his horse.  He loves him almost as
+much as he loves his children.
+
+Did you ever hear the story that is told of Hassan and his horse?
+Hassan was an Arab who had a horse which he loved very much.  And the
+horse loved Hassan very much.
+
+One day Hassan was riding on his horse in the desert with some other
+Arabs.  They were met by a party of men called Turks, who made them
+prisoners.  The Turks tied the feet of Hassan and his friends with
+leather straps.  They tied the horses also.  They planned to carry them
+off next morning.
+
+During the night Hassan heard his horse neighing.  He crept up to him
+and said in a low voice: "What will become of you, my poor horse?  You
+will not be happy with these Turks.  Go home to my tent.  Tell my wife
+that she will never see me again.  Lick the hands of my children with
+your tongue, as a token of my love."
+
+He then bit off with his teeth the cords that tied the horse, and set
+him free.  The horse looked at his master for a minute or two.  Then he
+caught him with his teeth by the belt and ran off with him into the
+desert.  On and on across the sand he ran.  He never stopped until he
+had laid Hassan down beside his wife and children.  Then, worn out with
+his long run, he dropped dead at his master's feet.
+
+All the people around wept when they heard the story.  Arab poets made
+songs about Hassan and his horse.
+
+The Arabs do not eat very much.  Their chief meal is supper.  They have
+supper in the evening.  They are very fond of coffee.  Did you ever
+hear of Mocha coffee?  It comes from Mocha, a town in Arabia.  Most of
+the Arabs take their coffee without sugar or milk.
+
+They always make their bread in thin cakes.  Then they bake the bread
+on hot iron plates or in an open oven.  They also have ground wheat
+cooked with a little butter.  Arabs who are rich have mutton or camel's
+flesh, and also rice.  All eat vegetables and fruits of various kinds.
+
+There are many kinds of fruit in Arabia.  But the greatest and best of
+all is the date.  This grows on the date-palm tree.  The date palm
+grows very high.  The Arabs are very proud of it.  Every part of it is
+of use to them.  Its fruit is the chief food of many of the people.
+You have seen and perhaps you have eaten dried dates.  They are not
+nearly so sweet or so good as the fruit when taken off the tree.  The
+trunk of the date palm is good for making furniture.  Its leaves make
+roofs for houses.  Parts of its branches make firewood.  From some
+parts of the tree cords and ropes are made.
+
+The Arabs do not wear very many clothes.  They do not need heavy
+clothes, because the weather in Arabia is almost always very warm.  The
+men wear long light dresses like shirts.  They have a belt, or girdle,
+around the waist.  They wear a handkerchief on the head.  This is tied
+around with a band or string.  On their feet they wear sandals.  Do you
+know what a sandal is?  It is a shoe with only a sole, and straps going
+across the foot and round the ankle.  The Arab women also wear a long
+shirt.  Over it they have a large, wide piece of blue cloth.  This blue
+cloth covers them from head to foot.
+
+[Illustration:  Arab Woman and Child.]
+
+[Illustration:  An Arab Sandal.]
+
+But what about the Arab boys and girls?  What do they wear?  Most of
+the boys run around without shoes or stockings.  But some of them wear
+little red shoes turned up at the toes, and others wear small sandals.
+They also wear loose trousers and jackets and little red caps.  The
+girls commonly wear cotton dresses that are made very plain.  Sometimes
+they have veils over their heads.  In the country places the girls do
+not wear veils.
+
+[Illustration:  Arab Girl with Veil.]
+
+Only the boys go to school.  Before they enter the school they must
+take off their sandals.  They have no seats in their schools.  They all
+sit on the floor.  Their lessons are not like your lessons.  They have
+only one book.  It is called the Koran.  The Koran is the Arab Bible.
+The Arab boys must learn the Koran by heart.  At school, they all shout
+out together when they are learning their lessons.
+
+[Illustration:  A School in Arabia.]
+
+But the Arab boys learn many things at home.  They learn to read and to
+write.  They also have plenty of time to play.  They play ball.  They
+fly kites.  They ride ponies.  Often they play with old guns and
+swords.  Thus they learn to be soldiers.
+
+The Arab girls do not go to school.  But they do not play very much.
+They must help their mothers do the work at home.  The mothers grind
+corn to make bread.  They spin and weave cloth for clothes.  They grind
+the corn with two flat stones.  One of these stones is placed on top of
+the other.  There is a hole in the middle of the upper stone.  They
+pour the corn into this hole.  The upper stone is then turned round by
+a handle.  So the corn is ground between the two stones.  The girls
+often have to turn the stone around.  They must also take care of the
+baby.  They help to carry home water from the well.  They carry the
+water in earthen jars.
+
+[Illustration:  Arabs Grinding Corn.]
+
+You will say, then, that the Arab girls have a hard time.  But they do
+not work always.  They have some time for play.  They have very funny
+dolls.  Would you not laugh if some one gave you two sticks joined like
+a cross, and told you it was a doll?  That is the kind of doll the Arab
+girls have.  And they are very fond of their dolls.  They dress them,
+and take great care of them.
+
+The Arabs are very fond of tales and stories.  Perhaps you have heard
+of a book called the "Arabian Nights."  It is full of wonderful stories
+about kings and giants and witches, and other strange things.  This
+book came from Arabia.  When you are older you will read the "Arabian
+Nights."  In it you will learn many more things about Arabia and the
+Arabs.
+
+
+
+
+KOREA.
+
+What funny hats they wear in Korea!
+
+But, you will ask, where is Korea?  It is near Japan, a country you
+have read of in this book.
+
+The people of Korea look a little like Chinamen.  They have yellow skin
+and slanting eyes.  Their hair is long, straight, and black, and they
+wear it in a very strange way.  The boys and girls wear their hair down
+their backs in braids tied with ribbons.  The men and women have their
+hair in little topknots that stand straight up.
+
+[Illustration:  A Korean.]
+
+But I must tell you about the strange hats they have.  Some of the men
+wear hats that go down over their shoulders.  This is the kind of hat
+they wear when they are in mourning, after the death of a father or
+mother.  Some wear hats made of straw.  These hats look like large
+flowerpots turned upside down.  Some have hats made of horsehair.
+
+But the hats made of straw and the hats made of horsehair do not keep
+the rain out.  So they have umbrellas.  Their umbrellas are as funny as
+the hats.  They are made of oil paper, and have no handles.  They look
+like fans.  When it rains, the people open their umbrellas and tie them
+on top of their hats.
+
+The boys in Korea wear loose jackets, and wide trousers which go under
+their stockings.  The stockings are padded with cotton, and are tied at
+the ankle.  The girls wear very pretty little jackets, sometimes red,
+sometimes pink, and sometimes green.
+
+The shoes they wear in Korea are of many kinds and shapes.  Some are
+made of leather.  Others are like the wooden shoes the Chinamen wear,
+which turn up at the toes.  The funniest shoes they have are made of
+paper.  The paper is very thick and strong, and so their paper shoes
+last a good while.  But the shoes that are worn by most of the people
+in Korea are made of straw.  They are like sandals, and they are worn
+so that the large toe is not covered.
+
+The people in Korea have a strange way of keeping themselves cool in
+hot weather.  They have something like a basket made of rods of bamboo.
+This basket is round and long, and open at the top and bottom.  They
+put their heads through this basket, and it hangs downward from their
+shoulders around their bodies.  Then they put their clothes over it, so
+that the basket is inside.  It is next to their skin.  How would you
+like to have such a summer dress?
+
+The boys in Korea go to school when they are very young.  The girls do
+not go to school.  They stay at home to help their mothers.  But girls
+whose parents are rich have teachers at home to teach them reading and
+writing and other things.
+
+In school, the teacher sits on a straw mat on the floor.  The boys also
+sit on the floor on straw mats.  They say their lessons out loud.  They
+write their lines from the top to the bottom of the page.  The people
+in China and Japan, as you know, write in the same way.  The boys of
+Korea learn to count on a _chon-pan_.  The chon-pan is much like the
+counting box they have in the schools in China.  It is made of little
+balls on a frame of wires fixed in a box.  The boys also learn by heart
+the wise sayings of great men.
