diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:44:52 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 04:44:52 -0700 |
| commit | 7d24df5f3e1504cd50247f776357107aad831f00 (patch) | |
| tree | 9f810563170315fdf29d6b15c72b3d8079614266 | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 14590-0.txt | 292 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 14590-h/14590-h.htm | 404 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/14590-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 15724 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/14590-h/14590-h.htm | 807 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/14590.txt | 690 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/14590.zip | bin | 0 -> 13707 bytes |
9 files changed, 2209 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/14590-0.txt b/14590-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3f9f309 --- /dev/null +++ b/14590-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,292 @@ +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14590 *** + +Note: Images of the original pages are available through Our Roots/Nos + Racines. See http://www.ourroots.ca/e/toc.asp?id=1977 + + + + + +A NEW HOCHELAGAN BURYING-GROUND DISCOVERED AT WESTMOUNT ON THE WESTERN +SPUR OF MOUNT ROYAL, MONTREAL, JULY-SEPTEMBER 1898 + +Notes by + +W. D. LIGHTHALL, M.A., F.R.S.L. + +Privately printed for the writer by +Alphonse Pelletier +Printer to the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Montreal + +1898 + + + + + + +The above title is provisional as respects the term "Hochelagan." All +those who are interested in the Indians of old Hochelaga, or in the +Mohawks with whom they seem to have had a close and not yet fully +ascertained race relationship, will be pleased to learn of the +discovery of a prehistoric burying-ground which is probably one of +their race, the only one heretofore known having been on the borders +of their town itself, about upper Metcalfe street, Montreal. The new +one is on the upper level (not the top) of Westmount, which is the +south-western prolongation of Mount Royal, and the four or five graves +thus far found are scattered at considerable intervals over an an +area of about 600 by 300 yards, nearly bounded by Argyle, Montrose +and Aberdeen Avenues and the Boulevard, three of the graves being a +little outside of these limits. A number of years ago a skeleton was +discovered, near the surface, on the cutting of Argyle Avenue on about +a westerly line from the residence of Mr. Earle. As the remains were +rumored to be possibly Indian, Mr. Earle secured the skull, which +had been used as a football by boys, some of the teeth, which had +originally been complete in number, being thus lost. This head is +identical in form with those last found. Roots of grass interlaced +in it show the lightness of the covering. On another occasion many +years ago, a skeleton was found, also lightly buried, and with the +knees drawn up, just east of the residence of Mr. John Macfarlane +on Montrose Avenue, during the digging of a flower-bed. It was over +six feet long. After being exposed for a few days it was re-interred +in the same spot by order of Mr. Macfarlane, and could doubtless +be obtained for examination if desirable. At a later period, the +gardener, Mr. Latter, who had found the Macfarlane skeleton, dug up +and re-interred another just within the bounds of his own property +adjoining the head of Aberdeen Avenue opposite the St. George's +Snowshoe Club-house. On the 22nd of July last (1898) a gardener +excavating in the St. George's Club-house grounds found three +skeletons interred at a depth of from two to two and a half feet and +with knees drawn up. A report of the find was made to the Chief +of Police of Westmount and to Mr. J. Stevenson Brown, and Mr. A.S. +Wheeler, respectively President and Vice-President of the St. George's +Club, the former being also an ex Vice-President of the Natural +History Society. They examined the spot and remains, Mr. Brown +concluding them to be probably Indian from the prominent cheek bones +and large mouths. Having just been paying some attention to the +archaeology of the Iroquois, which had been taken me on a flying trip +to their former country in the State of New-York, I, on seeing in a +newspaper at the seaside, a short item concerning the skeletons, was +immediately interested, and especially in the possibility of their +being Hochelagans, and having particularly commenced some inquiries +into the relations between the latter Indians and the Mohawks, I +wrote, as Chairman of Health of Westmount, asking Chief Harrison to +note the manner and attitude of burial and any objects found, and to +enquire concerning previous excavations in the neighborhood and save +the remains for scientific purposes. (They had been sent by him to the +City Morgue.) The above information concerning the previous skeletons +was then collected and I found that the witnesses concurred in +agreeing that the attitude seems to have been in all cases with +knees bent up. No objects seem to have been noticed in any of the +excavations then made, though some may have been overlooked by the +workmen, particularly as the soil of the locality is full of pieces of +limestone and small boulders, closely resembling arrow heads, hammers +and celts. Several bones which are not human have however been since +found with these three skeletons, one possibly of a dog, another of +a squirrel. They may be those of the funeral feast Sir William Dawson +mentions in his work "Fossil Men," as usually to be looked for over +the Hochelagan graves. + +Mr. Beauchamp, the New-York authority, writes concerning the Mohawks; +"Burial customs varied greatly among the same people, but usually the +knees are drawn up. The face might be turned either way in contiguous +graves. I have seen many opened with no articles in them." By the +kindness of Dr. Wyatt Johnston, Pathologist to the Provincial Board +of Health, the three skeletons have been preserved and are now in +the Chateau de Ramezay Historical Museum where they will doubtless +be regarded with interest by scholars. The skulls have been fully +identified as of the Indian type, and found to be those of two +powerful males in the prime of life and one young woman. The skull +in possession of Mr. Earl is doubtless of the same race. Some large +stones were found placed above the bodies, and also a number of +naturally flat stones which appear to have been used as scoops to +excavate. The plateau where the remains were found is about half way +up the side of the "Mountain" or hill, as it more properly is, the +total height being only about 700 feet. The plateau slopes somewhat +and looks towards the south-east, and being protected by the hill +behind it from prevailing winds, and having a good light soil, +constitutes a very favorable situation for the growth of the Indian +crops of corn and beans. The Mountain being an isolated rise in the +great plain of the St. Lawrence, the plateau was also most favorably +placed for look-out and defence. A hundred yards or so to the west is +a fine perennial spring, and a short distance further is another which +has always been known as "the old Indian Well," having been a resort +of Indians at a later period. Only a few spots on the plateau have +so far been excavated; but with approaching improvements I have no +doubt that other graves will soon be found. The ground to the west, +in the neighborhood of the two perennial springs, has in particular, +never been much disturbed. If therefore, as on the site of the old +Hochelaga, this burying-ground is on the out skirts of a town site, +relics of a much more interesting character may be looked for in +the undisturbed neighborhood just referred to, the Raynes and Murray +farms, and those on, the southern slope of the Mountain. + +Should a town-site be fortunately discovered I have no doubt that +progressive Westmount will see to proper care being taken in the +matter. Such a town would likely be older than Hochelaga and thus +afford a fresh step in tracing the record of this mysterious people. +Such towns were frequently moved, when the soil or supply of wood gave +out, or disease or enemies made removal imperative. As to the remains +already unearthed being prehistoric, there can be no doubt. The Island +was deserted after the destruction of Hochelaga by the Hurons about +1560. The next Indian inhabitants were Catholic converts and therefore +were buried at full length in a consecrated Christian ground. +The village of the converts was at the Old Towers of the Fort des +Messieurs, some quarter of a mile eastward of the plateau referred to. + +In tracing back the history of the land in which these discoveries +have been made, we learn from the _terrier_ or land book of the +Seminary of St. Sulpice, that it was conceded about 1708, and that it +has ever since remained in private hands. Had the site been known as +a burial place, even years previous to that date, it is altogether +unlikely that such a concession would have been made; especially as +there was abundance of unoccupied land in the vicinity. The faint +doubt which arose as to whether the interments were made subsequently +to the founding of Montreal, is therefore eliminated. The authorities +of the Seminary, who conceded