+
+The boys in Korea have some very nice toys.  But the best playthings
+they have are their kites.  They make their kites fight battles in the
+air, just as the boys do in Japan.  Every boy tries to tear down every
+other boy's kite.  This is done by pulling the strings across one
+another.  Sometimes the sky is full of beautiful kites, which jump and
+dash about as if they were alive.
+
+The boys also have fine, large pinwheels.  They make these pinwheels
+whirl around in the wind.  The boys also spin tops, and they play
+"seesaw," and jump the rope.
+
+The boys in Korea are fond of fishing.  Nearly every boy has a fishing
+rod and goes fishing whenever he can.  Sometimes the boys have great
+fun going around dressed like their fathers.  They wear wooden swords
+and little bows and arrows like soldiers.  They make straw figures of
+men, and with their swords they strike off the heads of these straw men.
+
+But the boys have to work as well as play.  Many of the peddlers in
+Korea are boys.  They sell candy and other things.  The girls do a
+great deal of work at home.  The first thing they learn to do is to sew.
+
+Would you like to know how the women iron their clothes?  They wrap
+each piece around a stick and lay it on the floor.  Then they sit down
+and beat the piece on the stick with wooden clubs.  In this way they
+make the clothes as smooth as a Chinaman makes the linen which he irons.
+
+[Illustration:  Korean Girls Ironing Clothes.]
+
+The houses in Korea are one or two stories high.  They are made of wood
+or clay, and sometimes the roofs are of straw.  The windows are high,
+and the doors are often so low that the people have to stoop down to go
+in.  The rooms are very small and have hardly any furniture.  There are
+no chairs.  The people sit on mats on the floor.  The walls between the
+rooms are made of paper, and the floor is made of stone.
+
+[Illustration:  Korean Houses.]
+
+They have a strange way of heating their houses.  They have no stoves
+or fireplaces.  But under the floor they have a cellar like an oven.
+In this cellar a fire is always kept, and the rooms are sometimes so
+hot that the people can hardly walk on the stone floors.
+
+People who are poor sleep on mats on the floor.  They sleep in their
+clothes. People who are rich have mattresses.  The mattresses are laid
+on the floor at night, and are taken up in the morning.
+
+The people of Korea eat a great deal of rice.  But they have other
+kinds of food.  They have meat and fish and eggs and also fruit.  You
+would think that they would use a great deal of tea, as they live so
+near China.  But they do not drink tea.  They drink rice water instead.
+The rice water is water that rice has been boiled in.
+
+At their meals the men always eat first and the women wait on them.
+When the men have eaten as much as they want, then the women and
+children eat.
+
+The tables they have are very low.  It would not do for them to have
+high tables, as they sit on the floor.
+
+They have no knives or forks.  They eat with spoons, and they use
+chopsticks, as the Chinamen do.
+
+They have no water-pipes in their houses.  In the towns men carry water
+in pails.  They have no gas.  For light at night they use candles.
+
+They have only one kind of coin.  It is a small piece of copper.  It
+has a square hole in the middle.  They put these coins on strings and
+carry them around their necks.  It would take many such coins to make a
+dollar.
+
+[Illustration:  Korean Money.]
+
+There are farms in Korea, where they grow wheat, rice, rye, tobacco,
+cotton, watermelons, and many kinds of fruit.
+
+If you were in Korea, you would think it the strangest country in the
+world.  They do many things very unlike the way we do them.  With us
+bright-colored things are worn by women.  In Korea the men wear bright
+colors.  They have a funny way of selling eggs there.  They place ten
+eggs end to end in a row, and put straw around them.  Then they tie
+strings around the straw between the eggs.  This is called a stick of
+eggs.  When people go to buy eggs, they ask for one or two sticks, or
+as many as they wish.  One stick of eggs costs less than five cents.
+
+[Illustration:  A Stick of Eggs.]
+
+Instead of a president they have a king.  The king lives in the largest
+town.  There is a thick, high wall all around this town.  There are
+gates in the wall, and these are shut at night.  After the gates are
+shut, no one can get in or out until they are opened in the morning.
+
+The people show very great respect for the king.  When they go to speak
+to him they throw themselves down on their faces before his throne.
+The people love their country very much.  They think it is the most
+beautiful country in the world.
+
+
+
+
+INDIA.
+
+How would you like to go to school at six o'clock in the morning?  That
+is the time many children go to school in India.  India is a large
+country in Asia.  The children stay in school till nine o'clock.  Then
+they go home for breakfast, and go back to school at ten.  At two
+o'clock they go home for dinner.  They go back again at three to stay
+till evening.  You will think that this is a long time to be at school.
+
+[Illustration:  Hindoo Children at School.]
+
+In some of the schools they have no desks or chairs, but the boys and
+girls sit on the floor.  In other schools they have long tables instead
+of desks.
+
+They do not learn their letters as we do.  The teachers write five
+letters in sand on the floor.  Then the boys and girls write the
+letters in the sand.  They write the letters many times, until they
+know them well.  Then the teachers write five more letters, and so on
+until the children know all the letters.  When they can make the
+letters in the sand, they next learn to write them on palm leaves with
+pens made of wood.  The last thing they do is to write them on slates
+and on paper.
+
+[Illustration:  Native Children of India.]
+
+In some of the large towns they learn to read and write English.  But
+English is not the language that most of the people speak.  They have a
+language of their own.
+
+[Illustration:  A Hindoo Family at Home.]
+
+The people of India are called Hindoos.  They have dark skin, dark
+eyes, and dark hair.
+
+It is so warm that most of the people wear very little clothing.  Many
+of the boys and girls wear no shoes.  The girls are very fond of
+jewels.  No matter how poor a family is, they try to buy some jewels
+for their girls.  So the girls in India always have jewelry to wear.
+
+They have no Christmas in India.  They have what they call the "Feast
+of the Cakes."  At the Feast of the Cakes they have three holidays.
+Then they have cakes of all kinds.
+
+The boys are very fond of swinging.  They are also very fond of
+swimming.  In some places they have diving wells.  The boys plunge from
+a high bank down into the water below.
+
+[Illustration:  A Tiger.]
+
+The rich people have very fine houses, with gardens and flowers and
+fountains.  There are carpets, cushions, and tables in the houses, but
+no chairs.  They sit on cushions on the floor.
+
+The beds are very low, and the legs are often of silver or gold or
+ivory.  They have no sheets or pillow cases, but covers of velvet or
+satin.
+
+The people who are poor live in houses made of dried mud, with roofs of
+bamboo poles and straw.  They have hardly any furniture.  They sleep on
+mats made of palm leaves.
+
+[Illustration:  Cobras.]
+
+In many of the houses they have no tables.  They eat off of leaves on
+the floor.  Their food is mostly rice.  All the family do not eat
+together.  The father of the family always eats first.  When he has
+eaten, the mother and children sit down to eat.
+
+The women do most of the work.  So the girls have to learn to work.
+But the men and boys do all the sewing.  How queer this seems!
+
+[Illustration:  An Elephant Piling Lumber.]
+
+There are a great many wild beasts in India--tigers, leopards, cobras,
+and crocodiles.  The tigers are very fierce.  They sometimes come into
+villages at night and carry off men, women or children, and kill and
+eat them.  There are logs.  They do work of many kinds.  An elephant is
+much stronger than a horse.  He can carry a far heavier load.
+Sometimes all the family ride on one elephant's back.
+
+[Illustration:  Riding on an Elephant.]
+
+
+
+
+LAPLAND.
+
+Jingle! jingle! jingle!  Where does the merry sound come from?  It
+comes from a sleigh drawn by a reindeer.  The sleigh is called a
+"pulk'ha."  It is made of birch wood.  It has no runners.  It goes on a
+little keel like that on the bottom of a boat.  The sleigh is very low.
+It is pointed at the front like a rowboat, and is flat at the back.
+There are no seats in it.  The driver sits in the bottom.  The reindeer
+draws the sleigh, and goes very fast.  If the driver is not very
+careful the sleigh may be upset.
+
+It is in Lapland that you may see this kind of a sleigh.  The people
+who live there are called Lapps.  They are short and stout.  You would
+think the men and women were boys and girls.
+
+It is very cold in Lapland.  The summer is short, and the winter is
+long.  So the Lapps have to wear warm clothes most of the year.
+
+The men and women and boys and girls in Lapland dress much alike.  In
+the winter they wear a long outside coat called a _kap'ta_.   It
+reaches below the knees.  It is made of reindeer skin with the hair
+left on.  Under the kapta they wear warm clothes made of wool.
+
+[Illustration:  A Lapp's Tent.]
+
+Their shoes are also made of reindeer skin.  They wear two pairs of
+thick woolen stockings.  When they put on the stockings, they wrap
+their feet in dry grass.  Then they put on their shoes.  The grass
+helps to keep their feet warm.  They also wear two pairs of mittens at
+the same time.  One pair is made of wool.  The other pair is made of
+reindeer skin.  Their hats or caps are also made of reindeer skin.
+They are lined with eider down.  Perhaps you do not know what eider
+down is.  It is the soft, fine feathers of a bird called the eider
+duck.  A great many of these ducks are found in Lapland.  Their down is
+very soft and warm.
+
+Sometimes the Lapps have to go long distances in the snow.  Then they
+put on skees.  If you saw a pair of skees, you would think that a
+person could not walk with them.  They are flat pieces of wood, four or
+five inches wide, and very long.  Some skees are six feet long.  Some
+are ten or twelve feet long.  They are turned up a little in the front.
+In the middle of each there is a hollow place.  The shoe is strapped to
+the foot there, as you see in the picture.  When the Lapps go on skees,
+they do not raise their feet from the ground.  They slide along, one
+foot after the other.  They have a long pole, or staff, in their hands
+to beep themselves from falling.  They can go very fast in this way.
+Sometimes they go ten or fifteen miles an hour.
+
+[Illustration:  Skees.]
+
+In some parts of Lapland the people live in houses made of earth and
+stone.  Each house has only one room.  The Lapps have no carpets.  They
+have no tables or chairs.  They cover their floor with twigs of trees.
+They eat and sleep on skins spread on the twigs.  They burn wood for
+fires.  The fire is made on the ground in the middle of the floor.  The
+smoke goes out through a hole in the roof.
+
+[Illustration:  A Lapp Family at Home.]
+
+The Lapps do not all live in the same way.  Some of them are called
+mountain Lapps.  In summer the mountain Lapps live in tents among the
+hills.  Their tents are made of reindeer skin.  They have a great many
+reindeer.
+
+The reindeer is very useful to the Lapps.  It gives them milk.  It
+draws their sleighs.  Its flesh is good to eat.  They make clothes of
+its skin.  They make knives and spoons of its horns.
+
+In summer the reindeer eat the soft shoots of shrubs and trees.  In
+winter they feed on moss called lichen.  They get the lichen
+themselves.  They would not eat it if it were gathered for them.  In
+winter they dig down through the snow with their feet to get at the
+lichen.  They dig first with one fore foot and then with the other.
+The snow is often so deep that the reindeer has to dig a hole so large
+that its body is almost hidden.
+
+The reindeer are not put in stables.  They like to be out in the cold
+and snow.  They are able to take care of themselves.
+
+The Lapps eat a good deal of meat.  Their meat is the flesh of the
+reindeer.  They are very fond of fat.  All people who live in very cold
+countries eat a great deal of fat.  It helps to keep them warm.  The
+Lapps also have milk and cheese.  They eat rye bread and fish and
+berries.  They drink coffee.
+
+[Illustration:  A White Bear.]
+
+In winter they have to melt snow in a pot over the fire to get water.
+The rivers and lakes are all frozen.
+
+The Lapps cook their food in a large pot over the fire.  They sit
+around the fire to eat.  The father takes a piece of meat out of the
+pot.  Then he serves a piece to each.  The Lapps use no forks.  They
+use their fingers instead.
+
+In some places they have a funny way of storing their food.  They make
+a little log house on the top of a post.  They have a ladder to go up
+to it.  In this little house they store cheese and milk and other
+things.  Then wild animals cannot reach them.
+
+[Illustration:  A Lapland Wolf.]
+
+There are bears and wolves and foxes in Lapland.  These animals are
+sometimes very fierce.  They would come into the people's tents and
+houses at night, were it not for the dogs.  Nearly every person has a
+dog.  Even the hoys and girls have dogs.  The dogs are very brave.
+They are not afraid to attack wolves or bears.
+
+But you will wish to know about the children in Lapland.  You have
+heard about the old woman who lived in a shoe.  The Lapp baby has a
+cradle shaped like a shoe.  It is made of a single piece of wood.  It
+is lined with moss and other warm things.  The mother often carries it
+in her arms.  Sometimes she carries it on her back, slung from her
+shoulders.  The baby plays with strings of buttons or glass beads.
+
+When a baby is born in Lapland they give it a reindeer.  If the
+reindeer has any young ones, they keep them for the baby until it is a
+man or woman.  They also give a reindeer to the person who is the first
+to find that the baby has cut a tooth.
+
+The Lapp boys and girls have very few toys.  The toys they have they
+make themselves.  The boys make willow flutes and play on them.  When
+the boys go on the water they have long, narrow boats like canoes.
+Some boys also make sleighs.
+
+Many of the boys and girls go to school.  They learn to read and write
+and count.
+
+There are towns near the sea and by the rivers and lakes.  In these
+towns they have schools and churches.
+
+
+
+
+GREENLAND.
+
+Very strange people live in Greenland.  They are called Eskimos.
+Greenland is a country very far north.  It is always cold there.  So
+the children need warm clothing.  Their stockings are made of birdskin.
+The soft feathers keep their little feet very warm.  Their shoes are
+made of sealskin.
+
+An Eskimo girl does not wear skirts.  Her clothes are like her
+brother's.  Her trousers are made of white bearskin.  Her jacket is
+made of fur.  When she goes out sleigh riding, she puts on fur mittens.
+Do you know what a fur boa is?  This little girl wears one around her
+neck.  It is made of the tail of a fox.  The strings to it are made of
+long pieces of skin.
+
+[Illustration:  An Eskimo Girl.]
+
+Perhaps you think the Eskimo children are white.  No, they are brown.
+Their faces are round and fat.
+
+Our babies ride in carriages, but an Eskimo baby rides on its mother's
+back.  The mother wears a coat with a pocket on the back of it.  The
+pocket is lined inside with soft reindeer skin.  This makes a nice warm
+nest for baby.
+
+[Illustration:  Eskimo Mother and Baby.]
+
+In Greenland all the boys and girls have sleds.  The runners of the
+sled are made of bone.  The top is made of strips of sealskin.  It has
+a back for the boy or girl to lean against.  Dogs draw the sled across
+the snow.  But the Eskimos also have sleds made of ice.  I think you
+would like an ice sled.  Oh, how fast it runs over the snow!  The boys
+and girls have fine fun with these sleds!
+
+They play a nice game in the snow with their sleds.  I will tell you
+about it.  Do you know what a reindeer is?  It is like a deer, but it
+has long, branching horns.  The horns are called antlers.  When the
+Eskimos kill a reindeer for meat, the boys and girls get the antlers.
+They set these antlers up in the snow on a hillside.  They leave spaces
+between the antlers.  Then the boys and girls get on their sleds and
+slide down the hill.  They must go between the antlers, but must not
+touch them.  Sometimes the boys and girls have bows and arrows.  They
+try to hit the antlers with their arrows.  This is very hard, but it is
+great fun.  Do you think you could do this?
+
+The boys have boats made of long, thin bones covered with skins.  These
+sail very well on the water.  The boys use paddles to move the boats.
+A paddle is like an oar.  The boys sometimes go in their boats to help
+their fathers catch fish.
+
+Eskimo children cannot read or write.  They do not go to school, for
+the Eskimos have no schools.  They are very fond of stories, but they
+cannot read them in books.  So their mothers tell them stories.  The
+mothers cannot read, either.   The stories they tell are what they
+heard from their mothers.  Are you not happy that you can read stories
+for yourself?
+
+Perhaps you think the Eskimo children are unhappy?  Oh, no!  Though
+they cannot read books, they play all kinds of games.  There is a funny
+game they play in the house.  All the children get on their knees in a
+ring.  Then they hold their toes with their hands and move along by
+jumps.  The one who goes the fastest wins.