the land, state not only that they have +no record of a burying-ground there, but agree with me that the space +covered is too large, to be consecrated ground, as it would be in +Christian times, and they also state that the burials of the mission +of the Mountain where the Montreal Indian converts lived, were made +chiefly at the cemeteries of Montreal and were very few. These +Indians had originally been assembled around Ville Marie but were +removed to the Fort des Messieurs where Montreal College stands in +1662, and thence, towards the beginning of the 18th century, to +Sault-au-Recollet and in 1717 to Oka. The method of burial, also, is +not Christian, but pagan, and similar in every respect to early Mohawk +burials. + +On Saturday the 10th September, 1898, I went with two laborers granted +by the Town of Westmount to the excavation on the club house grounds, +and choosing a spot on its edge cut a short trench some two feet deep. +About ten feet southward of the three skeletons previously found, this +trench revealed two large stones placed in the form of a reversed V, +clearly in order, as it afterwards appeared, to partly cover a body. +On raising these, a skeleton was found of a tall young man laid on the +hard-pan, on his right side, with face down, head towards the west, +knees drawn up, and covered with the mealy dry whitish earth of the +locality, to a depth of about two and a half feet. Mr. Earl assisted +in carefully uncovering the remains, of which Mr. Charles J. Brown +then took two excellent protographs in situ. The form of skull was +similar to the others, the teeth fine and perfect except a grinder +which had been lost years before. One armbone showed that it had once +been broken and healed again. No objects were found, though the search +was very careful. On the 17th, the excavations were continued in the +hope of finding objects of value to science. On this occasion there +was present, besides the writer Mr. Earl, Mr. C.J. Brown, Mr. Wheeler +and others and Mr. R.W. McLachlan, one of the excavators of old +Hochelaga. About four or five feet north of the grave last-mentioned, +large stones were again struck and on being lifted, the skeleton +of a young girl was unearthed whose wisdom teeth had just begun to +appear in the jaw. The large bone of her upper left arm had at one +time been broken near the shoulder. Her slender skeleton was in the +same crouching position as the others but much more closely bunched +together; the top of the head was laid towards the north and looking +partly downwards. Above her were found several flat stones which +may have been used as scoops for the excavation. Under her neck was +discovered the first manufactured object found, a single rude bead of +white wampum of the prehistoric form, and which is now deposited in +the Chateau de Ramezay. As white wampum was the gift of a lover, this +sole ornament tells the pathetic story of early love and death. Mr. +Chas. J. Brown again protographed the remains in situ. The work will +still proceed and no doubt more important discoveries are yet to be +made. + +Montreal, September 20th, 1898. + + +REPORT OF Dr. HIBBERT ON THE WESTMOUNT SKELETONS + +No. I.--A Young Woman + + +The bones of this skeleton, are fragile, broken and considerably +decayed. + +The skull is in fair condition, though the lower jaw is broken in +half. + +The skull is round and arched above the breadth index being 77.7, of +brachycephalic or Mongoloid type. _The superciliary_ ridges are not +very prominent, but the frontal, parietal and occipital eminences +are very distinct. _The forehead_ is non receding and the breath +measures 9 c.m. The cheekbones are not unduly prominent, the official +measurement being 119 m.m. The gnathic index is 93, or orthognathous. +The teeth are well preserved and not much worn, the 3d. molars not +having erupted in either jaw. The face is short and broad, the height +being 108 m.m. in and breadth 119 m.m., the orbit is inclined to be +square with rounded angles and the type megaseme, the nasal index is +mesorhine. + +A very striking feature of this skull is the well marked central +vertical frontal ridge and some tendency to angularity of the vertex. +In the whole this skull is of a more refined type than the others and +suggestive of some fair intellectual development of the individual. +There are two wormian bones on the left side of the skull, one at the +pterion and one below the asterion each being 9 m.m. long. + +The bones generally are fragile and the long bones slender, with no +marked impression for muscular attachment. A curious fact is that the +ends of all the long bones are absent, presumably from decay, and as +these ends are united to the shafts between the age of puberty (14-15) +and adult life it is suggestive that the individual may have been +of about the age of 18 or 20 and this is somewhat confirmed by the +noneruption of the third molars. + +With this skeleton are two animal bones. White and very dense in +structure. They are both femura, one probably that of an ungulate; the +other of a carnivore. + + +No. II.--A Brachycephalic Man + + +This skeleton is that of a large and powerfully built man, the bones +being very heavy and strong with marked impressions and prominences +for muscular attachment. The skeleton, with the exception of some of +the small bones of the hands and feet is complete. + +The skull is large and massive, and the lower jaw very strong and +heavy. The teeth are well preserved but much ground down at the crown. +The superciliary ridges are very prominent. The fore head is narrow +(102 c.m.) receding. + +Judging from the size and strength of the bones and their impressions +for muscular attachment, this man must have been very powerful and +calculating from the length of the femur, at least six feet tall. +With this skeleton we found a small humerus of some mammal possibly a +squirrel. + + +No. III.--The Tallest Man + + +This skeleton is also that of a large powerfully built man, even +taller man the last. The skull is larger, though not quite so massive. +It is longer and narrower and dolicephalus, the occipital region very +prominent. The height index is low (70.5). + +The face is broad as compared with the length 124-112 and the cheek +bones are prominent, lower jaw is heavy and strong. + +The bones of this skeleton are well preserved and it is almost entire, +there being only a few of the bones of the hands and feet missing. The +pelvis is masculine. The bones are long, large and heavy with marked +impressions and processes. + +The femur measures 17-7/8 inches so that this man must have been six +feet or more and of muscular frame. + +Among the bones of No III skeleton were 2 small rib bones of a bird. + +Judging from the general conformation of the three skulls, it would +appear that No. I, was that of the most intelligent person of the +three and No. III of the least No. II being intermediate. + +It is difficult to estimate the height of No. I as the femur is so +decayed at both ends, but allowing for this, the height would not +be more than 5 feet and probably less than that. The skeletons +undoubtedly belong to the Mongoloid type and are distinctive of +the North American Indians. + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14590 *** diff --git a/14590-h/14590-h.htm b/14590-h/14590-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5c8743c --- /dev/null +++ b/14590-h/14590-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,404 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of A New Hochelagan Burying-ground Discovered at Westmount on the Western Spur of Mount Royal, Montreal, July-September, 1898, by W. D. Lighthall</title> + <style type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h6 {text-align: center;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + + span.pagenum + {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + a:link {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + link {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + a:hover {color:#ff0000} + pre {font-size: 8pt;} + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14590 ***</div> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, A New Hochelagan Burying-ground Discovered at +Westmount on the Western Spur of Mount Royal, Montreal, July-September, +1898, by W. D. Lighthall</h1> + <p> </p> + <p> </p> +<table border="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"> +<table border="0" bgcolor="ccccff" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Note: + </td> + <td> + Images of the original pages are available through + Our Roots/Nos Racines.<br /> + See <a href="http://www.ourroots.ca/e/toc.asp?id=1977"> + http://www.ourroots.ca/e/toc.asp?id=1977</a> + </td> + </tr> +</table></td></tr></table> + +<p> </p> + + <hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + <h3>A NEW</h3> + + <h1>Hochelagan Burying-Ground</h1> + + <h4>discovered at</h4> + + <h2>Westmount</h2> + + <h3>On the Western Spur of Mount Royal, Montreal, + July-September 1898</h3> + +<p> </p> + <h4>NOTES BY</h4> + + <h3>W.D. Lighthall, M.A., F.R.S.L.