+
+The Eskimo boys play a game like the game of "cup and ball."  They have
+two pieces of bone.  One is flat, with holes in it.  The other is long
+and sharp like a pin.  Both are joined by a string about a foot long.
+The flat piece is tied to one end of the string, and the pin to the
+other end.  The pin is held in the hand, and the flat piece is thrown
+into the air.  The game is to catch the flat piece upon the point of
+the pin, by one of the holes.
+
+[Illustration:  Eskimo Children.]
+
+Eskimo boys play another game with a ball and a stick made of bone.  It
+is something like shinny, one of the games yon play.  They also play a
+game with a sealskin hall about as big as a baseball.  They strike the
+ball with their hands and try to keep it in the air all the time.  The
+Eskimo boys play football very well.  They think it great fun.   They
+never touch the ball with their hands; they only kick it.
+
+The girls have dolls made of wood, with fur clothes.  The dolls look
+like the little girls themselves.
+
+Perhaps you would like to know about the houses the Eskimos live in.
+They have summer houses and winter houses.  The summer house is a tent
+made of skins.  The winter house is made of stones and earth covered
+with snow.  It is not much higher than a man.  They have a strange way
+of getting into these houses.  A long, narrow passage leads from the
+door on the outside.  They must crawl on their hands and knees along
+this passage.  Then they go through a small opening into the house.
+The long passage keeps out the cold.
+
+[Illustration:  A Winter House.]
+
+There is only one room in the house.  Everything is done in this room.
+They sleep and eat and cook in it.  The beds are of sealskins, and are
+made on a bench along the wall.  There are no stoves in the house.  The
+Eskimos use lamps to keep themselves warm and to give them light.  They
+cook their food, too, with lamps.  The lamps give great heat, and the
+houses are quite warm.
+
+When the men kill a bear they have a party.  At the party everybody
+sits around the lamp The bear is cut up and every one gets a piece.
+Then the children sing and dance.  The Eskimos eat a great deal of
+meat.  They kill seals and bears and birds for their meat.  They also
+eat berries and seaweed.
+
+There are no tables in Eskimo houses.  A large dish is set on the
+floor.  The family sit round it and eat out of it.  They cut their meat
+with knives made of bone.  Their cups are made of sealskin.
+
+Do you know what a seal is?  It is an animal with thick fur.  Sometimes
+it lives on the land and sometimes in the water.  The people in the
+North kill it and make clothes of its skin.  Its fur is very warm and
+makes fine jackets.  The Eskimos eat the flesh of the seal.  They make
+knives and other things of its bones.
+
+[Illustration:  Seals.]
+
+Eskimo boys and girls have a funny kind of candy.  It is the red skin
+of a bird's foot soaked in fat.  You would not care for this.  But the
+Eskimo children eat it and like it.  The cold weather makes them like
+to eat fat.
+
+
+
+
+RUSSIA.
+
+"Your nose! your nose, sir!"  This is a cry often heard in the streets
+of Russia.
+
+Russia is a very large country.  Part of it is in Europe.  A great part
+of it is very cold.  When a person in the cold part of Russia goes out
+riding in winter, he has to cover his face, all except the nose and
+eyes.  Sometimes his nose gets very cold, and would freeze if some one
+did not cry out, "Your nose, sir!"  Why?  When one's nose gets so cold,
+it becomes numb.  It has no feeling.  One would not know that it was
+freezing if some person did not cry out.  The cold nose must then be
+rubbed with snow.  You would think this a strange way to keep it from
+freezing, but it is the best way to take out the frost.
+
+There are many kinds of houses in Russia.  The houses have to be made
+very warm.  So they are built with double walls.  In rich people's
+houses they have stoves like ours.  But in the poor people's houses the
+stoves are built of brick.  They always burn wood, for coal costs too
+much in Russia.  The stoves are sometimes built very high.  Often they
+are as high as the ceiling.  Sometimes people lie on top of the great
+stove to keep themselves warm.
+
+[Illustration:  A Russian Carriage.]
+
+In most of the houses in the country, they have no beds.  There are
+benches along the wall, which they use both for chairs and beds.  In
+some houses the children sleep on the floor on pieces of felt.
+
+Most of the people in Russia are farmers.  They raise a great deal of
+wheat.  The people in many other countries get wheat from Russia.
+
+[Illustration:  A Russian Farmer and his Family.]
+
+The children have to wear very warm clothes because it is so cold the
+greater part of the year.  Their coats are lined with fur.  In winter
+the children in the towns have great fun on the ice hills.  Ice hills
+are made in all the towns.
+
+First they build a high tower, and down from the top of it they make a
+steep hill.  Blocks of ice are laid on this hill and water is poured
+over them.  The water freezes, and thus the ice hill is made.  On one
+side of the ice hill there is a place to draw up the sleds.  The boys
+and girls start at the top, and down they go with merry laughing and
+shouting!  So you see they have fine sport on their ice hills.
+
+When the children are not playing on the ice hills, they go skating or
+sleighing.
+
+In some parts of Russia they have funny ferryboats.  When the rivers
+are frozen over in winter, the boats cannot sail on them.  Then the
+people use chairs instead of boats.  There are warm covers on the
+chairs, and men on skates push them across the ice.  It costs less than
+one cent to ride across a river in one of these chairs.
+
+In St. Petersburg they build an ice palace every winter.  St.
+Petersburg is the largest city in Russia.  It is the place where the
+emperor lives.  The Emperor of Russia is sometimes called the Czar.
+
+They make the ice palace with square blocks of ice.  They put the
+blocks together and pour water between them.  When the water freezes,
+the wall is solid like a wall of brick or stone.  Everything inside the
+palace is made of ice.  There are ice stairs and ice tables, and ice
+chairs, and beautiful flowers made of ice.  Warm rugs of fur are put on
+the chairs so that people who sit on them may not be cold.  Often there
+are grand balls and parties in this beautiful palace of ice.
+
+[Illustration:  A Russian Family.]
+
+In summer, too, the boys and girls in Russia have a good time.  The
+boys have wrestling matches, for they are strong.
+
+The girls have a game like ring-around-a-rosy.  They also have a game
+much like our seesaw.  A girl stands on each end of a board.  Then one
+girl jumps up and comes down on the board.  This sends the other girl
+up, and in her turn she comes down on the board and sends the first
+girl up.  And so they play on, going up and down.  This is not an easy
+game to play.  It is some time before the girls can do it well.  Some
+girls are so skillful at this game that they can keep jumping a long
+time without falling.
+
+Some people in Russia have very queer cradles for their babies.  One
+kind of cradle is a basket which hangs by ropes from the ceiling.
+Another kind of cradle is made of cloth sewed to a wooden frame.  This
+cradle also hangs from the ceiling.
+
+In some places in Russia the nurses who take care of the babies wear
+dresses to show whether the baby is a girl or a boy.  If it is a boy
+the nurse wears a blue dress.  If it is a girl the nurse wears a pink
+dress.
+
+There are not schools in all parts of Russia, but in some places there
+are good schools, and the children learn to read and write.
+
+I must not forget to tell you of the great bell in Russia.  It is the
+largest bell in the world.  It is in Moscow, a very old city of Russia,
+and it is called the great bell of Moscow.  But it has never been rung,
+for it was cracked in the side when it was being made.  It is nearly
+twenty feet high, and is now used as a chapel.
+
+[Illustration:  The Great Bell at Moscow.]
+
+The next largest bell in the world is also in Moscow.  This bell is
+hung up in a church; and when they ring it, the sound is heard all over
+the city like the rolling of thunder.
+
+
+
+
+SWITZERLAND.
+
+Switzerland is a land of mountains and hills and valleys and beautiful
+lakes and streams.  Every year many people go from all parts of the
+world to see the beautiful Swiss mountains and valleys.
+
+Sometimes large masses of snow and ice, mixed with earth, fall or slide
+down the sides of the mountains with a loud crash.  As they slide, they
+tear away rocks and trees, and bury houses and villages beneath them.
+These masses of snow and ice are called avalanches.
+
+[Illustration:  An Avalanche.]
+
+Snow falls all the year round on the tops of the mountains in
+Switzerland.  As the snow falls, it packs down hard and changes into
+ice.  At last it becomes a great mass of ice, and slides very slowly
+down the sides of the mountains into the valleys.  These masses of ice
+are called glaciers.  They move so slowly that you cannot tell they are
+moving by looking at them.  But by driving a stake down, you can see,
+after a long time, that the ice has moved a little way.
+
+A great many of the people in Switzerland live by keeping cattle and
+sheep and goats.  Their houses are in the valleys.  But in spring, when
+the snow begins to melt and the grass begins to grow, the men drive
+their flocks up the mountain sides to feed.  There they stay till the
+end of summer.  The men take with them a supply of food, and they sleep
+in huts on the mountain side.
+
+There is a kind of goat in Switzerland called the chamois.  It lives
+high up in the mountains.  It is very hard to hunt the chamois, for it
+can go into places where a man cannot follow it.  It can leap very
+nimbly from one rock to another.  It can go up and down a rough
+mountain side.
+
+[Illustration:  Chamois.]
+
+In the summer the chamois feeds on herbs and flowers.  In winter it
+eats the shoots and buds of pine trees.  It is very fond of salt.
+There is a kind of stone in the mountains that is partly made of salt.
+The chamois licks these stones to get the salt.
+
+The chamois feed together in herds of fifteen or twenty.  One of them
+is always on the watch to give notice if anybody comes to hunt them.
+When it sees any one coming, it stamps on the ground with its fore feet
+and makes a sharp cry.  Then all start off.  They leap from crag to
+crag till they are far out of danger.
+
+The skin of the chamois is very soft.  It is made into a fine, soft
+leather.  This leather is called shammy leather.  Have you ever seen a
+piece of shammy leather?  The flesh of the chamois is very good to eat.
+
+The people in Switzerland use a great deal of milk and butter and
+cheese for their food.  They also have potatoes and bread and fruit.
+They eat very little meat.
+
+The Swiss houses are made of wood.  Stones are often put on the roofs.
+The stones keep the shingles from being torn off by the wind.  The
+Swiss are very neat and clean.  On every window sill there are
+flowerpots, for the Swiss are very fond of flowers.
+
+[Illustration:  A Swiss House.]
+
+In every village in Switzerland there is a school.  The Swiss have very
+good schools.  The boys and girls must go to school when they are six
+years old.  They learn all that we learn in our schools.  There are
+also schools where the boys are taught trades.  The boys and girls go
+to school only eight months in the year.  So they have four months'
+vacation.
+
+After school, the boys help to take care of the sheep and goats and
+cattle.  The girls help about the housework.  All find plenty to do.
+
+But the Swiss boys and girls have some time for play as well as for
+work and school.  They often have holidays.  One of their greatest
+holidays is the day that the men come home from the mountains with
+their flocks.  The boys and girls go out to meet them.  They sing
+songs.  The bells ring, and flags wave.  Everybody is merry and happy.
+
+The children in Switzerland have a great many pretty toys.  Some of
+their toys are made to play music.  The Swiss make all kinds of music
+boxes.
+
+In Switzerland, instead of a king, they have a president, as we have.
+And in past times they had brave men who fought to make their country
+free.  One of their great men was William Tell.  The Swiss love his
+name as strongly as we love the name of George Washington.
+
+[Illustration:  Swiss Dog Cart.]
+
+
+
+
+HOLLAND.
+
+The people who live in Holland are called Dutch.
+
+There are many canals in Holland.  In some of the towns they have
+canals instead of streets.  There are bridges across the canals for
+people to go from one side of the street to the other.  In some of the
+streets they have no sidewalks, and nothing between the houses but
+canals.
+
+[Illustration:  Canals in Holland.]
+
+In most of the houses they have no carpets.  They scatter white sand on
+the floor every morning.  They keep their houses very clean.  In their
+kitchens they have open fireplaces, with fires blazing brightly.  Near
+the fires they have footstools made of cork.  In some houses they have
+fire boxes for warming their feet.  They can carry these boxes wherever
+they like.  In cold weather they take their fire boxes to church.
+
+Wherever you go in Holland you see windmills.  When you see them far
+off they look like giants with their arms stretched out.  The arms are
+shaped like ladders.  The arms have sails on them to catch the wind.
+It is the wind that makes the arms go round.  With these windmills the
+people pump up water, and grind corn, and saw wood.  The land is very
+flat and low.  There are no swift running streams to turn the mills.
+So the people build windmills.
+
+[Illustration:  Windmills in Holland.]
+
+The great wonder of Holland is the dikes.  Holland is near the sea, and
+so dikes are built along the beach to keep the water out.  The dikes
+are strong walls made of earth and stones.  They are very high, and so
+thick that on the top there is a road to walk and ride on.  In some
+parts of Holland there are houses also on the top of the dikes.  If it
+were not for these dikes, the sea would flow in on the land.  Then it
+would cover the houses and towns, and drown the people.
+
+Did you ever hear the story of the little boy and the hole in the dike?
+The little boy's name was Hans.  He lived near the great dikes along
+the sea.  One day his mother sent him on an errand.
+
+When he was coming home, he saw water flowing from a small hole in the
+dike.  He knew that the water came from the sea.  Then he said to
+himself, "If that water is not stopped, the hole will get larger.  Then
+the sea will break in, and we shall all be drowned."
+
+So Hans went up to the dike and put his hand against the hole, and
+stopped the water.  This was very hard to do.  But the little fellow
+held bravely on.
+
+When night came and Hans did not come home, his father and some of the
+people who lived close by went to search for him.  After many hours
+they found him at the dike, keeping the water back with his hand.  Then
+his father took him home, and the men stopped up the hole in the dike.
+Everybody praised Hans for what he had done.
+
+The little children in Holland are very pretty.  They have round, fat
+faces, golden hair, and blue eyes.  The boys wear wide trousers and
+little round caps.  The girls wear jackets and skirts and little caps
+with gold braid.
+
+Both boys and girls wear wooden shoes.  And what a noise they do make
+with their wooden shoes when they run around!  They have great fun
+playing their shoes are boats.  They sit on the sides of the canals and
+take off their shoes and sail them on the water like little boats.
+They tie strings to the shoes so that they can draw them in whenever
+they like.
+
+[Illustration:  Dutch Girl with Wooden Shoes.]
+
+Dutch children do not wear shoes in the house, but wear slippers.  When
+they go home after playing or from school they take off their shoes.
+They leave them outside the door.  Would you not think it strange to
+see rows of little shoes outside the doors?
+
+Every Saturday the children clean their shoes.  But they do not shine
+them as we do.  They wash them with soap and water, and dry them at the
+fire.  If the sun shines, they hang them on a bush to dry.  When they
+are dry, they are almost as white as snow.
+
+Winter is a very merry season in Holland.  Then all the canals are
+frozen, and there is great fun skating.  Everybody has skates, even the
+little children.  And how merry and happy the boys and girls are,
+skimming along on the ice!
+
+[Illustration:  Skating in Holland.]
+
+The men and women go to market on skates.  Those who do not wish to go
+on skates go in sleds or chairs with runners on them.  The chairs are
+pushed by skaters.
+
+But the best fun of all is on the ice boats.  The ice boats have sails,
+and can go very fast on the smooth ice.
+
+The first day of skating every year is a holiday.  There is no school
+that day, and everybody goes out skating, or riding in sleds or ice
+boats.  How glad the boys and girls are when Skating Day comes!  What
+fun they have!  And of course they have sleigh riding, for every family
+has a sleigh.  The sleighs are made like shells, or boats, or swans.
+When the people go sleigh riding at night, they carry lighted torches.
+
+The greatest holiday the Dutch have is Santa Claus's day.  It is on
+December 6.  All the stores are made pretty on that day.  Santa Claus
+is in the windows.  He is dressed in red with white fur, and rides a
+large horse.  The streets are crowded with boys and girls to see all
+this.  They have Santa Claus cakes, and gingerbread made like chairs
+and tables and fishes and horses and many other things.
+
+At night Santa Claus rides on the roofs of the houses, and drops nice
+things down the chimneys for good children.  And the boys and girls
+leave their shoes near the fireplace for the things to drop in.
+
+But they do not find many toys in their shoes, for Santa likes better
+to give them cakes and money.  The Dutch boys and girls have not many
+toys, but they play for hours with their shoes.  They use them for
+boats, baskets, dishes, or beds for their dolls.