</h3> + +<p> </p> + <h6>Privately printed for the writer by<br /> + Alphonse Pelletier<br /> + Printer to the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Montreal + </h6> + + <p> </p> + <h4>1898</h4> + <p> </p> + + <hr class="short" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page1" + id="page1"></a>[pg 1]</span> + + <h2>A NEW HOCHELAGAN BURYING-GROUND</h2> + + <h4>BY W.D. LIGHTHALL</h4> + + <p>The above title is provisional as respects the term + "Hochelagan." All those who are interested in the Indians of + old Hochelaga, or in the Mohawks with whom they seem to have + had a close and not yet fully ascertained race relationship, + will be pleased to learn of the discovery of a prehistoric + burying-ground which is probably one of their race, the only + one heretofore known having been on the borders of their town + itself, about upper Metcalfe street, Montreal. The new one is + on the upper level (not the top) of Westmount, which is the + south-western prolongation of Mount Royal, and the four or five + graves thus far found are scattered at considerable intervals + over an <span class="pagenum"><a name="page2" + id="page2"></a>[pg 2]</span> an area of about 600 by 300 + yards, nearly bounded by Argyle, Montrose and Aberdeen + Avenues and the Boulevard, three of the graves being a + little outside of these limits. A number of years ago a + skeleton was discovered, near the surface, on the cutting of + Argyle Avenue on about a westerly line from the residence of + Mr. Earle. As the remains were rumored to be possibly + Indian, Mr. Earle secured the skull, which had been used as + a football by boys, some of the teeth, which had originally + been complete in number, being thus lost. This head is + identical in form with those last found. Roots of grass + interlaced in it show the lightness of the covering. On + another occasion many years ago, a skeleton was found, also + lightly buried, and with the knees drawn up, just east of + the residence of Mr. John Macfarlane on Montrose Avenue, + during the digging of a flower-bed. It was over six feet + long. After being exposed for a few days it was re-interred + in the same spot by order of Mr. Macfarlane, and could + doubtless be obtained for examination if desirable. At a + later period, the gardener, Mr. Latter, who had found the + Macfarlane skeleton, dug up and re-interred another just + within the bounds of his own property adjoining the head of + Aberdeen Avenue opposite the St. George's Snowshoe + Club-house. On the 22nd of July last (1898) a gardener + excavating in the St. George's Club-house grounds found + three skeletons interred at a depth of from two to two and a + half feet and with knees drawn up. A report of the find was + made to the Chief of Police of Westmount and to Mr. J. + Stevenson Brown, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page3" + id="page3"></a>[pg 3]</span> Mr. A.S. Wheeler, respectively + President and Vice-President of the St. George's Club, the + former being also an ex Vice-President of the Natural + History Society. They examined the spot and remains, Mr. + Brown concluding them to be probably Indian from the + prominent cheek bones and large mouths. Having just been + paying some attention to the archaeology of the Iroquois, + which had been taken me on a flying trip to their former + country in the State of New-York, I, on seeing in a + newspaper at the seaside, a short item concerning the + skeletons, was immediately interested, and especially in the + possibility of their being Hochelagans, and having + particularly commenced some inquiries into the relations + between the latter Indians and the Mohawks, I wrote, as + Chairman of Health of Westmount, asking Chief Harrison to + note the manner and attitude of burial and any objects + found, and to enquire concerning previous excavations in the + neighborhood and save the remains for scientific purposes. + (They had been sent by him to the City Morgue.) The above + information concerning the previous skeletons was then + collected and I found that the witnesses concurred in + agreeing that the attitude seems to have been in all cases + with knees bent up. No objects seem to have been noticed in + any of the excavations then made, though some may have been + overlooked by the workmen, particularly as the soil of the + locality is full of pieces of limestone and small boulders, + closely resembling arrow heads, hammers and celts. Several + bones which are not human have however been since found with + these three skeletons, one possibly of a dog, another of a + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page4" + id="page4"></a>[pg 4]</span> squirrel. They may be those of + the funeral feast Sir William Dawson mentions in his work + "Fossil Men," as usually to be looked for over the + Hochelagan graves.</p> + + <p>Mr. Beauchamp, the New-York authority, writes concerning the + Mohawks; "Burial customs varied greatly among the same people, + but usually the knees are drawn up. The face might be turned + either way in contiguous graves. I have seen many opened with + no articles in them." By the kindness of Dr. Wyatt Johnston, + Pathologist to the Provincial Board of Health, the three + skeletons have been preserved and are now in the Chateau de + Ramezay Historical Museum where they will doubtless be regarded + with interest by scholars. The skulls have been fully + identified as of the Indian type, and found to be those of two + powerful males in the prime of life and one young woman. The + skull in possession of Mr. Earl is doubtless of the same race. + Some large stones were found placed above the bodies, and also + a number of naturally flat stones which appear to have been + used as scoops to excavate. The plateau where the remains were + found is about half way up the side of the "Mountain" or hill, + as it more properly is, the total height being only about 700 + feet. The plateau slopes somewhat and looks towards the + south-east, and being protected by the hill behind it from + prevailing winds, and having a good light soil, constitutes a + very favorable situation for the growth of the Indian crops of + corn and beans. The Mountain being an isolated rise in the + great plain of the St. Lawrence, the plateau was also most + favorably <span class="pagenum"><a name="page5" + id="page5"></a>[pg 5]</span> placed for look-out and + defence. A hundred yards or so to the west is a fine + perennial spring, and a short distance further is another + which has always been known as "the old Indian Well," having + been a resort of Indians at a later period. Only a few spots + on the plateau have so far been excavated; but with + approaching improvements I have no doubt that other graves + will soon be found. The ground to the west, in the + neighborhood of the two perennial springs, has in + particular, never been much disturbed. If therefore, as on + the site of the old Hochelaga, this burying-ground is on the + out skirts of a town site, relics of a much more interesting + character may be looked for in the undisturbed neighborhood + just referred to, the Raynes and Murray farms, and those on, + the southern slope of the Mountain.</p> + + <p>Should a town-site be fortunately discovered I have no doubt + that progressive Westmount will see to proper care being taken + in the matter. Such a town would likely be older than Hochelaga + and thus afford a fresh step in tracing the record of this + mysterious people. Such towns were frequently moved, when the + soil or supply of wood gave out, or disease or enemies made + removal imperative. As to the remains already unearthed being + prehistoric, there can be no doubt. The Island was deserted + after the destruction of Hochelaga by the Hurons about 1560. + The next Indian inhabitants were Catholic converts and + therefore were buried at full length in a consecrated Christian + ground. The village of the converts was at the Old Towers of + the Fort des Messieurs, some quarter of a mile eastward of the + plateau referred to.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page6" + id="page6"></a>[pg 6]</span> + + <p>In tracing back the history of the land in which these + discoveries have been made, we learn from the <i>terrier</i> or + land book of the Seminary of St. Sulpice, that it was conceded + about 1708, and that it has ever since remained in private + hands. Had the site been known as a burial place, even years + previous to that date, it is altogether unlikely that such a + concession would have been made; especially as there was + abundance of unoccupied land in the vicinity. The faint doubt + which arose as to whether the interments were made subsequently + to the founding of Montreal, is therefore eliminated. The + authorities of the Seminary, who conceded the land, state not + only that they have no record of a burying-ground there, but + agree with me that the space covered is too large, to be + consecrated ground, as it would be in Christian times, and they + also state that the burials of the mission of the Mountain + where the Montreal Indian converts lived, were made chiefly at + the cemeteries of Montreal and were very few. These Indians had + originally been assembled around Ville Marie but were removed + to the Fort des Messieurs where Montreal College stands in + 1662, and thence, towards the beginning of the 18th century, to + Sault-au-Recollet and in 1717 to Oka. The method of burial, + also, is not Christian, but pagan, and similar in every respect + to early Mohawk burials.