+
+They have fine schools in Holland, and the boys and girls go to school
+and learn the same things that we learn in our schools.
+
+Some Dutch girls go to market to sell milk or cheese.  They have
+donkeys to carry the milk or cheese.  Sometimes, the girls ride on the
+donkeys' backs.
+
+Some Dutch girls also go to market to sell fruit.  They carry the fruit
+on a pole across the back of their shoulders.  A basket of fruit hangs
+from each end of the pole, as you see in the picture.  The boys sell
+milk.  They carry it about in little wagons drawn by dogs.  They are
+very kind to the dogs.  They do not make them draw too heavy a load.
+
+[Illustration:  A Dutch Milkmaid.]
+
+When a baby is born in Holland, some one hangs a silk ball outside the
+door.  If the baby is a boy, they hang up a red ball; and if it is a
+girl, they hang up a pink ball.  Is not this a good way to let their
+friends know they have a new baby?
+
+
+
+
+PATAGONIA.
+
+Have you ever seen a man with pictures on his body?  Perhaps you have
+seen a sailor with a picture of a ship on his arm.  In Patagonia nearly
+all the men and boys have pictures on their bodies.  Patagonia is in
+the southern part of the world.  It is winter in that country when it
+is summer here, and summer there when it is winter here.
+
+Patagonia is a very flat country.  There are very few hills and no
+large trees or fine flowers there.  But there is plenty of good grass,
+which sometimes grows very tall.
+
+The people in Patagonia are Indians.  They have red-brown skin, long
+black hair, and small eyes.  The men are very tall.  Some of them are
+seven feet high.  They paint their faces red and black, and tattoo
+their arms.  They do this with a needle.  They put the needle into dye,
+and then prick the skin with it.
+
+The men wear a piece of cloth around their waists and a large cloak of
+fur.  They sometimes wear boots made of the skin of horses' legs.  The
+women wear gowns fastened at the neck with a pin.  They also have
+cloaks like the men.
+
+[Illustration:  Patagonians at Home.]
+
+The boys and girls wear no clothes until they are four years old.
+After they are four years old they wear the same kind of clothes their
+fathers and mothers wear.  The young girls wear their hair in braids.
+If their hair is not long enough, they make it longer by tying
+horsehair to it.
+
+The houses in Patagonia are tents made of skins.  There are rooms in
+the tents, and each grown-up person has a room.  The fire is made
+inside the tent on the floor.
+
+The people in Patagonia eat gua-na-co and ostrich meat.  Some of the
+people drink a kind of tea made from the leaves of a plant.  The leaves
+are first crushed fine, then put into water.  They drink this tea
+through a small tube with many holes in it.  The holes are so small
+that the pieces of leaves cannot come through.  This tea is very good
+to drink.  It makes the people very strong.
+
+[Illustration: Guanaco.]
+
+The women do all the work about the house.  They make the clothes,
+carry home the wood for the fire, and bring water from the streams or
+wells.
+
+The men do nothing but hunt.  They hunt the guanaco and the ostrich.
+The guanaco is nearly as large as a cow, and has a head like a camel.
+Its flesh is good to eat, and the people make cloaks of its skin.
+
+[Illustration:  Hunting Ostriches.]
+
+The ostrich is the largest bird in the world.  Its legs are very long,
+and it has a long neck.  It cannot fly, for its wings are too small,
+but it can run very fast.  It can run faster than a horse.  It is hard
+for the hunter to catch it.  He rides on horseback, and catches the
+ostrich with a bo'las.  A bolas is a rope with a stone, a metal ball,
+or a lump of hard clay fastened to each end.  The hunter swings one end
+of the bolas round and round his head, and then hurls it with great
+force at the ostrich.  It strikes the ostrich or catches it by the legs
+and throws it down.  Then the hunter runs up and kills the ostrich with
+a knife.  The hunters also hunt the ostrich with dogs.  Sometimes an
+ostrich will spring suddenly up from the long grass almost in front of
+the hunter and his dogs.  Then the dogs can easily catch it.
+
+The ostrich makes a hole in the ground under a bush for its eggs.  This
+is its nest.  The eggs are very large, and they are good to eat.  Its
+flesh is also good to eat.  Of course you know ostrich feathers are
+pretty for ladies' hats.  The feathers for hats are taken from the tail
+and from the ends of the wings.  But the feathers of the ostrich in
+Patagonia are not so fine and pretty as the feathers of the ostrich
+found in Africa.
+
+There is an animal in Patagonia called the puma.  It is like a cat, but
+it is much stronger.  Often it kills and eats the guanaco.
+
+[Illustration:  Pumas.]
+
+The boys and girls in Patagonia have very few toys, but they are merry
+and happy.  As the boys grow up, they soon learn to hunt; and then they
+go out with their fathers to hunt the guanaco and the ostrich.
+
+THE PYGMIES.
+
+Perhaps you have read in fairy tales of very little people called
+dwarfs.  There are old stories which tell us about very small men who
+lived a long time ago in Africa.  They were called pygmies.  They were
+only one foot high, and they built their houses with eggshells.  They
+lived in holes in the ground.  They had goats and sheep which were much
+smaller than themselves, and they had corn which they cut down with
+axes, as we cut down trees.
+
+This is what we are told about them; but, of course, those stories are
+fables.  There never were men so small as one foot high.
+
+But there are real people in Africa called pygmies.  They are very
+small.  The men and women look as if they were boys and girls.  The men
+are about four feet high.
+
+There are a great many large forests in Africa.  It is in the forests
+that the pygmies live.  The forests are so dark in many places that one
+could not see to read at noonday.  Only a few white men have been in
+the land of the pygmies and seen them.  They are shy, like children,
+and hide their faces when spoken to.
+
+Some of the pygmies are black and some are red.  They do not wear much
+clothing.  They do not need much, for the weather is always very warm
+in the country in which they live.  The men and boys wear only a strip
+of cloth around their loins.
+
+Many of the pygmies have no houses.  They wander from place to place,
+and sleep on the ground under a bush.  But some of them have little
+houses, or huts, built in the shape of beehives and about four feet
+high.  They are covered over with long leaves.  The door is only about
+a foot and a half high, just high enough for the pygmies to creep in.
+Their beds are made of sticks stuck in the ground with other sticks
+across them.
+
+The pygmies live by hunting.  They do not shoot with guns, as we do.
+They use bows and arrows, and they are very quick and clever at
+shooting.  A pygmy will shoot off three or four arrows one after the
+other so quickly that the last is flying away before the first has hit
+the mark.
+
+The pygmies are also very smart in making pits to catch the animals
+they wish to kill.  They dig large holes and cover them with sticks and
+leaves.  The animal comes along and falls into the pit and is caught.
+The pygmies can kill elephants with their bows and arrows.  They first
+shoot at the elephant's eyes until he is blind.  They then keep
+shooting at him till he falls dead.
+
+[Illustration:  A Village of Pygmies.]
+
+The pygmies eat the flesh of some of the animals they kill.  They sell
+or trade the fur and skin and ivory for arrows and knives.  They also
+get tobacco and potatoes for their furs and skins.
+
+They are also very good at fishing.  They can catch large fish with a
+piece of meat fastened to a string.
+
+The pygmies do not dig the ground or plant or sow anything.  Bananas
+grow in Africa, and the pygmies are very fond of them.  Often they come
+out of the forests to get bananas from the trees on which they grow.
+If a pygmy sees a good bunch of bananas that he would like to have, he
+shoots his arrow into the stalk.  When the owner of the tree sees the
+arrow he knows how it came there.  So he leaves the stalk until the
+pygmy takes it away.  Sometimes a pygmy pays for the bunch of bananas
+with pieces of meat.  He wraps up a piece of meat in grass or leaves,
+and fastens it to the stalk where he has cut off the bananas.
+
+A pygmy can eat twice as many bananas as the largest white man.  He can
+eat as many as sixty at one meal.
+
+Though the pygmies are small, they are very brave, and all the other
+people who live near them are very much afraid of them.
+
+
+
+
+THE INDIANS.
+
+Long, long ago, before Columbus found America, the Indians lived where
+we live now, There were no cities or houses then, such as we have.
+There were no farms or gardens or fences or roads.  A large part of the
+country was covered with trees.  The rest was great grass plains and
+swamps.
+
+The Indians built their houses where they pleased, beside the rivers or
+near the mountains or on the wide plains.  What sort of houses did they
+live in?  They lived in tents made of skins.  The Indian tents were
+called wigwams.
+
+[Illustration:  An Indian Wigwam.]
+
+There were many tribes of Indians.  Each tribe had a great many men and
+women and children.  Some of the tribes lived in the north, some in the
+south, some near the sea.  In nearly every part of the country there
+were Indian tribes.  Often some of the tribes went to war with other
+tribes.  They fought with bows and arrows and tomahawks.  The tomahawk
+was a sort of hatchet.  The head of it was made of a stone with a sharp
+edge.
+
+[Illustration:  Indian Bow and Arrows.]
+
+[Illustration:  Tomahawks.]
+
+The Indians were very cruel in war.  When they killed a man, they cut
+the skin and hair off the top of his head.  This was called scalping.
+
+When about to go to war, they painted their faces to make themselves
+look very fierce.  They also wore a band around their heads, and in
+these they stuck some long feathers.
+
+There are Indians still in some parts of our country, and many of them
+live in wigwams.  They sleep in these wigwams, but they cook their food
+outside.  They have no coal or stoves or fire-places.  Instead of coal
+they use wood and dried grass.  They make their fire on the ground.
+Their food is very simple.  They have meat and fish and berries, and
+cakes made of corn.  The meat they eat is the flesh of the deer and
+other wild animals.
+
+[Illustration:  An Indian Chief.]
+
+The Indians are of a copper color.  They are sometimes called "Red
+Men."  They have high cheek bones, black eyes, and straight black hair.
+
+The Indian men spend their time hunting and fishing.  They do not have
+bows and arrows now.  They shoot with guns as white men do.
+
+The Indian women do all the work. They cook the food, make the clothes,
+and plant the corn.  They also put up the wigwams and take them down.
+For the Indians do not live always in the same place, but often move
+about.
+
+An Indian woman is called a squaw, and an Indian baby is called a
+pa-poose'.  You would wonder if you saw the Indian baby's cradle.  It
+is a bag made of skin fixed to a flat board.  It is just large enough
+for baby to fit in.  The little papoose is wrapped up warm and put into
+the bag.  The mother carries the baby on her back in this cradle.
+Often she hangs the cradle up on a branch of a tree.  Then the little
+red baby swings while its mother is cooking or working in the field.
+
+[Illustration:  An Indian Baby.]
+
+The men, women, and children wear clothes made of skin.  They often
+wear blankets as shawls are worn by white people.  Their shoes are made
+of deerskin and have no soles.  They are called moccasins.
+
+[Illustration:  Moccasins.]
+
+In many places the Indians now have schools, and the little Indian boys
+and girls go to school every day.  Our government has sent teachers to
+teach them.  They learn to read and write and count.
+
+But the Indian boys and girls learn a great many things at home.  Their
+fathers tell them about birds and beasts and trees and rivers.  And
+they teach the boys to hunt and fish, and train them up to be brave in
+war.
+
+The Indian boys and girls have a great many games.  The boys play with
+bows and arrows.  They play "blindman's buff," and "hunt the slipper,"
+and handball and football.  The girls take part in the football.  One
+of their games is the "stick and ring" game.  The ring is made of skin
+and is sometimes covered with beads.  Each boy has a stick, and he
+throws it at the ring while it is rolling along the ground.  The game
+is to send the stick through the ring.  Every boy tries to strike every
+other boy's stick to stop it from going through the ring.
+
+The Indian boys sometimes play at fighting battles.  They form
+themselves into two armies, and one army fights against the other.
+They fight with balls of wet clay.  Often the battle lasts two or three
+hours.
+
+Indian girls have dolls, and they dress them and sing them to sleep.
+They play "house," and often have doll-house moving.
+
+[Illustration:  Indian Girls.]
+
+Indian men and boys are fond of swimming, and they are very good
+swimmers.  They are also fond of sailing in their canoes.   The canoe
+is made of the bark of the birch tree.  The Indians paddle their
+canoes.  They can make them go very fast.
+
+Many of the Indians now live in houses and have farms the same as white
+men, and they raise corn and vegetables and fruit.  They have horses
+and cows and sheep as other farmers have.  And we may hope that before
+long the Red Men will live in the same way as white men, and be as well
+off and as happy.
+
+
+
+
+THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
+
+The Philippine Islands are far away on the other side of the earth,
+near China.  There are a great many of these islands.  Most of them are
+small.  But some of them are large islands, and many people live on
+them.  The largest of the islands is called Luzon.  The largest town in
+this island is Manila.
+
+Many tribes of people live in the Philippine Islands.  Each tribe has a
+language of its own.
+
+It is very warm in these islands.  So the people need but little
+clothing.  Their houses are not very high.  The highest house is only
+two stories.  In some parts they have strange windows in their houses.
+The panes are not made of glass, as in our houses.  They are made of
+oyster shells.  But they are not like our oyster shells.  They are very
+thin--so thin that the light can come through them nearly as well as
+through glass.  The shell is made square, and fits in the window like a
+pane of glass.  Sometimes the sides or walls of the upper stories are
+made of frames, with oyster shells for panes.  The people can slide
+these walls back, so as to let the cool air into the rooms.
+
+[Illustration:  A Philippine House.]
+
+There is one tribe in the islands called the Moro tribe.  The people of
+this tribe have very strange houses.  They build their houses in the
+water near the shore.  They build them on the top of long poles.  The
+first stories are high above the water.  The people use ladders to go
+up to them.  These houses are built of bamboo.
+
+The bamboo is very useful in the country where it grows.  It is a kind
+of reed, and grows very tall.  It has joints like the joints of a corn
+stalk.  It is not solid like a corn stalk, but is hollow inside.  It is
+so thick and strong that the people make houses of it and all kinds of
+furniture.
+
+[Illustration:  Bamboo.]
+
+The Moro men are good sailors and swimmers.  They are also good divers.
+They dive into the water for pearls and coral.  They can stay under the
+water for two or three minutes at a time.  The children also are good
+swimmers.  They spend a great deal of time in the water.
+
+There is another tribe called the Man'gy-ans.  These people live in the
+mountains.  They have black hair and flat noses.  They are very strong,
+for they spend most of their time out of doors.
+
+Some months of the year they do not live in houses.  They sleep under
+trees.  But other months of the year it rains very much.  Then they
+sleep in houses.  Their houses are made of poles with roofs of leaves.
+
+The Mangyan women and girls wear a very strange kind of dress.  It is
+made of cords coiled around their waists.  The cords are narrow strips
+of rattan braided together.  Rattan is the stem of a plant which grows
+to a very great height.  It sometimes grows a hundred feet high.  It is
+as thick as a man's wrist, and it is very tough and strong.  The people
+split the rattan into thin strips.  With these they make baskets, seats
+of chairs, walking canes, ropes, and many other things.
+
+The Mangyan men are good hunters.  They hunt an animal called the
+tim'a-rau.  It is like a buffalo.  They shoot it with bows and arrows.
+
+There are a great many large forests in the Philippines, and there are
+very fine trees in them.  The most useful of the plants or trees is the
+bamboo.  I have already told you about it.  The cocoanut palm is also a
+very useful tree.  The nuts give food and drink and oil.
+
+[Illustration:  A Philippine woman carrying water.]
+
+On one of the islands there is a wonderful plant called the pitcher
+plant.  Its leaves are in the shape of pitchers.  Some of the pitchers
+have lids, and are large enough to hold a pint of water.
+
+In the Philippines they raise coffee, bananas, sugar, tobacco, and
+cotton.  One of their most useful plants is the plant from which they
+get hemp for making ropes and cords.  This plant is called "ab'a-ca" by
+the people in the Philippines, and its hemp is called Manila hemp.
+
+There is a great deal of rice grown in the Philippines.  Rice is the
+food that most of the people live on.
+
+There are buffaloes in the Philippines.  The people use them for riding
+and for carrying loads.  They have also deer, goats, and hogs.
+
+[Illustration:  A Buffalo at Work.]