</p> + + <p>On Saturday the 10th September, 1898, I went with two + laborers granted by the Town of Westmount to the excavation on + the club house grounds, and choosing a spot on its edge cut a + short trench some two feet deep. About ten feet southward of + the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page7" + id="page7"></a>[pg 7]</span> three skeletons previously + found, this trench revealed two large stones placed in the + form of a reversed V, clearly in order, as it afterwards + appeared, to partly cover a body. On raising these, a + skeleton was found of a tall young man laid on the hard-pan, + on his right side, with face down, head towards the west, + knees drawn up, and covered with the mealy dry whitish earth + of the locality, to a depth of about two and a half feet. + Mr. Earl assisted in carefully uncovering the remains, of + which Mr. Charles J. Brown then took two excellent + protographs in situ. The form of skull was similar to the + others, the teeth fine and perfect except a grinder which + had been lost years before. One armbone showed that it had + once been broken and healed again. No objects were found, + though the search was very careful. On the 17th, the + excavations were continued in the hope of finding objects of + value to science. On this occasion there was present, + besides the writer Mr. Earl, Mr. C.J. Brown, Mr. Wheeler and + others and Mr. R.W. McLachlan, one of the excavators of old + Hochelaga. About four or five feet north of the grave + last-mentioned, large stones were again struck and on being + lifted, the skeleton of a young girl was unearthed whose + wisdom teeth had just begun to appear in the jaw. The large + bone of her upper left arm had at one time been broken near + the shoulder. Her slender skeleton was in the same crouching + position as the others but much more closely bunched + together; the top of the head was laid towards the north and + looking partly downwards. Above her were found several flat + stones which may have been + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page8" + id="page8"></a>[pg 8]</span> used as scoops for the + excavation. Under her neck was discovered the first + manufactured object found, a single rude bead of white + wampum of the prehistoric form, and which is now deposited + in the Chateau de Ramezay. As white wampum was the gift of a + lover, this sole ornament tells the pathetic story of early + love and death. Mr. Chas. J. Brown again protographed the + remains in situ. The work will still proceed and no doubt + more important discoveries are yet to be made.</p> + + <p>Montreal, September 20th, 1898.</p> + + <h3>REPORT OF Dr. HIBBERT ON THE WESTMOUNT SKELETONS</h3> + + <h4>No. I.—<i>A Young Woman</i></h4> + + <p>The bones of this skeleton, are fragile, broken and + considerably decayed.</p> + + <p>The skull is in fair condition, though the lower jaw is + broken in half.</p> + + <p>The skull is round and arched above the breadth index being + 77.7, of brachycephalic or Mongoloid type. <i>The + superciliary</i> ridges are not very prominent, but the + frontal, parietal and occipital eminences are very distinct. + <i>The forehead</i> is non receding and the breath measures 9 + c.m. The cheekbones are not unduly prominent, the official + measurement being 119 m.m. The gnathic index is 93, or + orthognathous. The teeth are well preserved and not much worn, + the 3d. molars not having erupted in either jaw. The face is + short and broad, the height being 108 m.m. in and breadth 119 + m.m., the orbit is inclined to be square with rounded angles + and the type megaseme, the nasal index is + mesorhine.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page9" + id="page9"></a>[pg 9]</span> + + <p>A very striking feature of this skull is the well marked + central vertical frontal ridge and some tendency to angularity + of the vertex. In the whole this skull is of a more refined + type than the others and suggestive of some fair intellectual + development of the individual. There are two wormian bones on + the left side of the skull, one at the pterion and one below + the asterion each being 9 m.m. long.</p> + + <p>The bones generally are fragile and the long bones slender, + with no marked impression for muscular attachment. A curious + fact is that the ends of all the long bones are absent, + presumably from decay, and as these ends are united to the + shafts between the age of puberty (14-15) and adult life it is + suggestive that the individual may have been of about the age + of 18 or 20 and this is somewhat confirmed by the noneruption + of the third molars.</p> + + <p>With this skeleton are two animal bones. White and very + dense in structure. They are both femura, one probably that of + an ungulate; the other of a carnivore.</p> + + <h4>No. II.—<i>A Brachycephalic Man</i></h4> + + <p>This skeleton is that of a large and powerfully built man, + the bones being very heavy and strong with marked impressions + and prominences for muscular attachment. The skeleton, with the + exception of some of the small bones of the hands and feet is + complete.</p> + + <p>The skull is large and massive, and the lower jaw very + strong and heavy. The teeth are well preserved but much ground + down at the crown. The <span class="pagenum"><a name="page10" + id="page10"></a>[pg 10]</span> superciliary ridges are very + prominent. The fore head is narrow (102 c.m.) receding.</p> + + <p>Judging from the size and strength of the bones and their + impressions for muscular attachment, this man must have been + very powerful and calculating from the length of the femur, at + least six feet tall. With this skeleton we found a small + humerus of some mammal possibly a squirrel.</p> + + <h4>No. III.—<i>The Tallest Man</i></h4> + + <p>This skeleton is also that of a large powerfully built man, + even taller man the last. The skull is larger, though not quite + so massive. It is longer and narrower and dolicephalus, the + occipital region very prominent. The height index is low + (70.5).</p> + + <p>The face is broad as compared with the length 124-112 and + the cheek bones are prominent, lower jaw is heavy and + strong.</p> + + <p>The bones of this skeleton are well preserved and it is + almost entire, there being only a few of the bones of the hands + and feet missing. The pelvis is masculine. The bones are long, + large and heavy with marked impressions and processes.</p> + + <p>The femur measures 17-7/8 inches so that this man must have + been six feet or more and of muscular frame.</p> + + <p>Among the bones of No III skeleton were 2 small rib bones of + a bird.</p> + + <p>Judging from the general conformation of the three skulls, + it would appear that No. I, was that of the most intelligent + person of the three and No. III of the least No. II being + intermediate.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page11" + id="page11"></a>[pg 11]</span> + + <p>It is difficult to estimate the height of No. I as the femur + is so decayed at both ends, but allowing for this, the height + would not be more than 5 feet and probably less than that. The + skeletons undoubtedly belong to the Mongoloid type and are + distinctive of the North American Indians.</p> + +<p> </p> +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 14590 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..548ceb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #14590 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14590) diff --git a/old/14590-h.zip b/old/14590-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..80a4d2e --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14590-h.zip diff --git a/old/14590-h/14590-h.htm b/old/14590-h/14590-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..47c1c36 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14590-h/14590-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,807 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of A New Hochelagan Burying-ground Discovered at Westmount on the Western Spur of Mount Royal, Montreal, July-September, 1898, by W. D. Lighthall</title> + <style type="text/css"> + /*<![CDATA[*/ + + <!-- + body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + p {text-align: justify;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h6 {text-align: center;} + + hr {text-align: center; width: 50%;} + html>body hr {margin-right: 25%; margin-left: 25%; width: 50%;} + hr.full {width: 100%;} + html>body hr.full {margin-right: 0%; margin-left: 0%; width: 100%;} + hr.short {text-align: center; width: 20%;} + html>body hr.short {margin-right: 40%; margin-left: 40%; width: 20%;} + + span.pagenum + {position: absolute; left: 1%; right: 91%; font-size: 8pt;} + a:link {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + link {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:#0000ff; + text-decoration:none} + a:hover {color:#ff0000} + pre {font-size: 8pt;} + --> + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, A New Hochelagan Burying-ground Discovered at +Westmount on the Western Spur of Mount Royal, Montreal, July-September, +1898, by W. D. Lighthall</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: A New Hochelagan Burying-ground Discovered at Westmount on the Western Spur of Mount Royal, Montreal, July-September, 1898</p> +<p>Author: W. D. Lighthall</p> +<p>Release Date: January 4, 2005 [eBook #14590]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW HOCHELAGAN BURYING-GROUND DISCOVERED AT WESTMOUNT ON THE WESTERN SPUR OF MOUNT ROYAL, MONTREAL, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1898***</p> + <p> </p> +<h3>E-text prepared by Wallace McLean, William Flis,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team from images provided by Our Roots/Nos Racines (http://www.ourroots.ca/)</h3> + <p> </p> +<table border="0" width="100%"><tr><td align="center"> +<table border="0" bgcolor="ccccff" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Note: + </td> + <td> + Images of the original pages are available through + Our Roots/Nos Racines.