+
+In some parts of the islands they have a strange way of fishing.  They
+fill baskets with a kind of mixture in which they put poison.  Then
+they throw the baskets into the water.  The fish become stupid after
+eating the poison.  Very soon they rise to the top of the water, where
+the people catch them.
+
+Manila is a large town with strong walls and a deep moat, or ditch,
+around it.  There are eight gates in the wall and bridges across the
+moat.
+
+The men in Manila wear trousers and shirts; but they wear the shirts
+outside.  The women wear skirts with long trains, and waists with very
+full and flowing sleeves.  They wear scarfs or handkerchiefs around
+their necks, with two of the corners hanging down their backs.  They
+never wear hats.
+
+[Illustration:  Women of Luzon.]
+
+In a few of the islands there are schools, and the children learn to
+read and write; but in many other parts there are neither schools nor
+churches.  As the islands now belong to the United States, there will
+soon be many more schools, and the children will be able to learn
+everything that is taught in our schools.
+
+
+
+
+BANGALA
+
+Far away in Africa, near where the pygmies live, there is a great river
+called the Kongo.  The land on either side of this river for many miles
+is called the Kongo Valley.
+
+There are hundreds of miles of great woods in this valley.  These woods
+are not like our woods.  They are very thick with vines and plants.
+There are also a great many kinds of trees.
+
+In the woods are birds with very bright colors.  There are birds called
+sunbirds.  Often green, yellow, scarlet, and purple feathers are found
+on these birds.  What a pretty sight it must be to see them flit about
+in the sun!
+
+There are also many kinds of pretty flowers in the woods.  These
+flowers are as gay in color as the birds.
+
+Many tribes of negroes live in the Kongo Valley.  They live in huts
+made of mats.  The mats are made of strong grass.  The grass is first
+twisted into cords.  Then the cords are braided into mats.
+
+The people also use mats for their beds; but they do not put the mats
+on the ground.  They tie them to a frame raised a little above the
+ground.
+
+[Illustration:  Kongo Negroes at a Mission School.]
+
+These negroes also make baskets, bowls, pots, and wooden spoons.  The
+bowls and pots they make out of clay.
+
+It is very warm all the year round in the Kongo Valley.  So the people
+wear very little clothing.  They rub their bodies with palm oil.
+
+They have a funny way of wearing their hair.  While they are young
+their hair is braided.  Then it is twisted into all sorts of knots and
+shapes.  They do not untwist it, but keep it so always.  They think
+these queer knots and shapes are very pretty.
+
+[Illustration:  A Kongo Village.]
+
+The women do all the hard work.  They cook the food.  They do the other
+housework.  They plant the corn and beans.
+
+[Illustration:  Headdress of Kongo Women.]
+
+The men spend a great deal of time in fishing.  They also hunt and kill
+elephants to get their tusks for ivory.  There are many elephants in
+the Kongo Valley.  They roam about in large herds.  It must be a hard
+task to kill an elephant!
+
+One of the tribes in the Kongo Valley is called the Bangala tribe.  The
+men are tall and strong and fierce.  They are always fighting with
+other tribes.  This makes the other tribes very much afraid of them.
+
+The negroes of this tribe have a strange way of making friends with a
+white man.  They will do him no harm if he is willing to be their
+"blood brother."
+
+This is the way they make a white man their blood brother.  The black
+man takes a limb of palm tree which has two branches.  With one branch
+in his hand, he falls on the ground before the white man.  The white
+man takes hold of the other branch.  Then the black man splits the limb
+into two parts with his knife.
+
+After this is done, an old man of the tribe comes to the white man and
+the black man.  He puts the white man's arm over the black man's arm.
+When their arms are together, he makes a small cut in each arm.  He
+makes this cut to draw blood.  Then the old man puts salt and the dust
+of banana leaves into the blood, and rubs both arms together.  The
+black man and the white man are then blood brothers.
+
+These people have also a strange way of taking care of their canoes.
+When they are not using them, they keep them under water.  They say
+that the canoes will last longer if kept under water.
+
+
+
+
+THE AMAZON VALLEY.
+
+Perhaps you have heard of the Amazon River.  It is the largest river in
+the world.  It is four thousand miles long, and more than fifty miles
+wide where it flows into the sea.  This river is in Brazil.  Brazil is
+far south of us.
+
+[Illustration:  Amazon Indians.]
+
+There are great forests along the banks of this river.  They run back
+from the river for hundreds of miles.  They are the largest forests in
+the world.
+
+A great many kinds of trees grow in these forests.  Some of the trees
+are very high.  Often the trees are covered with vines on which
+beautiful flowers grow.
+
+Wax-palm trees, breadfruit trees, and rubber trees are found in these
+forests.  Wax is taken from the leaves of the wax palm.
+
+We make rubber from the rubber tree.  A cut is made in the side of the
+tree with a knife.  From this cut a white juice flows.  This juice is
+like milk.  It is caught in a cup.  After a while the juice gets hard.
+Then it is rubber.
+
+A great many strange animals and birds are found in these forests.
+There is the sloth, which lives in the trees.  It has hooked claws for
+holding on to the branches.  It hangs on to a branch with its back
+downward.  When it goes to sleep, it rolls itself up like a ball.  It
+moves very slowly, and that is why it is called the sloth.
+
+[Illustration:  A Sloth.]
+
+These forests are full of monkeys and parrots.  Perhaps you have seen a
+parrot.  I dare say you have not seen more than two or three parrots at
+one time.  But in these forests there are flocks of parrots.  They fly
+from tree to tree, and are very wild.
+
+[Illustration:  A Parrot.]
+
+There are many kinds of them.  Some are red, some are green, some are
+blue, and some are all these colors.
+
+Monkeys chatter and parrots screech.  What a noise they must sometimes
+make!
+
+But besides the parrots and the monkeys, there are humming birds and
+butterflies.  You know that the humming bird is a very small bird, but
+humming birds are found in these forests no larger than a bee.  The
+butterflies are the most beautiful in the world.
+
+The people who live in these forests are called Indians.  They do not
+often let white men come among them.  Their skin is copper color, like
+the Indians of our country.  Their hair is black and straight.  They
+are not as tall as our Indians, but their bodies are finely formed.
+They have large, full chests.  Their hands and feet are small and
+nicely shaped.
+
+They keep themselves very clean.  The men and women, the boys and
+girls, are all fond of bathing.  The first thing they do in the morning
+is to take a bath in the nearest river.
+
+Strange to say, some of them paint their faces and bodies.  They take
+the juice of a tree which will stain a blue black.  They pour this
+juice on their heads, and let it run in streams down their backs.  They
+also put red and yellow in large round spots on their cheeks and
+foreheads.
+
+The men braid their hair, and wear it long, down their backs.  They
+part their hair and wear combs.  But the women do not part their hair
+and do not wear combs.  They pull the hair out of their eyebrows.  They
+make holes in their ears.  In these holes they wear, instead of rings,
+a little piece of grass with feathers fastened to it.
+
+[Illustration:  A Painted Amazon Indian.]
+
+Their houses are made of logs of wood set in the ground as posts.  They
+put other logs on top of these for a roof.  Then they cover these logs
+with palm leaves.  There are no windows, and they use mats for doors.
+
+They sleep in hammocks.  These they make of string.  They make the
+string by twisting the leaves of a tree.
+
+They have plenty of pans and pots, both large and small.  These pans
+and pots they make of clay.
+
+First, they soften the clay and knead it.  Then they shape it into pots
+and pans.  It is then dried in the sun.  When the pots and pans are dry
+they are put in a hot fire.  This makes them hard and strong.
+
+The chief food of these Indians is a kind of flour made from the root
+of a plant.  They also eat fish.  A great many fish are found in the
+rivers.  These they catch and eat.  They also dry fish and then smoke
+them over a fire.  The smoked fish keep good a long time.
+
+These Indians sail on the rivers in canoes.  But their canoes are
+heavy.  They are not light, as the canoes of our Indians are.  They are
+not made of birch bark.
+
+These Indians make an entire canoe out of a single tree.  The canoe is
+made thick so as not to be broken by knocking against snags and rocks.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BIG PEOPLE AND LITTLE PEOPLE OF
+OTHER LANDS***
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