<br /> + See <a href="http://www.ourroots.ca/e/toc.asp?id=1977"> + http://www.ourroots.ca/e/toc.asp?id=1977</a> + </td> + </tr> +</table></td></tr></table> + +<p> </p> + + <hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + <h3>A NEW</h3> + + <h1>Hochelagan Burying-Ground</h1> + + <h4>discovered at</h4> + + <h2>Westmount</h2> + + <h3>On the Western Spur of Mount Royal, Montreal, + July-September 1898</h3> + +<p> </p> + <h4>NOTES BY</h4> + + <h3>W.D. Lighthall, M.A., F.R.S.L.</h3> + +<p> </p> + <h6>Privately printed for the writer by<br /> + Alphonse Pelletier<br /> + Printer to the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Montreal + </h6> + + <p> </p> + <h4>1898</h4> + <p> </p> + + <hr class="short" /> + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page1" + id="page1"></a>[pg 1]</span> + + <h2>A NEW HOCHELAGAN BURYING-GROUND</h2> + + <h4>BY W.D. LIGHTHALL</h4> + + <p>The above title is provisional as respects the term + "Hochelagan." All those who are interested in the Indians of + old Hochelaga, or in the Mohawks with whom they seem to have + had a close and not yet fully ascertained race relationship, + will be pleased to learn of the discovery of a prehistoric + burying-ground which is probably one of their race, the only + one heretofore known having been on the borders of their town + itself, about upper Metcalfe street, Montreal. The new one is + on the upper level (not the top) of Westmount, which is the + south-western prolongation of Mount Royal, and the four or five + graves thus far found are scattered at considerable intervals + over an <span class="pagenum"><a name="page2" + id="page2"></a>[pg 2]</span> an area of about 600 by 300 + yards, nearly bounded by Argyle, Montrose and Aberdeen + Avenues and the Boulevard, three of the graves being a + little outside of these limits. A number of years ago a + skeleton was discovered, near the surface, on the cutting of + Argyle Avenue on about a westerly line from the residence of + Mr. Earle. As the remains were rumored to be possibly + Indian, Mr. Earle secured the skull, which had been used as + a football by boys, some of the teeth, which had originally + been complete in number, being thus lost. This head is + identical in form with those last found. Roots of grass + interlaced in it show the lightness of the covering. On + another occasion many years ago, a skeleton was found, also + lightly buried, and with the knees drawn up, just east of + the residence of Mr. John Macfarlane on Montrose Avenue, + during the digging of a flower-bed. It was over six feet + long. After being exposed for a few days it was re-interred + in the same spot by order of Mr. Macfarlane, and could + doubtless be obtained for examination if desirable. At a + later period, the gardener, Mr. Latter, who had found the + Macfarlane skeleton, dug up and re-interred another just + within the bounds of his own property adjoining the head of + Aberdeen Avenue opposite the St. George's Snowshoe + Club-house. On the 22nd of July last (1898) a gardener + excavating in the St. George's Club-house grounds found + three skeletons interred at a depth of from two to two and a + half feet and with knees drawn up. A report of the find was + made to the Chief of Police of Westmount and to Mr. J. + Stevenson Brown, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="page3" + id="page3"></a>[pg 3]</span> Mr. A.S. Wheeler, respectively + President and Vice-President of the St. George's Club, the + former being also an ex Vice-President of the Natural + History Society. They examined the spot and remains, Mr. + Brown concluding them to be probably Indian from the + prominent cheek bones and large mouths. Having just been + paying some attention to the archaeology of the Iroquois, + which had been taken me on a flying trip to their former + country in the State of New-York, I, on seeing in a + newspaper at the seaside, a short item concerning the + skeletons, was immediately interested, and especially in the + possibility of their being Hochelagans, and having + particularly commenced some inquiries into the relations + between the latter Indians and the Mohawks, I wrote, as + Chairman of Health of Westmount, asking Chief Harrison to + note the manner and attitude of burial and any objects + found, and to enquire concerning previous excavations in the + neighborhood and save the remains for scientific purposes. + (They had been sent by him to the City Morgue.) The above + information concerning the previous skeletons was then + collected and I found that the witnesses concurred in + agreeing that the attitude seems to have been in all cases + with knees bent up. No objects seem to have been noticed in + any of the excavations then made, though some may have been + overlooked by the workmen, particularly as the soil of the + locality is full of pieces of limestone and small boulders, + closely resembling arrow heads, hammers and celts. Several + bones which are not human have however been since found with + these three skeletons, one possibly of a dog, another of a + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page4" + id="page4"></a>[pg 4]</span> squirrel. They may be those of + the funeral feast Sir William Dawson mentions in his work + "Fossil Men," as usually to be looked for over the + Hochelagan graves.</p> + + <p>Mr. Beauchamp, the New-York authority, writes concerning the + Mohawks; "Burial customs varied greatly among the same people, + but usually the knees are drawn up. The face might be turned + either way in contiguous graves. I have seen many opened with + no articles in them." By the kindness of Dr. Wyatt Johnston, + Pathologist to the Provincial Board of Health, the three + skeletons have been preserved and are now in the Chateau de + Ramezay Historical Museum where they will doubtless be regarded + with interest by scholars. The skulls have been fully + identified as of the Indian type, and found to be those of two + powerful males in the prime of life and one young woman. The + skull in possession of Mr. Earl is doubtless of the same race. + Some large stones were found placed above the bodies, and also + a number of naturally flat stones which appear to have been + used as scoops to excavate. The plateau where the remains were + found is about half way up the side of the "Mountain" or hill, + as it more properly is, the total height being only about 700 + feet. The plateau slopes somewhat and looks towards the + south-east, and being protected by the hill behind it from + prevailing winds, and having a good light soil, constitutes a + very favorable situation for the growth of the Indian crops of + corn and beans. The Mountain being an isolated rise in the + great plain of the St. Lawrence, the plateau was also most + favorably <span class="pagenum"><a name="page5" + id="page5"></a>[pg 5]</span> placed for look-out and + defence. A hundred yards or so to the west is a fine + perennial spring, and a short distance further is another + which has always been known as "the old Indian Well," having + been a resort of Indians at a later period. Only a few spots + on the plateau have so far been excavated; but with + approaching improvements I have no doubt that other graves + will soon be found. The ground to the west, in the + neighborhood of the two perennial springs, has in + particular, never been much disturbed. If therefore, as on + the site of the old Hochelaga, this burying-ground is on the + out skirts of a town site, relics of a much more interesting + character may be looked for in the undisturbed neighborhood + just referred to, the Raynes and Murray farms, and those on, + the southern slope of the Mountain.</p> + + <p>Should a town-site be fortunately discovered I have no doubt + that progressive Westmount will see to proper care being taken + in the matter. Such a town would likely be older than Hochelaga + and thus afford a fresh step in tracing the record of this + mysterious people. Such towns were frequently moved, when the + soil or supply of wood gave out, or disease or enemies made + removal imperative. As to the remains already unearthed being + prehistoric, there can be no doubt. The Island was deserted + after the destruction of Hochelaga by the Hurons about 1560. + The next Indian inhabitants were Catholic converts and + therefore were buried at full length in a consecrated Christian + ground. The village of the converts was at the Old Towers of + the Fort des Messieurs, some quarter of a mile eastward of the + plateau referred to.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page6" + id="page6"></a>[pg 6]</span> + + <p>In tracing back the history of the land in which these + discoveries have been made, we learn from the <i>terrier</i> or + land book of the Seminary of St. Sulpice, that it was conceded + about 1708, and that it has ever since remained in private + hands. Had the site been known as a burial place, even years + previous to that date, it is altogether unlikely that such a + concession would have been made; especially as there was + abundance of unoccupied land in the vicinity. The faint doubt + which arose as to whether the interments were made subsequently + to the founding of Montreal, is therefore eliminated. The + authorities of the Seminary, who conceded the land, state not + only that they have no record of a burying-ground there, but + agree with me that the space covered is too large, to be + consecrated ground, as it would be in Christian times, and they + also state that the burials of the mission of the Mountain + where the Montreal Indian converts lived, were made chiefly at + the cemeteries of Montreal and were very few. These Indians had + originally been assembled around Ville Marie but were removed + to the Fort des Messieurs where Montreal College stands in + 1662, and thence, towards the beginning of the 18th century, to + Sault-au-Recollet and in 1717 to Oka. The method of burial, + also, is not Christian, but pagan, and similar in every respect + to early Mohawk burials.</p> + + <p>On Saturday the 10th September, 1898, I went with two + laborers granted by the Town of Westmount to the excavation on + the club house grounds, and choosing a spot on its edge cut a + short trench some two feet deep. About ten feet southward of + the <span class="pagenum"><a name="page7" + id="page7"></a>[pg 7]</span> three skeletons previously + found, this trench revealed two large stones placed in the + form of a reversed V, clearly in order, as it afterwards + appeared, to partly cover a body. On raising these, a + skeleton was found of a tall young man laid on the hard-pan, + on his right side, with face down, head towards the west, + knees drawn up, and covered with the mealy dry whitish earth + of the locality, to a depth of about two and a half feet. + Mr. Earl assisted in carefully uncovering the remains, of + which Mr. Charles J. Brown then took two excellent + protographs in situ. The form of skull was similar to the + others, the teeth fine and perfect except a grinder which + had been lost years before. One armbone showed that it had + once been broken and healed again. No objects were found, + though the search was very careful. On the 17th, the + excavations were continued in the hope of finding objects of + value to science. On this occasion there was present, + besides the writer Mr. Earl, Mr. C.J. Brown, Mr. Wheeler and + others and Mr. R.W. McLachlan, one of the excavators of old + Hochelaga. About four or five feet north of the grave + last-mentioned, large stones were again struck and on being + lifted, the skeleton of a young girl was unearthed whose + wisdom teeth had just begun to appear in the jaw. The large + bone of her upper left arm had at one time been broken near + the shoulder. Her slender skeleton was in the same crouching + position as the others but much more closely bunched + together; the top of the head was laid towards the north and + looking partly downwards. Above her were found several flat + stones which may have been + <span class="pagenum"><a name="page8" + id="page8"></a>[pg 8]</span> used as scoops for the + excavation. Under her neck was discovered the first + manufactured object found, a single rude bead of white + wampum of the prehistoric form, and which is now deposited + in the Chateau de Ramezay. As white wampum was the gift of a + lover, this sole ornament tells the pathetic story of early + love and death. Mr. Chas. J. Brown again protographed the + remains in situ. The work will still proceed and no doubt + more important discoveries are yet to be made.</p> + + <p>Montreal, September 20th, 1898.</p> + + <h3>REPORT OF Dr. HIBBERT ON THE WESTMOUNT SKELETONS</h3> + + <h4>No. I.—<i>A Young Woman</i></h4> + + <p>The bones of this skeleton, are fragile, broken and + considerably decayed.</p> + + <p>The skull is in fair condition, though the lower jaw is + broken in half.</p> + + <p>The skull is round and arched above the breadth index being + 77.7, of brachycephalic or Mongoloid type. <i>The + superciliary</i> ridges are not very prominent, but the + frontal, parietal and occipital eminences are very distinct. + <i>The forehead</i> is non receding and the breath measures 9 + c.m. The cheekbones are not unduly prominent, the official + measurement being 119 m.m. The gnathic index is 93, or + orthognathous. The teeth are well preserved and not much worn, + the 3d. molars not having erupted in either jaw. The face is + short and broad, the height being 108 m.m. in and breadth 119 + m.m., the orbit is inclined to be square with rounded angles + and the type megaseme, the nasal index is + mesorhine.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page9" + id="page9"></a>[pg 9]</span> + + <p>A very striking feature of this skull is the well marked + central vertical frontal ridge and some tendency to angularity + of the vertex. In the whole this skull is of a more refined + type than the others and suggestive of some fair intellectual + development of the individual. There are two wormian bones on + the left side of the skull, one at the pterion and one below + the asterion each being 9 m.m. long.</p> + + <p>The bones generally are fragile and the long bones slender, + with no marked impression for muscular attachment. A curious + fact is that the ends of all the long bones are absent, + presumably from decay, and as these ends are united to the + shafts between the age of puberty (14-15) and adult life it is + suggestive that the individual may have been of about the age + of 18 or 20 and this is somewhat confirmed by the noneruption + of the third molars.</p> + + <p>With this skeleton are two animal bones. White and very + dense in structure. They are both femura, one probably that of + an ungulate; the other of a carnivore.</p> + + <h4>No. II.—<i>A Brachycephalic Man</i></h4> + + <p>This skeleton is that of a large and powerfully built man, + the bones being very heavy and strong with marked impressions + and prominences for muscular attachment. The skeleton, with the + exception of some of the small bones of the hands and feet is + complete.</p> + + <p>The skull is large and massive, and the lower jaw very + strong and heavy. The teeth are well preserved but much ground + down at the crown. The <span class="pagenum"><a name="page10" + id="page10"></a>[pg 10]</span> superciliary ridges are very + prominent. The fore head is narrow (102 c.m.) receding.</p> + + <p>Judging from the size and strength of the bones and their + impressions for muscular attachment, this man must have been + very powerful and calculating from the length of the femur, at + least six feet tall. With this skeleton we found a small + humerus of some mammal possibly a squirrel.</p> + + <h4>No. III.—<i>The Tallest Man</i></h4> + + <p>This skeleton is also that of a large powerfully built man, + even taller man the last. The skull is larger, though not quite + so massive. It is longer and narrower and dolicephalus, the + occipital region very prominent. The height index is low + (70.5).</p> + + <p>The face is broad as compared with the length 124-112 and + the cheek bones are prominent, lower jaw is heavy and + strong.</p> + + <p>The bones of this skeleton are well preserved and it is + almost entire, there being only a few of the bones of the hands + and feet missing. The pelvis is masculine. The bones are long, + large and heavy with marked impressions and processes.</p> + + <p>The femur measures 17-7/8 inches so that this man must have + been six feet or more and of muscular frame.</p> + + <p>Among the bones of No III skeleton were 2 small rib bones of + a bird.</p> + + <p>Judging from the general conformation of the three skulls, + it would appear that No. I, was that of the most intelligent + person of the three and No. III of the least No. II being + intermediate.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page11" + id="page11"></a>[pg 11]</span> + + <p>It is difficult to estimate the height of No. I as the femur + is so decayed at both ends, but allowing for this, the height + would not be more than 5 feet and probably less than that. The + skeletons undoubtedly belong to the Mongoloid type and are + distinctive of the North American Indians.</p> + +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW HOCHELAGAN BURYING-GROUND DISCOVERED AT WESTMOUNT ON THE WESTERN SPUR OF MOUNT ROYAL, MONTREAL, JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1898***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 14590-h.txt or 14590-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/5/9/14590">https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/5/9/14590</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution.</p> + + + +<pre> +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +<a href="https://gutenberg.org/license">https://gutenberg.org/license)</a>. + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: +https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's +eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, +compressed (zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over +the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">https://www.gutenberg.org</a> + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000, +are filed in directories based on their release date. If you want to +download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular +search system you may utilize the following addresses and just +download by the etext year. + +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/">https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/</a> + + (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99, + 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90) + +EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are +filed in a different way. The year of a release date is no longer part +of the directory path. The path is based on the etext number (which is +identical to the filename). The path to the file is made up of single +digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename. For +example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at: + +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/0/2/3/10234 + +or filename 24689 would be found at: +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/6/8/24689 + +An alternative method of locating eBooks: +<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL">https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL</a> + +*** END: FULL LICENSE *** +</pre> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/old/14590.txt b/old/14590.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3202358 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14590.txt @@ -0,0 +1,690 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, A New Hochelagan Burying-ground Discovered at +Westmount on the Western Spur of Mount Royal, Montreal, July-September, +1898, by W. D. Lighthall + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: A New Hochelagan Burying-ground Discovered at Westmount on the +Western Spur of Mount Royal, Montreal, July-September, 1898 + +Author: W. D. Lighthall + +Release Date: January 4, 2005 [eBook #14590] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW HOCHELAGAN BURYING-GROUND +DISCOVERED AT WESTMOUNT ON THE WESTERN SPUR OF MOUNT ROYAL, MONTREAL, +JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1898*** + + +E-text prepared by Wallace McLean, William Flis, and the Project Gutenberg +Online Distributed Proofreading Team from images provided by Our Roots/Nos +Racines (http://www.ourroots.ca/) + + + +Note: Images of the original pages are available through Our Roots/Nos + Racines. See http://www.ourroots.ca/e/toc.asp?id=1977 + + + + + +A NEW HOCHELAGAN BURYING-GROUND DISCOVERED AT WESTMOUNT ON THE WESTERN +SPUR OF MOUNT ROYAL, MONTREAL, JULY-SEPTEMBER 1898 + +Notes by + +W. D. LIGHTHALL, M.A., F.R.S.L. + +Privately printed for the writer by +Alphonse Pelletier +Printer to the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Montreal + +1898 + + + + + + +The above title is provisional as respects the term "Hochelagan." All +those who are interested in the Indians of old Hochelaga, or in the +Mohawks with whom they seem to have had a close and not yet fully +ascertained race relationship, will be pleased to learn of the +discovery of a prehistoric burying-ground which is probably one of +their race, the only one heretofore known having been on the borders +of their town itself, about upper Metcalfe street, Montreal. The new +one is on the upper level (not the top) of Westmount, which is the +south-western prolongation of Mount Royal, and the four or five graves +thus far found are scattered at considerable intervals over an an +area of about 600 by 300 yards, nearly bounded by Argyle, Montrose +and Aberdeen Avenues and the Boulevard, three of the graves being a +little outside of these limits. A number of years ago a skeleton was +discovered, near the surface, on the cutting of Argyle Avenue on about +a westerly line from the residence of Mr. Earle. As the remains were +rumored to be possibly Indian, Mr. Earle secured the skull, which +had been used as a football by boys, some of the teeth, which had +originally been complete in number, being thus lost. This head is +identical in form with those last found. Roots of grass interlaced +in it show the lightness of the covering. On another occasion many +years ago, a skeleton was found, also lightly buried, and with the +knees drawn up, just east of the residence of Mr. John Macfarlane +on Montrose Avenue, during the digging of a flower-bed. It was over +six feet long. After being exposed for a few days it was re-interred +in the same spot by order of Mr. Macfarlane, and could doubtless +be obtained for examination if desirable. At a later period, the +gardener, Mr. Latter, who had found the Macfarlane skeleton, dug up +and re-interred another just within the bounds of his own property +adjoining the head of Aberdeen Avenue opposite the St. George's +Snowshoe Club-house. On the 22nd of July last (1898) a gardener +excavating in the St. George's Club-house grounds found three +skeletons interred at a depth of from two to two and a half feet and +with knees drawn up. A report of the find was made to the Chief +of Police of Westmount and to Mr. J. Stevenson Brown, and Mr. A.S. +Wheeler, respectively President and Vice-President of the St. George's +Club, the former being also an ex Vice-President of the Natural +History Society. They examined the spot and remains, Mr. Brown +concluding them to be probably Indian from the prominent cheek bones +and large mouths. Having just been paying some attention to the +archaeology of the Iroquois, which had been taken me on a flying trip +to their former country in the State of New-York, I, on seeing in a +newspaper at the seaside, a short item concerning the skeletons, was +immediately interested, and especially in the possibility of their +being Hochelagans, and having particularly commenced some inquiries +into the relations between the latter Indians and the Mohawks, I +wrote, as Chairman of Health of Westmount, asking Chief Harrison to +note the manner and attitude of burial and any objects found, and to +enquire concerning previous excavations in the neighborhood and save +the remains for scientific purposes. (They had been sent by him to the +City Morgue.) The above information concerning the previous skeletons +was then collected and I found that the witnesses concurred in +agreeing that the attitude seems to have been in all cases with +knees bent up. No objects seem to have been noticed in any of the +excavations then made, though some may have been overlooked by the +workmen, particularly as the soil of the locality is full of pieces of +limestone and small boulders, closely resembling arrow heads, hammers +and celts. Several bones which are not human have however been since +found with these three skeletons, one possibly of a dog, another of +a squirrel. They may be those of the funeral feast Sir William Dawson +mentions in his work "Fossil Men," as usually to be looked for over +the Hochelagan graves. + +Mr. Beauchamp, the New-York authority, writes concerning the Mohawks; +"Burial customs varied greatly among the same people, but usually the +knees are drawn up. The face might be turned either way in contiguous +graves. I have seen many opened with no articles in them." By the +kindness of Dr. Wyatt Johnston, Pathologist to the Provincial Board +of Health, the three skeletons have been preserved and are now in +the Chateau de Ramezay Historical Museum where they will doubtless +be regarded with interest by scholars. The skulls have been fully +identified as of the Indian type, and found to be those of two +powerful males in the prime of life and one young woman. The skull +in possession of Mr. Earl is doubtless of the same race. Some large +stones were found placed above the bodies, and also a number of +naturally flat stones which appear to have been used as scoops to +excavate. The plateau where the remains were found is about half way +up the side of the "Mountain" or hill, as it more properly is, the +total height being only about 700 feet. The plateau slopes somewhat +and looks towards the south-east, and being protected by the hill +behind it from prevailing winds, and having a good light soil, +constitutes a very favorable situation for the growth of the Indian +crops of corn and beans. The Mountain being an isolated rise in the +great plain of the St. Lawrence, the plateau was also most favorably +placed for look-out and defence. A hundred yards or so to the west is +a fine perennial spring, and a short distance further is another which +has always been known as "the old Indian Well," having been a resort +of Indians at a later period. Only a few spots on the plateau have +so far been excavated; but with approaching improvements I have no +doubt that other graves will soon be found. The ground to the west, +in the neighborhood of the two perennial springs, has in particular, +never been much disturbed. If therefore, as on the site of the old +Hochelaga, this burying-ground is on the out skirts of a town site, +relics of a much more interesting character may be looked for in +the undisturbed neighborhood just referred to, the Raynes and Murray +farms, and those on, the southern slope of the Mountain. + +Should a town-site be fortunately discovered I have no doubt that +progressive Westmount will see to proper care being taken in the +matter. Such a town would likely be older than Hochelaga and thus +afford a fresh step in tracing the record of this mysterious people. +Such towns were frequently moved, when the soil or supply of wood gave +out, or disease or enemies made removal imperative. As to the remains +already unearthed being prehistoric, there can be no doubt. The Island +was deserted after the destruction of Hochelaga by the Hurons about +1560. The next Indian inhabitants were Catholic converts and therefore +were buried at full length in a consecrated Christian ground. +The village of the converts was at the Old Towers of the Fort des +Messieurs, some quarter of a mile eastward of the plateau referred to. + +In tracing back the history of the land in which these discoveries +have been made, we learn from the _terrier_ or land book of the +Seminary of St. Sulpice, that it was conceded about 1708, and that it +has ever since remained in private hands. Had the site been known as +a burial place, even years previous to that date, it is altogether +unlikely that such a concession would have been made; especially as +there was abundance of unoccupied land in the vicinity. The faint +doubt which arose as to whether the interments were made subsequently +to the founding of Montreal, is therefore eliminated. The authorities +of the Seminary, who conceded the land, state not only that they have +no record of a burying-ground there, but agree with me that the space +covered is too large, to be consecrated ground, as it would be in +Christian times, and they also state that the burials of the mission +of the Mountain where the Montreal Indian converts lived, were made +chiefly at the cemeteries of Montreal and were very few. These +Indians had originally been assembled around Ville Marie but were +removed to the Fort des Messieurs where Montreal College stands in +1662, and thence, towards the beginning of the 18th century, to +Sault-au-Recollet and in 1717 to Oka. The method of burial, also, is +not Christian, but pagan, and similar in every respect to early Mohawk +burials. + +On Saturday the 10th September, 1898, I went with two laborers granted +by the Town of Westmount to the excavation on the club house grounds, +and choosing a spot on its edge cut a short trench some two feet deep. +About ten feet southward of the three skeletons previously found, this +trench revealed two large stones placed in the form of a reversed V, +clearly in order, as it afterwards appeared, to partly cover a body. +On raising these, a skeleton was found of a tall young man laid on the +hard-pan, on his right side, with face down, head towards the west, +knees drawn up, and covered with the mealy dry whitish earth of the +locality, to a depth of about two and a half feet. Mr. Earl assisted +in carefully uncovering the remains, of which Mr. Charles J. Brown +then took two excellent protographs in situ. The form of skull was +similar to the others, the teeth fine and perfect except a grinder +which had been lost years before. One armbone showed that it had once +been broken and healed again. No objects were found, though the search +was very careful. On the 17th, the excavations were continued in the +hope of finding objects of value to science. On this occasion there +was present, besides the writer Mr. Earl, Mr. C.J. Brown, Mr. Wheeler +and others and Mr. R.W. McLachlan, one of the excavators of old +Hochelaga. About four or five feet north of the grave last-mentioned, +large stones were again struck and on being lifted, the skeleton +of a young girl was unearthed whose wisdom teeth had just begun to +appear in the jaw. The large bone of her upper left arm had at one +time been broken near the shoulder. Her slender skeleton was in the +same crouching position as the others but much more closely bunched +together; the top of the head was laid towards the north and looking +partly downwards. Above her were found several flat stones which +may have been used as scoops for the excavation. Under her neck was +discovered the first manufactured object found, a single rude bead of +white wampum of the prehistoric form, and which is now deposited in +the Chateau de Ramezay. As white wampum was the gift of a lover, this +sole ornament tells the pathetic story of early love and death. Mr. +Chas. J. Brown again protographed the remains in situ. The work will +still proceed and no doubt more important discoveries are yet to be +made. + +Montreal, September 20th, 1898. + + +REPORT OF Dr. HIBBERT ON THE WESTMOUNT SKELETONS + +No. I.--A Young Woman + + +The bones of this skeleton, are fragile, broken and considerably +decayed. + +The skull is in fair condition, though the lower jaw is broken in +half. + +The skull is round and arched above the breadth index being 77.7, of +brachycephalic or Mongoloid type. _The superciliary_ ridges are not +very prominent, but the frontal, parietal and occipital eminences +are very distinct. _The forehead_ is non receding and the breath +measures 9 c.m. The cheekbones are not unduly prominent, the official +measurement being 119 m.m. The gnathic index is 93, or orthognathous. +The teeth are well preserved and not much worn, the 3d. molars not +having erupted in either jaw. The face is short and broad, the height +being 108 m.m. in and breadth 119 m.m., the orbit is inclined to be +square with rounded angles and the type megaseme, the nasal index is +mesorhine. + +A very striking feature of this skull is the well marked central +vertical frontal ridge and some tendency to angularity of the vertex. +In the whole this skull is of a more refined type than the others and +suggestive of some fair intellectual development of the individual. +There are two wormian bones on the left side of the skull, one at the +pterion and one below the asterion each being 9 m.m. long. + +The bones generally are fragile and the long bones slender, with no +marked impression for muscular attachment. A curious fact is that the +ends of all the long bones are absent, presumably from decay, and as +these ends are united to the shafts between the age of puberty (14-15) +and adult life it is suggestive that the individual may have been +of about the age of 18 or 20 and this is somewhat confirmed by the +noneruption of the third molars. + +With this skeleton are two animal bones. White and very dense in +structure. They are both femura, one probably that of an ungulate; the +other of a carnivore. + + +No. II.--A Brachycephalic Man + + +This skeleton is that of a large and powerfully built man, the bones +being very heavy and strong with marked impressions and prominences +for muscular attachment. The skeleton, with the exception of some of +the small bones of the hands and feet is complete. + +The skull is large and massive, and the lower jaw very strong and +heavy. The teeth are well preserved but much ground down at the crown. +The superciliary ridges are very prominent. The fore head is narrow +(102 c.m.) receding. + +Judging from the size and strength of the bones and their impressions +for muscular attachment, this man must have been very powerful and +calculating from the length of the femur, at least six feet tall. +With this skeleton we found a small humerus of some mammal possibly a +squirrel. + + +No. III.--The Tallest Man + + +This skeleton is also that of a large powerfully built man, even +taller man the last. The skull is larger, though not quite so massive. +It is longer and narrower and dolicephalus, the occipital region very +prominent. The height index is low (70.5). + +The face is broad as compared with the length 124-112 and the cheek +bones are prominent, lower jaw is heavy and strong. + +The bones of this skeleton are well preserved and it is almost entire, +there being only a few of the bones of the hands and feet missing. The +pelvis is masculine. The bones are long, large and heavy with marked +impressions and processes. + +The femur measures 17-7/8 inches so that this man must have been six +feet or more and of muscular frame. + +Among the bones of No III skeleton were 2 small rib bones of a bird. + +Judging from the general conformation of the three skulls, it would +appear that No. I, was that of the most intelligent person of the +three and No. III of the least No. II being intermediate. + +It is difficult to estimate the height of No. I as the femur is so +decayed at both ends, but allowing for this, the height would not +be more than 5 feet and probably less than that. The skeletons +undoubtedly belong to the Mongoloid type and are distinctive of +the North American Indians. + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NEW HOCHELAGAN BURYING-GROUND +DISCOVERED AT WESTMOUNT ON THE WESTERN SPUR OF MOUNT ROYAL, MONTREAL, +JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1898*** + + +******* This file should be named 14590.txt or 14590.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/4/5/9/14590 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: +https://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + diff --git a/old/14590.zip b/old/14590.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a084750 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/14590.zip |